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1389150369608771478	the outer layer of the skin that contains no blood or nerve supply is the	[ "epidermis", "epidermis" ]	{ "0": "Human skin - wikipedia Human skin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about skin in humans . For other animals , see skin . Skin Epidermis , dermis , and subcutis , showing a hair follicle , gland , and sebaceous gland Details System Integumentary system Identifiers Latin cutis MeSH D020405 , D012867 TA A16. 0.00. 002 TH H3. 12.00. 1.00001 FMA 7163 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The human skin is the outer covering of the body . In humans , it is the largest organ of the integumentary system . The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles , bones , ligaments and internal organs . Human skin is similar to that of most other mammals , and human skin is very similar to pig skin . Though nearly all human skin is covered with hair follicles , it can appear hairless . There are two general types of skin , hairy and glabrous skin ( hairless ) . The adjective cutaneous literally means `` of the skin '' ( from Latin cutis , skin ) . Because it interfaces with the environment , skin plays an important immunity role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss . Its other functions are insulation , temperature regulation , sensation , synthesis of vitamin D , and the protection of vitamin B folates . Severely damaged skin will try to heal by forming scar tissue . This is often discolored and depigmented . In humans , skin pigmentation varies among populations , and skin type can range from dry to oily . Such skin variety provides a rich and diverse habitat for bacteria that number roughly 1000 species from 19 phyla , present on the human skin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Epidermis 1.1. 1 Components 1.1. 2 Layers 1.1. 3 Sublayers 1.1. 4 Genes and proteins expressed in the epidermis 1.2 Dermis 1.2. 1 Papillary region 1.2.", "1": "2 Reticular region 1.3 Subcutaneous tissue 1.4 Cross-section 2 Development 2.1 Skin color 2.2 Aging 2.2. 1 Photoaging 3 Functions 3.1 Skin flora 4 Clinical significance 5 Society and culture 5.1 Hygiene and skin care 5.1. 1 Oily skin 6 Permeability 6.1 Nanoparticles 6.2 Increasing permeability 6.3 Applications 6.4 Sunblock and sunscreen 6.5 Diet 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) Skin has mesodermal cells , pigmentation , such as melanin provided by melanocytes , which absorb some of the potentially dangerous ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) in sunlight . It also contains DNA repair enzymes that help reverse UV damage , such that people lacking the genes for these enzymes suffer high rates of skin cancer . One form predominantly produced by UV light , malignant melanoma , is particularly invasive , causing it to spread quickly , and can often be deadly . Human skin pigmentation varies among populations in a striking manner . This has led to the classification of people ( s ) on the basis of skin color . The skin is the largest organ in the human body . For the average adult human , the skin has a surface area of between 1.5 - 2.0 square meters ( 16.1 - 21.5 sq ft . ) . The thickness of the skin varies considerably over all parts of the body , and between men and women and the young and the old . An example is the skin on the forearm which is on average 1.3 mm in the male and 1.26 mm in the female . The average square inch ( 6.5 cm2 ) of skin holds 650 sweat glands , 20 blood vessels , 60,000 melanocytes , and more than 1,000 nerve endings . The average human skin cell is about 30 micrometers in diameter , but there are variants . A skin cell usually ranges from 25 - 40 micrometers ( squared ) , depending on a variety of factors .", "2": "Skin is composed of three primary layers : the epidermis , the dermis and the hypodermis . Layers , Receptors , and Appendages of Human Skin Epidermis ( edit ) Main article : Epidermis Epidermis , `` epi '' coming from the Greek meaning `` over '' or `` upon '' , is the outermost layer of the skin . It forms the waterproof , protective wrap over the body 's surface which also serves as a barrier to infection and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina . The epidermis contains no blood vessels , and cells in the deepest layers are nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air and to a far lesser degree by blood capillaries extending to the outer layers of the dermis . The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are Merkel cells , keratinocytes , with melanocytes and Langerhans cells also present . The epidermis can be further subdivided into the following strata ( beginning with the outermost layer ) : corneum , lucidum ( only in palms of hands and bottoms of feet ) , granulosum , spinosum , basale . Cells are formed through mitosis at the basale layer . The daughter cells ( see cell division ) move up the strata changing shape and composition as they die due to isolation from their blood source . The cytoplasm is released and the protein keratin is inserted . They eventually reach the corneum and slough off ( desquamation ) . This process is called `` keratinization '' . This keratinized layer of skin is responsible for keeping water in the body and keeping other harmful chemicals and pathogens out , making skin a natural barrier to infection . 2D projection of a 3D OCT - tomogram of the skin at the fingertip , depicting the stratum corneum ( ~ 500 μm thick ) with the stratum disjunctum on top and the stratum lucidum in the middle . At the bottom are the superficial parts of the dermis . The sweatducts are clearly visible . ( See also : Rotating 3D Version ) Components ( edit ) The epidermis contains no blood vessels , and is nourished by diffusion from the dermis .", "3": "The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are keratinocytes , melanocytes , Langerhans cells and Merkel cells . The epidermis helps the skin to regulate body temperature . Layers ( edit ) Epidermis is divided into several layers where cells are formed through mitosis at the innermost layers . They move up the strata changing shape and composition as they differentiate and become filled with keratin . They eventually reach the top layer called stratum corneum and are sloughed off , or desquamated . This process is called keratinization and takes place within weeks . The outermost layer of the epidermis consists of 25 to 30 layers of dead cells . Sublayers ( edit ) Epidermis is divided into the following 5 sublayers or strata : Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum germinativum ( also called `` stratum basale '' ) . Blood capillaries are found beneath the epidermis , and are linked to an arteriole and a venule . Arterial shunt vessels may bypass the network in ears , the nose and fingertips . Genes and proteins expressed in the epidermis ( edit ) About 70 % of all human protein - coding genes are expressed in the skin . Almost 500 genes have an elevated pattern of expression in the skin . There are less than 100 genes that are specific for the skin and these are expressed in the epidermis . An analysis of the corresponding proteins show that these are mainly expressed in keratinocytes and have functions related to squamous differentiation and cornification . Dermis ( edit ) Main article : Dermis The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain . The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane . It also harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat . It contains the hair follicles , sweat glands , sebaceous glands , apocrine glands , lymphatic vessels and blood vessels . The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as from the Stratum basale of the epidermis .", "4": "The dermis is structurally divided into two areas : a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis , called the papillary region , and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region . Papillary region ( edit ) The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue . It is named for its fingerlike projections called papillae , that extend toward the epidermis . The papillae provide the dermis with a `` bumpy '' surface that interdigitates with the epidermis , strengthening the connection between the two layers of skin . In the palms , fingers , soles , and toes , the influence of the papillae projecting into the epidermis forms contours in the skin 's surface . These epidermal ridges occur in patterns ( see : fingerprint ) that are genetically and epigenetically determined and are therefore unique to the individual , making it possible to use fingerprints or footprints as a means of identification . Reticular region ( edit ) The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker . It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue , and receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous , elastic , and reticular fibers that weave throughout it . These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength , extensibility , and elasticity . Also located within the reticular region are the roots of the hairs , sebaceous glands , sweat glands , receptors , nails , and blood vessels . Tattoo ink is held in the dermis . Stretch marks often from pregnancy and obesity , are also located in the dermis . Subcutaneous tissue ( edit ) The subcutaneous tissue ( also hypodermis and subcutis ) is not part of the skin , and lies below the dermis of the cutis . Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves . It consists of loose connective tissue , adipose tissue and elastin . The main cell types are fibroblasts , macrophages and adipocytes ( subcutaneous tissue contains 50 % of body fat ) . Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body .", "5": "Cross-section ( edit ) Skin layers , of both hairy and hairless skin Development ( edit ) Skin color ( edit ) Main article : Human skin color Human skin shows high skin color variety from the darkest brown to the lightest pinkish - white hues . Human skin shows higher variation in color than any other single mammalian species and is the result of natural selection . Skin pigmentation in humans evolved to primarily regulate the amount of ultraviolet radiation ( UVR ) penetrating the skin , controlling its biochemical effects . The actual skin color of different humans is affected by many substances , although the single most important substance determining human skin color is the pigment melanin . Melanin is produced within the skin in cells called melanocytes and it is the main determinant of the skin color of darker - skinned humans . The skin color of people with light skin is determined mainly by the bluish - white connective tissue under the dermis and by the hemoglobin circulating in the veins of the dermis . The red color underlying the skin becomes more visible , especially in the face , when , as consequence of physical exercise or the stimulation of the nervous system ( anger , fear ) , arterioles dilate . There are at least five different pigments that determine the color of the skin . These pigments are present at different levels and places . Melanin : It is brown in color and present in the basal layer of the epidermis . Melanoid : It resembles melanin but is present diffusely throughout the epidermis . Carotene : This pigment is yellow to orange in color . It is present in the stratum corneum and fat cells of dermis and superficial fascia . Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin ) : It is found in blood and is not a pigment of the skin but develops a purple color . Oxyhemoglobin : It is also found in blood and is not a pigment of the skin . It develops a red color . There is a correlation between the geographic distribution of UV radiation ( UVR ) and the distribution of indigenous skin pigmentation around the world . Areas that highlight higher amounts of UVR reflect darker - skinned populations , generally located nearer towards the equator .", "6": "Areas that are far from the tropics and closer to the poles have lower concentration of UVR , which is reflected in lighter - skinned populations . In the same population it has been observed that adult human females are considerably lighter in skin pigmentation than males . Females need more calcium during pregnancy and lactation , and vitamin D which is synthesized from sunlight helps in absorbing calcium . For this reason it is thought that females may have evolved to have lighter skin in order to help their bodies absorb more calcium . The Fitzpatrick scale is a numerical classification schema for human skin color developed in 1975 as a way to classify the typical response of different types of skin to ultraviolet ( UV ) light : I Always burns , never tans Pale , Fair , Freckles II Usually burns , sometimes tans Fair III May burn , usually tans Light Brown IV Rarely burns , always tans Olive brown V Moderate constitutional pigmentation Brown VI Marked constitutional pigmentation Black Aging ( edit ) Further information : senescence Further information : Intrinsic and extrinsic aging A typical rash Skin infected with scabies As skin ages , it becomes thinner and more easily damaged . Intensifying this effect is the decreasing ability of skin to heal itself as a person ages . Among other things , skin aging is noted by a decrease in volume and elasticity . There are many internal and external causes to skin aging . For example , aging skin receives less blood flow and lower glandular activity . A validated comprehensive grading scale has categorized the clinical findings of skin aging as laxity ( sagging ) , rhytids ( wrinkles ) , and the various facets of photoaging , including erythema ( redness ) , and telangiectasia , dyspigmentation ( brown discoloration ) , solar elastosis ( yellowing ) , keratoses ( abnormal growths ) and poor texture . Cortisol causes degradation of collagen , accelerating skin aging . Anti-aging supplements are used to treat skin aging . Photoaging ( edit ) Main article : Photoaging Photoaging has two main concerns : an increased risk for skin cancer and the appearance of damaged skin .", "7": "In younger skin , sun damage will heal faster since the cells in the epidermis have a faster turnover rate , while in the older population the skin becomes thinner and the epidermis turnover rate for cell repair is lower which may result in the dermis layer being damaged . Functions ( edit ) Skin performs the following functions : Protection : an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment in bodily defense ; Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system . Perspiration contains lysozyme that break the bonds within the cell walls of bacteria . Sensation : contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat and cold , touch , pressure , vibration , and tissue injury ; see somatosensory system and haptics . Heat regulation : the skin contains a blood supply far greater than its requirements which allows precise control of energy loss by radiation , convection and conduction . Dilated blood vessels increase perfusion and heatloss , while constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat . Control of evaporation : the skin provides a relatively dry and semi-impermeable barrier to fluid loss . Loss of this function contributes to the massive fluid loss in burns . Aesthetics and communication : others see our skin and can assess our mood , physical state and attractiveness . Storage and synthesis : acts as a storage center for lipids and water , as well as a means of synthesis of vitamin D by action of UV on certain parts of the skin . Excretion : sweat contains urea , however its concentration is 1 / 130th that of urine , hence excretion by sweating is at most a secondary function to temperature regulation . Absorption : the cells comprising the outermost 0.25 -- 0.40 mm of the skin are `` almost exclusively supplied by external oxygen '' , although the `` contribution to total respiration is negligible '' . In addition , medicine can be administered through the skin , by ointments or by means of adhesive patch , such as the nicotine patch or iontophoresis . The skin is an important site of transport in many other organisms . Water resistance : The skin acts as a water - resistant barrier so essential nutrients are not washed out of the body . Skin flora ( edit ) Main article : Skin flora The human skin is a rich environment for microbes .", "8": "Around 1000 species of bacteria from 19 bacterial phyla have been found . Most come from only four phyla : Actinobacteria ( 51.8 % ) , Firmicutes ( 24.4 % ) , Proteobacteria ( 16.5 % ) , and Bacteroidetes ( 6.3 % ) . Propionibacteria and Staphylococci species were the main species in sebaceous areas . There are three main ecological areas : moist , dry and sebaceous . In moist places on the body Corynebacteria together with Staphylococci dominate . In dry areas , there is a mixture of species but dominated by b - Proteobacteria and Flavobacteriales . Ecologically , sebaceous areas had greater species richness than moist and dry ones . The areas with least similarity between people in species were the spaces between fingers , the spaces between toes , axillae , and umbilical cord stump . Most similarly were beside the nostril , nares ( inside the nostril ) , and on the back . Reflecting upon the diversity of the human skin researchers on the human skin microbiome have observed : `` hairy , moist underarms lie a short distance from smooth dry forearms , but these two niches are likely as ecologically dissimilar as rainforests are to deserts . '' The NIH has launched the Human Microbiome Project to characterize the human microbiota which includes that on the skin and the role of this microbiome in health and disease . Microorganisms like Staphylococcus epidermidis colonize the skin surface . The density of skin flora depends on region of the skin . The disinfected skin surface gets recolonized from bacteria residing in the deeper areas of the hair follicle , gut and urogenital openings . Clinical significance ( edit ) Further information : skin disease Diseases of the skin include skin infections and skin neoplasms ( including skin cancer ) . Dermatology is the branch of medicine that deals with conditions of the skin . Society and culture ( edit ) Hygiene and skin care ( edit ) See also : Exfoliation ( cosmetology ) The skin supports its own ecosystems of microorganisms , including yeasts and bacteria , which can not be removed by any amount of cleaning .", "9": "Estimates place the number of individual bacteria on the surface of one square inch ( 6.5 square cm ) of human skin at 50 million , though this figure varies greatly over the average 20 square feet ( 1.9 m ) of human skin . Oily surfaces , such as the face , may contain over 500 million bacteria per square inch ( 6.5 cm2 ) . Despite these vast quantities , all of the bacteria found on the skin 's surface would fit into a volume the size of a pea . In general , the microorganisms keep one another in check and are part of a healthy skin . When the balance is disturbed , there may be an overgrowth and infection , such as when antibiotics kill microbes , resulting in an overgrowth of yeast . The skin is continuous with the inner epithelial lining of the body at the orifices , each of which supports its own complement of microbes . Cosmetics should be used carefully on the skin because these may cause allergic reactions . Each season requires suitable clothing in order to facilitate the evaporation of the sweat . Sunlight , water and air play an important role in keeping the skin healthy . Oily skin ( edit ) Oily skin is caused by over-active sebaceous glands , that produce a substance called sebum , a naturally healthy skin lubricant . When the skin produces excessive sebum , it becomes heavy and thick in texture . Oily skin is typified by shininess , blemishes and pimples . The oily - skin type is not necessarily bad , since such skin is less prone to wrinkling , or other signs of aging , because the oil helps to keep needed moisture locked into the epidermis ( outermost layer of skin ) . The negative aspect of the oily - skin type is that oily complexions are especially susceptible to clogged pores , blackheads , and buildup of dead skin cells on the surface of the skin . Oily skin can be sallow and rough in texture and tends to have large , clearly visible pores everywhere , except around the eyes and neck . Permeability ( edit ) Human skin has a low permeability ; that is , most foreign substances are unable to penetrate and diffuse through the skin . Skin 's outermost layer , the stratum corneum , is an effective barrier to most inorganic nanosized particles .", "10": "This protects the body from external particles such as toxins by not allowing them to come into contact with internal tissues . However , in some cases it is desirable to allow particles entry to the body through the skin . Potential medical applications of such particle transfer has prompted developments in nanomedicine and biology to increase skin permeability . One application of transcutaneous particle delivery could be to locate and treat cancer . Nanomedical researchers seek to target the epidermis and other layers of active cell division where nanoparticles can interact directly with cells that have lost their growth - control mechanisms ( cancer cells ) . Such direct interaction could be used to more accurately diagnose properties of specific tumors or to treat them by delivering drugs with cellular specificity . Nanoparticles ( edit ) Nanoparticles 40 nm in diameter and smaller have been successful in penetrating the skin . Research confirms that nanoparticles larger than 40 nm do not penetrate the skin past the stratum corneum . Most particles that do penetrate will diffuse through skin cells , but some will travel down hair follicles and reach the dermis layer . The permeability of skin relative to different shapes of nanoparticles has also been studied . Research has shown that spherical particles have a better ability to penetrate the skin compared to oblong ( ellipsoidal ) particles because spheres are symmetric in all three spatial dimensions . One study compared the two shapes and recorded data that showed spherical particles located deep in the epidermis and dermis whereas ellipsoidal particles were mainly found in the stratum corneum and epidermal layers . Nanorods are used in experiments because of their unique fluorescent properties but have shown mediocre penetration . Nanoparticles of different materials have shown skin 's permeability limitations . In many experiments , gold nanoparticles 40 nm in diameter or smaller are used and have shown to penetrate to the epidermis . Titanium oxide ( TiO2 ) , zinc oxide ( ZnO ) , and silver nanoparticles are ineffective in penetrating the skin past the stratum corneum . Cadmium selenide ( CdSe ) quantum dots have proven to penetrate very effectively when they have certain properties . Because CdSe is toxic to living organisms , the particle must be covered in a surface group .", "11": "An experiment comparing the permeability of quantum dots coated in polyethylene glycol ( PEG ) , PEG - amine , and carboxylic acid concluded the PEG and PEG - amine surface groups allowed for the greatest penetration of particles . The carboxylic acid coated particles did not penetrate past the stratum corneum . Increasing permeability ( edit ) Scientists previously believed that the skin was an effective barrier to inorganic particles . Damage from mechanical stressors was believed to be the only way to increase its permeability . Recently , however , simpler and more effective methods for increasing skin permeability have been developed . For example , ultraviolet radiation ( UVR ) has been used to slightly damage the surface of skin , causing a time - dependent defect allowing easier penetration of nanoparticles . The UVR 's high energy causes a restructuring of cells , weakening the boundary between the stratum corneum and the epidermal layer . The damage of the skin is typically measured by the transepidermal water loss ( TEWL ) , though it may take 3 -- 5 days for the TEWL to reach its peak value . When the TEWL reaches its highest value , the maximum density of nanoparticles is able to permeate the skin . Studies confirm that UVR damaged skin significantly increases the permeability . The effects of increased permeability after UVR exposure can lead to an increase in the number of particles that permeate the skin . However , the specific permeability of skin after UVR exposure relative to particles of different sizes and materials has not been determined . Other skin damaging methods used to increase nanoparticle penetration include tape stripping , skin abrasion , and chemical enhancement . Tape stripping is the process in which tape is applied to skin then lifted to remove the top layer of skin . Skin abrasion is done by shaving the top 5 - 10 micrometers off the surface of the skin . Chemical enhancement is the process in which chemicals such as polyvinylpyrrolidone ( PVP ) , dimethyl sulfoxide ( DMSO ) , and oleic acid are applied to the surface of the skin to increase permeability . Electroporation is the application of short pulses of electric fields on skin and has proven to increase skin permeability . The pulses are high voltage and on the order of milliseconds when applied .", "12": "Charged molecules penetrate the skin more frequently than neutral molecules after the skin has been exposed to electric field pulses . Results have shown molecules on the order of 100 micrometers to easily permeate electroporated skin . Applications ( edit ) A large area of interest in nanomedicine is the transdermal patch because of the possibility of a painless application of therapeutic agents with very few side effects . Transdermal patches have been limited to administer a small number of drugs , such as nicotine , because of the limitations in permeability of the skin . Development of techniques that increase skin permeability has led to more drugs that can be applied via transdermal patches and more options for patients . Increasing the permeability of skin allows nanoparticles to penetrate and target cancer cells . Nanoparticles along with multi-modal imaging techniques have been used as a way to diagnose cancer non-invasively . Skin with high permeability allowed quantum dots with an antibody attached to the surface for active targeting to successfully penetrate and identify cancerous tumors in mice . Tumor targeting is beneficial because the particles can be excited using fluorescence microscopy and emit light energy and heat that will destroy cancer cells . Sunblock and sunscreen ( edit ) Sunblock and sunscreen are different important skin - care products though both offer full protection from the sun . Sunblock -- Sunblock is opaque and stronger than sunscreen , since it is able to block most of the UVA / UVB rays and radiation from the sun , and does not need to be reapplied several times in a day . Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are two of the important ingredients in sunblock . Sunscreen -- Sunscreen is more transparent once applied to the skin and also has the ability to protect against UVA / UVB rays , although the sunscreen 's ingredients have the ability to break down at a faster rate once exposed to sunlight , and some of the radiation is able to penetrate to the skin . In order for sunscreen to be more effective it is necessary to consistently reapply and use one with a higher sun protection factor . Diet ( edit ) Vitamin A , also known as retinoids , benefits the skin by normalizing keratinization , downregulating sebum production which contributes to acne , and reversing and treating photodamage , striae , and cellulite .", "13": "Vitamin D and analogs are used to downregulate the cutaneous immune system and epithelial proliferation while promoting differentiation . Vitamin C is an antioxidant that regulates collagen synthesis , forms barrier lipids , regenerates vitamin E , and provides photoprotection . Vitamin E is a membrane antioxidant that protects against oxidative damage and also provides protection against harmful UV rays . Several scientific studies confirmed that changes in baseline nutritional status affects skin condition . The Mayo Clinic lists foods they state help the skin : fruits and vegetables , whole - grains , dark leafy greens , nuts , and seeds . See also ( edit ) Acid mantle Anthropodermic bibliopegy Artificial skin Callus , thick area of skin List of cutaneous conditions Cutaneous structure development Fingerprint , skin on fingertips Hyperpigmentation , about excess skin color Intertriginous Meissner 's corpuscle Pacinian corpuscle Polyphenol antioxidant Skin lesion Skin repair References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Skin care '' ( analysis ) , Health-Cares.net , 2007 , webpage : HCcare Jump up ^ Herron , Alan J. ( 5 December 2009 ) . `` Pigs as Dermatologic Models of Human Skin Disease '' ( PDF ) . ivis.org . DVM Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology Baylor College of Medicine Houston , Texas . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . pig skin has been shown to be the most similar to human skin . Pig skin is structurally similar to human epidermal thickness and dermal - epidermal thickness ratios . Pigs and humans have similar hair follicle and blood vessel patterns in the skin . Biochemically pigs contain dermal collagen and elastic content that is more similar to humans than other laboratory animals . Finally pigs have similar physical and molecular responses to various growth factors . Jump up ^ Liu , J. , Kim , D. , Brown , L. , Madsen , T. , Bouchard , G.F. `` Comparison of Human , Porcine and Rodent Wound Healing With New Miniature Swine Study Data '' ( PDF ) . sinclairresearch.com . Sinclair Research Centre , Auxvasse , MO , USA ; Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory , Columbia , MO , USA .", "14": "Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Pig skin is anatomically , physiologically , biochemically and immunologically similar to human skin CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Marks , James G ; Miller , Jeffery ( 2006 ) . Lookingbill and Marks ' Principles of Dermatology . ( 4th ed . ) . Elsevier Inc . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 3185 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Proksch , E ; Brandner , JM ; Jensen , JM ( 2008 ) . `` The skin : an indispensable barrier '' . Experimental Dermatology. 17 ( 12 ) : 1063 -- 72 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0625.2008. 00786. x . PMID 19043850 . ^ Jump up to : Madison , KC . ( 2003 ) . `` Barrier function of the skin : `` la raison d'être '' of the epidermis '' ( PDF ) . J Invest Dermatol. 121 ( 2 ) : 231 -- 41 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1747.2003. 12359. x . PMID 12880413 . ^ Jump up to : Grice , E.A. ; Kong , H.H. ; Conlan , S. ; Deming , C.B. ; Davis , J. ; Young , A.C. ; Bouffard , G.G. ; Blakesley , R.W. ; Murray , P.R. ( 2009 ) . `` Topographical and Temporal Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome '' . Science . 324 ( 5931 ) : 1190 -- 2 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1171700 . PMC 2805064 . PMID 19478181 . ^ Jump up to : Pappas S. ( 2009 ) . Your Body Is a Wonderland ... of Bacteria . ScienceNOW Daily News Archived 2 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine .", "15": "Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1893 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson , P.F. Millington , R. ( 2009 ) . Skin ( Digitally printed version ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 49 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 10681 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Howard ( 2014 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Ever wondered about your skin ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Stücker , M. ; A. Struk ; P. Altmeyer ; M. Herde ; H. Baumgärtl ; D.W. Lübbers ( 2002 ) . `` The cutaneous uptake of atmospheric oxygen contributes significantly to the oxygen supply of human dermis and epidermis '' . The Journal of Physiology. 538 ( 3 ) : 985 -- 994 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 2001.013067 . ISSN 0022 - 3751 . PMC 2290093 . PMID 11826181 . Jump up ^ `` The human proteome in skin - The Human Protein Atlas '' . www.proteinatlas.org . Jump up ^ Uhlén , Mathias ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn M. ; Lindskog , Cecilia ; Oksvold , Per ; Mardinoglu , Adil ; Sivertsson , Åsa ; Kampf , Caroline ; Sjöstedt , Evelina ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Tissue - based map of the human proteome '' . Science . 347 ( 6220 ) : 1260419 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1260419 .", "16": "ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 25613900 . Jump up ^ Edqvist , Per - Henrik D. ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn M. ; Danielsson , Angelika ; Edlund , Karolina ; Uhlén , Mathias ; Pontén , Fredrik ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Expression of Human Skin - Specific Genes Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody - Based Profiling '' . Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry. 63 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 141 . doi : 10.1369 / 0022155414562646 . Jump up ^ Muehlenbein , Michael ( 2010 ) . Human Evolutionary Biology . Cambridge University Press . pp. 192 -- 213 . ISBN 1139789007 . Jump up ^ Jablonski , N.G. ( 2006 ) . Skin : a Natural History . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0520954815 . Jump up ^ Handbook of General Anatomy by B.D. Chaurasia . ISBN 978 - 81 - 239 - 1654 - 5 Jump up ^ Pigmentation of Skin Jump up ^ Webb , A.R. ( 2006 ) . `` Who , what , where , and when : influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis '' . Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology . 92 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 25 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbiomolbio. 2006.02. 004 . PMID 16766240 . Jump up ^ Jablonski , N.G. ; Chaplin ( 2000 ) . `` The evolution of human skin coloration '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 39 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 106 . doi : 10.1006 / jhev. 2000.0403 . PMID 10896812 . Jump up ^ `` The Fitzpatrick Skin Type Classification Scale '' . Skin Inc . ( November 2007 ) . Retrieved 7 January 2014 .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` Fitzpatrick Skin Type '' ( PDF ) . Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Alexiades - Armenakas , M.R. , et al . The spectrum of laser skin resurfacing : nonablative , fractional , and ablative laser resurfacing . J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 May ; 58 ( 5 ) : 719 - 37 ; quiz 738 - 40 Jump up ^ Cutroneo , Kenneth R. ; Kenneth M. Sterling ( 2004 ) . `` How do glucocorticoids compare to oligo decoys as inhibitors of collagen synthesis and potential toxicity of these therapeutics ? '' . Journal of Cellular Biochemistry . 92 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 15 . doi : 10.1002 / jcb. 20030 . ISSN 0730 - 2312 . PMID 15095399 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Oikarinen , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Connective tissue and aging '' . International Journal of Cosmetic Science . 26 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 107 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 2494.2004. 213_6. x . ISSN 0142 - 5463 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Gilchrest , BA ( 1990 ) . `` Skin aging and photoaging '' . Dermatology nursing / Dermatology Nurses ' Association . 2 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 82 . PMID 2141531 . Jump up ^ WI , Kenneth Todar , Madison , . `` Immune Defense against Bacterial Pathogens : Innate Immunity '' . textbookofbacteriology.net . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ NIH Human Microbiome Project . Jump up ^ Theodor Rosebury .", "18": "Life on Man : Secker & Warburg , 1969 ISBN 0 - 670 - 42793 - 4 Jump up ^ Baroli , Biancamaria ( 2010 ) . `` Penetration of nanoparticles and nanomaterials in the skin : Fiction or reality ? '' . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . 99 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 50 . doi : 10.1002 / jps. 21817 . ISSN 0022 - 3549 . Jump up ^ Filipe , P. ; J.N. Silva ; R. Silva ; J.L. Cirne de Castro ; M. Marques Gomes ; L.C. Alves ; R. Santus ; T. Pinheiro ( 2009 ) . `` Stratum Corneum Is an Effective Barrier to TiO and ZnO Nanoparticle Percutaneous Absorption '' . Skin Pharmacology and Physiology. 22 ( 5 ) : 266 -- 275 . doi : 10.1159 / 000235554 . ISSN 1660 - 5535 . PMID 19690452 . ^ Jump up to : Vogt , A. ; Combadiere , B. ; Hadam , S. ; Stieler , K. ; Lademann , J. ; Schaefer , H. ; et al. ( June 2006 ) . `` 40 nm , but not 750 or 1,500 nm , nanoparticles enter epidermal CD1a+ cells after transcutaneous application on human skin '' . Journal of Investigative Dermatology . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins. 126 ( 6 ) : 1316 -- 22 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. jid. 5700226 . PMID 16614727 . Jump up ^ Sonavane , Ganeshchandra ; Keishiro Tomoda ; Akira Sano ; Hiroyuki Ohshima ; Hiroshi Terada ; Kimiko Makino ( 2008 ) . `` In vitro permeation of gold nanoparticles through rat skin and rat intestine : Effect of particle size '' . Colloids and Surfaces B : Biointerfaces . Amsterdam , Netherlands : Elsevier .", "19": "65 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 10 . doi : 10.1016 / j. colsurfb. 2008.02. 013 . ISSN 0927 - 7765 . PMID 18499408 . ^ Jump up to : Ryman - Rasmussen , J.P. ( 2006 ) . `` Penetration of Intact Skin by Quantum Dots with Diverse Physicochemical Properties '' . Toxicological Sciences . Cary , North Carolina : Oxford University Press . 91 ( 1 ) : 159 -- 165 . doi : 10.1093 / toxsci / kfj122 . ISSN 1096 - 6080 . PMID 16443688 . ^ Jump up to : Ryman - Rasmussen , J.P. , Riviere , J.E. and Monteiro - Riviere , N.A. Penetration of Intact Skin by Quantum Dots with Diverse Physicochemical Properties . Toxicological Sciences 2006 ; 91 ( 1 ) : 159 - 165 Jump up ^ Felipe , P. ; Silva , J.N. ; Silva , R. ; Cirne de Castro , J.L. ; Gomes , M. ; Alves , L.C. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Stratum Corneum Is an Effective Carrier to TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticle Percutaneous Absorption '' . Skin Pharmacology and Physiology. 22 : 266 -- 275 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Larese , Francesca Filon ; Flavia D'Agostin ; Matteo Crosera ; Gianpiero Adami ; Nadia Renzi ; Massimo Bovenzi ; Giovanni Maina ( 2009 ) . `` Human skin penetration of silver nanoparticles through intact and damaged skin '' . Toxicology . Limerick : Elsevier . 255 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 33 -- 37 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tox. 2008.09. 025 . ISSN 0300 - 483X . PMID 18973786 .", "20": "Jump up ^ Mortensen , Luke J. ; Gunter Oberdörster ; Alice P. Pentland ; Lisa A. DeLouise ( 2008 ) . `` In Vivo Skin Penetration of Quantum Dot Nanoparticles in the Murine Model : The Effect of UVR '' . Nano Letters . Washington , DC : American Chemical Society . 8 ( 9 ) : 2779 -- 2787 . doi : 10.1021 / nl801323y . ISSN 1530 - 6984 . PMC 4111258 . PMID 18687009 . ^ Jump up to : Osinski , Marek ; Luke Mortensen ; Hong Zheng ; Renea Faulknor ; Anna De Benedetto ; Lisa Beck ; Lisa A. DeLouise ; Thomas M. Jovin ; Kenji Yamamoto ( 2009 ) . `` Increased in vivo skin penetration of quantum dots with UVR and in vitro quantum dot cytotoxicity '' . Colloidal Quantum Dots for Biomedical Applications IV . 7189 : 718919 -- 718919 -- 12 . doi : 10.1117 / 12.809215 . ISSN 0277 - 786X . ^ Jump up to : Mortensen , L. ; Oberdorster , G. ; Pentland , A. ; DeLoiuse , L. ( 2008 ) . `` In Vivo Skin Penetration of Quantum Dot Nanoparticles in the Murine Model : The Effects of UVR '' . Nano Letters. 8 ( 9 ) : 2779 -- 2787 . doi : 10.1021 / nl801323y . PMC 4111258 . PMID 18687009 . Jump up ^ Sokolov , K. ; Follen , M. ; Aaron , J. ; Pavlova , I. ; Malpica , A. ; Lotan , R. ; et al. ( May 2003 ) . `` Real - Time Vital Optical Imaging of Precancer Using Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibodies Conjugated to Gold Nanoparticles '' . Cancer Research . 63 : 199 .", "21": "^ Jump up to : Prausnitz , M. ; Mitragotri , S. ; Langer , R. ( February 2004 ) . `` Current Status and Future Potential of Transdermal Drug Delivery '' . Drug Discovery . 3 : 115 -- 124 . doi : 10.1038 / nrd1304 . Jump up ^ Gao , X. ; Cui , Y. ; Levenson , R. ; Chung , L. ; Nie , S. ( 2005 ) . `` In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots '' . Nature Biotechnology . 22 ( 8 ) : 969 -- 976 . doi : 10.1038 / nbt994 . PMID 15258594 . Jump up ^ `` Sunscreen or sunblock '' . Retrieved July 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ An update on Suncreens ; 2007 ; P 23 - 29 . Available at www.aocd.org/resource/resmgr/jaocd/2007aug.pdf Jump up ^ `` Nanotechnology Information Center : Properties , Applications , Research , and Safety Guidelines '' . American Elements . Jump up ^ Shapiro SS , Saliou C ( 2001 ) . `` Role of vitamins in skin care '' . Nutrition. 17 ( 10 ) : 839 -- 844 . doi : 10.1016 / S0899 - 9007 ( 01 ) 00660 - 8 . PMID 11684391 . Jump up ^ Esther Boelsma , Lucy PL van de Vijver , R Alexandra Goldbohm ; et al. ( February 2003 ) . `` Role of vitamins in skin care '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 77 ( 2 ) : 348 -- 355 . PMID 12540393 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/healthy-skin/faq-20058184 External links ( edit ) Look up human skin in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "22": "MedlinePlus Skin Conditions National Library of Medicine retrieved November 12 , 2013 . ( hide ) Skin and related structures Skin Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa Dermis Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular Subcutaneous tissue Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus Panniculus carnosus ) Membranous layer Loose connective tissue Superficial fascia Adnexa Skin glands Sweat glands : Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous Hair Root sheath Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle 's layer Huxley 's layer Hair shaft Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle Muscle Arrector pili muscle Pilosebaceous unit Hair sebaceous gland Nail Nail matrix Nail plate Lunula Eponychium Paronychium Hyponychium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_skin&oldid=837345516 '' Categories : Skin Organs ( anatomy ) Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Euskara Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Nāhuatl Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 07 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "23": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3371658713053301705	what year did seven nation army come out	[ "March 2003", "March 2003", "2003" ]	{ "0": "Seven Nation Army - wikipedia Seven Nation Army Jump to : navigation , search `` Seven Nation Army '' Single by The White Stripes from the album Elephant B - side `` Good To Me '' Released March 2003 Format 7 '' CD Recorded April 2002 Studio Toe Rag Studios ( London ) Genre Garage rock revival alternative rock Length 3 : 52 Label XL V2 Third Man Songwriter ( s ) Jack White Producer ( s ) Jack White The White Stripes singles chronology `` Candy Cane Children '' ( 2002 ) `` Seven Nation Army '' ( 2003 ) `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' ( 2003 ) `` Candy Cane Children '' ( 2002 ) `` Seven Nation Army '' ( 2003 ) `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' ( 2003 ) Music video `` Seven Nation Army '' on YouTube `` Seven Nation Army '' ( also stylized as `` 7 Nation Army '' ) is a song by American rock duo the White Stripes . It was released as the lead single from their fourth studio album , Elephant , in March 2003 , and reached number one on the Alternative Songs chart -- maintaining that position for three weeks . It also became the third best - performing song of the decade on the same chart . It was well received commercially as well , and won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song . The song is known for its underlying riff , which plays throughout most of the song . Although it sounds like a bass guitar ( an instrument the group had never previously used ) , the sound is actually created by running Jack White 's semi-acoustic , 1950s - style Kay Hollowbody guitar through a DigiTech Whammy pedal set down an octave . A combination of the song 's popularity , recognizable riff , and defiant lyrics led to it becoming the band 's signature song . Often ranked as one of the greatest songs of the 2000s , it has been used widely at sporting events and political protests internationally .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Music video 3 Single track listing 4 Reception 4.1 Critical 4.2 Popularity 4.2. 1 Sporting events 4.2. 2 Hamburg Port Anniversary celebration 4.2. 3 `` Oh Jeremy Corbyn '' and subsequent response 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Cover versions 6.1 Ben l'Oncle Soul version 6.1. 1 Chart performance 6.2 Marcus Collins version 6.2. 1 Track listing 6.2. 2 Chart performance 6.2. 3 Release history 7 External links 8 References Development ( edit ) `` Seven Nation Army '' Sample from `` Seven Nation Army '' . Jack White used an octave pedal to make the instrument resemble the tone of the bass guitar . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Jack White has stated that he was saving the song 's guitar riff in case he was ever asked to do a James Bond theme song . Eventually White concluded that such an offer was unlikely and decided to incorporate the riff into a song instead ( White would later perform , with Alicia Keys , the song `` Another Way to Die '' for the 2008 Bond film Quantum of Solace ) . The title of the track comes from what Jack White used to call The Salvation Army as a child . The track was named as such as a placeholder before any lyrics were written ; however , the name stuck and thus was released as such . Billboard called the song a `` sparse affair led by a simple bassline ( actually played on guitar , with an octave effect ) , and is much more of a straightforward rock song '' than `` Fell in Love with a Girl . '' Music video ( edit ) The video , directed by Alex and Martin , consists of one seemingly continuous shot through a kaleidoscopic tunnel of mirrored black , white and red triangles , touching on Jack 's love of the number three . The triangle slides alternate between images of Jack or Meg playing , interspersed with marching skeletons and an elephant , referring to the name of the album `` Seven Nation Army '' appeared on .", "2": "The speed at which the triangles move forward through the tunnel speeds up and slows down in unison with the dynamics of the song . During the video , when the song begins to intensify , the lights in surrounding the triangles flash and other effects build up as well . Single track listing ( edit ) `` Seven Nation Army '' ( Jack White ) `` Good to Me '' ( Brendan Benson / Jason Falkner ) `` Black Jack Davey '' ( Traditional ) The 7 '' single only contains the first two tracks . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) `` Seven Nation Army '' received widespread critical acclaim . Remarking on the White 's reputation as a `` garage rock '' band , Billboard remarked of the song that even `` adventurous rock programmers might want to join the ' Army . ' '' AllMusic call the song `` breathtaking , '' and said that it delivers `` some of the fiercest blues - punk of the White Stripes ' career . '' The song featured on many `` end - of - year '' and `` best - of '' lists . In 2004 , `` Seven Nation Army '' was ranked at number three on the Pazz & Jop critics ' poll , by the American music magazine The Village Voice . It was number six on Rolling Stone 's 2009 list of the 50 Best Songs of the Decade . In March 2005 , Q magazine placed `` Seven Nation Army '' at number 8 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks . In September 2005 , NME placed `` Seven Nation Army '' at number 5 in its list of the 50 Greatest Tracks Of The Decade . It was also called the 75th greatest hard rock song by VH1 . In May 2008 , Rolling Stone placed this song at number 21 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time . `` Seven Nation Army '' also earned 20th place in Triple J 's Hottest 100 of All Time in 2009 . The song was also listed at # 30 on Pitchfork Media 's top 500 songs of the 2000s , and at number 2 in Observer Music Monthly 's top 75 songs of the decade , behind Beyoncé 's `` Crazy in Love '' .", "3": "It also came in second on Channel V Australia 's top 1000 songs of the 2000s . In 2009 , US website Consequence of Sound named this as their top rock track of the 2000s , as did Boston 's WFNX Radio . On Rolling Stone 's updated version of their The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , `` Seven Nation Army '' was listed at number 286 . It was also ranked # 1 on Rhapsody 's list of the Top 100 Tracks of the Decade . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 23 on its list `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . In February 2013 , listeners to BBC Radio 6 Music placed the song at number 6 in `` 6 Music 's 100 Greatest Hits '' , the top songs released in the station 's lifetime . Popularity ( edit ) Sporting events ( edit ) The song is played after every goal scored by Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena The song is very popular in European football stadiums , even becoming the unofficial anthem of Italy 's World Cup win in 2006 ( in Italy known as the `` the Po Po Po song '' ) and was used in both Euro 2008 , when the teams walked onto the pitch at the start of the game and in Euro 2012 , U-21 Euro 2013 and Euro 2016 , when it was played when a goal was scored . Subsequently , supporters of Club Brugge K.V. started chanting it and then Brugge began playing it in Jan Breydel Stadium during matches . After Brugge hosted A.S. Roma in a UEFA Cup match on February 15 , 2006 , the Italian side brought the song back home with them and it began to be played inside the stadium . By the time the World Cup had begun in June , the song had become the national team 's unofficial anthem . In response to the song 's popularity in Italy , Jack White said : I am honored that the Italians have adopted this song as their own ... Nothing is more beautiful than when people embrace a melody and allow it to enter the pantheon of folk music . As a songwriter it is something impossible to plan . Especially in modern times .", "4": "I love that most people who are chanting it have no idea where it came from . That 's folk music . Falkirk fans have also taken to singing the main riff whenever they win a corner to the words `` We 're the navy blue army '' . Oldham fans also use the chorus , singing `` we 're following Oldham '' to it . The song is also sung by Sheffield United , who sing `` we 're the red and white army '' ; their main rivals , Sheffield Wednesday , subsequently changed the lyrics into their own chant , `` dirty red and white bastards '' , sung to taunt their rivals or , increasingly , any other team that plays in red . Also they sing , `` Ohhhh Forestieri '' , after the famous Owls Striker who has a bike and Wednesday shin pads . The song is also played at home games of La Liga team Atletico Madrid and A-League team Melbourne Victory following a team goal , with the song becoming an almost unofficial anthem for the club 's fans . The song was also chosen by the newly formed Western Sydney Wanderers FC as their goal scoring music . The club did not know the song was already connected to Melbourne Victory , and once the Wanderers active support group the Red & Black Bloc informed the club they stopped using the song . Fans of Premier League clubs generally chant to the riff of this song using the five - syllable name of a footballer who plays for them , especially after said footballer scores a goal during the match . Every time the German club Bayern Munich score , a remixed version of the song is played . Also the song was played every time a team scored a goal in the Amsterdam Arena at the 2013 UEFA Europa League Final , in Wembley Stadium for the 2013 UEFA Champions League Final , which Bayern Munich won 2 -- 1 against Borussia Dortmund . And in the 2013 UEFA Super Cup the song was played again , every time a team scored a goal , which saw Bayern Munich win the match against Chelsea , in a penalty shooutout 5 -- 4 , after the match ended 2 -- 2 in normal and extra time . Also there became present in the final instances of the UEFA Champions League 2013 -- 2014 , being sung by the fans of Real Madrid in the celebration later to that were gaining the tenth European Cup .", "5": "And in the celebration later to the conquest of the eleventh European Cup in the final of the UEFA Champions League 2015 -- 2016 . Darts player Michael van Gerwen uses the song as his walk - on song . Fans asked him to change his walk - on song from `` Breathe '' by The Prodigy , and Sky Sports chose Seven Nation Army , and the darts audience took an immediate liking to it , chanting his name to the beat of the song . The song has also become increasingly popular at American college football games , being used at many large venues throughout the country . Introduction of the song to college football can be traced to the Penn State football program , where in 2006 the communication and media director , Guido D'Elia , was inspired after hearing a Public Radio International story about A.S. Roma 's use of the song . At about the same time , Arrangers ' Publishing Company began to sell sheet music of the song for marching bands and by January 2012 had sold around 2,000 copies . The University of Southern California marching band plays the song in reference to quarterback Matt Barkley 's jersey number 7 . The Oregon Marching Band plays the tune every time the Oregon Ducks Football defense comes onto the field during football games . The song can also be heard at all home games of traditional rivals Ohio State and Michigan before kickoff following a home team score . The song has been used since 2011 as the official hype song of the Baltimore Ravens . During the 2012 season , it was cited in an ESPN story declaring M&T Bank Stadium the top home field advantage in the NFL . During Super Bowl XLVII , Ravens fans could be heard chanting the song as the power went out during live TV coverage in the third quarter . It has been used by the Baltimore Orioles since the 2012 season , being heard during key moments in games during and since . At many college and some pro American football games , the seven note hollow - body guitar sequence that is repeated throughout most of the song can be heard spontaneously chanted ( wordlessly ) by the fans , with no accompaniment from the official stadium audio system . It is also played before tip - off at New York Knicks games .", "6": "The song is also used at college basketball games in the United States at schools such as NC State University , Saint Louis University , West Virginia University , Wichita State Shockers men 's basketball ( Wichita State University ) and Butler University . The song was played at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum when the New York Islanders are on the power play . Additionally , the song 's signature seven - note riff is often chanted by the Bleacher Creatures at Yankee Stadium to energize the crowd . In November 2013 , the song replaced Bon Jovi 's `` This Is Our House '' as the goal song of the New Jersey Devils . The change came after a fan vote in response to the controversial replacement of Gary Glitter 's Rock and Roll '' with `` This Is Our House '' , due to concerns by team staff surrounding a mocking `` Hey , you suck ! '' chant done to the former . The song has been used in the hype videos played before each Miami Heat home game in the 2012 -- 13 and 2013 -- 14 seasons . The famous underlying riff of the song is also sung frequently by Heat fans as a chant . After the Heat 's popularization of the song 's main riff as a `` battle cry '' , many other NBA teams have started using it for the same effect , and it is now in essence the NBA `` battle song '' . During the 2013 NBA Finals 3rd game between the San Antonio Spurs and the Heat , Spurs fans used the chant when they won the game to mock the Heat 's use of the song in their hype video . The fans also used the chant in game 5 of the 2014 NBA Finals , also against the Heat , when the Spurs won the NBA championship in five games . The song was played in - between innings during the 2012 -- 2013 home games of the Los Angeles Dodgers . The accompanying hype video takes inspiration from the Seven Nation Army music video and ends with baseball gloved hands making the famous LA sign . The Dodgers , and many other teams , have copied it from fans of the Baltimore Orioles , who are known to chant the signature guitar riff during home games at Camden Yards .", "7": "During the episode of WWE Raw the night after WrestleMania 32 in Dallas , Texas , as well as on the same show two weeks later in London , England , the crowd chanted wrestler Enzo Amore 's name in tune with the guitar riff , singing , `` Ohhhhhh , En - zo A-moooooo - re ! '' 8 years earlier , on an episode of Raw emanating from Italy , the riff was chanted wordlessly by a raucous crowd during the debut match of fellow wrestler Santino Marella . On the Raw after WrestleMania 34 in New Orleans , the crowd chanted wrestler Elias ' signature catchphrase in tune to the riff , singing , `` Ohhhhhh , Walk With E-liiiiii - as ! '' . The song is also the entrance music of middleweight boxing champion Gennady Golovkin . Following the 2016 Italian Grand Prix Italian speaking German Formula One driver Nico Rosberg led the crowd , known as the Tifosi , in singing the main riff of the song during the podium celebrations . The song was used many times during the baseball documentary 10th Inning by Ken Burns . Starting in October 2017 , the Philadelphia Flyers began using the song as the second part of their goal song mash - up . Hamburg Port Anniversary celebration ( edit ) On May 9 , 2014 , during the 825th Hamburg Port Anniversary celebration , the cruise ship MSC Magnifica used the ship 's horns to blast the song while entering the harbor . The event was filmed and subsequently posted to YouTube . `` Oh Jeremy Corbyn '' and subsequent response ( edit ) Following a speech by Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn at Wirral Live music festival at Tranmere Rovers ' ground on May 20 , 2017 , supporters in the audience began to chant Corbyn 's name to the tune of the song 's riff . This was repeated on several occasions in the run - up to the British general election 2017 , and afterwards at the 2017 Glastonbury Festival , where Corbyn appeared on the Pyramid stage . At a People 's Assembly protest on July 1 , alternative rock band Wolf Alice performed a version of this song .", "8": "The increasing popularity of the chant prompted the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club to reissue guidance ahead of the 2017 Wimbledon Tennis Championships advising spectators not to use the chant during tennis matches . The AELTC warned that to do so would violate rules on `` any objects or clothing bearing political statements '' . As a direct result of the Corbyn campaign , Seven Nation Army saw an increase in streams of 16,893 % , according to music streaming website Deezer . In response to the popularity of the chant , many members of the Conservative Party attempted find a Tory alternative . During the 2017 Conservative Party Conference , it was widely reported that activists were heard chanting `` Oh , David Davis ! '' to the tune of Seven Nation Army , in support of Davis ' rumoured leadership bid against incumbent Prime Minister , Theresa May . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Charts 17 Austrian Singles Chart 18 Dutch Mega Top 50 22 France ( SNEP ) 48 German Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart 22 Italian Singles Chart UK Singles Chart 7 US Billboard Hot 100 76 US Billboard Alternative Songs US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Rank German Singles Chart 57 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by blues musician C.W. Stoneking as well as the country group The Oak Ridge Boys ( with bass singer Richard Sterban singing the original guitar riffs ) , funk metal band Living Colour , rock supergroup Audioslave , indie band Hard - Fi , alternative rock band The Flaming Lips , English indie singer Kate Nash , British soul singer Alice Russell , hard rock band The Pretty Reckless , heavy metal band Metallica and Argentine electrotango band Tanghetto .", "9": "It was covered by Haley Reinhart for Scott Bradlee 's Postmordern Jukebox in a 1920s style . The song has been remixed by The Glitch Mob as well , which was used in the first trailer for the 2016 video game Battlefield 1 . It has also been covered by James Valentine leading guitar of Maroon 5 during their Overexposed Tour in 2012 . The song was also covered by KT Tunstall ( as a medley with her own `` Black Horse and the Cherry Tree '' ) on her 2013 Invisible Empire / Crescent Moon tour . European fans of the English pop star Robbie Williams frequently chant the song 's riff both before and during a concert ; renowned for his call and response relationship with his audience , Williams often improvises lyrics relating to the city in which he is performing , backed by the audience 's riff. Thrash metal band Sepultura used the main riff as an outro on Zombie Ritual , a cover by Death ( metal band ) . Ben l'Oncle Soul version ( edit ) `` Seven Nation Army '' Single by Ben l'Oncle Soul from the album Ben l'Oncle Soul Released March 8 , 2010 ( promo ) September 24 , 2010 ( CD Maxi ) Format Digital download , CD single Recorded 2009 - 2010 Genre soul , funk Length 2 : 57 Label Motown Records Songwriter ( s ) Jack White Producer ( s ) Guillaume Poncelet , Gabin Lesieur Ben l'Oncle Soul singles chronology `` Seven Nation Army '' ( 2010 ) `` Soulman '' ( 2011 ) `` Seven Nation Army '' ( 2010 ) `` Soulman '' ( 2011 ) The French soul singer Ben l'Oncle Soul covered the song on his self - titled album Ben l'Oncle Soul . The album had commercial success and `` Seven Nation Army '' became the debut single from the album and Ben l'Oncle Soul 's first international hit charting in Germany , Netherlands , Switzerland , also reaching number 16 on the Belgian ( Wallonia ) charts . The version was also included in a number of compilations including NRJ Hits 2010 Vol.", "10": "2 on Warner Records and Les hits de l'été 2010 on Universal Music Group label . Chart performance ( edit ) Charts ( 2011 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 51 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 57 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 54 Marcus Collins version ( edit ) `` Seven Nation Army '' Single by Marcus Collins from the album Marcus Collins B - side `` Break These Chains '' Released March 4 , 2012 Format Digital download , CD single Recorded 2011 - 12 Genre Pop , soul , funk Length 2 : 56 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Jack White Producer ( s ) Matt Furmidge , Alex Smith , Brian Rawling Marcus Collins singles chronology `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 2011 ) `` Seven Nation Army '' ( 2012 ) `` Mercy '' ( 2012 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 2011 ) `` Seven Nation Army '' ( 2012 ) `` Mercy '' ( 2012 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Digital Spy British singer and The X Factor runner - up Marcus Collins covered the song as his debut single , in a version based on the cover by Ben l'Oncle Soul . It was released in the United Kingdom on March 4 , 2012 , a week prior to his debut album Marcus Collins . Revealing that he has received a lot of abuse from White Stripes fans , Collins said : `` I know I ca n't please everyone . A lot of people have got opinions on it , but they can always listen to the White Stripes version . Why are they listening to me if they do n't like it ? Listen to the original if you do n't like my singing . It 's just the X Factor connection but , you know , why are people kicking off about it now ? '' A music video to accompany the release of `` Seven Nation Army '' was first released onto YouTube on February 16 , 2012 at a total length of two minutes and fifty - eight seconds .", "11": "Critically , Lewis Corner of Digital Spy noted the `` distinctive soul - pop '' vocals showcased by Collins and wrote that , `` Truth be told , we wish he 'd fought a little harder to get one those eight original compositions he has on his forthcoming record out first . '' Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Seven Nation Army '' 2 : 56 2 . `` Break These Chains '' 2 : 27 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) 51 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United Kingdom March 4 , 2012 Digital download , CD single RCA Records External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Elephant ( album ) White Stripes.net . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . White Stripes.net FAQ Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maginnis , Tom . `` Seven Nation Army - The White Stripes '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Angermiller , Michele Amabile ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Haley Reinhart & Postmodern Jukebox 's Jazzy ' Seven Nation Army ' Cover '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Songs of the 2000s '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Dan . `` 20 Things You Might Not Know About ' Seven Nation Army ' '' . NME . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` True believers : The White Stripes live out their rock - and - roll fantasy '' . Boston Phoenix . April 17 , 2003 . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Chuck ( March 29 , 2003 ) , `` Seven Nation Army ( Music release ) '' . Billboard.", "12": "115 ( 13 ) : 32 Jump up ^ Phares , Heather ( date unknown ) , `` Elephant '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hermes , Will ; Hoard , Christian ; Rosen , Jody ; Sheffield , Rob ( December 24 , 2009 ) , `` 50 Best Songs of the Decade '' . Rolling Stone . ( 1094 / 1095 ) : 59 - 62 Jump up ^ RockList.net ( 2005 ) . `` Q magazine - 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ever ! '' . rocklistmusic.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ RockList.net ( 2005 ) . `` The Greatest Tracks Of The Decade 1996 -- 2006 '' . rocklistmusic.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone 's 100 Greatest Guitar Songs Of All Time '' . May 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Nation Army by The White Stripes Songfacts '' . www.songfacts.com . Jump up ^ WFNX 's top 101 songs of the decade , Boston Phoenix . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 29 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Editorial , Rhapsody ( December 9 , 2009 ) . `` Top 100 Tracks of the Decade - Rhapsody SoundBoard '' . Blog.rhapsody.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 150 Best Tracks Of The Past 15 Years - NME '' . October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Music 's 100 Greatest Hits - 6 Music 's 100 Greatest Hits : The Top 100 - BBC Radio 6 Music '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Seven Nation Army : the indiest football anthem ever ? , guardian.co.uk ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Alan ( January 13 , 2012 ) .", "13": "`` How The Song `` Seven Nation Army '' Conquered The Sports World `` . deadspin.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A `` Seven Nation Army '' Ca n't Hold Back Italian Soccer `` . artistdirect.com . Rogue Digital , LLC . July 13 , 2006 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Torres marca el gol 100 con la camiseta del Atlético de Madrid '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pellizzeri , Teo . `` Live A-League : Melbourne Victory v Adelaide United '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woah Woah Woah '' . fanchants.com.au/ . FanChants . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAIRYTALE START FOR THE SOCCEROOS '' . theturf.com.au . The Turf . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael van Gerwen : Is Mighty Mike the next dominant force ? '' . BBC . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Masoud : This is what college football is all about ( Sept. 12 ) - Irish Football - The Observer - University of Notre Dame and Saint Mary 's College '' . Jump up ^ Wilt , Zach . `` '' Seven - Nation Army '' is Ravens new in - game chant - Baltimore Sports Report `` . baltimoresportsreport.com . Jump up ^ `` Toughest venues : Scoreboard , baby '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lindsay H. ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Superdome goes dark during Super Bowl XLVII '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NJ Devils fans boo new Bon Jovi goal song , yearn for Gary Glitter '' . Puck Daddy . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` Devils change goal song , ask for replacement suggestions ; What would you pick instead of Gary Glitter ? '' . NJ.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Nation Army voted new goal song '' . New Jersey Devils . November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs fans trol job Seven Nation Army Chant '' . Jump up ^ DavoBirminghamNBA ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Spurs fans do the `` Seven Nation Army '' again - Gm 5 , 2014 Finals '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` F1 '' F1 Italian GP : Rosberg revels in ' unbelievable ' first Monza win ND MSO `` . Crash.net . September 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ bensch777 ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` MSC Magnifica spielt Happy Birthday & Seven Nation Army '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Oh , Jeremy Corbyn ! ' : how the Labour chant all started '' . The Guardian . London , UK . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Wolf Alice cover ' Oh Jeremy Corbyn ' at anti-Tory demonstration '' . Dork Magazine . Hastings , UK . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon warns supporters against political chants and slogans amid fears of outbreak of Corbynism '' . The Telegraph . London , UK . June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` White Stripes ' ' Seven Nation Army ' streams up 16,893 % following Glastonbury Corbyn chants '' . NME . London , UK . June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tories are trying to sing the Oh Jeremy Corbyn song , but there 's one major problem '' . The Independent . London , UK . October 2 , 2017 .", "15": "Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The White Stripes -- 7 Nation Army '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ musicline.de / PhonoNet GmbH . `` Die ganze Musik im Internet : Charts , News , Neuerscheinungen , Tickets , Genres , Genresuche , Genrelexikon , Künstler - Suche , Musik - Suche , Track - Suche , Ticket - Suche '' . musicline.de . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The White Stripes - Chart history - Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` The White Stripes - Chart history - Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` The White Stripes - Chart history - Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 11 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Seven Nation Army ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Five - Star Fridays The Agitator ( March 25 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ben L'Oncle Soul -- Seven Nation Army '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ben L'Oncle Soul -- Seven Nation Army '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ben L'Oncle Soul -- Seven Nation Army '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ben L'Oncle Soul -- Seven Nation Army '' . Swiss Singles Chart . ^ Jump up to : Lewis Corner . `` Marcus Collins : ' Seven Nation Army ' - Single review '' . Digital Spy . digitalspy.co.uk .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Marcus Collins unveils new music video '' . February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MarcusCollinsVEVO ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Marcus Collins - Seven Nation Army '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Charts - Singles , Albums & Compilations '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Seven Nation Army '' -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Seven Nation Army - Single by Marcus Collins on Apple Music '' . iTunes .", "17": "Preceded by `` Send the Pain Below '' by Chevelle Billboard Modern Rock Tracks number - one single July 12 , 2003 Succeeded by `` Just Because '' by Jane 's Addiction The White Stripes Jack White Meg White Studio albums The White Stripes ( 1999 ) De Stijl ( 2000 ) White Blood Cells ( 2001 ) Elephant ( 2003 ) Get Behind Me Satan ( 2005 ) Icky Thump ( 2007 ) Live albums Under Great White Northern Lights Live in Mississippi Video albums Under Blackpool Lights Under Great White Northern Lights / Under Nova Scotian Lights Singles `` Let 's Shake Hands '' `` Lafayette Blues '' `` The Big Three Killed My Baby '' `` Hand Springs '' `` Hello Operator '' `` Lord , Send Me an Angel '' `` Party of Special Things to Do '' `` Hotel Yorba '' `` Fell in Love with a Girl '' `` Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground '' `` We 're Going to Be Friends '' `` Red Death at 6 : 14 '' `` Walking with a Ghost '' `` Candy Cane Children '' `` Seven Nation Army '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` The Hardest Button to Button '' `` There 's No Home for You Here '' `` Jolene ( Live Under Blackpool Lights ) '' `` Blue Orchid '' `` My Doorbell '' `` The Denial Twist '' `` Icky Thump '' `` Rag and Bone '' `` You Do n't Know What Love Is ( You Just Do as You 're Told ) '' `` Conquest '' Other songs `` 300 M.P.H.", "18": "Torrential Outpour Blues '' `` Ball and Biscuit '' `` Suzy Lee '' Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations The Raconteurs The Dead Weather The Upholsterers The Go Two - Star Tabernacle Aluminium Third Man Records Book The Oak Ridge Boys Duane Allen Joe Bonsall William Lee Golden Richard Sterban Steve Sanders Studio albums Y'all Come Back Saloon Room Service The Oak Ridge Boys Have Arrived Together Fancy Free Bobbie Sue American Made Deliver Step On Out Seasons Where the Fast Lane Ends Heartbeat Monongahela American Dreams Unstoppable The Journey Common Thread A Gospel Journey The Boys Are Back It 's Only Natural Other albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits 2 Greatest Hits 3 Christmas Notable singles `` Y'all Come Back Saloon '' `` You 're the One '' `` I 'll Be True to You '' `` Cryin ' Again '' `` Come On In '' `` Sail Away '' `` Dream On '' `` Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight '' `` Trying to Love Two Women '' `` Heart of Mine '' `` Beautiful You '' `` Elvira '' `` ( I 'm Settin ' ) Fancy Free '' `` Bobbie Sue '' `` I Wish You Could Have Turned My Head ( And Left My Heart Alone ) '' `` Thank God for Kids '' `` American Made '' `` Love Song '' `` Ozark Mountain Jubilee '' `` I Guess It Never Hurts to Hurt Sometimes '' `` Everyday '' `` Make My Life with You '' `` Little Things '' `` Touch a Hand ,", "19": "Make a Friend '' `` Come On In ( You Did the Best You Could Do ) '' `` Juliet '' `` You Made a Rock of a Rolling Stone '' `` It Takes a Little Rain ( To Make Love Grow ) '' `` This Crazy Love '' `` Time In '' `` True Heart '' `` Gonna Take a Lot of River '' `` Bridges and Walls '' `` Beyond Those Years '' `` An American Family '' `` No Matter How High '' `` ( You 're My ) Soul and Inspiration '' `` Lucky Moon '' `` Change My Mind '' `` Seven Nation Army '' Guest singles `` Same Ole Me '' ( with George Jones ) `` When You Get to the Heart ( with Barbara Mandrell ) `` Out Goin ' Cattin ' '' ( Sawyer Brown with Joe Bonsall ) `` Broken Trust '' ( with Brenda Lee ) Related articles Discography The Goldens Baltimore Ravens Founded in 1996 Based in Baltimore , Maryland Headquartered in Owings Mills , Maryland Franchise History Seasons Head coaches Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Draft history Ring of Honor Stadiums Memorial Stadium M&T Bank Stadium Key personnel Owner : Steve Bisciotti President : Dick Cass General manager : Ozzie Newsome Head coach : John Harbaugh Culture and lore Baltimore 's Marching Ravens ( The Band That Would n't Die ) Cheerleaders Cleveland Browns relocation controversy Edgar , Allan , and Poe Mile High Miracle Rivalries Pittsburgh Steelers New England Patriots Division championships ( 4 ) 2003 2006 2011 2012 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2000 2012 League championships ( 2 ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2012 ( XLVII ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 22 ) 2000 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "20": "php?title=Seven_Nation_Army&oldid=837844241 '' Categories : 2003 singles 2003 songs The White Stripes songs The Flaming Lips songs The Oak Ridge Boys songs Football songs and chants Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles XL Recordings singles Songs written by Jack White Grammy Award for Best Rock Song V2 Records singles Third Man Records singles Motown singles RCA Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Singlechart usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 11 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2006971951944899389	what episode does marnie come back in geordie shore	[ "5" ]	{ "0": "Geordie Shore ( series 12 ) - wikipedia Geordie Shore ( series 12 ) Jump to : navigation , search Geordie Shore Series 12 Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 8 Release Original network MTV Original release 15 March -- 3 May 2016 Season chronology ← Previous Series 11 Next → Big Birthday Battle The twelfth series of Geordie Shore , a British television programme based in Newcastle upon Tyne was confirmed on 23 May 2015 when it was confirmed that MTV had renewed the series for a further three series taking it up to the thirteenth series . The series was filmed in October and November 2015 and began airing on 15 March 2016 . This was the first series not to include Kyle Christie since he made his exit during the previous series , and was the first to feature new cast members Chantelle Connelly and Marty McKenna , who had previously appeared during the third series of Ex on the Beach . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Duration of cast 1.2 Notes 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References Cast ( edit ) Aaron Chalmers Chantelle Connelly Charlotte - Letitia Crosby Chloe Ferry Gary Beadle Holly Hagan Marnie Simpson Marty McKenna Nathan Henry Scott Timlin Duration of cast ( edit ) Cast members Series 12 5 6 7 8 Aaron Chantelle Charlotte Chloe Gaz Holly Marnie Marty Nathan Scott Notes ( edit ) Key : = `` Cast member '' is featured in this episode . Key : = `` Cast member '' arrives in the house . Key : = `` Cast member '' voluntarily leaves the house . Key : = `` Cast member '' leaves and returns to the house in the same episode . Key : = `` Cast member '' is removed from the house . Key : = `` Cast member '' returns to the house . Key : = `` Cast member '' features in this episode , but is outside of the house . Key : = `` Cast member '' leaves the series . Key : = `` Cast member '' returns to the series .", "1": "Key : = `` Cast member '' does not feature in this episode . Key : = `` Cast member '' is not officially a cast member in this episode . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Geordie Shore episodes No. in series No. in season Title Original air date Duration UK viewers 89 `` Episode 1 '' 15 March 2016 ( 15 March 2016 ) 60 minutes 1,202,000 90 `` Episode 2 '' 22 March 2016 ( 22 March 2016 ) 60 minutes 1,158,000 91 `` Episode 3 '' 29 March 2016 ( 29 March 2016 ) 60 minutes 1,250,000 92 `` Episode 4 '' 5 April 2016 ( 5 April 2016 ) 60 minutes 1,303,000 93 5 `` Episode 5 '' 12 April 2016 ( 12 April 2016 ) 60 minutes 1,217,000 94 6 `` Episode 6 '' 19 April 2016 ( 19 April 2016 ) 60 minutes 1,367,000 95 7 `` Episode 7 '' 26 April 2016 ( 26 April 2016 ) 60 minutes 1,220,000 96 8 `` Episode 8 '' 3 May 2016 ( 3 May 2016 ) 60 minutes 1,183,000 Ratings ( edit ) Episode Date Official MTV rating MTV weekly rank Official MTV + 1 rating Total MTV viewers Episode 1 15 March 2016 1,172,000 30,000 1,202,000 Episode 2 22 March 2016 1,112,000 46,000 1,158,000 Episode 3 29 March 2016 1,209,000 41,000 1,250,000 Episode 4 5 April 2016 1,286,", "2": "000 17,000 1,303,000 Episode 5 12 April 2016 1,173,000 44,000 1,217,000 Episode 6 19 April 2016 1,339,000 28,000 1,367,000 Episode 7 26 April 2016 1,201,000 19,000 1,220,000 Episode 8 3 May 2016 1,139,000 44,000 1,183,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Super User . `` Geordie Shore series 11 release date '' . when-will.net . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2016/02/03/geordie-shore-season-12-gets-a-start-date-as-scott-timlin-promises-more-kick-offs-than-ever-before-5659861/ Jump up ^ http://www.reveal.co.uk/showbiz-celeb-gossip/news/a677949/ex-on-the-beachs-marty-mckenna-joins-geordie-shore-for-season-12.html Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Programmes '' . BARB. 2014 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 30 April 2013 .", "3": "( hide ) Geordie Shore Episodes Cast Series Main series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Mini-series Magaluf Madness Big Birthday Battle Related Jersey Shore Gandía Shore Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geordie_Shore_(series_12)&oldid=779765636 '' Categories : 2016 British television seasons Geordie Shore Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 Use British English from September 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2017 , at 20 : 58 . 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-5045480262712925875	who played in the first fifty shades of grey	[ "Dakota Johnson", "Jamie Dornan", "Jennifer Ehle", "Marcia Gay Harden", "Dakota Johnson", "Jamie Dornan", "Jennifer Ehle", "Marcia Gay Harden" ]	{ "0": "Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Fifty Shades of Grey Theatrical release poster Directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson Produced by Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Screenplay by Kelly Marcel Based on Fifty Shades of Grey by E.L. James Starring Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan Jennifer Ehle Marcia Gay Harden Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Debra Neil - Fisher Anne V. Coates Lisa Gunning Production companies Focus Features Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) ( Los Angeles ) February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $571.1 million Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2015 American erotic romantic drama film directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson , with a screenplay by Kelly Marcel . The film is based on the 2011 novel of the same name by British author E.L. James and stars Dakota Johnson as Anastasia Steele , a college graduate who begins a sadomasochistic relationship with young business magnate Christian Grey , played by Jamie Dornan . The film premiered at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival on February 11 , 2015 and was released on February 13 , 2015 , by Universal Pictures and Focus Features . Despite receiving generally negative reviews , it was an immediate box office success , breaking numerous box office records and earning over $571 million worldwide . The film was the most awarded at the 36th Golden Raspberry Awards , winning five of six nominations , including Worst Picture ( tied with Fantastic Four ) and both leading roles . In contrast , Ellie Goulding 's single `` Love Me like You Do '' was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , while The Weeknd 's single `` Earned It '' was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song .", "1": "It is the first film in the Fifty Shades film series and was followed by two sequels , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) and Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Direction 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Rating and censorship 5.3 Opposition campaign 5.4 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Pornographic - adaptation lawsuit 8 Sequels 9 Parody 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Twenty - one - year - old Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele is an English literature major at Washington State University 's ( `` WSU '' ) satellite campus near Vancouver , Washington . When her roommate , Kate Kavanagh , becomes ill and is unable to interview Christian Grey , a 27 - year - old billionaire entrepreneur , for the college newspaper , Ana agrees to go in her place . At Christian 's Seattle headquarters called Grey House , Ana stumbles her way through the meeting . Christian , who is that year 's WSU commencement speaker , takes an interest in her ; soon after , he visits the hardware store where Ana works . He agrees to Ana 's request for a photo shoot to accompany the article for which Ana had interviewed him . Christian invites Ana for coffee , but he leaves abruptly , saying he is not the man for her . Christian later sends Ana first edition copies of two Thomas Hardy novels , including Tess of the d'Urbervilles , as a gift . Ana and her friends celebrate graduation at a local bar . After drinking too much , Ana spontaneously calls Christian , saying she is returning the books and berates his behavior towards her . Christian goes to the bar and finds Ana , who passes out . She wakes up the next morning in Christian 's hotel room , relieved that they were not intimate .", "2": "Ana and Christian begin seeing each other , though he insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement preventing her from revealing details about their dalliance . Christian explains that he only has interrelations involving bondage that is clearly defined in a signed contract . Ana reveals that she is a virgin . While considering the agreement and negotiating her own terms , and after visiting his `` playroom '' , a room stocked with a variety of BDSM toys , furniture , and gear , she and Christian have sex . Christian bestows Ana with gifts and favors , such as a new car and laptop computer . After Ana and Kate move to Seattle , Ana continues seeing Christian . During dinner at Christian 's parents , Ana suddenly mentions she is leaving the next day to visit her mother in Georgia . Later , Christian becomes frustrated when Ana expresses she wants more than the one - sided relationship he proposes . She is shocked when Christian unexpectedly arrives in Georgia , they have sex again but he leaves soon afterward , to tend to an emergency in Seattle . After returning home , Ana continues seeing Christian , who wants further sexual experimentation . Ana initially consents , but Christian keeps emotionally distant , upsetting her . While still considering the contract , and in an effort to understand Christian psychologically , Ana asks him to demonstrate how he would `` punish '' her for rule breaking . Christian whips Ana 's buttocks six times with a belt . Upset and disgusted , Ana breaks up with Christian after concluding that he is wrong for her and his practices border on being deviant and excessive . In an alternative ending , both Ana and Christian experience flashbacks . Christian jogs in the rain , while Ana sobs in her apartment . Christian encounters a gift Ana gave him with the note : `` This reminded me of a happy time . -- Ana '' . Cast ( edit ) Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson . Dakota Johnson as Anastasia ' Ana ' Steele , a 21 - year - old English Literature student attending Washington State University . Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey , a 27 - year - old billionaire , entrepreneur , and CEO of Grey Enterprises Holdings Inc . Eloise Mumford as Katherine `` Kate '' Kavanagh , Anastasia 's best friend / roommate who begins a relationship with Christian 's older brother , Elliot Grey . Jennifer Ehle as Carla Wilks , Anastasia 's mother .", "3": "Marcia Gay Harden as Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey , Christian 's adoptive mother . Victor Rasuk as Jose Rodriguez , one of Anastasia 's close friends . Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey , Christian 's adopted older brother . Rita Ora as Mia Grey , Christian 's adopted younger sister . Max Martini as Jason Taylor , Christian 's bodyguard and head of his security . Callum Keith Rennie as Ray Steele , Anastasia 's father . Andrew Airlie as Carrick Grey , Christian 's adoptive father . Dylan Neal as Bob Adams , Anastasia 's stepfather . Anthony Konechny as Paul Clayton , the brother of the owner of Clayton 's Hardware Store . Emily Fonda as Martina Rachel Skarsten as Andrea , Christian 's assistant Production ( edit ) By early 2013 , several Hollywood studios were keen to obtain film rights to The New York Times bestselling Fifty Shades trilogy of novels . Warner Bros. , Sony , Paramount , Universal , and Mark Wahlberg 's production company submitted bids for the film rights . Universal Pictures and Focus Features secured the rights to the trilogy in March 2013 . Author James sought to retain some control during the movie 's creative process . James chose The Social Network producers Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti to produce the film . Although American Psycho writer Bret Easton Ellis publicly expressed his desire to write the screenplay for Fifty Shades of Grey , Kelly Marcel , screenwriter of Saving Mr. Banks , was hired for the job . Patrick Marber was brought in by Taylor - Wood to polish the screenplay , specifically to do some `` character work '' . Universal hired Mark Bomback for script doctoring . Mark Bridges served as the costume designer . Entertainment Weekly estimated the film 's budget as `` $40 million - or - so '' . Direction ( edit ) By May 9 , 2013 , the studio was considering Joe Wright to direct , but this proved unworkable due to Wright 's schedule . Other directors who had been under consideration included Patty Jenkins , Bill Condon , Bennett Miller , and Steven Soderbergh . In June 2013 , E.L. James announced Sam Taylor - Johnson would direct the film adaptation .", "4": "Johnson was paid over $2 million for directing the film . 91⁄2 Weeks , Last Tango in Paris , and Blue Is the Warmest Colour were all cited by Taylor - Johnson as inspirations for the film . Casting ( edit ) Bret Easton Ellis stated that Robert Pattinson had been James 's first choice for the role of Christian Grey , but James felt that casting Pattinson and his Twilight co-star Kristen Stewart in the film would be `` weird '' . Ian Somerhalder and Chace Crawford both expressed interest in the role of Christian . Somerhalder later admitted if he had been considered , the filming process would ultimately have conflicted with his shooting schedule for The CW 's series The Vampire Diaries . On September 2 , 2013 , James revealed that Charlie Hunnam and Dakota Johnson had been cast as Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele , respectively . The short list of other actresses considered for the role of Anastasia included Alicia Vikander , Imogen Poots , Elizabeth Olsen , Shailene Woodley , and Felicity Jones . Keeley Hazell auditioned for an unspecified role . Lucy Hale also auditioned for the film . Emilia Clarke was also offered the role of Anastasia but turned down the part because of the nudity required . Taylor - Johnson would give every actress who auditioned for the role of Anastasia four pages to read of a monologue from Ingmar Bergman 's Persona . The studio originally wanted Ryan Gosling for Christian , but he was not interested in the role . Garrett Hedlund was also considered , but he could not connect with the character . Stephen Amell said he would not have wanted to play the role of Grey because `` I actually did n't find him to be that interesting ... nothing about Christian Grey really spoke to me . '' Hunnam initially turned down the role of Christian but later reconsidered it , following a meeting with studio heads . Hunnam said of the audition process : `` I felt really intrigued and excited about it so I went and read the first book to get a clearer idea of who this character was , and I felt even more excited at the prospect of bringing him to life .", "5": "We ( Taylor - Johnson and I ) kind of both suggested I do a reading with Dakota , who was her favorite , and as soon as we got in the room and I started reading with Dakota I knew that I definitely wanted to do it . There 's just like a tangible chemistry between us . It felt exciting and fun and weird and compelling . '' In response to the negative fan reaction the casting drew , producer Dana Brunetti said : `` There is a lot that goes into casting that is n't just looks . Talent , availability , their desire to do it , chemistry with other actor , etc . So if your favorite was n't cast , then it is most likely due to something on that list . Keep that in mind while hating and keep perspective . '' During October 2013 , actress Jennifer Ehle was in talks for the role of Anastasia 's mother Carla . On October 12 , 2013 , Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had exited the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his FX series Sons of Anarchy . Alexander Skarsgård , Jamie Dornan , Theo James , François Arnaud , Scott Eastwood , Luke Bracey , and Billy Magnussen were at the top of the list to replace Hunnam as Christian Grey . Finally , on October 23 , 2013 , Dornan was cast as Christian Grey . On October 31 , 2013 , Victor Rasuk was cast as José Rodriguez , Jr . On November 22 , 2013 , Eloise Mumford was cast as Kate Kavanagh . On December 2 , 2013 , singer Rita Ora was cast as Christian 's younger sister Mia . Ora originally wanted to work on the soundtrack . On December 3 , 2013 , Marcia Gay Harden was cast as Christian 's mother , Grace . Filming ( edit ) In September , filming was scheduled to start on November 5 , 2013 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . The following month , producer Michael De Luca announced filming would begin on November 13 , 2013 . Principal photography was again delayed and eventually started on December 1 , 2013 . Scenes were filmed in the Gastown district of Vancouver . Bentall 5 was used as the Grey Enterprises building .", "6": "The University of British Columbia serves as Washington State University Vancouver , from which Ana graduates . The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver was used as the Heathman Hotel . The film was also shot at the North Shore Studios . The production officially ended on February 21 , 2014 . Reshoots involving scenes between Dornan and Johnson took place in Vancouver during the week of October 13 , 2014 . The film was shot under the working title `` The Adventures of Max and Banks . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack James said that the film 's soundtrack would be released on February 10 , 2015 . The first single , `` Earned It '' , by The Weeknd , was released on December 24 , 2014 . On January 7 , 2015 , the second single , `` Love Me like You Do '' by Ellie Goulding was released , later reaching the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 , and becoming a hit for the soundtrack . A promotional single , `` Salted Wound '' by Australian recording artist Sia , was released on January 27 , 2015 . To date , the soundtrack has sold 516,000 copies in the United States . Release ( edit ) Jamie Dornan at the world premiere of Fifty Shades of Grey , Berlinale 2015 In February 2013 , Universal chairman Adam Fogelson said the film `` could be ready to release ... as early as next summer . '' The studio initially announced an August 1 , 2014 , release . However , in November 2013 , it was pushed back to February 13 , 2015 , in time for Valentine 's Day . Fifty Shades of Grey was first screened at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival on February 11 , 2015 . The film was released in 75 IMAX screens across the US on February 13 , 2015 . Marketing ( edit ) On January 25 , 2014 , more than a year prior to release , Universal displayed posters with the phrase , `` Mr. Grey will see you now '' , in five locations across the United States . On February 14 , 2014 , the first photograph of Johnson as Anastasia was released .", "7": "On June 18 , 2014 , the film 's official Twitter account released the first still of Dornan as Christian in honor of Christian 's birthday . On July 9 , 2014 , the book 's author , E.L. James , said on Twitter that the film 's trailer would be released on July 24 , 2014 . Beyoncé debuted a teaser for the trailer on her Instagram account five days before the trailer 's release . On July 24 , Dornan and Johnson were on The Today Show to present part of the trailer appropriate for morning television ; the full trailer , which contained more racy scenes , was released later the same day on the internet ( 200 days before its initial theatrical release ) . The trailer featured a new version of `` Crazy in Love '' by Beyoncé , which was scored and arranged by her frequent collaborator Boots . The trailer was viewed 36.4 million times in the week after its July 24 release . This made it the most viewed trailer on YouTube in 2014 , until it was surpassed in October by the trailer for Avengers : Age of Ultron . However , in mid-December the trailer reached 93 million views and was again the most viewed of 2014 . The trailer accumulated over 100 million views in its first week of release through different channels and websites , becoming the biggest trailer ever released in history . By February 2015 , the trailer had been viewed more than 193 million times on YouTube alone . And by late February , Fifty Shades of Grey related material garnered over 329 million views including 113 million views for its official trailer . A second trailer was released on November 13 , 2014 . A third trailer aired during Super Bowl XLIX , on February 1 , 2015 . The film was promoted through an ad campaign that asked people whether they were `` curious '' . Nick Carpou , Universal 's president of domestic distribution , said : `` Our campaign gave people permission to see the film . '' `` Valentines is a big deal for couples and a great relationship event , and the date with the long Presidents Day weekend created a perfect storm for us . This date positioned us to take full advantage of the romance angle , which is how we sold the film in our marketing campaign , '' he said .", "8": "Rating and censorship ( edit ) There was initial speculation that the film could receive an NC - 17 rating in the United States . Studios typically steer away from the adults - only rating due to the impact the classification has on a film 's commercial viability , with some theater chains refusing to exhibit NC - 17 - rated films . While screenwriter Marcel said she expected the film to be NC - 17 - rated , producer De Luca anticipated the less restrictive R rating . On January 5 , 2015 , the MPAA did give the film an R rating , basing its decision on `` strong sexual content including dialogue , some unusual behavior and graphic nudity , and language . '' On January 30 , in Australia , the film was rated MA15+ by the ACB for `` strong sex scenes , sexual themes and nudity '' . On February 2 , 2015 , the British BBFC classified the film an 18 certificate , mentioning `` strong sex '' . In Canada , Ontario , Manitoba , Alberta , and British Columbia , the film was rated at 18A by the OFRB , MFCB , AFR , and BCFCO , respectively , due to its `` occasional upsetting or disturbing scenes , and partial or full nudity in a brief sexual situation . '' In Quebec , the Régie du cinéma rated the movie under the 16 + category for its eroticism . In France , the film earned a 12 rating . In Lebanon , the film earned an NC - 21 rating . In Argentina , the Advisory Commission of Cinematographic Exhibition ( the rating arm of the INCAA ) rated the film SAM16 / R . Anti-pornography watchdog group Morality in Media argued that the film 's R rating `` severely undermines the violent themes in the film and does not adequately inform parents and patrons of the film 's content '' , and that the MPAA was encouraging sexual violence by letting the film by without an NC - 17 rating . The film was scheduled for a February 12 , 2015 , release in Malaysia , but it was denied a certificate by the Malaysian Film Censorship Board ( LPF ) for its `` unnatural '' and `` sadistic '' content . The LPF chairman , Abdul Halim Abdul Hamid , said Fifty Shades was `` more pornography than a movie . ''", "9": "The film was also banned in Indonesia , Kenya , Russia 's North Caucasus , the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) , Papua New Guinea , Cambodia , and India . The film was released in Nigeria for a week , before being removed from cinemas by the National Film and Video Censors Board ( NFVCB ) . Studios will not pursue a theatrical release in China . The film 's sex scenes were censored after protests from various religious groups in the Philippines , and as a result it is in limited release in that country with an R - 18 rating from the MTRCB . A similarly cut version was released in Zimbabwe . Roughly 20 minutes were cut from the film for screening in Vietnam , leaving no sex scenes . The scene in which Ana is beaten with a belt is skipped entirely . Opposition campaign ( edit ) On January 28 , 2015 , a campaign in the United States by the National Center on Sexual Exploitation started two petitions to boycott the film 's release . Their website makes more than 50 allegations that the film has a negative impact on the community . It said , `` Hollywood is advertising the Fifty Shades story as an erotic love affair , but it is really about sexual abuse and violence against women . The porn industry has poised men and women to receive the message that sexual violence is enjoyable . Fifty Shades models this porn message and Hollywood cashes the check . '' By February 7 , one of the petitions had garnered more than 53,000 signatures . On February 2 , in Michigan , a man petitioned to halt the film 's release at a local Celebration ! Cinema . Despite the man 's efforts , the president of the cinemas declined to cancel the release of the film . He said , `` We 've been in business for 70 years and people often times object to content , and it 's not our job to censor the content of a widespread movie . It 's not in our best interest . It 's not in the community 's best interest . '' The film sold 3,000 tickets before the release and was expected to sell a total of 10,000 tickets .", "10": "The American Family Association called for theaters not to show the film : `` The irony is not lost that the film 's main character is named , ' Christian , ' while this film presents anything but a ' Christian ' view of intimacy ... It is the epitome of elevating abuse , and we call on all theaters to reject promoting such abuse on their screens . '' Thomas Williams of the Notre Dame Center for Ethics and Culture commented on the release of the film in the United States on Valentine 's Day , stating `` The irony of Universal Pictures ' decision to release its bondage - erotica film Fifty Shades of Grey on the day dedicated to honoring a Christian martyr has not gone unnoticed to many observers , who seem to find the choice unclassy at best . '' Home Media ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey was released via DVD and Blu - ray on May 8 , 2015 . The Blu - ray edition features an unrated cut of the film ; the version includes an additional three minutes of footage , the bulk of which are in the form of an alternate ending . Upon its release on home media in the U.S. , the film topped both the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks combined Blu - ray Disc and DVD sales , as well as the Blu - ray Disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks up to the week ending May 17 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey grossed $166.2 million in North America and $404.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $571 million , against a budget of $40 million . It is currently the fourth - highest - grossing film directed by a woman ( behind Mamma Mia ! , Kung Fu Panda 2 , and Wonder Woman ) , and at the time of the end of it 's theatrical run , it was the fourth - highest - grossing R - rated film of all time ( behind The Hangover Part II , The Passion of the Christ , and The Matrix Reloaded ) . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $256.55 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . Tickets went on sale in the United States from January 11 , 2015 .", "11": "According to ticket - selling site Fandango , Fifty Shades of Grey is the fastest - selling R - rated title in the site 's 15 - year history , surpassing Sex and the City 2 . It also had the biggest first week of ticket sales on Fandango for a non-sequel film , surpassing 2012 's The Hunger Games . It is fourth overall on Fandango 's list of top advance ticket sales behind The Twilight Saga : New Moon , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , and The Hunger Games . The demand prompted US theater owners to add new showtimes . Weeks before the film 's release , several box office analysts suggested as much as a $60 million domestic four - day opening while Box Office Mojo reported that a $100 million opening could be possible . Outside the United States , Fifty Shades of Grey pre-sold 4.5 million tickets in 39 markets . In the UK , it sold £ 1.3 million ( $1.9 million ) worth of tickets a week before release .", "12": "On release , it set several records at the box office , including : Box office record Record details Previous record holder Previous record holder details Ref ( s ) February opening weekend $85,171,450 The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 , $83.8 million ) President 's Day 4 - Day opening weekend for any film $93,010,350 Valentine 's Day ( 2010 , $63.1 million ) President 's Day 4 - Day weekend for any film $93,010,350 Valentine 's Day ( 2010 , $63.1 million ) Widest R - rated opening 3,646 theaters The Hangover Part II ( 2011 , 3,615 theaters ) Valentine 's Day gross $36,752,460 Valentine 's Day ( 2010 , $23,392,046 ) Opening weekend for a female directed film $85,171,450 Twilight ( 2008 , $69,637,740 ) Overseas opening weekend for an R - rated film $156 million The Matrix Revolutions ( 2003 , $117 million ) Highest - grossing Universal 's R - rated film overseas $385.1 million Ted ( 2012 , $330 million ) North America ( edit ) In the U.S. and Canada , it is the highest - grossing sex film , the seventeenth highest - grossing film of 2015 , and the fourth - highest - grossing romantic film of all time . It opened in the U.S. and Canada simultaneously with Kingsman : The Secret Service on Thursday , February 12 , 2015 , across 2,830 theaters and was widened to 3,646 theaters the next day making it the widest R - rated opening ( surpassed by Mad Max : Fury Road ) , and the fourth - widest R - rated release of all time . It earned $8.6 million from Thursday night previews which is the second - highest late - night gross for a film released in February ( behind Deadpool ) and the third - highest for an R - rated film ( behind Deadpool and The Hangover Part II ) .", "13": "The film topped the box office on its opening day grossing $30.2 million ( including Thursday previews ) from 3,646 theaters setting a record for highest February opening day ( previously held by The Passion of the Christ ) and fourth - highest overall among R - rated films . During its traditional three - day opening the film opened at No. 1 at the box office earning $85.1 million , setting records for the biggest opening weekend for a film released in February ( a record previously held by The Passion of the Christ ) . Women comprised 82 % of the total audiences during its opening day , and 68 % on Valentine 's Day . Revenue from the second weekend dropped massively by 73.9 % to $22.25 million , which is the second - biggest drop for a 3,000 - plus - screen release ( only behind Friday the 13th 's 80.4 % drop ) and the biggest for a 3,500 - plus - screen release . It is just the eighth film to open on more than 3,000 screens to drop by 70 % or more . The film topped the box office for two consecutive weekends before falling to No. 4 in its third weekend while Focus took the top spot . Outside North America ( edit ) Outside the U.S. and Canada , box office analysts were predicting as much as $158 million opening . It opened Wednesday , February 11 , 2015 , in 4 countries , earning $3.7 million . It opened in 34 more countries on February 12 , earning $28.6 million in two days . The film set opening - day records for Universal Pictures in 25 markets and opening day records for an R - rated film in 34 territories . Through Sunday , February 15 , it earned an opening - weekend total of $156 million from 58 countries from 10,979 screens ( $173.6 million through Monday ) where it opened at No. 1 in 54 of the 58 countries , marking the biggest overseas opening for an R - rated film , the fourth - biggest of 2015 , and Universal 's third - biggest overseas opening weekend ever . The film set an all - time opening record in 13 markets , Universal 's biggest opening weekend ever in 30 markets and biggest opening for any R - rated film in 31 markets .", "14": "The biggest opener outside of the United States was witnessed in the UK , Ireland and Malta , where it earned £ 13.55 million ( $20.8 million ) in its opening weekend , which is the biggest debut ever for an 18 - rated film and the second - biggest for a non-sequel film ( behind I Am Legend ) . In just 10 days of release it became the highest - grossing 18 - rated film of all time . It topped the UK box office for two consecutive weekends . Other high openings include Germany ( $14.1 million ) , France ( $12.3 million ) , Russia ( $11 million ) , Italy ( $10.1 million ) , Spain ( $8.7 million ) , Brazil ( $8.3 million ) , Mexico ( $8.1 million ) , Australia ( $8 million ) . In Japan , the film was unsuccessful opening at No. 5 with $682,000 but falling out of the top 10 the following week . The Hollywood Reporter cited out possible reasons for the film 's failure , attributing it to the `` delayed release of the new Japanese - language editions of the books , poor timing for the film release and an R - 15 , re-edit blurring out parts of the sex scenes . '' It topped the box office outside of North America for three consecutive weekends until it was overtaken by Warner Bros . ' Jupiter Ascending in its fourth weekend . It became Universal Pictures ' highest - grossing R - rated film of all time overseas ( breaking Ted 's record ) , Universal Pictures ' highest - grossing film in 14 countries , and Universal Pictures ' eighth - highest - grossing film overseas . In total earnings , its largest markets overseas are the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $52.5 million ) , Germany ( $43.7 million ) , Brazil , ( $31.3 million ) , France ( $29.5 million ) , and Spain ( $22.6 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Director Sam Taylor - Johnson later admitted to regret making Fifty Shades of Grey . Fifty Shades of Grey received generally unfavorable reviews from critics , with criticism aimed at its acting , screenplay , and pacing ; however , some critics noted it as an improvement over the book , and others praised the performance of Dakota Johnson .", "15": "On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 25 % based on 261 reviews , with an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` While creatively better endowed than its print counterpart , Fifty Shades of Grey is a less than satisfying experience on the screen . '' The review aggregator website Metacritic gave the film a score of 46 out of 100 , based on 46 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` C + '' on an A+ to F scale . Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote that `` the dialogue is laughable , the pacing is sluggish and the performances are one - note . '' Moira Macdonald of The Seattle Times wrote : `` Fifty Shades of Grey the movie , for the record , is not quite as bad as Fifty Shades of Grey the book . But that 's not saying much '' . We Got This Covered critic Isaac Feldberg gave the film one and a half stars out of five and wrote that it `` feels like two , distinct films grappling for dominance over the screen : one a sensual and stylish romance , and the other a numbingly explicit Harlequin bodice - ripper brought to life . Regrettably , the latter and lesser of the two ends up on top '' . The Guardian lead film critic Peter Bradshaw gave the film one star out of five , calling it `` the most purely tasteful and softcore depiction of sadomasochism in cinema history '' with `` strictly daytime soap '' performances . A.O. Scott of The New York Times called the movie `` terrible '' , but wrote that `` it might nonetheless be a movie that feels good to see , whether you squirm or giggle or roll your eyes or just sit still and take your punishment . '' In a positive review for The Daily Telegraph , Robbie Collin called the film `` sexy , funny and self - aware in every way the original book is n't . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of New York 's Daily News praised the directing , screenplay , and Johnson 's performance , but called Dornan 's performance , the leads ' chemistry , and the supporting cast `` underused '' .", "16": "She praised the film for honoring the essence of its source and the director 's way of balancing `` atmosphere with action '' . In The Guardian , Jordan Hoffmann awarded the film three out of five stars , writing , `` this big screen adaptation still manages to be about people , and even a little bit sweet '' , and that the sex scenes `` are there to advance the plot , and only the most buttoned - up prude will be scandalised . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B − , writing : `` This perfectly normal way of consuming erotica suggests that the movie Fifty Shades of Grey will work better as home entertainment , when each viewer can race past the blah - blah about how well Christian plays the piano and pause on the fleeting image of the man minus his pants . '' In The Sydney Morning Herald , Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that `` the film provides a language for decision - making around violence more developed than most Hollywood fodder '' , and that `` film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like ' consent ' into a living , breathing , and at times , uncomfortable interpersonal experience . It dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one 's limits and having them respected . '' Various critics have noted the similarities between Fifty Shades of Grey and Adrian Lyne 's 91⁄2 Weeks ( 1986 ) . Both films are literary adaptations , centering on a sadomasochistic affair . In an interview in June 2017 , Taylor - Johnson later admitted to regretting directing the movie claiming that her differences with E.L. James caused her to walk away from the series .", "17": "Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Awards Award Recipients and nominees Result Ref Academy Awards Best Original Song Belly , Stephan Moccio , Jason Quenneville , and The Weeknd for `` Earned It '' Nominated Brit Awards British Single of the Year Ellie Goulding for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Savan Kotecha , Max Martin , Tove Lo , Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Michael De Luca , Dana Brunetti , E.L. James Won Worst Director Sam Taylor - Johnson Nominated Worst Actor Jamie Dornan Won Worst Actress Dakota Johnson Won Worst Screen Combo Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson Won Worst Screenplay Kelly Marcel Won Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Best Song Written for Visual Media Savan Kotecha , Max Martin , Tove Lo , Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Ahmad Balshe , Stephan Moccio , Jason Queenneville and Abel Tesfaye for `` Earned It '' Nominated MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Performance Dakota Johnson Nominated Best Kiss Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Fifty Shades of Grey Nominated Satellite Awards Best Original Song `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Pornographic - adaptation lawsuit ( edit ) In June 2012 , the film company Smash Pictures announced its intent to film a pornographic version of the Fifty Shades trilogy , entitled Fifty Shades of Grey : An XXX Adaptation . A release date of January 10 , 2013 , was announced .", "18": "In November 2012 , Universal , which had secured the Fifty Shades film rights , filed a lawsuit against Smash Pictures , stating that the film violated its copyright in that it was not filmed as a parody adaptation but `` copies without reservation from the unique expressive elements of the Fifty Shades trilogy , progressing through the events of Fifty Shades of Grey and into the second book , Fifty Shades Darker '' . The lawsuit asked for an injunction , for the profits from all sales of the film , as well as damages , saying that `` a quickly and cheaply produced pornographic work ( ... ) is likely to cause Plaintiffs irreparable harm by poisoning public perception of the Fifty Shades Trilogy and the forthcoming Universal films . '' Smash Pictures responded to the lawsuit by issuing a counterclaim and requesting a continuance , stating that `` much or all '' of the Fifty Shades material was part of the public domain because it was originally published in various venues as a fan fiction based on the Twilight series . A lawyer for Smash Pictures further commented that the federal copyright registrations for the books were `` invalid and unenforceable '' and that the film `` did not violate copyright or trademark laws '' . The lawsuit was eventually settled out of court for an undisclosed sum and Smash Pictures agreed to stop any further production or promotion of the film . Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades Darker ( film ) In April 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that E.L. James 's husband , Niall Leonard , was enlisted to write the script for the film 's sequel . In the same month , at the 2015 Universal CinemaCon in Las Vegas , Universal announced the release dates of the sequels , with Fifty Shades Darker being released on February 10 , 2017 , and Fifty Shades Freed scheduled for February 9 , 2018 . However , the sequels will not see Sam Taylor - Johnson returning as director . On August 20 , 2015 , the U.S. House of Cards director James Foley was a frontrunner to direct the sequel . In November 2015 , Universal Studios announced that both films will be shot back - to - back . Parody ( edit ) A spoof version of the film , Fifty Shades of Black , was released on January 29 , 2016 , in North America .", "19": "Marlon Wayans and Rick Alvarez wrote the script , in which Wayans stars as Christian Black . The film was distributed by SquareOne Entertainment in Germany and Open Road Films in the United States ; IM Global produce and finance it , as well as handling international releases . Kali Hawk parodied the role of Anastasia Steele , with supporting cast including Affion Crockett , Mike Epps , Jane Seymour , and Fred Willard . Principal photography began on August 11 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , with a production budget of around $5 million . See also ( edit ) Film portal Washington portal Sex in film Wild Orchid ( film ) , 1989 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It is Universal Pictures ' highest - grossing film of all time in Brazil , Denmark , Italy , Poland , Venezuela , Croatia , Czech Republic , Estonia , Paraguay , Romania , Serbia / Montenegro , Slovakia , Slovenia and Ukraine . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Julie ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey 's alternative ending revealed '' . Melty.com . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( November 22 , 2013 ) .", "20": "`` ' Fifty Shades ' : Eloise Mumford Tapped to Play Anastasia Steele 's Roommate '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Ehle Joining ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' As Anastasia Steele 's Mother '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Adds Marcia Gay Harden as Christian Grey 's Mother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Casts ' How to Make It in America ' Star Victor Rasuk as Jose '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' True Blood ' Actor Joins ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rita Ora ( @ RitaOra ) ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` It 's official ! I 've been cast in @ FiftyShades of Grey as Christian 's sister Mia . # FiftyShades '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Max Martini to Play Christian Grey 's Bodyguard in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Movie Casts Callum Keith Rennie '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Dylan Neal to Play Anastasia 's step - father in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Independent .", "21": "Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Feature : Rachel Skarsten Talks `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' and Her Big Decision `` . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ; Zeitchik , Steven ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` 50 Shades of Grey has studios hot and bothered '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wahlberg Talks Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Yahoo ! Movies . June 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deahl , Rachel ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` British Erotica Series Catches Hollywood 's Eye '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E.L. James Making Unprecedented Demands for Film Rights to Fifty Shades of Grey ) '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Feature Film Releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Shades Of Patrick Bateman : Bret Easton Ellis Would n't Mind Writing `` Grey '' Screenplay `` . Lais . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Movie Hires Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fifty Shades ' Movie Hires Writer for Script Work '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Writer Mark Bomback to Polish ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Screenplay '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scharf , Lindzi ( December 4 , 2013 ) .", "22": "`` Meet ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' costume designer Mark Bridges '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Cover Story : Fit To Be Tied '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Wright Joins ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Director Derby '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Toldja ! No Go on Joe Wright and ' 50 Shades of Grey ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Flirts With Director Joe Wright '' . Variety . PMC . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' announces director : Sam Taylor - Johnson '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Salaries 2016 : Who Got Raises ( and Who Did n't ) , From Movie Stars to Showrunners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Ford ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Director : Working With EL James Was `` Really , Really Frustrating '' ( Q&A ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : Bret Easton Ellis tweets that Robert Pattinson was E.L. James ' first choice for Christian '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Noble , Melissa ( July 5 , 2012 ) .", "23": "`` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Author Says ' No ' to Casting Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart '' . OK ! . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Michael ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Ian Somerhalder Talks ' Vampire Diaries ' Kiss & ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Casting Rumors ( AUDIO ) '' . RyanSeacrest.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tie me up , please ! Chace Crawford guns for ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Somerhalder Is Not Angry He Was n't Cast In ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` 50 Shades film : Jamie dorman and Dakota Johnson cast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Casting : Shailene Woodley and Other Surprise Names That Passed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Susannah ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Keeley Hazell : ' I auditioned twice for Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Lucy Hale on Her Country Career , Fifty Shades of Grey Audition and Pretty Little Liars Plans '' . People . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Star Emilia Clarke Turned Down ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Jeff , Sneider ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : Dakota Johnson Is Strapped In , Hunnam or No Hunnam '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Dakota Johnson , Charlie Hunnam to Star in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( September 8 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam on Fifty Shades of Grey Co-Star Dakota Johnson : `` There 's Just a Tangible Chemistry '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fans petition `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' casting , producer defends choices `` . CBS News . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Durham , Jessica ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Christian Grey Casting Madness : Shirtless Scott Eastwood vs Francois Arnaud in ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Movie ? Actor Hints Rumors on Twitter , 2014 Trailer Release Date in Jeopardy ? '' . Fashion & Style . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TheWrap , Staff ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : Jamie Dornan , Billy Magnussen First to Test for Christian Grey '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Shades of Grey : Rita Ora cast as Jamie Dornan 's sister '' . Daily Telegraph .", "25": "December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' : Hear The Surprising Story Behind Rita Ora 's Part '' . MTV . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Alyssa ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Gets a Start Date -- Find Out When Filming Begins ! '' . E ! News . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' producer : Christian Grey should be ' fresh face ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Heigl , Alex ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Starts Filming '' . People . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crawley , Joanna ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Photos : Jamie Dornan And Dakota Johnson Start Shooting Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie '' . Entertainmentwise.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christine ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' filming location updates from Vancouver '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns Bentall 5 Tower into Grey House '' . Yvrshoots.com . December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns University of British Columbia into Washington State University , Vancouver '' . Yvrshoots . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` # FiftyShades of Grey filming in the Hotel Vancouver today '' . TwitPic . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 .", "26": "Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Movie Cast Shoots Charlie Tango , Clayton 's Hardware Store Scenes ( PHOTOS ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey begins filming in Vancouver 's Gastown '' . Vancouver Sun . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Returns as Christian Grey ( With the Silk Tie ! ) for Fifty Shades of Grey Reshoots '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie 2016 Production Schedule , Location And Possible Smaller Budget Revealed '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James , EL ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Movie Tie - in Edition Now Available & Soundtrack Coming Soon ! '' . eljamesauthor.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kozak , Oktay Ege ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Soundtrack Features Beyoncé , The Rolling Stones , Frank Sinatra , Sia , And More '' . Indie Wire . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Hear The Weeknd 's ' Earned It ' from ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Listen To Ellie Goulding 's Sexy New Song From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 .", "27": "Jump up ^ Artists , Various ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Fifty Shades ' Album Whips Past Half - Million in Sales '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Belloni , Matthew ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Universal Chairman Wants ' Fifty Shades ' for Summer 2014 , More ' Bourne ' and ' Van Helsing ' Reboot ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' Movie Release Date Announced ... But Who 's the Cast ? '' . Extra . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' release moved to Valentine 's Day 2015 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' to Make International Debut at Berlin Film Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nolan Feenay ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey IMAX Screenings Prove That Size Really Does Matter '' . TIME . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Set for 75 Imax Screens '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive new ' Fifty Shades ' image : A billboard - size Christian Grey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fahy , Colette ( February 14 , 2014 ) .", "28": "`` Dakota Johnson seen in her first official Fifty Shades of Grey movie pictures & # 124 '' . Mail Online . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fifty Shades Freed ( @ FiftyShades ) ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` Happy Birthday Christian Grey # FiftyShades '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ EL James ( @ E_L_James ) ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Hold on to your hats folks . You 'll get your first look at the FSoG movie trailer on July 24 . I 've had a sneak peek and WOW ! # WeAimToPlease '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the full ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' trailer : What we could n't show on TV '' . Today.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan Feeney ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey : The Story Behind Beyoncé 's `` Crazy In Love '' Update `` . TIME . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nostro , Lauren ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : BOOTS Talks About Reworking Beyoncé 's `` Crazy In Love '' and Scoring the `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' Trailer `` . Complex . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' is a YouTube Phenomenon , Even if Viewers Wo n't Admit It '' . Variety . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andrew ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer Report : ' Fifty Shades ' Preview Is Most Viewed Trailer of 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andy Lewis ( December 17 , 2014 ) .", "29": "`` The Most Viewed Trailers of 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jen Yamato ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Universal : ' Fifty Shades ' Trailer Scores Historic 100M Views In First Week '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Tracking $60 M Bow ; Strong Ticket Sales In The South & Midwest '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Goes Shirtless as Christian Grey in New Fifty Shades of Grey Teaser '' . People Magazine . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arlene Washington ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` New ' 50 Shades ' Trailer Brags : We 've Racked Up 250 Million Views So Far '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartzel , Erich ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Nets $94.4 Million in Debut '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Final Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Ties Up Record $94.4 M Debut in U.S. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Dominates Box Office With Record $90 Million U.S. Debut '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Exley , Jennifer ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Screenwriter Plans NC - 17 Rating '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Producer Talks Sex '' . VH1 . October 23 , 2013 .", "30": "Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Has Officially Been Rated ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFTY SHADES OF GREY ( DCP ) '' . Australian Film Classification . January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Gets 18A Rating From Canadian Censors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recent Films '' . consumerprotectionbc.ca . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Showtimes ( Fifty Shades of Grey ) '' . Cinexplex.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` France Gives ' Fifty Shades ' Lenient 12 Rating '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie details '' . Cinema City . Jump up ^ `` Cincuenta Sombras es Apta para mayores de 16 años con reservas ¿ Qué significa ? '' . Hoyts ( in Spanish ) . Argentina . February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Esther Zuckerman ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Morality in Media Criticizes R - rating for Fifty Shades of Grey '' . TIME . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Josh Gardner ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Morality group blasts R rating for ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' and says film is so violent Motion Picture Association should have made it NC - 17 '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Banned in Malaysia '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 .", "31": "^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey movie banned in Malaysia for being ' unnatural ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Richwine , Lisa ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' goes global , but film too hot for some countries '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kozlov , Vladimir ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Banned in Russia 's North Caucasus ( Report ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' will not be released in UAE cinemas '' . Emirates 24 / 7 . February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey film banned in Papua New Guinea due to sexual content '' . ABC Online . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Fifty Shades '' banned in Cambodia `` . Yahoo News . February 11 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Naman Ramachandran ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` India Bans Edited Version of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Izuzu , Chidumga ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` National Film and Video Censors Board bans movie from cinemas '' . Pulse.ng . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe 's censorship board demands that erotic scenes of Fifty Shades of Grey film be edited '' . U.S. News & World Report . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey : In the censored Vietnam version there is no sex at all '' . The Independent . UK . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 .", "32": "Jump up ^ Smith , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Ugly Truth About ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Movie '' . Charisma News . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Say no to porn . Boycott 50 Shades of Grey , the movie : sign the petition '' . Lifesitenews.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Dani ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Petitions want ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' showings canceled '' . WoodTV . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Francis , Derek ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Local man starts petition to stop `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' from coming to Celebration ! Cinema `` . Fox 17 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guess Who 's Boycotting ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Ahead of the Film 's Release ? '' . Alternet . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Thomas ( 14 February 2015 ) . `` Christians Offended by ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Hijack of Saint Valentine 's Day -- Breitbart '' . Breitbart News . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` News : Fifty Shades of Grey ( US DVD R1 / BD RA ) '' . DVDActive . March 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Still on Top of Home Video Charts '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Tops $100 M US , $300 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 5 , 2015 ) .", "33": "`` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Becomes 6th R - Rated Film To Top $500 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` No. 7 ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Is Fastest - Selling R - Rated Title in Fandango History '' . Variety . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hilary Lewis ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Is Fastest - Selling R - Rated Movie in Fandango History '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Scores Record Valentine 's Day Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lily Harrison ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Is Already Fandango 's Fastest - Selling R - Rated Movie in History '' . E ! Online . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Tracking for $45 M - Plus Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Could Nab $45 M Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' vs. ' Kingsman ' : A Box - Office Battle for Date Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 .", "34": "Jump up ^ Marc Graser ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Marketing : More Sizzle Than Sex '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Forecast : ' Fifty Shades ' to Dominate Valentine 's Day Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Arousing Overseas Audiences Too '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Association ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades takes £ 1.3 million at box office before opening '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Opeing Weekends by Month -- February '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 4 - Day President 's Day Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST OPENINGS BY MPAA RATING ( R ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandon Gray ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Valentine 's Day ' Massacres Presidents ' Day Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Grey ' Makes Green Over Valentine 's Day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Scores Biggest Opening in History for a Female Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( February 17 , 2015 ) .", "35": "`` ' Fifty Shades ' Higher In Global Bow At $266.6 M ; Record R - Rated Opening Overseas -- Tuesday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' 50 Shades ' Now Uni 's Biggest R - Rated Film Overseas ; Nears $500 M Global B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Drops Record 73 % For $23.2 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romantic Drama '' . Box Office Mojo . March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Posts Second Best R - Rated Preview Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' vs. ' Kingsman ' : A Box - Office Battle for Date Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST OPENINGS BY MPAA RATING ( R ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST RELEASES BY MPAA RATING ( R ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Ryan Reynolds ' ' Deadpool ' Opens to Record $12.7 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 13 , 2015 ) .", "36": "`` Box Office Dominatrix : ' Fifty Shades ' Nabs $30.2 M Friday for Record $80 M - Plus Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Report : Moviegoers Submit to ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Posting A $81.7 M Weekend , $90.7 M Four - Day ; ' Kingsman ' Strong With $35.6 M -- Sunday Final Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BROOKS BARNES and MICHAEL CIEPLY ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` In a Shift , ' Shades ' Dominates Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : Moviegoers Flee From ' Fifty Shades ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Lower With $22.26 M ; ' Hot Tub 2 's Tracking Off -- Monday B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BIGGEST SECOND WEEKEND DROPS ( Wide Releases That Fell 60 % or More ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Drops Record 73 % For $23.2 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Will Smith 's ' Focus ' Lower In Actuals With $18.69 M Opening -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com .", "37": "Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Focus ' Pulls Off Minor Heist at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Global Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Heads for $235 M - Plus World Domination '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Heating Up International Box Office With Record $158 Million Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Eyes $158 M+ Opening Weekend Overseas ; Biggest - Ever For An R - Rated Film '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Ties Up Universal Records In Overseas Debuts ; $100 M+ Weekend ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Cumes $28.6 M Overseas In Two Days ; Whips Opening Records '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of pure UK box - office gold '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED KINGDOM AND IRELAND AND MALTA ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Becomes Highest - Grossing 18 - Rated Film Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter .", "38": "Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Exotic Marigold ' Sequel Topples ' Fifty Shades ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Opens in Fifth , ' Big Hero 6 ' Passes $70 Million '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' American Sniper ' Opens on Top , ' Fifty Shades ' Drops Out of Top 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Why ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Failed to Hit the Mark in Japan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` Mr Grey Dominates , Mr Smith 's ' Focus ' Pulls & Ms Smith 's ' Exotic Marigold Hotel ' Upgrades : More International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jupiter ' Ascends To Top Of International B.O. ; ' Chappie ' Lively In Asia -- Update '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cinderella ' Tops International Box Office As ' Fifty Shades ' Joins Uni 's Top 10 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey -- International Gross '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 22 , 2015 ) .", "39": "`` Euro Summer Box Office 's Rosy Outlook : Admissions Up , Soccer Off -- Chart '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey -- International gross '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Mr. Grey To Beat ' Christ ' February Opening Day ; Industry Projects $91 M Bow -- Late Night Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' lacks gray matter , as well as heat '' . USA Today . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015. > Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : A few shades better than the book '' . The Seattle Times . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015. > Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Pete ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Review '' . We Got This Covered . London . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey review -- making a bad fist of it '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. `` Review '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey premiere : ' the most raucous audience reaction since Mamma Mia ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Weitzman ( February 9 , 2015 ) .", "40": "`` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' movie review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey first look review : some pleasure , occasional pain '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : EW movie review '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015. > Jump up ^ Laurie , Timothy ; Kean , Jessica ( 2015 ) . `` Why consenting adults should see 50 Shades of Grey -- and take their teens '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . February 19 Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades Of Grey -- movie review '' . IndieWire . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 9 1⁄2 Weeks : the story of the original 50 Shades of Grey '' . The Telegraph . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Before ' Fifty Shades , ' How ' 9 1 / 2 Weeks ' Director Put S&M Onscreen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sarah ( November 2012 ) . `` Who Was the Real Woman Behind ' Nine and a Half Weeks ' ? '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Ana ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Fifty Shades Director Regrets Making The Film '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Sam Taylor - Johnson reveals Fifty Shades regret : ' EL James did n't like me ' '' . The Telegraph .", "41": "Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars 2016 : Complete List of Nominees '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics Choice Award Winners List '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ; Yahr , Emily ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes nominations 2016 : Complete list '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.razzies.com/history/2016/2016-noms-press-release.html Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' , ' Fifty Shades ' Songs Score Multiple Grammy Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Author Jamie Lovett @ JamieLovett ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Deadpool , Avengers , And Star Wars Nominated For MTV Movie Awards '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 Nominees Announced ; ' Avengers : Age of Ultron , ' ' Jurassic World , ' ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Lead Film Nominations '' . Realty Today . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Song -- Categories -- International Press Academy '' . Satellite Awards . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davenporte , Barbie ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Porn Parody Will Be Written / Directed by Mr. Filth . How Romantic '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Romero , Dennis ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades Porn Parody Targeted In Big Hollywood Lawsuit '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( November 29 , 2012 ) .", "42": "`` Company behind ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' porn sued by Universal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Universal files lawsuit against ' Fifty Shades ' porn ' rip - off ' '' . Times Live . November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Costanza , Justine Ashley ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Porn Lawsuit Heats Up : Is The XXX Adaptation Illegal ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Porn Parody Countersuit Claims Books Are In Public Domain ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` '' Fifty Shades '' porn parody lost its lawsuit , but everyone wins `` . Daily Dot . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ; Kim Masters ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` EL James ' Husband Writing ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock , Rebecca Ford ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` CinemaCon : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequel to Hit Theaters in 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Director Sam Taylor - Johnson Wo n't Direct Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Foley Frontrunner To Direct ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Sequel For Universal '' . Deadline.com . August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( November 12 , 2015 ) .", "43": "`` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Roxborough ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` SquareOne Takes Marlon Wayans ' ' Fifty Shades ' Spoof for Germany '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ali Jaafar ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' 50 Shades Of Black ' Starts Shooting ; iQiYi To Distribute ' Talking To Hollywood With Betty Zhou ' - Global Briefs '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( 2015 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Production begins on ' Fifty Shades Of Black ' '' . Screendaily.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) .", "44": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fifty Shades of Grey Official website Fifty Shades of Grey on IMDb Fifty Shades of Grey at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson Feature films Nowhere Boy ( 2009 ) Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) A Million Little Pieces ( TBA ) Short films and segments Death Valley ( 2006 ) Love You More ( 2008 ) Films produced by Michael De Luca Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Ghost Rider ( 2007 ) 21 ( 2008 ) Brothers ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) Drive Angry ( 2011 ) Priest ( 2011 ) Fright Night ( 2011 ) Butter ( 2011 ) Moneyball ( 2011 ) The Sitter ( 2011 ) Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance ( 2011 ) Captain Phillips ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) The Creed of Violence ( 2015 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Under the Silver Lake ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Fifty Shades by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank !", "45": "The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture Ca n't Stop the Music ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest ( 1981 ) Inchon ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady ( 1983 ) Bolero ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck / Under the Cherry Moon ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 ( 1987 ) Cocktail ( 1988 ) Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane / Ghosts Ca n't Do It ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk ( 1991 ) Shining Through ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal ( 1993 ) Color of Night ( 1994 ) Showgirls ( 1995 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) The Postman ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth ( 2000 ) Freddy Got Fingered ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Gigli ( 2003 ) Catwoman ( 2004 ) Dirty Love ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me ( 2007 ) The Love Guru ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four / Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) Hillary 's America : The Secret History of the Democratic Party ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) Book Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry ,", "46": "Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone , James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot -- Blake Snyder , William Osborne and William Davies -- ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal -- Amy Holden Jones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones -- Jim Jennewein , Steven E. de Souza , Tom S. Parker and various others ( 1994 ) Showgirls -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1995 ) Striptease -- Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) The Postman -- Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West -- Jim Thomas , John Thomas , S.S. Wilson , Brent Maddock , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth -- Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered -- Tom Green & Derek Harvie ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones -- George Lucas and Jonathan Hales ( 2002 ) Gigli -- Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Catwoman -- Theresa Rebeck , John Brancato ,", "47": "Michael Ferris and John Rogers ( 2004 ) Dirty Love -- Jenny McCarthy ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 -- Leora Barish and Henry Bean ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me -- Jeffrey Hammond ( 2007 ) The Love Guru -- Mike Myers & Graham Gordy ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Ehren Kruger , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill -- Steve Koren and Adam Sandler , story by Ben Zook ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy - David Caspe ( 2012 ) Movie 43 - Steve Baker , Ricky Blitt , Will Carlough , Tobias Carlson , Jacob Fleisher , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Claes Kjellstrom , Jack Kukoda , Bob Odenkirk , Bill O'Malley , Matthew Alec Portenoy , Greg Pritikin , Rocky Russo , Olle Sarri , Elizabeth Wright Shapiro , Jeremy Sosenko , Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie - Tony Leondis , Eric Siegel and Mike White ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "48": "php?title=Fifty_Shades_of_Grey_(film)&oldid=837933868 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s erotic films 2010s romantic drama films Adultery in films American films American erotic films American romantic drama films BDSM in films Erotic drama films Erotic romance films Films scored by Danny Elfman Films about sexuality Films based on British novels Films directed by Sam Taylor - Wood Films set in Seattle Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Obscenity controversies in film Works based on Twilight series Focus Features films Universal Pictures films Fifty Shades Censored media Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles that may contain original research from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar Nederlands Napulitano Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 22 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2372948205394360366	how many episodes in season 3 of good witch	[ "10", "10", "10", "10", "10" ]	{ "0": "List of Good Witch episodes - wikipedia List of Good Witch episodes Jump to : navigation , search Good Witch is an American / Canadian fantasy comedy - drama television series , based on the made - for - TV movie series of the same name , that airs on the Hallmark Channel . The series centers around the spirited life of Cassie Nightingale ( Catherine Bell ) , her teenage daughter Grace ( Bailee Madison ) and their neighbors , the Radfords -- Sam ( James Denton ) and his teenage son , Nick ( Rhys Matthew Bond ) , as well as the various residents of Middleton USA , some of whom believe Cassie is a witch . The series premiered on February 28 , 2015 , and has been renewed for a fourth season , with a Halloween special airing on October 22 , 2017 , and a slated premiere of April 29 , 2018 . As of October 22 , 2017 , 31 episodes of Good Witch have aired , concluding the third season .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Special ( 2015 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Special ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 2.6 Special ( 2017 ) 2.7 Season 4 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 February 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) April 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) Halloween / Something Wicked October 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 24 ) 10 April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) Secrets of Grey House October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) 10 April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) July 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 02 ) Spellbound October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) TBA April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Length Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Starting Over ... Again '' Craig Pryce Story by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham 120 minutes February 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) 1001 2.91 After the death of her husband , Cassie Nightingale and her family find themselves caring for her ailing father - in - law . Moving in next door are the Radfords , Sam and Nick .", "2": "Sam , the town 's new doctor , has difficulty getting patients , as the town goes to Cassie 's store for her more earthly herbal remedies . `` Running Scared '' Laurie Lynd Story by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham 60 minutes March 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 07 ) 1002 2.01 Ashley , a troubled young woman , shows up at Grey House looking for a place to stay . Next door , after Nick 's trouble at school , Sam attempts to discipline him without pushing him away . After being caught between them , Grace tries to avoid Nick , but soon finds herself a pawn in another one of his lies now involving her best friend Anthony . Using intuition and some of Cassie 's advice , Grace plans to expose Nick 's lie to Sam , who must finally improve his family 's relationship . Meanwhile , Middleton prepares for the annual Heritage Festival , including a 10K race and grand ball , and bistro owner Stephanie hopes to spark a romantic connection and a date to the dance with Sam . Then , as a suspicious Brandon is eager to investigate Ashley 's background , one of Cassie 's coincidences draws Ashley and Derek together . A stranger then comes to Cassie claiming to know Ashley and reveals a long - kept secret . Cassie is caught in Ashley 's lies and Middleton 's new mystery . `` Do The Right Thing '' Laurie Lynd Story by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham 60 minutes March 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 14 ) 1003 1.99 The Middleton police attempt to track down a missing Ashley , but it is Cassie who might know where to find her and how to change her direction . Meanwhile , the town is excited about the Heritage Ball at the Grey House , but a confrontation on the dance floor arises when Ryan 's ex-fiancée shows up . `` All In The Family '' Craig Pryce Story by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham 60 minutes March 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 21 ) 1004 1.95 Cassie 's cousin Abigail arrives in Middleton .", "3": "Sam hires her to be his receptionist , despite Stephanie wanting the job to get closer to him . Abigail also influences Grace 's rebelliousness , often taking her side on several issues with Cassie , who states being the only one left to set limits for Grace . Anthony and Grace plan to team up on a history project , but she later disappears . 5 5 `` The Truth About Lies '' Craig Pryce Story by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham 60 minutes March 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 28 ) 1005 2.16 Grace returns home , accompanied by Nick , who escorted her , and lies about being at the library . Martha plans to re-develop Middleton , in order to improve her chances of running for governor . However , Ryan decides to take his business to Blairsville . Abigail offers to help Sam cook dinner for his date with Stephanie , but , when Abigail does n't show , Cassie saves his dinner plans . Lori researches Abigail 's past to learn she was being truthful about her life in New York City . Sam and Nick begin working on their damaged relationship . 6 6 `` The Storm '' Don McBrearty Story by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham 60 minutes April 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 ) 1006 1.81 When a blizzard threatens disaster in Middleton , Cassie must convince Sam to follow her intuition in order to help a young couple survive the storm . Brandon becomes involved in a crash and Abigail helps Stephanie after she takes a fall inside the Bistro. Grace , Anthony , & Nick get trapped inside the library . 7 7 `` Together We Stand ... '' Don McBrearty Story by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham 60 minutes April 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) 1007 1.92 The storm continues to threaten the lives of the people in Middleton . Cassie and Sam work together to save a young man 's life . Anthony , Grace , & Nick continue to wait out the storm in the library . Derek later takes them home .", "4": "Nick 's mother , Linda , arrives at Grey House . 8 8 `` True Colors '' Craig Pryce Story by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham 120 minutes April 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) 1008 2.25 Cassie receives a letter that her shop could be shut down after a greedy developer bought her building ; Ryan could be to blame . Next door , Sam confronts his ex-wife Linda ( Gabrielle Miller ) as she threatens to sue for custody of Nick . Struggling to do what 's best for Nick , Sam looks for Cassie 's guidance , leading them to find comfort in each other 's company . Likewise , Nick talks to Grace about his parents ' stalemate , and her own insight helps her to see what Nick might not be ready to admit . Then , Brandon 's wife Tara ( Ashley Leggat ) returns to Middleton , and the two must decide how to move forward in their marriage . When Tara surprises him with an overseas opportunity , Brandon is torn between needing to be with his wife and honoring his late father 's wishes to look after a distraught Cassie possibly losing the shop . However , Cassie conjures up a plan to bring the two back together , and when a guilty Ryan attempts to save the Bell , Book , & Candle , he finds that her charm has always been at work . As Cassie considers the future of their romance , she finds her feelings for Sam turning into more than friendship , just as Grace and Martha conspire to bring all of Middleton together in hopes of saving the Bell , Book , & Candle . Special ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Length Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 9 `` Good Witch Halloween '' `` Something Wicked '' Craig Pryce Sue Tenney & Amy Palmer Robertson 120 minutes October 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 24 ) 2000 2.68 As Middleton prepares for its annual Halloween Fall Festival , Cassie 's neighbor Sam volunteers to set up a hay maze for it , hoping to bond with his son Nick .", "5": "While Cassie tries to bring them closer together , she struggles to get her own family -- daughter Grace , step - children Brandon and Lori and cousin Abigail -- together to transform the Grey House into the town 's most popular haunted attraction , under the watchful eye of Mayor Martha . Abigail is too busy campaigning against Stephanie in a heated competition for festival queen . Grace is being bullied at school as rumors circulate that she is a witch , prompting her to beg Cassie to put an end to their annual tradition . As Cassie welcomes a secretive stranger , Joseph , to the Grey House , she soon finds her intuition is no match for whatever is causing trouble for her family . While Brandon and Lori investigate Joseph 's past , Cassie discovers a deeper connection that could put the whole community in danger . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 10 `` Second Time Around '' Craig Pryce Sue Tenney April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) 2.19 Cassie and Sam seem ready to move their relationship forward , but Sam 's ex-wife , Linda ( Gabrielle Miller ) , wishes to repair their fractured family for Nick 's sake . Grace is nervous about her first driving test . She searches for the perfect teacher to help ace her test . Cassie hangs a help - wanted sign at Bell , Book & Candle . At the Bistro , Abigail approaches Stephanie with a business proposition , before scheming a startling betrayal . A seemingly happy couple arrives at Grey House to celebrate their upcoming nuptials , but Cassie sees beyond their façade , which leads to a confession . Elsewhere , Tara and Brandon have a difference of opinion on an important milestone , which could affect their future ; and an intriguing visitor from Cassie 's past arrives in Middleton .", "6": "11 `` Driven '' Craig Pryce Sue Tenney April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 2002 1.96 Cassie is surprised to learn her old college friend John ( Dan Payne ) has arrived in Middleton for a teaching job , but , as they reminisce , it seems John may have an ulterior motive behind his move to town . Meanwhile , Grace believes that Sam is the perfect person to help her master her driving skills before the road test . However , manipulative Linda is determined to keep Cassie and her family away , considering them as competition for Sam 's attention . Cassie plans a fresh and honest start for her heartbroken Grey House guests , before helping her new shop assistant to follow her true passion . As Brandon and Tara come to an impasse after their pregnancy false alarm , Martha is forced to go silent to cure her laryngitis , which may be a gift unto itself . Abigail charms her way into a surprising solo business plan , as Stephanie is angry until she discovers the truth behind Abigail 's betrayal . Lastly , just as Sam stands up to Linda to keep Cassie in his life , Cassie 's rekindled friendship with John appears to head down a romantic path . 12 `` Out of the Past '' Cal Coons Sue Tenney & Jed Seidel May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 2003 1.97 Cassie is unnerved when John looks in her past , just as Ryan returns to Middleton with unfinished business . While Cassie attempts to keep both men from hindering her friendship with Sam , he still contends with Linda about what 's best for Nick , who starts to see cracks in his parents ' forced truce . Meanwhile , Grace postpones her driving test before her last road lesson , prompting Sam to question her motives . Abigail 's new flower shop flourishes , despite her noticeable hands - off approach . When Abigail 's overworked assistant becomes exasperated , Cassie senses her cousin is about to get her first real business lesson just as the town 's number - one customer , Martha , is relying on her .", "7": "At the bistro , Stephanie gets a surprise visit from her overbearing mother Betty ( Sherry Miller ) , but decides to keep her new romance with Ben a secret , against Cassie 's advice , which quickly unravels . At the same time , Martha is visited by her son , Michael . Cassie later meets with Ryan to put the past behind them , but suddenly finds herself questioning if she is ready for a new romance with anyone . 13 `` The Trouble With Love '' Cal Coons Amy Palmer Robertson & Jed Seidel May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 1.92 Cassie feels helpless when Grace admits to spending time with Sam because she 's hurting from the loss of her father . Cassie turns to Sam for support , but John asks her to attend a university gala as his date . Meanwhile , Linda officially moves into Sam 's house and quickly makes Nick miserable with her controlling ways . Abigail desperately searches for a new assistant at her shop to help finish Martha 's large flower order . Abigail tries a shortcut to solve her problem but ultimately gets some help and hope from Cassie that gives her the push she needs to do things right . Cassie also gives Linda some intuition on Nick 's true feelings , as Sam helps Grace heal her heart with an opportunity at his medical practice , showing he actually cares for Cassie and her family . While Linda makes a decision about her future in Middleton , Cassie learns the truth about John 's long - distance girlfriend and the romantic dilemma deepens . 14 5 `` Surprise Me '' Don McCutcheon Amy Palmer Robertson May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 2005 2.01 A new Grey House guest , Alexis ( Meghan Heffern ) , checks in and quickly exhausts George and Cassie with her high - maintenance demands . While Cassie predicts there is more to the story behind Alexis 's spoiled façade , Grace begins her medical internship at Sam 's office . She enthusiastically takes on her new job responsibilities with ease , quickly making receptionist Eve ( Kate Corbett ) feel intimidated .", "8": "At the same time , Sam asks Nick to find a new extracurricular activity at school , but , when Nick finally picks something he is passionate about , it is n't quite what Sam had in mind . At the bistro , Stephanie is still reeling from her breakup with Ben , who seems to be moving on . Cassie introduces her to a handsome attorney who seems almost too perfect -- proving Cassie 's plan is n't complete . Brandon looks for means to quell Tara 's need to have a baby . After Cassie joins John to relive part of their past , Sam plans an unpredictable yet perfect first date , leaving Cassie surprised by her own increasingly complicated feelings . 15 6 `` Risk '' Don McCutcheon Sue Tenney & Jackson Rock May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 2006 2.19 Cassie goes on a horseback - riding date with Sam , but John 's exciting news keeps her caught between the two men 's affections . At Grey House , guest Alexis finally admits to Cassie about her financial falling out from her father but promises to settle her bill . Cassie knows Alexis will follow through , despite George and Abigail suggesting harsher punishment . Eve fears Grace will replace her as Sam 's receptionist , but Grace puts a plan in motion to help restore Eve 's confidence . Meanwhile , Sam worries Nick is n't ready to study abroad but an important job offer could make him reconsider . Stephanie receives an opportunity to move on from her heartbreak , only she realizes she deserves a second chance with Ben . As Cassie devises a plan to help Brandon and Tara agree on a change for their future , she gives Martha insight on helping her son . However , after Cassie agrees to assist John with a new project at his university , she realizes their connection could impede her growing feelings for Sam . She must decide if that is a risk worth taking . 16 7 `` What 's Your Secret ? ''", "9": "Laurie Lynd Amy Palmer Robertson May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 2007 2.05 Cassie agrees to plan a surprise anniversary party for Martha and her husband Tom ( Paul Miller ) , as long as the people of Middleton can keep a secret . Cassie enlists Stephanie to cater the event and Abigail begins arranging the flowers , as Martha is adamant to learn what everyone is plotting . Meanwhile , Sam declines the hospital 's generous job offer , deciding time with Nick is more important . The hospital sends an attractive recruiter to persuade him , and Sam finds his decision more difficult . Cassie reassures him he is going in the right direction , as he considers buying a lakeside retreat to spend more time with his son and , possibly , Cassie as well . Grace feels friendless after she realizes Nick is serious about London and tries to make him stay . When a Grey House guest claims a ghost is haunting his room , Cassie knows a deeper problem lurks and promises he can trust her to solve it . Just as a big secret slips , John arrives to convince her to go on another wild adventure , and she discovers her life is still full of the unexpected . 17 8 `` Truth '' Laurie Lynd Sue Tenney June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 2008 2.21 Following an exhilarating date in the mountains with John , Cassie wonders if it is too late to chase old dreams . At the same time , she offers Sam advice to help him make two important decisions in his life . As he weighs his options , his expertise is needed with Grey House guest Dan ( Riley Gilchrist ) , who claims to be seeing spirits , and the medical mystery could lead Sam to all the answers he is looking for . Meanwhile , Grace meets a new friend at school and devises a plan to help Nick reconsider his London trip . After Abigail creates a story to cover her accidental slip about Martha 's surprise anniversary party , her little lie quickly becomes a rumor that puts Cassie 's love life in question . As the party nears , Martha becomes increasingly suspicious . However , Cassie keeps the mayor distracted by helping her plan a surprise of her own for Tom .", "10": "Cassie knowingly sends Stephanie on a path that helps her make a clear decision about the future of her catering business . Just as the anniversary party brings together all of Middleton for a grand celebration of love , Cassie receives an unexpected opportunity from John that could change her life . She must decide if what she really wants is right at home . 18 9 `` A Perfect Match , Part 1 '' Craig Pryce Amy Palmer Robertson June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 2009 2.12 The people of Middleton are in final preparations for the annual Lights Festival , just as Cassie and Sam see sparks fly between them at his new lake house . However , John pressures her to join him on his adventure in the Maldives , and her future remains in question . Meanwhile , after Sam finally gives Nick permission to go to London , Grace senses her friend is having second thoughts about leaving his dad , but her plan to help him could backfire . At the bistro , Cassie helps Stephanie discover Ben 's true feelings about commitment , while back at her shop , Cassie 's instincts lead her to give a conflicted Tara a new beginning . Abigail volunteers to take over as the official festival planner , but doubts soon circulate about whether she is up to the job or up to something else . Also , just as Cassie and Sam decide to let their kids in on a secret , they find their big revelation may have already come to light . 19 10 `` A Perfect Match , Part 2 '' Craig Pryce Story by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Sue Tenney & Jackson Rock June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 2.30 A dispute about London between Nick and Grace causes Cassie to slow things down with Sam . However , she does tell him that she is not going to join John in the Maldives . While weighing her future options , she explains to Grace about missing her father but loving someone new . Grace knows , after previously seeing Cassie and Sam kiss . Cassie also has Grace to deliver a letter to John at the festival . The letter is in Sanskrit , which Nick notices and talks with John about students helping him in the Maldives .", "11": "Abigail 's behavior was a ruse to force Martha into becoming more involved in the magical festival that brings the town together , except for Sam who has yet to arrive . Special ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Length Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 20 `` Good Witch Secrets of Grey House '' Craig Pryce Dean Batali 120 minutes October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) 3000 2.24 Sam fails to keep his date with Cassie at the Lights Festival , but his absence was due to a patient dying on the operating table . The experience weighs heavily on him , and Cassie offers support while giving him needed space . Meanwhile , she welcomes popular fantasy author Jessica Carrington and her editor Sean ( Jeff Roop ) to Grey House . Before long , Cassie inspires her to hold the launch party for her latest book in Middleton , which shares mysterious and surprising similarities with her stories . Middleton begins to transform into the book 's Halloween - themed setting of Tarynsville , with the effort led by Mayor Tinsdale to ensure the town impresses . When the event is threatened , Cassie must devise a plan to save the day ; and intriguing information about Grey House and Middleton 's past arises . Also , Cassie helps Jessica and Sean discover their long - simmering love for each other . Trying to keep his mind off his patient 's death , Sam immerses himself in work at the hospital . When Grace arrives at the emergency room after a rock - climbing accident -- a sudden adventure inspired by her new friend Courtney , the crisis brings Sam and Cassie closer together and helps her realize her feelings for him . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "12": "viewers ( millions ) 21 `` A Budding Romance '' Michael Kennedy Dean Batali April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 3001 2.14 Cassie and the residents of Middleton anticipate the blossoming of the rare Middleton Merriwick plant for the first time in decades . Martha plans to publicize that the town houses the rarity , by escorting a curious botanist from the university to the botanical gardens to study its wonder . George accidentally reveals Sam and Cassie 's pseudo-secret that they are officially together , causing Grace to feel hurt as she was n't told first . A cryptic text from Nick leads Grace to think he plans to ask her out , but she worries that this could complicate their friendship . Later in the botanical gardens , it is discovered someone cut a stalk off the Merriwick and it seems its decline affects the ladies in town . 22 `` Without Magic for a Spell '' Michael Kennedy Dawn DeKeyser May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 3002 2.11 Not feeling like herself , Cassie closes her store for a few days . Martha begins investigating the Merriwick culprit and worries it wo n't bloom in time to feature the plant and Middleton in the state tourism book . Meanwhile , a former colleague of Abigail 's makes a surprise visit , and she starts to question his intentions when it becomes evident he has ulterior motives . Ben discusses with Stephanie a unique investment opportunity he is considering , but , after realizing it is beyond his financial means , she helps him consider an alternative solution . Inside the botanical gardens , Sam realizes Cassie and the Merriwick are connected and shares with Martha that he believes in Cassie . Following a strange turn of events , Derek uncovers the culprit , while the town eagerly waits to see what the mystical Merriwick will do next . 23 `` Day After Day '' Craig Pryce Skander Halim May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 3003 1.88 Cassie welcomes Grey House guests Jim ( Morgan Kelly ) and Annabel ( Tara Yelland ) , who are in town for the same job interview and immediately clash .", "13": "Despite their constant bickering , Cassie senses they could be right for each other and turns their one - night stay into several . Suddenly , every day in Middleton is just like the one that came before and everyone is feeling the impact . Sam tries to plan the perfect date for Cassie but various roadblocks repeatedly thwart his attempts and their romantic evening never fully happens . When Grace finally takes a test that keeps getting delayed , she learns a valuable lesson when she receives her grade . Meanwhile , Abigail is swamped with daily deliveries of flowers that she never ordered for her shop and can not seem to stop them from coming . These repetitious days ultimately bring about some important revelations that allow time to finally resume . 24 `` How to Say , `` I Love You ! '' '' Craig Pryce Bill Fuller May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 3004 1.78 Cassie and Sam reminisce about the day they met , and he shares how happy he is with her . He later finds constant reminders about saying `` I love you '' to that special someone , which is something he ca n't bring himself to do . Meanwhile , Ben renovates the iconic and historic Middleton Theatre for its grand re-opening , and Stephanie offers to make the concessions but gets a little carried away . Martha must approve multiple city projects , only to learn that the account is empty . Grace makes a surprising discovery that allows Martha to keep her promises . As Cassie and Grace clean out the attic in Grey House , they uncover a long - forgotten box filled with old film canisters , including a 1930s - era romantic comedy , titled How to Say , `` I Love You ! '' , that becomes the feature film for the theatre 's grand re-opening . The movie clearly affects Sam , as he glances at Cassie throughout and holds her hand tightly . Afterwards , he admits to her that he enjoyed it more than he thought , shares a loving kiss with her , and , finally , tells he that he loves her .", "14": "25 5 `` A Birthday Wish '' Phillip Earnshaw Sheryl A. Anderson May 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 28 ) 3005 1.98 Cassie wants to make Grace 's upcoming milestone birthday the best of all and presents her with the Merriwick Wish Book , passed down for hundreds of years to every Merriwick girl when she turns a certain age , to write down her deepest wish for it to come true . Abigail shares with Grace her own birthday wish , along with the disappointment that came with wishing for something trivial , and reveals the heart - breaking reason why Cassie 's page in the book is blank . Grace 's friends , Nick and Courtney , whisk her away for a day of celebration , but she longs to spend time with Cassie . At the end of the fun - filled day , mother and daughter finally enjoy cake and ice cream . Grace gives Cassie an unexpected and touching gift . Cassie then takes a faded envelope out of an old jewelry box and reads her wish that she had made on her special birthday : `` a life filled with love '' . Grace pastes Cassie 's wish on the blank page , and then , after pasting her own , shares with her mom her special birthday wish , and the only thing she truly wanted : `` the perfect moment '' with just the two of them . 26 6 `` Say it with Candy '' Phillip Earnshaw Dawn DeKeyser June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) 3006 2.20 Cassie 's ability for helping people find exactly what they need charms her customers . Abigail notices this and , with slight jealousy , feels overlooked and invisible . Taking some of Cassie 's advice , she devises a plan to sell chocolates with her own flair and offer Cassie - like words of comfort and advice with each box , hoping to replicate the same success . Abigail 's frazzled customers begin to see surprising results with their problems , and sales rapidly increase . However , the demand for her chocolates exhausts her . Grace shows her that listening , offering advice , and caring for each customer , as Cassie does , is what helps them find exactly what they need .", "15": "Meanwhile , Sam 's New York friend , Liam , settles in Middleton with his teenage son Noah . Sam is excited for Nick to have an old friend around but is puzzled by his son 's lack of enthusiasm for Noah 's return . At a welcome dinner planned by Cassie and Grace , Nick reveals that his disdain for Noah stems from an incident in their past . 27 7 `` In Sickness and in Health '' Laurie Lynd Dean Batali June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 3007 2.38 Grey House guest and artist Harrison Boyd ( Michael Therriault ) does n't say much but lets his work do the talking . After Cassie offers for him to choose a unique paintbrush from her shop , the scenes he paints depict events with people close to her that have n't yet happened . As he begins a new painting , he is not sure what it will become nor do the faces take shape until the very end . Meanwhile , Grace is upset when a classmate is appointed the academic decathlon team captain since she was expecting to land the position herself . When the captain has a series of mishaps and unexplained memory lapses , Grace worries that she is somehow responsible . Martha asks Cassie to once again oversee Middleton 's annual Healthfest . Cassie convinces Sam to help and , despite their different approaches , plans fall into place . In the process , they discover some of her customers and his patients suffer from the same illness , so the couple works together discover the commonality and find a solution . Later , as Harrison readies to depart Grey House , he leaves behind one painting as a gift , surprising everyone as those depicted are hardly doing anything at all . When Cassie takes a closer look , she notices several significant details that cause concern about what it might mean for each person 's future . 28 8 `` Somewhat Surprising '' Laurie Lynd Dean Batali June 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 18 ) 3008 2.09 On the one - year anniversary of the Radfords ' move to Middleton , Cassie wants to honor the occasion .", "16": "Martha excitedly insists on a surprise party for Sam , and , when those plans quickly escalate into an extravagance Sam would n't want , Cassie designs the perfect way to celebrate . Intuitively believing people want to remember things from their past , she learns Sam cherished a 1967 Chevrolet Camaro during medical school and asks Officer Sanders ( Noah Cappe ) to help remind Sam of his treasured car . At Grey House , an old coat belonging to Abigail 's father is discovered , prompting her to reminisce about the last time she saw him as a young girl and how he brought her gifts from his overseas travels to let her know he was thinking of her . A man claiming to be from the U.S. Postal Service delivers her a package sent from out of the country that was lost for 20 years . Grace 's interest in Noah grows but she is frustrated by Nick 's constant interruptions . She decides to help the two reconcile , hoping it will clear the way for her to spend more time with Noah . Later , Cassie invites Sam over , and he expects to walk into a party ; however , she is alone and gives him a special gift to remind him of the Camaro he loved . He admits he would n't have minded a party , and she leads him to one while reminding him of how many people in his life love him . He realizes he got exactly what he wanted . 29 9 `` Not Getting Married Today , Part 1 '' Craig Pryce Sean Alexander & Sarah Larsen June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) 3009 2.39 Martha 's son is now engaged , so a Middleton wedding is in the works . The mother of the bride , Elizabeth ( Allison Hossack ) , arrives in town , decides Martha 's plans are n't elegant enough , and takes over , leaving Martha feeling left out and dejected . Meanwhile , Sam 's globetrotting sister Joanne visits . After seeing how loving he is toward Cassie , she is surprised to learn he has n't changed his mind about not remarrying . At Grey House , Cassie welcomes new adoptive parents and daughter Pavla as guests .", "17": "After Abigail watches the young girl struggle to accept them , she shares with Pavla her own difficulty dealing with the sudden absence of her father . After confessing to Cassie she feels like she does n't make a difference to anyone , Abigail helps bring Pavla closer to her new parents and discovers how valued she is to others . Later , during the final walkthrough at the wedding venue , Elizabeth decides none of what has been planned is good enough and calls in her vendors from the city instead of using Middleton 's own . In the wake of this abrupt about - face , Cassie and Joanne reflect on how stressful wedding planning can be . Joanne mentions Sam 's feelings towards marriage , quickly realizing this is news to Cassie . She tries to reassure Cassie that Sam does love her and leaves Cassie alone in her thoughts to take in this unexpected revelation . 30 10 `` Not Getting Married Today , Part 2 '' Craig Pryce Dean Batali July 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 02 ) 3010 2.34 Unfocused and distracted with Joanne 's info about Sam , Cassie goes to Chicago to visit her old friend and mentor , Olympia ( Wendy Crewson ) . Meanwhile , in an effort to keep Sam from letting Cassie slip away , Joanne encourages her brother to focus on the good things in life instead of worrying about the bad things that could happen . After realizing his true feelings , he surprises Cassie in Chicago . As the two of them talk things through , she assures him that she is willing to live in each moment and see what comes . Back in Middleton , Vanessa and Michael 's wedding plans have spiraled so far out of Elizabeth 's control that the couple abruptly cancels the entire affair . After taking some time to reconsider , they decide to move ahead with something simple : a ceremony at City Hall the next day . Martha officiates and reads a touching passage that clearly affects the attendees , including Sam . Following the reception , he proposes to Cassie , and she accepts . Special ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Length Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "18": "viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Good Witch Spellbound '' Craig Pryce Dean Batali and Ron Osborn & Jeff Reno 120 minutes October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 4000 2.70 Cassie discovers an old photograph of former Middleton resident Cotton Perriwood , along with muslin sheets bearing the cryptic Perriwood prophecy . A mysterious stranger ( Noam Jenkins ) arrives just as bizarre events begin to occur in town as foretold in the prophecy . The fear that the curse Perriwood vowed as revenge for being driven out of town and kept from his true love is coming to life . At Cassie 's party at Grey House on Halloween night , the last of the bizarre events occurs as predicted . Grace searches for the missing final page of the Perriwood prophecy , and Cassie must interpret the clues to figure out how to stop the curse and , along the way , discovers the future is n't always written exactly as it seems . Season 4 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "19": "viewers ( millions ) 32 `` With This Ring '' TBA TBA April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) 4001 TBD 33 `` In 4 / 4 , With Emotion '' TBA TBA May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 4002 TBD 34 `` Daddy 's Home '' TBA TBA May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) 4003 TBD 35 `` Family Time '' TBA TBA May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 4004 TBD 36 5 `` Written Like a Merriwick '' TBA TBA May 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 27 ) 4005 TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel 's Good Witch Movies To Spawn Drama Series Starring Catherine Bell Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Conjures Up More Magic and Orders Season Four of Its Hit , Original , Primetime Series Good Witch '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Good Witch Magical Adventures Return to Hallmark Channel for 4th Season , 4 / 29 '' . broadwayworld.com . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending March 1 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.7. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.14. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com .", "20": "March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.21. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . March 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.28. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.4. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com. April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.11. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.18. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Good Witch : `` Something Wicked '' Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2015 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.24. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.17. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.24.", "21": "2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.1. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.8. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2016 ) .", "22": "`` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily .", "23": "Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : The Walking Dead has lowest - rated premiere since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A -- Z -- The Good Witch on Hallmark '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 .", "24": "External links ( edit ) List of Good Witch episodes on IMDb ( hide ) The Good Witch Films The Good Witch ( 2008 ) The Good Witch 's Garden ( 2009 ) The Good Witch 's Gift ( 2010 ) The Good Witch 's Family ( 2011 ) The Good Witch 's Charm ( 2012 ) The Good Witch 's Destiny ( 2013 ) The Good Witch 's Wonder ( 2014 ) Television Good Witch ( episodes ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Good_Witch_episodes&oldid=834327806 '' Categories : Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 03 : 20 . 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6454311031309410150	when did canada get rid of the death penalty	[ "July 14, 1976", "1998", "1976", "July 14, 1976" ]	{ "0": "Capital punishment in Canada - wikipedia Capital punishment in Canada Jump to : navigation , search Capital punishment in Canada dates back to Canada 's earliest history , including its period as a French colony and , after 1763 , its time as a British colony . From 1867 to the elimination of the death penalty for murder on July 14 , 1976 , 1,481 people had been sentenced to death , and 710 had been executed . Of those executed , 697 were men and 13 were women . The only method used in Canada for capital punishment of civilians after the end of the French regime was hanging . The last execution in Canada was the double hanging of Arthur Lucas and Ronald Turpin on December 11 , 1962 , at Toronto 's Don Jail . The death penalty was de facto abolished in Canada in 1963 , and Bill C - 84 was enacted in 1976 resulting in the de jure abolition of the death penalty , except for certain military offences committed by members of the Canadian Armed Forces ( cowardice , desertion , unlawful surrender , and spying for the enemy ) which are prosecuted under the National Defence Act . In 1998 , Canada eliminated the death penalty for these military offences as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Last executions in Canada 1.2 Military executions 1.3 Executioners 2 Methods 3 Public opinion 4 Policy regarding foreign capital punishment 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The execution of Stanislaus Lacroix , March 21 , 1902 , Hull , Quebec . At top right , onlookers watch from telephone poles . In 1749 , Peter Cartcel , a sailor aboard a ship in the Halifax harbour , stabbed Abraham Goodsides to death and wounded two other men . He was brought before a Captain 's Court where he was found guilty and sentenced to death . Two days later he was hanged from the yardarm of the vessel as a deterrent to others . This is one of the earliest records of capital punishment in English - speaking Canada .", "1": "It is difficult to accurately state numbers of capital punishment since there were no systematic efforts to accurately record names , dates , and locations of executions until after 1867 , and many records have been lost because of fires , floods , or decay . After Confederation , a revision of the statutes reduced the number of offences punishable by death to three : murder , rape , and treason . In 1868 , Parliament also stated that the location of the execution was to be within the confines of the prison instead of public hangings . By the 1870s , the jails had begun to build the gallows 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) from the ground with a pit underneath instead of the previous high scaffold , the platform of which was level with the prison wall . In 1950 , an attempt was made to abolish capital punishment . Ross Thatcher , at that time a Cooperative Commonwealth Federation Member of Parliament , moved Bill No. 2 in order to amend the Criminal Code to abolish the death penalty . Thatcher later withdrew it for fear of Bill No. 2 not generating positive discussion and further harming the chances of abolition . In 1956 , the Joint Committee of the House and Senate recommended the retention of capital punishment as the mandatory punishment for murder , which opened the door to the possibility of abolition . In 1961 , legislation was introduced to reclassify murder into capital or non-capital offences . A capital murder involved a planned or deliberate murder , murder during violent crimes , or the murder of a police officer or prison guard . Only capital murder carried the death sentence . Following the success of Lester Pearson and the Liberal Party in the 1963 federal election , and through the successive governments of Pierre Trudeau , the federal cabinet commuted all death sentences as a matter of policy . Hence , the de facto abolition of the death penalty in Canada occurred in 1963 . On November 30 , 1967 , Bill C - 168 was passed creating a five - year moratorium on the use of the death penalty , except for murders of police and corrections officers . On January 26 , 1973 , after the expiration of the five - year experiment , the Solicitor General of Canada continued the partial ban on capital punishment , which would eventually lead to the abolition of capital punishment .", "2": "On July 14 , 1976 , Bill C - 84 was passed by a narrow margin of 130 : 124 in a free vote , resulting in the de jure abolition of the death penalty , except for certain offences under the National Defence Act . These were removed in 1998 . On June 30 , 1987 , a bill to restore the death penalty was defeated by the House of Commons in a 148 -- 127 vote , in which Prime Minister Brian Mulroney , Minister of Justice Ray Hnatyshyn , and Minister of External Affairs Joe Clark opposed the bill , whereas Deputy Prime Minister Donald Mazankowski and a majority of Progressive Conservative MPs supported it . First - degree murder , which before abolition was the offence of capital murder , now carries a mandatory life sentence without eligibility for parole until the person has served 25 years of the sentence . Last executions in Canada ( edit ) The last two people executed in Canada were Ronald Turpin , 29 , and Arthur Lucas , 54 , convicted for separate murders , at 12 : 02 am on December 11 , 1962 at the Don Jail in Toronto . The last woman to be hanged in Canada was Marguerite Pitre on January 9 , 1953 , for her part in the Albert Guay affair . The last person sentenced to death was Mario Gauthier on May 14 , 1976 , for the murder of a prison guard in Quebec . He was reprieved as capital punishment was abolished for all common crimes on July 14 the same year . Military executions ( edit ) During the First World War , 25 Canadian soldiers were executed . Most were shot for service offences such as desertion and cowardice , but two executions were for murder . For details of these see List of Canadian soldiers executed during World War I . One Canadian soldier , Pte . Harold Pringle , was executed during the Second World War for murder . Executioners ( edit ) John Radclive John Radclive was Canada 's first professional executioner , placed on the federal payroll as a hangman by a Dominion order - in - council in 1892 , on the recommendation of the justice minister Sir John Thompson : Radclive is often described as having trained under British hangman William Marwood although there is no documentary proof for this .", "3": "He can be shown to have hanged at least 69 people in Canada , although his life total was probably much higher . At his death , the Toronto Telegram said he had 150 executions . He died of alcohol - related illness in Toronto on February 26 , 1911 , at the age of 55 . Arthur Ellis Arthur Ellis was the pseudonym of Arthur B. English , a British man who became Canada 's official hangman in 1913 , after Radclive 's death . Ellis worked as a hangman in Canada until the botched execution of Thomasina Sarao in Montreal in 1935 , in which she was decapitated . He died in poverty in Montreal in July , 1938 , and lies buried in the Mount Royal Cemetery . The Crime Writers of Canada present annual literary awards -- the Arthur Ellis Awards -- named after this pseudonym . Ellis is prominently featured in the 2009 documentary Hangman 's Graveyard . Camille Branchaud The executioner who worked as Camille Branchaud , a pseudonym , succeeded Ellis . Branchaud was on the Quebec government payroll as a hangman , and executed people elsewhere in the country on a piecework basis . The hangman was traditionally based in Montreal where between 1912 and 1960 the gallows at Bordeaux Prison saw more executions ( 85 ) take place than any other correctional facility in Canada . Branchaud carried out many executions ( for which he was not paid ) in the postwar period in Canada , such as the double hanging of Leonard Jackson and Steven Suchan of the Boyd Gang at the Don Jail in 1952 , and Robert Raymond Cook 's execution in Fort Saskatchewan , Alberta , in 1960 . Methods ( edit ) The first method of hanging was `` hoisting '' in which a rope would be thrown over a beam and the convicted person would then be hoisted into the air by others pulling on the rope . The slip knot would then tightly close around the neck until strangulation . A variation of this included the person with a rope around the neck to stand on a cart and then it would be pushed from under him . This led to the development of suspension in which `` the drop '' caused by jerking something from underneath the offender became the main component of the execution . Executioners experimented with the length of the rope for the drop .", "4": "They discovered new ways of causing instant unconsciousness and quick death upon hanging . In 1872 , the length of a drop extended to nearly five feet which dislocated the neck perfectly . Almost one year later , the length of the drop was extended to seven feet . The majority of offenders put to death by Canadian civilian authorities were executed by the `` long drop '' technique of hanging developed in the United Kingdom by William Marwood . This method ensured that the prisoner 's neck was broken instantly at the end of the drop , resulting in the prisoner dying of asphyxia while unconscious , which was considered more humane than the slow death by strangulation which often resulted from the previous `` short drop '' method . The short drop sometimes gave a period of suffering before death finally took place . Early in his career , John Radclive persuaded several sheriffs in Ontario and Quebec to let him use an alternative method in which the condemned person was jerked into the air . A gallows of this type was used for the execution of Robert Neil at Toronto 's Don Jail on February 29 , 1888 : The old plan of a `` drop '' was discarded for a more merciful machine , by which the prisoner is jerked up from a platform on the ground level by a weight of 280 lbs , which is suspended by an independent rope pending the execution ... At the words `` Forgive us our trespasses , '' the executioner drove his chisel against the light rope that held the ponderous iron at the other end of the noose , and in an instant the heavy weight fell with a thud , and the pinioned body was jerked into the air and hung dangling between the rough posts of the scaffold . The hanging of Reginald Birchall in Woodstock , Ont. in November 1890 seems to be the last time a device of this kind was used . Radclive had first been exposed to executions as a Royal Navy seaman helping with shipboard hangings of pirates in the South China Sea , and it is possible he was trying to approximate something similar to hanging a man on a ship 's yardarm . After Birchall 's hanging , Radclive used the traditional long drop method , as did his successors . While hanging was a relatively humane method of execution under ideal conditions with an expert executioner , mistakes could happen .", "5": "Condemned prisoners were decapitated by accident at Headingley Jail in Manitoba and Bordeaux Jail in Montreal , and a prisoner at the Don Jail in Toronto hit the floor of the room below and was strangled by the hangman . Some Canadian jails -- such as those in Toronto and Ottawa , Ontario ; Headingley , Manitoba ; and Fort Saskatchewan , Alberta -- had permanent indoor execution facilities , but more typically offenders were hanged on a scaffold built for the occasion in the jail yard . Military prisoners sentenced to death under Canadian Military Law were shot by a firing squad . Public opinion ( edit ) Although reintroduction of the death penalty in Canada is extremely unlikely , support for capital punishment is similar to its support in the United States , where it is carried out regularly in some states and is on the books in most states and on the federal level . While opposition to the death penalty increased in the 1990s and early 2000s , in recent years Canadians have merged closer to America 's position ; in 2004 only 48 percent of Canadians favored death for murderers compared to 62 percent in 2010 . According to one poll , support for the death penalty in Canada is approximately the same as its support in the United States , at 63 percent in both countries as of 2013 . A 2011 poll by the Toronto Sun found that 66 percent of Canadians favored capital punishment , but only 41 percent would actually support its re-introduction in Canada . Since abolition only two parties are known to have advocated to bringing it back : the Reform Party of Canada ( 1988 - 2000 ) and the National Advancement Party of Canada ( 2014 - since ) . Among the reasons cited for banning capital punishment in Canada were fears about wrongful convictions , concerns about the state taking people 's lives , and uncertainty about the death penalty 's role as a deterrent for crime . The 1959 conviction of 14 - year - old Steven Truscott was a significant impetus ( although certainly not the only one ) toward the abolition of capital punishment . Truscott was sentenced to death for the murder of a classmate . His sentence was later commuted to a life sentence and in 2007 he was acquitted of the charges ( although the appeal court did not state that he was in fact innocent ) .", "6": "Policy regarding foreign capital punishment ( edit ) In the 1990s , Canada deported a criminal , Charles Ng to the United States , even though he appealed to the authorities , as he did not want to potentially face execution . The Supreme Court of Canada , in the case United States v. Burns , ( 2001 ) , determined that Canada should not extradite persons to face trial in other countries for crimes punishable by death unless Canada has received an assurance that the foreign state will not apply the death penalty , essentially overruling Kindler v. Canada ( Minister of Justice ) , ( 1991 ) . This is similar to the extradition policies of other nations such as Germany , France , the Netherlands , Spain , Italy , the United Kingdom , Israel , Mexico , Colombia and Australia , which also refuse to extradite prisoners who may be condemned to death . Extradition where the death penalty is possible was ruled a violation of the European Convention of Human Rights in the case of Soering v United Kingdom outlawing the practice in member states of the Council of Europe , of which all of the European Union member states are part . In November 2007 , Canada 's minority Conservative government reversed a longstanding policy of automatically requesting clemency for Canadian citizens sentenced to capital punishment . The ongoing case of Alberta - born Ronald Allen Smith , who has been on death row in the United States since 1982 after being convicted of murdering two people and who continues to seek calls for clemency from the Canadian government , prompted Canadian Public Safety Minister Stockwell Day to announce the change in policy . Day has stated that each situation should be handled on a case - by - case basis . Smith 's case resulted in a sharp divide between the Liberals and the Conservatives , with the Liberals passing a motion declaring that the government `` should stand consistently against the death penalty , as a matter of principle , both in Canada and around the world '' . However , an overwhelming majority of Conservatives supported the change in policy . In a 2011 interview given to Canadian media , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper affirmed his private support for capital punishment by saying , `` I personally think there are times where capital punishment is appropriate . '' According to some polls , as of 2012 , 63 % of surveyed Canadians believe the death penalty is sometimes appropriate , while 61 % said capital punishment is warranted for murder .", "7": "See also ( edit ) Albert Guay Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty List of revoked death sentences in Canada Madame le Corbeau References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Capital Punishment '' . Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada . Archived from the original on 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Allyson N. May and Jim Phillips , `` Homicides in Nova Scotia , 1749 -- 1815 '' , in Crime and Deviance in Canada : Historical Perspectives , ed . Chris McCormick and Len Green . ( Toronto : Canadian Scholars ' Press , 2005 ) , 87 . Jump up ^ Frank W. Anderson , A Concise History of Capital Punishment in Canada . ( Calgary : Frontier Publishing , 1973 ) , 5 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Strange , `` Capital Punishment '' in The Oxford Companion to Canadian History , Vol. 1 , ed . Gerald Hallowell ( Toronto : University of Oxford Press Canada , 2004 ) , 115 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Concise History , 27 -- 29 . Jump up ^ C.H.S. Jayewardene , The Penalty of Death ( Toronto : D.C. Heath , 1977 , 2 ) . Jump up ^ David B. Chandler , Capital Punishment in Canada ( Ottawa : McCelland and Stewart Limited , 1976 ) , 13 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Capital Punishment , 14 . Jump up ^ Abolition of the Death Penalty - text `` Bill C - 25 1998 '' Check url = value ( help ) . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Archives '' . cbc.ca. 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Majority of Canadians support return of death penalty , poll finds '' . thestar.com. 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Considers Restoring Death Penalty '' . tribunedigital - sunsentinel .", "8": "Jump up ^ http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/canada.html Jump up ^ Martin L. Friedland . The Case of Valentine Shortis : A True Story of Crime and Politics in Canada , University of Toronto Press , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 6728 - X , p. 136 Jump up ^ Patrick Cain , `` The agony of the executioner '' , Toronto Star , May 20 , 2007 Jump up ^ Joint Committee on Capital and Corporal Punishment and Lotteries ( Ottawa , Queen 's Printer , 1955 ) Jump up ^ Hustak , Alan , 1944 -- , They were hanged ( Toronto , J. Lorimer , 1987 ) Jump up ^ Anderson , Concise History , 12 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Concise History , 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ The Globe , Wednesday , February 29 , 1888 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Minutes of proceedings and evidence -- Special Committee on the Criminal Code ( Death Penalty ) ( Ottawa , Printer to the King , 1937 ) Jump up ^ `` Canadians ' views on crime are hardening , poll finds '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` Majority of Canadians support the death penalty : poll '' . Yahoo News Canada . 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most Canadians say death penalty OK '' . Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ http://canada.justice.gc.ca Jump up ^ Day favours case - by - case approach to Canadians facing death penalty , the Canadian Press ( reprinted by CBC News ) , March 14 , 2008. ( retrieved on December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tasha Kheiriddin : Tori Stafford case shows why Canada needs the death penalty Accessed March 2012 : `` Prior to the 2011 election , when asked about the subject in an interview by the CBC 's Peter Mansbridge , Prime Minister Stephen Harper said , ' I personally think there are times where capital punishment is appropriate . ' '' `` So how do Canadians feel about the death penalty ? Shortly after the Prime Minister 's interview , Abacus Data published a study finding that 66 % of Canadians support the death penalty `` in certain circumstances . ''", "9": "External links ( edit ) Canada and the Death Penalty ( Department of Justice Canada ) CBC Digital Archives -- Death Penalty Debate Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Guatemala Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / Firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged ,", "10": "drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Canada&oldid=814832183 '' Categories : Capital punishment in Canada 1759 establishments in Canada 1976 disestablishments in Canada 2003 in law Human rights in Canada Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français മലയാളം Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 05 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "11": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3248410603422198181	who conducted the opening concert at carnegie hall	[ "maestro Walter Damrosch and great Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky", "Walter Damrosch", "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky", "maestro Walter Damrosch", "Walter Damrosch", "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" ]	{ "0": "Carnegie Hall - wikipedia Carnegie Hall Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Carnegie Hall ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Carnegie Hill . Carnegie Hall Address Seventh Avenue / 57th Street ( Isaac Stern Place ) New York City United States Public transit 57th Street -- Seventh Avenue Owner The City of New York Operator Carnegie Hall Corporation Type Concert hall Capacity Stern Auditorium : 2,804 Zankel Hall : 599 Weill Recital Hall : 268 Construction Opened April 1891 Architect William Tuthill Carnegie Hall U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark NYC Landmark Coordinates 40 ° 45 ′ 54 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 48 '' W / 40.76500 ° N 73.98000 ° W / 40.76500 ; - 73.98000 Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 54 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 48 '' W / 40.76500 ° N 73.98000 ° W / 40.76500 ; - 73.98000 Architectural style Renaissance Revival NRHP reference # 66000535 Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Designated NHL December 29 , 1962 Designated NYCL June 20 , 1967 Carnegie Hall ( / ˈkɑːrnɪɡi / , also frequently / kɑːrˈneɪɡi / or / kɑːrˈnɛɡi / ) is a concert venue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City , United States , located at 881 Seventh Avenue , occupying the east side of Seventh Avenue between West 56th Street and West 57th Street , two blocks south of Central Park . Designed by architect William Burnet Tuthill and built by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie in 1891 , it is one of the most prestigious venues in the world for both classical music and popular music .", "1": "Carnegie Hall has its own artistic programming , development , and marketing departments , and presents about 250 performances each season . It is also rented out to performing groups . The hall has not had a resident company since 1962 , when the New York Philharmonic moved to Lincoln Center 's Philharmonic Hall ( renamed Avery Fisher Hall in 1973 and David Geffen Hall in 2015 ) . Carnegie Hall has 3,671 seats , divided among its three auditoriums . Contents ( hide ) 1 Venues 1.1 Main Hall ( Stern Auditorium / Perelman Stage ) 1.2 Zankel Hall 1.3 Weill Recital Hall 1.4 Other facilities 2 Architecture 3 History 3.1 Renovations and additions 3.2 Management 3.3 Carnegie Hall Archives 3.4 Carnegie Hall joke 4 Finances 5 World premieres 6 Other buildings named Carnegie Hall 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Venues ( edit ) Carnegie Hall contains three distinct , separate performance spaces . Main Hall ( Stern auditorium / Perelman stage ) ( edit ) Isaac Stern Auditorium The Isaac Stern Auditorium seats 2,804 on five levels and was named after violinist Isaac Stern in 1997 to recognize his efforts to save the hall from demolition in the 1960s . The hall is enormously high , and visitors to the top balcony must climb 137 steps . All but the top level can be reached by elevator . The main hall was home to the performances of the New York Philharmonic from 1892 until 1962 . Known as the most prestigious concert stage in the U.S. , almost all of the leading classical music , and more recently , popular music , performers since 1891 have performed there . After years of heavy wear and tear , the hall was extensively renovated in 1986 ( see below ) . The Ronald O. Perelman Stage is 42 feet deep . The five levels of seating in the Stern Auditorium begin with the Parquet level , which has twenty - five full rows of thirty - eight seats and four partial rows at stage level , for a total of 1,021 seats .", "2": "The First Tier and Second Tier consist of sixty - five boxes ; the First Tier has 264 seats at eight seats per box and the Second Tier seats 238 , with boxes ranging from six to eight seats each . Second from the top is the Dress Circle , seating 444 in six rows ; the first two rows form an almost - complete semicircle . At the top , the balcony seats 837 . Although seats with obstructed views exist throughout the auditorium , only the Dress Circle level has structural columns . Zankel Hall ( edit ) Zankel Hall , which seats 599 , is named after Judy and Arthur Zankel . Originally called simply Recital Hall , this was the first auditorium to open to the public in April 1891 . Following renovations made in 1896 , it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum . It was leased to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1898 , converted into a cinema , which opened as the Carnegie Hall Cinema in May 1961 with the film White Nights by Luchino Visconti and was reclaimed for use as an auditorium in 1997 . The completely reconstructed Zankel Hall is flexible in design and can be reconfigured in several different arrangements to suit the needs of the performers . It opened in September 2003 . The 599 seats in Zankel Hall are arranged in two levels . The Parterre level seats a total of 463 and the Mezzanine level seats 136 . Each level has a number of seats which are situated along the side walls , perpendicular to the stage . These seats are designated as boxes ; there are 54 seats in six boxes on the Parterre level and 48 seats in four boxes on the Mezzanine level . The boxes on the Parterre level are raised above the level of the stage . Zankel Hall is accessible and its stage is 44 feet wide and 25 feet deep -- the stage occupies approximately one fifth of the performance space . Weill Recital Hall ( edit ) The Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall seats 268 and is named after Sanford I. Weill , a former chairman of the board , and his wife Joan .", "3": "This auditorium , in use since the hall opened in 1891 , was originally called Chamber Music Hall ( later Carnegie Chamber Music Hall ) ; the name was changed to Carnegie Recital Hall in the late 1940s , and finally became Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall in 1986 . The Weill Recital Hall is the smallest of the three performance spaces , with a total of 268 seats . The Orchestra level contains fourteen rows of fourteen seats , a total of 196 , and the Balcony level contains 72 seats in five rows . Other facilities ( edit ) The building also contains the Carnegie Hall Archives , established in 1986 , and the Rose Museum , which opened in 1991 . Until 2009 studios above the Hall contained working spaces for artists in the performing and graphic arts including music , drama , dance , as well as architects , playwrights , literary agents , photographers and painters . The spaces were unusual in being purpose - designed for artistic work , with very high ceilings , skylights and large windows for natural light . In 2007 the Carnegie Hall Corporation announced plans to evict the 33 remaining studio residents , some of whom had been in the building since the 1950s , including celebrity portrait photographer Editta Sherman and fashion photographer Bill Cunningham . The organization 's research showed that Andrew Carnegie had always considered the spaces as a source of income to support the hall and its activities . The space has been re-purposed for music education and corporate offices . Architecture ( edit ) Closeup view of Carnegie Hall Carnegie Hall is one of the last large buildings in New York built entirely of masonry , without a steel frame ; however , when several flights of studio spaces were added to the building near the turn of the 20th century , a steel framework was erected around segments of the building . The exterior is rendered in narrow Roman bricks of a mellow ochre hue , with details in terracotta and brownstone . The foyer avoids typical 19th century Baroque theatrical style with the Florentine Renaissance manner of Filippo Brunelleschi 's Pazzi Chapel : white plaster and gray stone form a harmonious system of round - headed arched openings and Corinthian pilasters that support an unbroken cornice , with round - headed lunettes above it , under a vaulted ceiling .", "4": "The famous white and gold auditorium interior is similarly restrained . The firm of Adler and Sullivan of Chicago , noted for the acoustics of their theaters , were hired as consultant architects though their contributions are not known . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andrew Carnegie , 1913 Carnegie Hall is named after Andrew Carnegie , who funded its construction . It was intended as a venue for the Oratorio Society of New York and the New York Symphony Society , on whose boards Carnegie served . Construction began in 1890 , and was carried out by Isaac A. Hopper and Company . Although the building was in use from April 1891 , the official opening night was May 5 , with a concert conducted by maestro Walter Damrosch and great Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . Originally known simply as `` Music Hall '' ( the words `` Music Hall founded by Andrew Carnegie '' still appear on the façade above the marquee ) , the hall was renamed Carnegie Hall in 1893 after board members of the Music Hall Company of New York ( the hall 's original governing body ) persuaded Carnegie to allow the use of his name . Several alterations were made to the building between 1893 and 1896 , including the addition of two towers of artists ' studios , and alterations to the smaller auditorium on the building 's lower level . Carnegie Hall in 1895 Carnegie Hall in 1910 The hall was owned by the Carnegie family until 1925 , when Carnegie 's widow sold it to a real estate developer , Robert E. Simon . When Simon died in 1935 , his son , Robert E. Simon , Jr. , became owner . By the mid-1950s , changes in the music business prompted Simon to offer Carnegie Hall for sale to the New York Philharmonic , which booked a majority of the hall 's concert dates each year . The orchestra declined , since it planned to move to Lincoln Center , then in the early stages of planning . At the time , it was widely believed that New York City could not support two major concert venues .", "5": "Facing the loss of the hall 's primary tenant , Simon was forced to offer the building for sale . A deal with a commercial developer fell through , and by 1960 , with the New York Philharmonic on the move to Lincoln Center , the building was slated for demolition to make way for a commercial skyscraper . Under pressure from a group led by violinist Isaac Stern and many of the artist residents , special legislation was passed that allowed the City of New York to buy the site from Simon for $5 million ( which he would use to establish Reston , VA ) , and in May 1960 the nonprofit Carnegie Hall Corporation was created to run the venue . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962 . Most of the greatest performers of classical music since the time Carnegie Hall was built have performed in the Main Hall , and its lobbies are adorned with signed portraits and memorabilia . The NBC Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Arturo Toscanini , frequently recorded in the Main Hall for RCA Victor . On November 14 , 1943 , the 25 - year old Leonard Bernstein had his major conducting debut when he had to substitute for a suddenly ill Bruno Walter in a concert that was broadcast by CBS , making him instantly famous . In the fall of 1950 , the orchestra 's weekly broadcast concerts were moved there until the orchestra disbanded in 1954 . Several of the concerts were televised by NBC , preserved on kinescopes , and have been released on home video . Many legendary jazz and popular music performers have also given memorable performances at Carnegie Hall including Benny Goodman , Duke Ellington , Glenn Miller , Billie Holiday , the Dave Brubeck Quartet , Violetta Villas , Judy Garland , Harry Belafonte , Charles Aznavour , Ike & Tina Turner , Paul Robeson , Nina Simone , Shirley Bassey , James Gang and Stevie Ray Vaughan , all of whom made celebrated live recordings of their concerts there . The hall has also been the site of many famous lectures , including the Tuskegee Institute Silver Anniversary Lecture by Booker T. Washington , and the last public lecture by Mark Twain , both in 1906 . Sissieretta Jones became the first African - American to sing at the Music Hall ( renamed Carnegie Hall the following year ) , June 15 , 1892 .", "6": "The Benny Goodman Orchestra gave a sold - out swing and jazz concert January 16 , 1938 . The bill also featured , among other guest performers , Count Basie and members of Duke Ellington 's orchestra . Rock and roll music first came to Carnegie Hall when Bill Haley & His Comets appeared in a variety benefit concert on May 6 , 1955 . Rock acts were not regularly booked at the Hall however , until February 12 , 1964 , when The Beatles performed two shows during their historic first trip to the United States . Promoter Sid Bernstein convinced Carnegie officials that allowing a Beatles concert at the venue `` would further international understanding '' between the United States and Great Britain . `` Led Zeppelin became the first hard rock act to play Carnegie Hall since the Rolling Stones tore the place up some five years ago . '' Two concerts were performed October 17 , 1969 . Since then numerous rock , blues , jazz and country performers have appeared at the hall every season . Jethro Tull released the tapes recorded on its presentation in a 1970 Benefit concert , in the 2010 re-release of the Stand Up album . Ike & Tina Turner performed a concert April 1 , 1971 , which resulted in their album What You Hear is What You Get . The Beach Boys played concerts in 1971 and 1972 , and two songs from the show appeared on their Endless Harmony Soundtrack . Chicago recorded its 4 - LP box set Chicago at Carnegie Hall in 1971 . Renovations and additions ( edit ) The building was extensively renovated in 1986 and 2003 , by James Polshek , who became better known through his post-modern planetarium at the American Museum of Natural History . Polshek and his firm , Polshek Partnership , were involved since 1978 in four phases of the Hall 's renovation and expansion including the creation of a Master Plan in 1980 ; the actual renovation of the main hall , the Stern Auditorium , and the creation of the Weill Recital Hall and Kaplan Rehearsal Space , all in 1986 ; the creation of the Rose Museum , East Room and Club Room ( later renamed Rohatyn Room and Shorin Club Room , respectively ) , all in 1991 ; and , most recently , the creation of Zankel Hall in 2003 .", "7": "The renovation was not without controversy . Following completion of work on the main auditorium in 1986 , there were complaints that the famous acoustics of the hall had been diminished . Although officials involved in the renovation denied that there was any change , complaints persisted for the next nine years . In 1995 , the cause of the problem was discovered to be a slab of concrete under the stage . The slab was subsequently removed . Carnegie Hall Tower In 1987 -- 1989 , a 60 - floor office tower , named Carnegie Hall Tower , designed by César Pelli & Associates , was completed next to the hall on the same block . New backstage space and banquet spaces , contained within the tower , connect with the main Carnegie Hall building . In June 2003 , tentative plans were made for the Philharmonic to return to Carnegie Hall beginning in 2006 , and for the orchestra to merge its business operations with those of the venue . However , the two groups abandoned these plans later in 2003 . In 2014 , Carnegie Hall opened its Judith and Burton Resnick Education Wing , which houses 24 music rooms , one of which is large enough to hold an orchestra or a chorus . The $230 million project was funded with gifts from Joan and Sanford I. Weill and the Weill Family Fund , Judith and Burton Resnick , Lily Safra and other donors , as well as $52.2 million from the city , $11 million from the state and $56.5 million from bonds issued through the Trust for Cultural Resources of the City of New York . The 2015 -- 2016 Season celebrates a 125th Anniversary and the launch of an unprecedented commissioning project of at least 125 new works with ' Fifty for the Future '' coming from Kronos ( 25 by female composers and 25 by male composers . ) Management ( edit ) Since July 2005 , the Executive and Artistic Director of Carnegie Hall is Sir Clive Gillinson , formerly managing director of the London Symphony Orchestra . Carnegie Hall Archives ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "8": "( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Unexpectedly , for most concert - goers , it emerged in 1986 that Carnegie Hall had never consistently maintained an archive . Without a central repository , a significant portion of Carnegie Hall 's documented history had been dispersed . In preparation for the celebration of Carnegie Hall 's centennial in 1991 , the management established the Carnegie Hall Archives . Carnegie Hall joke ( edit ) Rumor is that a pedestrian on Fifty - seventh Street , Manhattan , stopped Jascha Heifetz and inquired , `` Could you tell me how to get to Carnegie Hall ? '' `` Yes , '' said Heifetz . `` Practice ! '' This old joke has become part of the folklore of the hall , but its origins remain a mystery . According to The New York Times , the main player in the story has been described at various times as either an unnamed man , violinist Jascha Heifetz or the pianist Arthur Rubinstein . On its webpage , Carnegie Hall quotes the wife of violinist Mischa Elman as having perhaps the best story of its origin : `` One day , after a rehearsal that had n't pleased Elman , the couple was leaving Carnegie Hall by the backstage entrance when they were approached by two tourists looking for the hall 's entrance . Seeing his violin case , they asked , ' How do you get to Carnegie Hall ? ' Without looking up and continuing on his way , Elman simply replied , ' Practice . ' '' Finances ( edit ) The hall 's operating budget for the 2008 -- 2009 season was $84 million . For 2007 -- 2008 , operating costs exceeded revenues from operations by $40.2 million . With funding from donors , investment income and government grants , the hall ended that season with $1.9 million more in total revenues than total costs . World premieres ( edit ) Main article : World premieres at Carnegie Hall Other buildings named Carnegie Hall ( edit ) Several other concert halls also bear the Carnegie name . Carnegie Hall , a 540 - seat venue in Andrew Carnegie 's native Dunfermline , Scotland , opened in 1937 . 420 - seat Carnegie Hall in Lewisburg , West Virginia . Carnegie Library and Theatre in Covington , Kentucky .", "9": "1928 - seat Carnegie Music Hall on the main site of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh and the main branch of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh . Carnegie Hall on the North Side of Pittsburgh , formerly known as Allegheny , Pennsylvania , attached to the Carnegie Library . Carnegie Music Hall attached to the Carnegie library in the suburb of Braddock , Pennsylvania . This was built as part of an 1893 addition to the Braddock Carnegie Library . As of April 2014 , it is undergoing restoration . 1022 - seat Carnegie Music Hall annexed to the Carnegie library in the suburb of Homestead , Pennsylvania . Carnegie Music Hall attached to the Carnegie library in the suburb of Carnegie , Pennsylvania . Carnegie also built a Library and Music Hall in the suburb of Duquesne , Pennsylvania that was demolished in 1968 . See also ( edit ) Carnegie Hall -- a 1947 film featuring the venue as the setting for the plot and numerous performances List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City List of concert halls Judy at Carnegie Hall Benny Goodman and his Orchestra at Carnegie Hall , January 16 , 1938 Chicago at Carnegie Hall 1971 four LP vinyl box set by the rock band Chicago Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones , first African - American to sing at Carnegie Hall Alliance for the Arts Advocacy organization for Carnegie Hall National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Carnegie Hall '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . September 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Although Andrew Carnegie pronounced his name with the stress on the second syllable , the building is generally pronounced with the stress on the first syllable . Jump up ^ Pollack , Michael ( June 20 , 2004 ) . `` F.Y.I.", "10": ": Tomato , Tomahto '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Mr. Carnegie was , of course , born Scottish , and the correct pronunciation of his name is car - NAY - gie , Jump up ^ Thomasini , Anthony ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Music : Lang Lang opens Philharmonic Season as Avery Fisher Hall is Renamed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The A to Z of Carnegie Hall : S is for Stern '' . Carnegie Hall . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Information : Accessibility '' . Carnegie Hall . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carnegie Hall . `` Stern Auditorium - Perelman Stage Rentals '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( January 30 , 2000 ) . `` Carnegie Hall Grows the Only Way It Can ; Burrowing Into Bedrock , Crews Carve Out a New Auditorium '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Muschamp , Herbert ( September 12 , 2003 ) . `` Architecture Review ; Zankel Hall , Carnegie 's Buried Treasure '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carnegie Hall . `` Zankel Hall Rental '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carnegie Hall . `` Weill Recital Hall '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Wendy ( December 30 , 2007 ) . `` Great Rooms : Bohemia in Midtown '' . New York . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pressler , Jessica ( October 20 , 2008 ) . `` Editta Sherman , 96 - Year - Old Squatter '' . New York . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tchaikovsky in America '' .", "11": "Carnegie Hall official website . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ 1891 Andrew Carnegie 's new Music Hall opens Jump up ^ Greenwood , Richard ( May 30 , 1975 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory : Carnegie Hall '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory : Carnegie Hall -- Accompanying Photos '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . May 30 , 1975 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Playbill and CBS announcement , concert on November 14 , 1943 Jump up ^ Lee , Maureen D. ( May 2012 ) . Sissierettta Jones , `` The Greatest Singer of Her Race , '' 1868 -- 1933 . University of South Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Hudson , Rob . `` From Opera , Minstrelsy and Ragtime to Social Justice : An Overview of African American Performers at Carnegie Hall , 1892 -- 1943 '' . The Black Past : Remembered and Reclaimed . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stars assist the blind '' . The New York Times . May 7 , 1955 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles at Carnegie Hall '' . It All Happened -- A Living History of Live Music . Jump up ^ Wilson , John S. ( February 13 , 1964 ) . `` 2,900 - Voice Chorus Joins The Beatles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , Nicholas ( July 1977 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York : Fine Communications . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 1567310085 . Jump up ^ `` October 17 , 1969 , New York , NY US '' . Led Zeppelin Timeline . ledzeppelin.com . October 17 , 1969 . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` This installment of our A to Z of Carnegie Hall series looks at the letter R -- for `` Rock ' '' . The A to Z of Carnegie Hall : R is for Rock ' n ' Roll . September 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Hall : Timeline -- 1986 Full interior renovation completed '' . Carnegie Hall . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( February 16 , 1987 ) . `` Sounds in the night '' . Time . 129 ( 7 ) . Jump up ^ Kozinn , Alan ( September 14 , 1995 ) . `` A Phantom Exposed : Concrete at Carnegie '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` N.Y. Philharmonic , Carnegie Merger Off '' . Billboard . Associated Press . October 8 , 2003 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Michael ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Carnegie Hall Makes Room for Future Stars : Resnick Education Wing Prepares to Open at Carnegie Hall '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cerf , Bennett ( 1956 ) . The Life of the Party : A New Collection of Stories and Anecdotes . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . p. 335 . Jump up ^ Pollak , Michael ( November 29 , 2009 ) . `` The Origins of That Famous Carnegie Hall Joke '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` History FAQ : Who created the `` How do you get to Carnegie Hall ? '' joke ? `` . Carnegie Hall . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Richard Schickel , The World of Carnegie Hall , 1960 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carnegie Hall .", "13": "Official website Carnegie Hall at Google Cultural Institute Carnegie Hall and its events on NYC-ARTS.org Honors Performance Series , Carnegie Hall performance opportunity for elite student musicians New York City Historic Sites NRHP Manhattan Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Bronx NHL New York State NYC Manhattan Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Bronx U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . 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Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places VIAF : 151394261 LCCN : n87810289 ISNI : 0000 0001 2185 5022 GND : 4256673 - 3 BNF : cb13879277q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.", "14": "org/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_Hall&oldid=813736910 '' Categories : Music venues completed in 1891 Andrew Carnegie Carnegie Hall Concert halls in New York City Music venues in New York City National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Midtown Manhattan 1891 establishments in New York ( state ) Italian Renaissance Revival architecture in the United States Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City Seventh Avenue ( Manhattan ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 23 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3366153456070660329	host of the late show who was once a correspondent for the daily show	[ "Craig Kilborn", "Stephen Colbert", "Stephen Colbert", "Stephen Colbert", "Stephen Colbert" ]	{ "0": "List of the Daily show correspondents - wikipedia List of the Daily show correspondents Jump to : navigation , search This article is a list of the correspondents and on - screen contributors who have appeared on the satirical television program The Daily Show . Correspondents , collectively known as `` The Best F#@king News Team Ever '' , normally have two roles : `` experts '' with satirical `` senior '' titles who the host interviews about certain issues , or hosts of original reporting segments , which often showcase interviews of serious political figures . During Jon Stewart 's tenure , the show 's contributors often had their own unique recurring segment on the show and tended to appear less frequently ; current host Trevor Noah is a former correspondent and contributor who was featured during the Stewart era . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current cast 1.1 Host 1.2 Correspondents 1.3 Contributors 2 Former cast 2.1 Hosts 2.2 Recurring correspondents 2.3 Contributors 3 Timeline chart 4 References 5 External links Current cast ( edit ) Host ( edit ) Name Debut Notes Trevor Noah September 28 , 2015 Originally debuted as the Senior International Correspondent and as a contributor on December 4 , 2014 . In March 2015 , Comedy Central revealed that he would be hosting the show . Correspondents ( edit ) Name Debut Notes Hasan Minhaj November 19 , 2014 Senior Indian Correspondent . Senior Political Correspondent . Senior Congressional Correspondent . Roy Wood Jr . September 28 , 2015 Senior Mars Correspondent . Senior Wall Street Correspondent . Senior Campaign Correspondent . Senior Immigration Correspondent . Senior Hollywood Correspondent . Steve Harvey impersonator . Desi Lydic September 29 , 2015 New Senior Geopolitical Correspondent . Senior Antiquities Correspondent . Senior Campaign Correspondent . Segment Host : `` What The Actual Fact ? '' Ronny Chieng October 7 , 2015 Senior Technology Correspondent . Senior Climatology Correspondent . Senior Basketball Correspondent .", "1": "Michael Kosta July 11 , 2017 Senior Constitutional Correspondent , Senior American Correspondent Dulcé Sloan September 7 , 2017 Senior Fashion Correspondent Contributors ( edit ) Name Debut Notes Lewis Black July 31 , 1996 `` Back in Black '' , he is the longest - running contributor to work on The Daily Show , having served on the show since the beginning . Neal Brennan March 14 , 2016 Contributor , Trevor 's friend . Gina Yashere March 16 , 2017 Senior British Correspondent Former cast ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Name Year Joined Year Left Notes Craig Kilborn July 22 , 1996 December 17 , 1998 The original host . Left the show because he was chosen to host The Late Late Show with Tom Snyder 's departure . Kilborn appeared on the show 16 years later on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Jon Stewart January 11 , 1999 August 6 , 2015 Succeeded Kilborn as the new host of The Daily Show and is the most prolific host of the show . Stewart 's final show was an hour long special on August 6 , 2015 . He returned to the show on December 7 , 2015 , to urge Congress to permanently extend a health care law for 9 / 11 first responders . Recurring correspondents ( edit ) Name Year Joined Year Left Notes Dan Bakkedahl September 20 , 2005 September 25 , 2007 Hired to replace departing correspondent Stephen Colbert on September 25 , 2005 . Filed his final report on September 25 , 2007 . Bakkedahl was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Samantha Bee July 10 , 2003 April 30 , 2015 `` This Week in God '' , `` Are You Prepared ? ! ? ''", "2": "; The Daily Show 's first non-US citizen correspondent ; all - time longest - serving regular correspondent after passing Stephen Colbert in 2011 ; filled in for a sick Jon Stewart on October 7 , 2014 . Bee departed the show on April 30 , 2015 , to host Full Frontal with Samantha Bee on TBS . Bee was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . She is married to fellow former correspondent Jason Jones . Mary Birdsong January 31 , 2002 March 14 , 2002 Contributing correspondent . A. Whitney Brown July 23 , 1996 December 15 , 1998 `` Backfire '' ; was one of The Daily Show 's original correspondents . Had his own The Daily Show special in 1998 called `` Weirder Than Whitney '' . Nancy Carell December 7 , 1999 August 8 , 2002 `` We Love Showbiz '' , `` Popular Music Omnibus '' , `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` . Was credited under maiden name , Nancy Walls , and has been married fellow former correspondent Steve Carell since 1995 . Walls - Carell was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Steve Carell February 11 , 1999 April 4 , 2005 `` Even Stephven '' , `` Produce Pete '' , `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` , `` We Love Showbiz '' , `` Slimmin ' Down With Steve '' , `` Ad Nauseam '' . Carell had his own The Daily Show special in May 2001 called `` Steve Carell Salutes Steve Carell '' highlighting his most popular field assignments on the show . Carell is the first correspondent to become a major movie and television star , and the only correspondent to receive an Academy Award nomination since leaving The Daily Show in early 2005 . Carell has since returned numerous times as a featured guest and was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . He is married to fellow former correspondent Nancy ( Walls ) Carell .", "3": "Wyatt Cenac June 3 , 2008 December 13 , 2012 Senior Correspondent ; also provides voice for Michael Steele puppet . Filed his final report on December 13 , 2012 , but also made cameo guest appearances on August 15 , 2013 for the last show of guest host John Oliver and for Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Michael Che June 4 , 2014 September 18 , 2014 Left to co-anchor `` Weekend Update '' on Saturday Night Live . Shortest correspondent tenure as of 2015 . Was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Stephen Colbert June 26 , 1997 September 26 , 2005 `` Even Stephven '' , `` This Week In God '' , `` The Jobbing of America '' . Stephen Colbert hosted The Daily Show six times ( January 24 , 2001 ; February 20 and 22 , 2001 ; March 26 -- 27 , 2001 ; April 3 and 5 , 2001 ; May 2 -- 3 , 2001 ; March 6 , 2003 ; July 6 , 2004 ) . Although Colbert left The Daily Show team in mid-2005 , through 2010 Stewart frequently `` tossed '' to him at The Colbert Report at the end of a show . Colbert has also made a number of Daily Show cameos since 2005 , particularly in reference to his mock `` presidential campaigns '' in 2007 / 08 and 2011 / 12 , and Stewart 's stewardship of Colbert SuperPAC in 2011 . With a nearly nine - year tenure , Colbert was the longest serving correspondent on The Daily Show until his record was broken by Samantha Bee in 2011 . Before taking over as new host of The Late Show on CBS , Colbert made his final appearance for Jon Stewart 's last episode on August 6 , 2015 . Nate Corddry October 4 , 2005 May 2 , 2006 The younger brother of correspondent Rob Corddry . As a running joke on the show , older brother Rob would often appear in Nate 's segments usually picking on him .", "4": "This eventually led to the two brothers having their own `` Even Stephven '' - style debate segment called `` Brother vs. Brother '' . Was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Rob Corddry April 17 , 2002 August 24 , 2006 `` This Week In God '' , `` Come On ! '' , `` Popular Music Omnibus '' , and as he liked to call them , `` Poop jokes '' . Corddry filled in for Stewart ( on paternity leave ) on February 9 , 2006 . He left the show in August 2006 to start a film career and to star in The Winner , a Fox comedy that ran from March 4 to March 18 , 2007 . He has also returned as a special guest correspondent several times since and was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Josh Gad May 5 , 2009 June 27 , 2011 Contributing Correspondent . Made his last appearance on June 27 , 2011 . Made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Vance DeGeneres January 14 , 1999 May 17 , 2001 `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` , `` A Tale of Survival '' , had his own The Daily Show special in 2000 highlighting his popular `` Tales of Survival '' segments . Was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Rachael Harris October 28 , 2002 March 20 , 2003 `` Mark Your Calendar '' , `` We Love Showbiz '' . Ed Helms April 29 , 2002 December 05 , 2006 `` Digital Watch '' , `` Ad Nauseam '' , `` Mark Your Calendar '' , `` We Love Showbiz '' , `` This Week in God '' . Helms and fellow correspondent Rob Corddry had their own The Daily Show special in 2003 called `` I 'm a Correspondent : Please Do n't Fire Me '' .", "5": "Helms made an appearance on July 21 , 2008 as a special guest correspondent . Helms was one of the stars of the 2009 comedy The Hangover and was a regular cast member on NBC 's The Office , beginning with its third season . Helms was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Jason Jones September 29 , 2005 March 26 , 2015 `` Are You Prepared ? ! ? '' , `` Jason Jones 180 '' ; Filled in for a sick Jon Stewart on October 7 , 2014 . Departed the show on March 26 , 2015 . Jones made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . He is married to fellow former correspondent Samantha Bee . Jordan Klepper March 3 , 2014 September 21 , 2017 New Senior Caucasian Correspondent . Senior Congressional Correspondent . Senior Campaign Correspondent . Senior Technology Correspondent . Senior Fantasy Culture Correspondent . Senior Fantasy Sports Correspondent . Senior Iowan Correspondent . Senior U.K. Correspondent , filled in for a sick Trevor Noah on October 20 , 2016 . Left the show so he can begin hosting his own spin - off The Opposition w / Jordan Klepper on September 25 , 2017 . Beth Littleford July 24 , 1996 May 18 , 2000 `` The Beth Littleford Interview '' , `` bETh '' . In 1999 , she had her own The Daily Show special called `` The Beth Littleford Interview Special '' , highlighting her popular celebrity interviews . She was the only original correspondent to stay with the show after Jon Stewart took over as host , leaving the show in 2000 . Al Madrigal May 17 , 2011 January 12 , 2016 Senior Latino Correspondent . California correspondent . Aasif Mandvi August 9 , 2006 October 14 , 2015 Senior Middle East Correspondent ; started as a contributor ; but made correspondent in March 2007 . Senior Campaign Correspondent .", "6": "Olivia Munn June 3 , 2010 September 12 , 2011 Senior Asian Correspondent . Made her final appearance on September 12 , 2011 . Was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . John Oliver July 31 , 2006 December 19 , 2013 Senior British Person ; `` Wilmore - Oliver Investigates '' ; on writing staff from 2007 to 2013 . Interim host during the summer of 2013 . He departed the show on December 19 , 2013 to prepare hosting his own late night show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver on HBO which premiered on April 27 , 2014 . Returned to host the show on November 13 , 2014 to promote Jon Stewart 's film , Rosewater . Oliver returned for an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Rob Riggle September 20 , 2006 December 10 , 2008 Senior Military Affairs Correspondent ; Some of his most memorable work on the show included his overseas special assignments . His week - long reports from Iraq in 2007 titled `` Operation : Silent Thunder '' brought much attention to the show . After the success of `` Silent Thunder '' , he traveled to China for his second overseas four - part series during the 2008 Olympics , titled `` Rob Riggle : Chasing the Dragon '' . Shortly after announcing he would be leaving the show , he made his farewell appearance on December 10 , 2008 . Riggle made a surprise appearance on the August 3 , 2010 show , during an interview with Will Ferrell and again on August 15 , 2013 for the last show of guest host John Oliver . Made a cameo the week of Nov 17th in a correspondent report and was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Mo Rocca November 16 , 1998 August 20 , 2003 `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` , `` Mark Your Calendar '' , `` Mopinion '' .", "7": "Rocca went on to parlay his Daily Show correspondent persona in numerous other cable appearances , such as several VH1 `` talking head '' shows and at the 2004 political conventions for Larry King Live . Was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Jeff Ross July 22 , 1996 June 18 , 1997 Contributing correspondent . Denny Siegel February 2 , 1999 April 15 , 1999 Contributing correspondent . Jeff Stilson October 9 , 1998 January 18 , 1999 Contributing correspondent . Miriam Tolan June 15 , 2000 July 25 , 2001 Contributing correspondent . Also occasionally filled in for Nancy Walls on `` Dollars and `` Cents '' '' Brian Unger July 22 , 1996 December 16 , 1998 `` Backfire '' , was one of The Daily Show 's original correspondents . David Wain July 23 , 1996 August 6 , 1996 Contributing correspondent . Matt Walsh May 2 , 2001 June 25 , 2002 News You Can Utilize , `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` , had his own The Daily Show special in May 2002 called `` Matt Walsh Goes to Hawaii '' . Walsh was among the former correspondents who made an appearance on Jon Stewart 's final episode on August 6 , 2015 . Lauren Weedman July 16 , 2001 October 7 , 2002 `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` , `` We Love Showbiz '' . Jessica Williams January 11 , 2012 June 30 , 2016 Senior Youth Correspondent . Senior Beyoncé Correspondent . Senior Congressional Correspondent . Senior Campaign Correspondent . Senior Political Correspondent . Bob Wiltfong April 6 , 2004 December 1 , 2005 Contributing correspondent . Lizz Winstead July 22 , 1996 December 18 , 1997 Original correspondent and co-creator of The Daily Show .", "8": "Stacey Grenrock - Woods April 2 , 1998 July 14 , 2003 Contributing correspondent . Contributors ( edit ) Name Year Joined Year Left Notes Amy Atkins March 10 , 1998 March 23 , 1998 Contributor . Dave Attell April 1 , 1999 January 22 , 2002 Contributor , `` The Ugly American '' . On August 6 , 2015 , Attell made a return appearance to say goodbye to Jon Stewart on his final episode . Michael Blieden July 30 , 1996 January 24 , 2000 Contributor , original host of `` Ad Nauseam '' . John Bloom July 25 , 1996 June 20 , 2000 Contributor , `` God Stuff '' . Rich Brown October 20 , 1998 May 9 , 2000 Contributor , `` Public Excess '' . Also a one - time correspondent . Sameer Butt December 4 , 1997 April 16 , 1998 Contributor . Eliza Cossio May 16 , 2016 January 24 , 2017 Newest Contributor ; Senior Latina Contributor Frank DeCaro October 10 , 1996 March 19 , 2003 Contributor , `` Out at the Movies '' ; he currently hosts his own program on Sirius Satellite Radio and was a celebrity panelist on GSN 's revival of I 've Got a Secret . Mick Foley November 19 , 2009 June 18 , 2013 Contributor , `` Senior Ass Kicker '' . Dave Gorman April 24 , 2006 October 5 , 2006 Contributor , `` Poll Smoking '' ; appeared on the show once as a guest in 2001 to promote Are You Dave Gorman ? . Al Greenwood March 16 , 1998 October 18 , 2000 Contributor , `` Al Up in That '' . Greenwood ( known for his local `` Bedspread King '' commercials ) appeared as the show 's `` elderly consumer advocate '' .", "9": "In 2000 , he hosted The Daily Show special `` Al Greenwood 's Wrinkled Nuts '' , a best - of collection of the correspondent 's field interviews with elderly residents . Greenwood died on June 6 , 2001 , at age 93 . An `` in memoriam '' clip for Greenwood was shown as the `` Moment of Zen '' on the show that week . Buck Henry January 31 , 2007 September 24 , 2007 Contributor , `` The Henry Stops Here '' , Senior Historical Perspectivist . John Hodgman January 16 , 2006 June 4 , 2015 Resident Expert , Deranged Millionaire , `` You 're Welcome '' , `` Exper - teasers '' ; `` Money Talks '' ; appeared on the show once as a guest in November 2005 to promote The Areas of My Expertise . Tom Johnson May 11 , 2000 October 2 , 2001 Contributor , `` Lord Viper Scorpion '' . Andy Kindler October 19 , 2000 March 21 , 2001 Contributor , `` TV Guy '' . Robert Knight February 4 , 1997 April 23 , 1997 Contributor . Ed Lover September 30 , 1996 December 19 , 1996 Contributor , `` Ed Lover 's America '' . Adam Lowitt December 9 , 2015 March 2 , 2017 Senior Jewish Correspondent Demetri Martin November 14 , 2005 February 28 , 2008 Contributor , `` Trendspotting '' . Left to star in his own Comedy Central show , Important Things with Demetri Martin . Molly Pesce February 24 , 1996 May 28 , 1998 Originally co-hosted The Daily Show 's movie review segments with Frank DeCaro . Eventually , DeCaro would go solo with his own segment `` Out at the Movies '' in 1997 . Kristen Schaal March 13 , 2008 March 1 , 2016 Women 's Issues Correspondent ; married to long - time Daily Show writer Rich Blomquist .", "10": "Tom Shillue September 29 , 1998 July 20 , 2000 Contributor , `` This Week in Hate '' . Become a correspondent in 2000 before leaving . Campbell Smith May 8 , 2001 January 14 , 2002 Contributor , `` Dollars and `` Cents '' `` . William Stephenson April 20 , 1999 August 27 , 1999 Contributor , `` What I 'm Sayin '' . Paul F. Tompkins August 6 , 1998 December 3 , 1998 Contributor , `` Us People 's Weekly Entertainment '' . Larry Wilmore August 22 , 2006 December 2 , 2014 Senior Black Correspondent , `` Wilmore - Oliver Investigates '' . Left to host The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore . On August 6 , 2015 , Wilmore made a return appearance to say goodbye to Jon Stewart on his final episode . Michelle Wolf April 7 , 2016 November 15 , 2017 Senior Women 's Issues Correspondent Bassem Youssef February 10 , 2015 April 14 , 2015 Senior Middle East Correspondent . The host of Al - Bernameg ( The Program ) , a satirical news program broadcast in Egypt from 2011 to 2014 . The press has compared Youssef with Stewart , who served as an inspiration for Youssef to begin his career . On August 6 , 2015 , Youssef made a return appearance to say goodbye to Jon Stewart on his final episode . Timeline chart ( edit ) List of The Daily Show correspondents ( 3 years or more ) 1990s 2000s 2010s 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Host : Craig Kilborn Host : Jon Stewart Host : Trevor Noah Ronny Chieng Desi Lydic Roy Wood Jr .", "11": "Hasan Minhaj Jordan Klepper Jessica Williams Al Madrigal Aasif Mandvi Jason Jones Samantha Bee John Oliver Wyatt Cenac Rob Riggle Dan Bakkedahl Rob Corddry Ed Helms Steve Carell Stephen Colbert Mo Rocca Stacey Grenrock - Woods Nancy Walls Vance DeGeneres Beth Littleford A. Whitney Brown Brian Unger References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` RONNY CHIENG , DESI LYDIC AND ROY WOOD JR . JOIN COMEDY ... '' Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Remembering Michael Che 's too - brief ' Daily Show ' run '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Getlen , Larry ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` Why Aasif Mandvi never wanted to fill Jon Stewart 's shoes '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ El - Wakil , Mai ( 21 April 2011 ) . `` Drawing inspiration from the revolution '' . Al Masry Al Youm . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Marx , Willem ( 29 March 2012 ) . `` Bassem Youssef : Egypt 's Jon Stewart '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Abdalla ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Surgeon Using Parody to Dissect the News in Egypt '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 January 2014 .", "12": "External links ( edit ) The Daily Show with Trevor Noah official website ( hide ) The Daily Show Craig Kilborn ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Jon Stewart ( 1999 -- 2015 ) Trevor Noah ( 2015 -- present ) Correspondents Writers Guests Recurring segments Awards Episodes Kilborn 's tenure Stewart 's tenure Noah 's tenure 2015 2016 2017 2018 Indecision 2000 2006 2008 Spin - offs The Colbert Report ( 2005 -- 14 ) The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Opposition with Jordan Klepper ( 2017 -- present ) Other 2009 CNBC criticism America ( The Book ) Earth ( The Book ) Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear Rosewater Stephen Colbert ( character ) Who Made Huckabee ? The Rumble in the Air - Conditioned Auditorium Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Daily_Show_correspondents&oldid=828335645 '' Categories : Lists of comedians The Daily Show Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 23 : 39 . 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1180829738254891996	who was involved in the currency act of 1764	[ "all of the British colonies of North America", "all of the British colonies of North America" ]	{ "0": "Currency Act - wikipedia Currency Act Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Coinage Act . This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial The Currency Act is one of many several Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain that regulated paper money issued by the colonies of British America . The Acts sought to protect British merchants and creditors from being paid in depreciated colonial currency . The policy created tension between the colonies and Great Britain , and was cited as a grievance by colonists early in the American Revolution . However , the consensus view among modern economic historians and economists is that the debts owed by colonists to British merchants was not a major cause of the Revolution . In 1995 , a random survey of 178 members of the Economic History Association found that 92 percent of economists and 74 percent of historians disagreed with the statement , `` The debts owed by colonists to British merchants and other private citizens constituted one of the most powerful causes leading to the Revolution . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Economic climate of the colonies 2 Act of 1751 3 Act of 1764 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Economic climate of the colonies ( edit ) From their origin , the colonies struggled with the development of an effective medium of exchange for goods and services . After depleting the vast majority of their monetary resources through imports , the first settlers strained to keep money in circulation . They could not find a suitable medium of exchange in which the value did not depreciate .", "1": "The colonists generally employed three main types of currency . The first was commodity money , using the staple of a given region as a means of exchange . The second was specie , or gold or silver money . Lastly , paper money ( or fiat money ) , issued in the form of a bill of exchange or a bank note , mortgaged on the value of the land that an individual owned . Each year , the supply of specie in the colonies decreased due to international factors . The dearth of specie rendered it ineffective as a means of exchange for day - to - day purchases . Colonists frequently adopted a barter system to acquire the goods and services they required . Essentially , this method proved to be ineffective and a commodity system was adopted in its place . Tobacco was used as a monetary substitute in Virginia as early as 1619 . A major shortcoming of this system was that the quality of the substitutes was inconsistent . The poorer qualities ended up in circulation while the finer qualities were inevitably exported . This commodity system became increasingly ineffective as colonial debts increased . In 1690 , Massachusetts became the first colony to issue paper currency . This currency was employed as a means to finance its share of the debt from King William 's War . Other colonies quickly followed suit , and by 1715 ten of the thirteen had resorted to the issuance of paper currency . Economist Stanley Finkelstein highlights the advantage of paper currency , `` that unless it is backed by specie it is cost free currency . '' The paper currency depreciated quickly because the colonies printed more than what was taxed out of circulation . By 1740 , Rhode Island bills of exchange were only four percent of face value and those of Massachusetts were eleven percent . The money supply was growing at a much faster rate than that of the overall colonial economy , which led to hyperinflation and the corresponding reduction in purchasing power per unit of money . British merchants were forced to accept this depreciated currency as a repayment of debts . This led to the Currency Act of 1751 . Act of 1751 ( edit ) The first Act , the Currency Act of 1751 ( 24 Geo. II c. 53 ) , restricted the emission of paper money and the establishment of new public banks by the colonies of New England .", "2": "These colonies had issued paper fiat money known as `` bills of credit '' to help pay for military expenses during the French and Indian Wars . Because more paper money was issued than what was taxed out of circulation , the currency depreciated in relation to the British pound sterling . The resultant inflation was harmful to merchants in Great Britain , who were forced to accept the depreciated currency from colonists for payment of debts . The Act limited the future emission of bills of credit to certain circumstances . It allowed the existing bills to be used as legal tender for public debts ( i.e. paying taxes ) , but disallowed their use for private debts ( e.g. for paying merchants ) . Act of 1764 ( edit ) The Currency Act of 1764 ( 4 Geo . III c. 34 ) extended the 1751 Act to all of the British colonies of North America . Unlike the earlier Act , this statute did not prohibit the colonies from issuing paper money , but it did forbid them from designating future currency emissions as legal tender for public and private debts . This tight money policy created financial difficulties in the colonies , where gold and silver were in short supply . Benjamin Franklin , a colonial agent in London , lobbied for repeal of the Act over the next several years , as did other agents . The act arose when Virginia farmers continued to import during the French and Indian War . Virginia issued 250,000 pounds in bills of credit to finance both public and private debts . This legislation differed from the 1751 act in that it prohibited the colonists from designating paper currency for use as payment for any debts , public or private . Parliament did not , however , prohibit the colonists from issuing paper money . The Act was put into place as a hedge against risks associated with economic fluctuations and uncertainty . The colonial government of the Province of New York insisted that the Currency Act prevented it from providing funds for British troops in compliance with the Quartering Act . As a result , in 1770 , Parliament gave permission ( 10 Geo . Ill c. 35 ) for New York to issue £ 120,000 in paper currency for public but not private debts . Parliament extended these concessions to the other colonies in 1773 ( 13 Geo . III c.", "3": "57 ) by amending the Currency Act of 1764 , permitting the colonies to issue paper currency as legal tender for public debts . According to historian Jack Sosin , the British government had made its point : After nine years , the colonial agents had secured a paper currency for the provinces . But the Americans had tacitly , if not implicitly , acknowledged the authority of Parliament . And in the final analysis this was all the imperial government wanted . Legacy ( edit ) The Currency Acts created tension between the colonies and the mother country , and were a contributing factor in the coming of the American Revolution . In all of the colonies except Delaware , the Acts were considered to be a `` major grievance '' . When the First Continental Congress met in 1774 , it issued a Declaration of Rights , which outlined colonial objections to certain Acts of Parliament . Congress called on Parliament to repeal the Currency Act of 1764 , one of seven Acts labeled `` subversive of American rights '' . However , according to historians Jack Greene and Richard Jellison , the currency debate was no longer really a `` live issue '' in 1774 , due to the 1773 amendment of the Act . The controversy 's most important impact was psychological , in that it helped convince many colonists that Parliament did not understand or care about their problems . Colonial leaders came to believe that they , rather than Parliament , were better suited to legislate for the colonies . See also ( edit ) Early American currency Gold Standard Act of the United States ( 1900 ) , also sometimes called the `` Currency Act '' Gabrielle Taylor Leilaiplier Sugar Act of 1764 Stamp Act of 1765 References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein , 39 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , 39 - 40 .", "4": "Jump up ^ Ward , 462 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Money and Politics in America , 1755 - 1775 : A Study in the Currency Act of 1764 and the Political Economy of Revolution , '' 462 . '' Jump up ^ Allen , 96 . Jump up ^ Allen , 96 -- 98 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , 98 . Jump up ^ Morgan , 128 . Jump up ^ Walton & Rockoff , p. 105 Jump up ^ Sosin , 196 . Jump up ^ Sosin , 198 . Jump up ^ Greene and Jellison , 517 . Jump up ^ Reid , 265 . Jump up ^ Greene and Jellison , 518 . Bibliography Allen , Larry . The Encyclopedia of Money . 2nd edition . Santa Barbara , Calif : ABC - CLIO , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 251 - 7 . Finkelstein , Stanley S . `` The Currency Act of 1764 : A Quantitative Reappraisal . '' The American Economist 12.2 ( 1968 ) : 38 - 47 . Greene , Jack P. and Richard M. Jellison . `` The Currency Act of 1764 in Imperial - Colonial Relations , 1764 -- 1776 '' . The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , Vol. 18 , No. 4 ( October 1961 ) , 485 -- 518 . Morgan , David . The Devious Dr. Franklin , Colonial Agent : Benjamin Franklin 's Years in London . Macon , Georgia : Mercer University Press , 1999 . Reid , John Phillip . Constitutional History of the American Revolution , III : The Authority to Legislate . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 13070 - 3 . Sosin , Jack M. `` Imperial Regulation of Colonial Paper Money , 1764 -- 1773 '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , Volume 88 , Number 2 ( April 1964 ) , 174 -- 98 . Walton , Gary M. , and Hugh Rockoff .", "5": "History of the American Economy . 11th ed . Mason , OH : South - Western / Cengage Learning , 2010 . Ward , Harry M. `` Review : Money and Politics in America , 1755 - 1775 : A Study in the Currency Act of 1764 and the Political Economy of Revolution . '' The Journal of Southern History 40.3 ( 1974 ) : 460 - 462 . Further reading Brock , Leslie V . The currency of the American colonies , 1700 -- 1764 : a study in colonial finance and imperial relations . Dissertations in American economic history . New York : Arno Press , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 07257 - 0 . Ernst , Joseph Albert . Money and politics in America , 1755 -- 1775 ; a study in the Currency act of 1764 and the political economy of revolution . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1973 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1217 - X . External links ( edit ) Currency Act of 1751 24 Geo. II c. 53 Currency Act of 1764 4 Geo . III c. 34 Currency Act of 1773 13 Geo . 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-8659305167311182035	where did students for a democratic society start	[ "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "University of Michigan campus at Ann Arbor, Michigan", "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "University of Michigan campus at Ann Arbor, Michigan", "the University of Michigan campus at Ann Arbor, Michigan" ]	{ "0": "Students for a Democratic Society - wikipedia Students for a Democratic Society Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1960s organization . For the more recent organization , see Students for a Democratic Society ( 2006 organization ) . Students for a Democratic Society Predecessor Student League for Industrial Democracy Successor New Students for a Democratic Society Formation 1960 Founded at Ann Arbor , Michigan Extinction Purpose Left - wing student activism Location United States Secessions Revolutionary Youth Movement Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) was a student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left . The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969 . Part of the Politics series on Students ' rights History ( show ) 2010 United Kingdom student protests 2014 Hong Kong protests Free school movement Free Speech Movement German student movement May 1968 events in France Port Huron Statement Protests of 1968 Students for a Democratic Society Concepts / Theory ( show ) Authentic assessment Anarchistic free school Democratic education Freedom of speech Democratic schools Hidden curriculum Minimally invasive education Scholarism Sudbury school The Student Student activism Student - centred learning Student protest Student riot Students ' union Student voice Unschooling Issues ( show ) Alternative school Censorship of student media Compulsory education Ordinance of Student Rights School corporal punishment School discipline School district drug policies School speech School - to - prison pipeline Student Bill of Rights Zero tolerance Organizations ( show ) European Students ' Union Hong Kong Federation of Students Rouge Forum RMIT University Student Union New Students for a Democratic Society Student Press Law Center Worker Student Alliance Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Feminism Labor rights Socialism Youth rights Social movements portal SDS has been an important influence on student organizing in the decades since its collapse . Participatory democracy , direct action , radicalism , student power , shoestring budgets , and its organizational structure are all present in varying degrees in current American student activist groups .", "1": "Though various organizations have been formed in subsequent years as proposed national networks for left - wing student organizing , none has approached the scale of SDS , and most have lasted a few years at best . A new incarnation of SDS was founded in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Early years : 1962 -- 1965 3 From protest to resistance : 1965 -- 1968 4 Climax and split : 1968 -- 1970 5 SDS - WSA : 1969 to 1974 6 The New SDS : 2006 and later 7 Cultural references 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Books 9.2 Articles 9.3 SDS publications 9.4 Archives 9.5 United States Government publications 10 External links Origins ( edit ) SDS developed from the Student League for Industrial Democracy ( SLID ) , the youth branch of a socialist educational organization known as the League for Industrial Democracy ( LID ) . LID descended from the Intercollegiate Socialist Society , started in 1905 . Early in 1960 , the SLID changed its name into SDS at the behest of its then acting Director , Aryeh Neier . The phrase `` industrial democracy '' sounded too narrow and too labor oriented , making it more difficult to recruit students . Moreover , because the LID 's leadership did not correspond to the expectations and the mood on the campuses , the SLID felt the need to dissociate itself from its parent organization . SDS held its first meeting in 1960 on the University of Michigan campus at Ann Arbor , Michigan , where Alan Haber was elected president . Its political manifesto , known as the Port Huron Statement , was adopted at the organization 's first convention in 1962 , based on an earlier draft by staff member Tom Hayden . The Port Huron Statement criticized the political system of the United States for failing to achieve international peace and critiqued Cold War foreign policy , the threat of nuclear war , and the arms race . In domestic matters , it criticized racial discrimination , economic inequality , big businesses , trade unions and political parties .", "2": "In addition to its critique and analysis of the American system , the manifesto also suggested a series of reforms : it proclaimed a need to reshape into two genuine political parties to attain greater democracy , for stronger power for individuals through citizen 's lobbies , for more substantial involvement by workers in business management , and for an enlarged public sector with increased government welfare , including a `` program against poverty . '' The manifesto provided ideas of what and how to work for and to improve , and also advocated nonviolent civil disobedience as the means by which student youth could bring forth a `` participatory democracy . '' Kirkpatrick Sale described the manifesto as `` nothing less than an ideology , however raw and imperfect and however much would have resisted this word . '' The manifesto also presented SDS 's break with the left - wing policies of the postwar years . Firstly , it was written with the same overall vision all along the document and reflected their view that all problems in every area were linked to each other and their willingness not to lead single - issue struggles but a broad struggle on all fronts at the same time . Then , it expressed SDS 's willingness to work with groups whatever may be their political inclination and announced their rejection of anti-communism , a definitely new radical view contrasting with much of the American Left which had developed a policy of anti-communism . Without being Marxist or pro-communism , they denounced anti-communism as being a social problem and an obstruction to democracy . They also criticized the United States for its exaggerated paranoia and exclusive condemnation of the Soviet Union , and blamed this for being the reason for failing to achieve disarmament and to assure peace . The Port Huron Convention opened with a symbol of this break with the policy of the past years : the delegate of the Communist Progressive Youth Organizing Committee asked to attend the conference as an observer . The people from the Young People 's Socialist League objected while most of the SDSers insisted on letting him sit . He eventually sat . Later in the meeting , Michael Harrington , an LID member , became agitated over the manifesto because he found the stand they took toward the Soviet Union and authoritarian regimes in general was insufficiently critical , and because , according to him , they deliberately wrote sections to pique the liberals . Surprisingly , Roger Hagan , a liberal , defended the SDS and its policy .", "3": "After lively debates between the two , the draft finally remained more or less unchanged . Some two weeks later , a meeting between the LID and SDS was held where the LID expressed its discontent about the manifesto . As a result , Haber and Hayden , at this time respectively the National secretary and the new President of the organization , were summoned to a hearing on the 6 July 1962 . There , Hayden clashed with Michael Harrington ( as he later would with Irving Howe ) over the perceived potential for totalitarianism among other things . Harrington denounced the seating of the PYOC member , SDS 's tolerance for communism and their lack of clarity in their condemnation of communist totalitarianism and authoritarianism , and he reproached SDS for providing only a mild critique of the Soviet Union and for blaming the cold war mostly on the United States . Hayden then asked him to read the manifesto more carefully , especially the section on values . Hayden later wrote : `` While the draft Port Huron Statement included a strong denunciation of the Soviet Union , it was n't enough for LID leaders like Michael Harrington . They wanted absolute clarity , for example , that the United States was blameless for the nuclear arms race ... In truth , they seemed threatened by the independence of the new wave of student activism ... '' The tension between SDS and the LID was greatly increased when SDS called for a national demonstration to take place during the spring of 1965 . The LID was very concerned about `` Communist '' participation but SDS refused to restrict who could attend and what signs they could use . The rift opened even further when , at the 1965 SDS National Convention , the clause excluding communists from membership was deleted from the SDS constitution . During the summer of 1965 delegates from SDS and the LID met in Chicago and New York . The League for Industrial Democracy , SDS 's sponsoring organization , objected to the removal of the exclusion clause in the SDS constitution , as SDS benefited from LID 's non-profit status , which excluded political activity . By mutual agreement the relationship was severed October 4 , 1965 . Early years : 1962 -- 1965 ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations .", "4": "( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the academic year 1962 -- 1963 , the President was Tom Hayden , the Vice President was Paul Booth and the National Secretary was Jim Monsonis . There were nine chapters with , at most , about 1000 members . The national office ( NO ) in New York City consisted of a few desks , some broken chairs , a couple of file cabinets and a few typewriters . As a student group with a strong belief in decentralization and a distrust for most organizations , the SDS did not have a strong central bureaucracy . The three stalwarts at the office , Don McKelvey , Steve Max , and the National Secretary , Jim Monsonis , worked long hours for little pay to service the local chapters , and to help establish new ones . Even during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October , little could be accomplished . Most activity was oriented toward civil rights issues and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) played a key role in inspiring SDS . By the end of the academic year , there were over 200 delegates at the annual convention at Pine Hill , New York , from 32 different colleges and universities . It was then decided to give more power to the chapters , who would then send delegates to the National Council ( NC ) , which would meet quarterly to handle the ongoing activities . Also , in the spirit of participatory democracy , a consensus was reached to elect new officers each year . Lee Webb of Boston University was chosen as National Secretary , and Todd Gitlin of Harvard University was made president . Some continuity was preserved by retaining Paul Booth as Vice President . The search began for something to challenge the idealistic , budding activists . It was at this time that the Black Power Movement was first gaining some momentum ( although Stokely Carmichael would make the movement more mainstream in 1966 ) . The movement made it impolitic for white activists , such as those in SDS , to presume to lead protests for black civil rights . Instead , SDS would try to organize white unemployed youths through a newly established program they called the Economic Research and Action Project ( ERAP ) . This `` into the ghetto '' move was a practical failure , but the fact that it existed at all drew many young idealists to SDS .", "5": "At the summer convention in 1964 there was a split between those who were campus - oriented , and the ERAP supporters . Most of the old guard were ERAP supporters , but the campus activists were growing . Paul Potter was elected president , and by the end of summer there were ten ERAP programs in place , with about 125 student volunteers . C. Clark Kissinger of Shimer College in Illinois was elected as National Secretary , and he put the NO on a much more business - like basis . He and his assistant , Helen Garvey , mailed out the literature list , the newsletters and the news of chapter 's activities to a growing membership list . Kissinger also worked to smooth the relationship with the LID . A small faction of SDS that was interested in change through conventional electoral politics established a program called the Political Education Project ( PEP ) . Its Director was Jim Williams of the University of Louisville , and Steve Max served as its Associate Director . This was never very large , and it was opposed by the mainstream SDSers , who were mostly opposed to such traditional , old - fashioned activity , and were looking for something new that `` worked '' . The landslide victory of Lyndon B. Johnson in the November presidential election played its part , as well , and PEP soon withered away . A Peace Research and Education Project ( PREP ) headed by Paul Booth , Swarthmore , met a similar fate . Meanwhile , the local chapters got into all sorts of projects , from University reform , community - university relations , and now , in a small way , the issue of the draft and Vietnam War . With the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the SDS broke with the pro-labor ideas in the Port Huron Statement and decided that it was best to shift the focus of civil rights away from the southern states and more towards urban cities in the north . Then , on October 1 , the University of California , Berkeley exploded into the dramatic and prolonged agony that was the free speech movement . Led by a charismatic Friends of SNCC student activist named Mario Savio , upwards of three thousand students surrounded a police car in which a student was being taken away , arrested for setting up an informational card table for the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) in defiance of the University 's ban on politics .", "6": "The sit - down prevented the police car from moving for 32 hours . The demonstrations , meetings and strikes that resulted all but shut the university down . Hundreds of students were arrested . From protest to resistance : 1965 -- 1968 ( edit ) In February 1965 , United States President Johnson dramatically escalated the war in Vietnam by bombing North Vietnam in Operation Flaming Dart and introducing ground troops directly involved in fighting the Viet Cong in the South . Campus chapters of SDS all over the country started to lead small , localized demonstrations against the war and the NO became the focal group that organized the march against the war in Washington on April 17 . Endorsements came from nearly all of the other peace groups and leading personalities , there was significant increase in income and by the end of March there were 52 chapters . The media began to cover the organization and the New Left . However , the call for the march and the openness of the organization in allowing other groups , even communist front groups , or communists themselves , to join in caused great strains with the LID and some other old left organizations . The first teach - in against the war was held in the University of Michigan . Soon hundreds more , all over the country , were held . The demonstration in Washington , D.C. attracted about 25,000 anti-war protesters and SDS became the leading student group against the war on most U.S. campuses . Representing its move into the heartland , the 1965 summer convention was held at Kewadin , a small camp in Northern Michigan . Moreover , its National Office , which had been located in Manhattan , was moved to Chicago at about the same time . The rapid growth of the membership rate during the preceding year brought with it a new breed with a new style : `` `` For the first time at an SDS meeting people smoked marijuana ; Pancho Villa mustaches , those droopy Western ‐ movie addenda that eventually became a New Left cliché , made their first appearance in quantity ; blue workshirts , denim jackets , and boots were worn by both men and women .", "7": "These were people generally raised outside of the East , many from the Midwest and Southwest , and their ruralistic dress reflected a different tradition , one more aligned to the frontier , more violent , more individualistic , more bare ‐ knuckled and callus ‐ handed , than that of the early SDSers . They were non ‐ Jewish , nonintellectual , nonurban , from a nonprofessional class , and often without any family tradition of political involvement , much less radicalism . They tended to be not only ignorant of the history of the left and its current half ‐ life in New York City , but downright uninterested : ... '' '' The convention elected an Akron , Ohio student , Carl Oglesby , President and Jeff Shero , from the increasingly influential University of Texas chapter in Austin , as Vice President -- in preference to `` old guard '' candidates . The convention voted to remove the anti-communist exclusion clauses from the SDS constitution , failed to provide for any national program , and increased the reliance on local initiatives at the chapters . As a result , the National Office 's leadership fell into ineffectual chaos . The League for Industrial Democracy , SDS 's nominal sponsoring organization , was disappointed with removal of the exclusion clause from the SDS constitution , as SDS was covered under LID 's non-profit status which excluded political activity . By mutual agreement the relationship was severed October 4 , 1965 . On November 27 , 1965 there was a major anti-war demonstration in Washington , D.C. at which Carl Oglesby , the new SDS president , made a very successful speech , addressed to the liberal crowd , and in circuitous terms alleged that the United States government was imperialist in nature . The speech received a standing ovation , substantial press coverage , and resulted in greatly increased national prominence for SDS . The unexpected influx of substantial numbers of new members and chapters combined with the ousting of the previous leadership , the `` old guard '' , resulted in a crisis which dogged SDS until its final breakup ; despite repeated attempts to do so , consensus was never reached on what form the organization should take or what role it should play . A final attempt by the old guard at a `` rethinking conference '' to establish a coherent new direction for the organization failed .", "8": "The conference , held on the University of Illinois campus at Champaign - Urbana over Christmas vacation , 1965 , was attended by about 360 people from 66 chapters , many of whom were new to SDS . Despite a great deal of discussion , no substantial decisions were made . Nationally , the SDS continued to use the draft as an important issue for students , and over the rest of the academic year began to attack university complicity in it , as the universities had begun to supply students ' class rankings , used to determine who was to be drafted . The University of Chicago 's administration building was taken over in a three - day sit - in in May . Rank protests and sit - ins spread to many other universities . The summer convention of 1966 was moved even farther west , this time to Clear Lake , Iowa . The `` prairie people '' continued to increase their influence . Nick Egleson was chosen as President , and Carl Davidson was elected Vice President . Greg Calvert , recently a History Instructor at Iowa State University , was chosen as National Secretary . It was at this convention that members of Progressive Labor Party ( PL ) first participated . PL was a Maoist group that had turned to SDS as fertile ground for recruiting new members sympathetic to its long - term strategy of organizing the industrial working class . SDSers of that time were nearly all anti-communist , but they also refused to be drawn into actions that smacked of red - baiting , which they viewed as mostly irrelevant and old hat . PL soon began to organize a Worker Student Alliance . By 1968 and 1969 they would profoundly affect SDS , particularly at national gatherings of the membership , forming a well - groomed , disciplined faction which followed the Progressive Labor Party line . The 1966 convention also marked an even greater turn towards organization around campus issues by local chapters , with the NO cast in a strictly supporting role . Campus issues ranged from bad food , powerless student `` governments , '' various in loco parentis manifestations , on - campus recruiting for the military and , again , ranking for the draft . Campuses around the country were in a state of unprecedented ferment and activism .", "9": "Despite the absence of a politically effective campus SDS chapter , Berkeley again became a center of particularly dramatic radical upheaval over the university 's repressive anti-free - speech actions , and an effective student strike with very wide support occurred . Even Harvard endured an upheaval engendered by a visit there of United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara . At this time many in SDS turned to a more anarchist - influenced politics and organized activities aimed at the country 's burgeoning countercultural community . These efforts were especially successful at the large and active University of Texas chapter in Austin where The Rag , an underground newspaper founded by SDS leaders Thorne Dreyer and Carol Neiman was , according to historian Abe Peck , the first underground paper in the country to incorporate the `` participatory democracy , community organizing and synthesis of politics and culture that the New Left of the midsixties was trying to develop . '' And SDS ' now legendary `` Gentle Thursday '' events on the UT campus helped to galvanize the Austin cultural community and turn it into a potent political force . Austin 's Gentle Thursday inspired similar activities at a number of other universities including Penn State and Iowa State . Austin , also a center of civil - rights and anti-war activities , was in 1967 the scene of an SDS - generated free speech movement ( the University Freedom Movement ) that mobilized thousands of students in massive demonstrations and other activities . The Winter and Spring of 1967 saw an escalation of the militancy of the protests at many campuses . SDSers and self - styled radicals were even elected into the student government at a few places . Demonstrations against Dow Chemical Company and other campus recruiters were widespread , and ranking and the draft issues grew in scale . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) ( mainly through its secret COINTELPRO ) and other law enforcement agencies were often exposed as having spies and informers in the chapters . Harassment by the authorities was also on the rise . The National Office became distinctly more effective in this period , and the three officers actually visited most of the chapters . New Left Notes , as well , became a potent vehicle for promoting some coherence and solidarity among the chapters . The Anti-War movement began to take hold among university students .", "10": "The 1967 convention took an egalitarian turn by eliminating the Presidential and Vice-Presidential offices and replacing them with a National Secretary ( 20 - year - old Mike Spiegel ) , an Education Secretary ( Texan Bob Pardun of the Austin chapter ) , and an Inter ‐ organizational Secretary ( former VP Carl Davidson ) . A clear direction for a national program was not set but they did manage to pass strong resolutions on the draft , resistance within the Army itself , and they made a call for immediate withdrawal from Vietnam . It was also acknowledged that male chauvinism was rampant in the organization , and that women who attended the 1966 convention were pelted with tomatoes after requesting a plank for women 's liberation . The 1962 Port Huron Statement even glorified housewives , stating they should work with doctors , professors and laborers in order to expand the organization . At the 1967 convention women 's liberation resolution on the issue of male chauvinism was passed by conference attendees , for the first time . This resolution on women 's liberation , drafted in the Women 's Liberation Workshop , had two goals . They were to `` free women to participate in other meaningful activities '' and to `` relieve our brothers of the burden of male chauvinism . '' For the first goal , they had three specific subgoals . The first was the creation of communal childcare centers , so mothers at home could have free time to pursue their interests . The second was the acknowledgment of the right of women to choose when to have children . They said that free distribution of birth control information and competent medical abortion should be provided for all women . The third called for the even distribution of household chores between all adult members , male and female . For the second goal , to rid SDS of male chauvinism , they had four specific subgoals . The first was that the male SDS members should first work on their personal chauvinism first , and try and remove that from their work and social relationships . The second is for women to participate in all levels of SDS work , `` from licking stamps to assuming leadership positions . '' The third is for leaders to be aware of the power they hold in creating the dynamic of the leader / subordinate relationship , and to be responsible for not abusing that power .", "11": "The fourth mentions that all programs created by the SDS must include a section on women 's right . The New Left Notes reprinted the statement , however , it was accompanied by a caricature of a woman dressed in a baby - doll dress , holding a sign with the slogan `` We want our rights and we want them now ! That fall saw a great escalation of the anti-war actions of the New Left . The school year started with a large demonstration against university complicity in the war in allowing Dow recruiters on campus at the University of Wisconsin in Madison on October 17 . Peaceful at first , the demonstrations turned to a sit - in that was violently dispersed by the Madison police and riot squad , resulting in many injuries and arrests . A mass rally and a student strike then closed the university for several days . A coordinated series of demonstrations against the draft led by members of the Resistance , the War Resisters League , and SDS added fuel to the fire of resistance . After conventional civil rights tactics of peaceful pickets seemed to have failed , the Oakland , California Stop the Draft Week ended in mass hit and run skirmishes with the police . The huge ( 100,000 people ) October 21 March on the Pentagon saw hundreds arrested and injured . Night - time raids on draft offices began to spread . Climax and split : 1968 -- 1970 ( edit ) Further information : 1969 Students for a Democratic Society National Convention In the spring of 1968 , National SDS activists led an effort on the campuses called `` Ten Days of Resistance '' and local chapters cooperated with the Student Mobilization Committee in rallies , marches , sit - ins and teach - ins , which culminated in a one - day strike on April 26 . About a million students stayed away from classes that day , the largest student strike in the history of the United States . It was largely ignored by the New York City - based national media , which focused on the student shutdown of Columbia University in New York , led by an inter-racial alliance of Columbia SDS chapter activists and Student Afro Society activists . As a result of the mass media publicity given to Columbia SDS activists such as Columbia SDS chairperson Mark Rudd during the Columbia Student Revolt , the organization was put on the map politically and `` SDS '' became a household name in the United States for a few years .", "12": "Membership in SDS chapters around the United States increased dramatically during the 1968 - 69 academic year . Also in 1968 , an SDS organizer at the University of Washington told a meeting about white college men working with poor white men , and `` ( h ) e noted that sometimes after analyzing societal ills , the men shared leisure time by ' balling a chick together . ' He pointed out that such activities did much to enhance the political consciousness of poor white youth . A woman in the audience asked , ' And what did it do for the consciousness of the chick ? ' '' ( Hole , Judith , and Ellen Levine , Rebirth of Feminism , 1971 , pg. 120 ) . After the meeting , a handful of women formed Seattle 's first women 's liberation group . Led by the Worker - Student Alliance and rival Joe Hill caucuses , SDS in San Francisco played a major role in the Third World Student Strike at San Francisco State College . This strike , the longest student strike in U.S. history , led to the creation of Black and other ethnic studies programs on campuses across the country . SDS members from Austin , Texas participated in a mass demonstration in San Antonio , Texas in April 1969 at the `` Kings River Parade '' . San Antonio SNCC members called the demonstration to protest the killing of Bobby Joe Phillips by San Antonio Police Officers . In the summer of 1969 , the ninth SDS national convention was held at the Chicago Coliseum with some 2000 people attending . Many factions of the movement were present , and set up their literature tables all around the edges of the cavernous hall . The Young Socialist Alliance , Wobblies , Spartacists , Marxists and Maoists of various sorts , all together with various law - enforcement spies and informers contributed to the air of impending expectations . Each delegate was given the convention issue of the newspaper New Left Notes , which contained a manifesto , `` You do n't need a Weatherman to know which way the wind blows '' , a line taken from Bob Dylan 's `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' . This manifesto had been first presented at the Spring , 1969 , SDS National Council Meeting in Austin , Texas .", "13": "The document had been written by an 11 - member committee that included Mark Rudd , Bernardine Dohrn and John Jacobs , and represented the position of the Revolutionary Youth Movement ( RYM ) wing of SDS , most of which later turned into the Weather Underground Organization . It has been noted that the Weather Underground was an off - branch of SDS for a number of reasons . The New Left Notes issue was full of the language of the Old Left of the 1930s ; and was thus impenetrable and irrelevant to the majority of SDSers . According to Kirkpatrick Sale 's account of the convention , the RYM and allied groups battled Progressive Labor ( PL ) members and the WSA faction of SDS for control of the organization throughout the convention . The Black Panther representatives attacked PL and at the same time proved itself inclined towards sexism by advocating `` pussy power . '' The entire convention fell into something approaching chaos , or worse , farce . The RYM and the National Office faction , led by Bernardine Dohrn , led 500 to 1000 people out of the Colosseum and , later that evening , holding a 1000 - person meeting in another site near the National Office . There , the Weatherman faction carried the day , electing their slate of officers . The 500 - 600 people remaining in the meeting hall , dominated by PL , declared itself the `` Real SDS '' , electing PL and WSA members as officers . By the next day , there were two SDS organizations , which RYM termed `` SDS - RYM '' and `` SDS - WSA . '' In the fall of 1969 , many of the SDS - RYM chapters also split up or disintegrated . The Weatherman faction evolved into a small underground organization that first took to street confrontations and then to a bombing campaign . The Weathermen held one final national convention in Flint , Michigan , from December 27 -- 31 , 1969 . It was at this convention , more popularly known as the `` Flint War Council , '' that the decision was made to disband what remained of SDS - RYM . SDS - RYM was fully defunct by 1970 , while SDS - WSA continued its activity .", "14": "Also in 1969 , the New Left was present at a Counter-Inaugural to Richard Nixon 's first inauguration , at which the antiwar leader Dave Dellinger , serving as master of ceremonies , incorrectly announced , `` The women have asked all the men to leave the stage . '' After that , SDS activist Marilyn Salzman Webb attempted to speak about women 's oppression , and SDS men heckled her , shouting , `` Take her off the stage and fuck her ! '' and so forth until she was drowned out . Later Webb received a threatening phone call which she thought was from Cathy Wilkerson , but that was not confirmed , and it may have been from a government agent . In any case , the call contributed to driving apart outspoken feminists in the national SDS and people who put anti-racist and anti-war work before feminism and went toward the Weathermen . SDS - WSA : 1969 to 1974 ( edit ) SDS - Worker - Student Alliance ( SDS - WSA ) continued to function nationwide , with a focus on ( a ) fighting racism ; and ( b ) supporting workers ' struggles and strikes , including the 1969 General Electric strike and 1970 Postal Workers ' strikes . The WSA organized a support demonstration for the post office strikers , which greatly worried Richard Nixon 's administration . This is the entry from H.R. Haldeman 's diary : `` `` Saturday , March 21 , 1970 . P in early , to EOB , to work on briefing books . Had to spend quite a little time on postal problem . The settlement did n't work , because rank and file wo n't go back , have rejected leaders , and now SDS types involved , at least in New York . '' - '' Now calling itself simply SDS , SDS - WSA continued to publish the newspaper New Left Notes . It held a convention in Boston in 1971 , at which a striking General Motors worker was a featured speaker . In 1972 , SDS - WSA demonstrated at the Democratic National Convention in Miami against Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern 's retreating from his original stronger campaign positions against the Vietnam War . Several hundred SDS members staged a sit - in at the Doral Hotel as McGovern and his staff met upstairs with protesting members of Grassroots McGovern Volunteers and sympathizers angry over the same issues .", "15": "In Newark , New Jersey , SDS - WSA demonstrated against Anthony Imperiale and his North Ward Citizens ' Council which was opposing the construction of Kawaida Towers , a building complex sponsored by a community organization led by Black nationalist and poet Amiri Baraka ( formerly Leroy Jones ) ( New York Times January 3 , 1973 , p. 84 ) SDS joined with PLP and others to protest the writings of Arthur Jensen , William Shockley , and Richard Herrnstein , all of whom promoted the notion that there might be a genetic component to the observed below - average performance of black people on IQ tests . In October 1973 , SDS - WSA , PLP , and others organized a convention at the Loeb Student Center of New York University dedicated to opposing academic racism . SDS circulated a petition entitled `` A Resolution Against Racism '' that was published in the New York Times on October 28 , 1973 ( p. 211 ) . Out of this convention the Committee Against Racism ( CAR ) was formed to continue the fight against racism . CAR later changed its name to International Committee Against Racism ( InCAR ) , when some chapters were formed in Canada . In 1974 , National SDS ( - WSA ) voted to dissolve as a separate organization and reform as chapters of InCAR . However , individual chapters of SDS continued to exist for some time . A chapter at Purdue University was active as late as 1976 . All references to contemporary activities of SDS in sources such as the New York Times after early 1970 are to SDS - WSA . For example , SDS confronted Indiana Senator Vance Hartke at an antiwar rally in New York City in 1971 ( New York Times July 3 , 1971 , p. 3 and July 4 , 1971 , p. 3 ) . SDS denounced liberal Democrats as having been the authors of the Vietnam War in the first place . SDS demonstrated against the Republican National Convention in Miami Beach , Florida in August 1972 ( New York Times August 21 , 1972 , p. 20 ; August 22 , 1972 , pp. 1 , 36 ; August 23 , 1972 , pp. 1 , 28 ) . Unlike SDS - RYM and the Weathermen , SDS - WSA strongly opposed bombing and terrorism .", "16": "In 1971 , SDS - WSA published a pamphlet titled Who Are The Bombers ? . It warned readers against police agents sent into the anti-Vietnam War movement to foment violence to justify police attacks . It also sharply criticized the Weathermen , which had begun its campaign of bombings . On June 26 , 1972 , the US Supreme Court gave a unanimous opinion , in the case Healy v. James , stating that members of the SDS had been unconstitutionally deprived of their First Amendment right to freedom of assembly when a group was denied permission to form on the campus of Central Connecticut State College in New Britain , Connecticut . A few early SDS leaders went on to careers as Democratic Party politicians , including Tom Hayden , a former member of the legislature of the state of California and well known as the former husband of actress Jane Fonda , a prolific author , and a former candidate for offices such as Governor of California , Mayor of Los Angeles , and US Senator . The New SDS : 2006 and later ( edit ) Main article : Students for a Democratic Society ( 2006 organization ) A new incarnation of SDS was founded on January 16 , 2006 , Martin Luther King Jr . Day , and by 2010 had grown to over 150 chapters around the United States . It has held five national conventions to date , including the fifth in 2010 in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . Cultural references ( edit ) In the 1971 film The Andromeda Strain , when Mrs. Jeremy Stone ( Susan Brown ) informs her husband ( Arthur Hill ) that unexpected visitors have arrived , he responds , `` The SDS , no doubt '' before learning that the visitors are Air Force personnel . In the 1994 film Forrest Gump , Jenny ( Robin Wright ) introduces her boyfriend to Forrest ( Tom Hanks ) as Wesley ( Geoffrey Blake ) , the president of the Berkeley chapter of SDS . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neier , Aryeh ( 2003 ) . Taking Liberties : Four Decades in the Struggle for Rights . Cambridge , MA : Public Affairs / Perseus Books . pp. Introduction : xx . ISBN 1586482912 . As director of LID , I decided to try to invigorate its student division . One step in that direction was to rename it .", "17": "Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York , New York : Basic Books . p. 8 . ISBN 0465041957 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkpatrick Sale , SDS , pp. 159 - 163 . Random House ( 1973 ) , Hardcover , Vintage Books ( January 1 , 1974 ) . ISBN 0394478894 Jump up ^ Gitlin , Todd . `` The Sixties '' , Bantam ; Revised edition ( July 1 , 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 553 - 37212 - 2 Jump up ^ Tom Hayden and Dick Flacks , ' The Port Huron Statement at 40 ' in The Nation , 5 August 2002 Jump up ^ Todd Gitlin later acknowledged that LID President Tom Kahn , `` to his eternal credit '' , was correct in opposing that deletion , which helped Marxist Leninists to take over SDS : Todd Gitlin , p. 88 , in discussion with Irving Howe : Politics and the Intellectual : Conversations with Irving Howe . John Rodden , Ethan Goffman , eds . Purdue University Press 06 / 30 / 2010 series : Shofar Supplements in Jewish Studies ISBN 978 - 1 - 5575 - 3551 - 1 Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick Sale , SDS , pp. 157 - 159 . Random House ( 1973 ) , Hardcover , Vintage Books ( January 1 , 1974 ) . ISBN 0394478894 Jump up ^ `` International Socialist Review '' . isreview.org . Jump up ^ `` ( No title Available ) '' . content.cdlib.org . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick Sale , SDS , pp. 134 ; 204 - 205 . Random House ( 1973 ) , Hardcover , Vintage Books ( January 1 , 1974 ) . ISBN 0394478894 Jump up ^ Page 85 , Flying Close to the Sun , Cathy Wilkerson , Seven Stories Press ( 2007 ) , hardcover , 422 pages Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick Sale , SDS , p. 138 . Random House ( 1973 ) , Hardcover , Vintage Books ( January 1 , 1974 ) .", "18": "ISBN 0394478894 Jump up ^ Pages 83 and 84 , Flying Close to the Sun , Cathy Wilkerson , Seven Stories Press ( 2007 ) , hardcover , 422 pages . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick Sale , SDS , pp. 157 . Random House ( 1973 ) , Hardcover , Vintage Books ( January 1 , 1974 ) . ISBN 0394478894 Jump up ^ `` Rebels with a Cause '' . Sdsrebels.com. 1965 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Page 93 - 97 , Ravens in the Storm , Carl Oglesby , Scribner ( 2008 ) , hardcover , 336 pages . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick Sale , SDS , pp. 204 - 205 and pp. 163 - 164 . Random House ( 1973 ) , Hardcover , Vintage Books ( January 1 , 1974 ) . ISBN 0394478894 Jump up ^ Pages 103 and 104 , Ravens in the Storm , Carl Oglesby , Scribner ( 2008 ) , hardcover , 336 pages . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick Sale , SDS , p. 320 . Random House ( 1973 ) , Hardcover , Vintage Books ( January 1 , 1974 ) . ISBN 0394478894 Jump up ^ Peck , Abe , Uncovering the Sixties : The Life and Times of the Underground Press , Pantheon Books , 1985 ; p. 58 . Jump up ^ Tishcler , Barbara L. , Editor , Sights on the Sixties , Rutgers University Press , 1992 ; `` Gentle Thursday : An SDS Circus in Austin , Texas , 1966 - 1970 , '' By Glenn W. Jones , pp. 75 - 85 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Student Activism at the University of Texas at Austin , '' by Beverly Burr , Thesis , Spring 1988 , University of Texas , p. 22 .", "19": "Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=wuv_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA310&lpg=PA310&dq=sds+male+chauvanism+tomatoes&source=bl&ots=TW1dsIlioC&sig=IqWh1PYfMXoPNIhYmbxwxx14KII&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjywISd44XZAhUISK0KHc6gDJwQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=sds%20male%20chauvanism%20tomatoes&f=false Jump up ^ http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Manifestos/SDS_Port_Huron.html Jump up ^ Schneir , Miriam . `` An SDS Statement on the Liberation of Women . '' 1994 . Feminism in Our Time : The Essential Writings , World War II to the Present . New York : Vintage , 1994 . 103 - 07 . Print . ^ Jump up to : `` On the Origins of Social Movements '' . Jofreeman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Introductory Essay to The San Francisco State College Strike Collection Archived 2015 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . - by Helene Whitson , San Francisco State University Library Jump up ^ Sale , Kirkpatrick ( 1973 ) . SDS pp. 392 - 400 Jump up ^ Rudd , M. ( 2009 ) . Underground : my life with sds and the weatherman . New York , NY : HarperCollins . pgs. 185 - 193 . ^ Jump up to : clarissakennedyjacob ( 2013 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Susan Faludi on Shulamith Firestone , The New Yorker The Women & Film Project '' . Womenandfilmproject.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dan Berger ( 2006 ) . Outlaws of America : The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity . AK Press . p. 365 .", "20": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 904859 - 41 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Doug Rossinow ( January 1998 ) . The Politics of Authenticity : Liberalism , Christianity , and the New Left in America . Columbia University Press . p. 441 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11057 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gessen , Keith ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) . `` n + 1 : On Shulamith Firestone , Part One '' . Nplusonemag.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ The Haldeman Diaries : Inside the Nixon White House , by H.R. Haldeman , Berkley Books , New York , 1995 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ `` '' Who Are The Bombers ? '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Healy v. James 408 U.S. 169 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ `` Students for a Democratic Society - History '' . Jump up ^ Gold , Mike ( 24 October 2011 ) . `` SDS Holds 5th National Convention , Lays Plans to Build Student Movement '' . FightBack ! News . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebony Ivory ( 22 October 2012 ) . `` Forrest Gump - Black Panther party '' -- via YouTube . Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Adelson , Alan . SDS . New York , Charles Scribener 's Sons , 1972 ISBN 0 - 684 - 12393 - 2 . Berger , Dan ( 2006 ) . `` Shaking America 's Moral Conscience : The Rise of Students for a Democratic Society '' . Outlaws of America : the Weather Underground and the politics of solidarity . AK Press . ISBN 9781904859413 . Davidson , Carl , editor .", "21": "Revolutionary Youth and the New Working Class : The Praxis Papers , the Port Authority Statement , the RYM Documents and the Lost Writings of SDS . Pittsburgh : Changemaker , 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 257 - 99947 - 7 Elbaum , Max . Revolution in the Air : Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin , Mao and Che . London and New York : Verso , 2002 ISBN 978 - 1 - 85984 - 617 - 9 . Frost , Heather . `` An Interracial Movement of the Poor : Community Organizing and the New Left in the 1960s . '' New York : New York University press , 2001 ISBN 0 - 8147 - 2697 - 6 . Heath , G. Louis , ed . Vandals in the Bomb Factory : The History and Literature of the Students for a Democratic Society . Metuchen , N.J. : Scarecrow Press , 1976 ISBN 0 - 8108 - 0890 - 0 . Halstead , Fred . Out Now ! : A Participant 's Account of the Movement in the United States Against the Vietnam War Hardcover edition . Anchor Foundation ; Reprint edition 1978 ISBN 0 - 913460 - 47 - 8 . Isserman , Maurice . If I Had a Hammer : the death of the old left and the birth of the new left . New York : Basic Books , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 03197 - 8 . Klatch , Rebecca E. A Generation Divided : The New Left , the New Right , and the 1960s . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 ISBN 0 - 520 - 21714 - 4 . Miller , James . Democracy is in the Streets : From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1994 ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 19725 - 1 . Pardun , Robert . `` Prairie Radical : A Journey Through the Sixties '' Shire Press , 2001 ISBN 0 - 918828 - 20 - 1 . Kirkpatrick Sale , SDS .", "22": "Random House ( 1973 ) , Hardcover , Vintage Books ( January 1 , 1974 ) . ISBN 0394478894 Articles ( edit ) Alper , Mark . The Legacy of S.D.S. and Its Relevance to Today 's Activists . Electronic Worker . Direct Action Tendency , Socialist Party USA . Retrieved April 12 , 2005 . Bailey , Geoff . `` The Rise and Fall of SDS . '' International Socialist Review , issue 31 , September -- October , 1983 . Bookchin , Murray . Anarchy and Organization : A Letter To The Left . Reprinted from New Left Notes . January 15 , 1969 . Retrieved April 12 , 2005 . `` The essay originally was written in reply to an attack by Huey Newton on anarchist forms of organization . '' Maines , Billy . Second Coming : The Infamous SDS is Back , and Now It 's Local . Orlando Weekly . November 23 , 2006 . SDS in the 1960s : From A Student Movement to National Resistance , The Indypendent SDS : The signature organization of the 1960s student left has been reborn , The Indypendent Tom Hayden , `` The Future of 1968 's ' Restless Youth ' '' in : Martin Klimke and Joachim Scharloth , 1968 in Europe ( New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2008 ) , 325 - 331 . Who Are The Bombers ? SDS - WSA pamphlet , 1972 , attacking terrorism , including Weatherman terrorism . Setting The Record Straight : Progressive Labor & SDS `` A Short History of Progressive Labor Party ( PLP ) and Its Activities in Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) '' Series of 12 articles originally published in Challenge - Desafio , biweekly newspaper of The Progressive Labor Party January - July 2007 . `` The Death of SDS '' , essay by Mark Rudd . `` Thorne Dreyer : As Port Huron Turns 50 , '' an interview with Tom Hayden , The Peace and Justice Resource Center , January 26 , 2012 . SDS publications ( edit ) Davidson , Carl .", "23": "Toward a Student Syndicalist Movement or University Reform Revisited . Chicago : Students for a Democratic Society . ca . 1967 . Mimeographed. 7 p . Gilbert , David and David Loud . U.S. Imperialism . Chicago : Students for a Democratic Society , 1968 . Wraps. 33 p . Haber , Al and Dick Flacks . Peace , Power and the University : Prepared for Students for a Democratic Society and the Peace Research and Education Project. Ann Arbor : Peace Research and Education Project , 1963 . Mimeographed. 12 p ... Hayden , Tom , and Carl Wittman . `` An Interracial Movement of the Poor ? , '' SDS Economic Research and Action Project , 1963 . 27 p . James , Mike . Getting Ready for the Firing Line : Join Community Union . Chicago : Students for a Democratic Society , March 1968 . Stapled softcover . 8p . Photos by Nancy Hollander , Tom Malear of the Chicago Film Coop , Todd Gitlin & Les Jordan , SCEF . Reprinted from `` The Activist , '' Spring 1967 . Introduction for this pamphlet by Mike James . Lemisch , Jessie . Towards a Democratic History . Ann Arbor & Chicago : Radical Education Project / Students for a Democratic Society , ( 1967 ) . Radical Education Project Occasional Paper . 8 p . Lynd , Staughton . The New Radicals and `` Participatory Democracy '' . Chicago : Students for a Democratic Society , 1965 . 10 p . Oglesby , Carl . The Speech given by Carl Oglesby , President , Students for a Democratic Society , at the Nov. 27 , 1965 March on Washington to End the War in Vietnam . Chicago : Students for a Democratic Society , ca . 1965 . 8 ⁄ × 11 in . Mimeographed. 8 p . Olinick , Michael . The Campus Press . Distributed by Students for a Democratic Society for the Liberal Study Group , National Student Association , 1962 . 13 p . Oppenheimer , Martin . Alienation or Participation : The Sociology of Participatory Democracy . n.p.", "24": ": Students of a Democratic Society ( S.D.S. ) , 1966 . 7 pages . 1st edition . Stapled booklet . Students for a Democratic Society . The Port Huron Statement . Based on Draft by Tom Hayden , revised by SDS National Convention , Port Huron , Michigan , June 11 -- 15 , 1962 . ( Posted by The Sixties Project , sponsored by Viet Nam Generation Inc. and the University of Virginia at Charlottesville . ) Students for a Democratic Society . SDS : An Introduction . 1968 . Students For A Democratic Society ( S.D.S. ) . Fight Racism ! Boston : Students for a Democratic Society , n.d. ( 1969 ) . 28pp . 1st edition . Stapled softcover . Students for a Democratic Society . New Left Notes . Chicago . ( ? ) Vol. 1 # 1 1965 ( ? ) - Vol. 4 # 31 October 2 , 1969 . Students for a Democratic Society ( Progressive Labor ) . SDS New Left Notes , Vol. 5 , No. 15 , July 6 , 1970 - ( ? ) . Boston , 1970 . Archives ( edit ) Students for a Democratic Society ( S.D.S. ) , Records , 1965 - 74 . May 4 Collection -- Box 107 . Kent State University Libraries and Media Services . Department of Special Collections and Archives . Online guide retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Students for a Democratic Society Period : 1962 -- 1970 . Period : 1962 -- 1970 . Total Size : 0.5 m . International Institute of Social History . Online guide retrieved April 12 , 2005 . George E. Rennar Papers. 1933 - 1972 . 37.43 cubic feet . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . Contains materials about the Students for a Democratic Society organization . United States government publications ( edit ) U.S. House of Representatives .", "25": "Investigation of Students for a Democratic Society , Part 2 ( Kent State University ) : Hearings Before the Committee on Internal Security , House of Representatives ; 91st Congress , 2nd Session , June 24 and 25 , 1969 . Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1969 . U.S. House of Representatives . Investigation of Students for a Democratic Society , Part 3 - A ( George Washington University ) ; Hearings Before the Committee on Internal Security , House of Representatives ; 91st Congress , 2nd Session , July 22 , 1969 . Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1969 . U.S. House of Representatives . Student Views Toward U.S. Policy in Southeast Asia ; Hearings Before an Ad Hoc Committee of Members of the House of Representatives ; 91st Congress , 2nd Session , July 22 , 1969 . Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1969 . U.S. President . Commission on Campus Unrest . Report . This publication is often referred to as the Scranton Report , issued in 1970 . External links ( edit ) New Left Archive at NLN SDS and Weather Underground Documents compiled by Next Left Notes , a journal edited by several former and current SDS members SDS Historical Documents and other links `` Shut It Down ! '' at the Wayback Machine ( archived November 4 , 2009 ) Includes Port Huron Statement , `` SDS : The Last Hurrah '' ( an account of Chicago 1969 written by an undercover federal agent ) , and the Revolutionary Youth Movement mission statement . University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections -- Vietnam Era Ephemera This collection contains leaflets and newspapers that were distributed on the University of Washington campus during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s . They reflect the social environment and political activities of the youth movement in Seattle during that period .", "26": "Links to resources from Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) and related groups and activities : Books & Memoirs Full text of Weatherman in PDF format SDS and Young Lords march in Chicago , October 1969 Works by or about Students for a Democratic Society at Internet Archive Works by or about Tom Hayden at Internet Archive ( SDS pioneer ) Photos and Documents : SDS News at UW , from the Pacific Northwest Antiwar and Radical History Project .", "27": "Youth empowerment Elements Evolving capacities Free - range parenting Intergenerational equity Leaving the nest Student voice Youth - adult partnership Youth mainstreaming Youth rights Youth voice Types Community youth development Anarchistic free school Democratic free school Positive youth development Student activism Student - centered learning Student rights Student voice Youth activism Youth council Youth court Youth engagement Youth leadership Youth - led media Youth movement Youth participation Youth philanthropy Youth service Youth suffrage Youth vote Barriers Adultcentrism Adultism Age restrictions Ageism Control freak Fear of youth ( ephebiphobia ) Eleutherophobia Fear of children ( pediaphobia ) Gerontocracy Grounding Helicopter parent Infantilization Intrusiveness Narcissism Parental respect School - to - prison pipeline Vicariousness Related articles Beatnik Beat Generation Counterculture of the 1960s Defense of infancy Hippies Hungry generation International Youth Year UK underground Index of youth rights - related articles Peace movement / Anti-war movement Peace advocates Anti-nuclear organizations Anti-war movement Anti-war organizations Bed - In Central Park be-ins Conscientious objectors Counterculture Draft evasion Human Be-In List of peace activists Peace and conflict studies Peace camp Peace churches Peace commission Peace education Peace movement Peace walk Teach - in War resisters War tax resisters Ideologies Ahimsa Anarchism Anarcho - pacifism Anarcho - punks Christian anarchism Anti-imperialism Anti-nuclear movement Antimilitarism Appeasement Direct action Finvenkismo Hippie Isolationism Non-interventionism Nonkilling Nonviolence Pacificism Pacifism Peace Satyagraha Simple living Socialism Soviet influence on the peace movement Media and cultural Art Books Films International Day of Non-Violence International Day of Peace Dialogue Among Civilizations List of places named Peace `` Make love ,", "28": "not war '' Monuments and memorials Museums Peace journalism Peace News Plays Promoting Enduring Peace Songs Symbols World Game Opposition to specific wars or their aspects Afghan War American Civil War Iraq War Landmines Military action in Iran Military intervention in Libya Military taxation Nuclear armament Second Boer War Sri Lankan Civil War Vietnam War War of 1812 War on Terror World War I World War II Countries Canada Germany Israel Netherlands Spain United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Students_for_a_Democratic_Society&oldid=836768362 '' Categories : 1960 establishments in Michigan Student organizations established in 1960 American democracy activists Anti -- Vietnam War groups COINTELPRO targets Counterculture of the 1960s Defunct American political movements Far - left politics in the United States History of youth New Left Student political organizations in the United States Youth rights organizations based in the United States Direct action Social movement organizations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 18 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1174522695577165411	what is the meaning of the song fool on the hill	[ "a solitary figure who is not understood by others, but is actually wise" ]	{ "0": "The Fool on the Hill - wikipedia The Fool on the Hill Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fool on the Hill ( disambiguation ) . `` The Fool on the Hill '' The 1996 U.S. jukebox single release of the song , as the B - side to `` Magical Mystery Tour '' Song by the Beatles from the album Magical Mystery Tour Released 27 November 1967 ( US LP ) 8 December 1967 ( UK EP ) 19 November 1976 ( UK LP ) Recorded 25 -- 27 September , and 20 October 1967 Genre Baroque pop Length 3 : 00 Label Parlophone , Capitol , EMI Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin `` The Fool on the Hill '' is a song by the Beatles . It was written and sung by Paul McCartney ( credited to Lennon -- McCartney ) and recorded in 1967 . It was included on the Magical Mystery Tour EP and album , and presented in the Magical Mystery Tour film , with a promotional sequence filmed near Nice , in France from 30 -- 31 October 1967 . The song achieved perhaps its most widespread popular audience as a top ten hit single by Sérgio Mendes & Brasil ' 66 in 1968 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Musical structure 3 Recording 4 Personnel 5 Critical reaction 6 Performance history 7 Sérgio Mendes & Brasil ' 66 version 8 Other versions 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Composition ( edit ) The song 's lyrics describe the titular `` fool '' , a solitary figure who is not understood by others , but is actually wise . McCartney said the song relates to someone like Maharishi Mahesh Yogi : ' Fool on the Hill ' was mine and I think I was writing about someone like Maharishi . His detractors called him a fool . Because of his giggle he was n't taken too seriously ... I was sitting at the piano at my father 's house in Liverpool hitting a D 6th chord , and I made up ' Fool on the Hill . '", "1": "Alistair Taylor , in the book Yesterday , reports a mysterious incident involving a man who inexplicably appeared near him and McCartney during a walk on Primrose Hill and then disappeared again , soon after McCartney and Taylor had conversed about the existence of God ; this allegedly prompted the writing of the song . McCartney played the song for John Lennon during a writing session for `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' , and Lennon told him to write it down . McCartney did not ; he was sure he would not forget it . In his 1980 interview with Playboy magazine , Lennon said , `` Now that 's Paul . Another good lyric . Shows he 's capable of writing complete songs . '' Musical structure ( edit ) The song involves alternations of D major and D minor in a similar manner to Cole Porter 's alternations of C minor and C major in `` Night and Day '' . Thus the D major tonality that begins with an Em chord on `` Nobody wants to know him '' moves through a ii -- V -- I -- vi -- ii -- V progression till the shift to the Dm tone and key on `` but the fool '' . Other highlights are the inspired use in the Dm section of a minor sixth ( B ♭ ) melody note on the word `` sun '' ( with a Dm chord ) and a major ninth ( E melody note ) on the word `` world '' ( with a Dm chord ) . Recording ( edit ) McCartney recorded a solo demo version of the song on 6 September 1967 . This version was later released on the Anthology 2 compilation . Recording began in earnest on 25 September , with significant overdubs by the Beatles on 26 September . Mark Lewisohn said that the 26 September version was `` almost a re-make '' . A take from 25 September -- noticeably slower , somewhat heavier and with slightly different vocals -- is also included on Anthology 2 . After another session on 27 September where McCartney added another vocal , the song sat for a month before flutes were added on 20 October . Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues has said that he and bandmate Mike Pinder contributed harmonicas to the song alongside Lennon and George Harrison .", "2": "Personnel ( edit ) Paul McCartney -- vocals , piano , acoustic guitar , recorder , bass , penny whistle John Lennon -- harmonica , Jew 's harp George Harrison -- acoustic guitar , harmonica Ringo Starr -- drums , maracas , zill Christopher Taylor -- flute Richard Taylor -- flute Jack Ellory -- flute Personnel per Ian MacDonald . Flautists also documented by Mark Lewisohn . Critical reaction ( edit ) Richie Unterberger of AllMusic said that `` The Fool on the Hill '' was the best of the new songs on Magical Mystery Tour aside from `` I Am the Walrus '' . Tim Riley , a music critic who has contributed to NPR , was not impressed , and unfavourably compared the subject of this song to fools in Shakespeare . Riley wrote , `` Possibilities in this song outweigh its substance -- it 's the most unworthy Beatles standard since ' Michelle . ' '' In 2012 , the song was ranked the 420th best classic rock song of all time by New York 's Q104. 3. . Robert Christgau , of Esquire Magazine in May 1968 , wrote it `` shows signs of becoming a favorite of the Simon & Garfunkel crowd and the transcendental meditators , who deserve it . A callow rendering of the outcast - visionary theme , it may be the worst song the Beatles have ever recorded . '' Performance history ( edit ) The Beatles were no longer performing regular concerts when they released `` The Fool on the Hill '' on record . McCartney performed it live with Wings on their 1979 tour of the UK . He also included it on his 1989 -- 1990 world tour . The performances on this tour incorporated sound bites from Martin Luther King , Jr. 's I Have a Dream speech . A live version from this tour is found on the album Tripping the Live Fantastic . The song surfaced again for McCartney 's 2001 -- 2002 tours , and another live version appeared on the Back in the US album .", "3": "Sérgio Mendes & Brasil ' 66 version ( edit ) `` The Fool on the Hill '' Single by Sérgio Mendes & Brasil ' 66 from the album Fool on the Hill Released 1968 ( 1968 ) Genre Bossa nova Length 3 : 15 Label A&M Records Songwriter ( s ) John Lennon Paul McCartney Producer ( s ) Sérgio Mendes Sérgio Mendes & Brasil ' 66 recorded `` Fool on the Hill '' , using their approach of marrying a simple bossa nova rhythm with a string accompaniment . The lead vocal was by Lani Hall . Released as a single , it was a big hit , reaching No. 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also spent six weeks at No. 1 on the easy listening chart . It was included on Mendes ' album Fool on the Hill . Other versions ( edit ) Music service Allmusic lists more than 100 cover versions of the song . Year Artist Release Notes 1968 Eddie Fisher ( single ) Charted on the Record World magazine Non-Rock survey , the first version of the song to make the US singles charts and the last US chart single by Fisher 1968 Bobbie Gentry Local Gentry 1968 Corry Brokken Das war ein harter Tag : Beatles - Lieder auf deutsch In German : `` Der Mann , den ich will '' . Recorded in 1968 , but not released until 1995 , on a German compilation album Das war ein harter Tag : Beatles - Lieder auf deutsch . Interestingly , it uses an arrangement similar to Sergio Mendes ' version . 1969 The Four Tops The Four Tops Now ! 1969 Dorothy Ashby Dorothy 's Harp 1969 Petula Clark Just Pet 1969 Roslyn Kind Give Me You 1969 Stone the Crows Stone the Crows 1969 Vera Lynn B - side of single Goodnight Also on double album The Singles Collection ( 2007 ) 1970 Shirley Bassey ( single ) Reached number 48 on the UK Singles chart .", "4": "1971 Ron Goodwin Ron Goodwin in Concert Orchestral version . Goodwin 's orchestration gives the opening penny whistle solo to the violas of the orchestra . 1971 The Chopsticks All of a Sudden 1976 Helen Reddy All This and World War II 1977 Björk Guðmundsdóttir Björk Sung in Icelandic . 1981 Sarah Vaughan Songs of the Beatles 1981 John Paul Young The Singer 1982 John Williams The Portrait of John Williams Classical guitar version 1984 Sky Fool on The Hill Also on 2015 reissue edition of Cadmium . 2007 Beatallica Masterful Mystery Tour Merged with Metallica 's `` Fuel '' to create `` Fuel on the Hill '' 2007 Aretha Franklin Rare & Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul Recorded in 1969 during the sessions for This Girl 's in Love with You . 2009 Mark Mallman Minnesota Beatle Project , Vol. 1 2014 Eurythmics The Night That Changed America : A Grammy Salute to The Beatles This performance was the first and only reunion of Eurythmics founding members Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart after the duo 's disbanding in 2005 . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1968 ( U.S. ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bogdanov , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , pp. 365 -- 366 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff 2000 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Turner 2005 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Music Sales Limited . Omnibus Press . NY . 2003 . pp183 - 184 Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Music Sales Limited . Omnibus Press . NY . 2003 . p184 Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 123 .", "5": "^ Jump up to : Apple Records 1994 , pp. 41 , 42 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Kevin Ryan ; Brian Kehew ( 2006 ) . Recording the Beatles : The studio equipment and techniques used to create their classic albums . Curvebender . p. 470 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 7 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Schnee , Stephen ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` An Exclusive interview with The Moody Blues ' Ray Thomas ! '' . Discussions Magazine . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ George Martin interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Unterberger 2007 . Jump up ^ Riley 1988 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 1,043 Classic Rock Songs of All Time : Dirty Dozenth Edition '' . Q1043.com . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dylan - Beatles - Stones - Donovan - Who , Dionne Warwick and Dusty Springfield , John Fred , California '' . Esquire Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Pereles 1989 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Ginell , Richard S. `` Fool on the Hill '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Songfacts.com 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 1996 . Jump up ^ Allmusic 2007 . Jump up ^ Radio interview with the writer of the booklet accompanying Das war ein harter Tag ( in German ) .", "6": "Corry Brokken is called Conny Brokken and Corry Broken respectively Jump up ^ `` Vera Lynn 45 catalogue '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Fritsch 2001 . References ( edit ) Bogdanov , Vladimir . All music guide to electronica : the definitive guide to electronic music . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 628 - 9 . `` Alan Pollack review of `` The Fool on the Hill '' `` . Alan W. Pollack . `` Performers of `` The Fool on the Hill '' . Allmusic . Archived from the original on 28 December 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2007 . Anthology 2 ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . 1994 . 31796 . Fritsch , Oliver ( 2001 ) . `` Official Bjork Discography '' . bjork.com . Archived from the original on 5 March 2007 . Retrieved 12 March 2007 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Madinger , Chip ; Mark Easter ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms To Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions , LP . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Pereles , Jon ( 13 December 1989 ) . `` More Nostalgia Than Rock in Paul McCartney 's Return '' . Reviews / Music .", "7": "New York Times . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Riley , Tim ( 1988 ) . Tell Me Why . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 55061 - 7 . Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Polsson , Ken ( 1 November 2009 ) . `` Chronology of Personal Computers '' . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . `` The Fool on the Hill '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 10 November 2009 . Turner , Steve ( 2005 ) . A Hard Day 's Write : The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Harper Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 06 - 084409 - 4 . Unterberger , Richie ( 2007 ) . `` Review of `` The Fool on the Hill '' `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 12 March 2007 . Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 6th ed . ) . New York : Billboard Publications .", "8": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Magical Mystery Tour Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` The Fool on the Hill '' ( hide ) Magical Mystery Tour Songs Side one `` Magical Mystery Tour '' `` The Fool on the Hill '' `` Flying '' `` Blue Jay Way '' `` Your Mother Should Know '' `` I Am the Walrus '' Side two `` Hello , Goodbye '' `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` Penny Lane '' `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` All You Need Is Love '' Outtakes `` All Together Now '' `` It 's All Too Much '' `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' Related articles Magical Mystery Tour ( film ) The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fool_on_the_Hill&oldid=818974313 '' Categories : 1960s ballads Pop ballads The Beatles songs 1967 songs 1968 singles Sérgio Mendes songs Shirley Bassey songs Björk songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Songs published by Northern Songs Baroque pop songs A&M Records singles Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 17 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "9": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5475012399181300014	when did we first put a rover on mars	[ "January 2004", "January 2004", "January 2004" ]	{ "0": "Exploration of Mars - wikipedia Exploration of Mars Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Colonization of Mars . A diagram of the Curiosity rover , landed on Mars in 2012 . Active missions at Mars from 2001 to present Year Missions 2017 8 8 2016 8 8 2015 7 7 2014 7 7 2013 5 5 2012 5 5 2011 5 5 2009 5 5 2008 6 6 2007 5 5 2006 6 6 2005 5 5 5 5 2003 2002 Active spacecraft at Mars 1971 -- 2000 Year Spacecraft 2000 1999 1998 1990 -- 1996 0 1983 -- 1988 0 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1976 1973 0 1972 1971 5 5 The exploration of Mars is the study of Mars by spacecraft . Probes sent from Earth , beginning in the late 20th century , have yielded a dramatic increase in knowledge about the Martian system , focused primarily on understanding its geology and habitability potential . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current status 2 Martian system 3 Launch windows 4 Past and current missions 4.1 Recent missions 4.2 Overview of missions 4.2. 1 Early Soviet missions 4.2. 1.1 1960s 4.2. 1.1. 1 The first success 4.2. 1.2 1970s 4.2. 2 Mariner program 4.2. 3 Viking program 4.2. 4 Mars Pathfinder 4.2. 5 Mars Global Surveyor 4.2.", "1": "6 Mars Odyssey and Mars Express 4.2. 7 MER and Phoenix 4.2. 8 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 4.2. 9 Rosetta and Dawn swingbys 4.2. 10 Fobos - Grunt 4.2. 11 Curiosity rover 4.2. 12 MAVEN 4.2. 13 Mars Orbiter Mission 4.2. 14 Trace Gas Orbiter and EDM 5 Future missions 5.1 Proposals 6 Human mission proposals 6.1 NASA 6.2 Zubrin 7 Probing difficulties 8 Timeline of Mars exploration 8.1 Totals 8.2 Yearly statistics 8.3 Timeline 8.4 Planned missions 8.4. 1 Proposals under study 8.5 Undeveloped concepts 8.5. 1 1970s 8.5. 2 1990s 8.5. 3 2000s 8.5. 4 2010s 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Current Status ( edit ) Engineering interplanetary journeys is complicated and the exploration of Mars has experienced a high failure rate , especially the early attempts . Roughly two - thirds of all spacecraft destined for Mars failed before completing their missions and some failed before their observations could begin . Some missions have met with unexpected success , such as the twin Mars Exploration Rovers , which operated for years beyond their specification . As of 16 October 2017 , two scientific rovers were on the surface of Mars beaming signals back to Earth ( Opportunity of the Mars Exploration Rover mission and Curiosity of the Mars Science Laboratory mission ) , with six orbiters surveying the planet : Mars Odyssey , Mars Express , Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter , Mars Orbiter Mission , MAVEN , and the Trace Gas Orbiter , which have contributed massive amounts of information about Mars . No sample return missions have been attempted for Mars and an attempted return mission for Mars ' moon Phobos ( Fobos - Grunt ) failed .", "2": "On 24 January 2014 , NASA reported that current studies on the planet Mars by the Curiosity and Opportunity rovers will search for evidence of ancient life , including a biosphere based on autotrophic , chemotrophic and / or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms , as well as ancient water , including fluvio - lacustrine environments ( plains related to ancient rivers or lakes ) that may have been habitable . The search for evidence of habitability , taphonomy ( related to fossils ) , and organic carbon on the planet Mars is now a primary NASA objective . Play media The landing site of each Mars mission can be seen on this rotating globe . Martian system ( edit ) Main articles : Mars , Martian surface , Atmosphere of Mars , and Moons of Mars Mars has long been the subject of human interest . Early telescopic observations revealed color changes on the surface that were attributed to seasonal vegetation and apparent linear features were ascribed to intelligent design . Further telescopic observations found two moons , Phobos and Deimos , polar ice caps and the feature now known as Olympus Mons , the solar system 's tallest mountain . The discoveries piqued further interest in the study and exploration of the red planet . Mars is a rocky planet , like Earth , that formed around the same time , yet with only half the diameter of Earth , and a far thinner atmosphere , it has a cold and desert - like surface . Launch windows ( edit ) Opportunities 2013 -- 2020 Year Launch Spacecraft ( launched or planned ) 2013 Nov 2013 MAVEN , Mars Orbiter Mission 2016 Jan 2016 -- Apr 2016 ExoMars TGO 2018 Apr 2018 -- May 2018 InSight 2020 Jul 2020 -- Sep 2020 ExoMars rover , Mars 2020 , Mars Hope , 2020 Chinese Mars Mission , Mangalyaan 2 The minimum - energy launch windows for a Martian expedition occur at intervals of approximately two years and two months ( specifically 780 days , the planet 's synodic period with respect to Earth ) . In addition , the lowest available transfer energy varies on a roughly 16 - year cycle .", "3": "For example , a minimum occurred in the 1969 and 1971 launch windows , rising to a peak in the late 1970s , and hitting another low in 1986 and 1988 . Past and current missions ( edit ) Main article : List of missions to Mars Launches to Mars Decade 1960s 13 1970s 11 1980s 1990s 8 2000s 8 2010s 5 Martian sunset by Spirit rover , 2005 . North polar view by Phoenix lander , 2008 . Starting in 1960 , the Soviets launched a series of probes to Mars including the first intended flybys and hard ( impact ) landing ( Mars 1962B ) . The first successful fly - by of Mars was on 14 -- 15 July 1965 , by NASA 's Mariner 4 . On November 14 , 1971 Mariner 9 became the first space probe to orbit another planet when it entered into orbit around Mars . The amount of data returned by probes increased dramatically as technology improved . The first to contact the surface were two Soviet probes : Mars 2 lander on November 27 and Mars 3 lander on December 2 , 1971 -- Mars 2 failed during descent and Mars 3 about twenty seconds after the first Martian soft landing . Mars 6 failed during descent but did return some corrupted atmospheric data in 1974 . The 1975 NASA launches of the Viking program consisted of two orbiters , each with a lander that successfully soft landed in 1976 . Viking 1 remained operational for six years , Viking 2 for three . The Viking landers relayed the first color panoramas of Mars . The Soviet probes Phobos 1 and 2 were sent to Mars in 1988 to study Mars and its two moons , with a focus on Phobos . Phobos 1 lost contact on the way to Mars . Phobos 2 , while successfully photographing Mars and Phobos , failed before it was set to release two landers to the surface of Phobos .", "4": "Roughly two - thirds of all spacecraft destined for Mars have failed without completing their missions , and it has a reputation as a difficult space exploration target . Missions that ended prematurely after Phobos 1 & 2 ( 1988 ) include ( see Probing difficulties section for more details ) : Mars Observer ( launched in 1992 ) Mars 96 ( 1996 ) Mars Climate Orbiter ( 1999 ) Mars Polar Lander with Deep Space 2 ( 1999 ) Nozomi ( 2003 ) Beagle 2 ( 2003 ) Fobos - Grunt with Yinghuo - 1 ( 2011 ) Schiaparelli lander ( 2016 ) Following the 1993 failure of the Mars Observer orbiter , the NASA Mars Global Surveyor achieved Mars orbit in 1997 . This mission was a complete success , having finished its primary mapping mission in early 2001 . Contact was lost with the probe in November 2006 during its third extended program , spending exactly 10 operational years in space . The NASA Mars Pathfinder , carrying a robotic exploration vehicle Sojourner , landed in the Ares Vallis on Mars in the summer of 1997 , returning many images . Phoenix landed on the north polar region of Mars on May 25 , 2008 . Its robotic arm dug into the Martian soil and the presence of water ice was confirmed on June 20 , 2008 . The mission concluded on November 10 , 2008 after contact was lost . In 2008 , the price of transporting material from the surface of Earth to the surface of Mars was approximately US $ 309,000 per kilogram . Rosetta came within 250 km of Mars during its 2007 flyby . Dawn flew by Mars in February 2009 for a gravity assist on its way to investigate Vesta and Ceres . Interactive imagemap of the global topography of Mars , overlain with locations of Mars landers and rovers ( Red label = Rover ; Blue label = Lander ; bold red / blue = currently active ) . Hover your mouse to see the names of over 25 prominent geographic features , and click to link to them .", "5": "Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations , based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA 's Mars Global Surveyor . Reds and pinks are higher elevation ( + 3 km to + 8 km ) ; yellow is 0 km ; greens and blues are lower elevation ( down to − 8 km ) . Whites ( > + 12 km ) and browns ( > + 8 km ) are the highest elevations . Axes are latitude and longitude ; Poles are not shown . ( See also : Mars map & Mars Memorials & Mars Memorials map ) ( view discuss ) ← Beagle 2 ( 2003 ) Curiosity ( 2012 ) → Deep Space 2 ( 1999 ) → Mars 2 ( 1971 ) → ← Mars 3 ( 1971 ) Mars 6 ( 1973 ) → Polar Lander ( 1999 ) ↓ ↑ Opportunity ( 2004 ) ← Phoenix ( 2008 ) Schiaparelli EDM ( 2016 ) → ← Sojourner ( 1997 ) Spirit ( 2004 ) ↑ Viking 1 ( 1976 ) → Viking 2 ( 1976 ) → Recent missions ( edit ) Curiosity 's self - portrait on the planet Mars at `` Rocknest '' ( October 31 , 2012 ) . The Electra radio of the MAVEN orbiter NASA 's Mars Odyssey orbiter entered Mars orbit in 2001 . Odyssey 's Gamma Ray Spectrometer detected significant amounts of hydrogen in the upper metre or so of regolith on Mars . This hydrogen is thought to be contained in large deposits of water ice . The Mars Express mission of the European Space Agency ( ESA ) reached Mars in 2003 . It carried the Beagle 2 lander , which was not heard from after being released and was declared lost in February 2004 . Beagle 2 was located in January 2015 by HiRise camera on NASA 's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ( MRO ) having landed safely but failed to fully deploy its solar panels and antenna . In early 2004 the Mars Express Planetary Fourier Spectrometer team announced the orbiter had detected methane in the Martian atmosphere . ESA announced in June 2006 the discovery of aurorae on Mars .", "6": "In January 2004 , the NASA twin Mars Exploration Rovers named Spirit ( MER - A ) and Opportunity ( MER - B ) landed on the surface of Mars . Both have met or exceeded all their targets . Among the most significant scientific returns has been conclusive evidence that liquid water existed at some time in the past at both landing sites . Martian dust devils and windstorms have occasionally cleaned both rovers ' solar panels , and thus increased their lifespan . Spirit Rover ( MER - A ) was active until 2010 , when it stopped sending data because it had fallen into a sand dune . On 10 March 2006 , the NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ( MRO ) probe arrived in orbit to conduct a two - year science survey . The orbiter began mapping the Martian terrain and weather to find suitable landing sites for upcoming lander missions . The MRO snapped the first image of a series of active avalanches near the planet 's north pole , scientists said March 3 , 2008 . The Mars Science Laboratory mission was launched on November 26 , 2011 and it delivered the Curiosity rover , on the surface of Mars on August 6 , 2012 UTC . It is larger and more advanced than the Mars Exploration Rovers , with a velocity of up to 90 meters per hour ( 295 feet per hour ) . Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that can deduce the make - up of rocks at a distance of 7 meters . MAVEN was successfully launched aboard an Atlas V launch vehicle at the beginning of the first launch window on November 18 , 2013 . Following the first engine burn of the Centaur second stage , the vehicle coasted in low Earth orbit for 27 minutes before a second Centaur burn of five minutes to insert it into a heliocentric Mars transit orbit . On September 22 , 2014 , MAVEN reached Mars and was inserted into an areocentric elliptic orbit 6,200 km ( 3,900 mi ) by 150 km ( 93 mi ) above the planet 's surface . The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) launched its Mars Orbiter Mission ( MOM ) on November 5 , 2013 . It was successfully inserted into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014 .", "7": "India 's ISRO is the fourth space agency to reach Mars , after the Soviet space program , NASA and ESA . India became the first country to successfully get a spacecraft into Mars orbit on its maiden attempt . The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter arrived at Mars in 2016 and deployed the Schiaparelli EDM lander , a test lander that had partial success . Crash - landed on surface , but transmitted data during descent . Overview of missions ( edit ) The following entails a brief overview of Mars exploration , oriented towards orbiters and flybys ; see also Mars landing and Mars rover . Early Soviet missions ( edit ) Main articles : Mars 1M , Mars 1 , and Mars program Mars 1M spacecraft . 1960s ( edit ) Between 1960 and 1969 , the Soviet Union launched nine probes intended to reach Mars . They all failed : three at launch ; three failed to reach near - Earth orbit ; one during the burn to put the spacecraft into trans - Mars trajectory ; and two during the interplanetary orbit . The Mars 1M programs ( sometimes dubbed Marsnik in Western media ) was the first Soviet unmanned spacecraft interplanetary exploration program , which consisted of two flyby probes launched towards Mars in October 1960 , Mars 1960A and Mars 1960B ( also known as Korabl 4 and Korabl 5 respectively ) . After launch , the third stage pumps on both launchers were unable to develop enough pressure to commence ignition , so Earth parking orbit was not achieved . The spacecraft reached an altitude of 120 km before reentry . Mars 1962A was a Mars fly - by mission , launched on October 24 , 1962 and Mars 1962B an intended first Mars lander mission , launched in late December of the same year ( 1962 ) . Both failed from either breaking up as they were going into Earth orbit or having the upper stage explode in orbit during the burn to put the spacecraft into trans - Mars trajectory .", "8": "The first success ( edit ) Selected Soviet Mars probes Spacecraft Orbiter or flyby outcome Lander outcome Mars 1 Failure Failure Mars 2 Success Failure Mars 3 Partial success Partial success Mars 4 Failure N / A Mars 5 Partial success N / A Mars 6 Success Failure Mars 7 Success Failure Phobos 1 Failure Not deployed Phobos 2 Partial success Not deployed Mars 1 ( 1962 Beta Nu 1 ) , an automatic interplanetary spacecraft launched to Mars on November 1 , 1962 , was the first probe of the Soviet Mars probe program to achieve interplanetary orbit . Mars 1 was intended to fly by the planet at a distance of about 11,000 km and take images of the surface as well as send back data on cosmic radiation , micrometeoroid impacts and Mars ' magnetic field , radiation environment , atmospheric structure , and possible organic compounds . Sixty - one radio transmissions were held , initially at two - day intervals and later at 5 day intervals , from which a large amount of interplanetary data was collected . On 21 March 1963 , when the spacecraft was at a distance of 106,760,000 km from Earth , on its way to Mars , communications ceased due to failure of its antenna orientation system . In 1964 , both Soviet probe launches , of Zond 1964A on June 4 , and Zond 2 on November 30 , ( part of the Zond program ) , resulted in failures . Zond 1964A had a failure at launch , while communication was lost with Zond 2 en route to Mars after a mid-course maneuver , in early May 1965 . In 1969 , and as part of the Mars probe program , the Soviet Union prepared two identical 5 - ton orbiters called M - 69 , dubbed by NASA as Mars 1969A and Mars 1969B . Both probes were lost in launch - related complications with the newly developed Proton rocket . 1970s ( edit ) The USSR intended to have the first artificial satellite of Mars beating the planned American Mariner 8 and Mariner 9 Mars orbiters .", "9": "In May 1971 , one day after Mariner 8 malfunctioned at launch and failed to reach orbit , Cosmos 419 ( Mars 1971C ) , a heavy probe of the Soviet Mars program M - 71 , also failed to launch . This spacecraft was designed as an orbiter only , while the next two probes of project M - 71 , Mars 2 and Mars 3 , were multipurpose combinations of an orbiter and a lander with small skis - walking rovers that would be the first planet rovers outside the Moon . They were successfully launched in mid-May 1971 and reached Mars about seven months later . On November 27 , 1971 the lander of Mars 2 crash - landed due to an on - board computer malfunction and became the first man - made object to reach the surface of Mars . On 2 December 1971 , the Mars 3 lander became the first spacecraft to achieve a soft landing , but its transmission was interrupted after 14.5 seconds . The Mars 2 and 3 orbiters sent back a relatively large volume of data covering the period from December 1971 to March 1972 , although transmissions continued through to August . By 22 August 1972 , after sending back data and a total of 60 pictures , Mars 2 and 3 concluded their missions . The images and data enabled creation of surface relief maps , and gave information on the Martian gravity and magnetic fields . In 1973 , the Soviet Union sent four more probes to Mars : the Mars 4 and Mars 5 orbiters and the Mars 6 and Mars 7 fly - by / lander combinations . All missions except Mars 7 sent back data , with Mars 5 being most successful . That is not to say much about the fourth missions , Mars 5 died less than three weeks after entering orbit . Mars 5 transmitted just 60 images before a loss of pressurization in the transmitter housing ended the mission . Mars 6 lander transmitted data during descent , but failed upon impact . Mars 4 flew by the planet at a range of 2200 km returning one swath of pictures and radio occultation data , which constituted the first detection of the nightside ionosphere on Mars .", "10": "Mars 7 probe separated prematurely from the carrying vehicle due to a problem in the operation of one of the onboard systems ( attitude control or retro - rockets ) and missed the planet by 1,300 kilometres ( 8.7 × 10 au ) . Mariner program ( edit ) Main articles : Mariner program , Mariner 4 , Mariner 6 and 7 , and Mariner 9 The first close - up images taken of Mars in 1965 from Mariner 4 show an area about 330 km across by 1200 km from limb to bottom of frame . In 1964 , NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory made two attempts at reaching Mars . Mariner 3 and Mariner 4 were identical spacecraft designed to carry out the first flybys of Mars . Mariner 3 was launched on November 5 , 1964 , but the shroud encasing the spacecraft atop its rocket failed to open properly , dooming the mission . Three weeks later , on November 28 , 1964 , Mariner 4 was launched successfully on a 71⁄2 - month voyage to Mars ... Mariner 4 flew past Mars on July 14 , 1965 , providing the first close - up photographs of another planet . The pictures , gradually played back to Earth from a small tape recorder on the probe , showed impact craters . It provided radically more accurate data about the planet ; a surface atmospheric pressure of about 1 % of Earth 's and daytime temperatures of − 100 ° C ( − 148 ° F ) were estimated . No magnetic field or Martian radiation belts were detected . The new data meant redesigns for then planned Martian landers , and showed life would have a more difficult time surviving there than previously anticipated . Mariner Crater , as seen by Mariner 4 . The location is Phaethontis quadrangle . NASA continued the Mariner program with another pair of Mars flyby probes , Mariner 6 and 7 . They were sent at the next launch window , and reached the planet in 1969 . During the following launch window the Mariner program again suffered the loss of one of a pair of probes . Mariner 9 successfully entered orbit about Mars , the first spacecraft ever to do so , after the launch time failure of its sister ship , Mariner 8 .", "11": "When Mariner 9 reached Mars in 1971 , it and two Soviet orbiters ( Mars 2 and Mars 3 , see Mars probe program below ) found that a planet - wide dust storm was in progress . The mission controllers used the time spent waiting for the storm to clear to have the probe rendezvous with , and photograph , Phobos . When the storm cleared sufficiently for Mars ' surface to be photographed by Mariner 9 , the pictures returned represented a substantial advance over previous missions . These pictures were the first to offer more detailed evidence that liquid water might at one time have flowed on the planetary surface . They also finally discerned the true nature of many Martian albedo features . For example , Nix Olympica was one of only a few features that could be seen during the planetary duststorm , revealing it to be the highest mountain ( volcano , to be exact ) on any planet in the entire Solar System , and leading to its reclassification as Olympus Mons . Viking program ( edit ) Main articles : Viking program , Viking 1 , Viking 2 , and Viking spacecraft biological experiments The Viking program launched Viking 1 and 2 spacecraft to Mars in 1975 ; The program consisted of two orbiters and two landers -- these were the first two spacecraft to successfully land and operate on Mars . Viking 1 lander site ( 1st color , July 21 , 1976 ) . Viking 2 lander site ( 1st color , September 5 , 1976 ) . Viking 2 lander site ( September 25 , 1977 ) . ( False color image ) Frost at Viking 2 site ( May 18 , 1979 ) . Martian sunset over Chryse Planitia at Viking 1 site ( August 20 , 1976 ) . The primary scientific objectives of the lander mission were to search for biosignatures and observe meteorologic , seismic and magnetic properties of Mars . The results of the biological experiments on board the Viking landers remain inconclusive , with a reanalysis of the Viking data published in 2012 suggesting signs of microbial life on Mars . Flood erosion at Dromore crater . Tear - drop shaped islands at Oxia Palus . Streamlined islands in Lunae Palus . Scour patterns located in Lunae Palus .", "12": "The Viking orbiters revealed that large floods of water carved deep valleys , eroded grooves into bedrock , and traveled thousands of kilometers . Areas of branched streams , in the southern hemisphere , suggest that rain once fell . Mars Pathfinder ( edit ) Sojourner takes Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer measurements of the Yogi Rock . Main articles : Mars Pathfinder and Mars landing Mars Pathfinder was a U.S. spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars on July 4 , 1997 . It consisted of a lander and a small 10.6 kilograms ( 23 lb ) wheeled robotic rover named Sojourner , which was the first rover to operate on the surface of Mars . In addition to scientific objectives , the Mars Pathfinder mission was also a `` proof - of - concept '' for various technologies , such as an airbag landing system and automated obstacle avoidance , both later exploited by the Mars Exploration Rovers . Mars Global Surveyor ( edit ) Main article : Mars Global Surveyor Gullies , similar to those formed on Earth , are visible on this image from Mars Global Surveyor . After the 1992 failure of NASA 's Mars Observer orbiter , NASA retooled and launched Mars Global Surveyor ( MGS ) . Mars Global Surveyor launched on November 7 , 1996 , and entered orbit on September 12 , 1997 . After a year and a half trimming its orbit from a looping ellipse to a circular track around the planet , the spacecraft began its primary mapping mission in March 1999 . It observed the planet from a low - altitude , nearly polar orbit over the course of one complete Martian year , the equivalent of nearly two Earth years . Mars Global Surveyor completed its primary mission on January 31 , 2001 , and completed several extended mission phases . The mission studied the entire Martian surface , atmosphere , and interior , and returned more data about the red planet than all previous Mars missions combined . The data has been archived and remains available publicly . A color - coded elevation map produced from data collected by Mars Global Surveyor indicating the result of floods on Mars . Among key scientific findings , Global Surveyor took pictures of gullies and debris flow features that suggest there may be current sources of liquid water , similar to an aquifer , at or near the surface of the planet .", "13": "Similar channels on Earth are formed by flowing water , but on Mars the temperature is normally too cold and the atmosphere too thin to sustain liquid water . Nevertheless , many scientists hypothesize that liquid groundwater can sometimes surface on Mars , erode gullies and channels , and pool at the bottom before freezing and evaporating . Magnetometer readings showed that the planet 's magnetic field is not globally generated in the planet 's core , but is localized in particular areas of the crust . New temperature data and closeup images of the Martian moon Phobos showed that its surface is composed of powdery material at least 1 metre ( 3 feet ) thick , caused by millions of years of meteoroid impacts . Data from the spacecraft 's laser altimeter gave scientists their first 3 - D views of Mars ' north polar ice cap . On November 5 , 2006 MGS lost contact with Earth . NASA ended efforts to restore communication on January 28 , 2007 . Mars Odyssey and Mars Express ( edit ) Main articles : 2001 Mars Odyssey and Mars Express In 2001 , NASA 's Mars Odyssey orbiter arrived at Mars . Its mission is to use spectrometers and imagers to hunt for evidence of past or present water and volcanic activity on Mars . In 2002 , it was announced that the probe 's gamma - ray spectrometer and neutron spectrometer had detected large amounts of hydrogen , indicating that there are vast deposits of water ice in the upper three meters of Mars ' soil within 60 ° latitude of the south pole . On June 2 , 2003 , the European Space Agency 's Mars Express set off from Baikonur Cosmodrome to Mars . The Mars Express craft consists of the Mars Express Orbiter and the stationary lander Beagle 2 . The lander carried a digging device and the smallest mass spectrometer created to date , as well as a range of other devices , on a robotic arm in order to accurately analyze soil beneath the dusty surface to look for biosignatures and biomolecules . The orbiter entered Mars orbit on December 25 , 2003 , and Beagle 2 entered Mars ' atmosphere the same day . However , attempts to contact the lander failed .", "14": "Communications attempts continued throughout January , but Beagle 2 was declared lost in mid-February , and a joint inquiry was launched by the UK and ESA . The Mars Express Orbiter confirmed the presence of water ice and carbon dioxide ice at the planet 's south pole , while NASA had previously confirmed their presence at the north pole of Mars . The lander 's fate remained a mystery until it was located intact on the surface of Mars in a series of images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter . The images suggest that two of the spacecraft 's four solar panels failed to deploy , blocking the spacecraft 's communications antenna . Beagle 2 is the first British and first European probe to achieve a soft landing on Mars . MER and Phoenix ( edit ) Main articles : Mars Exploration Rover , Opportunity rover , Spirit rover , and Phoenix lander See also : Mars landing Polar surface as seen by the Phoenix lander . NASA 's Mars Exploration Rover Mission ( MER ) , started in 2003 , is an ongoing robotic space mission involving two rovers , Spirit ( MER - A ) and Opportunity , ( MER - B ) exploring the Martian surface geology . The mission 's scientific objective is to search for and characterize a wide range of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity on Mars . The mission is part of NASA 's Mars Exploration Program , which includes three previous successful landers : the two Viking program landers in 1976 ; and Mars Pathfinder probe in 1997 . Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ( edit ) Main article : Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Slope streaks as seen by HiRise The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ( MRO ) is a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit . The $720 million USD spacecraft was built by Lockheed Martin under the supervision of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory , launched August 12 , 2005 , and entered Mars orbit on March 10 , 2006 . The MRO contains a host of scientific instruments such as the HiRISE camera , CTX camera , CRISM , and SHARAD . The HiRISE camera is used to analyze Martian landforms , whereas CRISM and SHARAD can detect water , ice , and minerals on and below the surface .", "15": "Additionally , MRO is paving the way for upcoming generations of spacecraft through daily monitoring of Martian weather and surface conditions , searching for future landing sites , and testing a new telecommunications system that enable it to send and receive information at an unprecedented bitrate , compared to previous Mars spacecraft . Data transfer to and from the spacecraft occurs faster than all previous interplanetary missions combined and allows it to serve as an important relay satellite for other missions . Rosetta and Dawn swingbys ( edit ) Main articles : Rosetta ( spacecraft ) and Dawn Mission The ESA Rosetta space probe mission to the comet 67P / Churyumov - Gerasimenko flew within 250 km of Mars on February 25 , 2007 , in a gravitational slingshot designed to slow and redirect the spacecraft . The NASA Dawn spacecraft used the gravity of Mars in 2009 to change direction and velocity on its way to Vesta , and tested out Dawn 's cameras and other instruments on Mars . Fobos - Grunt ( edit ) Main article : Fobos - Grunt In November 8 , 2011 , Russia 's Roscosmos launched an ambitious mission called Fobos - Grunt . It consisted of a lander aimed to retrieve a sample back to Earth from Mars ' moon Phobos , and place the Chinese Yinghuo - 1 probe in Mars ' orbit . The Fobos - Grunt mission suffered a complete control and communications failure shortly after launch and was left stranded in low Earth orbit , later falling back to Earth . The Yinghuo - 1 satellite and Fobos - Grunt underwent destructive re-entry on January 15 , 2012 , finally disintegrating over the Pacific Ocean . Curiosity rover ( edit ) Main articles : Mars Science Laboratory , Curiosity rover , and Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity 's view of Aeolis Mons ( `` Mount Sharp '' ) foothills on August 9 , 2012 EDT ( white balanced image ) . The NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission with its rover named Curiosity , was launched on November 26 , 2011 , and landed on Mars on August 6 , 2012 on Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater . The rover carries instruments designed to look for past or present conditions relevant to the past or present habitability of Mars .", "16": "MAVEN ( edit ) NASA 's MAVEN is an orbiter mission to study the upper atmosphere of Mars . It will also serve as a communications relay satellite for robotic landers and rovers on the surface of Mars . MAVEN was launched 18 November 2013 and reached Mars on 22 September 2014 . Mars Orbiter mission ( edit ) The Mars Orbiter Mission , also called Mangalyaan , was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) . It was successfully inserted into Martian orbit on 24 September 2014 . The mission is a technology demonstrator , and as secondary objective , it will also study the Martian atmosphere . This is India 's first mission to Mars , and with it , ISRO became the fourth space agency to successfully reach Mars after the Soviet Union , NASA ( USA ) and ESA ( Europe ) . It also made ISRO the second space agency to reach Mars orbit on its first attempt ( the first national one , after the international ESA ) , and also the first Asian country to successfully send an orbiter to Mars . It was completed in a record low budget of $71 million , making it the least - expensive Mars mission to date . Trace Gas Orbiter and EDM ( edit ) Main articles : Trace Gas Orbiter and Schiaparelli EDM lander The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter is an atmospheric research orbiter built in collaboration between ESA and Roscosmos . It was injected into Mars orbit on 19 October 2016 to gain a better understanding of methane ( CH ) and other trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere that could be evidence for possible biological or geological activity . Future missions ( edit ) See also : Mars sample return mission Computer - design drawing for NASA 's 2020 Mars Rover . In August 2012 , NASA selected InSight , a $425 million lander mission , with a drill and seismometer to determine the interior structure of Mars . Two flyby CubeSats called MarCO will be launched with InSight to provide real - time telemetry during the entry and landing of InSight . The CubeSats will separate from the Atlas V booster after launch and travel on their own trajectories to Mars . The launch has been rescheduled from March 2016 to May 2018 .", "17": "As part of the ExoMars program , ESA and the Russian Federal Space Agency plan to send the ExoMars rover in 2020 to search for past or present microscopic life on Mars . The Mars 2020 rover mission by NASA will be launched in 2020 , and it is based on the Mars Science Laboratory design . The scientific payload will be focused on astrobiology . The 2020 Chinese Mars Mission is planned to comprise an orbiter , a lander and a small rover . The United Arab Emirates will send an orbiter to Mars , the Emirates Mars Mission , in 2020 . The ISRO plans to send a follow up mission to its Mars Orbiter Mission in the 2021 -- 2022 timeframe ; it is called Mangalyaan 2 . This mission will consist of an orbiter , and probably a rover . Proposals ( edit ) The Finnish - Russian Mars MetNet concept would use multiple small meteorological stations on Mars to establish a widespread observation network to investigate the planet 's atmospheric structure , physics and meteorology . The MetNet precursor or demonstrator was considered for a piggyback launch on Fobos - Grunt , and on the two proposed to fly on the 2016 and 2020 ExoMars spacecraft . The Mars - Grunt is a Russian mission concept to bring a sample of Martian soil to Earth . A ESA - NASA team produced a three - launch architecture concept for a Mars sample return , which uses a rover to cache small samples , a Mars ascent stage to send it into orbit , and an orbiter to rendezvous with it above Mars and take it to Earth . Solar - electric propulsion could allow a one launch sample return instead of three . The Mars Scout Program 's SCIM would involve a probe grazing the upper atmosphere of Mars to collect dust and air for return to Earth . On 10 Nov 2014 , China unveiled a prototype model of a Mars rover based on its lunar rover Yutu at an annual air show at Zhuhai . The CASC also said that a mission including an orbiter , lander and the rover ( 2020 Chinese Mars Mission ) will be sent in 2020 . Japan is working on a mission concept called MELOS rover that would look for biosignatures of extant life on Mars .", "18": "Other future mission concepts include polar probes , Martian aircraft and a network of small meteorological stations . Longterm areas of study may include Martian lava tubes , resource utilization , and electronic charge carriers in rocks . Micromissions are another possibility , such as piggybacking a small spacecraft on an Ariane 5 rocket and using a lunar gravity assist to get to Mars . Human mission proposals ( edit ) Concept for NASA Design Reference Mission Architecture 5.0 ( 2009 ) . Main article : Human mission to Mars Many people have long advocated a human mission to Mars , perhaps eventually leading to the permanent colonization of Mars , as the next logical step for a human space program after lunar exploration . Aside from the prestige such a mission would bring , advocates argue that humans would easily be able to outperform robotic explorers , justifying the expense . Aerospace engineer Bob Zubrin is one of the proponents of such missions . Some critics contend unmanned robots can perform better than humans at a fraction of the expense . If life exists on Mars , a human mission could contaminate it by introducing earthly microbes , so robotic exploration would be preferable . NASA ( edit ) Artistic simulated photo looking out a portal spacecraft coming for a Mars landing . Human exploration by the United States was identified as a long - term goal in the Vision for Space Exploration announced in 2004 by then US President George W. Bush . The planned Orion spacecraft would be used to send a human expedition to Earth 's moon by 2020 as a stepping stone to a Mars expedition . On September 28 , 2007 , NASA administrator Michael D. Griffin stated that NASA aims to put a person on Mars by 2037 . On December 2 , 2014 , NASA 's Advanced Human Exploration Systems and Operations Mission Director Jason Crusan and Deputy Associate Administrator for Programs James Reuthner announced tentative support for the Boeing `` Affordable Mars Mission Design '' including radiation shielding , centrifugal artificial gravity , in - transit consumable resupply , and a lander which can return . Reuthner suggested that if adequate funding was forthcoming , the proposed mission would be expected in the early 2030s . On October 8 , 2015 , NASA published its official plan for human exploration and colonization of Mars . They called it `` Journey to Mars '' .", "19": "The plan operates through three distinct phases leading up to fully sustained colonization . The first stage , already underway , is the `` Earth Reliant '' phase . This phase continues utilizing the International Space Station until 2024 ; validating deep space technologies and studying the effects of long duration space missions on the human body . The second stage , `` Proving Ground , '' moves away from Earth reliance and ventures into cislunar space for most of its tasks . This is when NASA plans to capture an asteroid ( planned for 2020 ) , test deep space habitation facilities , and validate capabilities required for human exploration of Mars . Finally , phase three is the transition to independence from Earth resources . The last stage , the `` Earth Independent '' phase , includes long term missions on the lunar surface which leverage surface habitats that only require routine maintenance , and the harvesting of Martian resources for fuel , water , and building materials . NASA is still aiming for human missions to Mars in the 2030s , though Earth independence could take decades longer . Journey to Mars -- Science , Exploration , Technology . On August 28 , 2015 , NASA funded a year long simulation to study the effects of a year long Mars mission on six scientists . The scientists lived in a bio dome on a Mauna Loa mountain in Hawaii with limited connection to the outside world and were only allowed outside if they were wearing spacesuits . NASAs human Mars exploration plans have evolved through the NASA Mars Design Reference Missions , a series of design studies for human exploration of Mars . Zubrin ( edit ) Mars Direct , a low - cost human mission proposed by Robert Zubrin , founder of the Mars Society , would use heavy - lift Saturn V class rockets , such as the Ares V , to skip orbital construction , LEO rendezvous , and lunar fuel depots . A modified proposal , called `` Mars to Stay '' , involves not returning the first immigrant explorers immediately , if ever ( see Colonization of Mars ) .", "20": "Probing difficulties ( edit ) Deep Space 2 technology Mars Spacecraft 1988 -- 1999 Spacecraft Outcome Phobos 1 Failure Phobos 2 Failure Mars Observer Failure Mars 96 Failure Mars Pathfinder Success Mars Global Surveyor Success Mars Climate Orbiter Failure Mars Polar Lander Failure Deep Space 2 Failure Nozomi Failure The challenge , complexity and length of Mars missions have led to many mission failures . The high failure rate of missions launched from Earth attempting to explore Mars is informally called the `` Mars Curse '' or `` Martian Curse '' . The phrase `` Galactic Ghoul '' or `` Great Galactic Ghoul '' , referring to a fictitious space monster that subsists on a diet of Mars probes , was coined in 1997 by Time Magazine journalist Donald Neff , and is sometimes facetiously used to `` explain '' the recurring difficulties . Two Soviet probes were sent to Mars in 1988 as part of the Phobos program . Phobos 1 operated normally until an expected communications session on 2 September 1988 failed to occur . The problem was traced to a software error , which deactivated attitude thrusters causing the spacecrafts ' solar arrays to no longer point at the Sun , depleting Phobos 1 batteries . Phobos 2 operated normally throughout its cruise and Mars orbital insertion phases on January 29 , 1989 , gathering data on the Sun , interplanetary medium , Mars , and Phobos . Shortly before the final phase of the mission , during which the spacecraft was to approach within 50 m of Phobos ' surface and release two landers , one a mobile ' hopper ' , the other a stationary platform , contact with Phobos 2 was lost . The mission ended when the spacecraft signal failed to be successfully reacquired on March 27 , 1989 . The cause of the failure was determined to be a malfunction of the on - board computer . Just a few years later in 1992 Mars Observer , launched by NASA , failed as it approached Mars . Mars 96 , an orbiter launched on November 16 , 1996 by Russia failed , when the planned second burn of the Block D - 2 fourth stage did not occur .", "21": "Following the success of Global Surveyor and Pathfinder , another spate of failures occurred in 1998 and 1999 , with the Japanese Nozomi orbiter and NASA 's Mars Climate Orbiter , Mars Polar Lander , and Deep Space 2 penetrators all suffering various fatal errors . The Mars Climate Orbiter was noted for mixing up U.S. customary units with metric units , causing the orbiter to burn up while entering Mars ' atmosphere . The European Space Agency has also attempted to land two probes on the Martian surface ; Beagle 2 , a British - built lander that failed to deploy its solar arrays properly after touchdown in December 2003 , and Schiaparelli , which was flown along the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter . Contact with the Schiaparelli EDM lander was lost 50 seconds before touchdown . It was later confirmed that the lander struck the surface at a high velocity , possibly exploding . Timeline of Mars Exploration ( edit ) Source : Totals ( edit ) Mission type Success rate Total attempts Success Partial success Launch failure Failed en route Failed to orbit / land Flyby 45 % 11 5 0 0 Orbiter 50 % 23 10 5 Lander 53 % 15 7 0 Rover 66 % 6 0 0 0 Total 53 % 55 26 9 8 9 Yearly statistics ( edit ) This chart lists launches to Mars , two other considerations are how long the mission lasts . For example , there were not many missions launched in the late 1970s , but this was a time where the Viking program had two orbiters and two landers active at Mars , and one lander remained active until 1982 . Another consideration is size and effort of each mission .", "22": "5 1960 1965 1970 1980 1985 1995 2000 2005 2015 2020 failure partial success success in transit scheduled Timeline ( edit ) Mission ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Launch Arrival at Mars Termination Elements Outcome Mission budget , bn USD Launch mass , t Mass of orbiter / lander / rover , t Mars 1M No. 1 10 October 1960 10 October 1960 Flyby Failure ( at launch ) 0.66 Mars 1M No. 2 14 October 1960 14 October 1960 Flyby Failure ( at launch ) 0.66 Mars 2MV - 4 No. 1 24 October 1962 24 October 1962 Flyby Failure ( broke up shortly after launch ) 0.88 Mars 1 1 November 1962 21 March 1963 Flyby Partial success : some data collected , but lost contact before reaching Mars , flyby at approx. 193,000 km 0.89 Mars 2MV - 3 No.", "23": "1 4 November 1962 19 January 1963 Lander Failure ( failed to leave Earth 's orbit ) 0.90 0.26 Mariner 3 5 November 1964 5 November 1964 Flyby Failure during launch ruined trajectory 0.26 Mariner 4 28 November 1964 14 July 1965 21 December 1967 Flyby Success ( 21 images returned ) 0.08 0.26 Zond 2 30 November 1964 May 1965 Flyby ( intended lander ) Failure ( communication lost three months before reaching Mars ) 0.98 Mariner 6 25 February 1969 31 July 1969 August 1969 Flyby Success 0.41 Mariner 7 27 March 1969 5 August 1969 August 1969 Flyby Success 0.41 Mars 2M No. 521 27 March 1969 27 March 1969 Orbiter Failure ( at launch ) 3.55 2.10 Mars 2M No.", "24": "522 2 April 1969 2 April 1969 Orbiter Failure ( at launch ) 3.55 2.10 Mission ( 1970 -- 1989 ) Launch Arrival at Mars Termination Elements Outcome Mission budget , bn USD Launch mass , t Mass of orbiter / lander / rover , t Mariner 8 8 May 1971 8 May 1971 Orbiter Failure ( at launch ) 1.00 0.60 Kosmos 419 10 May 1971 12 May 1971 Orbiter Failure ( at launch ) 3.80 2.50 Mariner 9 30 May 1971 14 November 1971 27 October 1972 Orbiter Success ( first successful orbit ) 1.00 0.52 Mars 2 19 May 1971 27 November 1971 22 August 1972 Orbiter Success 4.65 2.50 27 November 1971 Lander , rover Failure . Crashed on surface of Mars 0.85 Mars 3 28 May 1971 2 December 1971 22 August 1972 Orbiter Success 4.65 2.50 2 December 1971 Lander , rover Partial success . First successful landing ; landed softly but ceased transmission within 15 seconds 0.85 Mars 4 21 July 1973 10 February 1974 10 February 1974 Orbiter Partial success ( could not enter orbit , made a close flyby ) 3.55 2.40 Mars 5 25 July 1973 2 February 1974 21 February 1974 Orbiter Partial success . Entered orbit and returned data , but failed within 9 days 3.55 2.40 Mars 6 5 August 1973 12 March 1974 12 March 1974 Lander Partial success .", "25": "Data returned during descent but not after landing on Mars 4.55 0.85 Mars 7 9 August 1973 9 March 1974 9 March 1974 Lander Failure . Landing probe separated prematurely ; entered heliocentric orbit 4.55 0.85 Viking 1 20 August 1975 20 July 1976 17 August 1980 Orbiter Success 0.5 3.53 2.33 13 November 1982 Lander Success 0.61 Viking 2 9 September 1975 3 September 1976 25 July 1978 Orbiter Success 0.5 3.53 2.33 11 April 1980 Lander Success 0.61 Phobos 1 7 July 1988 2 September 1988 Orbiter Partial success . Returned some data . Contact lost while en route to Mars 6.22 Lander Failure . Not deployed 0.09 Phobos 2 12 July 1988 29 January 1989 27 March 1989 Orbiter Partial success : entered orbit and returned some data . Contact lost just before deployment of landers 6.22 Landers Failure . Not deployed 0.07 Mission ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Launch Arrival at Mars Termination Elements Outcome Mission budget , bn USD Launch mass , t Mass of orbiter / lander / rover , t Mars Observer 25 September 1992 24 August 1993 21 August 1993 Orbiter Failure .", "26": "Lost contact just before arrival 0.8 2.5 Mars Global Surveyor 7 November 1996 11 September 1997 5 November 2006 Orbiter Success 0.74 Mars 96 16 November 1996 17 November 1996 Orbiter , lander , penetrator Failure ( at launch ) 6.83 2.59 Mars Pathfinder 4 December 1996 4 July 1997 27 September 1997 Lander Success 0.89 0.36 Sojourner Rover Success Nozomi ( Planet - B ) 3 July 1998 9 December 2003 Orbiter Failure . Complications while en route ; Never entered orbit 0.54 0.26 Mars Climate Orbiter 11 December 1998 23 September 1999 23 September 1999 Orbiter Failure . Crashed on surface due to metric - imperial mix - up 0.63 0.54 Mars Polar Lander 3 January 1999 3 December 1999 3 December 1999 Lander Failure . Crash - landed on surface due to improper hardware testing 0.58 0.29 Deep Space 2 ( DS2 ) Hard landers Mission ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Launch Arrival at Mars Termination Elements Outcome Mission budget , bn USD Launch mass , t Mass of orbiter / lander / rover , t 2001 Mars Odyssey 7 April 2001 24 October 2001 Currently operational Orbiter Success 0.3 0.73 0.33 Mars Express 2 June 2003 25 December 2003 Currently operational Orbiter Success 0.3 1.12 0.60 Beagle 2 6 February 2004 Lander Failure . Landed safely but failed to fully deploy . Could not return any data .", "27": "0.06 MER - A Spirit 10 June 2003 4 January 2004 22 March 2011 Rover Success MER - B Opportunity 7 July 2003 25 January 2004 Currently operational Rover Success 0.4 Rosetta 2 March 2004 25 February 2007 30 September 2016 Flyby / Gravity assist en route to comet 67P / Churyumov - Gerasimenko Success ( successful Mars flyby ) . 1.8 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 12 August 2005 10 March 2006 Currently operational Orbiter Success 0.7 Phoenix 4 August 2007 25 May 2008 10 November 2008 Lander Success 0.4 Dawn 27 September 2007 17 February 2009 Currently operational Flyby -- gravity assist to Vesta Success ( successful Mars flyby ) . 0.4 Mission ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Launch Arrival at Mars Termination Elements Outcome Mission budget , bn USD Launch mass , t Mass of orbiter / lander / rover , t Fobos - Grunt 8 November 2011 8 November 2011 Phobos lander , sample return Failure . Failed to leave Earth orbit . Fell back to Earth .", "28": "0.2 13.5 2.30 Yinghuo - 1 8 November 2011 Orbiter 0.12 MSL Curiosity 26 November 2011 6 August 2012 Currently operational Rover Success 2.5 3.89 2.91 Mars Orbiter Mission 5 November 2013 24 September 2014 Currently operational Orbiter Success 0.07 1.34 0.50 MAVEN 18 November 2013 22 September 2014 Currently operational Orbiter Success 0.7 2.45 0.81 ExoMars TGO March 14 , 2016 October 19 , 2016 Currently operational Orbiter Success 4.33 1.43 Schiaparelli October 19 , 2016 Lander Partial success . Crash - landed on surface , but transmitted data during descent . 0.60 Planned missions ( edit ) Name Estimated launch Elements Notes InSight 5 May 2018 Lander Study interior structure of Mars . Mars Cube One 2 probes , flyby To provide telemetry during atmospheric entry and landing of InSight . ExoMars 2020 Surface platform Meteorological tests , and deployment of rover . Rover Search for the existence of past or present life on Mars . Mars 2020 2020 Rover Astrobiology objectives ; rover is based on the Curiosity rover . Mars Hope 2020 Orbiter Atmospheric studies ; would become the first Arab probe to Mars . Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover 2020 Orbiter , rover Technology demonstration ; science Proposals under study ( edit ) Name Proposed launch Elements Notes Mars MetNet precursor 2018 or later Single impact lander test Precursor for multi-lander network . Mars MetNet after precursor Multi-lander network Simultaneous meteorological measurements at multiple locations .", "29": "Mars Geyser Hopper 2018 Lander Would have the ability to fly or `` hop '' at least twice from its landed location to reposition itself close to a CO geyser site . Northern Light 2018 Lander , rover Mission designed by Canadian organisations and Thoth Technology Inc . Mangalyaan 2 2018 -- 2020 Orbiter , lander Mars orbiter and lander launched by a GSLV launcher . Icebreaker Life 2018 or 2020 Stationary lander Based on the 2008 Phoenix lander , would perform astrobiology tests on sub-surface ice . PADME 2020 Orbiter Would study Phobos and Deimos Inspiration Mars Foundation 2021 Manned flyby Private mission to send two humans around Mars on a free return trajectory , without landing . Martian Moons Exploration 2022 Lander , sample return Sample return from Phobos and remote sensing of Deimos ; will also observe the atmosphere of Mars Mars 2022 2022 Orbiter Communications relay , mapping Phootprint 2024 Lander and ascent stage Mars moon sample return mission . Fobos - Grunt ( repeat mission ) 2024 Lander , ascent stage Phobos sample return . Mars Orbiter 2027 Orbiter First South Korean Mars exploration . MELOS 2020s Rover A rover ; may include a small aircraft Mars - Grunt 2020s Orbiter , lander , ascent stage Single launch Mars sample return . BOLD 2020s 6 impact landers The Biological Oxidant and Life Detection would perform astrobiology tests on sub-surface soil . Mars Lander 2030 Lander First South Korean Mars landing mission . Undeveloped concepts ( edit ) 1970s ( edit ) Mars 4NM and Mars 5NM -- projects intended by the Soviet Union for heavy Marsokhod ( in 1973 according to initial plan of 1970 ) and Mars sample return ( planned for 1975 ) missions by launching on N1 ( rocket ) that has never flown successfully .", "30": "Mars 5M ( Mars - 79 ) -- double - launching Soviet sample return mission planned to 1979 but cancelled due to complexity and technical problems Voyager - Mars -- USA , 1970s -- Two orbiters and two landers , launched by a single Saturn V rocket . 1990s ( edit ) Vesta -- the multiaimed Soviet mission , developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991 -- 1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding , included the flyby of Mars with delivering the aerostat and small landers or penetrators followed by flybys of 1 Ceres or 4 Vesta and some other asteroids with impact of penetrator on the one of them . Mars Aerostat -- Russian / French balloon part for cancelled Vesta mission and then for failed Mars 96 mission , originally planned for the 1992 launch window , postponed to 1994 and then to 1996 before being cancelled . Mars Together , combined U.S. and Russian mission study in the 1990s . To be launched by a Molinya with possible U.S. orbiter or lander . Mars Environmental Survey -- set of 16 landers planned for 1999 -- 2009 Mars - 98 -- Russian mission including an orbiter , lander , and rover , planned for 1998 launch opportunity as repeat of failured Mars 96 mission and cancelled due to lack of funding 2000s ( edit ) Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander -- October 2001 -- Mars lander ( refurbished , became Phoenix lander ) Kitty Hawk -- Mars airplane micromission , proposed for December 17 , 2003 , the centennial of the Wright brothers ' first flight . Its funding was eventually given to the 2003 Mars Network project . NetLander -- 2007 or 2009 -- Mars netlanders Beagle 3 -- 2009 British lander mission meant to search for life , past or present .", "31": "Mars Telecommunications Orbiter -- September 2009 -- Mars orbiter for telecommunications 2010s ( edit ) Sky - Sailor -- 2014 -- Plane developed by Switzerland to take detailed pictures of Mars surface Mars Astrobiology Explorer - Cacher -- 2018 rover Red Dragon -- Derivative of a Dragon 2 capsule by SpaceX , designed to land by aerobraking and retropropulsion . Planned for 2018 , then 2020 . Cancelled in favor of an unspecified new landing method on future larger spacecraft . Tumbleweed rover . Mars One , orbiters , lander , rover . 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( 2009 ) Single Launch Architecture for Potential Mars Sample Return Mission Using Electric Propulsion . JPL / Caltech . Jump up ^ Jones , S.M. et al.", "42": "Mars Sample Return at 6 Kilometers per Second : Practical , Low Cost , Low Risk , and Ready . Ground Truth from Mars : Science Payoff from a Sample Return Mission , held April 21 -- 23 , 2008 , in Albuquerque , New Mexico . LPI Contribution No. 1401 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ `` China unveils its Mars rover after India 's successful ' Mangalyaan ' '' . The Times of India . 2014 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Miyamoto , Hirdy ( ed . ) . Current plan of the MELOS , a proposed Japanese Mars mission ( PDF ) . MEPAG meeting 2015 . Jump up ^ Decadal Survey Document Listing : White Papers Archived 2013 - 05 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . ( NASA ) Jump up ^ Balloons -- NASA . Mars.jpl.nasa.gov . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Oliver Morton -- ' ' ' MarsAir ' ' ' ( January 2000 ) -- Air & Space magazine . 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Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Journey To Mars : Pioneering Next Steps in Space Exploration '' ( PDF ) . www.nasa.gov . NASA . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CNN , James Griffiths . `` Mars simulation crew ' return to Earth ' after 365 days in isolation '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Slawson , Nicola ; agencies ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Mars scientists leave dome on Hawaii mountain after year in isolation '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mars Homestead Project -- Arrive , Survive , & Thrive ! '' . Marshome.org . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Liftoff for Aurora : Europe 's first steps to Mars , the Moon and beyond '' . October 11 , 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ The `` Mars Curse '' : Why Have So Many Missions Failed ? . Universetoday.com ( 2008 - 03 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Knight , Matthew . `` Beating the curse of Mars '' . Science & Space . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bothwell , William ( 2008 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Looking to Mars '' . Orangeville Citizen . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .", "44": "Jump up ^ `` The Depths of Space : The Story of the Pioneer Planetary Probes ( 2004 ) '' from The National Academies Press . URL accessed April 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Uncovering the Secrets of Mars '' ( first paragraph only ) . Time July 14 , 1997 Vol. 150 No. 2 . URL accessed April 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Matthews , John & Caitlin . `` The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures '' , Barnes & Noble Publishing , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 7885 - X Jump up ^ Dinerman , Taylor ( 2004 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Is the Great Galactic Ghoul losing his appetite ? '' . The space review . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Igor Lissov , with comments from Jim Oberg ( 1996 - 09 - 19 ) . `` What Really Happened With Mars - 96 ? '' . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` CNN -- Metric mishap caused loss of NASA orbiter -- September 30 , 1999 '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Schiaparelli Mars probe 's parachute ' jettisoned too early ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Space Images Schiaparelli Impact Site on Mars , in Color '' . Jpl.nasa.gov. 2016 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mars Exploration Program : Historical Log . Mars.jpl.nasa.gov . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Таблица запусков автоматических межпланетных танций '' ( Table of launches of automatic interplanetary stations ) . airbase.ru . Retrieved 9 February 2017 .", "45": "Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDCA -- Spacecraft -- Details '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2002 ) . `` 1973 '' . Deep Space Chronicle : A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958 -- 2000 ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History , No. 24 . NASA History Office . pp. 101 -- 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` ch8 - 6 '' . solarviews.com . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phobos 1 & 2 computer failures '' . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDCA -- Spacecraft -- Details '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA NSSDC Master Catalog -- Spacecraft Details -- Nozomi '' . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/odysseyarrival.pdf ^ Jump up to : NASA , JPL , . `` Spacecraft -- Mars Odyssey '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://library.cqpress.com/cqpac/hsdcp03p-229-9844-633819 ^ Jump up to : esa . `` Mars Express mission facts '' . esa.int . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lost Beagle2 probe found ' intact ' on Mars '' . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Economist 's View : Mars Opportunity Cost '' . typepad.com . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibney , Elizabeth ( 2014 ) . `` Duck - shaped comet could make Rosetta landing more difficult '' . nature.com . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2014.15579 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SYN ONLY : Get to Know MRO : Top 10 Facts About NASA 's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter '' . space.com .", "46": "Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NASA 's Phoenix Mars Mission Gets Thumbs Up for 2007 Launch '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDCA -- Spacecraft -- Details '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Data beamed from Russian probe ' indecipherable ' '' . RIA Novosti. 2011 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . the last ' window of opportunity ' for sending the probe to Mars ( is closed ) Jump up ^ Clark , Stephen . `` ESA shutting down Phobos - Grunt listening campaign '' . Spaceflight Now . Jump up ^ Hand , Eric ( 4 November 2011 ) . `` Russia takes aim at Phobos '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / news. 2011.630 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 -- via www.nature.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Конструкция АМС `` Фобос - Грунт '' `` . galspace.spb.ru . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MSL Readings Could Improve Safety for Human Mars Missions - SpaceNews.com '' . spacenews.com. 10 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/MSL_Landing_20120724.pdf Jump up ^ `` India 's mission to Mars successfully completes first stage '' . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Reporter , IBTimes Staff . `` India Successfully Launches First Mission to Mars ; PM Congratulates ISRO Team ( PHOTOS ) '' . ibtimes.co.in . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft -- ISRO '' . isro.gov.in . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Orbiter Mission ( MOM , `` Mangalyaan '' ) `` . skyrocket.de . Retrieved 9 February 2017 .", "47": "Jump up ^ `` With NASA Probe 's Arrival , International Mars Invasion Gets Under Way '' . nationalgeographic.com. 20 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAVEN '' Spacecraft `` . colorado.edu . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ esa . `` ExoMars TGO reaches Mars orbit while EDM situation under assessment '' . esa.int . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESA Approves Collaborative Mars Program with NASA '' . space.com . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter ( TGO ) '' . esa.int . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El estado de ExoMars -- Astronáutica '' . naukas.com. 14 September 2014 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Greicius , Tony ( 26 October 2016 ) . `` Further Clues to Fate of Mars Lander , Seen From Orbit '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Space Review : Why ESA 's Schiaparelli Mars can still be considered an overall success '' . thespacereview.com . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dwayne ; DeWitt , Sarah ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` NASA Announces Robust Multi-Year Mars Program ; New Rover to Close Out Decade of New Missions '' . NASA . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ China says it plans to land rover on Mars in 2020 . Shen Lu . CNN , 3 November 2015 Jump up ^ China 's 2020 Mars probe unveiled . GB Times , 3 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mars MetNet Mission '' . Finnish Meteorological Institute . April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Canadians aim to send micro-rover and lander to Mars in 2018 '' . cbc.ca .", "48": "Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - II in full progress : Isro ex-chief -- The Asian Age '' . 14 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2015 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India plans another Mars mission in 2017 -- 20 '' . The Times of India . Jul 18 , 2014 . Retrieved Jul 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Srikanth , B.R. ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Another Mars mission to be launched 2018 '' . The Asian Age . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Christopher P. McKay ; Carol R. Stoker , Brian J. Glass , Arwen I. Davé , Alfonso F. Davila , Jennifer L. Heldmann , Margarita M. Marinova , Alberto G. Fairen , Richard C. Quinn , Kris A. Zacny , Gale Paulsen , Peter H. Smith , Victor Parro , Dale T. Andersen , Michael H. Hecht , Denis Lacelle , and Wayne H. Pollard. ; Glass ; Davé ; Davila ; Heldmann ; Marinova ; Fairen ; Quinn ; Zacny ; Paulsen ; Smith ; Parro ; Andersen ; Hecht ; Lacelle ; Pollard ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Icebreaker Life Mission to Mars : A Search for Biomolecular Evidence for Life '' . Astrobiology. 13 ( 4 ) : 334 -- 353 . Bibcode : 2013AsBio ... 13 ... 334M . doi : 10.1089 / ast. 2012.0878 . PMID 23560417 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 30 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lee , Pascal ; Bicay , Michael ; Colapre , Anthony ; Elphic , Richard ( March 17 -- 21 , 2014 ) .", "49": "Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment ( PADME ) : A LADEE - Derived Mission to Explore Mars 's Moons and the Martian Orbital Environment ( PDF ) . 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Reyes , Tim ( 1 October 2014 ) . `` Making the Case for a Mission to the Martian Moon Phobos '' . Universe Today . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ griffincg.com . `` Inspiration Mars '' . Inspiration Mars . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` JAXA 、火星衛星「フォボス」探査 ... 22 年に '' . The Yomiuri Shimbun ( in Japanese ) . January 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Miyamoto , Hirdy ( 17 March 2016 ) . `` Japanese mission of the two moons of Mars with sample return from Phobos '' ( PDF ) . NASA MEPAG . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Clark ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` NASA eyes ion engines for Mars orbiter launching in 2022 '' . Space Flight Now . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Simon ; Ratcliffe , Andrew ; Buchwald , Robert ; Scheer , Heloise ; Chapuy , Marc ; Garland , Martin ( June 16 , 2014 ) . Phootprint : A European Phobos Sample Return Mission ( PDF ) . 11th International Planetary Probe Workshop . Airbus Defense and Space . Jump up ^ Koschny , Detlef ; Svedhem , Håkan ; Rebuffat , Denis ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Phootprint -- A Phobos sample return mission study '' . ESA .", "50": "Bibcode : 2014cosp ... 40E1592K . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rhian , Jason ( 13 May 2015 ) . `` With failures piling up , Roscosmos looking to retry Phobos - Grunt mission '' . Spaceflight Insider . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ T. Satoh -- MELOS -- JAXA Archived 2013 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . source Archived 2012 - 04 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Anderson , D. et al . The Biological Oxidant and Life Detection ( BOLD ) Mission : An outline for a new mission to Mars . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Wall , Mike ( 7 May 2012 ) . `` Space Probe Fleet Idea Would Search for Mars Life '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Korean Mars Mission Design Using KSLV - III . Young - Joo Song , Sung - Moon Yoo , Eun - Seo Park , Byung - Kyo Kim . January 2006 . Jump up ^ Design Study of a Korean Mars Mission . International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences Volume 5 , Issue 2 ; 2004 , pp. 54 -- 61 ; Publisher : The Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences ; DOI : 10.5139 / IJASS. 2004.5. 2.054 Jump up ^ Советский грунт с Марса ( in Russian ) . www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru Archived November 26 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ C. Tarrieu , `` Status of the Mars 96 Aerostat Development '' , Paper IAF - 93 - Q. 3.399 , 44th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation , 1993 . Jump up ^ P.B.", "51": "de Selding , `` Planned French Balloon May Be Dropped '' , Space News , 17 -- 23 April 1995 , pp. 1 , 20 Jump up ^ `` Mars Together Update '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mars Together : An Update `` '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Oliver Morton in To Mars , En Masse , pp. 1103 -- 04 , Science ( Magazine ) vol. 283 , 19 February 1999 , ISSN 0036 - 8075 Jump up ^ MIT Mars Airplane Project . Marsnews.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Exploring Mars : Blowing in the Wind ? Jpl.nasa.gov ( 2001 - 08 - 10 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 14 . Bibliography ( edit ) Mars -- A Warmer , Wetter Planet by Jeffrey S. Kargel ( published July 2004 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 85233 - 568 - 7 ) The Compact NASA Atlas of the Solar System by Ronald Greeley and Raymond Batson ( published January 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 80633 - X ) Mars : The NASA Mission Reports / edited by Robert Godwin ( 2000 ) ISBN 1 - 896522 - 62 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mars exploration . NASA Mars exploration website Mars Exploration Scientific American Maps and Articles Next on Mars ( Bruce Moomaw , Space Daily , 9 March 2005 ) : An extensive overview of NASA 's Mars exploration plans Catalog of Soviet Mars images Collection of Russian Mars probes ' images .", "52": "Simplified study of orbits to land on Mars and return to Earth ( High School level ) Planetary Society Mars page Mars Outline of Mars Geography Atmosphere Circulation Climate Dust devil tracks Methane Regions Arabia Terra Cerberus Hemisphere Cydonia Eridania Lake Iani Chaos Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Undae Ultimi Scopuli Vastitas Borealis Physical Features Canyons Catenae Chaos terrain Craters Fossae Gullies Mensae Labyrinthi Mountains by height Observed rocks Outflow channels Plains Valley network Valleys Gravity Geology Brain terrain Canals ( list ) Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Groundwater Gullies Lakes Lava tubes Lobate debris apron Meteorites on Earth on Mars North Polar Basin Ocean hypothesis Ore resources Polar caps Recurring slope lineae ( RSL ) Ring mold craters Rootless cones Seasonal flows Soil Spherules Surface `` Swiss cheese '' feature Terrain softening Tharsis bulge Volcanology Water Yardangs History Amazonian Hesperian Noachian Observation history Classical albedo features Astronomy Moons Phobos Stickney crater Monolith Deimos Swift crater Voltaire crater Transits Solar eclipses on Mars Satellite transits Phobos Deimos Planetary transits Earth Venus Mercury Asteroids Mars - crossers 2007 WD 5 Trojans 5261 Eureka 1998 VF 1999 UJ 2007 NS Comets C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) ( Mars close approach , 19 Oct 2014 ) Exploration Concepts Flyby Orbiter", "53": "Landing Rover Sample return Manned mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming Current ExoMars orbiter lander Mangalyaan Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity observed Mars Express 2001 Mars Odyssey Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE HiWish program Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity timeline MAVEN Past Beagle 2 Deep Space 2 Mariner program Mariner 4 Mariner 6 and 7 Mariner 9 Mars program Mars 1 Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 4 Mars 5 Mars 6 Mars 7 Mars 96 Mars Exploration Rover Spirit observed Mars Global Surveyor MOC Mars Observer Mars Pathfinder Sojourner Mars Surveyor ' 98 program Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Polar Lander Nozomi Phobos program Phobos 1 Phobos 2 Phoenix Viking program Viking 1 Viking 2 Yinghuo - 1 Zond 2 Future Emirates Mars Mission Mars Terahertz Microsatellite ExoMars rover surface platform InSight Mars Cube One Mangalyaan 2 Mars 2020 MOXIE PIXL SHERLOC Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover MMX Proposed Robotic Icebreaker Life Mars 2022 orbiter Mars Geyser Hopper Mars - Grunt MELOS MetNet Northern Light PADME Phobos Surveyor", "54": "Phootprint Human Mars Base Camp Mars Design Reference Mission Austere Human Missions to Mars Mars Direct Mars One Mars to Stay SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure Abandoned Caves of Mars Project Mars Piloted Orbital Station Red Dragon SCIM TMK Simulations Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition Haughton -- Mars Project HI - SEAS Mars Analogue Research Station Program Euro - MARS FMARS MARS - Oz MDRS MARS - 500 Strategies Mars Scout Program Mars Exploration Program Mars Exploration Joint Initiative Mars Next Generation Advocacy The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Foundation Mars Institute Mars Society ICAMSR Mars race Related Artificial objects on Mars Memorials on Mars Fiction List of films set on Mars Martian Martian scientist Mythology Phobos and Deimos in fiction Flag of Mars Life on Mars Sub-Earth Timekeeping on Mars Darian calendar Book Portal Geography and geology of Mars Cartography Regions Arabia Terra Cerberus Hemisphere Cydonia Eridania Lake Iani Chaos Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Undae Ultimi Scopuli Vastitas Borealis Quadrangles Aeolis Amazonis", "55": "Amenthes Arabia Arcadia Argyre Casius Cebrenia Coprates Diacria Elysium Eridania Hellas Iapygia Ismenius Lacus Lunae Palus Mare Acidalium Mare Australe ( South Pole ) Mare Boreum ( North Pole ) Mare Tyrrhenum Margaritifer Sinus Memnonia Noachis Oxia Palus Phaethontis Phoenicis Lacus Sinus Sabaeus Syrtis Major Tharsis Thaumasia Geology Overview Brain terrain Canals ( list ) Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Groundwater Gullies Lakes Lava tubes Lobate debris apron North Polar Basin Ocean hypothesis Ore resources Polar caps Recurring slope lineae ( RSL ) Ring mold craters Rootless cones Seasonal flows Soil Spherules Surface `` Swiss cheese '' feature Terrain softening Tharsis bulge Water Yardangs History Amazonian Hesperian Noachian Observation history Classical albedo features Rocks observed Curiosity Bathurst Inlet Coronation Goulburn Hottah Jake Matijevic Link Rocknest Rocknest 3 Tintina Opportunity Bounce El Capitan Last Chance Sojourner Barnacle Bill Yogi Spirit Adirondack Home Plate Mimi Pot of Gold", "56": "Viking Big Joe Other Face Monolith Meteorites found on Mars Block Island Heat Shield Mackinac Island Meridiani Planum Oileán Ruaidh Shelter Island Martian meteorites found on Earth Balsaltic Breccia Chassignites Nakhlites Shergottites Other List Topography Mountains and volcanoes Acidalia Colles Alba Mons Albor Tholus Anseris Mons Apollinaris Mons Arsia Mons Ascraeus Mons Astapus Colles Ausonia Montes Biblis Tholus Centauri Montes Ceraunius Tholus Charitum Montes Columbia Hills Echus Montes Elysium Elysium Mons Erebus Montes Galaxius Mons Hadriacus Mons Hellas Montes Hecates Tholus Jovis Tholus Libya Montes Mount Sharp Nereidum Montes Olympus Mons Orcus Patera Pavonis Mons Peneus Patera Phlegra Montes Pityusa Patera Syrtis Major Planum Tartarus Montes Tharsis Tharsis Montes Tharsis Tholus Tholus Tyrrhenus Mons Ulysses Tholus Uranius group Uranius Mons Uranius Tholus Volcanology By height Plains and plateaus Acidalia Planitia Aeolis Palus Amazonis Planitia Arcadia Planitia Argyre Planitia Chryse Planitia Daedalia Planum Elysium Planitia Eridania Planitia", "57": "Hellas Planitia Hesperia Planum Icaria Planum Isidis Planitia Lunae Planum Meridiani Planum Oxia Planum Planum Australe Planum Boreum Syria Planum Syrtis Major Planum Utopia Planitia Canyons and valleys Aram Chaos Arsia Chasmata Aromatum Chaos Atlantis Chaos Aureum Chaos Candor Chasma Chasma Boreale Coprates Chasma Echus Chasma Eos Chaos Eos Chasma Galaxias Chaos Ganges Chasma Gorgonum Chaos Hebes Chasma Hydaspis Chaos Hydraotes Chaos Iani Chaos Ister Chaos Ius Chasma Juventae Chasma Melas Chasma Ophir Chasma Tithonium Chasma Apsus Ares Arnus Asopus Athabasca Auqakuh Bahram Buvinda Dao Enipeus Frento Harmakhis Hebrus Hrad Huo Hsing Hypanis Iberus Indus Ituxi Kasei Labou Ladon Lethe Licus Ma'adam Mad Maja Mamers Mangala Marineris Marte Mawrth Minio Naktong Nanedi Niger Nirgal Padus Paraná Patapsco Peace Rahway Ravi Reull Sabis Samara Scamander Shalbatana Simud Stura Tader Tinia Tiu Tyras Uzboi Verde Warrego Olympus Rupes Gullies Outflow channels", "58": "Valley networks Fossae , mensae and labyrinthi Amenthes Fossae Ceraunius Fossae Cerberus Fossae Coloe Fossae Cyane Fossae Elysium Fossae Galaxias Fossae Hephaestus Fossae Icaria Fossae Labeatis Fossae Mangala Fossa Mareotis Fossae Medusae Fossae Memnonia Fossae Nili Fossae Olympica Fossae Oti Fossae Sirenum Fossae Tantalus Fossae Tithonium Fossae Tractus Fossae Aeolis Mensae Capri Mensa Cydonia Mensae Deuteronilus Mensae Ganges Mensa Nilosyrtis Mensae Protonilus Mensae Sacra Mensa Angustus Labyrinthus Noctis Labyrinthus Catenae and craters Artynia Catena Tithoniae Catenae Tractus Catena Adams Agassiz Airy Airy - 0 Aniak Antoniadi Arandas Argo Arkhangelsky Arrhenius Asimov Bacolor Bakhuysen Baldet Baltisk Bamberg Barabashov Barnard Beagle Becquerel Beer Belz Bernard Bianchini Boeddicker Bok Bond Bonestell Bonneville Brashear Briault Burroughs Burton Campbell Canso Cassini Caxias Cerulli Chafe Chapais Chincoteague Clark Coblentz Columbus Copernicus Corby Crewe", "59": "Crivitz Crommelin Cruls Curie Da Vinci Danielson Darwin Davies Dawes Dejnev Denning Dilly Dinorwic Douglass Dromore Du Martheray Eagle Eberswalde Eddie Ejriksson Emma Dean Endeavour Endurance Erebus Escalante Eudoxus Fenagh Fesenkov Firsoff Flammarion Flaugergues Focas Fontana Fournier Fram Galdakao Gale Galle Garni Gasa Gilbert Gill Gledhill Gold Graff Green Grindavik Gusev Hadley Haldane Hale Halley Hartwig Heaviside Heimdal Heinlein Helmholtz Henry Herschel Hipparchus Holden Holmes Hooke Huggins Hussey Hutton Huxley Huygens Iazu Ibragimov Inuvik Janssen Jarry - Desloges Jeans Jezero Jezža Joly Jones Kaiser Keeler Kepler Kinkora Kipini Knobel Koga Korolev Kufra Kuiper Kunowsky Lambert Lamont Lampland Lassell Lau Le Verrier Li Fan Liais Lipik Liu Hsin Llanesco Lockyer Lod Lohse Lomonosov Lowell Lyell Lyot Mädler Magelhaens Maggini Main Mandora Maraldi Mariner", "60": "Marth Martz Masursky Maunder McLaughlin McMurdo Mellish Mendel Mie Milankovic Millochau Mitchel Miyamoto Mohawk Mojave Molesworth Montevallo Moreux Müller Nansen Nereus Newton Nhill Nicholson Niesten Nipigon Onon Orson Welles Oudemans Palana Pangboche Pasteur Penticton Perepelkin Peridier Persbo Pettit Phillips Pickering Playfair Pollack Poona Porter Porth Priestley Proctor Ptolemaeus Púnsk Quenisset Rabe Radau Rahe Rayleigh Redi Renaudot Reuyl Reynolds Richardson Ritchey Robert Sharp Roddenberry Ross Rossby Rudaux Russell Rutherford Sagan Saheki Santa Maria Schaeberle Schiaparelli Schmidt Secchi Semeykin Sharonov Sibu Sinton Sitka Sklodowska Slipher Smith South Spallanzani Srīpur Steno Stokes Stoney Suess Suzhi Tarsus Taytay Teisserenc de Bort Terby Thila Thira Tikhonravov Tikhov Timbuktu Tombaugh Tooting Trouvelot Troy Trud Trumpler Tugaske Tycho Brahe Tyndall Udzha Vernal Very Victoria Vinogradov Vinogradsky", "61": "Virrat Vishniac Vogel Von Kármán Wallace Wegener Weinbaum Wells Williams Winslow Wirtz Wislicenus Wright Yuty Zumba Zunil Spacecraft missions to Mars Current Orbiters ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Mangalyaan Mars Express Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter MAVEN 2001 Mars Odyssey Rovers Curiosity timeline Opportunity observations Past Flybys Dawn Mariner 4 Mariner 6 Mariner 7 Mars 1 Mars 6 Mars 7 Nozomi Rosetta Zond 2 Orbiters Mariner 9 Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 4 Mars 5 Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Global Surveyor Mars Observer Phobos program Phobos 1 Phobos 2 Viking program Viking 1 Viking 2 Landers Beagle 2 ExoMars Schiaparelli Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 6 Mars 7 Mars Pathfinder Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2 Phoenix Viking 1 Viking 2 Rovers Prop - M Sojourner Spirit observations Special Zond 3 ( crossed Mars orbit ) Failed launch Fobos - Grunt / Yinghuo - 1 Kosmos 419 1M No.", "62": "1 1M No. 2 2MV - 4 No. 1 2MV - 3 No. 1 Mariner 3 2M No. 521 2M No. 522 Mariner 8 Mars 96 Planned InSight ( 2018 ) Mars Cube One Hope Mars Mission ( 2020 ) ExoMars ( 2020 ) rover surface platform Mars 2020 ( 2020 ) NASA Mars Helicopter Scout Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover ( 2020 ) Mars Terahertz Microsatellite ( 2020 ) Mars Orbiter Mission 2 ( 2021 or 2022 ) Psyche ( 2023 , flyby only ) MMX ( 2024 ) Proposed BOLD Icebreaker Life Inspiration Mars Mars 2022 Mars Geyser Hopper Mars - Grunt Mars Micro Orbiter ‎ Mars One Mars sample return mission MELOS rover MetNet Northern Light PADME Phootprint SCIM Sky - Sailor Cancelled / concepts ARES Astrobiology Field Laboratory Beagle 3 Mars 4NM & 5NM Mars 5M ( Mars - 79 ) Mars - Aster Mars Astrobiology Explorer - Cacher Mars Surveyor Lander Mars Telecommunications Orbiter NetLander Red Dragon Vesta Voyager Related Colonization of Mars Exploration of Mars List of artificial objects on Mars List of Mars orbiters Mars race Terraforming of Mars indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned . 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3760975515527240258	when was last time bayern munich won champions league	[ "2000–01", "2013", "2012–13", "2012–13", "2012–13" ]	{ "0": "List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals - wikipedia List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals Jump to : navigation , search List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals European Cup / Champions League trophy Founded 1955 Region Europe ( UEFA ) Number of teams 32 ( group stage ) 2 ( finalists ) Current champions Real Madrid ( 12th title ) Most successful club ( s ) Real Madrid ( 12 titles ) 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League The UEFA Champions League is a seasonal association football competition established in 1955 . The UEFA Champions League is open to the league champions of all UEFA ( Union of European Football Associations ) member associations ( except Liechtenstein , which has no league competition ) , as well as to the clubs finishing from second to fourth position in the strongest leagues . Prior to the 1992 -- 93 season , the tournament was named the European Cup . Originally , only the champions of their respective national league and the defending champion of the competition were allowed to participate . However , this was changed in 1997 to allow the runners - up of the stronger leagues to compete as well . The defending champion of the competition did not automatically qualify until the rules were changed in 2005 to allow title holders Liverpool to enter the competition . Teams that have won the UEFA Champions League three times in a row , or five times overall , receive a multiple - winner badge . Six teams have earned this privilege : Real Madrid , Ajax , Bayern Munich , Milan , Liverpool and Barcelona . Until 2009 , clubs that had earned that badge were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs ' Cup and a new one was commissioned ; since 2009 , the winning team each year has received a full - size replica of the trophy , while the original is retained by UEFA . A total of 22 clubs have won the Champions League / European Cup . Real Madrid hold the record for the most victories , having won the competition 12 times , including the inaugural competition . They have also won the competition the most times in a row , winning it five times from 1956 to 1960 . Juventus have been runners - up the most times , losing seven finals .", "1": "Atlético Madrid is the only team to reach three finals without having won the trophy while Stade de Reims and Valencia have finished as runners - up twice without winning . Spain has provided the most champions , with 17 wins from two clubs . Italy have produced 12 winners from three clubs and England have produced 12 winners from five clubs . English teams were banned from the competition for five years following the Heysel disaster in 1985 . The current champions are Real Madrid , who beat Juventus in the 2017 final . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of finals 2 Performances 2.1 By club 2.2 By nation 3 Venues 4 Notes 5 References List of finals ( edit ) Key Match was won during extra time * Match was won on a penalty shoot - out & Match was won after a replay The `` Season '' column refers to the season the competition was held , and wikilinks to the article about that season . The wikilinks in the `` Score '' column point to the article about that season 's final game . List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals Season Nation Winners Score Runners - up Nation Venue Attendance 1955 -- 56 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 3 Stade de Reims France Parc des Princes , Paris 38,239 1956 -- 57 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Fiorentina Italy Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 124,000 1957 -- 58 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Milan Italy Heysel Stadium , Brussels 67,000 1958 -- 59 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Stade de Reims France Neckarstadion , Stuttgart 72,000 1959 -- 60 Spain Real Madrid 7 -- 3 Eintracht Frankfurt West Germany Hampden Park , Glasgow 127,621 1960 -- 61 Portugal Benfica 3 -- 2 Barcelona Spain Wankdorf Stadium , Bern 26,", "2": "732 1961 -- 62 Portugal Benfica 5 -- 3 Real Madrid Spain Olympisch Stadion , Amsterdam 61,257 1962 -- 63 Italy Milan 2 -- 1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium , London 45,715 1963 -- 64 Italy Internazionale 3 -- 1 Real Madrid Spain Prater Stadium , Vienna 71,333 1964 -- 65 Italy Internazionale 1 -- 0 Benfica Portugal San Siro , Milan 89,000 1965 -- 66 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Partizan Yugoslavia Heysel Stadium , Brussels 46,745 1966 -- 67 Scotland Celtic 2 -- 1 Internazionale Italy Estádio Nacional , Lisbon 45,000 1967 -- 68 England Manchester United 4 -- 1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium , London 92,225 1968 -- 69 Italy Milan 4 -- 1 Ajax Netherlands Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 31,782 1969 -- 70 Netherlands Feyenoord 2 -- 1 Celtic Scotland San Siro , Milan 53,187 1970 -- 71 Netherlands Ajax 2 -- 0 Panathinaikos Greece Wembley Stadium , London 83,179 1971 -- 72 Netherlands Ajax 2 -- 0 Internazionale Italy De Kuip , Rotterdam 61,354 1972 -- 73 Netherlands Ajax 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Red Star Stadium , Belgrade 89,484 1973 -- 74 West Germany Bayern Munich 4 -- 0 Atlético Madrid Spain Heysel Stadium , Brussels 72,047 1974 -- 75 West Germany Bayern Munich 2 -- 0 Leeds United England Parc des Princes , Paris 48,", "3": "374 1975 -- 76 West Germany Bayern Munich 1 -- 0 Saint - Étienne France Hampden Park , Glasgow 54,864 1976 -- 77 England Liverpool 3 -- 1 Borussia Mönchengladbach West Germany Stadio Olimpico , Rome 52,078 1977 -- 78 England Liverpool 1 -- 0 Club Brugge Belgium Wembley Stadium , London 92,500 1978 -- 79 England Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 Malmö FF Sweden Olympiastadion , Munich 57,500 1979 -- 80 England Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 Hamburg West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 51,000 1980 -- 81 England Liverpool 1 -- 0 Real Madrid Spain Parc des Princes , Paris 48,360 1981 -- 82 England Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich West Germany De Kuip , Rotterdam 46,000 1982 -- 83 West Germany Hamburg 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Olympic Stadium , Athens 73,500 1983 -- 84 England Liverpool 1 -- 1 * Roma Italy Stadio Olimpico , Rome 69,693 1984 -- 85 Italy Juventus 1 -- 0 Liverpool England Heysel Stadium , Brussels 58,000 1985 -- 86 Romania Steaua București 0 -- 0 * Barcelona Spain Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville 70,000 1986 -- 87 Portugal Porto 2 -- 1 Bayern Munich West Germany Prater Stadium , Vienna 57,500 1987 -- 88 Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 * Benfica Portugal Neckarstadion , Stuttgart 68,", "4": "000 1988 -- 89 Italy Milan 4 -- 0 Steaua București Romania Camp Nou , Barcelona 97,000 1989 -- 90 Italy Milan 1 -- 0 Benfica Portugal Prater Stadium , Vienna 57,558 1990 -- 91 Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 0 -- 0 * Marseille France Stadio San Nicola , Bari 56,000 1991 -- 92 Spain Barcelona 1 -- 0 Sampdoria Italy Wembley Stadium , London 70,827 1992 -- 93 France Marseille 1 -- 0 Milan Italy Olympiastadion , Munich 64,400 1993 -- 94 Italy Milan 4 -- 0 Barcelona Spain Olympic Stadium , Athens 70,000 1994 -- 95 Netherlands Ajax 1 -- 0 Milan Italy Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna 49,730 1995 -- 96 Italy Juventus 1 -- 1 * Ajax Netherlands Stadio Olimpico , Rome 70,000 1996 -- 97 Germany Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion , Munich 59,000 1997 -- 98 Spain Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Amsterdam Arena , Amsterdam 48,500 1998 -- 99 England Manchester United 2 -- 1 Bayern Munich Germany Camp Nou , Barcelona 90,245 1999 -- 2000 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Valencia Spain Stade de France , Saint - Denis 80,000 2000 -- 01 Germany Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 * Valencia Spain San Siro , Milan 71,500 2001 -- 02 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Bayer Leverkusen Germany Hampden Park , Glasgow 50,", "5": "499 2002 -- 03 Italy Milan 0 -- 0 * Juventus Italy Old Trafford , Manchester 62,315 2003 -- 04 Portugal Porto 3 -- 0 Monaco France Arena AufSchalke , Gelsenkirchen 53,053 2004 -- 05 England Liverpool 3 -- 3 * Milan Italy Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul 69,000 2005 -- 06 Spain Barcelona 2 -- 1 Arsenal England Stade de France , Saint - Denis 79,610 2006 -- 07 Italy Milan 2 -- 1 Liverpool England Olympic Stadium , Athens 63,000 2007 -- 08 England Manchester United 1 -- 1 * Chelsea England Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow 67,310 2008 -- 09 Spain Barcelona 2 -- 0 Manchester United England Stadio Olimpico , Rome 62,467 2009 -- 10 Italy Internazionale 2 -- 0 Bayern Munich Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 73,490 2010 -- 11 Spain Barcelona 3 -- 1 Manchester United England Wembley Stadium , London 87,695 2011 -- 12 England Chelsea 1 -- 1 * Bayern Munich Germany Allianz Arena , Munich 62,500 2012 -- 13 Germany Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 Borussia Dortmund Germany Wembley Stadium , London 86,298 2013 -- 14 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Atlético Madrid Spain Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 60,976 2014 -- 15 Spain Barcelona 3 -- 1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion , Berlin 70,442 2015 -- 16 Spain Real Madrid 1 -- 1 * Atlético Madrid Spain San Siro , Milan 71,", "6": "942 2016 -- 17 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Juventus Italy Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 65,842 Upcoming finals Season Nation Finalist Match Finalist Nation Venue 2017 -- 18 -- NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev 2018 -- 19 -- Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid Performances ( edit ) See also : European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics § General performances By club ( edit ) Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club Club Winners Runners - up Years won Years runner - up Real Madrid 12 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 1962 , 1964 , 1981 Milan 7 1963 , 1969 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 , 2007 1958 , 1993 , 1995 , 2005 Bayern Munich 5 5 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 2001 , 2013 1982 , 1987 , 1999 , 2010 , 2012 Barcelona 5 1992 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 1961 , 1986 , 1994 Liverpool 5 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 2005 1985 , 2007 Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1995 1969 , 1996 Internazionale 1964 , 1965 , 2010 1967 , 1972 Manchester United 1968 , 1999 , 2008 2009 , 2011 Juventus 7 1985 , 1996 1973 , 1983 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003 , 2015 ,", "7": "2017 Benfica 5 1961 , 1962 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1988 , 1990 Nottingham Forest 0 1979 , 1980 -- Porto 0 1987 , 2004 -- Celtic 1967 1970 Hamburg 1980 Steaua București 1986 1989 Marseille 1993 1991 Borussia Dortmund 1997 2013 Chelsea 2012 2008 Feyenoord 0 1970 -- Aston Villa 0 1982 -- PSV Eindhoven 0 1988 -- Red Star Belgrade 0 1991 -- Atlético Madrid 0 -- 1974 , 2014 , 2016 Reims 0 -- 1956 , 1959 Valencia 0 -- 2000 ,", "8": "2001 Fiorentina 0 -- 1957 Eintracht Frankfurt 0 -- 1960 Partizan 0 -- 1966 Panathinaikos 0 -- 1971 Leeds United 0 -- Saint - Étienne 0 -- 1976 Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 -- 1977 Club Brugge 0 -- 1978 Malmö FF 0 -- 1979 Roma 0 -- 1984 Sampdoria 0 -- 1992 Bayer Leverkusen 0 -- 2002 Monaco 0 -- Arsenal 0 -- 2006 By nation ( edit ) Performance by nation Nation Winners Runners - up Spain 17 11 Italy 12 16 England 12 7 Germany 7 10 Netherlands 6 Portugal 5 France 5 Romania Scotland Yugoslavia Belgium Greece Sweden 0 Venues ( edit ) European Cup and UEFA Champions League final venues Ground Hosts Years Wembley Stadium , London 7 1963 , 1968 , 1971 , 1978 , 1992 , 2011 , 2013 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 1957 , 1969 , 1980 , 2010 King Baudouin Stadium , Brussels 1958 , 1966 , 1974 , 1985 Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna 1964 , 1987 , 1990 , 1995 San Siro , Milan 1965 , 1970 , 2001 , 2016 Stadio Olimpico , Rome 1977 , 1984 , 1996 , 2009 Parc des Princes , Paris 1956 , 1975 , 1981 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1960 , 1976 , 2002 Olympiastadion , Munich 1979 , 1993 ,", "9": "1997 Olympic Stadium , Athens 1983 , 1994 , 2007 Mercedes - Benz Arena , Stuttgart 1959 , 1988 De Kuip , Rotterdam 1972 , 1982 Camp Nou , Barcelona 1989 , 1999 Stade de France , Saint - Denis 2000 , 2006 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern 1961 Olympisch Stadion , Amsterdam 1962 Estádio Nacional , Lisbon 1967 Red Star Stadium , Belgrade 1973 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville 1986 Stadio San Nicola , Bari 1991 Amsterdam Arena , Amsterdam 1998 Old Trafford , Manchester 2003 Veltins - Arena , Gelsenkirchen Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul 2005 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow 2008 Allianz Arena , Munich 2012 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 2014 Olympiastadion , Berlin 2015 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 2017 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev 2018 Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid 2019 Notes ( edit ) A . The first final , played two days earlier , ended 1 -- 1 after extra time . B. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Liverpool won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 2 . C. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Steaua București won the penalty shoot - out 2 -- 0 . D. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . PSV Eindhoven won the penalty shoot - out 6 -- 5 . E. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Red Star Belgrade won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 3 . F. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Juventus won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 2 .", "10": "G. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Bayern Munich won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 4 . H. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Milan won the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 . I. Score was 3 -- 3 after 90 minutes and extra time . Liverpool won the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 . J. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Manchester United won the penalty shoot - out 6 -- 5 . K. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Chelsea won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 3 . L. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Real Madrid won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 3 . References ( edit ) General `` European Champions ' Cup '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . `` European Champion Clubs ' Cup -- History '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 64 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Football 's top club competition '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 / 98 : Seventh heaven for Madrid '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool get in Champions League '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 10 June 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Museum '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 10 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Vieli , André , ed . ( October 2005 ) . `` A brand - new trophy '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Direct . Union of European Football Associations ( 42 ) : 8 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2007 / 08 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions ' League 2009 / 10 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Andrew ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Spain savour European pre-eminence '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 : English teams banned after Heysel '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 31 May 1985 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League -- Statistics Handbook 2012 / 13 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 141 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 / 74 : Muller ends Bayern wait '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 15 May 1974 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 / 84 : Kennedy spot on for Liverpool '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 30 May 1984 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 / 86 : Steaua stun Barcelona '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 7 May 1986 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 / 88 : PSV prosper from Oranje boom '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 1988 .", "12": "Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 / 91 : Crvena Zvezda spot on '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 29 May 1991 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 / 96 : Juve hold their nerve '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 22 May 1996 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 / 01 : Kahn saves day for Bayern '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 23 May 2001 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 / 03 : Shevchenko spot on for Milan '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2003 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 / 05 : Liverpool belief defies Milan '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 / 08 : Fate favours triumphant United '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot - out win ends Chelsea 's long wait for glory '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spot - on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . UEFA club competitions winners Men 's Champions League Cup Winners ' Cup Europa League Intertoto Cup Super Cup Intercontinental Cup Women 's Champions League European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners European Cup 1950s 1955 --", "13": "56 : Real Madrid 1956 -- 57 : Real Madrid 1957 -- 58 : Real Madrid 1958 -- 59 : Real Madrid 1959 -- 60 : Real Madrid 1960s 1960 -- 61 : Benfica 1961 -- 62 : Benfica 1962 -- 63 : Milan 1963 -- 64 : Internazionale 1964 -- 65 : Internazionale 1965 -- 66 : Real Madrid 1966 -- 67 : Celtic 1967 -- 68 : Manchester United 1968 -- 69 : Milan 1969 -- 70 : Feyenoord 1970s 1970 -- 71 : Ajax 1971 -- 72 : Ajax 1972 -- 73 : Ajax 1973 -- 74 : Bayern Munich 1974 -- 75 : Bayern Munich 1975 -- 76 : Bayern Munich 1976 -- 77 : Liverpool 1977 -- 78 : Liverpool 1978 -- 79 : Nottingham Forest 1979 -- 80 : Nottingham Forest 1980s 1980 -- 81 : Liverpool 1981 -- 82 : Aston Villa 1982 -- 83 : Hamburg 1983 -- 84 : Liverpool 1984 -- 85 : Juventus 1985 -- 86 : Steaua București 1986 -- 87 : Porto 1987 -- 88 : PSV 1988 -- 89 : Milan 1989 -- 90 : Milan 1990s 1990 -- 91 : Red Star Belgrade 1991 -- 92 : Barcelona UEFA Champions League 1990s 1992 -- 93 : Marseille 1993 -- 94 : Milan 1994 -- 95 : Ajax", "14": "1995 -- 96 : Juventus 1996 -- 97 : Borussia Dortmund 1997 -- 98 : Real Madrid 1998 -- 99 : Manchester United 1999 -- 2000 : Real Madrid 2000s 2000 -- 01 : Bayern Munich 2001 -- 02 : Real Madrid 2002 -- 03 : Milan 2003 -- 04 : Porto 2004 -- 05 : Liverpool 2005 -- 06 : Barcelona 2006 -- 07 : Milan 2007 -- 08 : Manchester United 2008 -- 09 : Barcelona 2009 -- 10 : Internazionale 2010s 2010 -- 11 : Barcelona 2011 -- 12 : Chelsea 2012 -- 13 : Bayern Munich 2013 -- 14 : Real Madrid 2014 -- 15 : Barcelona 2015 -- 16 : Real Madrid 2016 -- 17 : Real Madrid Finals Winning managers Winning players European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era ,", "15": "1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 UEFA Champions League era ,", "16": "1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Finals 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Appearances Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "17": "php?title=List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_finals&oldid=838071110 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Finals UEFA Champions League European Champion Clubs ' Cup Lists of association football matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 18 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5639697400438383146	what genre is the magic tree house books	[ "Children's historical fantasy", "Children's historical fantasy", "Children's historical fantasy" ]	{ "0": "Magic Tree House - wikipedia Magic Tree House Jump to : navigation , search For the 2011 anime film , see Magic Tree House ( film ) . The Magic Tree House Author Mary Pope Osborne Illustrator Sal Murdocca ( USA ) Ayana Amako ( Japan ) Country United States Language English Genre Children 's historical fantasy Publisher Random House ( USA ) Media Factory ( Japan ) The Magic Tree House is an American series of children 's books written by American author Mary Pope Osborne . The original American series is illustrated by Salvatore Murdocca , although other illustrators have been used for foreign - language editions . The series consists of two groups . The first group consists of books 1 - 28 , in which Morgan Le Fay sends Jack and Annie Smith , two normal children who are siblings from the fictional town of Frog Creek , Pennsylvania , on numerous adventures and missions with a magical tree house . The second group , referred to as the Magic Tree House `` Merlin Missions , '' begins with book 29 , Christmas in Camelot . In the Merlin Missions , Jack and Annie have quests from the ancient wizard Merlin the Magician . These books are longer than the previous 28 , and some take place in fantasy realms like Camelot . Kathleen and Teddy are two apprentices who befriend Jack and Annie during their adventures , with one of these adventures being to free Teddy from a spell . The two occasionally join Jack and Annie , and , when they do n't , provide them support instead . During Super Edition # 1 , Teddy sends them on a mission instead of Morgan or Merlin . The companion `` Magic Tree House Fact Trackers '' are co-written by Mary Pope Osborne with her husband Will Osborne or her sister Natalie Pope Boyce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Magic Tree House Books 2 Magic Tree House Merlin Mission Books 3 Magic Tree House Super editions 4 Non-fiction books 5 Characters 5.1 Jack 5.2 Annie 5.3 Morgan le Fay 5.4 Teddy 5.5 Kathleen 6 Movies 7 References 8 External links Magic Tree House books ( edit ) Magic Tree House Books are for Beginning Chapter Book Readers .", "1": "Adventures with Jack and Annie , perfect for readers ages 6 - 9 who are just starting to read chapter books . # Title Published Story Arc Plot Summary / Notes Dinosaurs Before Dark ( UK Title : Valley of the Dinosaurs ) 000000001992 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1992 In the mystery of the Tree house # 1 Jack and Annie discover the tree house and , using the magical books there , they travel back to the late Cretaceous period ( 65 million years ago ) where they meet a Pteranodon that saves them from a Tyrannosaurus rex . Jack finds a gold medallion with the letter `` M '' on it . Companion book : # 1 , Dinosaurs . The Knight at Dawn ( UK title : Castle of Mystery ) 000000001993 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1993 In the mystery of the Tree house # 2 In England during the Middle Ages , Jack and Annie explore a castle and meet a brave knight . Companion book : # 2 , Knights and Castles . Mummies in the Morning ( UK title : Secret of the Pyramid ) 000000001993 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1993 In the mystery of the Tree house # 3 In Ancient Egypt , Jack and Annie help Queen Hutepi find her missing Book of the Dead . Companion book : # 3 , Mummies and Pyramids . Pirates Past Noon ( UK title : Pirates ' Treasure ! ) 000000001994 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1994 In the mystery of the Tree house # 4 Jack and Annie encounter some pirates in the Caribbean Sea and meet Morgan le Fay , who turns out to be the mysterious `` M '' . Companion book : # 4 , Pirates . 5 Night of the Ninjas 000000001995 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1995 In the mystery of the Magic spell # 1 Morgan le Fay is under a spell . Jack and Annie must find four magical objects to reverse the spell , with the help of a mouse named Peanut .", "2": "In ancient Japan , Jack and Annie encounter ninjas and samurai and get a moonstone . Companion book : # 30 , Ninjas and Samurai . 6 Afternoon on the Amazon ( UK title : Adventure on the Amazon ) 000000001995 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1995 In the mystery of the Magic spell # 2 Jack and Annie search the Amazon rainforest for a second magical object for Morgan le Fay , which turns out to be a mango . Companion book : # 5 , Rain Forests . 7 Sunset of the Sabertooth ( UK title : Mammoth to the Rescue ) 000000001996 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1996 In the mystery of the Magic spell # 3 In the last Ice Age , Jack and Annie encounter Cro - Magnons , wooly mammoths , and a saber - toothed cat while looking for the third object to help Morgan - a mammoth bone flute . Companion book : # 12 , Sabertooths and the Ice Age . 8 Midnight on the Moon ( UK title : Moon Mission ) 000000001996 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1996 In the mystery of the Magic spell # 4 Thirty - five years into their future ( 2031 ) , Jack and Annie travel to the moon to look for the fourth object needed to help Morgan le Fay . Companion book : # 6 , Space . 9 Dolphins at Daybreak ( UK title : Diving with Dolphins ) 000000001997 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1997 In the mystery of the Ancient riddles # 1 in Set in the Pacific Ocean with bottlenose dolphins . Companion book : # 9 , Dolphins and Sharks . 10 Ghost Town at Sundown ( UK title : A Wild West Ride ) 000000001997 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1997 In the mystery of the Ancient riddles # 2 Set in the American Wild West , where Jack and Annie meet a cowboy named Slim .", "3": "11 Lions at Lunchtime ( UK title : Lions on the Loose ) 000000001998 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1998 In the mystery of the Ancient riddles # 3 Jack and Annie are on a mission on the African Savannah . 12 Polar Bears Past Bedtime ( UK title : Icy Escape ) 000000001998 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1998 In the mystery of the Ancient riddles # 4 Set in the North Pole , Jack and Annie meet an Inuit . Companion book : # 16 , Polar Bears and the Arctic . 13 Vacation Under The Volcano ( UK title : Racing with Gladiators ) 000000001998 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1998 In the mystery of the Lost stories # 1 Jack and Annie travel to Pompeii on the eve of the eruption of Mt . Vesuvius . Companion book : # 14 : Ancient Rome and Pompeii . 14 Day of the Dragon King ( UK title : Palace of the Dragon King ) 000000001998 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1998 In the mystery of the Lost stories # 2 Jack and Annie travel to China as it was 2,000 years in their past . The Dragon King is also known as Emperor Qin . Companion book : # 31 , China : Land of the Emperor 's Great Wall . 15 Viking Ships at Sunrise ( UK title : Voyage of the Vikings ) 000000001998 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1998 In the mystery of the Lost stories # 3 In medieval Ireland , Jack and Annie encounter Vikings . Companion book : # 33 , Vikings . 16 Hour of the Olympics ( UK title : Olympic Challenge ! ) 000000001998 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1998 In the mystery of the Lost stories # 4 Jack and Annie travel to Ancient Greece and see the first Olympic games . Companion book : # 10 , Ancient Greece and the Olympics .", "4": "17 Tonight on the Titanic 000000001999 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1999 In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc # 1 Jack and Annie travel back to 1912 and are on the RMS Titanic during her fateful voyage . In this arc the two are assisted by a dog named Teddy that they must find gifts to free . Companion book : # 7 , Titanic . 18 Buffalo Before Breakfast 000000001999 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1999 In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc # 2 In the American Old West , Jack and Annie encounter a Lakota boy on the Great Plains . 19 Tigers at Twilight 000000001999 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1999 In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc # 3 Jack and Annie explore the Indian jungles of the past . 20 Dingoes at Dinnertime 000000002000 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2000 In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc # 4 Set in ancient Australia . Jack and Annie receive the final gift and return home where Morgan removes the spell on the dog who is revealed to be a boy named Teddy , a young magician who trapped himself under a spell causing him to become a dog . 21 Civil War on Sunday 000000002000 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2000 In the Morgan 's library arc # 1 In the American Civil War , Jack and Annie encounter Clara Barton . 22 Revolutionary War on Wednesday 000000002000 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2000 In the Morgan 's library arc # 2 Jack and Annie cross the Delaware River with George Washington . Companion book : # 11 , American Revolution . 23 Twister on Tuesday 000000002001 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2001 In the Morgan 's library arc # 3 In the 1870s , Jack and Annie encounter pioneer settlement of the Midwestern prairie .", "5": "They have to save a teacher and some kids before they are hit by a tornado . Companion book : # 8 , Twisters and Other Terrible Storms . 24 Earthquake in the Early Morning 000000002001 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2001 In the Morgan 's library arc # 4 In 1906 , Jack and Annie experience the San Francisco earthquake . The two are able to use what they find to inspire King Arthur to battle Mordred , although in a later book it is shown that he wins without dying in these stories . 25 Stage Fright on a Summer Night 000000002002 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2002 In the Type of magic arc # 1 In Elizabethan England , Jack and Annie meet William Shakespeare 26 Good Morning Gorillas 000000002002 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2002 In the Type of magic arc # 2 In the Congo rain forest , Jack and Annie encounter gorillas . 27 Thanksgiving on Thursday 000000002002 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2002 In the Type of magic arc # 3 In Plymouth in 1621 , Jack and Annie share the first Thanksgiving with the Pilgrims and Wampanoag Indians . Companion book : # 13 , Pilgrims . 28 High Tide in Hawaii 000000002003 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2003 In the Type of magic arc # 4 Jack and Annie travel to the Hawaii of the past and almost get caught in a tsunami . They also make two friends who share an adventure with them . Companion book : # 15 , Tsunamis and Other Natural Disasters . 29 A Big Day For Baseball 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 2017 Jack & Annie are whisked back to Brooklyn 's Ebbets Field on April 15 , 1947 , to witness Jackie Robinson 's Major League debut .", "6": "Magic Tree House Merlin mission books ( edit ) Magic Tree House Merlin Mission Books 1 - 27 for More Advanced Readers . More challenging adventures for the experienced readers ages 7 - 10 . The Magic Tree House Merlin Missions were originally ordered sequentially , starting at Book # 29 ( Christmas in Camelot ) . With the 25th anniversary re-prints , the books have been separated into their own distinct series and re-numbered starting at Merlin Mission # 1 . Original # Merlin Mission # Title Published Story Arc Plot Summary / Notes 29 Christmas in Camelot 000000002001 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2001 In the Quest to save Camelot arc # 1 Jack and Annie go on a quest to save Camelot , a quest that will prove to a beleaguered King Arthur that children and imagination really can make a difference . Eventually Jack and Annie break the spell over Camelot and meet the Knights of the Round Table most notably Sir Lancelot . This is also the first story where Merlin the Magician sends Jack and Annie on an adventure instead of Morgan , having learned of their abilities from Morgan Le Fay . ( Note : NOTE - This is the 25th book chronologically , due to the main storyline built upon the end of `` Earthquake in the Early Morning '' . ) ( Note : This is labeled book 29 originally and `` Merlin Mission # 1 '' in the recent reprints , resulting in two `` Magic Tree House # 29 '' Books ) 30 Haunted Castle on Hallow 's Eve 000000002003 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 2003 In the Quest to save Camelot arc # 2 Jack , Annie , and Teddy must restore order to a duke 's castle , on the outer realm of Camelot , for Merlin . Jack and Annie reunite with Teddy from the Enchanted Dog arc who becomes a recurring character in the rest of the books . It is also the first book where Jack and Annie perform their own magic . Jack and Annie are able to use the power of a magic hazel twig to transform themselves back to humans from ravens and Jack is able to tap into its power to defeat the Evil Raven King by turning him into a baby raven .", "7": "This new ability of theirs is likely foreshadowing of later books when they start to make magic of their own . 31 Summer of the Sea Serpent 000000002004 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 2004 In the Quest to save Camelot arc # 3 Jack and Annie must retrieve the Sword of Light for Merlin for all the good of Camelot . Jack and Annie meet Kathleen who , along with Teddy , becomes a recurring character in the books , acting as their sidekick and a possible love interest for Jack . In this book Jack and Annie retrieve the Sword of Light and earn the right to wield it , learning later that the sword is in fact Excalibur and they retrieved it from Camelot 's past so King Arthur can one day get it . 32 Winter of the Ice Wizard 000000002004 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2004 In the Quest to save Camelot arc # 4 Jack and Annie must go on a mission for the evil Ice Wizard , which is retrieving one of his eyes , in order to free Merlin and Morgan . 33 5 Carnival at Candlelight 000000002005 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 2005 In the Using magic wisely arc # 1 Jack and Annie must go and save Venice , Italy from a flood disaster , but Merlin 's instructions are confusing . The next four books are part of an arc where Jack and Annie complete missions to prove to Merlin that they can use magic wisely . 34 6 Season of the Sandstorms 000000002005 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2005 In the Using magic wisely arc # 2 Jack and Annie must help the caliph of ancient Baghdad spread wisdom to the world . 35 7 Night of the New Magicians 000000002006 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2006 In the Using magic wisely arc # 3 Jack and Annie travel to the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889 in the Magic Tree House .", "8": "They have to save four new magicians ( Alexander Graham Bell , Louis Pasteur , Thomas Edison , and Gustave Eiffel ) , before an evil sorcerer kidnaps them and steals the secrets of their magic . As it turns out , there is no evil sorcerer and the only one that shows up is Merlin himself who had wanted Jack and Annie to meet the four . 36 8 Blizzard of the Blue Moon 000000002006 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2006 In the Using magic wisely arc # 4 Jack and Annie travel in the Magic Tree House to the New York City of the Great Depression in 1938 . They must help a unicorn under a spell . However , two evil sorcerers in training , Balor and Grinda , are up to the same challenge . In this book , Jack and Annie are given the power to make magic on their own via a magic wand . 37 9 Dragon of the Red Dawn 000000002007 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2007 In the Happiness arc # 1 Jack and Annie travel back in the Magic Tree House to feudal Japan to find the first of four secrets of happiness for Merlin the magician because Morgan has noticed that he does not feel well , does not eat or sleep , and is tired . To do this , they must spend the day with famous Japanese haiku poet Matsuo Basho . 38 10 Monday with a Mad Genius 000000002007 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2007 In the Happiness arc # 2 Jack and Annie travel back in the Magic Tree House to Florence , Italy , to find the second of four secrets of happiness . To do this , they must help Leonardo da Vinci all day , `` morning , noon , and afternoon , till the night bird sings its song . '' Companion book : # 19 , `` Leonardo da Vinci '' 39 11 Dark Day in the Deep Sea 000000002008 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2008 In the Happiness arc # 3 The magic tree house takes Jack and Annie to a deserted island , in the 1870s , looking for another secret of happiness .", "9": "They get rescued by scientists on the HMS Challenger ( 1858 ) , in the Atlantic Ocean , and end up helping the scientists , who are looking for a sea monster . Will they be able to help the scientist and find the secret of happiness ? This book is 144 pages long , making it the longest book in the series . Companion book : # 17 , `` Sea Monsters '' 40 12 Eve of the Emperor Penguin 000000002008 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2008 In the Happiness arc # 4 Jack and Annie go to Antarctica to try to find their last secret of happiness , but they only find penguins . Only the penguins have the answer to this question . This is the only book where it is specifically stated that Jack and Annie did not travel through time . They also use the wand to make magic twice : once to find the penguins and a second time to teleport to Mount Erebus , the only time they use its power twice . Companion book : # 18 , `` Penguins and Antarctica '' 41 13 Moonlight on the Magic Flute 000000002009 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2009 In the Inspiring arc # 1 Jack and Annie head to 18th - century Austria , where they must find and help a musician by the name of Mozart . Decked out in the craziest outfits they 've ever worn -- including a wig for Jack and a giant hoopskirt for Annie , the two siblings search an entire palace to no avail . Their hunt is further hampered by the appearance of a mischievous little boy who is determined to follow them everywhere . But when the boy lets the animals out of the palace zoo , Jack and Annie have to use the only magic at their disposal to save themselves and the naughty little boy . The party is in the Summer Palace at five o'clock in the evening on October 13 , 1762 . When Jack and Annie use their magic flute ( In Inspiring # 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 , the Wand of Dianthus changes into instruments . ) Mozart makes a song called The Magic Flute .", "10": "42 14 A Good Night for Ghosts 000000002009 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2009 In the Inspiring arc # 2 Jack and Annie are on their second mission to find -- and inspire -- artists to bring happiness to millions . After traveling to New Orleans , Jack and Annie come head to head with some real ghosts , as well as discover the world of jazz when they meet a young Louis Armstrong . Companion book : # 20 , `` Ghosts '' 43 15 Leprechaun in Late Winter 000000002010 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2010 In the Inspiring arc # 3 The kids meet a girl in their third mission to put `` artists '' on the right path . She is sad because she believes in leprechauns and faerie , but can not find any . The girl grows up to be Lady Gregory , a famous legend teller of the Irish lore . Can the kids save her from sadness and put the third artist on the right path ? This is the first time that something that one of the kids has written has been used to travel through time : the kids time travel by wishing using Jack 's notes on where they are traveling to . They travel to 1862 to go to Ireland . Companion book : # 21 , `` Leprechauns and Irish Folklore '' 44 16 A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time 000000002010 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2010 In the Inspiring arc # 4 The kids are whisked back to Victorian England to help famed author Charles Dickens . The kids know Charles had everything he wants . Will the kids find the thing Charles wants ? The kids are thrown in jail , only to be saved by Charles Dickens ! To find Charles ' secret , they will need help from three ghosts and get to know Charles very , very , well .", "11": "Companion book : # 22 , `` Rags and Riches : Kids in the Time of Charles Dickens '' 45 17 A Crazy Day with Cobras 000000002011 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2011 In the Penny 's spell arc # 1 When Penny , Merlin 's beloved penguin ( from Eve of the Emperor Penguin ) , is accidentally turned to stone by Teddy , the kids must travel to an Indian desert and find an ingredient to a spell before Merlin comes back . Jack and Annie have to escape a swarm of king cobras and meet the infamous All - Power Great Mogul . To start their quest , Jack and Annie must find an emerald rose to find the first piece of breaking Penny 's spell . Companion book : # 23 , Snakes and Other Reptiles . 46 18 Dogs in the Dead of Night 000000002011 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2011 In the Penny 's spell arc # 2 Jack and his sister Annie travel to Swiss Alps to get the second magical object to break the spell on the beloved baby penguin , Penny . They face a dog rescue and many other adventures . Companion book : # 24 , Dog Heroes . 47 19 Abe Lincoln At Last ! 000000002011 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 2011 In the Penny 's spell arc # 3 Jack and Annie travel to the time of the Civil War , and they must help a friend of Abe 's in order to find the third gift for breaking Penny 's spell . The friend is an orphan named Sam . It 's a race against time as Jack and Annie try to decide what is right . Companion book : # 25 , Abraham Lincoln . 48 20 A Perfect Time For Pandas 000000002012 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 2012 In the Penny 's spell arc # 4 Jack and Annie visit China during the Great Sichuan Earthquake of 2008 . Companion book : # 26 , Pandas and Other Endangered Species .", "12": "49 21 Stallion by Starlight 000000002013 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2013 In the Greatness arc # 1 Jack and Annie go back to Ancient Macedonia and an adventure with Alexander the Great when he was a child and his famous stallion : Bucephalus . Companion book : # 27 , Horse Heroes . 50 22 Hurry Up Houdini ! 000000002013 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2013 In the Greatness arc # 2 Jack and Annie meet magician Harry Houdini . 51 23 High Time for Heroes 000000002014 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 2014 In the Greatness arc # 3 Jack and Annie meet Florence Nightingale in Egypt . Companion book : # 28 , Heroes for All Times . 52 23 Soccer on Sunday 000000002014 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2014 In the Greatness arc # 4 Jack and Annie travel to a soccer field in Mexico . Companion book : # 29 , Soccer . 53 25 Shadow of the Shark 000000002015 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2015 none While on a vacation from Morgan and Merlin , Jack and Annie accidentally travel back in time over a thousand years to ancient Mayan times and meet sharks and Mayan warriors . In this book , Jack and Annie accidentally go to the right place but the wrong time due to pointing to the wrong illustration . Companion book : # 32 , Sharks and Other Predators . 54 26 Balto of the Blue Dawn 000000002016 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 2016 none Jack and Annie meet Balto , a jet - black Siberian husky in Alaska , 1925 . Companion book : # 34 , Dogsledding and Extreme Sports .", "13": "55 27 Night of the Ninth Dragon 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 none Jack and Annie must help save Merlin , Morgan , Teddy , and Kathleen ( trapped in Avalon ) and King Arthur ( injured ) when invaders threaten Camelot . Companion book : # 35 , Dragons and Mythical Creatures . Magic Tree House Super editions ( edit ) On January 6 , 2015 , the first Magic Tree House Super Edition was released . It is 183 pages long . The super editions are longer than the original Magic Tree House books and the Magic Tree House Merlin Missions . # Title Published Story Arc Plot Summary / Notes Danger in the Darkest Hour January 6 , 2015 none The first Magic Tree House Super Edition is called Danger in the Darkest Hour Jack and Annie going back to World War II shortly before D - Day to rescue Kathleen from behind enemy lines . It also features the first time they have had to deal with a situation using their own talents and with no help from magic since the Merlin Missions began . Main article : Danger in the Darkest Hour Non-fiction books ( edit ) The Magic Tree House Fact Trackers ( formerly called Magic Tree House Research Guides ) are non-fiction companions to the fiction books , written by Mary Pope Osborne , Will Osborne , and Natalie Pope Boyce . They were first released in 2000 by Scholastic and Random House . They provide more in - depth follow - up information on the topics in the series than already covered . As of July 2016 , 35 have been published . The first two Fact Trackers were published in August 2000 as companions for the first two stories , then 7 to 8 years old . In 2008 story # 39 , Dark Day in the Deep Sea and its fact tracker # 17 , Sea Monsters were the first story and fact tracker to be published simultaneously ; simultaneous production has been common since ... No . Title Companion To : Date Published : 1 Dinosaurs 001 ! Magic Tree House # 1 : Dinosaurs Before Dark 000000002000 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 2000 Knights and Castles 002 !", "14": "Magic Tree House # 2 : The Knight at Dawn 000000002000 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 2000 Mummies and Pyramids 003 ! Magic Tree House # 3 : Mummies in the Morning 000000002001 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2001 Pirates 004 ! Magic Tree House # 4 : Pirates Past Noon 000000002001 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2001 5 Rain Forests 006 ! Magic Tree House # 6 : Afternoon on the Amazon 000000002001 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2001 6 Space 008 ! Magic Tree House # 8 : Midnight on the Moon 000000002002 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2002 7 Titanic 017 ! Magic Tree House # 17 : Tonight on the Titanic 000000002002 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2002 8 Twisters and Other Terrible Storms 023 ! Magic Tree House # 23 : Twister on Tuesday 000000002003 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2003 9 Dolphins and Sharks 009 ! Magic Tree House # 9 : Dolphins at Daybreak 000000002003 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2003 10 Ancient Greece and the Olympics 016 ! Magic Tree House # 16 : Hour of the Olympics 000000002004 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2004 11 American Revolution 022 ! Magic Tree House # 22 : Revolutionary War on Wednesday 000000002004 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2004 12 Sabertooths and the Ice Age 007 !", "15": "Magic Tree House # 7 : Sunset of the Sabertooth 000000002005 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2005 13 Pilgrims 027 ! Magic Tree House # 27 : Thanksgiving on Thursday 000000002005 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2005 14 Ancient Rome and Pompeii 013 ! Magic Tree House # 13 : Vacation Under a Volcano 000000002006 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2006 15 Tsunamis and Other Natural Disasters 028 ! Magic Tree House # 28 : High Tide in Hawaii 000000002007 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2007 16 Polar Bears and the Arctic 012 ! Magic Tree House # 12 : Polar Bears Past Bedtime 000000002007 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2007 17 Sea Monsters 039 ! Magic Tree House # 39 : Dark Day in the Deep Sea 000000002008 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2008 18 Penguins and Antarctica 040 ! Magic Tree House # 40 : Eve of the Emperor Penguin 000000002008 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2008 19 Leonardo da Vinci 038 ! Magic Tree House # 38 : Monday with a Mad Genius 000000002009 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 2009 20 Ghosts 042 ! Magic Tree House # 42 : A Good Night for Ghosts 000000002009 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2009 21 Leprechauns and Irish Folklore 043 ! Magic Tree House # 43 : Leprechaun in Late Winter 000000002010 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2010 22 Rags and Riches : Kids in the Time of Charles Dickens 044 !", "16": "Magic Tree House # 44 : A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time 000000002010 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2010 23 Snakes and Other Reptiles 045 ! Magic Tree House # 45 : A Crazy Day with Cobras 000000002011 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2011 24 Dog Heroes 046 ! Magic Tree House # 46 : Dogs in the Dead of Night 000000002011 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2011 25 Abraham Lincoln 047 ! Magic Tree House # 47 : Abe Lincoln At Last 000000002011 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 2011 26 Pandas and Other Endangered Species 048 ! Magic Tree House # 48 : A Perfect Time For Pandas 000000002012 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 2012 27 Horse Heroes 049 ! Magic Tree House # 49 : Stallion by Starlight 000000002013 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2013 28 Heroes for All Times 052 ! Magic Tree House # 51 : High Time for Heroes 000000002014 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 2014 29 Soccer 052 ! Magic Tree House # 52 : Soccer on Sunday 000000002014 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2014 30 Ninjas and Samurai 005 ! Magic Tree House # 5 : Night of the Ninjas 000000002014 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2014 31 China : Land of the Emperor 's Great Wall 014 ! Magic Tree House # 14 : Day of the Dragon King 000000002014 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 2014 32 Sharks and Other Predators 053 !", "17": "Magic Tree House # 53 : Shadow of the Shark 000000002015 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2015 33 Vikings 015 ! Magic Tree House # 15 : Viking Ships at Sunrise 000000002015 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2015 34 Dogsledding and Extreme Sports 054 ! Magic Tree House # 54 : Balto of the Blue Dawn 000000002016 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 2016 35 Dragons and Mythical Creatures 055 ! Magic Tree House # 55 : Night of the Ninth Dragon 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Characters ( edit ) There are roughly six main characters throughout the Magic Tree House series . These include : Jack , Annie , Merlin , Morgan le Fay , Kathleen , and Teddy . Jack and Annie play the largest role in the series , and they embark on numerous adventures for Merlin and Morgan le Fay throughout the series . They also receive the help of the young magicians Kathleen and Teddy while they embark on their missions . Jack ( edit ) Jack is the brother of Annie , the other major character in the series . He has short brown hair and wears red - rimmed glasses that have round lenses . Jack is often shy around others , unlike Annie , and he often takes time to get used to new situations . Jack also believes in science and reason much more than Annie does , and he often keeps a small notebook in which he takes notes about their adventures . Jack often wants to read about a place and time and absorb as much information as he can before embarking on their adventure . He is also older than Annie , which may play a role in his maturity . Jack is extremely intelligent for his young age , and his vast knowledge often helps him and Annie complete their missions . This results in him having unexpected knowledge or talents that help complete their missions such as Jack being able to drive a vehicle despite not being old enough to possess the skill . Jack is courageous , willing to risk his own life to help others , and he is compassionate , caring for everything and everyone .", "18": "He also reveals in Civil War On Sunday # 21 that he thinks war is kind of cool until the end . However , he sometimes lacks self - confidence until something motivates him to perform the needed feat . When he is confident in his abilities , Jack is good at doing the tasks . On one occasion , while driving a truckload of kids past a Nazi checkpoint , his confident demeanor was enough to fool the Nazis into thinking he was a regular truck driver and let him pass without an inspection . He completed the feat thanks to Kathleen lying to him that she 'd made them invisible and was left stunned at what he was capable of . He also has a growing crush on Kathleen , as he gets shy around her and notes that she is extremely pretty . Her opinion of him matters to Jack greatly enough that if she shows confidence in his ability to perform tasks , he has more confidence in himself if only for the reason of not wanting to let Kathleen down . Annie ( edit ) Annie is the younger sister of Jack , and she is the second major character in the series . Annie has blond hair tied in pigtails , and has blue eyes . Annie believes in magic much more than Jack does , and Morgan le Fay reveals that Annie 's belief in magic helped her see the magic tree house . Annie is often impulsive and not as shy as Jack . However , this often leads to trouble that the pair has to deal with . Annie is younger than Jack , which means that she is less mature . Annie also talks to animals much more than Jack does , and she is kind to them . Morgan le Fay ( edit ) Morgan le Fay is a witch and Time Librarian from King Arthur 's time . She is King Arthur 's sister . In Books 1 - 3 , she was in form of a pteranodon , cat , and knight . In Book 4 , she transforms from a green parrot into human form . She has since become the kids ' mentor and adviser on their quest to become Master Librarians of Time . She is the one who gives Jack and Annie riddles and quests to solve in Books 1 through 28 . Teddy ( edit ) A young sorcerer and apprentice of Morgan .", "19": "Jack and Annie first meet Teddy when he 's trapped in the form of a dog and spend books 17 - 20 freeing him from the spell . Teddy is not his actual name but the nickname Jack and Annie gave him when he was a dog . His real name is unknown but everyone calls him Teddy , not just Jack and Annie . When he regained human form , he chose to have Jack and Annie continue calling him Teddy as he liked the nickname though he asked for them to call him Ted , something they only did for his brief appearance as a human at the end of book 20 . Teddy is kind - hearted but overconfident in his abilities and is n't actually that good at magic usually , requiring Kathleen to aid him in finishing his spells more often than not . Over the course of the books , Teddy gets better but still requires help a lot . His misfortunes with magic resulted in him turning himself into a dog and Penny the Penguin into stone , resulting in Jack and Annie having to help him break the spells . Kathleen ( edit ) Kathleen is the youngest of 20 sisters , and she is a selkie , or being that can morph herself and others into seals . Kathleen is one of Morgan 's apprentices , and she is extremely friendly , quickly befriending Annie , Jack , Morgan , Merlin , and Teddy . Kathleen is free - spirited and playful , probably due to her being a selkie . Kathleen has brown hair that is long and curly , and brown eyes . She also wears a seaweed dress . In seal form , she can communicate with other seals as well . Kathleen is also talented in magic spells . She is also very caring as shown when she is sent to rescue two children in Normandy during World War II and instead risks her life to protect ten children . Her empathic nature results in her losing her magic when she loses hope , forcing Jack and Annie to rescue her . Once her hope is restored , so is her magic . Jack has a crush on her , but it is unknown if she shares these feelings . Movies ( edit ) The animated film Magic Tree House ( マジック・ツリーハウス ) , produced by Media Factory , premiered in Japan in October 2011 and was generally released there on January 7 , 2012 .", "20": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.magictreehouse.com/teachers/celebrating-25-years/ Jump up ^ https://www.magictreehouse.com/teachers/celebrating-25-years/ Jump up ^ https://www.magictreehouse.com/teachers/celebrating-25-years/ Jump up ^ Osborne , Mary Pope ( 2013 ) . Hurry up , Houdini ! . Random House Childrens Books . ISBN 9780307980472 . OCLC 816027002 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Mary Pope ( 2014 ) . High Time for Heroes . Random House Childrens Books . ISBN 9780307980496 . OCLC 840464294 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Mary Pope ( 2014 ) . Hurry up , Houdini ! . Random House Childrens Books . ISBN 9780307980533 . OCLC 857879351 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Tree House Super Edition # 1 : Danger in the Darkest Hour '' . Jump up ^ `` Magic Tree House The Mystery of the Ancient Riddles Boxed Set # 3 : Book 9 - 12 ( Magic Treehouse Series ) : `` Meet the writer : Biography '' `` . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Mary Pope ( 2013 ) . Horse Heroes . Paw Prints . ISBN 9781451786026 . OCLC 81160106 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Mary Pope ( 2014 ) . Soccer . Random House . ISBN 9780385386296 . OCLC 857879358 . Jump up ^ Book # 4 , Pirates Past Noon , p. 59 Jump up ^ Book # 4 , Pirates Past Noon , p. 63 Jump up ^ Book # 4 , Pirates Past Noon , p. 56 - 58 Jump up ^ `` TIFF 上映作品 : マジック・ツリーハウス ( Films : The Magic Tree House ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo International Film Festival . 2011 - 10 - 23 .", "21": "Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Tree House Books ' 2012 Film Confirmed as Anime '' . Anime News Network . 2011 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Official website Magic Tree House at Mediafactory ( in Japanese ) Mary Pope Osborne blog Magic Tree House series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_Tree_House&oldid=806466422 '' Categories : Fantasy books by series American children 's books Series of children 's books Time travel novels Novels set in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Books with missing cover Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 06 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3374568953386327339	who laid foundation stone of islamia college peshawar	[ "Haji Sahib of Turangzai, the most famous Pukhtun religious leader of the time", "Haji Sahib of Turangzai", "Haji Sahib of Turangzai", "Haji Sahib", "Haji Sahib of Turangzai" ]	{ "0": "Islamia College University - wikipedia Islamia College University Jump to : navigation , search For other colleges called Islamia College , see Islamia College ( disambiguation ) . Islamia College , Peshawar اسلامیہ کالج پشاور Motto رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً Motto in English O ' God , Increase my Knowledge Creating new leadership ... Type Public Established 1913 ; 105 years ago ( 1913 ) Academic affiliation Higher Education Commission of Pakistan Chancellor Governor of Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa Vice-Chancellor Professor Dr. Habib Ahmad ( TI ) Dean Five Deans Academic staff About 325 Location Peshawar , Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan = 33 ° 59 ′ 58.5 '' N 71 ° 28 ′ 33.31 '' E / 33.999583 ° N 71.4759194 ° E / 33.999583 ; 71.4759194 Coordinates : 33 ° 59 ′ 58.5 '' N 71 ° 28 ′ 33.31 '' E / 33.999583 ° N 71.4759194 ° E / 33.999583 ; 71.4759194 Campus Urban Colors Blue , Maroon Website www.icp.edu.pk Islamia College , Peshawar ( Urdu : اسلامیہ کالج پشاور ‎ ) is a public research university located in midst of Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . Founded by the personal initiatives led by Sir S.A. Qayyum and Sir George Roos - Keppel in 1913 , it is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in Pakistan , and its historical roots are traced from the culminating point of the Aligarh Movement . The university provides higher learning in arts , languages , humanities , social sciences and modern sciences .", "1": "In 1950 , the University of Peshawar was founded as an offshoot of Islamia College Peshawar , with the later being associated to the university as a constituent college . Initially established as Islamia College , it was granted university status by the Government of Pakistan in 2008 ; the word college is retained in its title for preserving its historical roots . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception 2 History 2.1 Quaid - e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's will 3 Endowment 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Conception ( edit ) Aerial view of the college 's grounds . When the new province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( previously N.W.F.P ) was formed in 1901 after its separation from the Punjab , there was only one college ( Edwardes College ) in whole province . This scarcity of quality educational institutions forced local youth to travel to faraway regions of the country ( British India ) in pursuit of higher education . This same lack of educational opportunities in the region motivated Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum and Sir George Roos - Keppel to establish an institution that would not only cater the academic needs of the region but also produce leaders from the region . History ( edit ) By 1909 , as the idea of a college in the province was taking shape in the minds of both Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum and Sir George Roos - Keppel , it was further strengthened by their visit to the Aligarh Muslim University the same year . Nawab Sahib asked the students , especially those from the N.W.F.P. who were studying there as to what were the problems they were facing there and how he could help them . The students told him that they needed a hostel . Nawab Sahib informed them that rather than building them a hostel at Aligarh , he would build them a college at Peshawar .", "2": "Consequently , on April 12 , 1911 , Nawab Sahib arranged a meeting of like minded people in Peshawar at the residence of Abdul Karim , contractor at Peshawar city , which was attended by Arbab Ghulam Haider Khan Khalil of Tehkal , Habibullah Khan , Khushal Khan , Sethi Karim Bakhsh , Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum , Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan and others . Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum moved the motion for collection of contributions , which was instantly responded to by cash donations by all present. Mian Rahim Shah Kaka Khel donated cash at the meeting and promised to make a hostel for the students apart from the donation , which he did and still it stands in the campus as ' Rahim Shah Ward ' In addition to his instant cash donation , the Nawab of Dir promised further cash 5 lakh ropees and 5 kg gold besides four hundred trees . The Nawab of Amb , Nawab Khan i Zaman Khan also made a cash contribution of Rs. 100,000 on the request of Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah to the cause . Subscriptions were also given by the Afridi Chiefs and leading religious elders . An example was set by Bibigul , widow of Khairullah Khan of Prang , who gave her ornaments on Jun 6 , 1911 as her subscription towards the college fund . Subsequently , a large plot of land was purchased for the college building from the Khalil ( Arbabs ) of Tehkal Rs. 1 , 50,000 / - from Nizam of Hyderabad was sent by Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah to Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum as donation for the college . Other chiefs and nobles of the North - West Frontier and Punjab , also made various donations . Haji Sahib of Turangzai , the most famous Pukhtun religious leader of the time was requested by Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum to lay the foundation stone of Islamia College . Haji Sahib agreed to the request , however , he had been declared a proclaimed offender by the British for his anti-British activities and his entry was banned into British controlled territory .", "3": "He was residing in tribal territory , which was outside British control , so Nawab Sahib prevailed upon Sir George Roos - Keppel and the British to permit Haji Sahib to enter British controlled territory for one day so he could lay the foundation stone of Islamia College . The British agreed to this request with the understanding that Haji Sahib would return to tribal territory once he had laid the foundation stone . Haji Sahib was permitted to enter British controlled territory for the ceremony and spent the night in the ' Pokh ' Mosque of Tehkal . At the foundation stone laying ceremony , Sir Roos Keppel and other British officials were present , so Haji Sahib hid his face in his sheet ( Chadar ) from them and was led by Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim to the place where he was to lay the foundation stone . After laying the stone Haji Sahib went to Tehkal and then returned to the tribal territory . Quaid - e-azam Muhammad ali jinnah 's Will ( edit ) ... All my residuary estate including the corpus that may fall after the lapse of life interest or otherwise to be divided into three parts - and I bequeath one part to Aligarh University - one part to Islamia College Peshawar and one part to Sindh Madrassa of Karachi ... Quaid - e-Azam's Will , Bombay , May 30 , 1939 Addressing the students of the college on April 12 , 1948 , he said : `` Let me tell you that nothing is nearer to my heart than to have a great center of culture and learning in a place like Peshawar , a place from where the rays of knowledge and culture can spread throughout the Middle East and Central Asia . '' Endowment ( edit ) According to the Board of Trustees , the College , which is spread over 300 acres of land , has 1089 Jaribs cultivable land in Harichand , Rai Killi and Tarnab , ( District Charsadda ) . In addition to this , there are 395 shops and flats in the Khyber Bazaar Peshawar and main bazaar Charsadda .", "4": "See also ( edit ) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa portal Pakistan portal List of universities in Pakistan Education in Pakistan Khyber Medical College University of Peshawar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Location and address of ICP '' . ICP location . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.icp.edu.pk/page.php?abc=201412080154134 . `` History of Islamia College University '' . History of Islamia College University . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islamia College Peshawar University . Official website of Islamia College , Peshawar Official website of University of Peshawar Islamia College Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamia_College_University&oldid=831431079 '' Categories : Islamia College University Public universities in Pakistan Educational institutions established in 1913 1913 establishments in India British colonial architecture British colonial architecture in India Colleges in Peshawar Universities and colleges in Peshawar Universities and colleges in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox university with unknown parameters Articles containing Urdu - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia پنجابی Русский اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 15 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4670733234538385897	who wrote the song city of new orleans	[ "Steve Goodman", "Steve Goodman", "Steve Goodman", "Steve Goodman", "Steve Goodman" ]	{ "0": "City of New Orleans ( song ) - wikipedia City of New Orleans ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` City of New Orleans '' Single by Steve Goodman from the album Steve Goodman B - side `` Would You Like to Learn to Dance ? '' Released 1971 Format 7 '' Recorded 1971 Genre Folk Length 3 : 52 Label Buddah Songwriter ( s ) Steve Goodman Producer ( s ) Kris Kristofferson , Norbert Putnam `` City of New Orleans '' is a folk song written by Steve Goodman ( and first recorded for Goodman 's self - titled 1971 album ) , describing a train ride from Chicago to New Orleans on the Illinois Central Railroad 's City of New Orleans in bittersweet and nostalgic terms . Goodman got the idea while traveling on the Illinois Central line for a visit to his wife 's family . The song has been recorded by numerous artists both in the US and Europe , including two major hit versions : first by Arlo Guthrie in 1972 , and later by Willie Nelson in 1985 . An article in the September 2017 issue of Trains magazine chronicles the writing and recording of the song and includes a biographical sketch of Steve Goodman .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Arlo Guthrie version 1.1 Chart performance 1.2 Weekly charts 1.3 Year - end charts 2 Willie Nelson version 2.1 Chart performance 3 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Arlo Guthrie version ( edit ) `` The City of New Orleans '' Single by Arlo Guthrie from the album Hobo 's Lullaby B - side `` Days Are Short '' Released July 1972 Format 7 '' Recorded 1972 Genre Folk Length 4 : 31 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Steve Goodman Producer ( s ) Lenny Waronker , John Pilla While at the Quiet Knight bar in Chicago , Goodman saw Arlo Guthrie , and asked to be allowed to play a song for him . Guthrie grudgingly agreed , on the condition that if Goodman bought him a beer , Guthrie would listen to him play for as long as it took to drink the beer . Goodman played `` City of New Orleans '' , which Guthrie liked enough that he asked to record it . The song was a hit for Guthrie on his 1972 album Hobo 's Lullaby , reaching # 4 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart and # 18 on the Hot 100 chart ; it would prove to be Guthrie 's only top - 40 hit and one of only two he would have on the Hot 100 ( the other was a severely shortened and rearranged version of his magnum opus `` Alice 's Restaurant '' , which hit # 97 ) . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 11 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 14 US Billboard Hot 100 18 U.S. Billboard Easy Listening Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank U.S.", "2": "Billboard Hot 100 45 Willie Nelson version ( edit ) `` City of New Orleans '' Single by Willie Nelson from the album City of New Orleans B - side `` Why Are You Pickin ' on Me '' Released July 1984 Format 7 '' Recorded October 1983 Genre Country Length 4 : 47 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Steve Goodman Producer ( s ) Chips Moman Willie Nelson singles chronology `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` City of New Orleans '' ( 1984 ) `` Seven Spanish Angels '' ( 1985 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` City of New Orleans '' ( 1984 ) `` Seven Spanish Angels '' ( 1985 ) Steve Goodman won a posthumous Grammy Award for Best Country Song at the 27th Grammy Awards in 1985 for Willie Nelson 's version , which was included on Nelson 's 1984 album City of New Orleans . It reached # 1 on both the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in the United States and the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 30 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks Preceded by `` If You 're Gonna Play in Texas ( You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band ) '' by Alabama Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single November 3 , 1984 Succeeded by `` I 've Been Around Enough to Know '' by John Schneider RPM Country Tracks number - one single November 10 , 1984 Other versions ( edit ) Joe Dassin recorded a French cover , titled Salut les amoureux ( `` Hello , lovers '' ) . Dutch singer Gerard Cox produced a version called ' t Is weer voorbij die mooie zomer ( The nice summer is over again ) in 1973 . John Denver recorded a version on his album All Aboard !", "3": "In a Shining Time Station Season 2 episode , Jingle , Jingle , Jingle , The Jukebox Band sing this song to celebrate their promotion of winning the slogan contest . Punk rock supergroup cover band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes released a version as a single in 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of train songs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sanders , Craig . `` Writing of ' City of New Orleans ' '' . Trains 77 ( 9 ) : 34 - 39 . Jump up ^ Central , Spotlight ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` '' Running Down the Road '' Arlo Guthrie LIVE ! at The Grunin Center `` . Medium . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Arlo Guthrie Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 109 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 245 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Track of the Day : ' Salut Les Amoureux ' by Joe Dassin '' . The Atlantic . 2016 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 .", "4": "External links ( edit ) Original lyrics at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 20 , 2006 ) Arlo Guthrie cover lyric version at the Wayback Machine ( archived November 21 , 2006 ) Classic Tracks : Arlo Guthrie 's `` City of New Orleans '' Arlo Guthrie Studio albums Alice 's Restaurant ( 1967 ) Running Down the Road ( 1969 ) Alice 's Restaurant Soundtrack ( 1969 ) Washington County ( 1970 ) Hobo 's Lullaby ( 1972 ) Last of the Brooklyn Cowboys ( 1973 ) Arlo Guthrie ( 1974 ) Amigo ( 1976 ) One Night ( 1978 ) Outlasting the Blues ( 1979 ) Power of Love ( 1981 ) Someday ( 1986 ) Son of the Wind ( 1992 ) Mystic Journey ( 1996 ) Woody 's 20 Grow Big Songs ( 2005 ) Live albums Arlo ( 1968 ) Alice 's Restaurant : The Massacree Revisited ( 1996 ) Arlo Guthrie - Live in Sydney ( 2005 ) In Times Like These ( 2007 ) With Pete Seeger Together In Concert ( 1975 , live ) Precious Friend ( 1982 ) More Together Again , Vol. 1 ( 1994 ) More Together Again , Vol. 2 ( 1994 ) Compilations The Best of Arlo Guthrie ( 1976 ) All Over the World ( 1991 ) Important songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` City of New Orleans '' `` Massachusetts '' Films acted in Alice 's Restaurant ( 1969 ) Renaldo and Clara ( 1978 ) The Weavers : Was n't That a Time !", "5": "( 1982 ) Baby 's Storytime ( 1989 ) Roadside Prophets ( 1992 ) Films composed for Woodstock ( 1969 ) Related Discography Woody Guthrie Byrds of Paradise The Muppet Show Rising Son Records Alice Brock Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County", "6": "Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad", "7": "'s Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle ,", "8": "Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr.", "9": "Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently ,", "10": "Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' `` Summer of Roses '' / `` December Day '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' `` Alice in Hulaland '' 2016 `` Lay Me Down '' 2017 `` Still Not Dead '' 2018 `` Last Man Standing '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Joe Dassin Studio albums Joe Dassin à New York Les Deux Mondes de Joe Dassin Joe Dassin ( Les Champs - Élysées ) Joe Dassin ( La Fleur aux dents ) Joe Dassin ( Elle était . Oh ! ) Joe 13 chansons nouvelles Joe Dassin ( Si tu t'appelles Mélancolie ) Joe Dassin ( Le Costume blanc ) Le Jardin du Luxembourg Les Femmes de ma vie 15 ans déjà . Blue Country Home Made Ice Cream Compilations Le Meilleur de Joe Dassin ‎ Ses plus grands succès Songs `` Les Dalton '' `` Marie - Jeanne '' `` Siffler sur la colline '' `` Comment te dire '' `` Ma bonne étoile '' `` Le Petit Pain au chocolat '' `` Le Chemin de papa '' `` Les Champs - Élysées '' `` C'est la vie ,", "11": "Lily '' `` Billy le Bordelais '' `` L'Amérique '' `` Cécilia '' `` La Fleur aux dents '' `` L'Équipe à Jojo '' `` Taka takata ( La Femme du toréro ) '' `` La Complainte de l'heure de pointe '' `` Le Moustique '' `` Salut les amoureux '' `` Si tu t'appelles Mélancolie '' `` L'Été indien '' `` Ça va pas changer le monde '' `` Et si tu n'existais pas '' `` Salut '' `` Il était une fois nous deux '' `` Le Jardin du Luxembourg '' `` À toi '' `` Et l'amour s'en va '' `` Dans les yeux d'Émilie '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_New_Orleans_(song)&oldid=833427829 '' Categories : American folk songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Buddah Records singles Columbia Records singles Reprise Records singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Song recordings produced by Lenny Waronker Songs about trains Songs written by Steve Goodman Arlo Guthrie songs Judy Collins songs Willie Nelson songs Joe Dassin songs 1971 songs 1971 singles 1972 singles 1984 singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 13 : 44 . 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-7761868052579751930	who became king of erebor after thorin dies	[ "Dáin", "his cousin Dáin", "his cousin Dáin", "his cousin Dáin", "Dáin" ]	{ "0": "Thorin Oakenshield - wikipedia Thorin Oakenshield Jump to : navigation , search Thorin Oakenshield Tolkien 's legendarium character Aliases King under the Mountain King of Durin 's Folk Race Dwarf Book ( s ) The Hobbit ( 1937 ) The Return of the King ( 1955 ) Unfinished Tales ( 1980 ) Thorin II Oakenshield , son of Thráin , son of Thrór , King under the Mountain is a fictional character in J.R.R. Tolkien 's 1937 novel The Hobbit . Thorin is the leader of the Company of Dwarves who aim to reclaim the Lonely Mountain from Smaug the dragon . He is the son of Thráin II , grandson of Thrór , and becomes King of Durin 's Folk during their exile from Erebor . Thorin 's background is further elaborated in Appendix A of Tolkien 's 1955 novel The Return of the King . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Biography 3 Appearances 3.1 The Hobbit 3.2 The Lord of the Rings 3.3 Unfinished Tales 4 Names and titles 5 Adaptations 6 Family tree 7 References 8 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Thorin is described as haughty , stern , and officious . He sings and plays the harp , wears a gold chain , and has a long beard . He wears a distinctive sky blue hood with a long silver tassel . He refers to his home in the Blue Mountains as `` poor lodgings in exile '' . He is a capable and a cunning warrior , if not a particularly inspiring or clever leader . While shorter than Elves or Men , Thorin is said to be quite tall for a Dwarf . Thorin was smart , proud , brave , vengeful , and stubborn . He was infamous for a high sense of his importance and rank . He shared the greed of his family , though he valued the welfare of others as well . Biography ( edit ) In the year T.A. 2746 , Thorin II was born to Thráin II in the Lonely Mountain .", "1": "The dwarves of the Lonely Mountain were forced to flee by the dragon Smaug in T.A. 2770 while Thorin was quite young . In exile , he became a capable warrior , and while still young participated in the Battle of Azanulbizar in T.A. 2799 . During the fighting , his shield broke , and he took up an oak branch to serve as a shield ; `` Oakenshield '' thus became his epithet . Thorin became King - in - Exile of Durin 's Folk after his father presumably died in the dungeons of Dol Guldur . He led the expedition recounted in The Hobbit to win the Lonely Mountain back from Smaug , but was killed in the Battle of Five Armies described at the end of that book . Appearances ( edit ) The Hobbit ( edit ) In The Hobbit , Thorin and twelve other Dwarves visited Bilbo Baggins on Gandalf 's advice to hire Bilbo as a burglar to steal their treasure back from the dragon Smaug . Smaug had attacked Erebor ( the Lonely Mountain ) about 150 years before , and had taken both the dwarves ' mountain and their treasure . Thorin was determined to get the treasure back , and especially wanted the Arkenstone , the Heart of the Mountain , an heirloom of his house . On the journey the company encountered a band of trolls , and Thorin alone of the Dwarves was not taken unawares . He found the Elven blade Orcrist in the trolls ' cache , and used the sword thereafter until it was taken when he was captured by the wood - elves . He and Gandalf fought valiantly in the goblin tunnels in the Misty Mountains . When the dwarves were captured by the wood - elves of Mirkwood , Thorin insisted that the others not disclose their quest to their captors . He was the first to emerge from the barrels at Lake - town and marched right up to the leaders of the town , declaring himself as King Under the Mountain . With provisions from Lake - town , Thorin led the company to Erebor .", "2": "After Smaug was destroyed , the dwarves reclaimed the treasure , and Thorin , very pleased with Bilbo , gave the Hobbit a chain - mail coat made of mithril as the first instalment of his payment . Faced with demands from Thranduil the Elvenking and Bard the Bowman for a fair share of the treasure to be distributed to the wood - elves and the men of Lake - town , Thorin let greed get the better of him and refused to acknowledge their right to any of the hoard . He fortified the Mountain against his new rivals , and sent to his cousin Dáin Ironfoot for reinforcements . Thorin was furious when Bilbo stole the Arkenstone to use as a bargaining counter , and drove him from the Mountain . The growing conflict was averted only by an invasion of goblins and wargs , whereupon the dwarves joined forces with the wood - elves , the men of Lake - town , and the great eagles in what became known as the Battle of Five Armies . During the battle , Thorin was mortally wounded , but he made his peace with Bilbo before he died . If more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold , it would be a merrier world . But , sad or merry , I must leave it now . Farewell . Thorin , The Hobbit When Thorin died , he was buried with the Arkenstone , and Orcrist was returned and laid upon his tomb . The blade would glow blue should Orcs approach , and they could thus not take the Mountain by surprise . Thorin was succeeded as leader of Durin 's Folk by his cousin Dáin . The Lord of the Rings ( edit ) Part III of Appendix A in The Return of the King gives an overview of the history of Durin 's Folk and gives more of Thorin 's background . He was born in T.A. 2746 , and when Smaug attacked Erebor in 2770 , Thorin was driven into exile with the other surviving dwarves . In 2799 when he was 53 ( a young age for a Dwarf ) , he marched with a mighty dwarf - army against the orcs of Moria .", "3": "In the Battle of Azanulbizar in Nanduhirion beneath the East-gate of Moria , Thorin 's shield was broken , and he used his axe to chop a branch from an oak tree to defend himself , thus earning the epithet `` Oakenshield '' . After the battle Thorin led his people to establish a foothold in the Ered Luin - the Blue Mountains west of the Shire . Unfinished Tales ( edit ) Unfinished Tales , a book of Tolkien 's essays and stories about Middle - earth published posthumously in 1980 , elaborates on Thorin 's reasons for accepting Bilbo into his company . As depicted in the story `` The Quest of Erebor '' , Thorin met with Gandalf in Bree shortly before the quest began . Gandalf persuaded him that stealth , rather than force , was needed to infiltrate Erebor ; they would therefore need a burglar . Gandalf feared that Sauron could use Smaug as a weapon , and was concerned that Thorin 's pride and quick temper would ruin the mission to destroy the dragon . He thought that Bilbo would be a calming influence on Thorin , as well as a genuinely valuable addition to the company . Thorin , who did not think much of Hobbits , reluctantly agreed , realizing that Bilbo 's presence would be a small price to pay for Gandalf 's help . Names and titles ( edit ) Tolkien adopted Thorin 's name from the Old Norse poem `` Völuspá '' , part of the Poetic Edda . The name `` Thorin '' ( Þorinn ) appears in stanza 12 , where it is used for a dwarf , and the name `` Oakenshield '' ( Eikinskjaldi ) in stanza 13 . The names also appear in Snorri Sturluson 's Prose Edda . The Norse Þorinn means darer or bold one , which is apt for the dwarf who initiated the quest of Erebor . As he was by right of birth the king of Erebor following the death of his father Thráin , he was King under the Mountain in exile until Smaug was destroyed . Upon Thorin 's death , the title passed to Dáin , his cousin and nearest heir .", "4": "Adaptations ( edit ) Richard Armitage as Thorin Oakenshield in The Hobbit In the 1977 animated version of The Hobbit , Thorin is voiced by Hans Conried . In the 1982 game The Hobbit Thorin appears as an AI controlled character and one of his seemingly random actions ( `` Thorin sits down and starts singing about gold '' , which occurs when the player does nothing for a while ) became quite famous . In the 2003 video game , Thorin is voiced by Clive Revill . Thorin briefly appears in The Lord of the Rings Online during the prologue for the Dwarven characters , set shortly before The Quest for Erebor . In the game the stronghold in the Ered Luin of the refugees from Erebor bears the name `` Thorin 's Hall '' in his honour . In the Extended Edition of The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) Gandalf briefly mentions Thorin as the one who gave the mithril shirt to Bilbo as a gift . In the three - film adaptation of The Hobbit ( 2012 -- 2014 ) , Thorin is portrayed by Richard Armitage . The movie adaptation adds to Thorin 's quest a personal vendetta against the orc Azog , who murdered Thorin 's grandfather , Thrór . Thorin and Azog face each other once again following the dwarves ' escape from Goblin - Town , and Thorin sets out to kill Azog once and for all during the Battle of the Five Armies . After a prolonged fight , Thorin and Azog mortally wound each other , and Thorin dies in Bilbo 's arms .", "5": "Family tree ( edit ) Durin 's Folk Durin I Other Dwarf Clan Durin II Durin III Durin IV Durin V Durin VI Náin I Thráin I Thorin I Glóin Óin Náin II Dáin I Borin Frór Thrór Grór Farin Thráin II Náin Fundin Gróin Dís Thorin II Oakenshield Dáin II Ironfoot Dwalin Balin Glóin Óin Ori , Dori , Nori Bifur , Bofur , Bombur Fili , Kili Thorin III Stonehelm Gimli Durin VII Names in italics are Thorin and his company from The Hobbit References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Solopova , Elizabeth ( 2009 ) , Languages , Myths and History : An Introduction to the Linguistic and Literary Background of J.R.R. Tolkien 's Fiction , New York City : North Landing Books , p. 20 , ISBN 0 - 9816607 - 1 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Poetic Edda '' . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 27 . Tr . Henry Adams Bellows ( 1936 ) . Jump up ^ `` Prose Edda '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Tr . Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur . The names appear as Thorinn and Eikinskjaldi . The name ultimately derives from that of the Norse god Thor . Jump up ^ John D. Rateliff ( 2007 ) , The History of The Hobbit , volume 2 Return to Bag End , Appendix III Dvergatal ; ISBN 0 - 00 - 725066 - 5 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Stuart ( December 1991 ) . `` Top 100 Speccy Games '' . Your Sinclair ( 72 ) : 28 . Jump up ^ Josh Winning ( 18 July 2011 ) .", "6": "`` See Richard Armitage as Thorin Oakenshield in The Hobbit '' . totalfilm.com . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . External links ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Children and Young Adult Literature portal Fictional characters portal Thorin at The Thain 's Book Thorin at Tolkiengateway.net Thorin at LOTR Wikia Preceded by Thráin II Kings of Durin 's folk Succeeded by Dáin II Ironfoot J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Hobbit Hobbit ( word ) Legendarium Middle - earth Editions English - language editions Early American editions The Annotated Hobbit Translations Characters Bilbo Gandalf Thorin Oakenshield Balin Dwalin Fíli Kíli Dori Nori Ori Óin Glóin Bifur Bofur Bombur Tom , Bert & Bill Elrond Great Goblin Gollum Lord of the Eagles Beorn Elvenking Master of Lake - town Smaug Bard Dáin Náin Related works The History of The Hobbit Bilbo 's Last Song Adaptations and derivatives Radio The Hobbit ( 1968 ) Film The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Original characters Music Video games The Hobbit ( 1982 ) The Hobbit ( 2003 ) Guardians of Middle - earth ( 2012 ) Lego The Hobbit ( 2014 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ( 2014 ) Toys Middle - earth Lego sets portal category wiktionary commons Dwarves from J.R.R.", "7": "Tolkien 's legendarium Dwarves Fathers of the Dwarves Balin Dáin II Ironfoot Durin ( s ) Gimli Thorin II Oakenshield Thráin II Related Iron Hills Khazad - dûm Khuzdul Lonely Mountain Minor places in Beleriand Moria from J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Dwarves of Moria Durin Durin the Deathless The Line of Durins Durin 's folk Balin 's expedition Balin Frár Lóni Náli Óin Flói Ori Nár Other Gimli , son of Glóin Narvi Thrór Thráin II Dáin II Ironfoot Thorin Oakenshield Associations Celebrimbor Tharkûn ( Dwarvish name for Gandalf ) Orcs of Moria Azog Bolg History of creatures Watcher in the Water Durin 's Bane Gollum Goblins Treasures & objects Mithril Durin 's Axe Book of Mazarbul Rivers & streams Sirannon River Kibil - nâla Locations Doors of Durin Chamber of Mazarbul Bridge of Khazad - dûm Dimrill Gate Endless Stair Durin 's Tower Warfare history Nírnaeth Arnoediad War of the Dwarves and Orcs Battle of Five Armies Battle of Nanduhirion Smaug Mountains Nearby mountains Misty Mountains Mount Gundabad Notable peaks Caradhras Fanuidhol Zirakzigil ( Dwarven name ; known in Elvish as Celebdil ) Other Significant Dwarves Dwarven realms of the Second Age Dwarven realms of the Third Age ( Moria once bore names such as Khazad - dûm ; Hadhodrond and Dwarrowdelf ) Further reading The J.R.R.", "8": "Tolkien Encyclopedia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorin_Oakenshield&oldid=830928950 '' Categories : Middle - earth Dwarves Middle - earth rulers Fictional kings Characters in The Hobbit Fictional characters introduced in 1937 Fictional musicians Fictional swordsmen Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 19 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1117400623925969758	who won the ncaa women's championship last year 2017	[ "South Carolina", "South Carolina Gamecocks", "South Carolina", "South Carolina" ]	{ "0": "2017 NCAA Division I women 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia 2017 NCAA Division I women 's Basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Season 2016 -- 17 Teams 64 Finals site American Airlines Center Dallas , Texas Champions South Carolina Gamecocks ( 1st title , 1st title game , 2nd Final Four ) Runner - up Mississippi State Bulldogs ( 1st title game , 1st Final Four ) Semifinalists Connecticut Huskies ( 18th Final Four ) Stanford Cardinal ( 13th Final Four ) Winning coach Dawn Staley ( 1st title ) MOP A'ja Wilson ( South Carolina ) NCAA Division I Women 's Tournaments `` 2016 2018 '' The 2017 NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Tournament was played from Friday , March 17 to Sunday , April 2 , 2017 , with the Final Four played at the American Airlines Center in Dallas , Texas on March 31 and April 2 . This was the first time that the women 's Final Four was played in Dallas and the first time since 2002 that the Final Four games were played on Friday and Sunday , rather than Sunday and Tuesday . South Carolina defeated Mississippi State to win the championship . Tennessee continued its record streak of making every NCAA Women 's Basketball Tournament at 36 consecutive appearances . Connecticut also continued its record streak of 10 consecutive Final Four appearances . Contents ( hide ) 1 2017 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues 2 Subregionals Tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures 2.1 Automatic qualifiers 2.2 Tournament seeds 3 Tournament records 4 Games 4.1 Bridgeport Regional , Bridgeport , CT 4.1. 1 First round 4.1. 2 Bracket 4.1. 3 Bridgeport Regional Final 4.1. 4 Bridgeport Regional All - Tournament Team 4.2 Oklahoma City Regional , Oklahoma City , OK 4.2. 1 First round 4.2. 2 Bracket 4.2. 3 Oklahoma City Regional Final 4.2.", "1": "4 Oklahoma City Regional All - Tournament Team 4.3 Lexington Regional , Lexington , KY 4.3. 1 First round 4.3. 2 Bracket 4.3. 3 Lexington Regional Final 4.3. 4 Lexington Regional All - Tournament Team 4.4 Stockton Regional , Stockton , CA 4.4. 1 First round 4.4. 2 Bracket 4.4. 3 Stockton Regional Final 4.4. 4 Stockton Regional All - Tournament Team 5 Final four 5.1 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , TX 5.1. 1 National Semifinals 5.1. 2 National Championship 5.1. 3 Final Four All - Tournament Team 6 Record by conference 7 Media coverage 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Studio host and analysts 7.1. 2 Broadcast assignments 7.2 Radio 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 2017 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) The first two rounds , also referred to as the subregionals , were played at the sites of the top 16 seeds , as was done in 2016 . The following are the sites that hosted each round of the 2017 tournament .", "2": "First and Second Rounds March 17 and 19 Colonial Life Arena , Columbia , South Carolina ( Host : University of South Carolina ) Donald L. Tucker Civic Center , Tallahassee , Florida ( Host : Florida State University ) Edmund P. Joyce Center , Notre Dame , Indiana ( Host : University of Notre Dame ) Frank Erwin Center , Austin , Texas ( Host : University of Texas at Austin ) Gill Coliseum , Corvallis , Oregon ( Host : Oregon State University ) Humphrey Coliseum , Mississippi State , Mississippi ( Host : Mississippi State University ) Memorial Coliseum , Lexington , Kentucky ( Host : University of Kentucky ) Xfinity Center , College Park , Maryland ( Host : University of Maryland ) March 18 and 20 Bramlage Coliseum , Manhattan , Kansas ( Host : Kansas State University ) Cameron Indoor Stadium , Durham , North Carolina ( Host : Duke University ) Ferrell Center , Waco , Texas , ( Host : Baylor University ) Harry A. Gampel Pavilion , Storrs , Connecticut ( Host : University of Connecticut ) Hec Edmundson Pavilion , Seattle , Washington ( Host : University of Washington ) KFC Yum !", "3": "Center , Louisville , Kentucky ( Host : University of Louisville ) Pauley Pavilion , Los Angeles , California ( Host : University of California , Los Angeles ) Watsco Center , Coral Gables , Florida , ( Host : University of Miami ) Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) Bridgeport Oklahoma City Lexington Stockton Dallas 2017 NCAA Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) ( Hover over city to see link to arena ) March 24 -- 27 Bridgeport Regional , Webster Bank Arena , Bridgeport , Connecticut ( Hosts : Fairfield University and University of Connecticut ) Oklahoma City Regional , Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ( Host : University of Oklahoma ) Lexington Regional , Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky ( Host : University of Kentucky ) Stockton Regional , Stockton Arena , Stockton , California ( Host : University of the Pacific ) National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) March 31 and April 2 American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas ( Host : Big 12 Conference ) Jump up ^ As the # 2 seed in their region , Stanford University was entitled to host the First and Second Round at Maples Pavilion but was unable to do so due to a scheduling conflict . As a result , hosting rights reverted to the next - highest seed in Stanford 's pod of four teams , # 7 Kansas State . Subregionals tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures ( edit ) Further information : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship § Tournament format Selections for the 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Championship were announced at 7 p.m. Eastern time , Monday , March 13 via ESPN . The basis for the subregionals returned to the approach used between 1982 and 2002 ; the top sixteen teams , as chosen in the bracket selection process , hosted the first two rounds on campus . A total of 64 teams entered the 2017 tournament . 32 automatic bids teams were given to teams that won their conference tournament . The remaining 32 teams were granted `` at - large '' bids , which were extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . The Selection Committee also seeded the entire field from 1 to 64 .", "4": "Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following teams automatically qualified for the 2017 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's tournament . Conference Team Appearance Last bid ACC Notre Dame 24th 2016 America East Albany 6th 2016 American Connecticut 29th 2016 Atlantic 10 Dayton 7th 2015 Atlantic Sun Florida Gulf Coast 4th 2015 Big 12 West Virginia 12th 2016 Big East Marquette 10th 2011 Big Sky Montana State 2nd 1993 Big South UNC Asheville 3rd 2016 Big Ten Maryland 25th 2016 Big West Long Beach State 12th 1992 Colonial Elon 1st Never C - USA WKU 19th 2015 Horizon Green Bay 17th 2016 Ivy Penn 5th 2016 MAAC Quinnipiac 3rd 2015 MAC Toledo 8th 2001 MEAC Hampton 9th 2014 Missouri Valley Drake 11th 2007 Mountain West Boise State 4th 2015 Northeast Robert Morris 5th 2016 Ohio Valley Belmont 3rd 2016 Pac - 12 Stanford 31st 2016 Patriot Bucknell 3rd 2008 SEC South Carolina 14th 2016 Southern Chattanooga 15th 2016 Southland Central Arkansas 2nd 2016 SWAC Texas Southern 1st Never Summit Western Illinois 2nd 1995 Sun Belt Troy 3rd 2016 West Coast Gonzaga 9th 2015 WAC New Mexico State 5th 2016 Tournament seeds ( edit ) Bridgeport Regional -- Webster Bank Arena , Bridgeport ,", "5": "Connecticut Seed School Conference Record Berth type Connecticut American 32 -- 0 Auto Duke ACC 27 -- 5 At - large Maryland Big Ten 30 -- 2 Auto UCLA Pac 12 23 -- 8 At - large 5 Texas A&M SEC 21 -- 11 At - large 6 West Virginia Big 12 23 -- 10 Auto 7 Temple American 24 -- 7 At - large 8 Syracuse ACC 21 -- 10 At - large 9 Iowa State Big 12 18 -- 12 At - large 10 Oregon Pac 12 21 -- 13 At - large 11 Elon Colonial 27 -- 6 Auto 12 Pennsylvania Ivy League 22 -- 7 Auto 13 Boise State Mountain West 25 -- 7 Auto 14 Bucknell Patriot 27 -- 5 Auto 15 Hampton Mid-Eastern 20 -- 12 Auto 16 Albany America East 21 -- 11 Auto Oklahoma City Regional -- Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Seed School Conference Record Berth type Baylor Big 12 30 -- 3 At - large Mississippi St .", "6": "SEC 29 -- 4 At - large Washington Pac 12 27 -- 5 At - large Louisville ACC 27 -- 7 At - large 5 Tennessee SEC 19 -- 11 At - large 6 Oklahoma Big 12 22 -- 9 At - large 7 DePaul Big East 26 -- 7 At - large 8 LSU SEC 20 -- 11 At - large 9 California Pac 12 19 -- 13 At - large 10 UNI Missouri Valley 24 -- 8 At - large 11 Gonzaga WCC 26 -- 6 Auto 12 Dayton A-10 22 -- 9 Auto 13 Chattanooga Southern 21 -- 10 Auto 14 Montana St . Big Sky 25 -- 6 Auto 15 Troy Sun Belt 22 -- 10 Auto 16 Texas Southern SWAC 23 -- 9 Auto Lexington Regional -- Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky Seed School Conference Record Berth type Notre Dame ACC 30 -- 3 Auto Stanford Pac 12 28 -- 5 Auto Texas Big 12 23 -- 8 At - large Kentucky SEC 21 -- 10 At - large 5 Ohio St . Big 10 26 -- 6 At - large 6 North Carolina St . ACC 22 -- 8 At - large 7 Kansas St . Big 12 22 -- 10 At - large 8 Green Bay Horizon 27 -- 5 Auto 9 Purdue Big 10 22 -- 12 At - large 10 Drake Missouri Valley 28 -- 4 Auto 11 Auburn SEC 17 -- 14 At - large 12 Western Ky .", "7": "Conference USA 27 -- 6 Auto 13 Belmont Ohio Valley 27 -- 5 Auto 14 Central Ark . Southland 26 -- 4 Auto 15 New Mexico St . WAC 24 -- 6 Auto 16 Robert Morris NEC 22 -- 10 Auto Stockton Regional -- Stockton Arena , Stockton , California Seed School Conference Record Berth type South Carolina SEC 27 -- 4 Auto Oregon St . Pac 12 29 -- 4 At - large Florida St . ACC 25 -- 6 At - large Miami ( FL ) ACC 23 -- 8 At - large 5 Marquette Big East 25 -- 7 Auto 6 Missouri SEC 21 -- 10 At - large 7 Creighton Big East 23 -- 7 At - large 8 Arizona St . Pac 12 19 -- 12 At - large 9 Michigan St . Big 10 21 -- 11 At - large 10 Toledo Mid-American 25 -- 8 Auto 11 South Fla . American 24 -- 8 At - large 12 Quinnipiac MAAC 27 -- 6 Auto 13 Florida Gulf Coast Atlantic Sun 26 -- 8 Auto 14 Western Ill . Summit 25 -- 6 Auto 15 Long Beach St .", "8": "Big West 23 -- 10 Auto 16 UNC Asheville Big South 19 -- 14 Auto Tournament records ( edit ) Kentucky 's Evelyn Akhator recorded 23 rebounds in a second round game against Ohio State , tied for second most ever in an NCAA tournament game Duke held Hampton to 2 points in the second period of a first round game , the fewest points scored in a period in an NCAA tournament game Baylor beat Texas Southern by 89 points in a first round game , the largest margin of victory in an NCAA tournament game Texas A&M was behind by 21 points to Penn ( 58 -- 37 ) in the fourth period of a first round game , but came back to win 63 -- 61 Washington made 18 three pointers in a second round game against Oklahoma , the most ever made in an NCAA tournament game UConn 's Kia Nurse made 22 three pointers in the tournament , the most ever made in an NCAA tournament Connecticut 's Kia Nurse made 9 threes in 2nd round versus Syracuse , the most ever made in an NCAA tournament game Games ( edit ) Bridgeport regional , Bridgeport , ct ( edit ) First round ( edit ) Connecticut took on the America East champion , in a first - round game between the top - seeded Huskies and the 16 seed Albany . The Huskies scored the first nine points , but the great Danes cut the lead to three points 10 -- 7 early in the first quarter . Despite leading 58 -- 32 at halftime , the halftime discussion among the players was how to boost their intensity on defense . The Huskies held Albany to 23 points in the second half and went on to win the game 116 -- 55 . Iowa State chose to concentrate their defensive efforts on Syracuse 's top two scoring threats , Britney Sykes and Alexis Peterson , but Gabby Cooper made them pay by hitting five three - pointers in the first seven minutes of the game . By the end of the first quarter , Syracuse had a 25 - point lead . Although Iowa State outscored Syracuse the remainder of the game , the damage had been done and the eighth - seeded Syracuse team defeated the ninth seeded Iowa State team 85 -- 65 .", "9": "Cooper scored early for Syracuse but Sykes ended up with 28 points and Peterson with 25 . Despite being the 12 seed , Pennsylvania dominated the fifth - seeded Texas A&M for the first three quarters of the game . The Quakers had a 21 - point lead in the fourth quarter when the Aggies switched to a full - court press which turned out to be effective as it forced seven turnovers in the quarter . This , combined with their inability to shoot , missing their last 10 shots , created the greatest comeback in NCAA tournament history . The previous record was 16 points , but this game set a new record at 21 points . Texas A&M ended up with the 63 -- 61 win over Penn . UCLA took on Boise State in a match - up between the 4 seed and the 13 seed . The Bruins scored 15 points before the Broncos had their first point . UCLA hit 58 % of their shots and a slightly higher percentage , 59 % , from beyond the arc . Billings had 19 points for the Bruins while Jordin Canada tied a school record with 16 assists , to go along with her 15 points . UCLA ended up with the win 83 -- 56 . Sixth - seeded West Virginia took on 11 seeded Elon , playing in their first ever NCAA tournament . Despite having beaten Baylor in the Big 12 Conference Tournament , the Mountaineers remained in a close game with the Phoenix for much of the game . The score was tied at 53 points apiece when the mountaineers ran off 10 straight points to open up a 10 - point margin . Tynice Martin scored 26 points for West Virginia and Katrina Pardee hit two crucial three - pointers to help West Virginia to the 75 -- 62 win . Elon is coached by Charlotte Smith who hit one of the most memorable shots in NCAA tournament history when she had a three - pointer in the final second of the 1994 championship game to seal the win for North Carolina . Oregon has n't been in the tournament for 12 years but is making the most of it . Seeded 10th , they took on the seventh - seeded Temple Owls in a first - round game which came down to the final seconds .", "10": "The Duck 's Ruthy Hebard sank a basket with 5 1 / 2 seconds to go in the game that proved to be the winning basket . The Owls attempted a final shot but the freshman Hebard blocked it as time expired to give the Ducks a 71 -- 70 victory . Hampton faced Duke in a first - round match - up between two teams that did not make the tournament last year . The Pirates had a `` horrendous '' second quarter scoring only two points against the Blue Devils 31 . Rebecca Greenwell had a double double with 26 points and 10 rebounds for Duke who went on to win easily 94 -- 31 . Duke 's Kyra Lambert left the game with an knee injury in the second quarter and did not return .", "11": "Bracket ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 17 -- 18 Second Round Round of 32 March 19 -- 20 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 25 Regional Final Elite 8 March 27 Connecticut 116 16 Albany 55 Connecticut 94 Storrs , Connecticut ( Sat / Mon ) 8 Syracuse 64 8 Syracuse 85 9 Iowa State 65 Connecticut 86 UCLA 71 5 Texas A&M 63 12 Penn 61 5 Texas A&M 43 Los Angeles , California ( Sat / Mon ) UCLA 75 UCLA 83 13 Boise State 56 Connecticut 90 10 Oregon 52 6 West Virginia 75 11 Elon 62 6 West Virginia 56 College Park , Maryland ( Fri / Sun ) Maryland 83 Maryland 103 14 Bucknell 61 Maryland 63 10 Oregon 77 7 Temple 70 10 Oregon 71 10 Oregon 74 Durham , North Carolina ( Sat / Mon ) Duke 65 Duke 94 15 Hampton 31 Highlights The Texas A&M -- Penn game saw the biggest comeback in the history of the women 's tournament , as Texas A&M erased a 21 - point deficit in the fourth quarter . The previous record was 16 points by Notre Dame in 2001 and Michigan State in 2005 .", "12": "Bridgeport Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN March 27 7 : 00 PM Summary Connecticut 90 , Oregon 52 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 13 , 21 -- 11 , 23 -- 19 , 18 -- 9 Pts : N. Collier 28 Rebs : N. Collier 12 Asts : K. Nurse 7 Pts : S. Ionescu 15 Rebs : S. Ionescu 8 Asts : M. Cazorla / M. McGwire 4 Webster Bank Arena , Bridgeport , CT Attendance : 8,978 Referees : Mark Zentz , Felicia Grinter , Penny Davis Bridgeport Regional All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Napheesa Collier , Connecticut ( MOP ) Gabby Williams , Connecticut Saniya Chong , Connecticut Sabrina Ionescu , Oregon Jordin Canada , UCLA Oklahoma City regional , Oklahoma City , ok ( edit ) First round ( edit ) Connecticut had tied the tournament record for points in a game early in the day with 116 points but Baylor set a new record , scoring 119 points against Texas Southern , appearing in their first ever tournament . The Bears scored the first 22 points of the game before Texas Southern could score . In addition to setting a record for the largest number of points in an NCAA tournament game , Baylor shattered the margin of victory record , previously 74 points , by holding Texas Southern to 30 points , thus setting a new margin of victory record at 89 points . California opened up an early lead against LSU , extending the lead to as many as 10 points . LSU played from behind much of the game but closed the lead -- the teams were tied at 50 points each with just under a minute and a half left in the game . Cal 's Asha Thomas hit a three to give the Bears the lead . LSU had several chances to respond , but down by one point with 10 seconds left , LSU 's Alexis Hyder drove from the left side attempting to make a game winning layup but Kristine Anigwe was there and blocked the ball . There was a scramble for the ball which resulted in two foul shots for Anigwe who hit them both to give California a 55 -- 52 win .", "13": "Fifth - seeded Tennessee led 12th seeded Dayton at the end of the first quarter 20 -- 9 , but Dayton responded with a 20 -- 9 run of their own to tie the game up to 29 points apiece at halftime . Tennessee took over again in the third quarter , but this time the Flyers were unable to respond in Tennessee finished with the win 66 -- 57 . 13th seeded Chattanooga kept the game close against fourth seeded Louisville for much of the game , but the Cardinals went on a 20 -- 6 run in the final quarter , led by Asia Durr , to open up a large lead the Mocs could never overcome . The Cardinals won 82 -- 62 . Oklahoma faced Gonzaga , a matchup between the 6 and 11 seeds . The Sooners started off strong and held a 13 - point lead at the end of the first quarter 2 -- 16 . That margin would match the final margin of victory , although the Bulldogs cut the lead to five points twice in the fourth quarter . Vionise Pierre - Louis was close to a triple - double for Oklahoma with 17 points nine rebounds and nine block shots . The final score was 75 -- 62 . Washington , the third seed , took on Montana State the 14 seed . Although Washington led early , they could n't create much separation between themselves and the Bobcats . Although Montana State 's Peyton Ferris is only 5'9 `` , she was asked to play in the post . Despite the size advantage of Washington she was effective and ended the game with 33 points . She fouled out with just under three minutes left in the game as fans of both teams gave her a standing ovation for her performance . Although Montana State kept the game reasonably close for the first 27 minutes , the Huskies eventually built a large lead and ended up with the 91 -- 63 win . DePaul played Northern Iowa in a match - up between the seven and 10 seeds . The Panthers scored first , but DePaul responded with a pair of 7 -- 0 runs to take a nine - point lead . DePaul brought Tanita Allen off the bench who hit her first five three - pointers en route to a 25 - point game to help the Blue Demons win the game 88 -- 67 .", "14": "Mississippi State took on Troy in a 2 seed versus 15 seed match - up . The Bulldogs head coach Vic Schaefer dramatically changed his lineup after the loss in the SEC championship , having three starters come in off the bench , including Victoria Vivians for the first time in her career . Blair Schaefer , the coach 's daughter , recorded a career - high 21 points , helping her team to a 110 -- 69 victory . Bracket ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 17 -- 18 Second Round Round of 32 March 19 -- 20 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 Baylor 119 16 Texas Southern 30 Baylor 86 Waco , Texas ( Sat / Mon ) 9 California 46 8 LSU 52 9 California 55 Baylor 97 Louisville 63 5 Tennessee 66 12 Dayton 57 5 Tennessee 64 Louisville , Kentucky ( Sat / Mon ) Louisville 75 Louisville 82 13 Chattanooga 62 Baylor 85 Mississippi State 94 * 6 Oklahoma 75 11 Gonzaga 62 6 Oklahoma 82 Seattle , Washington ( Sat / Mon ) Washington 108 Washington 91 14 Montana State 63 Washington 64 Mississippi State 75 7 DePaul 88 10 Northern Iowa 67 7 DePaul 71 Starkville , Mississippi ( Fri / Sun ) Mississippi State 92 Mississippi State 110 15 Troy 69 * -- Denotes overtime period Oklahoma City Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN March 26 7 : 30 PM Summary Baylor 85 , Mississippi State 94 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 21 , 21 -- 22 , 21 -- 17 , 14 -- 15 , Overtime : 10 -- 19 Pts : K. Brown 27 Rebs : K. Brown 9 Asts : A.", "15": "Jones 7 Pts : M. William 41 Rebs : V. Vivians 6 Asts : M. William 7 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , OK Attendance : 3,128 Referees : Dee Kanter , Cameron Inouye , Michael McConnell Oklahoma City Regional All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Morgan William , Mississippi State ( MOP ) Victoria Vivians , Mississippi State Teaira McCowan , Mississippi State Nina Davis , Baylor Kalani Brown , Baylor Lexington regional , Lexington , ky ( edit ) First round ( edit ) Robert Morris fell behind 10 -- 0 early in the game against the top seed Notre Dame , but managed to tie the game up at 10 points apiece . However , Notre Dame had too much talent and retook the lead extending at especially in the third quarter when they shot 69 % and held Robert Morris to 29 % . The final margin of 30 points in the 79 -- 49 result was the smallest margin of loss in any of the five tournament games for the Colonials . The ninth seeded Purdue Boilermakers started strong against the eighth - seeded Green Bay with an early 15 -- 0 run to open up a 17 -- 3 lead . Although the Phoenix were cut into the lead in the second quarter and second half , the boilermakers responded each time . Green Bay was within five points with 2 1 / 2 minutes left , but Dominique Oden hit a three pointer and Purdue hit many of their closing free throws to end up with the win 74 -- 62 . Ohio State took on Western Kentucky in a 5 -- 12 match - up . Each team started slowly missing most of its early shots with Western Kentucky building a small lead early and still leading 18 -- 14 late in the first quarter . Then the Buckeyes would run off seven consecutive points to take a lead . Although Western Kentucky lead briefly in the second quarter , Ohio State had a seven point lead at halftime . Ohio State led the rest of the way although Western Kentucky would cut the lead to six points twice . The Buckeyes ended with the win 70 -- 63 . Fourth - seeded Kentucky took on 13th seeded Belmont who came into the tournament with a 21 game winning streak , the second - longest in the nation .", "16": "The Kentucky Wildcats hit 69 % of their shots in the first quarter to help them open up a 10 point lead . Belmont responded by hitting seven of 9 to cut the lead to a single point . Kentucky expanded and retained the lead through most of the game but Belmont cut the lead to a single point with just 13 seconds left in the game . Kentucky hit two free throws to extend the lead to three points , followed by a Belmont layup to get the lead back to a single point but Kentucky hit two free throws to seal the win 73 -- 70 . Texas took on the Central Arkansas Sugar Bears in a match - up between the 3 and 14 seeds . Texas had lost four of their last six games to end the season so were looking for `` something good to happen '' . Longhorns hit 63 % of their field - goal attempts in the first half and pulled down rebounds when they missed , which help them open up a 28 -- 4 lead by the end of the first quarter . They cruised to a 78 -- 50 victory to end the Sugar Bears 17 game winning streak . Every one of the 11 players for Texas played at least 11 minutes and scored . Kansas State played Drake in a match - up between the 7 and 10 seeds . Normally , the game would have been played at the location of the top seed in the group , Stanford , but they had a conflict due to a gymnastics event so the hosting fell to the next highest seed . Thus , Kansas State were able to play at home for the first time since 2003 . After scoring the first basket , Drake hit two three - pointers to take a 6 -- 2 lead , but the Wildcats went on a 9 -- 0 run to take back the lead . With a little over four minutes left in the game the Wildcats only had a seven point lead when Kindred Wesemann hit a three to extend the lead to double digits . Drake was unable to respond and the Wildcats ended up with the win 67 -- 54 . Second - ranked Stanford faced New Mexico State in a first - round matchup between a 2 seed and a 15 seed . A 15 seed has never beaten a two seed in the women 's NCAA tournament .", "17": "The Aggie scored first and led early finishing the first quarter with a 23 -- 20 lead . Although the Cardinal tied the game in the second quarter , New Mexico took back the lead and led 38 -- 31 at halftime . The Cardinal started the third quarter with an 8 -- 2 run for Stanford but when the final quarter began New Mexico was still in the lead 49 -- 48 . New Mexico scored first in the fourth quarter with a three - pointer but Stanford went on a run , took the lead and ended up with the win 72 -- 64 . Bracket ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 17 -- 18 Second Round Round of 32 March 19 -- 20 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 Notre Dame 79 16 Robert Morris 49 Notre Dame 88 * Notre Dame , Indiana ( Fri / Sun ) 9 Purdue 82 8 Green Bay 62 9 Purdue 74 Notre Dame 99 5 Ohio State 76 5 Ohio State 70 12 Western Kentucky 63 5 Ohio State 82 Lexington , Kentucky ( Fri / Sun ) Kentucky 68 Kentucky 73 13 Belmont 70 Notre Dame 75 Stanford 76 6 North Carolina State 62 11 Auburn 48 6 North Carolina State 80 Austin , Texas ( Fri / Sun ) Texas 84 Texas 78 14 Central Arkansas 50 Texas 66 Stanford 77 7 Kansas State 67 10 Drake 54 7 Kansas State 48 Manhattan , Kansas ( Sat / Mon ) Stanford 69 Stanford 72 15 New Mexico State 64 * -- Denotes overtime period Lexington Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN March 26 12 : 00 PM Summary Stanford 76 , Notre Dame 75 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 22 , 7 -- 23 , 24 -- 12 ,", "18": "21 -- 18 Pts : B. McPhee 27 Rebs : E. McCall 11 Asts : M. Sniezek 8 Pts : A. Ogunbowale 25 Rebs : L. Allen 10 Asts : L. Allen 6 Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky Attendance : 2,527 Referees : Tina Napier , Chuck Gonzalez , Amy Bonner Lexington Regional All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Arike Ogunbowale , Notre Dame ( MOP ) Lindsay Allen , Notre Dame Marina Mabrey , Notre Dame Brittany McPhee , Stanford Karlie Samuelson , Stanford Stockton regional , Stockton , ca ( edit ) First round ( edit ) South Carolina took on UNC Asheville in a match - up between the top seed and the 16 seed . Coach Staley had to make adjustments as a result of the season - ending injury to starter Alaina Coates . She started four guards along with A'ja Wilson , and then went even smaller in the second quarter . The Bulldogs were no match for the Gamecocks and South Carolina led 48 -- 22 at halftime and went on to win the game 90 -- 40 representing their biggest victory ever in the tournament . Arizona State faced Michigan State in a match - up between the eight and nine seeds . The Sun Devils ' Quinn Dornstauder attempted six field goals and four free throws , making every one of them , leading to 16 points . AlthoughMichigan State 's Tori Jankoska scored 26 points she was held to two points in the first half and scored most of her points late in the game when Arizona State had a large lead . Arizona State hit 59 % of the field - goal attempts in the first half leading to a 22 point margin at the break . They went on to win the game 73 -- 61 . Quinnipiac opened their game with an 18 -- 4 run against fifth - seeded Marquette . The Bobcats had extended their lead to 19 points , 52 -- 33 in the third quarter when Marquette started to come back . The Golden Eagles cut the lead to two points near the end of the game .", "19": "Quinnipiac had a three - point lead in the final seconds when Marquette attempted a three - pointer to tie the game but it rimmed out to give the Bobcats their first win ever in an NCAA tournament . Jennifer Fay scored 20 points for the Bobcats . Quinnipiac ended with the win 68 -- 65 . Fourth - seeded Miami took on 13 seeded Florida Gulf Coast . Miami led most of the way by as much as 13 points , but the Eagles mounted to come back and took a small lead late in the game . The game was tied with 1.5 seconds left when Keyona Hayes scored to give the hurricanes a two point lead . Florida Gulf Coast tried to set up final play but was unable to score . Miami won the game 62 -- 60 . Bracket ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 17 -- 18 Second Round Round of 32 March 19 -- 20 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 25 Regional Final Elite 8 March 27 South Carolina 90 16 UNC Asheville 40 South Carolina 71 Columbia , South Carolina ( Fri / Sun ) 8 Arizona State 68 8 Arizona State 73 9 Michigan State 61 South Carolina 100 12 Quinnipiac 58 5 Marquette 65 12 Quinnipiac 68 12 Quinnipiac 85 Coral Gables , Florida ( Sat / Mon ) Miami ( FL ) 78 Miami ( FL ) 62 13 Florida Gulf Coast 60 South Carolina 71 Florida State 64 6 Missouri 66 11 South Florida 64 6 Missouri 55 Tallahassee , Florida ( Fri / Sun ) Florida State 77 Florida State 87 14 Western Illinois 66 Florida State 66 Oregon State 53 7 Creighton 76 10 Toledo 49 7 Creighton 52 Corvallis ,", "20": "Oregon ( Fri / Sun ) Oregon State 64 Oregon State 56 15 Long Beach State 55 Stockton Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN March 27 9 : 00 PM Summary South Carolina 71 , Florida State 64 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 17 , 16 -- 12 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 19 Pts : K. Davis 23 Rebs : D. Cliney 7 Asts : K. Davis / A. Gray / T. Harris 2 Pts : L. Romero 16 Rebs : I. Slaughter 10 Asts : L. Romero 6 Stockton Arena , Stockton , CA Attendance : 3,134 Referees : Lisa Jones , Bryan Brunette , Gina Cross , In'Fini Robinson Stockton Regional All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Kaela Davis , South Carolina ( MOP ) Allisha Gray , South Carolina A'ja Wilson , South Carolina Leticia Romero , Florida State Ivey Slaughter , Florida State Final four ( edit ) American Airlines Center -- Dallas , TX ( edit ) National Semifinals March 31 National Championship Game April 2 BDP1 Connecticut 64 OKC2 Mississippi State 66 * OKC2 Mississippi State 55 SCK1 South Carolina 67 LEX2 Stanford 53 SCK1 South Carolina 62 * -- Denotes overtime period National Semifinals ( edit ) ESPN2 March 31 10 : 02 PM Summary Connecticut 64 , Mississippi State 66 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 13 -- 22 , 15 -- 14 , 20 -- 12 , 12 -- 12 , Overtime : 4 -- 6 Pts : G. Williams 21 Rebs : N. Collier / G. Williams 8 Asts : S. Chong 5 Pts : V. Vivians 19 Rebs : T. McCowan 8 Asts : M. William 6 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , Texas Attendance : 19,200 Referees : Lisa Jones , Jesse Dickerson ,", "21": "Maj Forsberg ESPN2 March 31 7 : 30 PM Summary Stanford 53 , South Carolina 62 Scoring by quarter : 12 -- 14 , 17 -- 6 , 8 -- 21 , 16 -- 21 Pts : E. McCall / A. Smith 14 Rebs : E. McCall 14 Asts : M. Sniezek 6 Pts : A. Gray 18 Rebs : A. Wilson 19 Asts : A. Wilson 4 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , Texas Attendance : 19,200 Referees : Joe Vaszily , Felicia Grinter , Michol Murray National Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Championship Game ESPN April 2 6 : 00 pm Mississippi State 55 , South Carolina 67 Scoring by quarter : 14 -- 18 , 12 -- 18 , 18 -- 16 , 11 -- 15 Pts : V. Vivians 12 Rebs : T. McCowan 10 Asts : M. William 4 Pts : A. Wilson 23 Rebs : A. Wilson / A. Gray 10 Asts : B. Cuevas - Moore / A. Gray / T. Harris 2 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , Texas Referees : Dee Kantner , Tina Napier , Brenda Pantoja Final Four All - Tournament Team ( edit ) A'ja Wilson , South Carolina ( MOP ) Allisha Gray , South Carolina Morgan William , Mississippi State Victoria Vivians , Mississippi State Gabby Williams , Connecticut Record by conference ( edit ) Conference Bids Record Win % R64 R32 S16 E8 F4 CG NC SEC 8 15 -- 7 . 682 8 6 Pac - 12 7 15 -- 7 . 682 7 7 5 -- -- American 4 -- 3 . 571 -- -- ACC 7 12 -- 7 .", "22": "632 7 7 -- -- -- Big 12 6 8 -- 6 . 571 6 5 -- -- -- Big Ten 5 -- 4 . 556 -- -- -- -- MAAC 2 -- 1 . 667 -- -- -- -- Big East 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Missouri Valley 0 -- 2 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- America East 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic 10 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic Sun 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big Sky 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big South 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big West 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 !", "23": "-- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- CAA 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- C - USA 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Horizon 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Ivy League 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- MAC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- MEAC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Mountain West 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- NEC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Ohio Valley 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 !", "24": "-- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Patriot 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Southern 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Southland 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Summit League 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Sun Belt 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SWAC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- WAC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- WCC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 !", "25": "-- The R64 , R32 , S16 , E8 , F4 , CG , and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the round of 64 ( first round ) , round of 32 ( second round ) , Sweet 16 , Elite Eight , Final Four , championship game , and national champion , respectively . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) ESPN had US television rights to all games during the tournament . For the first and second round , ESPN aired select games nationally on ESPN2 , ESPNU , or ESPNews . All other games aired regionally on ESPN , ESPN2 , or ESPN3 and were streamed online via WatchESPN . Most of the nation got whip - a-round coverage during this time , which allowed ESPN to rotate between the games and focus the nation on the game that had the closest score . The Lexington and Oklahoma City regional semifinals aired concurrently on ESPN and ESPN2 , while ESPN televised the Bridgeport and Stockton regional semifinals and all four regional finals . The National Semifinals aired on ESPN2 , and the National Championship on ESPN .", "26": "Studio host and analysts ( edit ) Maria Taylor ( Host ) Rebecca Lobo ( Analyst ) Andy Landers ( Analyst ) Broadcast assignments ( edit ) First & Second Rounds Friday / Sunday Courtney Lyle & Tamika Catchings -- College Park , Maryland Roy Philpott & Brooke Weisbrod -- Austin , Texas Beth Mowins & Nell Fortner -- Lexington , Kentucky Bob Picozzi & Katie Smith -- Starkville , Mississippi Dave Pasch & LaChina Robinson -- Columbia , South Carolina Paul Sunderland & Mike Thibault -- Notre Dame , Indiana Elise Woodward & Mary Murphy -- Corvallis , Oregon Melissa Lee & Angel Gray -- Tallahassee , Florida Sweet Sixteen & Elite Eight Friday / Sunday Pam Ward , Gail Goestenkors , & Kaylee Hartung -- Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Beth Mowins , Debbie Antonelli , & Allison Williams -- Lexington , Kentucky Final Four Dave O'Brien , Doris Burke , Kara Lawson , & Holly Rowe -- Dallas , Texas First & Second Rounds Saturday / Monday Eric Frede & Dan Hughes -- Storrs , Connecticut Dave O'Brien , Doris Burke , & Kara Lawson -- Louisville , Kentucky Brenda VanLengen & Carol Ross -- Manhattan , Kansas Jenn Hildreth & Steffi Sorensen -- Coral Gables , Florida Lowell Galindo & Sue Bird -- Waco , Texas Pam Ward & Gail Goestenkors -- Seattle , Washington Sam Gore & Julianne Viani -- Los Angeles , California Clay Matvick & Christy Winters - Scott -- Durham , North Carolina Sweet Sixteen & Elite Eight Saturday / Monday Dave O'Brien , Doris Burke , Kara Lawson , & Holly Rowe -- Bridgeport , Connecticut Dave Pasch , LaChina Robinson , & Molly McGrath -- Stockton , California Championship Dave O'Brien , Doris Burke , Kara Lawson , & Holly Rowe -- Dallas , Texas Radio ( edit ) Westwood One has exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament . Teams participating in the Regional Finals , Final Four , and Championship are allowed to have their own local broadcasts , but they are n't allowed to stream those broadcasts online .", "27": "Regional Finals Sunday Mark Hauser & Kristen Kozlowski -- Lexington , Kentucky Ted Emrich & Julianne Viani -- Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Final Four John Sadak , Debbie Antonelli , & Krista Blunk -- Dallas , Texas Regional Finals Monday John Sadak & Debbie Antonelli -- Bridgeport , Connecticut Dick Fain & Krista Blunk -- Stockton , California Championship John Sadak , Debbie Antonelli , & Krista Blunk -- Dallas , Texas See also ( edit ) College basketball portal 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NCAA unveils 2017 Women 's Final Four logo in Dallas '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 -- 18 regional hosts '' . NCAA . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Record books '' . NCAA . Jump up ^ DOYLE , PAUL . `` UConn Women Coast In Step 1 : Huskies Top Albany 116 -- 55 In NCAA Opener '' . courant.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albany vs. Connecticut -- Game Summary -- March 18 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse crushes Iowa State , 85 -- 65 , in NCAA Tournament opener '' . dailyorange.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sykes leads Syracuse to first - round win over Iowa State '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M survives vs. Penn 63 -- 61 '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penn vs. Texas A&M -- Game Recap -- March 18 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canada lifts UCLA past Boise State 83 -- 56 '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MORALES , ROBERT .", "28": "`` UCLA women blow out Boise State 83 -- 56 at Pauley Pavilion '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Martin scores 26 as West Virginia beats Elon 75 -- 62 in NCAAs '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WVU Women 's Basketball Defeats Elon 75 -- 62 in NCAA First Round '' . The Smoking Musket . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthy Hebard hits the winning shot as Oregon Ducks down Temple Owls , 71 -- 70 , in NCAA Tournament '' . The Register - Guard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Temple women 's basketball dropped by Oregon in NCAA Tournament 1st round '' . CSN Philly . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hampton Lady Pirates ' season ends with 94 -- 31 thumping at Duke '' . WAVY - TV . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greenwell , Duke women rout Hampton 94 -- 31 in NCAA 1st round '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , The Associated . `` Duke women rout Hampton 94 -- 31 in NCAA first round '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M rallies from 21 down in biggest comeback in women 's NCAA tourney history '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 119 -- 30 ! Baylor women open with most - lopsided NCAA Tournament win ever '' . star - telegram . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baylor women set NCAA tournament record with 89 - point defeat of Texas Southern '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 .", "29": "Jump up ^ `` Texas Southern vs. Baylor -- Play - By - Play -- March 18 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Advocate , MIKE GEGENHEIMER Special to The . `` LSU women fall 55 -- 52 to Cal in the first round of the NCAA tournament '' . The Advocate . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Jeffrey Liu ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Cal women 's basketball beats LSU 55 -- 52 in 1st round of NCAA Tournament '' . The Daily Californian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 18 , March ; , 2017 ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Tennessee Lady Vols beat Dayton 66 -- 57 to advance in NCAA Tournament '' . Clarksville , TN Online . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dayton vs. Tennessee -- Box Score -- March 18 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sharp shooting spurs No. 13 Louisville past Chattanooga '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville ends UTC women 's season , 82 -- 62 ( photos ) '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Hot shooting start carries Oklahoma past Gonzaga 75 -- 62 '' . KOMO . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzaga Falls to Oklahoma 75 -- 62 in NCAA First Round -- Gonzaga University News Service '' . Gonzaga University News Service . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot shooting carries Oklahoma past Gonzaga women , 75 -- 62 '' . The Columbian . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TEGNA .", "30": "`` Plum leads way as Washington beats Montana State 91 -- 63 '' . KING . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Huskies Defeat Montana State University 91 -- 63 in the First Round of the NCAA Tournament '' . UW Dawg Pound . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cats Fall to Washington in NCAA First - Round : Ferris Goes out on Top '' . Montana State University . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNI Ends Historic Season with 88 -- 67 Loss to DePaul '' . University of Northern Iowa . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schaefer leads Mississippi St past Troy 110 -- 69 '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Writer , DAVID BRANDT AP Sports . `` Schaefer leads Mississippi St past Troy 110 -- 69 '' . Beckley Register - Herald . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Morris falls to Notre Dame , 79 -- 49 '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Mabrey Leads Notre Dame to 79 -- 49 Win Over Robert Morris '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WBB Advances with 74 -- 62 Victory '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State gets past Western Kentucky 70 -- 63 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WKU Falls To Ohio State , 70 -- 63 , In NCAA Tournament '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Holds Off Belmont , 73 -- 70 '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont women hurting after loss to Kentucky , but future is bright '' .", "31": "The Tennessean . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McCarty 's 15 points lead Texas over Central Arkansas 78 -- 50 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Longhorns too much for Sugar Bears in 78 -- 50 victory '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` K - State women beat Drake 67 -- 54 in NCAA Tournament opener '' . kansascity . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Derek . `` Lewis , Wesemann guide K - State past Drake 67 -- 54 in NCAA first round '' . YourDU.net . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times . `` No. 2 seed Stanford rallies to beat New Mexico State 72 -- 64 '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aggies Finish the Season in a Nail - Biter with No. 6 Stanford '' . New Mexico State University . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 seed South Carolina cruises to 90 - 40 opening NCAA win '' . USA TODAY Sports . 2017 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina women 's basketball cruises past UNC - Asheville '' . SEC Country . 2017 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan State women shut down by Arizona State in NCAA tournament '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dornstauder 's perfection leads Arizona St to 73 - 61 NCAA win '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Quinnipiac upsets Marquette in NCAA opener 68 - 65 '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated .", "32": "`` Quinnipiac Women Hold On , Defeat Marquette 68 - 65 For First - Ever NCAA Win '' . courant.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Miami holds off FGCU and moves on , 62 - 60 - Pittsburgh , PA '' . www.am1250theanswer.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Margolis , Rachel ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` ESPN and NCAA ® Extend Rights Agreement through 2023 -- 24 '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA , Westwood One extend deal '' . NCAA . January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WO Sports to Air NCAA Women 's Basketball '' . Radio Online . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 .", "33": "External links ( edit ) NCAA Women 's Basketball Division I NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament AIAW Tournaments 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 NCAA Tournaments 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1993 2001 2017 2018 2019 2020 Records & statistics AIAW Tournament ( pre-NCAA ) Appearances Broadcasters 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship 2017 NCAA Division I women 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC American America East Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Sun Belt The Summit League WAC West Coast National NCAA WNIT WBI Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "34": "php?title=2017_NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=836787592 '' Categories : 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I women 's basketball season NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship Basketball in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3320617302164503682	who plays the mouse in alice in wonderland	[ "Barbara Windsor" ]	{ "0": "Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 film ) - wikipedia Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Alice Through the Looking Glass Theatrical release poster Directed by James Bobin Produced by Joe Roth Suzanne Todd Jennifer Todd Tim Burton Written by Linda Woolverton Based on Characters by Lewis Carroll Starring Johnny Depp Anne Hathaway Mia Wasikowska Matt Lucas Rhys Ifans Helena Bonham Carter Sacha Baron Cohen Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Stuart Dryburgh Edited by Andrew Weisblum Production company Walt Disney Pictures Roth Films Team Todd Tim Burton Productions Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) ( London ) May 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 million Box office $299.5 million Alice Through the Looking Glass is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed by James Bobin , written by Linda Woolverton and produced by Tim Burton , Joe Roth , Suzanne Todd , and Jennifer Todd . It is based on the characters created by Lewis Carroll and is the sequel to the 2010 film Alice in Wonderland . The film stars Johnny Depp , Anne Hathaway , Mia Wasikowska , Matt Lucas , Rhys Ifans , Helena Bonham Carter , and Sacha Baron Cohen and features the voices of Stephen Fry , Michael Sheen , Timothy Spall , and Alan Rickman , in his final film role . In the film , Alice comes across a magical looking glass that takes her back to Wonderland , where she finds that the Mad Hatter is acting madder than usual and wants to discover the truth about his family . Alice then travels through time ( with the `` Chronosphere '' ) , comes across friends and enemies at different points of their lives , and embarks on a race to save the Hatter before time runs out . The film premiered in London on May 10 , 2016 , and was theatrically released by Walt Disney Pictures on May 27 , 2016 .", "1": "Alice Through the Looking Glass grossed $299.5 million on a budget of $170 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Other countries 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Alice Kingsleigh has spent the past three years following in her father 's footsteps and sailing the high seas . Upon her return to London from China , she learns her ex-fiancé , Hamish Ascot , has taken over his father 's company and plans to have Alice sell him over her father 's ship in exchange for her family home . Alice follows a butterfly she recognizes as Absolem and returns to Underland through a mirror . Alice is greeted by the White Queen , the White Rabbit , the Tweedles , the Dormouse , the March Hare , Bayard and the Cheshire Cat . They inform her that the Mad Hatter , Tarrant Hightopp is acting madder than usual because his family is missing . Alice tries to console him , but the Mad Hatter remains sure of his family 's survival of the Attack of the Jabberwocky day . Believing finding the Hatter 's family is the only way to stop his deteriorating health , the White Queen sends Alice to consult Time himself and convince him to save the Hatter 's family in the past . The Queen cautions Alice that history will be destroyed if anyone sees their past or future self . Upon visiting Time 's palace , Alice finds the Chronosphere , an object that powers all time in Underland . After being told by Time that altering the past is impossible , Alice steals the Chronosphere and travels back in time , shortly after finding the exiled Red Queen , Iracebeth of Crims , is in the care of Time . The Red Queen urges Time to go after Alice .", "2": "Alice accidentally flies to the day of Iracebeth 's coronation , where a younger Tarrant begins a mockery of the Red Queen when the royal crown does not fit on her abnormal head . This causes Iracebeth to melt down . Her father deems her inappropriate to rule and passes the title of queen to her younger sister Mirana , the White Queen . Alice learns of an event in Iracebeth and Mirana 's past that caused friction between the two , and she travels back in time again , hoping it will change Iracebeth 's ways and cease the Jabberwocky from killing the Hatter 's family . Mirana ( as a young girl ) steals a tart from her mother and eats it . When confronted by their mother , Mirana lies about eating the tart , and Iracebeth is accused , causing her to run out of the castle in sadness . Alice sees her about to run into a clock , the event that deforms her head and personality . She is able to get the clock out of the way , but fails to change the past as Iracabeth trips and slams her head anyway . Alice is then confronted by a weakened Time , scolding her for putting all of time in danger . She runs into a nearby mirror back into the real world , where she wakes up in a mental hospital , diagnosed with female hysteria . By the help of her mother , she returns to Underland , where she travels to the Attack of the Jabberwocky and discovers that the Hatter 's family never died , but were captured by Iracebeth . Returning to the present , Alice discovers she is too late , and that the Hatter is at the brink of death . After Alice tearfully says that she believes him , Tarrant awakens and reforms back to his normal self . The Underlanders go to the Red Queen 's castle , where Hatter finds his family shrunk and trapped in an ant farm . Iracebeth apprehends them and steals the Chronosphere from Alice , taking Mirana back to the day she lied about the tart . By the time Tarrant and Alice get there , Iracebeth and her past self see each other . Time becomes irrelevant , and Underland begins to freeze .", "3": "Using the Chronosphere , Alice and the Hatter race back to the present , where Alice is able to place the Chronosphere back in its original place . With the Chronosphere stabilized , Underland reverts to normal . The Hatter reunites with his family . Mirana apologizes to Iracebeth for lying , and both of them make amends . Alice bids her friends farewell and returns to the real world where her mother refuses to return Alice 's ship over to Hamish , and the two set to travel the world together with their own company . Cast ( edit ) Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp , the Mad Hatter Louis Ashbourne Serkis as a young Tarrant Hightopp Anne Hathaway as Mirana of Marmoreal , the White Queen Amelia Crouch as a young Mirana Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims , the Red Queen . Leilah de Meza as a young Iracebeth Sacha Baron Cohen as Time , a powerful Father Time - godlike human clockwork hybrid who speaks in a German accent and rules over of time in Underland using the Chronosphere in his castle Rhys Ifans as Zanik Hightopp , the Hatter 's father Matt Lucas as Tweedledum and Tweedledee Lindsay Duncan as Helen Kingsleigh , Alice 's mother Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot , now `` Lord Ascot '' following his father 's death Geraldine James as Lady Ascot , Hamish 's mother Andrew Scott as Dr.", "4": "Addison Bennett , a cruel psychiatric doctor Ed Speleers as James Harcourt , an employee of the Ascots Richard Armitage as King Oleron , Iracebeth and Mirana 's father Hattie Morahan as Queen Elsemere , Iracebeth and Mirana 's mother Joanna Bobin as Lady Alexandra Ascot , Hamish 's wife Simone Kirby as Tyva Hightopp , the Hatter 's mother Joe Hurst as Bim Hightopp Oliver Hawkes as a young Bim Hightopp Siobhan Redmond as Bumalic Hightopp Frederick Warder as Poomally Hightopp Eve Hedderwick Turner as Baloo Hightopp Tom Godwin as Pimlick Hightopp Voice cast ( edit ) Alan Rickman as Absolem , the Butterfly Stephen Fry as Cheshire , the Cheshire Cat Michael Sheen as Nivens McTwisp , the White Rabbit Timothy Spall as Bayard , the Bloodhound Kyle Hebert as a young Bayard Barbara Windsor as Mallymkun , the Dormouse Matt Vogel as Wilkins , Time 's long - suffering manservant . Toby Jones was originally announced in the role Paul Whitehouse as Thackery Earwicket , the March Hare Wally Wingert as Humpty Dumpty . John Sessions was originally slated to voice the character Meera Syal as Nobody Edward Petherbridge as Gentleman Fish Owain Rhys Davies as Delivery Frog Paul Hunter as the White Chess King , a chess piece Production ( edit ) Tall ships in Gloucester Docks for the filming of Alice Through the Looking Glass . August 2014 The film was announced via Variety in December 2012 . Bobin was first approached about the project while doing post-production work on Muppets Most Wanted , Of being asked , Bobin has said that `` I just could n't pass it up '' , as he has a passion for the works of Lewis Carroll as well as history in general . In July 2013 , it was announced that Johnny Depp would return as the Hatter , with Mia Wasikowska 's return confirmed the following November . In January 2014 Sacha Baron Cohen joined the cast to play Time .", "5": "In May 2014 , Rhys Ifans joined the cast to play Zanik Hightopp , the Mad Hatter 's father . In developing the character of `` Time '' , Bobin sought to avoid creating a `` straight - up bad guy '' , noting that it would be `` a bit dull '' , and also that the role in that universe already existed in the form of The Red Queen . Instead , Bobin sought to make Time a `` Twit '' , further explaining that `` There 's no one better at playing the confident idiot trope than Sacha Baron Cohen '' , and adding that `` it was very much with Sacha in mind '' . Principal photography began on August 4 , 2014 , at Shepperton Studios . In August 2014 , filming took place in Gloucester Docks , which included the use of at least four historic ships : Kathleen and May , Irene , Excelsior , and the Earl of Pembroke , the last of which was renamed The Wonder for filming . Principal photography ended on October 31 , 2014 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Danny Elfman Released May 27 , 2016 Recorded 2016 Studio Abbey Road Studios Genre Orchestral , pop rock Length 76 : 53 Label Walt Disney Producer Danny Elfman Danny Elfman film scores chronology Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Goosebumps 2015 Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Before I Wake ( 2016 ) Before I Wake 2016 Singles from Alice Through the Looking Glass : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Just Like Fire '' Released : April 15 , 2016 `` Alice '' Released : May 27 , 2016 `` Saving the Ship '' Released : May 27 , 2016 `` Looking Glass '' Released : June 1 , 2016 `` Truth '' Released : July 28 , 2016 `` Story of Time '' Released : August 7 , 2016 `` The Red Queen '' Released : October 18 , 2016 `` The Chronosphere '' Released : October 20 , 2016 The film 's score was composed by Danny Elfman .", "6": "The soundtrack was released on May 27 , 2016 , by Walt Disney Records . Pink recorded the song `` Just Like Fire '' for the film , and also covered Jefferson Airplane 's `` White Rabbit '' , only used in the film 's promotional material . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Danny Elfman . No . Title Length 1 . `` Alice '' 6 : 35 2 . `` Saving the Ship '' 3 : 40 3 . `` Watching Time '' 5 : 10 4 . `` Looking Glass '' 3 : 30 5 . `` To the Rescue '' 0 : 56 6 . `` Hatter House '' 3 : 47 7 . `` The Red Queen '' 2 : 29 8 . `` The Chronosphere '' 4 : 15 9 . `` Warning Hightopps '' 2 : 23 10 . `` Tea Time Forever '' 1 : 45 11 . `` Oceans of Time '' 1 : 15 12 . `` Hat Heartbreak '' 2 : 27 13 . `` Asylum Escape '' 4 : 06 14 . `` Hatter 's Deathbed '' 3 : 22 15 . `` Finding the Family '' 2 : 04 16 . `` Time Is Up '' 4 : 24 17 . `` World 's End '' 1 : 50 18 . `` Truth '' 4 : 09 19 . `` Goodbye Alice '' 2 : 13 20 . `` Kingsleigh & Kingsleigh '' 1 : 19 21 . `` Seconds Song '' 0 : 11 22 . `` Friends United '' 1 : 06 23 . `` Time 's Castle '' 1 : 49 24 . `` The Seconds '' 1 : 55 25 . `` Clock Shop '' 0 : 50 26 . `` They 're Alive '' 2 : 23 27 .", "7": "`` Story of Time '' 3 : 03 28 . `` Just Like Fire '' ( performed by Pink ) 3 : 35 Total length : 76 : 53 Release ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass premiered in London on May 10 , 2016 , and was theatrically released on May 27 , 2016 , in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures . Home Media ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass was released on Blu - ray , DVD and digital download on October 18 , 2016 , by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . It debuted at No. 2 in the Blu - ray Disc sales charts . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass grossed $77 million in the United States and Canada and $222.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $299.5 million , against a budget of $170 million . North america ( edit ) Alice Through the Looking Glass opened in the United States and Canada on May 27 , 2016 , alongside X-Men : Apocalypse , and was initially projected to gross $55 -- 60 million from 3,763 theaters over its four - day Memorial Day opening weekend , but projections were continuously revised downwards due to poor word of mouth . It had the added benefit of playing in over 3,100 3D theaters , 380 IMAX screens , 77 premium large formats and 79 D - box locations . It made $1.5 million from Thursday previews ( to the first film 's $3.9 million ) and just $9.7 million on its first day , compared to the $41 million opening Friday of its predecessor . Through its opening weekend , it earned $27 million , which when compared to its predecessor 's $116 million opening is down 70 % . While 3D represented 71 % ( $82 million ) of the original film 's opening gross , 3D constituted only 41 % ( $11 million ) for this sequel , with 29 % coming from traditional 3D shows , 11 % from IMAX , and 1 % from premium large formats . It became the studio 's third Memorial Day opening flop following Tomorrowland in 2015 and Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time in 2010 .", "8": "During its first week , the film grossed $40.1 million . In its second weekend , the film grossed $11.3 million ( a 55.1 % drop ) , finishing 4th at the box office . Other countries ( edit ) The film was released across 43 countries ( 72 % of its total market place ) the same weekend as the US , and was estimated to gross $80 -- 100 million in its opening weekend . It faced competition from Warcraft and X-Men : Apocalypse . It ended up grossing $62.7 million , which is well below the projections of which $4.1 million came from IMAX shows . It had an opening weekend gross in Mexico ( $4.5 million ) , Brazil ( $4.1 million ) , and Russia ( $3.9 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it had an unsuccessful opening by grossing just £ 2.23 million ( $3.1 million ) during its opening weekend , a mere 21 % of the first film 's £ 10.56 million ( $15.2 million ) opening from 603 theaters . It debuted in second place behind X-Men : Apocalypse which was on its second weekend of play . In China , it had an opening day of an estimated $7.3 million and went on to score the second biggest Disney live - action ( non-Marvel or Lucasfilm ) opening ever with $26.6 million , behind only The Jungle Book . However , this was down from its $35 -- 45 million projections . It debuted at the No. 1 spot among newly released film in Japan with $5.2 million and $4.1 million on Saturday and Sunday . By comparison , the first film opened with $14 million on its way to a $133.6 million a total . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 29 % based on 234 reviews , and an average rating of 4.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Alice Through the Looking Glass is just as visually impressive as its predecessor , but that is n't enough to cover for an underwhelming story that fails to live up to its classic characters . ''", "9": "On Metacritic , the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 42 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same grade earned by its predecessor . Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote in his review , `` What does all this have to do with Lewis Carroll ? Hardly anything '' and that overall , `` It 's just an excuse on which to hang two trite overbearing fables and one amusing one '' . Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the movie 1.5 out of 4 stars and called the film , `` gaudy , loud , complacent , and vulgar . '' Stephen Whitty of New York Daily News called the film `` hugely expensive and extravagantly stupid '' and that , overall , the movie `` is just one more silly Hollywood mashup , an innocent fantasy morphed into a noisy would - be blockbuster '' . Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com was deeply critical of Through the Looking Glass , describing it as `` the most offensive kind of film ... one that spends an enormous amount of money yet seems to have nothing on its mind but money . You give it , they take it . And you get nothing in return but assurances that you 're seeing magic and wonder . The movie keeps repeating it in your ear , and flashing it onscreen in big block letters : MAGIC AND WONDER . MAGIC AND WONDER . But there is no magic , no wonder , just junk rehashed from a movie that was itself a rehash of Lewis Carroll , tricked out with physically unpersuasive characters and landscapes and ' action scenes ' , with blockbuster ' journey movie ' tropes affixed to every set - piece as blatantly as Post-It Notes . '' Kyle Smith of New York Post gave the film a positive review : `` The screenplay ( by Linda Woolverton ) is n't exactly heaving with brilliant ideas , but it works well enough as a blank canvas against which the special - effects team goes bonkers '' . Matthew Lickona of San Diego Reader said that while he found the visual effects to be `` stupidly expensive '' and the story familiar , he called it , `` a solid kids ' movie in the old style '' .", "10": "Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Alice Through the Looking Glass Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Johnny Depp Worst Screen Combo Johnny Depp and His Vomitously Vibrant Costume Golden Trailer Awards Best Animation Family `` Poem '' The Don LaFontaine Award for Best Voice Over `` Poem '' Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot `` Grammys '' Best Original Score TV Spot `` Grammys '' Grammy Awards Best Song Written For Visual Media `` Just Like Fire '' -- Oscar Holter , Max Martin , Pink and Shellback Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Song -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film `` Just Like Fire '' -- Oscar Holter , Max Martin , Pink and Shellback Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie Alice Through the Looking Glass Nominated Satellite Awards Best Art Direction and Production Design Dan Hennah Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Saturn Awards Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Teen Choice Awards Choice Music : Song from a Movie or TV Show `` Just Like Fire '' by Pink Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature Jacob Clark , Joseph Pepper , Klaus Seitschek and Cosku Turhan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland , With Even More British Whimsy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland 2 Cast Announced as Production Begins Today '' . Collider.com . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rose , Jenn . `` Who Plays The Young Hatter In ' Alice Through The Looking Glass ' ? The Kid Actor Is Adorable '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Brown '' .", "11": "Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Brown '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Scott United Agents '' . unitedagents.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Hebert on Twitter '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGovern , Joe ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the Seconds : See exclusive images of Time 's critters from Alice Through the Looking Glass '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` News : ' Alice in Wonderland : Through the Looking Glass ' '' . Thisisfilm.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Disney mad for ' Alice in Wonderland ' sequel '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Horner , Rachel . `` ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' : 11 Things We Learned About the Disney Sequel '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve . `` Director James Bobin Talks MUPPETS MOST WANTED , Finding the Story for the Sequel , Putting Together the Cast , ALICE IN WONDERLAND 2 , and More '' . Collider . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Depp Finalizing ' Alice In Wonderland 2 ′ '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Alice in Wonderland 2 ' and ' The Jungle Book ' snag release dates '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sacha Baron Cohen Eyes ' Wonderland ' Sequel ' Through the Looking Glass ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` Rhys Ifans to Join Johnny Depp in Disney 's ' Alice in Wonderland ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Alice in Wonderland : Through the Looking Glass Starts Filming ! '' . ComingSoon.net . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ship to feature in new Johnny Depp film arrives in Gloucester Docks '' . Gloucester Citizen . August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gloucester Docks boaters unhappy with Hollywood movie filming '' . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tall ships arrive in Gloucester Docks ahead of Hollywood movie filming '' . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tall ship The Wonder arrives at Gloucester Docks for Alice in Wonderland sequel , Through the Looking Glass , starring Johnny Depp '' . SouthWest Business . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gloucester Docks transformed for Alice film '' . BBC . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 11 / 3 / 14 : Keanu Reeves Starts Daughter of God , Magic Mike XXL & Ant - Man Wrap '' . ssninsider.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AWN Staff Editor ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Journeys Home October 18 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tom Stockman ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` ALICE THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS on Digital HD , Blu - ray and Disney Movies Anywhere October 18th '' . We Are Movie Geeks . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 .", "13": "Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/independence-day-alice-sequels-top-dvd-blu-ray-disc-sales-charts-1201901989/ ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' No. 1 With $80 M ; ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Bombs '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men ' & ' Alice ' To Boost Memorial Day Weekend After Last Year 's Holiday Apocalypse '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' X-Men : Apocalypse , ' ' Alice 2 ' Suit Up for Memorial Day Battle '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Inches Out ' Days Of Future Past ' On Thursday , On Track For Strong Memorial Day Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Alice Through The Looking Glass ' Bombs With $9.8 M Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Apocalypse ' & ' Alice ' Take A Dive On Saturday As Memorial Day B.O. Bloodbath Continues -- Late Night Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Through the Looking Glass '' . Box Office Mojo . June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' Muscles Up On Saturday For OK Est .", "14": "$35.3 M Opening ; ' Me Before You ' Opens To $18.3 M -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice Through The Looking Glass ' Eyes Offshore Top Hat -- Intl B.O. Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice ' Sees $62.7 M In Offshore Looking Glass ; ' Warcraft ' Scores $31.7 M ; ' X-Men ' Cumes $183.4 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Alice sequel slips up as X-Men maintain a heroic hold on the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' Builds $16.3 M Overseas War Chest Through Friday -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Tasked with Raising Sales from Slump '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Bows on Top With $5.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Through the Looking Glass reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Firing Off $90 M , ' Alice ' Taking A Spill With $40 M Over 4 - Day Memorial Day Holiday '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Stephen Holden ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' and a Trippy Time Machine '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ty Burr ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' is no wonderland '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Witty ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' gets Daily News critic mad as a hatter '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Alice Through the Looking Glass '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kyle Smith ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Frabjous effects in otherwise mimsy ' Through the Looking Glass ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthew Lickona ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Alice Through the Looking Glass '' . San Diego Reader . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RAZZIE NOMINATIONS ANNOUNCED : ZOOLANDER NO . 2 LEADS '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 17th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Grammy Awards : Complete list of nominees '' .", "16": "Los Angeles Times . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 film ) .", "17": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 film ) Official website Alice Through the Looking Glass on IMDb Alice Through the Looking Glass at Box Office Mojo Alice Through the Looking Glass at Rotten Tomatoes Alice Through the Looking Glass at Metacritic Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Locations Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass Looking - Glass Land The Old Sheep Shop Related topics Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Adaptations Poems `` All in the golden afternoon . '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her .", "18": "'' `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) Automated Alice ( 1996 ) Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) Retellings The Nursery `` Alice '' ( 1890 ) Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) Parodies The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) Imitations Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) Justnowland ( 1912 ) Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) Reimagining Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ?", "19": "( 1966 ) Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Film 1903 1910 1915 1931 1933 1949 1951 1966 1972 1976 1982 1985 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) 1988 ( Australian ) 1995 1999 Stage Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) Wonderland ( Wildhorn musical ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) Wonder. land ( Albarn musical ) Television Fushigi no Kuni no Alice Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Literary Alice in Murderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Miyuki - 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language films 2016 3D films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films American fantasy films American films Alice in Wonderland ( franchise ) American sequel films Films scored by Danny Elfman Films based on Alice in Wonderland Films directed by James Bobin Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films using computer - generated imagery Films produced by Joe Roth Films with live action and animation High fantasy films IMAX films Performance capture in film Screenplays by Linda Woolverton Films shot at Longcross Studios Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films about size change Time travel films Walt Disney Pictures films Films set in psychiatric hospitals Time in fiction Films set in 1875 Films set in London Films shot in Gloucestershire Films shot in Surrey Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from January 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 01 : 25 .", "22": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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4576972330640834514	who did us fight in world war 1	[ "Germany", "Austria-Hungary", "Germany", "Germany", "Austria-Hungary", "Germany" ]	{ "0": "United States in World war I - wikipedia United States in World war I Jump to : navigation , search Two American soldiers run towards a bunker . The United States declared war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 , over 2 ⁄ years after World War I started . A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11 , 1918 . Before entering the war , the U.S. had remained neutral , though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers . The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies , raw material and money , starting in 1917 . American soldiers under General John Pershing , Commander - in - Chief of the American Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) , arrived in large numbers on the Western Front in the summer of 1918 . During the war the U.S. mobilized over 4 million military personnel and suffered 110,000 deaths , including around 45,000 who died due to the 1918 Spanish Flu outbreak ( 30,000 before they even reached France ) . The war saw a dramatic expansion of the United States government in an effort to harness the war effort and a significant increase in the size of the U.S. Armed Forces . After a relatively slow start in mobilizing the economy and labor force , by spring 1918 , the nation was poised to play a role in the conflict . Under the leadership of President Woodrow Wilson , the war represented the climax of the Progressive Era as it sought to bring reform and democracy to the world , although there was substantial public opposition to U.S. entry into the war .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Entry 2 Neutrality 3 Public opinion 4 Preparedness movement 4.1 Democrats respond 4.2 National debate 5 War declared 6 Home front 6.1 Food 6.2 Propaganda 6.3 Children 7 Army and Navy 7.1 Impact of US forces on the war 8 After the war 9 See also 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 11.1 Historiography 12 External links Entry ( edit ) Main article : American entry into World War I The American entry into World War I came in April 1917 , after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war . Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British , American public opinion reflected that of the president : the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans , German Americans and Scandinavian Americans , as well as among church leaders and among women in general . On the other hand , even before World War I had broken out , American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe . Over time , especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 , the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe . As U.S. President , it was Wilson who made the key policy decisions over foreign affairs : while the country was at peace , the domestic economy ran on a laissez - faire basis , with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France -- funds that were in large part used to buy munitions , raw materials and food from across the Atlantic . Until 1917 , Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing , despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness . He did however expand the United States Navy . In 1917 , with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war , and with Britain and France low on credit , Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe , while the Ottoman Empire clung to its possessions in the Middle East .", "2": "In the same year , Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters ; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war . Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican -- American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram , which was intercepted by British Intelligence . Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic . Wilson then asked Congress for `` a war to end all wars '' that would `` make the world safe for democracy '' , and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 . On December 7 , 1917 , the U.S. declared war on Austria - Hungary . U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918 . Neutrality ( edit ) After the war began in 1914 , the United States proclaimed a policy of neutrality despite president Woodrow Wilson 's antipathies against Germany . Early in the war , the United States started to favor the British and their allies . President Wilson aimed to broker a peace and sent his top aide , Colonel House , on repeated missions to the two sides , but each remained so confident of victory that they ignored peace proposals . When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 US citizens aboard , Wilson said `` America is too proud to fight '' and demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships . Germany complied . Wilson repeatedly warned that the US would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare in violation of international law and of human rights . Wilson came under pressure from war hawks led by former president Theodore Roosevelt , who denounced German acts as `` piracy '' , and from British delegations under Cecil Spring Rice and Sir Edward Grey . Wilson realized he needed to enter the war in order to shape the peace ; indeed in 1919 he was one of those who achieved the establishment of the League of Nations at the Paris Peace Conference . Wilson 's Secretary of State , William Jennings Bryan , whose pacifist goals Wilson ignored , resigned in frustration in June 1915 .", "3": "Public opinion reacted with outrage to suspected German sabotage of Black Tom in Jersey City , New Jersey on 30 July 1916 , and to the Kingsland explosion on 11 January 1917 in present - day Lyndhurst , New Jersey . Public opinion ( edit ) See also : Opposition to World War I American public opinion was divided , with most Americans until early 1917 largely of the opinion that the United States should stay out of the war . Opinion changed gradually , partly in response to German actions in Belgium and the Lusitania , partly as German Americans lost influence , and partly in response to Wilson 's position that America had to play a role to make the world safe for democracy . In the general public , there was little if any support for entering the war on the side of Germany . The great majority of German Americans , as well as Scandinavian Americans , wanted the United States to remain neutral ; however , at the outbreak of war , thousands of US citizens had tried to enlist in the German army . The Irish Catholic community , based in the large cities and often in control of the Democratic Party apparatus , was strongly hostile to helping Britain in any way , especially after the Easter uprising of 1916 in Ireland . Most of the Protestant church leaders in the United States , regardless of their theology , favoured pacifistic solutions whereby the United States would broker a peace . Most of the leaders of the women 's movement , typified by Jane Addams , likewise sought pacifistic solutions . The most prominent opponent of war was industrialist Henry Ford , who personally financed and led a peace ship to Europe to try to negotiate among the belligerents ; no negotiations resulted . Britain had significant support among intellectuals , Yankees , and families with close ties to Britain . The most prominent leader was Samuel Insull of Chicago , a leading industrialist who had emigrated from England . Insull funded many propaganda efforts , and financed young Americans who wished to fight by joining the Canadian military , Canada at that time being a Dominion of the British Empire . Preparedness movement ( edit ) Main article : Preparedness Movement By 1915 , Americans were paying much more attention to the war . The sinking of the Lusitania aroused furious denunciations of German brutality . By 1915 , in Eastern cities a new `` Preparedness '' movement emerged .", "4": "It argued that the United States needed to build up immediately strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes ; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later . The driving forces behind Preparedness were all Republicans , notably General Leonard Wood , ex-president Theodore Roosevelt , and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson ; they enlisted many of the nation 's most prominent bankers , industrialists , lawyers and scions of prominent families . Indeed , there emerged an `` Atlanticist '' foreign policy establishment , a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper - class lawyers , bankers , academics , and politicians of the Northeast , committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism . The Preparedness movement had what political scientists call a `` realism '' philosophy of world affairs -- they believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self - determination . Emphasizing over and over the weak state of national defences , they showed that the United States ' 100,000 - man Army , even augmented by the 112,000 - strong National Guard , was outnumbered 20 to one by the German army ; similarly in 1915 , the armed forces of Great Britain and the British Empire , France , Russia , the Austro - Hungarian Empire , Ottoman Empire , Italy , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia , Belgium , Japan and Greece were all larger and more experienced than the United States military . They called for UMT or `` universal military service '' under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training , and then be assigned to reserve units . The small regular army would primarily be a training agency . Public opinion , however , was not willing to go that far . Both the regular army and the Preparedness leaders had a low opinion of the National Guard , which it saw as politicized , provincial , poorly armed , ill trained , too inclined to idealistic crusading ( as against Spain in 1898 ) , and too lacking in understanding of world affairs . The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics , with representation from a very broad cross section of the US political economy . The Guard was one of the nation 's few institutions that ( in some northern states ) accepted black men on an equal footing with white men .", "5": "Democrats respond ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat . Roosevelt , Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates . More subtly , the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard , and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place . Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress , Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces . Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation 's military was in excellent shape . In reality , neither the US Army nor US Navy was in shape for war in terms of manpower , size , military hardware or experience . The Navy had fine ships but Wilson had been using them to threaten Mexico , and the fleet 's readiness had suffered . The crews of the Texas and the New York , the two newest and largest battleships , had never fired a gun , and the morale of the sailors was low . The Army and Navy air forces were tiny in size . Despite the flood of new weapons systems unveiled in the war in Europe , the Army was paying scant attention . For example , it was making no studies of trench warfare , poison gas or tanks , and was unfamiliar with the rapid evolution of Aerial warfare . The Democrats in Congress tried to cut the military budget in 1915 . The Preparedness movement effectively exploited the surge of outrage over the `` Lusitania '' in May 1915 , forcing the Democrats to promise some improvements to the military and naval forces . Wilson , less fearful of the Navy , embraced a long - term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the British Royal Navy by the mid-1920s , although this would not come to pass until after World War II . `` Realism '' was at work here ; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none -- that is , equal to Great Britain . The facts of submarine warfare ( which necessitated destroyers , not battleships ) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany ( or with Britain , for that matter ) , were simply ignored .", "6": "Wilson 's decision touched off a firestorm . Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders , especially their emphasis on a large federal reserves and abandonment of the National Guard . Garrison 's proposals not only outraged the provincial politicians of both parties , they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement , that was , that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation . Specifically , they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers ( such as J.P. Morgan ) with millions at risk , profiteering munition makers ( such as Bethlehem Steel , which made armour , and DuPont , which made powder ) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control . Antiwar critics blasted them . These selfish special interests were too powerful , especially , Senator La Follette noted , in the conservative wing of the Republican Party . The only road to peace was disarmament in the eyes of many . National debate ( edit ) Garrison 's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals . In peacetime , War Department arsenals and Navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses , including warships , artillery , naval guns , and shells . Items available on the civilian market , such as food , horses , saddles , wagons , and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors . Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan of Stanford University redoubled their efforts , and now turned their voices against the President because he was `` sowing the seeds of militarism , raising up a military and naval caste . '' Many ministers , professors , farm spokesmen and labor union leaders joined in , with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee . Wilson , in deep trouble , took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916 , a warm - up for his reelection campaign that fall . Wilson seemed to have won over the middle classes , but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers . Congress still refused to budge , so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker , the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness .", "7": "The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916 , as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored . The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men , with no reserves , and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men . Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers , and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own . Preparedness supporters were downcast , the antiwar people were jubilant . The United States would now be too weak to go to war . Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that `` Both sides ( Britain and Germany ) treat us with scorn and contempt ; our fool , smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly . '' . The House gutted the naval plans as well , defeating a `` big navy '' plan by 189 to 183 , and scuttling the battleships . The battle of Jutland ( May 31 / June 1 , 1916 ) saw the main German High Seas Fleet engage in a monumental yet inconclusive clash with the far stronger Grand Fleet of the Royal Navy . Arguing this battle proved the validity of Mahanian doctrine , the navalists took control in the Senate , broke the House coalition , and authorized a rapid three - year buildup of all classes of warships . A new weapons system , naval aviation , received $3.5 million , and the government was authorized to build its own armour - plate factory . The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917 . It knew this meant war with America , but it could discount the immediate risk because the US Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over , Germany thought , with Germany victorious . The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head : refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917 . War declared ( edit ) New York Times April 3 , 1917 In January 1917 , Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare .", "8": "The German Foreign minister , Arthur Zimmermann invited revolution - torn Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States in the Zimmermann Telegram . In return , the Germans would send Mexico money and help it recover the territories of Texas , New Mexico and Arizona that Mexico lost during the Mexican -- American War 70 years earlier . British intelligence intercepted the telegram and passed the information on to Washington . Wilson released the Zimmerman note to the public and Americans saw it as a casus belli -- a cause for war . President Wilson before Congress , announcing the break in official relations with the German Empire on February 3 , 1917 . At first , Wilson tried to maintain neutrality while fighting off the submarines by arming American merchant ships with guns powerful enough to sink German submarines on the surface ( but useless when the U-boats were under water ) . After submarines sank seven US merchant ships , Wilson finally went to Congress calling for a declaration of war on Germany , which Congress voted on April 6 , 1917 . As a result of the Russian February Revolution in 1917 , the Tsar abdicated and was replaced by a Russian Provisional Government . This helped overcome Wilson 's reluctance to having the US fight alongside a country ruled by an absolutist monarch . Pleased by the Provisional Government 's pro-war stance , the US accorded the new government diplomatic recognition on March 9 , 1917 . Although the United States declared war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 , it did not initially declare war on the other Central Powers , a state of affairs that Woodrow Wilson described as an `` embarrassing obstacle '' in his State of the Union speech . Congress declared war on the Austro - Hungarian Empire on December 7 , 1917 , but never made declarations of war against the other Central Powers , Bulgaria , the Ottoman Empire or the various co-belligerents allied with the Central Powers . Thus , the United States remained uninvolved in the military campaigns in central and eastern Europe , the Middle East , the Caucasus , North Africa , Sub-Saharan Africa , Asia and the Pacific . Home front ( edit ) Main article : United States home front during World War I The home front saw a systematic mobilization of the entire population and the entire economy to produce the soldiers , food supplies , munitions , and money needed to win the war .", "9": "Although the United States entered the war in 1917 , there had been very little planning , or even recognition of the problems that the British and other Allies had to solve on their home fronts . As a result , the level of confusion was high in the first 12 months , then efficiency took control . World War I propaganda poster for enlistment in the US Army . The war came in the midst of the Progressive Era , when efficiency and expertise were highly valued . Therefore , the federal government set up a multitude of temporary agencies with 500,000 to 1,000,000 new employees to bring together the expertise necessary to redirect the economy into the production of munitions and food necessary for the war , as well as for propaganda purposes . Food ( edit ) The United States Food Administration under Herbert Hoover launched a massive campaign to teach Americans to economize on their food budgets and grow victory gardens in their backyards , where crops were grown for US soldiers . It managed the nation 's food distribution and prices . Propaganda ( edit ) Crucial to US participation was the sweeping domestic propaganda campaign executed by the Committee on Public Information , overseen by George Creel . The campaign consisted of tens of thousands of government - selected community leaders giving brief carefully scripted pro-war speeches at thousands of public gatherings . Along with other branches of government and private vigilante groups like the American Protective League , it also included the general repression and harassment of people either opposed to American entry into the war or of German heritage . Rumors about a German - induced attempt to start uprising among Black Americans caused a wave of lynchings to occur in the Southern United States . Other forms of propaganda included newsreels , photos , large - print posters ( designed by several well - known illustrators of the day , including Louis D. Fancher and Henry Reuterdahl ) , magazine and newspaper articles , and billboards . Children ( edit ) Main article : Effect of World War I on children in the United States `` Weapons for Liberty -- U.S.A. Bonds '' calls on Boy Scouts to serve just like soldiers do ; poster by J.C. Leyendecker , 1918 The nation placed a great importance on the role of children , teaching them patriotism and national service and asking them to encourage war support and educate the public about the importance of the war .", "10": "The Boy Scouts of America helped distribute war pamphlets , helped sell war bonds , and helped to drive nationalism and support for the war . Army and Navy ( edit ) Main article : American Expeditionary Forces As late as 1917 , the United States maintained only a small army , one which was in fact smaller than thirteen of the nations and empires already active in the war . After the passage of the Selective Service Act in 1917 , it drafted 4 million men into military service . By the summer of 1918 , about 2 million US soldiers had arrived in France , about half of whom eventually saw front - line service ; by the Armistice of November 11 approximately 10,000 fresh soldiers were arriving in France daily . In 1917 , Congress gave US citizenship to Puerto Ricans when they were drafted to participate in World War I , as part of the Jones Act . In the end , Germany miscalculated the United States ' influence on the outcome of the conflict , believing it would be many more months before US troops would arrive and overestimating the effectiveness of U-boats in slowing the American buildup . American soldiers on the Piave front hurling hand grenades into the Austrian trenches The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet , destroyers to Queenstown , Ireland and submarines to help guard convoys . Several regiments of Marines were also dispatched to France . The British and French wanted US units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not to waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies . The US rejected the first proposition and accepted the second . General John J. Pershing , American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) commander , refused to break up US units to serve as mere reinforcements for British Empire and French units . As an exception , he did allow African - American combat regiments to fight in French divisions . The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division , earning a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château - Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Séchault . Impact of US forces on the war ( edit ) Americans in the Champagne - Marne offensive , 1918 . On the battlefields of France in spring 1918 , the war - weary Allied armies enthusiastically greeted the fresh American troops .", "11": "They arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day , at a time when the Germans were unable to replace their losses . The Americans won a victory at Cantigny , then again in defensive stands at Chateau - Thierry and Belleau Wood . The Americans helped the British Empire , French and Portuguese forces defeat and turn back the powerful final German offensive ( Spring Offensive of March to July , 1918 ) , and most importantly , the Americans played a role in the Allied final offensive ( Hundred Days Offensive of August to November ) . However , many American commanders used the same flawed tactics which the British , French , Germans and others had abandoned early in the war , and so many American offensives were not particularly effective . Pershing continued to commit troops to these full - frontal attacks , resulting in high casualties against experienced veteran German and Austrian - Hungarian units . Nevertheless , the infusion of new and fresh US troops greatly strengthened the Allies ' strategic position and boosted morale . The Allies achieved victory over Germany on November 11 , 1918 after German morale had collapsed both at home and on the battlefield . After the war ( edit ) The government promptly cancelled wartime contracts , ended the draft , and started to bring home its troops from Europe as fast as transport became available . However there was no GI Bill or financial or educational benefits for veterans , and the lack became a major political issue , especially for the large veterans ' groups such as the Veterans of Foreign Wars and the new American Legion . The readjustment period was marked by soaring unemployment , massive strikes , and race riots in 1919 . The public demanded a return to `` normalcy , '' and repudiated Wilson with the election of conservative Republican Warren G. Harding. ? See also ( edit ) World War I portal United States campaigns in World War I History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) German prisoners of war in the United States General Pershing WWI casualty list Bibliography ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Wevera & van Bergenc 2014 Jump up ^ Byerly 2010 Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . pp.", "12": "1 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7589 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Harry Elmer . The Genesis of the World War ( 1925 ) pp. 590 -- 591 Jump up ^ `` World War One '' . BBC History . Jump up ^ Link , Arthur S. ( 1972 ) . Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 252 -- 282 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate Jump up ^ Jennifer K. Elsea ; Matthew C. Weed ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 332 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands , T.R. : The Last Romantic ( 1997 ) p = 756 Jump up ^ Karp 1979 Jump up ^ Jules Witcover , Black Tom : Imperial Germany 's Secret War in America ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Ernest R. May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 - 1917 ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Hew Strachan , The First World War ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ TV Series , The First World War Part 7 : Blockade ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ William M. Leary , Jr. , `` Woodrow Wilson , Irish Americans , and the Election of 1916 , '' Journal of American History Vol. 54 , No. 1 ( Jun. 1967 ) , pp.", "13": "57 - 72 JSTOR 1900319 Jump up ^ Patricia Appelbaum , Kingdom to Commune : Protestant Pacifist Culture between World War I and the Vietnam Era ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Frances H. Early , A World without War : How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Barbara S. Kraft , The peace ship : Henry Ford 's pacifist adventure in the First World War ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ H.C. Peterson , Propaganda for War : The Campaign Against American Neutrality , 1914 - 1917 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Constitution Act , 1867 '' . Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada . March 29 , 1867 . p.s. 9 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts , `` Paul D. Cravath , the First World War , and the Anglophile Internationalist Tradition . '' Australian Journal of Politics and History 2005 51 ( 2 ) : 194 - 215 . ISSN 0004 - 9522 doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2005. 00370. x Jump up ^ Scott Manning ( 2007 - 01 - 04 ) . `` World War I : Troop Statistics '' . Scottmanning.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chambers 93 ; Weigley Army 345 Jump up ^ `` The Royal Navy '' . Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Link , Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era pp 179ff Jump up ^ Daniel R. Beaver , Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort , 1917 - 1919 ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ Allan Millett , The general : Robert L. Bullard and officership in the United States Army , 1881 - 1925 ( 1975 ) p.", "14": "293 Jump up ^ Barbara Tuchman , The Zimmerman Telegram ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ see : Woodrow Wilson declares war on Germany . Jump up ^ Richard Pipes A Concise History of the Russian Revolution , Vintage Books 1996 p. 93 Jump up ^ Woodrow Wilson : Fifth Annual Message to the Gentlemen of the Congress - 4 December 1917 Jump up ^ Official Declarations of War by Congress - Senate. gove Jump up ^ `` US declaration of war against Austria - Hungary The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History '' . Gilderlehrman.org. 1917 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Over Here Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker and Priscilla Mary Roberts , eds. , World War I : encyclopedia ( 2005 ) , p. 1205 Jump up ^ George H. Nash , The Life of Herbert Hoover : Master of Emergencies , 1917 - 1918 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Over Here pp. 59 -- 72 Jump up ^ Ross , pp. 244 -- 246 Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 334 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Over Here pp 59 -- 72 Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 335 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Stephen Vaughn , Holding Fast the Inner Lines : Democracy , Nationalism , and the Committee on Public Information ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Jay Mechling , On My Honor : Boy Scouts and the Making of American Youth ( 2004 ) p 128 Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World War I Timeline - 1918 - A Fateful Ending '' . The History Place . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wilgus , p. 52 Jump up ^ Teaching With Documents : Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I , U.S. National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved October 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall ( 1998 ) . The Pity of War . Penguin . Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Dixon Wecter , When Johnny Comes Marching Home ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ David Ortiz , Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill : how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era ( 2013 ) p xiii Jump up ^ Burl Noggle , Into the Twenties - The United States From Armistice to Normalcy ( 1974 ) . References Byerly , Carol R. ( 2010 ) . `` The U.S. Military and the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 '' . Public Health Reports . United States National Library of Medicine . vol. 125 ( Suppl 3 ) : 82 -- 91 . ISSN 1468 - 2877 . PMC 2862337 . PMID 20568570 . Wevera , Peter C Wevera ; van Bergenc , Leo ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Death from 1918 pandemic influenza during the First World War : a perspective from personal and anecdotal evidence '' . Influenza Other Respir Viruses.", "16": "8 : 538 -- 46 . doi : 10.1111 / irv. 12267 . PMC 4181817 . PMID 24975798 . Further reading ( edit ) Bassett , John Spencer . Our War with Germany : A History ( 1919 ) online edition Breen , William J. Uncle Sam at Home : Civilian Mobilization , Wartime Federalism , and the Council of National Defense , 1917 - 1919 ( 1984 ) ) Capozzola , Christopher . Uncle Sam Wants You : World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen ( 2008 ) Carlisle , Rodney . Sovereignty at Sea : U.S. Merchant Ships and American Entry into World War I ( 2010 ) Chambers , John W. , II . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Clements , Kendrick A . The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson ( 1992 ) Coffman , Edward M. The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) , a standard military history Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) Cooper , John Milton . `` The World War and American Memory . '' Diplomatic History ( 2014 ) 38 # 4 pp : 727 - 736 . DuBois , W.E. Burghardt , `` An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War , '' The Crisis , vol. 18 , no . 2 ( June 1919 ) , pp. 63 -- 87 . Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 2004 ) , comprehensive coverage Malin , James C. The United States After the World War ( 1930 ) online Marrin , Albert . The Yanks Are Coming : The United States in the First World War ( 1986 ) May , Ernest R .", "17": "The World War and American Isolation , 1914 - 1917 ( 1959 ) online at ACLS e-books , highly influential study Nash , George H. The Life of Herbert Hoover : Master of Emergencies , 1917 - 1918 ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Paxson , Frederic L. Pre-war years , 1913 - 1917 ( 1936 ) wide - ranging scholarly survey Paxson , Frederic L. American at War 1917 - 1918 ( 1939 ) wide - ranging scholarly survey Schaffer , Ronald . America in the Great War : The Rise of the War - Welfare State ( 1991 ) Snow , William J. Signposts of Experience : World War Memoits of Major General William J. Snow , USA - Retired , Chief of Field Artillery 1918 - 1927 . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , May 15 , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1499673777 . Trask , David F. The United States in the Supreme War Council : American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy , 1917 -- 1918 ( 1961 ) Trask , David F. The AEF and Coalition Warmaking , 1917 -- 1918 ( 1993 ) online free Tucker , Spencer C. , and Priscilla Mary Roberts , eds . The Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2005 ) Van Ells , Mark D. `` America and World War I : A Traveler 's Guide '' ( 2014 ) Vaughn , Stephen . Holding Fast the Inner Lines : Democracy , Nationalism , and the Committee on Public Information ( University of North Carolina Press , 1980 ) Venzon , Anne ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Woodward , David R . The American Army and the First World War ( 2014 ) . 484 pp. online review Woodward , David R. Trial by Friendship : Anglo - American Relations , 1917 - 1918 ( 1993 ) online Young , Ernest William .", "18": "The Wilson Administration and the Great War ( 1922 ) online edition Zieger , Robert H. America 's Great War : World War I and the American Experience ( 2000 ) Historiography ( edit ) Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 - 468 . External links ( edit ) First - hand accounts of World War I veterans , The Library of Congress Veterans History Project . Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War I homefront in the United States . World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 )", "19": "First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne", "20": "Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920", "21": ") Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St.", "22": "Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Category Portal Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S.", "23": "participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror History of World War I by region and country Africa Angola East Africa Egypt Liberia Morocco South Africa South West Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada United States South America Brazil Asia Caucasus India Iran Iraq Japan Levant Siam Vietnam Yemen Europe Austria - Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Poland Ottoman Empire Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women This Is America ,", "24": "Charlie Brown Category Portal Woodrow Wilson 28th President of the United States ( 1913 -- 1921 ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) 13th President of Princeton University ( 1902 -- 1910 ) Presidency 1913 inauguration Suffrage Parade 1917 inauguration The New Freedom Clayton Antitrust Act Farm Loan Act Federal Employees ' Compensation Act Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Act Federal Income Tax amendment Federal Trade Commission Act Federal Trade Commission Revenue Act of 1913 Flag Day National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Occupation of Haiti Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty Philippine Autonomy Act World War I entry campaigns home front Committee on Public Information Espionage Act of 1917 Selective Service Act of 1917 Four Minute Men Sedition Act of 1918 National War Labor Board The Inquiry American Commission to Negotiate Peace Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Fourteen Points League of Nations charter 1919 Nobel Peace Prize Wilsonian Armenia Silent Sentinels Women 's Suffrage amendment Roosevelt desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet State of the Union Address 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 Life Birthplace and Presidential Library papers and manuscripts Boyhood home in Georgia Boyhood home in South Carolina Princeton University president Summer White House ( Harlakenden Shadow Lawn ) Woodrow Wilson House Gravesite Books Congressional Government When a Man Comes to Himself The New Freedom ( 1913 ) Elections New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1910 1912 Democratic National Convention 1912 U.S. presidential election 1916 Democratic National Convention 1916 U.S. presidential election Legacy Wilsonianism Woodrow Wilson Foundation Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Woodrow Wilson Bridge Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation U.S. Postage stamps U.S.", "25": "Currency Popular culture Wilson ( 1944 film ) Profiles in Courage ( 1965 series ) Wilson ( 2013 book ) Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century ( 2002 documentary ) Family Joseph Ruggles Wilson ( father ) Jessie Janet Woodrow ( mother ) Ellen Axson Wilson ( wife , 1885 -- 1914 ; death ) Edith Bolling Wilson ( wife , 1915 -- 1924 ) Margaret Wilson ( daughter ) Jessie Wilson Sayre ( daughter ) Eleanor Wilson McAdoo ( daughter ) William McAdoo ( son - in - law ) Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson ) James Woodrow ( maternal uncle ) Related Progressive Era Jefferson Literary and Debating Society ← William Howard Taft Warren G. Harding → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_in_World_War_I&oldid=837977185 '' Categories : World War I United States in World War I Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български فارسی Français עברית Norsk Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 05 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-8432751606955067146	rain sleet or snow that contains a high concentration of acids is called	[ "Acid rain", "Acid rain", "Acid rain", "\"Acid rain\"", "Acid rain" ]	{ "0": "Acid rain - wikipedia Acid rain Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Acid rain ( disambiguation ) . Processes involved in acid deposition ( note that only SO and NO play a significant role in acid rain ) . Acid clouds can grow on SO emissions from refineries , as seen here in Curaçao . Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic , meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions ( low pH ) . It can have harmful effects on plants , aquatic animals and infrastructure . Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide , which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids . Some governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere with positive results . Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes , and sulfur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions . Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests , freshwaters and soils , killing insect and aquatic life - forms , causing paint to peel , corrosion of steel structures such as bridges , and weathering of stone buildings and statues as well as having impacts on human health . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 History 2.1 In the United States 3 Emissions of chemicals leading to acidification 3.1 Natural phenomena 3.2 Human activity 4 Chemical processes 4.1 Gas phase chemistry 4.2 Chemistry in cloud droplets 5 Acid deposition 5.1 Wet deposition 5.2 Dry deposition 6 Adverse effects 6.1 Surface waters and aquatic animals 6.2 Soils 6.3 Forests and other vegetation 6.4 Ocean acidification 6.5 Human health effects 6.6 Other adverse effects 7 Affected areas 8 Prevention methods 8.1 Technical solutions 8.2 International treaties 8.3 Emissions trading 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Definition `` Acid rain '' is a popular term referring to the deposition of a mixture from wet ( rain , snow , sleet , fog , cloudwater , and dew ) and dry ( acidifying particles and gases ) acidic components .", "1": "Distilled water , once carbon dioxide is removed , has a neutral pH of 7 . Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic , and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline . `` Clean '' or unpolluted rain has an acidic pH , but usually no lower than 5.7 , because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid , a weak acid according to the following reaction : H O ( l ) + C O ( g ) ⇌ H C O ( aq ) Carbonic acid then can ionize in water forming low concentrations of hydronium and carbonate ions : H O ( l ) + H C O ( aq ) ⇌ H C O ( aq ) + H O ( aq ) However , unpolluted rain can also contain other chemicals which affect its pH ( acidity level ) . A common example is nitric acid produced by electric discharge in the atmosphere such as lightning . Acid deposition as an environmental issue ( discussed later in the article ) would include additional acids other than H C O . History The corrosive effect of polluted , acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn , who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles . Since the Industrial Revolution , emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere have increased . In 1852 , Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester , England . Though acidic rain was discovered in 1853 , it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon . The term `` acid rain '' was coined in 1872 by Robert Angus Smith . Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a `` dead '' lake . At first the main focus in research lay on local affects of acid rain . Waldemar Christofer Brøgger was the first to acknowledge long - distance transportation of pollutants crossing borders from the United Kingdom to Norway . Public awareness of acid rain in the U.S increased in the 1970s after The New York Times published reports from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire of the myriad deleterious environmental effects shown to result from it .", "2": "Occasional pH readings in rain and fog water of well below 2.4 have been reported in industrialized areas . Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China and Russia and areas downwind from them . These areas all burn sulfur - containing coal to generate heat and electricity . The problem of acid rain has not only increased with population and industrial growth , but has become more widespread . The use of tall smokestacks to reduce local pollution has contributed to the spread of acid rain by releasing gases into regional atmospheric circulation . Often deposition occurs a considerable distance downwind of the emissions , with mountainous regions tending to receive the greatest deposition ( simply because of their higher rainfall ) . An example of this effect is the low pH of rain which falls in Scandinavia . In the United States Since 1998 , Harvard University wraps some of the bronze and marble statues on its campus , such as this `` Chinese stele '' , with waterproof covers every winter , in order to protect them from corrosion caused by acid rain and acid snow The earliest report about acid rain in the United States was from the chemical evidence from Hubbard Brook Valley . In 1972 , a group of scientists including Gene Likens discovered the rain that was deposited at White Mountains of New Hampshire was acidic . The pH of the sample was measured to be 4.03 at Hubbard Brook . The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study followed up with a series of research that analyzed the environmental effects of acid rain . Acid rain that mixed with stream water at Hubbard Brook was neutralized by the alumina from soils . The result of this research indicates the chemical reaction between acid rain and aluminum leads to increasing rate of soil weathering . Experimental research was done to examine the effects of increased acidity in stream on ecological species . In 1980 , a group of scientists modified the acidity of Norris Brook , New Hampshire , and observed the change in species ' behaviors . There was a decrease in species diversity , an increase in community dominants , and a decrease in the food web complexity . In 1980 , the U.S. Congress passed an Acid Deposition Act . This Act established an 18 - year assessment and research program under the direction of the National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program ( NAPAP ) . NAPAP looked at the entire problem from a scientific perspective .", "3": "It enlarged a network of monitoring sites to determine how acidic the precipitation actually was , and to determine long - term trends , and established a network for dry deposition . It looked at the effects of acid rain and funded research on the effects of acid precipitation on freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems , historical buildings , monuments , and building materials . It also funded extensive studies on atmospheric processes and potential control programs . From the start , policy advocates from all sides attempted to influence NAPAP activities to support their particular policy advocacy efforts , or to disparage those of their opponents . For the U.S. Government 's scientific enterprise , a significant impact of NAPAP were lessons learned in the assessment process and in environmental research management to a relatively large group of scientists , program managers and the public . In 1981 , the National Academy of Sciences was looking into research about the controversial issues regarding acid rain . President Ronald Reagan did not place a huge attention on the issues of acid rain until his personal visit to Canada and confirmed that Canadian border suffered from the drifting pollution from smokestacks in Midwest of US . Reagan honored the agreement to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau 's enforcement of anti-pollution regulation . In 1982 , US President Ronald Reagan commissioned William Nierenberg to serve on the National Science Board . Nierenberg selected scientists including Gene Likens to serve on a panel to draft a report on acid rain . In 1983 , the panel of scientists came up with a draft report , which concluded that acid rain is a real problem and solutions should be sought . White House Office of Science and Technology Policy reviewed the draft report and sent Fred Singer 's suggestions of the report , which cast doubt on the cause of acid rain . The panelists revealed rejections against Singer 's positions and submitted the report to Nierenberg in April . In May 1983 , the House of Representatives voted against legislations that aimed to control sulfur emissions . There was a debate about whether Nierenberg delayed to release the report . Nierenberg himself denied the saying about his suppression of the report and explained that the withheld of the report after the House 's vote was due to the fact that the report was not ready to be published . In 1991 , the US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program ( NAPAP ) provided its first assessment of acid rain in the United States .", "4": "It reported that 5 % of New England Lakes were acidic , with sulfates being the most common problem . They noted that 2 % of the lakes could no longer support Brook Trout , and 6 % of the lakes were unsuitable for the survival of many species of minnow . Subsequent Reports to Congress have documented chemical changes in soil and freshwater ecosystems , nitrogen saturation , decreases in amounts of nutrients in soil , episodic acidification , regional haze , and damage to historical monuments . Meanwhile , in 1990 , the U.S. Congress passed a series of amendments to the Clean Air Act . Title IV of these amendments established the a cap and trade system designed to control emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides . Title IV called for a total reduction of about 10 million tons of SO emissions from power plants . It was implemented in two phases . Phase I began in 1995 , and limited sulfur dioxide emissions from 110 of the largest power plants to a combined total of 8.7 million tons of sulfur dioxide . One power plant in New England ( Merrimack ) was in Phase I. Four other plants ( Newington , Mount Tom , Brayton Point , and Salem Harbor ) were added under other provisions of the program . Phase II began in 2000 , and affects most of the power plants in the country . During the 1990s , research continued . On March 10 , 2005 , the EPA issued the Clean Air Interstate Rule ( CAIR ) . This rule provides states with a solution to the problem of power plant pollution that drifts from one state to another . CAIR will permanently cap emissions of SO and NO in the eastern United States . When fully implemented , CAIR will reduce SO emissions in 28 eastern states and the District of Columbia by over 70 % and NO emissions by over 60 % from 2003 levels . Overall , the program 's cap and trade program has been successful in achieving its goals . Since the 1990s , SO emissions have dropped 40 % , and according to the Pacific Research Institute , acid rain levels have dropped 65 % since 1976 . Conventional regulation was used in the European Union , which saw a decrease of over 70 % in SO emissions during the same time period .", "5": "In 2007 , total SO emissions were 8.9 million tons , achieving the program 's long - term goal ahead of the 2010 statutory deadline . In 2007 the EPA estimated that by 2010 , the overall costs of complying with the program for businesses and consumers would be $1 billion to $2 billion a year , only one fourth of what was originally predicted . Forbes says : In 2010 , by which time the cap and trade system had been augmented by the George W. Bush administration 's Clean Air Interstate Rule , SO2 emissions had fallen to 5.1 million tons . The term Citizen science can be traced back as far as January 1989 and a campaign by the Audubon Society to measure Acid rain . Scientist Muki Haklay cites in a policy report for the Wilson Center entitled ' Citizen Science and Policy : A European Perspective ' a first use of the term ' citizen science ' by R. Kerson in the magazine MIT Technology Review from January 1989 . Quoting from the Wilson Center report : `` The new form of engagement in science received the name `` citizen science '' . The first recorded example of the use of the term is from 1989 , describing how 225 volunteers across the US collected rain samples to assist the Audubon Society in an acid - rain awareness raising campaign . The volunteers collected samples , checked for acidity , and reported back to the organization . The information was then used to demonstrate the full extent of the phenomenon . '' Emissions of chemicals leading to acidification The most important gas which leads to acidification is sulfur dioxide . Emissions of nitrogen oxides which are oxidized to form nitric acid are of increasing importance due to stricter controls on emissions of sulfur containing compounds . 70 Tg ( S ) per year in the form of SO comes from fossil fuel combustion and industry , 2.8 Tg ( S ) from wildfires and 7 -- 8 Tg ( S ) per year from volcanoes . Natural phenomena The principal natural phenomena that contribute acid - producing gases to the atmosphere are emissions from volcanoes .", "6": "Thus , for example , fumaroles from the Laguna Caliente crater of Poás Volcano create extremely high amounts of acid rain and fog , with acidity as high as a pH of 2 , clearing an area of any vegetation and frequently causing irritation to the eyes and lungs of inhabitants in nearby settlements . Acid - producing gasses are also created by biological processes that occur on the land , in wetlands , and in the oceans . The major biological source of sulfur containing compounds is dimethyl sulfide . Nitric acid in rainwater is an important source of fixed nitrogen for plant life , and is also produced by electrical activity in the atmosphere such as lightning . Acidic deposits have been detected in glacial ice thousands of years old in remote parts of the globe . Soils of coniferous forests are naturally very acidic due to the shedding of needles , and the results of this phenomenon should not be confused with acid rain . Human activity The coal - fired Gavin Power Plant in Cheshire , Ohio The principal cause of acid rain is sulfur and nitrogen compounds from human sources , such as electricity generation , factories , and motor vehicles . Electrical power generation using coal is among the greatest contributors to gaseous pollutions that are responsible for acidic rain . The gases can be carried hundreds of kilometers in the atmosphere before they are converted to acids and deposited . In the past , factories had short funnels to let out smoke but this caused many problems locally ; thus , factories now have taller smoke funnels . However , dispersal from these taller stacks causes pollutants to be carried farther , causing widespread ecological damage . Chemical processes Combustion of fuels produces sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides . They are converted into sulfuric acid and nitric acid . Gas phase chemistry In the gas phase sulfur dioxide is oxidized by reaction with the hydroxyl radical via an intermolecular reaction : SO + OH → HOSO which is followed by : HOSO + O → HO + SO In the presence of water , sulfur trioxide ( SO ) is converted rapidly to sulfuric acid : SO ( g ) + H O ( l ) → H SO ( aq ) Nitrogen dioxide reacts with OH to form nitric acid : This shows the process of the air pollution being released into the atmosphere and the areas that will be affected .", "7": "NO + OH → HNO Chemistry in cloud droplets When clouds are present , the loss rate of SO is faster than can be explained by gas phase chemistry alone . This is due to reactions in the liquid water droplets . Hydrolysis Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water and then , like carbon dioxide , hydrolyses in a series of equilibrium reactions : SO ( g ) + H O ⇌ SO H O SO H O ⇌ H + HSO HSO ⇌ H + SO Oxidation There are a large number of aqueous reactions that oxidize sulfur from S ( IV ) to S ( VI ) , leading to the formation of sulfuric acid . The most important oxidation reactions are with ozone , hydrogen peroxide and oxygen ( reactions with oxygen are catalyzed by iron and manganese in the cloud droplets ) . Acid deposition Wet deposition Wet deposition of acids occurs when any form of precipitation ( rain , snow , and so on . ) removes acids from the atmosphere and delivers it to the Earth 's surface . This can result from the deposition of acids produced in the raindrops ( see aqueous phase chemistry above ) or by the precipitation removing the acids either in clouds or below clouds . Wet removal of both gases and aerosols are both of importance for wet deposition . Dry deposition Acid deposition also occurs via dry deposition in the absence of precipitation . This can be responsible for as much as 20 to 60 % of total acid deposition . This occurs when particles and gases stick to the ground , plants or other surfaces . Adverse effects Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests , freshwaters and soils , killing insect and aquatic life - forms as well as causing damage to buildings and having impacts on human health . Surface Waters and aquatic animals This chart shows that not all fish , shellfish , or the insects that they eat can tolerate the same amount of acid ; for example , frogs can tolerate water that is more acidic ( i.e. , has a lower pH ) than trout . Both the lower pH and higher aluminium concentrations in surface water that occur as a result of acid rain can cause damage to fish and other aquatic animals . At pHs lower than 5 most fish eggs will not hatch and lower pHs can kill adult fish .", "8": "As lakes and rivers become more acidic biodiversity is reduced . Acid rain has eliminated insect life and some fish species , including the brook trout in some lakes , streams , and creeks in geographically sensitive areas , such as the Adirondack Mountains of the United States . However , the extent to which acid rain contributes directly or indirectly via runoff from the catchment to lake and river acidity ( i.e. , depending on characteristics of the surrounding watershed ) is variable . The United States Environmental Protection Agency 's ( EPA ) website states : `` Of the lakes and streams surveyed , acid rain caused acidity in 75 % of the acidic lakes and about 50 % of the acidic streams '' . Lakes hosted by silicate basement rocks are more acidic than lakes within limestone or other basement rocks with a carbonate composition ( i.e. marble ) due to buffering effects by carbonate minerals , even with the same amount of acid rain . Soils Soil biology and chemistry can be seriously damaged by acid rain . Some microbes are unable to tolerate changes to low pH and are killed . The enzymes of these microbes are denatured ( changed in shape so they no longer function ) by the acid . The hydronium ions of acid rain also mobilize toxins such as aluminium , and leach away essential nutrients and minerals such as magnesium . 2 H ( aq ) + Mg ( clay ) ⇌ 2 H ( clay ) + Mg ( aq ) Soil chemistry can be dramatically changed when base cations , such as calcium and magnesium , are leached by acid rain thereby affecting sensitive species , such as sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ) . Forests and other vegetation Acid rain can have severe effects on vegetation . A forest in the Black Triangle in Europe . Adverse effects may be indirectly related to acid rain , like the acid 's effects on soil ( see above ) or high concentration of gaseous precursors to acid rain . High altitude forests are especially vulnerable as they are often surrounded by clouds and fog which are more acidic than rain . Other plants can also be damaged by acid rain , but the effect on food crops is minimized by the application of lime and fertilizers to replace lost nutrients . In cultivated areas , limestone may also be added to increase the ability of the soil to keep the pH stable , but this tactic is largely unusable in the case of wilderness lands .", "9": "When calcium is leached from the needles of red spruce , these trees become less cold tolerant and exhibit winter injury and even death . Ocean acidification Main article : Ocean acidification This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) Acid rain has a much less harmful effect on the oceans . However , acid rain can cause the oceans acidity to rise , making it more difficult for different coastal species to create their exoskeletons that they need to survive . These coastal species link together as part of the ocean 's food chain and without them being a source for other marine life to feed off of more marine life will die . Coral 's limestone skeletal is sensitive to pH drop , because the calcium carbonate , core component of the limestone dissolves in acidic ( low pH ) solutions . Human health effects Acid rain does not directly affect human health . The acid in the rainwater is too dilute to have direct adverse effects . However , the particulates responsible for acid rain ( sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides ) do have an adverse effect . Increased amounts of fine particulate matter in the air do contribute to heart and lung problems including asthma and bronchitis . Other adverse effects Effect of acid rain on statues Acid rain and weathering Acid rain can damage buildings , historic monuments , and statues , especially those made of rocks , such as limestone and marble , that contain large amounts of calcium carbonate . Acids in the rain react with the calcium compounds in the stones to create gypsum , which then flakes off . CaCO ( s ) + H SO ( aq ) ⇌ CaSO ( s ) + CO ( g ) + H O ( l ) The effects of this are commonly seen on old gravestones , where acid rain can cause the inscriptions to become completely illegible . Acid rain also increases the corrosion rate of metals , in particular iron , steel , copper and bronze . Affected areas Places significantly impacted by acid rain around the globe include most of eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia , the eastern third of the United States , and southeastern Canada . Other affected areas include the southeastern coast of China and Taiwan . Prevention methods Technical solutions Many coal - firing power stations use flue - gas desulfurization ( FGD ) to remove sulfur - containing gases from their stack gases .", "10": "For a typical coal - fired power station , FGD will remove 95 % or more of the SO in the flue gases . An example of FGD is the wet scrubber which is commonly used . A wet scrubber is basically a reaction tower equipped with a fan that extracts hot smoke stack gases from a power plant into the tower . Lime or limestone in slurry form is also injected into the tower to mix with the stack gases and combine with the sulfur dioxide present . The calcium carbonate of the limestone produces pH - neutral calcium sulfate that is physically removed from the scrubber . That is , the scrubber turns sulfur pollution into industrial sulfates . In some areas the sulfates are sold to chemical companies as gypsum when the purity of calcium sulfate is high . In others , they are placed in landfill . However , the effects of acid rain can last for generations , as the effects of pH level change can stimulate the continued leaching of undesirable chemicals into otherwise pristine water sources , killing off vulnerable insect and fish species and blocking efforts to restore native life . Fluidized bed combustion also reduces the amount of sulfur emitted by power production . Vehicle emissions control reduces emissions of nitrogen oxides from motor vehicles . International treaties A number of international treaties on the long - range transport of atmospheric pollutants have been agreed for example , the 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions under the Convention on Long - Range Transboundary Air Pollution . Canada and the US signed the Air Quality Agreement in 1991 . Most European countries and Canada have signed the treaties . Emissions trading Main article : Emissions trading See also : Acid Rain Program In this regulatory scheme , every current polluting facility is given or may purchase on an open market an emissions allowance for each unit of a designated pollutant it emits . Operators can then install pollution control equipment , and sell portions of their emissions allowances they no longer need for their own operations , thereby recovering some of the capital cost of their investment in such equipment . The intention is to give operators economic incentives to install pollution controls . The first emissions trading market was established in the United States by enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 .", "11": "The overall goal of the Acid Rain Program established by the Act is to achieve significant environmental and public health benefits through reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide ( SO ) and nitrogen oxides ( NO ) , the primary causes of acid rain . To achieve this goal at the lowest cost to society , the program employs both regulatory and market based approaches for controlling air pollution . See also Basic precipitation Gene Likens List of environmental issues Lists of environmental topics Ocean acidification Rain dust ( an alkaline rain ) References Jump up ^ Likens , Gene E. ; Keene , William C. ; Miller , John M. ; Galloway , James N. ( 1987 ) . `` Chemistry of precipitation from a remote , terrestrial site in Australia '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 92 : 13299 . Bibcode : 1987JGR ... 9213299L . doi : 10.1029 / JD092iD11p13299 . Jump up ^ E.S. de Beer , ed . The Diary of John Evelyn , III , 1955 ( 19 September 1667 ) p. 495 . ^ Jump up to : Glossary , United States : NASA Earth Observatory , acid rain , archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 13 , retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 Jump up ^ Weathers , K.C. and Likens , G.E. ( 2006 ) . `` Acid rain '' , pp. 1549 -- 1561 in : W.N. Rom and S. Markowitz ( eds . ) . 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Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 45 ( 9 ) : 1421 -- 1437 . Bibcode : 1981GeCoA ... 45.1421 J . doi : 10.1016 / 0016 - 7037 ( 81 ) 90276 - 3 .", "14": "Jump up ^ Hall , Ronald J. ; Likens , Gene E. ; Fiance , Sandy B. ; Hendrey , George R. ( 1980 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Experimental Acidification of a Stream in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest , New Hampshire '' . Ecology. 61 ( 4 ) : 976 -- 989 . doi : 10.2307 / 1936765 . ISSN 1939 - 9170 . ^ Jump up to : Lackey , R.T. ( 1997 ) . `` Science , policy , and acid rain : lessons learned '' ( PDF ) . Renewable Resources Journal . 15 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Winstanley , Derek ; Lackey , Robert T. ; Warnick , Walter L. ; Malanchuk , John ( 1998 ) . `` Acid rain : Science and policy making '' . Environmental Science & Policy . 1 : 51 . doi : 10.1016 / S1462 - 9011 ( 98 ) 00006 - 9 . 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Carbon Trading : how it works and why it fails . Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation : 22 Jump up ^ Acid Rain Program 2007 Progress Report , United States Environmental Protection Agency , January 2009 . Jump up ^ Gerdes , Justin . `` Cap and Trade Curbed Acid Rain : 7 Reasons Why It Can Do The Same For Climate Change '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 27 Oct 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Muki Haklay ( 2015 ) . `` Citizen Science and Policy : A European Perspective '' ( PDF ) .", "16": "Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . p. 11 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : R. Kerson ( 1989 ) . `` Lab for the Environment '' . MIT Technology Review . Vol. 92 no . 1 . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Berresheim , H. ; Wine , P.H. and Davies D.D. ( 1995 ) . `` Sulfur in the Atmosphere '' . In Composition , Chemistry and Climate of the Atmosphere , ed . H.B. Singh . Van Nostrand Rheingold ISBN 0 - 442 - 01264 - 0 Jump up ^ . January 24 , 2018 http://www6.dict.cc/wp_examples.php?lp_id=1&lang=en&s=nitric%20acid . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Reduces Acid Rain In Eastern United States , ScienceDaily , September 28 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` UK National Air Quality Archive : Air Pollution Glossary '' . Airquality.co.uk. 2002 - 04 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : US EPA : Effects of Acid Rain -- Surface Waters and Aquatic Animals Jump up ^ Kesler , Stephen ( 2015 ) . Mineral Resources , Economics and the Environment . Cambridge University . ISBN 9781107074910 . Jump up ^ Rodhe , H. , et al . The global distribution of acidifying wet deposition . Environmental Science and TEchnology . vlo. 36 , no . 20 ( October ) p. 4382 -- 8 Jump up ^ US EPA : Effects of Acid Rain -- Forests Archived July 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Likens , G.E. ; Driscoll , C.T. ; Buso , D.C. ; Mitchell , M.J. ; Lovett , G.M. ; Bailey , S.W. ; Siccama , T.G.", "17": "; Reiners , W.A. ; Alewell , C. ( 2002 ) . `` The biogeochemistry of sulfur at Hubbard Brook '' ( PDF ) . Biogeochemistry. 60 ( 3 ) : 235 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020972100496 . Jump up ^ Likens , G.E. ; Driscoll , C.T. ; Buso , D.C. ( 1996 ) . `` Long - Term Effects of Acid Rain : Response and Recovery of a Forest Ecosystem '' ( PDF ) . Science . 272 ( 5259 ) : 244 . Bibcode : 1996Sci ... 272 ... 244L . doi : 10.1126 / science. 272.5259. 244 . Jump up ^ DeHayes , D.H. , Schaberg , P.G. and G.R. Strimbeck. ( 2001 ) . Red Spruce Hardiness and Freezing Injury Susceptibility . In : F. Bigras , ed . Conifer Cold Hardiness . Kluwer Academic Publishers , the Netherlands ISBN 0 - 7923 - 6636 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Brynne E. ; Schaberg , Paul G. ; Hawley , Gary J. ; DeHayes , Donald H. ( 2006 ) . `` Landscape - scale spatial patterns of winter injury to red spruce foliage in a year of heavy region - wide injury '' ( PDF ) . Can . J. For . Res. 36 : 142 -- 152 . doi : 10.1139 / x05 - 236 . highbeam copy Jump up ^ `` Acid Rain Has Disproportionate Impact on Near - Shore Ocean Waters - Windows to the Universe '' . www.windows2universe.org . Jump up ^ Effects of Acid Rain -- Human Health . Epa.gov ( 2006 - 06 - 02 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ICP on effects on materials '' . Water , Air , & Soil Pollution. 85 : 2701 -- 2706 .", "18": "doi : 10.1007 / BF01186242 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Approaches in modeling the impact of air pollution - induced material degradation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ed . Hatier ( 1993 ) . `` Acid Rain in Europe '' . United Nations Environment Programme GRID Arendal . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ US Environmental Protection Agency ( 2008 ) . `` Clean Air Markets 2008 Highlights '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Acid Rain - Green Education Foundation GEF Sustainability Education '' . www.greeneducationfoundation.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 , 42 U.S. Code 7651 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acid rain . National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report -- a 98 - page report to Congress ( 2005 ) Acid rain for schools Acid rain for schools -- Hubbard Brook Acid Rain Retirement Fund environmental education links about acid rain United States Environmental Protection Agency -- New England Acid Rain Program ( superficial ) Acid Rain ( more depth than ref . above ) U.S. Geological Survey -- What is acid rain ? Acid rain analysis -- freeware for simulation and evaluation of titration curves and pH calculations CBC Digital Archives -- Acid Rain : Pollution and Politics Larssen , Thorjørn et al. `` Acid Rain in China '' . Environmental Science and Technology , 40 : 2 , 2006 , pp 418 -- 425 . 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6911525668586993309	who plays jack skellington in nightmare before christmas	[ "Chris Sarandon", "Chris Sarandon", "Danny Elfman", "Chris Sarandon", "Chris Sarandon", "Chris Sarandon" ]	{ "0": "Jack Skellington - wikipedia Jack Skellington Jump to : navigation , search Jack Skellington First appearance The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Created by Tim Burton Voiced by Chris Sarandon ( speaking ) Danny Elfman ( singing in film ) Jack Skellington is a character and the main protagonist of the 1993 film The Nightmare Before Christmas . Jack is the `` Pumpkin King '' of Halloween Town , a fantasy world based solely on the Halloween holiday . Jack is voiced by Chris Sarandon . Danny Elfman provided Jack 's singing voice in the film , although Sarandon has sung as Jack in subsequent productions . His overall appearance is a skeleton dressed in a black pin - striped suit and a bow tie that strongly resembles a black bat . Originally , his suit was meant to be completely black , but it blended with the background too well , so it was changed . At the beginning of the film , Jack makes his grand entrance by emerging out of a fire - breathing dragon - themed fountain . His last name is based on the word `` skeleton '' . He has a ghost dog named Zero for a pet , who has a small glowing nose that looks like a jack - o ' - lantern . He is adored by Sally , a rag doll created by Dr. Finklestein . The character is a popular design on bags , hats , clothing , umbrellas , belt buckles , pet collars and other items . Contents ( hide ) 1 In The Nightmare Before Christmas 2 In video games 2.1 The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King 2.2 The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge 2.3 Disney Universe 2.4 Kingdom Hearts series 2.4. 1 Kingdom Hearts 2.4. 2 Chain of Memories 2.4. 3 Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days 2.4. 4 Kingdom Hearts II 2.5 Disney Infinity 3 Attractions 4 Cameos 5 Toys 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links In the Nightmare Before Christmas ( edit ) See also : The Nightmare Before Christmas Jack Skellington is the patron spirit of Halloween , portrayed as being on par with Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny within his own holiday .", "1": "As a living skeleton , he is immortal and can remove parts of his body without harm , as is often demonstrated for comic relief . He is the most important of many Halloween spirits , with the implication that their job is to scare people in the real world on Halloween night . Jack , as the `` Pumpkin King '' and Master of ceremonies , is in charge of Halloween Town 's Halloween celebration . He is respected and even idolized by the other residents for his role , but he has grown weary of celebrating the same holiday endlessly and is depressed about it . The only one who understands Jack 's feelings is a lonely ragdoll named Sally . She overhears his singing monologue and feels she can relate to his situation . Jack discovers Christmas Town and decides that this new experience is what his life was missing . He makes preparations for his own Christmas celebration in Halloween Town and wants to impersonate Santa Claus in the real world . While his intentions are not malicious , Jack does not understand the true spirit of Christmas . Halloween Town plans to give the holidays a macabre make - over . Sally reveals to Jack a bad premonition , but Jack 's basic nature is impulsiveness . He does not seem to register contradictory information . By the end of the film , he notices Sally and her determination to help him . He proves that love can be a part of his nature by calling Sally his `` Dearest Friend '' , telling Sally that they were meant to be together , embracing his future with her and embracing her . Jack follows the formula of a tragic hero , because he begins the story at a lofty position . In spite of all his fame and talent , he yearns for another side of life . While a desire for completeness is not a flaw , his impulsiveness proves to be . He tends to be enthusiastic and inclusive , and his charisma is enough to sway every member of Halloween Town except Sally . His selfish decisions lead to the near destruction of Christmas and himself . The strength of Jack 's character is demonstrated by his will to correct his own mistakes . The official film soundtrack CD contains an epilogue not in the film , stating that `` many years later '' Santa returned to Halloween Town to visit Jack , where he discovered that Jack had `` four or five skeleton children at hand '' who play together in a xylophone band .", "2": "In video games ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Nightmare Before Christmas : the Pumpkin King ( edit ) Jack Skellington has been shown to have an extreme hatred for Oogie Boogie as was proven when he spoke of this plan to Lock , Shock , and Barrel , stating to `` leave that no account Oogie Boogie out of this ! '' He later finds out that Santa Claus and Sally have been kidnapped by the Boogie Man and are in his underground lair . While trying to save his friends , Jack manages to destroy Oogie and save Christmas . The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's revenge ( edit ) Tired of using the same old themes over and over on Halloween , Jack Skellington goes to Doctor Finkelstein , who gives him the Soul Robber , an invention that changes shape . Jack decided to leave Halloween Town to get new ideas for Halloween frights . When Jack comes back to town , he finds that Oogie Boogie has been resurrected . Now Jack has to set things right again . Jack dances , fights , and sings in this game to attack Oogie Boogie 's minions . Jack is portrayed as inept to some degree in this game . Chris Sarandon did both the speaking and singing voice for Jack in this game . Disney universe ( edit ) Jack Skellington features in the Nightmare Before Christmas downloadable expansion pack which includes Jack Skellington , Sally , Oogie - Boogie , Dr. Finklestein and the Mayor as in - game playable costumes . The downloadable content can be bought from console stores ( e.g. the PlayStation Store ) . The package included the costumes of which some could be found in the downloaded level . Unlike the worlds originally in the game which all had 3 chapters , the Nightmare Before Christmas world only had 1 chapter called ' Halloween Graveyard ' . Kingdom Hearts series ( edit ) Jack Skellington appears in four installments of the Kingdom Hearts video game series . He inhabits the world of Halloween Town , where the evil Heartless threatens its denizens .", "3": "The games ' main protagonists , Sora , Donald Duck and Goofy , befriend Jack and together they battle the Heartless , and also Oogie Boogie . In combat , Jack uses some of his scary powers with demonstrations of some magic , making him a formidable sorcerer . Chris Sarandon reprises his role for the English version , and Masachika Ichimura provides Jack 's Japanese voice . Kingdom Hearts ( edit ) Jack Skellington introduces himself to Sora , Goofy , and Donald Duck as the ruler of Halloween Town . Jack plans to use the heart that Finklestein created to control the seemingly docile Heartless to make a festival called `` Heartless Halloween '' so that Halloween can be frightening , but the idea fails when not only the first experiment cause the Heartless to go berserk , but Oogie Boogie steals the finished heart , and plans to use it to take over Halloween Town . At Oogie 's manor , Jack , Sora , and the gang confront him . After Oogie is defeated , Jack finds out that Oogie uses dark orbs as his source of life , which Oogie combines himself with his manor to become a giant boss . Once the gang defeats Oogie once again , and his manor crumbles , revealing Halloween Town 's keyhole . Jack is considerably shorter in this game than as he appeared in the movie , though he is still rather tall when compared to the game 's main protagonists . Chain of memories ( edit ) `` Created '' from Sora 's memories of Halloween Town , when Jack Skellington wanted to ask Doctor Finkelstein what happened when he sniffs the potion that can bring `` true memories '' , Heartless appeared . When Jack Skellington had found out that Oogie Boogie had stolen the Doc 's potion , he must stop him before Oogie drinks the whole potion . They fail to reach him before he does , but they defeat him , as Oogie becomes overwhelmed with fear as a side effect of the potion . Sora becomes worried about what will happen when he discovers his true memories , but Jack reassures him that fear is a sign of a strong heart . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 days ( edit ) In this game , Roxas arrives at Halloween Town while Jack is in the middle of a brainstorming for Halloween .", "4": "Jack is having trouble with thinking of things but gets inspiration when he sees Roxas leaving through a Dark Corridor . Time after time , Roxas ' adventures through Halloween Town inspire Jack to create such things as balloons filled with spiders , exploding frost pumpkins , and Halloween lanterns . When Roxas is sent to find the source of a terrible drop in heartless population , he finds the town overrun with monsters called Tentaclaws . After seeing Roxas defeating the source of the Tentaclaws , the cannibalistic Leechgrave , Jack invents a terrifying scarecrowish version of Roxas as his centerpiece for that Halloween . Kingdom Hearts ii ( edit ) Following the film loosely to some degree , out of reference , Jack tries to take Santa Claus 's place again . To that end , Jack asks Sora and gang to help him be Santa 's bodyguards . But after fighting the Heartless and Oogie Boogie , who has been resurrected by Maleficent , Santa explains to Jack that they each have a job to do with their respective holidays . Despite this , he begins to wear a Santa suit Sally sewed together for him . In the second trip to Halloween Town , Jack still wears the Santa suit , as he still longs to deliver Christmas presents and feels that it would be rude not to wear the suit Sally worked so hard on . Along with Sora and the gang , he helps defeat Doctor Finkelstein 's experiment , who stole Christmas presents from Santa in search of a heart . As a reward for all his hard work and assistance , Santa brings Jack on a ride - along with him in his sleigh for a while . After Santa drops Jack off at Halloween Town , Jack learns the true meaning of Christmas by understanding the act of giving . He dances with Sally in the end , finally realizing all of the gifts she had given to him were all from the heart and wishes to give her something in return . She tells him that the nicest present she could ever ask for is just to be with Jack . Jack responds telling her that she does not even have to ask for that , meaning Jack feels the same way for her . During a cut scene in the end credits , he is shown to be wearing his original suit , suggesting he has taken Santa 's previous advice to heart completely , and apparently begins presenting new ideas for next Halloween .", "5": "Disney Infinity ( edit ) In the Disney Infinity video game series , Jack appears as part of the second wave of playable characters . Attractions ( edit ) Jack appears as a meetable character at several Walt Disney Parks and Resorts including Disneyland , Hong Kong Disneyland , Disneyland Paris and Walt Disney World . At Disneyland during the holidays , Haunted Mansion is taken over by the cast of The Nightmare Before Christmas and is turned into Haunted Mansion Holiday . Jack and other characters appear throughout the ride wearing Christmas attire . Additionally , Jack hosts the Halloween Screams fireworks show and the Frightfully Fun Parade . Chris Sarandon provided the voice for the character in each instance . Cameos ( edit ) In Vincent , Jack appears as one of the phantasmic imaginisms of the titular character , during the final minutes of the short film . During the opening scene of Sleepy Hollow , a scarecrow bearing a strong resemblance to the Pumpkin King scarecrow at the beginning of `` This is Halloween '' can be seen . In the 2010 film Alice in Wonderland , Jack 's face can be found on the Mad Hatter 's bow tie . In James and the Giant Peach , Jack makes a cameo as Captain Jack , an antagonist second to Aunt Sponge and Aunt Spiker , in the pirate scene . Upon discovering him , Centipede says `` Uh , Skellington ? '' . A silhouette of Jack is shown in The Princess and the Frog as one of the shadows Dr. Facilier summons . Jack Skellington 's face made a cameo appearance on a doormat in the first volume of the graphic novel series Lenore , created by Roman Dirge . Jack appears in an episode of The Critic in a short parody called `` The Nightmare Before Chanukka '' , done in the same stop - motion animation style as the original movie . In this parody , Jack wears a red suit rather than his usual black and white striped one . Jack also appears in Adult Swim 's show Robot Chicken finding `` Chanukka Town '' and watches children open up presents , but finding out that it is just socks and pencils for their first day of Chanukka , he says to himself : `` Wow , This Sucks ... '' Jack appears again on a sketch called `` Grown Up Halloween '' alongside the Mayor of Halloween Town .", "6": "Jack appears in the background in a South Park made - for - TV movie called `` Imaginationland '' . Jack also appears in the movie Coraline in the scene where the other mother cracks open an egg , Jack 's head is the egg yolk . Jack appears in the MAD episode `` Kitchen Nightmares Before Christmas '' . He also makes a cameo appearance in the short it was paired with , `` How I Met Your Mummy '' . A parody of Jack Skellington , in the form of a character named The Pumpkin Guy , appears in the Tiny Toon Adventures episode `` Tiny Toons ' Night Ghoulery '' . Jack appears in the movie Beetlejuice , in the scene when Beetlejuice comes out of the model town with a carousel - shaped hat on his head . Jack 's head is at the top of the carousel . This may have been a coincidence though , as Beetlejuice was released in 1988 and The Nightmare Before Christmas was not released until 1993 . A Jack plush doll also made an appearance in Stocking 's room in the anime Panty and Stocking . Jack is included as one of many characters featured in Disney on Ice 's production Let 's Celebrate ! . Mickey Mouse calls upon him to throw a Halloween party , which a number of Disney Villains find their way into . During his appearance , a medley of `` Jack 's Lament '' and `` What 's This ? '' are performed , along with the film 's opening number `` This Is Halloween '' . Sarandon provided both the speaking and singing for Jack . In Edward Scissorhands , also a Tim Burton film , during the opening scene , one of the cookie - cutter machines closely resembles Jack Skellington . Again , this may be a coincidence , as Edward Scissorhands was released in 1990 . On Family Guy , Peter declares that his sister Karen Griffin is ruining Thanksgiving the same way that director Tim Burton ruined the 4th of July in `` Peter 's Sister '' . A cutaway gag shows the residents of Halloween Town celebrating the 4th in the fictional film , Happy Fourth of July Jack Skellington . As they celebrate , Jack appears and notes that fat girls with black hair have tattoos of him .", "7": "Toys ( edit ) Jack Skellington has been made into a Bendies figure , as well as a Funko Pop Vinyl figurine that also had a Day Of The Dead variant . He appeared in the Kingdom Hearts action figure collections , and was also released in Japan 's REVOLTECH Sci - fi line in 2010 , along with the Japanese monsters , Gamera and Gyaos . In 2016 a life - size Jack Skellington animatronic prop was released . The prop was six feet tall and sold exclusively at Spirit Halloween . Reception ( edit ) Jamie Frater adds , `` Jack is perfectly realized as the ' town hero ' who seeks more in his life ( or death , as it may be ) , a place we all find ourselves time to time . '' UGO Networks listed Jack as one of their best heroes of all time . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lammers , Tim ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Sarandon remains proud of ' Nightmare Before Christmas ' as film classic turns 20 '' . Strictly Cinema . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Bogdanov , Chris Woodstra , Stephen Thomas Erlewine , All Music Guide : The Experts Guide to the Best Recordings ( Backbeat Books , 2001 ) , 997 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas Merchandise & Toys - Hot Topic '' . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` The All - New ' Frightfully Fun Parade ' Debuts During Mickey 's Halloween Party at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frederick J. Augustyn , Dictionary of Toys and Games in American Popular Culture ( Haworth Press , 2004 ) , 18 .", "8": "Jump up ^ http://animatronichalloween.com/spirit-halloween-officially-announces-jack-skellington-for-halloween-2017/ Jump up ^ Jamie Frater , `` Top Ten Kids ' Movies Adults Will Love , '' The Ultimate Book of Top 10 Lists : A Mind - Boggling Collection of Fun , Fascinating and Bizarre Facts on Movies , Music , Sports , Crime , Celebrities , History , Trivia and More ( Berkeley : Ulysses Press , 2010 ) , 380 . Jump up ^ UGO Team ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Best Heroes of All Time '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 .", "9": "External links ( edit ) Jack Skellington on IMDb ( hide ) Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas Characters ( Jack Skellington ) Film The Nightmare Before Christmas Video games Oogie 's Revenge The Pumpkin King Kingdom Hearts Music The Nightmare Before Christmas Nightmare Revisited `` This Is Halloween '' Attraction Haunted Mansion Holiday Portal Halloween Main topics History Samhain Allhallowtide Symbols Activities Trick - or - treating Geography Christian observances Traditions Abstinence from meat Apple bobbing Cards Costumes Food Ghost tours Jack - o ' - lantern Lighting candles on graves Prayer for the dead Soul cake Events Bonfire Great Pumpkin Haunted attraction Pumpkin queen Media Television Films Books Music Albums Songs Related events Festival of the Dead Bon Festival Chuseok Día de Muertos Gai Jatra Pitri Paksha Qingming Festival Totensonntag Zhōng yuán jié Veneration of the dead Death anniversary Death customs Kaddish Yizkor Other events Allantide Beggars Night Devil 's Night Eid il - Burbara Hop - tu - Naa Korochun Krampus Mischief Night Namahage Old Halloween Saci day Superstition Walpurgis Night Will - o ' - the - wisp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Skellington&oldid=820089123 '' Categories : The Nightmare Before Christmas Santa Claus Kingdom Hearts characters Disney animated characters Disney characters originating in film Fictional characters introduced in 1993 Stop motion characters Fictional kings Fictional kidnappers Fictional skeletons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 00 : 31 .", "10": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3667525092654016134	what is the main issue behind starlink corn	[ "over 300 food products were found to contain a genetically modified corn that had not been approved for human consumption", "over 300 food products were found to contain a genetically modified corn that had not been approved for human consumption" ]	{ "0": "StarLink corn recall - wikipedia StarLink corn recall Jump to : navigation , search The StarLink corn recalls occurred in the autumn of 2000 , when over 300 food products were found to contain a genetically modified corn that had not been approved for human consumption . It was the first - ever recall of a genetically modified food . The anti-GMO activist coalition Genetically Engineered Food Alert , which detected and first reported the contamination , was critical of the FDA for not doing its job . The recall of Taco Bell - branded taco shells , manufactured by Kraft Foods and sold in supermarkets , was the most publicized of the recalls . One settlement resulted in $60 million going to Taco Bell franchisees for lost sales due to the damage to the Taco Bell brand . Contents ( hide ) 1 StarLink corn 2 Product recalls 3 Aventis recall / buyback 4 Aftermath 5 Later incidents 6 See also 7 References StarLink corn ( edit ) StarLink is a genetically modified maize , containing two modifications : a gene for resistance to glufosinate , and a variant of the bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) protein called Cry9C . Cry9C had not been used in a GM crop prior to StarLink , causing heightened regulatory scrutiny . StarLink 's creator , Plant Genetic Systems , which later became Aventis CropScience during the time of the incident , had applied to the US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) to market StarLink for use in animal feed and in the human food supply . However , because the Cry9C protein lingers in the digestive system before breaking down , the EPA had concerns about its allergenicity , and PGS did not provide sufficient data to prove that Cry9C was not allergenic . As a result , PGS split its application into separate permits for use in food and use in animal feed only . StarLink was approved by the EPA for use in animal feed only in May 1998 . After the incident the company at first tried to get the application for human consumption approved , and then withdrew the product entirely from the market . The Garst Seed Company ( part of the Advanta group ) was licensed by Aventis to produce and sell StarLink seed in the US .", "1": "Product recalls ( edit ) A taco with a hard taco shell In 2000 , Genetically Engineered Food Alert was launched by seven organizations ( Center for Food Safety , Friends of the Earth , Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy , National Environmental Trust , Organic Consumers Association , Pesticide Action Network North America , and The State PIRGs ) to lobby the FDA , Congress and companies to ban or stop using GMOs . One of their activities was testing food for the presence of GMOs via a lab called Genetic ID , the vice president of which was Jeffrey M. Smith . On September 18 , 2000 , Genetically Engineered Food Alert released a statement that Genetic ID had conducted tests on `` Taco Bell Home Originals '' brand taco shells , made by Kraft Foods that had been purchased in a grocery store near Washington , DC , and had detected StarLink ; the story was reported on by The Washington Post . Kraft distributed the Taco Bell - branded taco shells under a 1996 license agreement with Taco Bell . Kraft had bought the shells from a Sabritas plant in Mexicali which used flour supplied from an Azteca mill plant in Plainview , Texas . The Texas mill used flour from six states supplied by elevators that did not segregate their genetically modified and conventionally - grown corn at the time . Kraft also suspended production of the recalled products . `` All of us -- government , industry and the scientific community -- need to work on ways to prevent this kind of situation from ever happening again , '' said Betsy Holden , Kraft 's chief executive in September 2000 . She also stated that food safety and legal compliance were Kraft 's main priority . Safeway later announced it would recall its store brand taco shells at the recommendation of a consumer group on October 12 , 2000 . This was done as a precaution , and no StarLink was confirmed to be found in any of the products On October 13 and 14 , Mission Foods voluntary recalled about 300 products . On October 22 , 2000 it was reported that Kellogg 's had shut down a plant as a precaution because they could n't guarantee that StarLink corn flour had not been supplied to the plant . On October 26 , 2000 StarLink corn was reported to be found in Japan and South Korea .", "2": "The market and distribution network for corn in the US was thrown into disarray through 2001 , as there were no existing means to segregate the grain ; the disarray eventually eased due to the Aventis ' testing and buyback program discussed below . Aventis recall / buyback ( edit ) In January 2001 under a written agreement with 17 US states , Aventis initiated a program called the StarLink Enhanced Stewardship ( SES ) program , under which StarLink corn , buffer corn , and any corn stored in grain elevators that had become mixed with StarLink , would be bought by Aventis and directed to animal feed and non-food industrial use ( e.g. ethanol production ) ; the program included free kits to test for StarLink , and covered costs of cleaning equipment , transport , and storage facilities , as well as increased transportation costs . Aventis estimated the cost would be between $100 million to $1 billion . It was estimated that due to grain mixing StarLink corn could have existed in more than 50 % of the US corn supply and that overall , the StarLink incident depressed the price of US corn about 7 % for about a year . Aftermath ( edit ) Following the recalls , 51 people reported adverse effects to the FDA ; these reports were reviewed by the US Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) , which determined that 28 of them were possibly related to StarLink . The CDC studied the blood of these 28 individuals and concluded there was no evidence the reactions these people experienced were associated with hypersensitivity to the StarLink Bt protein . The EPA was criticized by Joseph Mendelson III of the Center for Food Safety , who said `` Clearly they did n't do anything here until they became embarrassed . '' The EPA and Aventis were also criticized for statements at the time of the recall that indicated they had no idea such a thing would happen . `` If there has been a violation of our licensing process , then we would have a very great concern , '' was attributed to Stephen Johnson of the EPA . Margaret Gadsby of Aventis was quoted with her earlier statement `` We have difficulty imagining how our corn could end up in the human food supply . '' The registration for the StarLink varieties was voluntarily withdrawn by Aventis in October 2000 .", "3": "In February 2001 , it was announced that the president , general counsel , and vice president of market development for Aventis CropScience ( US ) , had been fired in response to the recall . In June 2001 Tricon Global Restaurants , 20 % owners of Taco Bell at the time , announced a $60 million settlement with some of the suppliers of the supermarket taco shells ; under the terms of the settlement they could not disclose the identity of suppliers . Tricon stated that the settlement would go to Taco Bell franchisees and Tricon would not receive any of it . Tricon also announced that it , along with the suppliers and franchisees , would initiate litigation against the parties responsible for StarLink entering the food chain . In September 2001 , a group of about 5,000 Taco Bell franchisees and a handful of taco shell suppliers brought a class - action lawsuit against Aventis , Garst Seed Co. ; Gruma Corp. , ( `` the largest producer and distributor of corn flour and tortillas in the United States ; and Azteca Milling seeking damages . This suit was voluntarily dismissed in December 2001 . In 2002 , Aventis , Garst , Kraft Foods , Azteca Foods , Azteca Milling , and Mission Foods settled a lawsuit brought by two people , and the grandmother of a third , who claimed to have had allergic reactions to StarLink , for $9 million . In 2002 , nongovernmental organizations claimed that aid sent by the UN and the US to Central American nations also contained some StarLink corn . The nations involved , Nicaragua , Honduras , El Salvador and Guatemala refused to accept the aid . In 2003 , farmers who did not plant StarLink who had suffered economic losses due to depressed corn prices following the StarLink recalls settled a class - action lawsuit against Aventis and Advanta for $100 million . GeneWatch UK and Greenpeace International set up the GM Contamination Register in 2005 citing these recalls as one of the `` highlights '' of the register . The US corn supply was monitored by the Federal Grain Inspection Service for the presence of the StarLink Bt proteins from 2001 until 2010 . Later incidents ( edit ) In August 2013 , StarLink corn was reported to be found again contaminating some foods in Saudi Arabia .", "4": "See also ( edit ) Genetically modified organism containment and escape Fair Packaging and Labeling Act ( US ) Genetically modified food controversies Regulation of the release of genetically modified organisms References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andrew Pollack for the New York Times . September 23 , 2000 Kraft Recalls Taco Shells With Bioengineered Corn ^ Jump up to : Staff , Cornell Cooperative Extension , 2002 . Genetically Engineered Foods : StarLink Corn in Taco Shells ^ Jump up to : Department of Soil and Crop Sciences at Colorado State University , Page last updated March 11 , 2004 StarLink Corn ^ Jump up to : Michael R. Taylor and Jody S. Tick of Resources for the Future , Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology . The StarLink Case : Issues for the Future Jump up ^ `` While EPA had no specific data to indicate that Cry9C was an allergen , the protein expressed in StarLink corn did exhibit certain characteristics ( i.e. relative heat stability and extended time to digestion ) that were common to known food allergens such as those found in peanuts , eggs , etc . EPA 's concern was that StarLink corn may be a human food allergen and in the absence of more definitive data , EPA has not made a decision whether or not to register the human food use . '' Staff , EPA . November 2000 Executive Summary : EPA Preliminary Evaluation of Information Contained in the October 25 , 2000 Submission from Aventis Cropscience Jump up ^ Plant Genetic Systems ( America ) Inc. : PP 7G4921 Federal Register Vol. 62 , No. 228 , November 26 , 1997 pp 63169 bottom of middle column - 63170 right column ; see especially p63169 top of right column Jump up ^ Marion Nestle . Safe Food : The Politics of Food Safety University of California Press , 2010 Jump up ^ Internet Archive capture of Genetically Engineered Food Alert webpage , August 17 , 2000 Jump up ^ Margot Roosevelt for Time Magazine . Monday , Jul. 31 , 2000 Inside The Protests : Taking It To Main Street Jump up ^ Staff , The Progress Report . New Coalition Acts Against GM Food Dangers Jump up ^ Andrew Pollack for the New York Times .", "5": "October 12 , 2000 Safeway Recalls Taco Shells After Test Questions Corn Origin ^ Jump up to : Marc Kaufman for the Washington Post . September 18 , 2000 Biotech Critics Cite Unapproved Corn in Taco Shells ; Gene - Modified Variety Allowed Only for Animal Feed Because of Allergy Concerns Jump up ^ Press Release Contaminant found in Taco Bell taco shells . Food safety coalition demands recall ( press release ) Washington , DC : Friends of the Earth , 2000 . Available : 3 November 2001 . Jump up ^ Management Communication - A Case Analysis Approach , 5th Ed , James S. O'Rourke , IV Jump up ^ Kraft Foods Press Release September 25 , 2000 Press Release : USA : Kraft Foods announces voluntary recall of all Taco Bell Taco Shell products from grocery stores Jump up ^ Fulmer , M. ( September 23 , 2000 ) . `` Taco Bell Recalls Shells That Used Bioengineered Corn '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff , CNN October 18 , 2000 ConAgra stops producing corn flour at Kansas mill as precaution against genetically modified grain Jump up ^ Philip Brasher for ABC News . September 23 , 2000 . Kraft Recalls Biotech Taco Shells Jump up ^ Staff , CNN . October 12 , 2000 Safeway recalls its taco shells Jump up ^ Staff , CNN . November 1 , 2000 Scope of biotech corn product recall revealed : More than 300 items on FDA list Jump up ^ Staff , CNN . November 1 , 2000 FDA list of recalled products for `` Tortillas , Shells , Tostadas , and Chips Recall # F - 023 / 026 - 1 '' Jump up ^ Staff , CNN October 22 , 2000 . Kellogg 's plant stops production after engineered - corn scare Jump up ^ David Barboza for the New York Times . December 11 , 2000 Gene - Altered Corn Changes Dynamics Of Grain Industrypagewanted = all&src = pm Jump up ^ WIlliam Lin , Gregory K. Price , and Edward Allen . StarLink : Impacts on the U.S.", "6": "Corn Market and World Trade ( 2001 ) . pp 46 - 54 in Feed Situation and Outlook Yearbook , April 2001 by United States Dept. of Agriculture Economic Research Service Jump up ^ William Lin , Gregory K. Price , Edward W. Allen StarLink : Impacts on the U.S. corn market and world trade ( 2003 ) Agribusiness 01 / 2003 ; 19 ( 4 ) : 473 - 488 . Jump up ^ Michael Howie for Feedstuffs . January 29 , 2001 Aventis , states reach agreement over StarLink corn Jump up ^ D.L. Uchtmann . StarLink : A Case Study of Agricultural Biotechnology regulation Drake Journal of Agricultural Law Vol. 7 , 2002 : 159 - 211 Jump up ^ Philip Brasher for ABC News . September 29 , 2000 . Biotech Company to Reimburse Farmers for Banned Corn Jump up ^ Sarah Lueck , Amy Merrick , Joel Millman And Stephen D. Moore for the Wall Street Journal . November 3 , 2000 . Corn - Recall Cost Could Reach Into the Hundreds of Millions Jump up ^ Note : Despite long searching , as of October 2013 editors could find no reliable source reporting on the actual cost of the StarLink buyback to Aventis . The task is complicated due to the sale of Aventis CropScience to Bayer in October 2001 , in which Aventis agreed to retain liability for matters related to StarLink ( CNN News , October 2 , 2001 ) , the subsequent merger of Sanofi and Aventis in 2004 ( Sanofi company history , Official site ) , and the fact that Aventis and Sanofi are not US companies and their regulatory filings are not in English .", "7": "In a financial regulatory filing submitted to the US Securities and Exchange Commission in March 2003 , in which Aventis provided consolidated financial reporting for the years 2000 - 2002 , Aventis described the sale of Aventis CropScience to Bayer and communicated that it had indemnified Bayer for all matters related to StarLink and other environmental liabilities and that the sale had netted Aventis € 4.2 B , and `` This sale resulted in a gain for Aventis of € 2.07 billion after provisions for indemnification related to the StarLink litigation , as well as environmental , tax , and product liability indemnification as stipulated in the Share Purchase Agreement between Aventis and Bayer . '' ( Aventis Form F - 20 for calendar years 2000 - 2002 , F - 43 ) Therefore Aventis seems to have reserved about € 2.1 B euros in 2003 , which at that time was US $2.3 B . Jump up ^ Colin A. Carter and Aaron Smith Estimating the Market Effect of a Food Scare : The Case of Genetically Modified StarLink Corn . The Review of Economics and Statistics Aug. , 2007 Vol. 89 ( 3 ) : 522 - 533 Jump up ^ Staff , EPA review committee . LLP Incidents Jump up ^ CDC , National Center for Environmental Health . Investigation of Human Health Effects Associated with Potential Exposure to Genetically Modified Corn : A Report to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Atlanta , GA : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2001 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( September 4 , 2001 ) , Altered Corn Surfaced Earlier , New York : New York Times , p. 1 , retrieved August 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( September 4 , 2001 ) , Altered Corn Surfaced Earlier , New York : New York Times , p. 2 , retrieved August 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ Janet E. Carpenter and Leonard P. Gianessi , US National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy . 2001 . Agricultural Biotechnology : Updated Benefit Estimates , Jump up ^ Clark , A. ; Martinson , J.", "8": "( February 12 , 2001 ) . `` Aventis chiefs in GM blunder sacked '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taco Bell Rings up $60 Million for StarLink - Contaminated Shells , Louisville , KY : Virgo Publishing , June 12 , 2001 , retrieved August 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ Associated Press , September 19 , 2001 . Taco Bell Sues Over StarLink Corn Fiasco Jump up ^ Gruma Gruma Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31 , 2002 , Form 20 - F Jump up ^ Staff , Livestock Weekly . March 14 , 2002 Judge Okays $9 Million Payoff In Lawsuit Over StarLink Corn Jump up ^ Jennifer Clapp . Hunger in the Balance : The New Politics of International Food Aid . Cornell University Press , 2012 ISBN 9780801464409 Jump up ^ Staff , Farm and Dairy News . March 27 , 2003 StarLink in class action settlement Jump up ^ `` First on - line worldwide register of GM contamination incidents launched today '' . genewatch.org . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` StarLink Corn Regulatory Information '' . Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . April 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.usda.gov/documents/LLP%20Incidents%202.docx Jump up ^ Elsanhoty , R.M. ; Al - Turki , A.I. ; Ramadan , M.F. ( 2013 ) . `` Prevalence of Genetically Modified Rice , Maize , and Soy in Saudi Food Products '' . Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology . 171 ( 4 ) : 883 . doi : 10.1007 / s12010 - 013 - 0405 - x . PMID 23904260 . Food safety Adulterants ,", "9": "food contaminants 3 - MCPD Aldicarb Cyanide Formaldehyde Lead poisoning Melamine Mercury in fish Sudan I Flavorings Monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) Salt Sugar High - fructose corn syrup Microorganisms Botulism Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens Escherichia coli O104 : H4 Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Listeria Norovirus Rotavirus Salmonella Parasitic infections through food Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis Pesticides Chlorpyrifos DDT Lindane Malathion Methamidophos Preservatives Benzoic acid Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) Sodium benzoate Sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Aspartame Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sorbitol Sucralose Toxins , poisons , environment pollution Aflatoxin Arsenic contamination of groundwater Benzene in soft drinks Bisphenol A Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Dioxin Mycotoxins Nonylphenol Shellfish poisoning Food contamination incidents Devon colic Swill milk scandal 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 1900 English beer poisoning Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident Minamata disease 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster Toxic oil syndrome 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 2006 North American E. coli outbreaks ICA meat repackaging controversy 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E.", "10": "coli outbreak 2011 Taiwan food scandal 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 2013 Bihar school meal poisoning 2013 horse meat scandal 2013 Taiwan food scandal 2014 Taiwan food scandal 2017 Brazil weak meat scandal 2017 -- 18 South African listeriosis outbreak Food safety incidents in China Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States Regulation , standards ,", "11": "watchdogs Acceptable daily intake E number Food labeling regulations Food libel laws International Food Safety Network ISO 22000 Quality Assurance International Institutions Centre for Food Safety European Food Safety Authority Institute for Food Safety and Health International Food Safety Network Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Genetic engineering Genetically modified organisms Crops Maize MON 810 MON 863 StarLink List of varieties of genetically modified maize Potato Amflora Rice Golden rice Soybean Roundup ready soybean Vistive Gold Tomato Flavr Savr Cotton Bt cotton Other Apple Arabidopsis Brinjal Canola Papaya Rose SmartStax Sugar beet Tobacco Trees Wheat Mammals Mouse Knockout mouse Oncomouse Enviropig Herman the Bull Knockout rat Other animals Insects Fish Glofish Salmon Birds Frogs Bacteria and viruses Ice - minus bacteria Hepatitis B vaccine Oncolytic virus Processes Inserting DNA Agrobacteria Biolistics Electroporation Genetic transduction Lipofection Microinjection Somatic cell nuclear transfer Transfection Types Recombinant DNA Transgenesis Cisgenesis Uses In agriculture Genetically modified food Controversies Pharming Companies BASF Bayer Dow AgroSciences DuPont Pioneer Monsanto Syngenta In humans and diagnostics Gene therapy Genetic enhancement In research Gene knockout Gene knockdown Gene targeting Related articles Transgene Detection of genetically modified organisms Genetic pollution Genetic engineering in fiction Human enhancement Reverse transfection Transhumanism Regulation Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Geography Europe Africa Asia North America ( US ) South America Oceania Similar fields Synthetic biology Cloning Stem cell research Biology Genetics Biotechnology Bioethics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "12": "php?title=StarLink_corn_recall&oldid=815639606 '' Categories : Food recalls Food safety scandals Food safety in the United States Genetic engineering in the United States Genetically modified organisms in agriculture Product liability Regulation of genetically modified organisms Taco Bell 2000 in biotechnology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 02 : 46 . 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-1732734622903151644	oldest recording of house of the rising sun	[ "by Appalachian artists Clarence \"Tom\" Ashley and Gwen Foster, who recorded it for Vocalion Records on September 6, 1933", "under the title \"Rising Sun Blues\", is by Appalachian artists Clarence \"Tom\" Ashley and Gwen Foster, who recorded it for Vocalion Records on September 6, 1933" ]	{ "0": "The House of the Rising Sun - wikipedia The House of the Rising Sun Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The House of the Rising Sun ( disambiguation ) . `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is a traditional folk song , sometimes called `` Rising Sun Blues '' . It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans ; many versions also urge a sibling to avoid the same fate . The most successful commercial version , recorded in 1964 by British rock group the Animals , was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States and France . As a traditional folk song recorded by an electric rock band , it has been described as the `` first folk rock hit '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and early versions 1.1 Origin 1.2 Early folk and blues releases 1.3 Van Ronk arrangement 2 The Animals ' version 2.1 Recording and releases 2.2 Reception 2.3 Charts 3 Frijid Pink version 3.1 Sales and certifications 4 Billboard Country Chart 4.1 Jody Miller version 4.2 Geordie version 4.3 Thin Lizzy instrumental version 4.4 Dolly Parton version 5 Five Finger Death Punch version 6 Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) 6.1 Charts 7 Possible real locations 8 References 9 External links Origin and early versions ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Like many classic folk ballads , `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is of uncertain authorship . Musicologists say that it is based on the tradition of broadside ballads , and thematically it has some resemblance to the 16th - century ballad The Unfortunate Rake . According to Alan Lomax , `` Rising Sun '' was used as the name of a bawdy house in two traditional English songs , and it was also a name for English pubs . He further suggested that the melody might be related to a 17th - century folk song , `` Lord Barnard and Little Musgrave '' , also known as `` Matty Groves '' , but a survey by Bertrand Bronson showed no clear relationship between the two songs .", "1": "Lomax proposed that the location of the house was then relocated from England to New Orleans by white southern performers . However , Vance Randolph proposed an alternative French origin , the `` rising sun '' referring to the decorative use of the sunburst insignia dating to the time of Louis XIV , which was brought to North America by French immigrants . `` House of Rising Sun '' was said to have been known by miners in 1905 . The oldest published version of the lyrics is that printed by Robert Winslow Gordon in 1925 , in a column `` Old Songs That Men Have Sung '' in Adventure Magazine . The lyrics of that version begin : There is a house in New Orleans , it 's called the Rising Sun It 's been the ruin of many a poor girl Great God , and I for one The oldest known recording of the song , under the title `` Rising Sun Blues '' , is by Appalachian artists Clarence `` Tom '' Ashley and Gwen Foster , who recorded it for Vocalion Records on September 6 , 1933 . Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather , Enoch Ashley . Roy Acuff , an `` early - day friend and apprentice '' of Ashley 's , learned it from him and recorded it as `` Rising Sun '' on November 3 , 1938 . Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated , for example , `` Rising Sun Blues '' by Ivy Smith ( 1927 ) and `` The Risin ' Sun '' by Texas Alexander ( 1928 ) . The song was among those collected by folklorist Alan Lomax , who , along with his father , was a curator of the Archive of American Folk Song for the Library of Congress . On an expedition with his wife to eastern Kentucky , Lomax set up his recording equipment in Middlesboro , Kentucky , in the house of singer and activist Tilman Cadle . In 1937 he recorded a performance by Georgia Turner , the 16 - year - old daughter of a local miner . He called it The Rising Sun Blues . Lomax later recorded a different version sung by Bert Martin and a third sung by Daw Henson , both eastern Kentucky singers . In his 1941 songbook Our Singing Country , Lomax credits the lyrics to Turner , with reference to Martin 's version .", "2": "Early folk and Blues releases ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1941 , Woody Guthrie recorded a version . A recording made in 1947 by Libby Holman and Josh White ( who is also credited with having written new words and music that have subsequently been popularized in the versions made by many other later artists ) was released by Mercury Records in 1950 . White learned the song from a `` white hillbilly singer '' , who might have been Ashley , in North Carolina in 1923 -- 1924 . Lead Belly recorded two versions of the song , in February 1944 and in October 1948 , called `` In New Orleans '' and `` The House of the Rising Sun '' , respectively ; the latter was recorded in sessions that were later used on the album Lead Belly 's Last Sessions ( 1994 , Smithsonian Folkways ) . In 1957 Glenn Yarbrough recorded the song for Elektra Records . The song is also credited to Ronnie Gilbert on an album by The Weavers released in the late 1940s or early 1950s . Pete Seeger released a version on Folkways Records in 1958 , which was re-released by Smithsonian Folkways in 2009 . Andy Griffith recorded the song on his 1959 album Andy Griffith Shouts the Blues and Old Timey Songs . In 1960 Miriam Makeba recorded the song on her eponymous RCA album . Joan Baez recorded it in 1960 on her self - titled debut album ; she frequently performed the song in concert throughout her career . Nina Simone recorded her first version for the album Nina at the Village Gate in 1962 . Tim Hardin sang it on This is Tim Hardin , recorded in 1964 but not released until 1967 . The Chambers Brothers recorded a version on Feelin ' the Blues , released on Vault records ( 1970 ) . Van Ronk arrangement ( edit ) In late 1961 , Bob Dylan recorded the song for his debut album , released in March 1962 .", "3": "That release had no songwriting credit , but the liner notes indicate that Dylan learned this version of the song from Dave Van Ronk . In an interview for the documentary No Direction Home , Van Ronk said that he was intending to record the song and that Dylan copied his version . Van Ronk recorded it soon thereafter for the album Just Dave Van Ronk . I had learned it sometime in the 1950s , from a recording by Hally Wood , the Texas singer and collector , who had got it from an Alan Lomax field recording by a Kentucky woman named Georgia Turner . I put a different spin on it by altering the chords and using a bass line that descended in half steps -- a common enough progression in jazz , but unusual among folksingers . By the early 1960s , the song had become one of my signature pieces , and I could hardly get off the stage without doing it . The Animals ' version ( edit ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for US release Single by The Animals from the album The Animals B - side `` Talkin ' ' bout You '' Released June 19 , 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 19 ) ( UK ) August 1964 ( USA ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded May 18 , 1964 Genre Folk rock Length 2 : 59 , 4 : 29 Label Columbia Graphophone Songwriter ( s ) Traditional , arranged by Alan Price Producer ( s ) Mickie Most The Animals singles chronology `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) An interview with Eric Burdon revealed that he first heard the song in a club in Newcastle , England , where it was sung by the Northumbrian folk singer Johnny Handle . The Animals were on tour with Chuck Berry and chose it because they wanted something distinctive to sing .", "4": "The Animals ' version transposes the narrative of the song from the point of view of a woman led into a life of degradation to that of a man whose father was now a gambler and drunkard , rather than the sweetheart in earlier versions . The Animals had begun featuring their arrangement of `` House of the Rising Sun '' during a joint concert tour with Chuck Berry , using it as their closing number to differentiate themselves from acts that always closed with straight rockers . It got a tremendous reaction from the audience , convincing initially reluctant producer Mickie Most that it had hit potential , and between tour stops the group went to a small recording studio on Kingsway in London to capture it . Recording and releases ( edit ) The song was recorded in just one take on May 18 , 1964 , and it starts with a now - famous electric guitar A minor chord arpeggio by Hilton Valentine . According to Valentine , he simply took Dylan 's chord sequence and played it as an arpeggio . The performance takes off with Burdon 's lead vocal , which has been variously described as `` howling , '' `` soulful , '' and as `` ... deep and gravelly as the north - east English coal town of Newcastle that spawned him . '' Finally , Alan Price 's pulsating organ part ( played on a Vox Continental ) completes the sound . Burdon later said , `` We were looking for a song that would grab people 's attention . '' As recorded , `` House of the Rising Sun '' ran four and a half minutes , regarded as far too long for a pop single at the time . Producer Most , who initially did not really want to record the song at all , said that on this occasion : `` Everything was in the right place ... It only took 15 minutes to make so I ca n't take much credit for the production '' . He was nonetheless now a believer and declared it a single at its full length , saying `` We 're in a microgroove world now , we will release it . '' In the United States however , the original single ( MGM 13264 ) was a 2 : 58 version . The MGM Golden Circle reissue ( KGC 179 ) featured the unedited 4 : 29 version , although the record label gives the edited playing time of 2 : 58 .", "5": "The edited version was included on the group 's 1964 U.S. debut album The Animals , while the full version was later included on their best - selling 1966 U.S. greatest hits album , The Best of the Animals . However , the very first American release of the full - length version was on a 1965 album of various groups entitled Mickie Most Presents British Go - Go ( MGM SE - 4306 ) , the cover of which , under the listing of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , described it as the `` Original uncut version '' . Americans could also hear the complete version in the movie Go Go Mania in the spring of 1965 . `` House of the Rising Sun '' was not included on any of the group 's British albums , but it was reissued as a single twice in subsequent decades , charting both times , reaching number 25 in 1972 and number 11 in 1982 , using the famous Wittlesbach organ . The Animals version was played in 6 / 8 meter , unlike the 4 / 4 of most earlier versions . Arranging credit went only to Alan Price . According to Burdon , this was simply because there was insufficient room to name all five band members on the record label , and Alan Price 's first name was first alphabetically . However , this meant that only Price received songwriter 's royalties for the hit , a fact that has caused bitterness ever since , especially with Valentine . Reception ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' was a trans - Atlantic hit : after reaching the top of the UK pop singles chart in July 1964 , it topped the U.S. pop singles chart two months later , on September 5 , 1964 , where it stayed for three weeks , and became the first British Invasion number one unconnected with the Beatles . It was the group 's breakthrough hit in both countries and became their signature song . The song was also a hit in a number of other countries , including Ireland , where it reached No. 10 and dropped off the charts one week later . According to John Steel , Bob Dylan told him that when he first heard The Animals ' version on his car radio , he stopped to listen , `` jumped out of his car '' and `` banged on the bonnet '' , inspiring him to go electric .", "6": "But he stopped playing the song after the Animals ' recording became a hit because fans accused him of plagiarism . Dave Van Ronk said that The Animals ' version -- like Dylan 's version before it -- was based on his arrangement of the song . Dave Marsh described the Animals ' take on `` The House of the Rising Sun '' as `` ... the first folk - rock hit , '' sounding `` ... as if they 'd connected the ancient tune to a live wire . '' Writer Ralph McLean of the BBC agreed that `` It was arguably the first folk rock tune , '' calling it `` a revolutionary single '' , after which `` the face of modern music was changed forever . '' The Animals ' rendition of the song is recognized as one of the classics of British pop music . Writer Lester Bangs labeled it `` a brilliant rearrangement '' and `` a new standard rendition of an old standard composition . '' It ranked number 122 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . It is also one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The RIAA ranked it number 240 on their list of `` Songs of the Century '' . In 1999 it received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award . It has long since become a staple of oldies and classic rock radio formats . A 2005 Channel Five poll ranked it as Britain 's fourth - favourite number one song .", "7": "Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Preceded by `` Where Did Our Love Go '' by The Supremes Billboard Hot 100 number - one single September 5 , 1964 -- September 19 , 1964 Succeeded by `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison Preceded by `` It 's Over '' by Roy Orbison UK Singles Chart number - one single July 9 , 1964 -- July 15 , 1964 Succeeded by `` It 's All Over Now '' by The Rolling Stones Frijid Pink version ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for Danish , French and German releases ( French pressing pictured ) Single by Frijid Pink from the album Frijid Pink B - side `` Drivin ' Blues '' Released March 1970 ( 1970 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Psychedelic rock Length 4 : 44 ( album ) 3 : 23 ( single ) Label Parrot Records Songwriter ( s ) Traditional , arranged by Alan Price Producer ( s ) Michael Valvano Frijid Pink singles chronology `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) In 1969 , the Detroit band Frijid Pink recorded a psychedelic version of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , which became an international hit in 1970 .", "8": "Their version is in 4 / 4 time ( like Van Ronk 's and most earlier versions , rather than the 6 / 8 used by the Animals ) and was driven by Gary Ray Thompson 's distorted guitar with fuzz and wah - wah effects , set against the frenetic drumming of Richard Stevers . According to Stevers , the Frijid Pink recording of `` House of the Rising Sun '' was done impromptu when there was time left over at a recording session booked for the group at the Tera Shirma Recording Studios . Stevers later played snippets from that session 's tracks for Paul Cannon , the music director of Detroit 's premier rock radio station , WKNR ; the two knew each other , as Cannon was the father of Stevers 's girlfriend . Stevers recalled , `` we went through the whole thing and ( and Cannon ) did n't say much . Then ' House ( of the Rising Sun ) ' started up and I immediately turned it off because it was n't anything I really wanted him to hear . '' However , Cannon was intrigued and had Stevers play the complete track for him , then advising Stevers , `` Tell Parrot ( Frijid Pink 's label ) to drop God Gave Me You ( the group 's current single ) and go with this one . '' Frijid Pink 's `` House of the Rising Sun '' debuted at # 29 on the WKNR hit parade dated January 6 , 1970 and broke nationally after some seven weeks -- during which the track was re-serviced to radio three times -- with a number 73 debut on the Hot 100 in Billboard dated February 27 , 1970 ( number 97 Canada 1970 / 01 / 31 ) with a subsequent three - week ascent to the Top 30 en route to a Hot 100 peak of number 7 on April 4 , 1970 . The certification of the Frijid Pink single `` House of the Rising Sun '' as a gold record for domestic sales of one million units was reported in the issue of Billboard dated May 30 , 1970 .", "9": "The Frijid Pink single of `` House of the Rising Sun '' would give the song its most widespread international success , with Top Ten status reached in Austria ( number 3 ) , Belgium ( Flemish region , number 6 ) , Canada ( number 3 ) , Denmark ( number 3 ) , Germany ( two weeks at number 1 ) , Greece , Ireland ( number 7 ) , Israel ( number 4 ) , the Netherlands ( number 3 ) , Norway ( seven weeks at number 1 ) , Poland ( number 2 ) , Sweden ( number 6 ) , Switzerland ( number 2 ) , and the UK ( number 4 ) . The single also charted in Australia ( number 14 ) , France ( number 36 ) , and Italy ( number 54 ) . Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 Billboard country chart ( edit ) The song has twice been a hit record on Billboard 's country chart . Jody Miller version ( edit ) In 1973 , Jody Miller 's version reached number 29 on the country charts and number 41 on the adult contemporary chart . Geordie version ( edit ) Recorded by Brian Johnson 's band ' Geordie ' for their 1974 album `` Do n't Be Fooled By The Name '' , Johnson went on to become vocalist for AC / DC . Thin Lizzy instrumental version ( edit ) The song was recorded as an electric but fairly mellow instrumental on the Deep Purple tribute album recorded by Thin Lizzy circa 1972 , Funky Junction Play a Tribute to Deep Purple . Here it was simply called Rising Sun , and credited to Leo Muller ( producer ) , the German businessman and label - owner .", "10": "Dolly Parton version ( edit ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for German release Single by Dolly Parton from the album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs B - side `` Workin ' Girl '' Released September 1981 ( 1981 - 09 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded November 1980 Genre Country pop Length 4 : 02 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Producer ( s ) Mike Post Dolly Parton singles chronology `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) In September 1981 , Dolly Parton released a cover of the song as the third single from her album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs . Like Miller 's earlier country hit , Parton 's remake returns the song to its original lyric of being about a fallen woman . The Parton version makes it quite blunt , with a few new lyric lines that were written by Parton . Parton 's remake reached number 14 on the U.S. country singles chart and crossed over to the pop charts , where it reached number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100 ; it also reached number 30 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart . Parton has occasionally performed the song live , including on her 1987 -- 88 television show , in an episode taped in New Orleans .", "11": "Five Finger Death Punch version ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' Single by Five Finger Death Punch from the album The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 Released February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Recorded November 2013 Genre Folk metal Length 4 : 07 Label Prospect Park Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Five Finger Death Punch singles chronology `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch released a cover of `` House of the Rising Sun '' on their fifth studio album , The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 , which was later released as the album 's second single and the band 's third single of the Wrong Side era . The references to New Orleans have been changed to Sin City , a reference to the negative effects of gambling in Las Vegas . The song was a top ten hit on mainstream rock radio in the United States . It also in the video game Guitar Hero Live .", "12": "Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) ( edit ) `` Le Pénitencier '' Single by Johnny Hallyday from the album ' Le Pénitencier ' Released October 1964 ( 1964 - 10 ) ( France ) Format 7 - inch single , 25 - cm LP Recorded September 1964 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Hugues Aufray / Vline Buggy , Alan Price Producer ( s ) Lee Hallyday Johnny Hallyday singles chronology `` Les Mauvais garçons '' ( 1964 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( 1964 ) `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' ( 1965 ) `` Les Mauvais garçons '' ( 1964 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( 1964 ) `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' ( 1965 ) Music video `` Le Pénitencier '' ( Live on French TV , 1966 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( Live at the Théâtre de Paris , 2013 ) on YouTube The song was covered in French by Johnny Hallyday . His version ( titled `` Le Pénitencier '' ) was released in October 1964 and spent one week at no . 1 on the singles sales chart in France ( from October 17 to 23 ) . In Wallonia ( French Belgium ) his single spent 28 weeks on the chart , also peaking at number 1 . He performed the song during his 2014 USA tour . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) France ( singles sales ) Possible real locations ( edit ) Various places in New Orleans have been proposed as the inspiration for the song , with varying plausibility . The phrase `` House of the Rising Sun '' is often understood as a euphemism for a brothel , but it is not known whether or not the house described in the lyrics was an actual or a fictitious place . One theory is that the song is about a woman who killed her father , an alcoholic gambler who had beaten his wife .", "13": "Therefore , the House of the Rising Sun may be a jailhouse , from which one would be the first person to see the sun rise ( an idea supported by the lyric mentioning `` a ball and chain , '' though that phrase has been slang for marital relationships for at least as long as the song has been in print ) . Because women often sang the song , another theory is that the House of the Rising Sun was where prostitutes were detained while treated for syphilis . Since cures with mercury were ineffective , going back was very unlikely . 1867 ad noting the `` Rising Sun Coffee House '' building for rent or lease Only three candidates that use the name Rising Sun have historical evidence -- from old city directories and newspapers . The first was a small , short - lived hotel on Conti Street in the French Quarter in the 1820s . It burned down in 1822 . An excavation and document search in early 2005 found evidence that supported this claim , including an advertisement with language that may have euphemistically indicated prostitution . Archaeologists found an unusually large number of pots of rouge and cosmetics at the site . The second possibility was a `` Rising Sun Hall '' listed in late 19th - century city directories on what is now Cherokee Street , at the riverfront in the uptown Carrollton neighborhood , which seems to have been a building owned and used for meetings of a Social Aid and Pleasure Club , commonly rented out for dances and functions . It also is no longer extant . Definite links to gambling or prostitution ( if any ) are undocumented for either of these buildings . A third was `` The Rising Sun '' , which advertised in several local newspapers in the 1860s , located on what is now the lake side of the 100 block of Decatur Street . In various advertisements it is described as a `` Restaurant , '' a `` Lager Beer Salon , '' and a `` Coffee House . '' At the time , New Orleans businesses listed as coffee houses often also sold alcoholic beverages . Dave Van Ronk claimed in his biography `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' that at one time when he was in New Orleans someone approached him with a number of old photos of the city from the turn of the century .", "14": "Among them `` was a picture of a forbidding stone doorway with a carving on the lintel of a stylized rising sun ... It was the Orleans Parish women 's prison . '' Bizarre New Orleans , a guidebook on New Orleans , asserts that the real house was at 1614 Esplanade Avenue between 1862 and 1874 and was said to have been named after its madam , Marianne LeSoleil Levant , whose surname means `` the rising sun '' in French . Another guidebook , Offbeat New Orleans , asserts that the real House of the Rising Sun was at 826 -- 830 St. Louis St. between 1862 and 1874 , also purportedly named for Marianne LeSoleil Levant . The building still stands , and Eric Burdon , after visiting at the behest of the owner , said , `` The house was talking to me . '' There is a contemporary B&B called the House of the Rising Sun , decorated in brothel style . The owners are fans of the song , but there is no connection with the original place . Not everyone believes that the house actually existed . Pamela D. Arceneaux , a research librarian at the Williams Research Center in New Orleans , is quoted as saying : I have made a study of the history of prostitution in New Orleans and have often confronted the perennial question , `` Where is the House of the Rising Sun ? '' without finding a satisfactory answer . Although it is generally assumed that the singer is referring to a brothel , there is actually nothing in the lyrics that indicate that the `` house '' is a brothel . Many knowledgeable persons have conjectured that a better case can be made for either a gambling hall or a prison ; however , to paraphrase Freud : sometimes lyrics are just lyrics . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : York , Barry ( July 9 , 2004 ) . `` House of worship '' . The Age . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Marsh , The Heart of Rock & Soul : The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made , NAL , 1989 . Entry # 91 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , Ralph . `` Stories Behind the Song : ' House of the Rising Sun ' '' . BBC . BBC .", "15": "Archived from the original on September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 21 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 9780810882966 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Matteson , Jr. , Richard L. , Richard Matteson . Bluegrass Picker 's Tune Book . Mel Bay Music . p. 111 . ISBN 9781609745523 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` House of the Rising Sun - the History and the Song '' . BBC h2g2 . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Todd ( 2001 ) . The Formative Dylan : Transmission and Stylistic Influences 1961 - 1963 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 48 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0810841154 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 , Scarecrow Press ( 2013 ) ISBN 0810882965 , 9780810882966 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ The same opening lyrics are in the first recorded version in 1933 : Robert B. Waltz and David G. Engle , `` House of the Rising Sun , The , '' The Traditional Ballad Index , 4.0 , Fresno State University , ( 2016 ) ( accessed October 19 , 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pete Seeger - American Favorite Ballads '' ( PDF ) . Volume 2 ( pages 11 -- 12 ) . Smithsonian Folkways. 2009 . pp.", "16": "27 -- 28 . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` This is Tim Hardin '' . Allmusic . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Mayor of MacDougal Street , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81479 - 2 , p. 115 ^ Jump up to : BBC Radio 4 program January 18 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Eric Burdon , I Used to Be an Animal , but I 'm All Right Now , Faber and Faber , 1986 , pp. 60 - 62 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Marshall , `` The rise of supergroup '' , Newcastle Evening Chronicle , August 17 , 2005 . Accessed May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 146 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gina Vivinetto , `` More animal magnetism '' , St. Petersburg Times , January 15 , 2004 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' House of the Rising Sun `` '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Rolling Stone , posted December 9 , 2004 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jon Kutner , Spencer Leigh , 1000 UK Number One Hits , Omnibus Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , S. ( 2013 ) , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 , Scarecrow Press , ISBN 978 - 0810882959 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 149 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 1994 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Muze article , `` Best Of The Animals ( Abkco ) '' , Tower Records . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 19 June 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 151 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Jump up ^ Dave Van Ronk : The Mayor of MacDougal Street . Then , sometime in 1968 , Eric Burdon and the Animals made a number - one chart hit out of the damn thing . Same arrangement . I would have loved to sue for royalties , but I found that it is impossible to defend the copyright on an arrangement . Jump up ^ Lester Bangs , The British Invasion , in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll , 1980 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4715 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1964 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Animals : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Animals Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Frijid Pink entry , Allmusic . Accessed May 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David A. Carson .", "18": "Grit , Noise , and Revolution : The Birth of Detroit Rock ' n ' Roll The University of Michigan Press ( 2009 reprint ) p. 239 Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Frijid Pink -- House of the Rising Sun '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Le pénitencier - Johnny Hallyday - Hit-Parade.net '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` spanishcharts.com - Johnny Hallyday - Le pénitencier '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Le Pénitencier -- Wikipédia Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Johnny Hallyday -- Le pénitencier '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Unknown title '' . New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) . Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ New Digs For Old Things , June 26 , 2007 , New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) , retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LEJ 's Blog '' . Jump up ^ Van Ronk , Dave and Wald , Elijah , `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' 2005 , Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82216 - 2 ^ Jump up to : `` In Search of the House of the Rising Sun '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ B&B site ,", "19": "more theories External links ( edit ) Songfacts `` House Of The Rising Sun '' entry The sheet music The REAL Meaning Behind The Song `` House Of The Rising Sun Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bob Dylan ( album ) Side one `` You 're No Good '' `` Talkin ' New York '' `` In My Time of Dyin ' '' `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' `` Fixin ' to Die '' `` Pretty Peggy - O '' `` Highway 51 '' Side two `` Gospel Plow '' `` Baby , Let Me Follow You Down '' `` House of the Risin ' Sun '' `` Freight Train Blues '' `` Song to Woody '' `` See That My Grave Is Kept Clean '' The Animals The ( Original ) Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 , 1977 , 1983 ) : Eric Burdon Chas Chandler Mick Gallagher Barry Jenkins Alan Price Dave Rowberry John Steel Hilton Valentine Eric Burdon & The ( New ) Animals ( 1966 -- 1969 ) : Vic Briggs Eric Burdon Barry Jenkins Danny McCulloch Zoot Money Andy Summers John Weider Studio albums The Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 ) ( UK ) The Animals Animal Tracks Animalisms ( US ) The Animals The Animals on Tour Animal Tracks Animalization Animalism Eric Burdon and the Animals Eric Is Here ( US only ) Winds of Change The Twain Shall Meet Every One of Us ( US only ) Love Is The Animals ( 1977 ,", "20": "1983 ) Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted Ark Compilations The Best of The Animals ( 1966 ) The Greatest Hits of Eric Burdon and The Animals The Most of Animals The Best of The Animals ( 1988 ) The Best of The Animals ( 1997 ) Absolute Animals 1964 -- 1968 Hit singles `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` I 'm Crying '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Inside - Looking Out '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' `` See See Rider '' `` Help Me Girl '' `` When I Was Young '' `` Good Times '' `` San Franciscan Nights '' `` Monterey '' `` Sky Pilot '' `` The Night '' Related articles The Animals discography Eric Burdon discography Book Category Sandi Thom Albums Smile . It Confuses People The Pink & the Lily Merchants and Thieves Singles `` I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker ( With Flowers in My Hair ) '' `` What If I 'm Right '' `` Lonely Girl '' `` The Devil 's Beat '' `` Saturday Night '' `` This Ol ' World '' `` Gold Dust '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Maggie McCall '' Related articles Discography RCA Records Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter ,", "21": "Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest . First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol.", "22": "3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love and Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong ,", "23": "But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With . Dolly Live ! 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246927435436425337	what is the story of around the world in 80 days	[ "Phileas Fogg of London and his newly employed French valet Passepartout attempt to circumnavigate the world in 80 days on a £20,000 wager (£2,075,400 in 2017)[3] set by his friends at the Reform Club" ]	{ "0": "Around the World in Eighty Days - wikipedia Around the World in Eighty Days Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Around the World in Eighty Days ( disambiguation ) . Around the World in Eighty Days Cover of the 1873 first edition Author Jules Verne Illustrator Alphonse - Marie - Adolphe de Neuville and Léon Benett Country France Language French Series The Extraordinary Voyages # 11 Genre Adventure novel Publisher Pierre - Jules Hetzel Publication date January 30 , 1873 Published in English 1873 Preceded by The Fur Country Followed by The Mysterious Island Around the World in Eighty Days ( French : Le tour du monde en quatre - vingts jours ) is a classic adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne , published in 1873 . In the story , Phileas Fogg of London and his newly employed French valet Passepartout attempt to circumnavigate the world in 80 days on a £ 20,000 wager ( £ 2,075,400 in 2017 ) set by his friends at the Reform Club . It is one of Verne 's most acclaimed works . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Background and analysis 3 Real life imitations 4 Origins 5 Adaptations and influences 5.1 Literature 5.2 Theatre 5.3 Radio 5.4 Film 5.5 Television 5.6 Games 5.7 Internet 5.8 Other 6 References 7 Footnotes 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The story starts in London on Tuesday , 1 October 1872 . Phileas Fogg is a rich British gentleman living in solitude . Despite his wealth , Fogg lives a modest life with habits carried out with mathematical precision . Very little can be said about his social life other than that he is a member of the Reform Club .", "1": "Having dismissed his former valet , James Forster , for bringing him shaving water at 84 ° F ( 29 ° C ) instead of 86 ° F ( 30 ° C ) , Fogg hires a Frenchman by the name of Jean Passepartout as a replacement . At the Reform Club , Fogg gets involved in an argument over an article in The Daily Telegraph stating that with the opening of a new railway section in India , it is now possible to travel around the world in 80 days . He accepts a wager for £ 20,000 ( £ 2,075,400 in 2017 ) from his fellow club members to complete such a journey within this time period . With Monsieur Passepartout accompanying him , Fogg departs from London by train at 8 : 45 p.m. on 2 October ; if he is to win the wager , then he will have to return to the club by this same time on 21 December , 80 days later . The itinerary ( as originally planned ) London , UK to Suez , Egypt , Ottoman Empire Rail to Brindisi , Italy and steamer ( the Mongolia ) across the Mediterranean Sea . 07 days Suez to Bombay , India Steamer ( the Mongolia ) across the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean . 13 days Bombay to Calcutta , India Rail . 03 days Calcutta to Victoria , Hong Kong Steamer ( the Rangoon ) across the South China Sea 13 days Hong Kong to Yokohama , Japan Steamer ( the Carnatic ) across the South China Sea , East China Sea , and the Pacific Ocean . 06 days Yokohama to San Francisco , United States Steamer ( the General Grant ) across the Pacific Ocean . 22 days San Francisco to New York City , United States Rail . 07 days New York to London Steamer ( the China ) across the Atlantic Ocean to Liverpool and rail . 09 days Total 80 days Map of the trip Fogg and Passepartout reach Suez in time . While disembarking in Egypt , they are watched by a Scotland Yard detective , Detective Fix , who has been dispatched from London in search of a bank robber .", "2": "Since Fogg answers the vague description Scotland Yard was given of the robber , Detective Fix mistakes Fogg for the criminal . Since he can not secure a warrant in time , Fix boards the steamer ( the Mongolia ) conveying the travelers to Bombay . Fix becomes acquainted with Passepartout without revealing his purpose . Fogg promises the steamer engineer a large reward if he gets them to Bombay early . They dock two days ahead of schedule . After reaching India they take a train from Bombay to Calcutta . Fogg learns that the Daily Telegraph article was wrong -- the railroad actually ends at Kholby and starts again , 50 miles further on , near Allahabad , Fogg purchases an elephant , hires a guide , and starts toward Allahabad . They come across a procession in which a young Indian woman , Aouda , is led to a sanctuary to be sacrificed by sati the next day by Brahmins . Since the young woman is drugged with opium and hemp and is obviously not going voluntarily , the travelers decide to rescue her . They follow the procession to the site , where Passepartout takes the place of Aouda 's deceased husband on the funeral pyre on which she is to be burned . During the ceremony he rises from the pyre , scaring off the priests , and carries the young woman away . The twelve hours gained earlier are lost , but Fogg shows no regret . The travelers hasten to catch the train at the next railway station , taking Aouda with them . At Calcutta , they board a steamer ( the Rangoon ) going to Hong Kong . Fix has Fogg and Passepartout arrested . They jump bail and Fix follows them to Hong Kong . He shows himself to Passepartout , who is delighted to again meet his travelling companion from the earlier voyage . In Hong Kong , it turns out that Aouda 's distant relative , in whose care they had been planning to leave her , has moved to Holland , so they decide to take her with them to Europe . Still without a warrant , Fix sees Hong Kong as his last chance to arrest Fogg on British soil . Passepartout becomes convinced that Fix is a spy from the Reform Club .", "3": "Fix confides in Passepartout , who does not believe a word and remains convinced that his master is not a bank robber . To prevent Passepartout from informing his master about the premature departure of their next vessel , the Carnatic , Fix gets Passepartout drunk and drugs him in an opium den . Passepartout still manages to catch the steamer to Yokohama , but neglects to inform Fogg that the steamer is leaving the evening before its scheduled departure date . Fogg discovers that he missed his connection . He searches for a vessel that will take him to Yokohama , finding a pilot boat , the Tankadere , that takes him and Aouda to Shanghai , where they catch a steamer to Yokohama . In Yokohama , they search for Passepartout , believing that he may have arrived there on the Carnatic as originally planned . They find him in a circus , trying to earn the fare for his homeward journey . Reunited , the four board a paddle - steamer , the General Grant , taking them across the Pacific to San Francisco . Fix promises Passepartout that now , having left British soil , he will no longer try to delay Fogg 's journey , but instead support him in getting back to Britain so he can arrest Fogg in Britain itself . In San Francisco they board a transcontinental train to New York , encountering a number of obstacles along the way : a massive herd of bison crossing the tracks , a failing suspension bridge , and the train being attacked by Sioux warriors . After uncoupling the locomotive from the carriages , Passepartout is kidnapped by the Indians , but Fogg rescues him after American soldiers volunteer to help . They continue by a wind powered sledge to Omaha , where they get a train to New York . In New York , having missed the sailing of their ship , the China , Fogg starts looking for an alternative to cross the Atlantic Ocean . He finds a steamboat , the Henrietta , destined for Bordeaux , France . The captain of the boat refuses to take the company to Liverpool , whereupon Fogg consents to be taken to Bordeaux for $2,000 ( £ 207,540 in 2017 ) per passenger . He then bribes the crew to mutiny and make course for Liverpool .", "4": "Against hurricane winds and going on full steam , the boat runs out of fuel after a few days . Fogg buys the boat from the captain and has the crew burn all the wooden parts to keep up the steam . The companions arrive at Queenstown ( Cobh ) , Ireland , take the train to Dublin and then a ferry to Liverpool , still in time to reach London before the deadline . Once on English soil , Fix produces a warrant and arrests Fogg . A short time later , the misunderstanding is cleared up -- the actual robber , an individual named James Strand , had been caught three days earlier in Edinburgh . However , Fogg has missed the train and arrives in London five minutes late , certain he has lost the wager . The following day Fogg apologises to Aouda for bringing her with him , since he now has to live in poverty and can not support her . Aouda confesses that she loves him and asks him to marry her . As Passepartout notifies a minister , he learns that he is mistaken in the date -- it is not 22 December , but instead 21 December . Because the party had travelled eastward , they gained one day upon crossing the International Date Line . Passepartout informs Fogg of his mistake , and Fogg hurries to the Reform Club just in time to meet his deadline and win the wager . Having already spent the bulk of the £ 20,000 during the journey , he divides the remaining money between Passepartout and Fix and marries Aouda . This narrative gives a mistaken impression of the ending . For the trip , Fogg took £ 20,000 , in cash , in a suitcase , amounting to half of his fortune at the time . The other half of his fortune , the other £ 20,000 was to be held in escrow at the bank to pay off his wager if he lost , the men on the other side of the bet , similarly put £ 20,000 to be held during the wager . Much of what Fogg took with him was spent during the trip , as detailed above . Before the date was discovered , Fogg confessed to Aouda that he was now poor , but she wanted to marry him anyway , as set out above .", "5": "When the true date was discovered , as above , Fogg collected the £ 20,000 wagered - and his £ 20,000 that was held in escrow , restoring him to his original fortune of £ 40,000 , distributing the remaining balance of his `` travel money '' . Background and analysis ( edit ) Around the World in Eighty Days was written during difficult times , both for France and for Verne . It was during the Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 -- 1871 ) in which Verne was conscripted as a coastguard ; he was having financial difficulties ( his previous works were not paid royalties ) ; his father had died recently ; and he had witnessed a public execution , which had disturbed him . Despite all this , Verne was excited about his work on the new book , the idea of which came to him one afternoon in a Paris café while reading a newspaper . The technological innovations of the 19th century had opened the possibility of rapid circumnavigation and the prospect fascinated Verne and his readership . In particular , three technological breakthroughs occurred in 1869 -- 70 that made a tourist - like around - the - world journey possible for the first time : the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in America ( 1869 ) , the linking of the Indian railways across the sub-continent ( 1870 ) , and the opening of the Suez Canal ( 1869 ) . It was another notable mark in the end of an age of exploration and the start of an age of fully global tourism that could be enjoyed in relative comfort and safety . It sparked the imagination that anyone could sit down , draw up a schedule , buy tickets and travel around the world , a feat previously reserved for only the most heroic and hardy of adventurers . Verne is often characterized as a futurist or science - fiction author , but there is not a glimmer of science fiction in this , his most popular work ( at least in English ) . Rather than any futurism , it remains a memorable portrait of the British Empire `` on which the sun never sets '' shortly before its peak , drawn by an outsider . It is interesting to note that , until 2006 , no critical editions were written due to both the poor translations available and the stereotypical connection between science fiction and `` worthless '' boys ' literature .", "6": "However , Verne 's works began receiving more serious reviews in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , with new translations appearing . It is also interesting to note that the book is a source of common notable English and extended British attitudes in quotes such as `` Phileas Fogg and Sir Francis Cromarty ... endured the discomfort with true British phlegm , talking little , and scarcely able to catch a glimpse of each other , '' as well as in Chapter 12 when the group is being jostled around on the elephant ride across the jungle . In Chapter 25 , when Fogg is insulted in San Francisco , Fix acknowledges that clearly `` Mr. Fogg was one of those Englishmen who , while they do not tolerate dueling at home , fight abroad when their honor is attacked . '' Post-Colonial readings of the novel elucidate Verne 's role as propagandist for European global dominance , as a Victors ' historian . `` Perhaps the leading excuse for the European colonization of India was found in the Hindu practice of the suttee '' . Verne 's novel , one of the most widely read of the 19th century , played a major role in shaping European attitudes of the colonized lands . The closing date of the novel , 21 December 1872 , was the same date as the serial publication . As it was being published serially for the first time , some readers believed that the journey was actually taking place -- bets were placed , and some railway companies and ship liner companies lobbied Verne to appear in the book . It is unknown if Verne submitted to their requests , but the descriptions of some rail and shipping lines leave some suspicion he was influenced . Although a journey by balloon has become one of the images most strongly associated with the story , this iconic symbol was never deployed by Verne -- the idea is , briefly , brought up in Chapter 32 , but dismissed , as it `` would have been highly risky and , in any case , impossible . '' However , the popular 1956 movie adaptation Around the World in Eighty Days used the balloon idea , and it has now become a part of the mythology of the story , even appearing on book covers . This plot element is reminiscent of Verne 's earlier Five Weeks in a Balloon , which first made him a well - known author .", "7": "Concerning the final coup de théâtre , Fogg had thought it was one day later than it actually was , because he had forgotten this simple fact : during his journey , he had added a full day to his clock , at the rhythm of an hour per fifteen degrees , or four minutes per degree , as Verne writes . In fact , at the time and until 1884 , the concept of a de jure International Date Line did not exist . If it did , he would have been made aware of the change in date once he reached this line . Thus , the day he added to his clock throughout his journey would be removed upon crossing this imaginary line . However , in the real world , Fogg 's mistake would not have occurred because a de facto date line did exist . The UK , India and the US had the same calendar with different local times . He would have noticed , when he arrived in San Francisco , that the local date was actually one day earlier than shown in his travel diary . As a consequence he could not fail to notice that the departure dates of the transcontinental train in San Francisco and of the China steamer in New York were actually one day earlier than his personal travel diary . Real life imitations ( edit ) Following Towle and d'Anver's 1873 English translation , many people have tried to follow in the footsteps of Fogg 's fictional circumnavigation , often within self - imposed constraints : In 1889 , Nellie Bly undertook to travel around the world in 80 days for her newspaper , the New York World . She managed to do the journey within 72 days , meeting Verne in Amiens . Her book Around the World in Seventy - Two Days , became a best seller . In 1903 , James Willis Sayre , a Seattle theatre critic and arts promoter , set the world record for circling the earth using public transport : 54 days , 9 hours , and 42 minutes . In 1908 , Harry Bensley , on a wager , set out to circumnavigate the world on foot wearing an iron mask . The journey was abandoned , incomplete , at the outbreak of World War I in 1914 . In 1984 , Nicholas Coleridge emulated Fogg 's trip , taking 78 days , He wrote a book titled Around the World in 78 Days .", "8": "In 1988 , Monty Python alumnus Michael Palin took a similar challenge without using aircraft as a part of a television travelogue , called Michael Palin : Around the World in 80 Days . He completed the journey in 79 days and 7 hours . Since 1993 , the Jules Verne Trophy is given to the boat that sails around the world without stopping and with no outside assistance , in the shortest time . In 2009 , twelve celebrities performed a relay version of the journey for the BBC Children In Need charity appeal . In 2014 , the Optimistic Traveler team consisting of Muammer Yilmaz and Milan Bihlmann completed the `` 80 Days Challenge '' , a trip around the world without using money , as a first step of their charity campaign for education in Haiti . They finished the journey in 79 days . In 2015 , a group of Italian travelers , Luigi Cavallito , Alessio Nicastro , Andrea Cavallo Perin , Andrea Dutto , and Didie Caria repeated the journey that Verne had inspired . The members of the group were all millennials born between the 1980s and 2000 ; the project aimed to describe the life , projects and dreams of that generation . They started their journey from the Reform Club on October 2 , 2015 and they came back to London on December 21 , 80 days later . They stopped in Paris , Turin , Athens , Cairo , Alexandria , Dubai , Mumbai , Kolkata , Hong Kong , Manila , Tokyo , Honolulu , San Francisco , New York and Dublin . Origins ( edit ) The idea of a trip around the world within a set period had clear external origins and was popular before Verne published his book in 1873 . Even the title Around the World in Eighty Days is not original . Several sources have been hypothesized as the origins of the story . The most obvious took place between 1869 and 1871 , when American William Perry Fogg traveled the world , describing his tour in a series of letters to The Cleveland Leader newspaper , entitled , Round the World : Letters from Japan , China , India , and Egypt ( 1872 ) . But long before Fogg , Greek traveller Pausanias ( c.", "9": "100 AD ) wrote a work that was translated into French in 1797 as Voyage autour du monde ( `` Around the World '' ) . Verne 's friend Jacques Arago had written a very popular Voyage autour du monde in 1853 . In 1869 -- 70 the idea of travelling around the world reached critical popular attention when three geographical breakthroughs occurred : the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in America ( 1869 ) , the linking of the Indian railways across the sub-continent ( 1870 ) , and the opening of the Suez Canal ( 1869 ) . In 1871 appeared Around the World by Steam , via Pacific Railway , published by the Union Pacific Railroad Company , and an Around the World in A Hundred and Twenty Days by Edmond Planchut . In early 1870 , the Erie Railway Company published a statement of routes , times , and distances detailing a trip around the globe of 23,739 miles in seventy - seven days and twenty - one hours . Another early reference comes from the Italian traveler Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri . He wrote a book in 1699 that was translated into French : Voyage around the World or Voyage du Tour du Monde ( 1719 , Paris ) . The novel documents his trip as one of the first Europeans to circle the world for pleasure rather than profit , using publicly available transportation . Gemelli Careri provides rich accounts of seventeenth - century civilization outside of Europe . These include Persia during the Ottoman Empire , Hindustan during the reign of Aurungzebe , the Chinese Lantern Festival and the Great Wall , and the native people of Meso - America . References to his books can be found in other historical publications like the Calcutta Review . In 1872 , Thomas Cook organised the first around - the - world tourist trip , leaving on 20 September 1872 and returning seven months later . The journey was described in a series of letters that were published in 1873 as Letter from the Sea and from Foreign Lands , Descriptive of a tour Round the World . Scholars have pointed out similarities between Verne 's account and Cook 's letters , although some argue that Cook 's trip happened too late to influence Verne . Verne , according to a second - hand 1898 account , refers to a Cook advertisement as a source for the idea of his book .", "10": "In interviews in 1894 and 1904 , Verne says the source was `` through reading one day in a Paris cafe '' and `` due merely to a tourist advertisement seen by chance in the columns of a newspaper . '' Around the World itself says the origins were a newspaper article . All of these point to Cook 's advert as being a probable spark for the idea of the book . The periodical Le Tour du monde ( 3 October 1869 ) contained a short piece titled `` Around the World in Eighty Days '' , which refers to `` 140 miles '' of railway not yet completed between Allahabad and Bombay , a central point in Verne 's work . But even the Le Tour de monde article was not entirely original ; it cites in its bibliography the Nouvelles Annales des Voyages , de la Géographie , de l'Histoire et de l'Archéologie ( August , 1869 ) , which also contains the title Around the World in Eighty Days in its contents page . The Nouvelles Annales were written by Conrad Malte - Brun ( 1775 -- 1826 ) and his son Victor Adolphe Malte - Brun ( 1816 -- 1889 ) . Scholars believe that Verne was aware of the Le Tour de monde article , the Nouvelles Annales , or both , and that he consulted it and / or them , noting that the Le Tour du monde even included a trip schedule very similar to Verne 's final version . A possible inspiration was the traveller George Francis Train , who made four trips around the world , including one in 80 days in 1870 . Similarities include the hiring of a private train and being imprisoned . Train later claimed , `` Verne stole my thunder . I 'm Phileas Fogg . '' The book page containing the famous dénouement ( page 312 in the Philadelphia -- Porter & Coates , 1873 edition ) Regarding the idea of gaining a day , Verne said of its origin : `` I have a great number of scientific odds and ends in my head .", "11": "It was thus that , when , one day in a Paris café , I read in the Siècle that a man could travel around the world in 80 days , it immediately struck me that I could profit by a difference of meridian and make my traveller gain or lose a day in his journey . There was a dénouement ready found . The story was not written until long after . I carry ideas about in my head for years -- ten , or 15 years , sometimes -- before giving them form . '' In his April 1873 lecture , `` The Meridians and the Calendar '' , Verne responded to a question about where the change of day actually occurred , since the international date line had only become current in 1880 and the Greenwich prime meridian was not adopted internationally until 1884 . Verne cited an 1872 article in Nature , and Edgar Allan Poe 's short story `` Three Sundays in a Week '' ( 1841 ) , which was also based on going around the world and the difference in a day linked to a marriage at the end . Verne even analysed Poe 's story in his Edgar Poe and His Works ( 1864 ) . Poe 's story `` Three Sundays in a Week '' was clearly the inspiration for the lost day plot device . Adaptations and influences ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The book has been adapted or reimagined many times in different forms . Literature ( edit ) The science fiction novel The Other Log of Phileas Fogg by Philip José Farmer gives an alternate interpretation of the story . The novel Around the world in 100 days by Gary Blackwood serves as a sequel to the events in 80 days . The book follows Phileas 's son as he tries to travel around the world by car instead of train , hence the longer time limit .", "12": "Theatre ( edit ) In 1874 , a theatrical adaptation by Verne and Adolphe d'Ennery opened at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint - Martin in Paris for 415 performances ; in April 1876 , it transferred to the Théâtre du Châtelet where it ran for 2,195 performances over 64 years . In 1946 , Orson Welles produced and starred in Around the World , a musical stage version , with music and lyrics by Cole Porter , that was only loosely faithful to Verne 's original . A musical version , 80 Days , with songs by Ray Davies of The Kinks and a book by playwright Snoo Wilson , directed by Des McAnuff , ran at the Mandell Weiss Theatre in San Diego from August 23 to October 9 , 1988 , receiving mixed responses from the critics . Davies 's multi-faceted music , McAnuff 's directing , and the acting were well received , with the show winning the `` Best Musical '' award from the San Diego Theatre Critics Circle . Mark Brown adapted the book for a five - actor stage production in 2001 . It has been performed in New York , Canada , England , South Africa , and Bangladesh . Toby Hulse created an adaptation for three actors , which was first produced at the egg at The Theatre Royal , Bath in 2010 . It has subsequently been revived at the Arcola Theatre in London in 2013 and The Theatre Chipping Norton in 2014 In 2013 , a musical version `` Around the World in 80 Days '' with book and lyrics by Chris Blackwood and music by Piers Chater Robinson went on general release and has had productions across the globe . Published by IT&M Shows . St. James Theatre , London put on an adaptation by Laura Eason which was directed by Lucy Bailey and ran from 26 November 2015 to 17 January 2016 with Robert Portal as Fogg , Simon Gregor as Passepartout and Shanaya Rafaat as Aouda . Radio ( edit ) The Mercury Theatre on the Air presented a radio adaptation of Around the World in 80 Days on October 23 , 1938 , one week before its famous production of The War of the Worlds . Orson Welles played Fogg .", "13": "Jules Verne -- Around the World in Eighty Days , a 4 - part drama adaptation by Terry James and directed by Janet Whittaker for BBC Radio 7 ( now BBC Radio 4 Extra ) , starred Leslie Phillips as Phileas Fogg , Yves Aubert as Passepartout and Jim Broadbent as Sergeant Fix . Film ( edit ) Around the World in Eighty Days ( 1919 film ) , a German film starring Conrad Veidt , the first film version . An Indian Fantasy Story is an unfinished French / English co-production from 1938 , featuring the wager at the Reform Club and the rescue of the Indian Princess . It was never completed . The 1956 film Around the World in 80 Days starred David Niven as Fogg and Cantinflas as Passepartout . 1963 saw the release of The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze . Around the World in 80 Days , a film produced and released in 1988 , was an Australian animated adaptation . ( As described below , there had been a television adaptation sixteen years earlier , likewise animated and also of Australian origin . ) The 1994 video The Singing Kettle World Tour was a Scottish adaptation that starred Cilla Fisher , Artie Trezise , and Gary Coupland . Around the World in 80 Days , a 1999 animated film starring Simon Callow , John Sessions and Philip Jackson The 2000 film Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure was an updated direct - to - video animated film spoof starring Tweety from the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes . Around the World in 80 Days was a 2004 film that starred Jackie Chan as Passepartout and Steve Coogan as Fogg . Television ( edit ) The 1972 cartoon Around the World in 80 Days was a one - season Australian animated television adaptation . Around the World with Willy Fog was a 26 - episode Spanish - Japanese animated TV series by BRB International and Nippon Animation , in which all the characters were anthropomorphic animals . A second series was made that was loosely based on other stories by Jules Verne . Around the World in 80 Days was a 1989 miniseries adaptation that starred Pierce Brosnan .", "14": "Bolek and Lolek 's Great Travel was a 1977 animated movie and 15 episode series which occurred long after the events of the book , with the late Mr. Fogg 's fortune to be inherited by the one who successfully repeated his feat . Michael Palin : Around the World in 80 Days was a seven - episode series made by the BBC in 1988 , which starred Michael Palin . Games ( edit ) The board game Around the World in 80 Days is derived from the novel . The mobile game company Inkle published an interactive fiction adaptation of the novel , titled 80 Days , which has won numerous awards . Internet ( edit ) Flightfox created a trip , `` Around the World in 80 Hours '' , to see if flight experts could find flights following the same path as described in the book ( for cheap ) . The online travel company then wrote a fictional eBook based on the results of the contest . Other ( edit ) Worlds of Fun , an amusement park in Kansas City , Missouri , was conceived using the novel as its theme . References ( edit ) William Butcher , ed. and trans. , Around the World in Eighty Days , Oxford World 's Classics ( 1995 , 1999 ) . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived December 2 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Die Reise um die Erde in 80 Tagen '' . J-verne.de . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Inflation Bank of England '' . www.bankofengland.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ standardebooks.org Jump up ^ `` Inflation Bank of England '' . www.bankofengland.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : William Butcher ( translation and introduction ) . Around the World in Eighty Days , Oxford Worlds Classics , 1995 , Introduction . Jump up ^ Ashley Tussing , Exploring Cultural Reflections Through Jules Verne 's Around The World In Eighty Days ( Master 's Thesis , Purdue University , 2010 ) p. 45 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Cable , Simon ( 2014 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Phileas Fogg 's fictional journey around the world recreated by two men for FREE Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ The Kansas Daily Tribune , February 5 , 1870 . Jump up ^ Careri , Giovanni Francesco Gemelli ; Noble , Eustache Le ( 1719 ) . Voyage du Tour du Monde ( 1719 , Paris ) . Jump up ^ `` TrueScans of Around the World in Eighty Days ; Philadelphia - Porter & Coates , 1873 '' . Truescans.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/book/around-world-100-days Jump up ^ Neu. `` 80 Days '' . Kinks.de . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Brown -- Writer '' . epicurious.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Around the World in Eighty Days '' . Guardian.com. 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived November 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 Extra - Jules Verne - Around the World in Eighty Days - Episode guide '' . Bbc.co.uk. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne , adapted by Terry James '' . Radiodramareviews.com. 2010 - 02 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Synopsis for An Indian Fantasy '' . Jump up ^ `` Fly Better For Less '' . Flightfox.com. 2012 - 09 - 30 .", "16": "Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Zacchia , Jill . `` Around the World in 80 Hours '' . Flightfox.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` History Worlds of Fun , Kansas City MO '' . Worldsoffun.com. 2012 - 03 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAround the World in Eighty Daysat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Around the World in Eighty Days at Project Gutenberg . Translation by George Makepeace Towle , 1874 . Around The World In Eighty Days public domain audiobook at LibriVox Around the World in 80 Days -- Read Online , Flash Version Around the World in Eighty Days ( in French ) -- Audiobook from Literature Audio.com ( hide ) Jules Verne 's Around the World in Eighty Days Characters Aouda Phileas Fogg Jean Passepartout Films Around the World in 80 Days ( 1919 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1988 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 2004 ) Television Around the World in 80 Days ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Around the World with Willy Fog ( 1983 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1989 ) Michael Palin : Around the World in 80 Days ( 1989 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 2009 ) Video games Around the World in 80 Days ( 2004 ) 80 Days ( 2005 )", "17": "80 Days ( 2014 ) Other Around the World ( musical ) Around the World in 80 Days ( ride ) Around the World in 80 Days ( game ) `` Around the World '' ( song ) Around the World in 80 Days ( Michael Palin book ) The Other Log of Phileas Fogg Around the World in 20 Years Around the World in Seventy - Two Days A Boy Scout Around the World Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure Works by Jules Verne Voyages extraordinaires Five Weeks in a Balloon ( 1863 ) Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 1864 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1865 ) The Adventures of Captain Hatteras ( 1866 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1867 -- 68 ) Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea ( 1869 -- 70 ) Around the Moon ( 1870 ) A Floating City ( 1871 ) The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa ( 1872 ) The Fur Country ( 1873 ) Around the World in Eighty Days ( 1873 ) The Mysterious Island ( 1874 -- 75 ) The Survivors of the Chancellor ( 1875 ) Michael Strogoff ( 1876 ) Off on a Comet ( 1877 ) The Child of the Cavern ( 1877 ) Dick Sand , A Captain at Fifteen ( 1878 ) The Begum 's Fortune ( 1879 ) Tribulations of a Chinaman in China ( 1879 ) The Steam House ( 1880 ) Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon ( 1881 ) Godfrey Morgan ( 1882 ) The Green Ray ( 1882 ) Kéraban the Inflexible ( 1883 ) The Vanished Diamond ( 1884 ) The Archipelago on Fire ( 1884 ) Mathias Sandorf (", "18": "1885 ) The Lottery Ticket ( 1886 ) Robur the Conqueror ( 1886 ) North Against South ( 1887 ) The Flight to France ( 1887 ) Two Years ' Vacation ( 1888 ) Family Without a Name ( 1889 ) The Purchase of the North Pole ( 1889 ) César Cascabel ( 1890 ) Mistress Branican ( 1891 ) The Carpathian Castle ( 1892 ) Claudius Bombarnac ( 1892 ) Foundling Mick ( 1893 ) Captain Antifer ( 1894 ) Propeller Island ( 1895 ) Facing the Flag ( 1896 ) Clovis Dardentor ( 1896 ) An Antarctic Mystery ( 1897 ) The Mighty Orinoco ( 1898 ) The Will of an Eccentric ( 1899 ) The Castaways of the Flag ( 1900 ) The Village in the Treetops ( 1901 ) The Sea Serpent ( 1901 ) The Kip Brothers ( 1902 ) Travel Scholarships ( 1903 ) A Drama in Livonia ( 1904 ) Master of the World ( 1904 ) Invasion of the Sea ( 1905 ) Other works Novels The Waif of the Cynthia ( 1885 ) The Lighthouse at the End of the World ( 1905 ) The Golden Volcano ( 1906 ) The Chase of the Golden Meteor ( 1908 ) The Danube Pilot ( 1908 ) The Survivors of the `` Jonathan '' ( 1909 ) The Secret of Wilhelm Storitz ( 1910 ) The Barsac Mission ( 1919 ) Backwards to Britain ( 1989 , written 1859 ) Paris in the Twentieth Century ( 1994 ,", "19": "written 1863 ) Collections Doctor Ox ( 1874 ) Yesterday and Tomorrow ( 1910 ) Short stories `` A Drama in Mexico '' ( 1851 ) `` A Drama in the Air '' ( 1851 ) `` Martin Paz '' ( 1852 ) `` Master Zacharius '' ( 1854 ) `` A Winter amid the Ice '' ( 1855 ) `` The Count of Chanteleine '' ( 1864 ) `` The Blockade Runners '' ( 1865 ) `` Dr. Ox 's Experiment '' ( 1872 ) `` An Ideal City '' ( 1875 ) `` The Mutineers of the Bounty '' ( 1879 ) `` Ten Hours Hunting '' ( 1881 ) `` Frritt - Flacc '' ( 1884 ) `` Gil Braltar '' ( 1887 ) `` In the Year 2889 '' ( 1889 ) `` Adventures of the Rat Family '' ( 1891 ) `` Mr. Ray Sharp and Miss Me Flat '' ( 1893 ) `` The Eternal Adam '' ( 1910 ) Plays The Broken Straws ( 1850 ) Mona Lisa ( 1852 ) Blind Man 's Buff ( 1853 ) The Adoptive Son ( 1853 Knights of the Daffodil ( 1855 ) Mr.", "20": "Chimpanzee ( 1858 ) The Inn in the Ardennes ( 1860 ) Eleven Days ' Siege ( 1861 ) A Nephew from America ( 1873 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1874 ) The Children of Captain Grant ( 1878 ) Michael Strogoff ( 1880 ) Journey Through the Impossible ( 1882 ) Kéraban the Pigheaded ( 1883 ) Related The Thompson Travel Agency by Michel Verne ( 1907 ) Universe Characters Aouda Tom Ayrton David Farragut Phileas Fogg Lord Glenarvan Captain Nemo Jacques Paganel Jean Passepartout Cyrus Smith Universe Leyden ball Nautilus HMS Sword Book VIAF : 174954981 GND : 4317635 - 5 SUDOC : 029467969 BNF : cb12108954z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Days&oldid=821421447 '' Categories : Around the World in Eighty Days 1873 French novels Novels by Jules Verne Novels set in India Novels set in the United States Novels set in London Novels set in Japan Novels set in Italy Novels set in Egypt Novels set in France Novels set in Liverpool Novels set in Hong Kong Novels set in the Qing dynasty Novels set in New York City Novels set in San Francisco Novels set in Utah Novels set in the 1870s Circus books Western ( genre ) novels Latter Day Saints in popular culture French novels adapted into films French novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games 1872 in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles containing French - language text", "21": "All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски /", "22": "srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 10 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1106714590515566575	who was the head of the spanish inquisition	[ "Dominican Tomás de Torquemada", "Grand Inquisitor", "Grand Inquisitor", "Tomás de Torquemada", "the Spanish Dominican Tomás de Torquemada" ]	{ "0": "Grand Inquisitor - wikipedia Grand Inquisitor Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the inquisitorial office . For the Fyodor Dostoyevsky story , see The Grand Inquisitor . Grand Inquisitor Inquisitor Generalis Appointer Monarch Inaugural holder Tomás de Torquemada Formation 1483 Final holder Jerónimo Castillón y Salas Abolished 1820 Grand Inquisitor ( Latin : Inquisitor Generalis , literally Inquisitor General or General Inquisitor ) was the lead official of the Inquisition . The title usually refers to the chief inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition , even after the reunification of the inquisitions . Secretaries - general of the Roman Inquisition were often styled as Grand Inquisitor but the role and functions were different . The most famous Inquisitor General was the Spanish Dominican Tomás de Torquemada , who spearheaded the Spanish Inquisition . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Spanish Grand Inquisitors 1.1 Separation of Inquisitions of Castile and Aragon 1.1. 1 Castile 1.1.", "1": "2 Aragon 1.2 Reunification of the Inquisitions 2 External links 3 References List of Spanish Grand inquisitors ( edit ) Tomás de Torquemada , Grand Inquisitor of Spain ( 1483 -- 1498 ) Diego de Deza , Grand Inquisitor of Spain ( 1498 -- 1507 ) From To Grand Inquisitor Other positions held 1483 1498 Tomás de Torquemada Prior of the Dominican Convent of Santa Cruz , Segovia , 1477 - 1498 1499 1506 Diego de Deza Tavera Archbishop of Seville 1506 1507 Diego Ramírez de Guzmán Bishop of Catania , Bishop of Lugo Separation of Inquisitions of Castile and Aragon ( edit ) Castile ( edit ) Adrian of Utrecht , Grand Inquisitor of Spain ( 1518 -- 1522 ) From To Grand Inquisitor Other positions held 1507 1517 Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros Cardinal , Archbishop of Toledo Aragon ( edit ) Juan Pardo de Tavera , Grand Inquisitor of Spain ( 1539 -- 1645 ) Fernando Niño de Guevara , Grand Inquisitor of Spain ( 1600 -- 1602 ) Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana , Grand Inquisitor of Spain ( 1794 -- 1797 ) From To Grand Inquisitor Other positions held 1507 1513 Juan Enguera Bishop of Vich , Bishop of Lleida , Bishop of Tortosa 1513 1516 Luis Mercader Escolano Bishop of Tortosa 1516 1517 Adrian of Utrecht Cardinal priest of Ss . Giovanni e Paolo , Bishop of Tortosa Reunification of the inquisitions ( edit ) From To Grand Inquisitor Other positions held 1518 1522 Adrian of Utrecht Cardinal priest of Ss . Giovanni e Paolo , Bishop of Tortosa 1523 1538 Alonso Manrique de Lara Bishop of Badajoz ,", "2": "Archbishop of Seville , Cardinal 1539 1545 Juan Pardo de Tavera Archbishop of Toledo 1546 1546 García de Loaysa Archbishop of Seville 1547 1566 Fernando de Valdés y Salas Archbishop of Seville 1566 1572 Diego de Espinosa Bishop of Sigüenza , Bishop of Cuenca 1572 1572 Pedro Ponce de León Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo , Bishop of Plasencia 1573 1594 Gaspar de Quiroga y Vela Archbishop of Toledo 1595 1595 Jerónimo Manrique de Lara Bishop of Cartagena , Bishop of Ávila 1596 1599 Pedro de Portocarrero Bishop of Calahorra , Bishop of Cuenca 1599 1602 Fernando Niño de Guevara Archbishop of Seville 1602 1602 Juan de Zúñiga Flores Bishop of Cartagena 1603 1608 Juan Bautista de Acevedo Bishop of Valladolid , Patriarch of the Indias 1608 1618 Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas Archbishop of Toledo 1619 1621 Luis de Aliaga Martínez 1622 1626 Andrés Pacheco Bishop of Cuenca , Patriarch of the Indias 1627 1632 Antonio de Zapata Cisneros Archbishop of Burgos 1632 1643 Antonio de Sotomayor Prior of Santo Domingo 1643 1665 Diego de Arce y Reinoso Bishop of Tuy , Bishop of Avila , Bishop of Palencia 1665 1665 Pascual de Aragón Archbishop of Toledo 1666 1669 Juan Everardo Nithard 1669 1695 Diego Sarmiento de Valladares Bishop of Oviedo , Bishop of Plasencia 1695 1699 Juan Tomás de Rocaberti Prior of Santo Domingo ,", "3": "Archbishop of Valencia 1699 1699 Alonso Fernández de Córdoba y Aguilar Appointed Grand Inquisitor , but died before he could assume this office . 1699 1705 Baltasar de Mendoza y Sandoval Bishop of Segovia 1705 1709 Vidal Marín del Campo Archbishop of Burgos 1709 1710 Antonio Ibáñez de Riva Herrera Archbishop of Zaragoza , Archbishop of Toledo 1711 1716 Francesco del Giudice Archbishop of Monreale 1715 1715 Felipe Antonio Gil de Taboada Commissioned as Grand Inquisitor but did not serve . 1717 1717 José de Molines Proclaimed in Rome , but detained by Austrians and died without serving . 1718 1718 Felipe de Arcemendi Died without serving .", "4": "1720 1720 Diego de Astorga y Céspedes Archbishop of Toledo 1720 1733 Juan de Camargo y Angulo Bishop of Pamplona 1733 1740 Andrés de Orbe y Larreategui Archbishop of Valencia 1742 1746 Manuel Isidro Orozco Manrique de Lara Archbishop of Santiago 1746 1755 Francisco Pérez de Prado Bishop of Teruel 1755 1774 Manuel Quintano Bonifaz Titular Archbishop of Farsala 1775 1783 Felipe Beltrán Serrano Bishop of Salamanca 1784 1793 Agustín Rubin de Ceballos Bishop of Jaén 1793 1794 Manuel Abad y Lasierra Titular Archbishop of Selymbria 1794 1797 Francisco Antonio Lorenzana y Butrón Archbishop of Toledo 1797 1808 Ramón José de Arce y Rebollar Archbishop of Burgos 1808 1814 Abolition of the Inquisition 1814 1818 Francisco Javier Mier Campillo Bishop of Almería 1818 1818 Cristóbal Bencomo y Rodríguez Titular Archbishop of Heraclea ( position rejected by himself ) 1818 1820 Gerónimo Castillón y Salas Bishop of Tarazona External links ( edit ) ( in Spanish ) Council of Inquisition : List of Grand Inquisitors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Appendix 2 to Henry Charles Lea 's A History of the Inquisition of Spain Jump up ^ Biografía de Cristóbal Bencomo y Rodríguez GND : 1038394708 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "5": "php?title=Grand_Inquisitor&oldid=817711728 '' Categories : Spanish Inquisition Inquisitors Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Articles with Spanish - language external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Galego Italiano Lietuvių Norsk Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 03 : 27 . 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4750785936593695900	when did the movie peter pan come out	[ "2003", "2003", "2003", "25 December 2003" ]	{ "0": "Peter Pan ( 2003 film ) - Wikipedia Peter Pan ( 2003 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Peter Pan North American theatrical release poster Directed by P.J. Hogan Produced by Lucy Fisher Douglas Wick Patrick McCormick Screenplay by P.J. Hogan Michael Goldenberg Based on Peter and Wendy by J.M. Barrie Starring Jason Isaacs Jeremy Sumpter Rachel Hurd - Wood Olivia Williams Lynn Redgrave Ludivine Sagnier Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Donald McAlpine Edited by Garth Craven Michael Kahn Production companies Revolution Studios Red Wagon Entertainment Allied Stars Ltd Distributed by North America : Universal Pictures International and North American television : Columbia Pictures Release date 22 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 22 ) ( Australia ) 24 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 24 ) ( UK ) 25 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 25 ) ( US / Canada ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Australia Budget $130.6 million Box office $122 million Peter Pan is a 2003 fantasy adventure film released by Universal Pictures , Columbia Pictures , and Revolution Studios . It was the first authorised and faithful film or television adaptation of J.M. Barrie 's play Peter Pan , or The Boy Who Would n't Grow Up in half a century , after Disney 's version in 1953 . P.J. Hogan directed a screenplay co-written with Michael Goldenberg which is based on the play and novel by J.M. Barrie . Jason Isaacs plays the dual roles of Captain Hook and George Darling , Olivia Williams plays Mrs. Darling , while Jeremy Sumpter plays Peter Pan , Rachel Hurd - Wood plays Wendy Darling , and Ludivine Sagnier plays Tinker Bell .", "1": "Lynn Redgrave plays a supporting role as Aunt Millicent , a new character created for the film . Contrary to the traditional stage casting , the film featured a young boy in the title role . Since the first stage production of the story , the title role has usually been played by a woman , a tradition followed in the first film adaptation . Two subsequent animated adaptations have featured a male voice actor as Peter Pan , and a Soviet live - action film adaptation for television cast a boy to play the role . This film was the first live - action theatrical release with a boy playing the part . The casting of a single actor to play both George Darling and Captain Hook follows a tradition also begun in the first staging of the play . Peter Pan received positive reviews from critics , and grossed $48.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $122 million worldwide from a $130.6 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Deleted epilogue 5 Merchandise 6 Release 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Box office 8 Accolades 8.1 Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films 8.2 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 8.3 Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 8.4 Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards 8.5 Visual Effects Society Awards 8.6 Young Artist Awards 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the nursery of the Darling household located in Edwardian era London , Wendy Darling tells her younger brothers John and Michael the story of Cinderella , who went to the ball and found herself surrounded by pirates . Life is disrupted when their Aunt Millicent arrives to visit . Judging Wendy to be an `` almost '' full - grown woman , Aunt Millicent advises Mr. and Mrs. Darling to think of Wendy 's future , saying that Wendy should spend less time in the nursery , and more time with herself , to become a grown woman . The very idea frightens the children .", "2": "At school , Wendy daydreams about having seen Peter in the night , and , after being caught with a drawing of him over her bed , is in trouble with the teacher , who sends a letter by a boy messenger to Wendy 's father at the bank , and as she tries to stop him , along with the family 's `` nurse '' dog Nana , embarrasses her father in front of his superiors . As a punishment , Mr. Darling chains Nana outside and declares it time for Wendy to grow up . Peter visits the nursery again looking for his shadow , which Nana had bitten off , and introduces himself . After being acquainted , Wendy sews his shadow back on and is enchanted by Peter 's ability to fly and his description of Neverland and how nicely he talks about girls . She asks Peter if she can kiss him , but because he does not know what a kiss is , ends up giving him a thimble instead . He returns the `` kiss '' by plucking an acorn from his shirt and giving it to her . Peter invites her to tell stories to his gang of Lost Boys . She asks to bring her brothers , John and Michael , to which Peter agrees . He grabs Tinker Bell and shakes fairy dust on the children and tells them to think of happy thoughts . Nana , having escaped her chain , leads Mr. and Mrs. Darling back home from a party , but they arrive too late to stop the children . The children fly over London and then to Neverland . They observe Captain Hook 's ( Isaacs ) ship from a cloud . The pirates spot them and attack with their cannons . One knocks Wendy far away and the other causes Michael and John to fall towards the island below . Peter tells Tinker Bell to find Wendy while he takes care of Hook . But Tinker Bell reaches the hideout as Wendy is still falling from the sky , and out of jealousy , tricks the Lost Boys into shooting Wendy with an arrow . The boys learn the truth and confess to Peter but Wendy is revealed not to have been killed as the arrow hit the acorn necklace hung around her neck . Angry , Peter banishes Tinker Bell and ends their friendship . When Wendy finally awakens she finds the Lost Boys on their knees begging her to be their mother , which she accepts .", "3": "They blindfold her and lead her to their hideout , and she finally realises her brothers are missing . Michael and John stumble across the crocodile that ate Hook 's hand then encounter the Native American princess Tiger Lily ( Carsen Gray ) . All three are then captured by Hook and taken to the Black Castle to use as bait for Peter Pan . Wendy and Peter visit the mermaids ' lagoon to ask the dark and mysterious creatures to help in locating John and Michael , and learn that Hook has her brothers . Peter and Hook engage in a duel but it is stopped when the ticking crocodile arrives and tries to eat Hook , allowing the children to all escape . That night , after a celebration at the Native American camp , Peter shows Wendy the fairies ' home and the two share a dance . Hook spies on the two and soon comes across Tinker Bell , who is still hurt and upset from being banished , and charms her into telling him more about Peter and Wendy . Peter becomes upset with Wendy after she tries to get him to express his feelings and that he will never love and never grow up , and tells her to go home and grow up if she 's not happy . Wendy , hurt , leaves to be alone . Hook has the sleeping Wendy carried to his ship . There , he entices her to become a pirate but sends a spy to follow her to the Lost Boys ' underground hideout afterwards . Wendy soon comes to her senses and tells her brothers that the three of them will be going home , which upsets Peter . The Lost Boys ask if they can go too , upsetting Peter even more . Wendy tries to say goodbye to Peter but he turns away in sadness . She leaves him a cup of `` medicine '' and tells him not to forget to take it . The pirates capture the boys outside and Hook goes down into the tree and puts a drop of poison in Peter 's medicine . He is about to drink the medicine , but Tinker Bell intervenes and drinks the poison herself . Peter telepathically reaches out to children sleeping around the world , the Darlings , Aunt Millicent , the Lost Boys , and even the pirates to assert their belief in fairies , which brings Tinker Bell back to life .", "4": "Peter and Tinker Bell save Wendy and the boys from walking the plank by making the pirates think the crocodile is on board , and a battle soon breaks out . Hook sprinkles himself with Tinker Bell 's fairy dust and fights Peter in a duel while flying . Hook taunts him about Wendy abandoning him and forgetting all about him when she grows up . Weakened by those thoughts and unable to fight , Peter gives in to his inevitable death . Seeing this as goodbye , Wendy gives Peter her hidden kiss , which gives him the strength to recover . Peter reengages Hook , who loses his confidence and falls into the waiting jaws of the crocodile . With the ship covered in fairy dust , Peter flies Wendy and the boys back to London . Mr. and Mrs. Darling are overjoyed at the return of their children , and adopt the Lost Boys . Slightly , who got lost on the way to London and arrives at the house too late , is adopted by the lonely Aunt Millicent . Peter promises never to forget Wendy and to return someday before heading back to Neverland with Tinker Bell . According to the adult Wendy , she never saw Peter again , but she continues to tell his story to her own children and grandchildren so that his legacy will last forever . Cast ( edit ) Jeremy Sumpter as Peter Pan : A young boy who does not want to grow up , and lives in Neverland . He is brave , determined , cocky , and optimistic as he is only able to think happy thoughts . He develops romantic feelings for Wendy , clearly evident when Hook torments him by insinuating Wendy will forget about him and he will be replaced by a husband . He cares about Tink even though he gets angry at her , and attempts to revive her after she drinks the poison to save his life . He wants to always be a young boy who has everlasting fun and adventure . Unlike other versions , Peter Pan 's own feelings , emotions and even mere presence affect various aspects of the weather . Jason Isaacs as Mr. George Darling and Captain Hook : George is the Darling children 's father and a banker who knows the cost of everything , even a hug . Captain Hook is Peter Pan 's archenemy since Peter cut off his hand and fed it to a crocodile which has followed him ever since .", "5": "He is the Captain of the Jolly Roger and many of his happy thoughts are murderous . He admits his hook can be quite useful , but mourns the loss of his right hand . Rachel Hurd - Wood as Wendy Darling : The eldest child of the Darling family . She is a motherly figure to the Lost Boys and her younger brothers , John and Michael . Initially she does not want to grow up , but eventually , accepts she must and returns home . She takes up the title name `` Red - handed Jill '' at one point , before returning home . She cares for Peter 's safety and wellbeing and reciprocates his romantic feelings for her . Saffron Burrows , plays the adult Wendy , who narrates the film , recounting the story 's events . Burrows appears in the deleted epilogue . Lynn Redgrave as Aunt Millicent : The maternal aunt of the three Darling children , who wants to help Wendy grow into becoming an adult . Richard Briers as Mr. Smee : Hook 's humorous first - mate . Olivia Williams as Mrs. Mary Darling : The matriarch of the Darling family who is the loveliest lady in Bloomsbury . She is said to have a kiss that Wendy can never get and that is perfectly conspicuous on the right - hand corner of her mouth . Harry Newell as John Darling : The second - oldest child of the Darling family . Tiger Lily gives him a kiss which gives him strength to open the gate . Freddie Popplewell as Michael Darling : The youngest child of the Darling family , who carries a teddy bear with him . Ludivine Sagnier as Tinker Bell : A tinker fairy , and Peter Pan 's friend . She is jealous of Wendy and cares so deeply for Peter that she willingly sacrifices her life for him . Rebel as Nana : The dog nurse of the Darling family . Carsen Gray as Tiger Lily : The daughter of a Native American chief captured by Hook along with John and Michael as bait for Peter Pan . Mathew Waters as the Messenger Boy . Theodore Chester as Slightly : One of the Lost Boys . Rupert Simonian as Tootles : One of the Lost Boys . George MacKay as Curly : One of the Lost Boys . Harry Eden as Nibs : One of the Lost Boys .", "6": "Patrick Gooch and Lachlan Gooch as twin members of the Lost Boys . Production ( edit ) After the script was written , Stephen Cox , Chief Press Officer for Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust , gave the hospital 's approval , saying , `` We have read the script by P.J. Hogan and Michael Goldenberg and are delighted to report that we feel that it is in keeping with the original work whilst communicating to an audience with modern sensibilities . '' The visual effects in the film are a mixture of practical and digital . The fairies that appear in the film are actors composited into the film with some digital enhancements . According to actor Jason Isaacs , the filmmakers were impressed with actress Ludivine Sagnier 's performance and decided to abandon their plans to make Tinker Bell entirely computer animated . The film also features a large , computer - generated crocodile . Another character , an animatronic parrot , appears in some scenes on the pirate ship . A complex harness was built to send the live - action actors rotating and gliding through the air for the flight sequences . They were then composited into the shots of London and Never Land , although they are sometimes replaced with computer - generated figures . One other aspect of bringing the story to life was the complex sword - fighting sequences , for which the actors were trained . Sumpter said that , `` I had to train for five months before the shoot . I had to do harness training to learn how to fly and learn how to swordfight , '' and that , `` I got stabbed a couple of times with a sword . '' Hogan says that the flying scenes were very difficult to accomplish , but that , `` it was tougher on the kids than it was for me . They were up there on the harness 12 ' off the ground , having to make it look like flying is easy and fun . '' Sumpter grew several inches over the course of the film 's production , requiring staging tricks to retain Hook 's height advantage over Peter in face - to - face scenes late in the process . Hollywood - based producer Lucy Fisher also said that , `` The window he flies out of had to be enlarged twice . '' The film is dedicated to Dodi Al - Fayed , who was executive producer of the 1991 film Hook .", "7": "Al - Fayed planned to produce a live action version of Peter Pan , and shared his ideas with Princess Diana ( who was President of Great Ormond St Hospital ) , who said she `` could not wait to see the production once it was underway . '' Al - Fayed 's father , Mohammed Al - Fayed , co-produced the 2003 adaptation of the tale after his son died in the car crash which also killed Princess Diana . Finding Neverland , a film about J.M. Barrie and the creation of Peter Pan , was originally scheduled to be released in 2003 , but the producers of this film -- who held the screen rights to the story -- refused permission for that film to use scenes from the play unless its release was delayed until the following year . Filming , which lasted about twelve months and ended in June 2003 , took place entirely inside sound stages on Australia 's Gold Coast , Queensland . According to Fisher , the decision to shoot in Australia was based on the low value of the Australian dollar at that time . Hogan had originally planned on filming in a variety of locations such as Tahiti , New Zealand , and London but abandoned this idea after scouting some of the locations . Filming on sound stages did help `` retain some of the theatricality of the original play '' , something which Hogan thought was important . Universal distributed in France and in all countries where English was the primary language ( including the US and Canada ) , while Columbia released the film in the rest of the world . Worldwide digital and television rights are held by Sony / Revolution . As a result , the film is distributed on digital and television platforms by Debmar Murcury and 20th Television Deleted epilogue ( edit ) An alternate , extended ending based on Barrie 's epilogue is featured on the DVD , but with unfinished special effects and no music . In this version , Peter returns to the London house years later , finding an adult Wendy . He is deeply hurt when she tells him she has grown up , and walks over to her own daughter , asleep in bed . His sobbing awakes the little girl , and she introduces herself as Jane . Peter grins excitedly at Wendy , and with her mother 's permission , Jane flies away with Peter to Neverland as Wendy watches them through the window .", "8": "Merchandise ( edit ) For the promotion of the film , the original novel of Peter Pan by J.M. Barrie was released with the cover that was the same look as the teaser poster . A video game was also released only for the Game Boy Advance on 4 November 2003 . In it players can fly , fight , and solve various puzzles and collect special objects for special prizes and bonus points . The game received mixed reviews overall with Gamezone giving it a 6.4 / 10 , Cubed3 giving it a 5.2 / 10 , and Nintendo Power giving it a 2.2 / 5 . Cubed3 criticised the game for the bad dialogue and repetitive and rushed gameplay , but praising the graphics and sound . Release ( edit ) This film was released in theatres on 22 November 2003 in Australia , on 24 December 2003 in the United Kingdom and on 25 December 2003 in the United States of America and Canada . On March 2004 , The film was released on VHS and DVD on 4 May 2004 . This film had airs on Encore Starz on Demand with Babe : Pig in the City , Casper , The Borrowers and The Little Rascals since March 2004 and on HDNet Movies since July 2005 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 78 % based on 144 reviews , and an average rating of 6.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Solid if far from definitive , this version of Peter Pan is visually impressive , psychologically complex and faithful to its original source . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half out of four stars . MovieGuide has also favourably reviewed the film , calling it `` a wonderfully crafted , morally uplifting movie that intentionally emphasizes the fantasy elements of the story both in dialogue and design of the film . ''", "9": "Box office ( edit ) Peter Pan earned $48,462,608 at the box office in the United States and another $73.5 million outside the US , which brings the worldwide total to nearly $122 million . It faced competition from the highly anticipated The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King released the week before , and Cheaper by the Dozen , which opened on the same day . Accolades ( edit ) Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2003 Jeremy Sumpter Best Performance by a Younger Actor Won Best Fantasy Film Nominated Rachel Hurd - Wood Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated Janet Patterson Best Costumes Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2003 Peter Pan Best Family Film -- Live Action Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2003 Rachel Hurd - Wood Best Youth in Film Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2003 Peter Pan Best Live Action Family Film Nominated Jeremy Sumpter Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role -- Male Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2003 Yusei Uesugi Giles Hancock Outstanding Matte Painting in a Motion Picture Nominated Ludivine Sagnier Outstanding Performance by a Male or Female Actor in an Effects Film Nominated Young Artist Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result Jeremy Sumpter Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actor Won Peter Pan Best Family Feature Film -- Drama Won Rachel Hurd - Wood Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actress Nominated Harry Newell Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actor Nominated Carsen Gray Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Pan ( 2003 ) : Full Production Credits '' .", "10": "The New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 9 December 2003 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Gigli 's ' Real Price Tag -- Or , How Studios Lie About Budgets '' . The Wrap . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Pan ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Peter Pan '' Soars Again `` . About.com. 24 June 2002 . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wloszczyna , Susan ( 7 August 2003 ) . `` A Mature Peter Pan '' . USA Today . Retrieved 10 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Interview with ' Peter Pan ' Star , Jeremy Sumpter '' . about.com . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Director PJ Hogan Discovers Neverland With ' Peter Pan ' '' . about.com . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 16 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dodi Al - Fayed -- Peter Pan '' . Archived from the original on 20 June 2011 . The first step was for Dodi to negotiate an extension of the rights granted by the hospital to his father . He was in the process of doing that when he was killed . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Peter ( 23 December 2003 ) . `` Dark days loom for Aussie film industry '' . The Age . Australia : The Age Company Ltd . Retrieved 11 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Whipp , Glenn ( 29 December 2003 ) . `` Latest ' Pan ' film lets boys be boys , preserves spirit of classic '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 16 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Ramshaw , Mark . `` Peter Pan : Hook , Line and Tinker '' . VFXWorld . AWN , Inc .", "11": "Retrieved 15 January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 24 December 2003 ) . `` Peter Pan Review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PETER PAN Movieguide Movie Reviews for Christians '' . Movieguide The Family & Christian Guide to Movie Reviews . 17 August 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0316396/awards?ref_=tt_awd External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Pan ( 2003 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Peter Pan ( 2003 film ) Peter Pan on IMDb J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan Characters and setting Main Peter Pan Wendy Darling Captain Hook Mr.", "12": "Smee Tinker Bell Tiger Lily Other Neverland Lost Boys Pixie Hollow Cast members Literary adaptations Official books / plays The Little White Bird Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens Peter and Wendy ( play , book ) Peter Pan in Scarlet Starcatchers books Peter and the Starcatchers Peter and the Shadow Thieves Peter and the Secret of Rundoon Peter and the Sword of Mercy The Bridge to Never Land Never Land Books Film adaptations Peter Pan films Peter Pan ( 1924 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Peter Pan ( 1988 ) Hook Return to Never Land Neverland Peter Pan ( 2003 ) Pan Tinker Bell films Tinker Bell Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Pixie Hollow Games Secret of the Wings Pixie Hollow Bake Off The Pirate Fairy Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Adaptations Television 1976 musical The Adventures of Peter Pan Peter Pan & the Pirates Jake and the Never Land Pirates Once Upon a Time Neverland Peter Pan Live ! Peter and Wendy Stage 1950 musical 1954 musical Peter Pan : A Musical Adventure Peter and the Starcatcher Peter Pan 360 Peter and Alice Finding Neverland ( musical ) Wendy & Peter Pan Peter Pan Goes Wrong Disney 's Peter Pan Jr . Video games Peter Pan and the Pirates Peter Pan : Adventures in Never Land Kingdom Hearts Hook Prose The Child Thief Graphic novels Peter Pank Lost Girls Marvel Fairy Tales Music Albums The Wendy Trilogy Faith , Trust , and Pixie Dust `` Lost Boy '' ( Ruth B song ) Somewhere in Neverland `` Peter Pan '' ( Kelsea Ballerini song ) Attractions Disney on Ice Fantasmic ! Peter Pan 's Flight ( ride ) Pixie Hollow Allusions Never Never Land Biographies The Lost Boys Finding Neverland Related Llewelyn Davies boys Peter Pan syndrome / Wendy dilemma Peter Pan copyright Disney franchise Peter Pan statue Films directed by P.J.", "13": "Hogan Muriel 's Wedding ( 1994 ) My Best Friend 's Wedding ( 1997 ) Unconditional Love ( 2002 ) Peter Pan ( 2003 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Mental ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Pan_(2003_film)&oldid=837413937 '' Categories : 2003 films 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films American films English - language films Children 's fantasy films Fantasy adventure films Films based on plays Films set in 1904 Peter Pan films Pirate films American children 's adventure films American children 's fantasy films American fantasy adventure films Films about fairies and sprites Films set in London Films shot in Australia Films based on multiple works Mermaids in film Nonlinear narrative films Films scored by James Newton Howard Screenplays by Michael Goldenberg Films directed by P.J.", "14": "Hogan Universal Pictures films Columbia Pictures films Revolution Studios films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 EngvarB from November 2017 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 17 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1784166641721771683	what ethnic group celebrates its contribution to america in october	[ "Filipino American", "Filipino Americans", "Filipino Americans", "Filipino", "Filipino Americans" ]	{ "0": "Filipino American History Month - wikipedia Filipino American History Month Jump to : navigation , search Filipino American History Month Official name Filipino American History Month Observed by United States Type Secular , heritage , cultural , ethnic Significance Celebration of Filipino American history Begins 1 October Ends 31 October Frequency annual Related to Filipino - American Friendship Day Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Filipino American History Month ( also known as FAHM ) is celebrated in the United States during the month of October . The Filipino American National Historical Society established Filipino American History Month in the year 1988 . In California and Hawaii , where a large number of Filipino Americans reside , Filipino American History Month is widely celebrated . Many Filipino American organizations in these states often initiate their own independent celebrations . October was chosen to celebrate month to commemorate the arrival of the first Filipinos who landed in what is now Morro Bay , California on October 18 , 1587 . It is also the birth month of Filipino American labor leader Larry Itliong . This month is also officially recognized by the California Department of Education . 2006 was a pivotal year as it marked the centennial celebration of Filipino migration to the United States . While some used the term Filipino American Heritage Month interchangeably with Filipino American History Month , the Filipino American National Historical Society cites that the month should be properly focused on `` history '' instead of `` heritage '' . Whereas history includes the events , experiences , and lives of people and their impact on society , `` heritage '' is solely about cultural traditions handed down from the past . California ( edit ) In California , Filipino American History Month was first recognized statewide in 2006 , when the California Department of Education placed it on its celebrations calendar . In 2009 , California State Senator Leland Yee introduced a resolution , which was passed , that recognizes October as Filipino American History Month . It passed the California State Assembly and was submitted to the California Secretary of State . Nationally ( edit ) In the 103rd Congress , a resolution to nationally recognize Filipino American History Month was introduced . The House of the 111th Congress introduced a House Resolution 155 ( H. RES. 155 ) to officially recognize this month for Filipinos .", "1": "In October 2009 , the Senate of the 111th Congress passed a resolution recognizing Filipino American History Month . In November 2009 , Congress passed the resolution ( H. RES. 780 ) , officially recognizing October as Filipino American History Month . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rodney Jay C. Salinas ( 2002 ) . `` facts on filipino - american history '' . Filipino American Student Association . College of William & Mary . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Dayton ( 2012 ) . `` Filipino American History Month '' ( PDF ) . Governor of Minnesota . State of Minnesota . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Nadal , Kevin ( 2011 ) . Filipino American Psychology : A Handbook of Theory , Research , and Clinical Practice . John Wiley & Sons . p. 27 . ISBN 9781118019771 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Filipino Culture '' . Office of Campus Activities . Catholic University of America . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.kcet.org/socal-focus/filipino-american-history-425-years-and-counting Jump up ^ http://www.capradio.org/articles/2015/07/06/california-to-recognize-filipino-american-larry-itliong-on-oct-25 Jump up ^ `` Calendar of Events - CalEdFacts '' . Resources . California Department of Education . 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Case resolution marks centennial of Filipino immigration '' . KPUA . Associated Press . 27 July 2005 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Escobar Cantiveros , Rodolfo ( 2006 ) . `` The Filipino Journal '' . Filipino Journal . 20 ( 21 ) . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Susan Enright ( 6 October 2015 ) . `` October is Filipino American Heritage Month at UH Hilo '' . University of Hawaiʻi News . University of Hawaiʻi .", "2": "Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/FANHSnatl/photos/a.410893116719.190805.63311616719/10154865064441720/?type=3&theater Jump up ^ Calendar of Events - 2006 - Fact Book ( CA Dept of Education ) Archived September 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` California Senate Passes Filipino American History Month Legislation '' . The Virginian - Pilot . 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SCR 48 ( Yee ) '' . TotalCapitol.com , LLC. 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 48 '' ( PDF ) . Legislative Counsel . State of California . 25 September 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` H.J. RES. 141 '' ( PDF ) . United States Government Printing Office . 9 March 1993 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ H. RES. 155 - Recognizing Filipino American Heritage Month and celebrating the heritage and culture of Filipino Americans and their immense contributions to the Nation Jump up ^ `` S. Res. 298 - A resolution recognizing Filipino American History Month in October 2009 '' . Congress.gov . Library of Congress . 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` H. Res. 780 - Recognizing the celebration of Filipino American History Month in October '' . Congress.gov . Library of Congress . 2 November 2009 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodel Rodis ( 5 November 2009 ) . `` Filipino American History Month '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr .", "3": "Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. 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Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL ,", "4": "MS ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory over Japan Day ( RI ,", "5": "former federal ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH ,", "6": "OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filipino_American_History_Month&oldid=818182295 '' Categories : Filipino - American history Asian - American culture October observances Commemorative months Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Moveable holidays ( to check ) Infobox holiday ( other ) Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 02 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-529657106587628938	what is a work function of a metal	[ "the minimum thermodynamic work (i.e. energy) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface" ]	{ "0": "Work function - wikipedia Work function Jump to : navigation , search In solid - state physics , the work function ( sometimes spelled workfunction ) is the minimum thermodynamic work ( i.e. energy ) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface . Here `` immediately '' means that the final electron position is far from the surface on the atomic scale , but still too close to the solid to be influenced by ambient electric fields in the vacuum . The work function is not a characteristic of a bulk material , but rather a property of the surface of the material ( depending on crystal face and contamination ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Applications 3 Measurement 3.1 Methods based on thermionic emission 3.1. 1 Work function of cold electron collector 3.2 Methods based on photoemission 3.3 Kelvin probe method 4 Work functions of elements 5 Physical factors that determine the work function 5.1 Surface dipole 5.2 Doping and electric field effect ( semiconductors ) 5.3 Theoretical models of metal work functions 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Definition ( edit ) The work function W for a given surface is defined by the difference W = − e φ − E F , ( \\ displaystyle W = - e \\ phi - E_ ( \\ rm ( F ) ) , ) where − e is the charge of an electron , φ is the electrostatic potential in the vacuum nearby the surface , and E is the Fermi level ( electrochemical potential of electrons ) inside the material . The term − eφ is the energy of an electron at rest in the vacuum nearby the surface . In words , the work function is thus defined as the thermodynamic work required to remove an electron from the material to a state at rest in the vacuum nearby the surface . Plot of electron energy levels against position , in a gold - vacuum - aluminium system . The two metals depicted here are in complete thermodynamic equilibrium . However , the vacuum electrostatic potential φ is not flat due to a difference in work function . In practice , one directly controls E by the voltage applied to the material through electrodes , and the work function is generally a fixed characteristic of the surface material .", "1": "Consequently , this means that when a voltage is applied to a material , the electrostatic potential φ produced in the vacuum will be somewhat lower than the applied voltage , the difference depending on the work function of the material surface . Rearranging the above equation , one has φ = V − W e ( \\ displaystyle \\ phi = V - ( \\ frac ( W ) ( e ) ) ) where V = − E / e is the voltage of the material ( as measured by a voltmeter , through an attached electrode ) , relative to an electrical ground that is defined as having zero Fermi level . The fact that φ depends on material surface means that the space between two dissimilar conductors will have a built - in electric field , when those conductors are in total equilibrium with each other ( electrically shorted to each other , and with equal temperatures ) . An example of this situation is depicted in the adjacent figure . As described in the next section , these built - in vacuum electric fields can have important consequences in some cases . Applications ( edit ) Thermionic emission In thermionic electron guns , the work function and temperature of the hot cathode are critical parameters in determining the amount of current that can be emitted . Tungsten , the common choice for vacuum tube filaments , can survive to high temperatures but its emission is somewhat limited due to its relatively high work function ( approximately 4.5 eV ) . By coating the tungsten with a substance of lower work function ( e.g. , thorium or barium oxide ) , the emission can be greatly increased . This prolongs the lifetime of the filament by allowing operation at lower temperatures ( for more information , see hot cathode ) . Band bending models in solid - state electronics The behavior of a solid - state device is strongly dependent on the size of various Schottky barriers and band offsets in the junctions of differing materials , such as metals , semiconductors , and insulators . Some commonly used heuristic approaches to predict the band alignment between materials , such as Anderson 's rule and the Schottky - Mott rule , are based on the thought experiment of two materials coming together in vacuum , such that the surfaces charge up and adjust their work functions to become equal just before contact . In reality these work function heuristics are inaccurate due to their neglect of numerous microscopic effects . However .", "2": "they provide a convenient estimate until the true value can be determined by experiment . Equilibrium electric fields in vacuum chambers Variation in work function between different surfaces causes a non-uniform electrostatic potential in the vacuum . Even on an ostensibly uniform surface , variations in W known as patch potentials are always present due to microscopic inhomogeneities . Patch potentials have disrupted sensitive apparatus that rely on a perfectly uniform vacuum , such as Casimir force experiments and the Gravity Probe B experiment . Critical apparatus may have surfaces covered with molybdenum , which shows low variations in work function between different crystal faces . Contact electrification If two conducting surfaces are moved relative to each other , and there is potential difference in the space between them , then an electric current will be driven . This is because the surface charge on a conductor depends on the magnitude of the electric field , which in turn depends on the distance between the surfaces . The externally observed electrical effects are largest when the conductors are separated by the smallest distance without touching ( once brought into contact , the charge will instead flow internally through the junction between the conductors ) . Since two conductors in equilibrium can have a built - in potential difference due to work function differences , this means that bringing dissimilar conductors into contact , or pulling them apart , will drive electric currents . These contact currents can damage sensitive microelectronic circuitry and occur even when the conductors would be grounded in the absence of motion . Measurement ( edit ) Certain physical phenomena are highly sensitive to the value of the work function . The observed data from these effects can be fitted to simplified theoretical models , allowing one to extract a value of the work function . These phenomenologically extracted work functions may be slightly different from the thermodynamic definition given above . For inhomogeneous surfaces , the work function varies from place to place , and different methods will yield different values of the typical `` work function '' as they average or select differently among the microscopic work functions . Many techniques have been developed based on different physical effects to measure the electronic work function of a sample . One may distinguish between two groups of experimental methods for work function measurements : absolute and relative . Absolute methods employ electron emission from the sample induced by photon absorption ( photoemission ) , by high temperature ( thermionic emission ) , due to an electric field ( field electron emission ) , or using electron tunnelling .", "3": "Relative methods make use of the contact potential difference between the sample and a reference electrode . Experimentally , either an anode current of a diode is used or the displacement current between the sample and reference , created by an artificial change in the capacitance between the two , is measured ( the Kelvin Probe method , Kelvin probe force microscope ) . Methods based on thermionic emission ( edit ) The work function is important in the theory of thermionic emission , where thermal fluctuations provide enough energy to `` evaporate '' electrons out of a hot material ( called the ' emitter ' ) into the vacuum . If these electrons are absorbed by another , cooler material ( called the collector ) then a measurable electric current will be observed . Thermionic emission can be used to measure the work function of both the hot emitter and cold collector . Generally , these measurement involve fitting to Richardson 's law , and so they must be carried out in a low temperature and low current regime where space charge effects are absent . Energy level diagrams for thermionic diode in forward bias configuration , used to extract all hot electrons coming out from the emitter 's surface . The barrier is the vacuum near emitter surface . In order to move from the hot emitter to the vacuum , an electron 's energy must exceed the emitter Fermi level by an amount E b a r r i e r = W e ( \\ displaystyle E_ ( \\ rm ( barrier ) ) = W_ ( \\ rm ( e ) ) ) determined simply by the thermionic work function of the emitter . If an electric field is applied towards the surface of the emitter , then all of the escaping electrons will be accelerated away from the emitter and absorbed into whichever material is applying the electric field .", "4": "According to Richardson 's law the emitted current density ( per unit area of emitter ) , J ( A / m ) , is related to the absolute temperature T of the emitter by the equation : J e = − A e T e 2 e − E b a r r i e r / k T e ( \\ displaystyle J_ ( \\ rm ( e ) ) = - A_ ( \\ rm ( e ) ) T_ ( \\ rm ( e ) ) ^ ( 2 ) e ^ ( - E_ ( \\ rm ( barrier ) ) / kT_ ( \\ rm ( e ) ) ) ) where k is the Boltzmann constant and the proportionality constant A is the Richardson 's constant of the emitter . In this case , the dependence of J on T can be fitted to yield W . Work function of cold electron collector ( edit ) Energy level diagrams for thermionic diode in retarding potential configuration . The barrier is the vacuum near collector surface . The same setup can be used to instead measure the work function in the collector , simply by adjusting the applied voltage . If an electric field is applied away from the emitter instead , then most of the electrons coming from the emitter will simply be reflected back to the emitter . Only the highest energy electrons will have enough energy to reach the collector , and the height of the potential barrier in this case depends on the collector 's work function , rather than the emitter 's . The current is still governed by Richardson 's law . However , in this case the barrier height does not depend on W . The barrier height now depends on the work function of the collector , as well as any additional applied voltages : E b a r r i e r = W c − e ( Δ V c e − Δ V S ) ( \\ displaystyle E_ ( \\ rm ( barrier ) ) = W_ ( \\ rm ( c ) ) - e ( \\ Delta V_ ( \\ rm ( ce ) ) - \\ Delta V_ ( \\ rm ( S ) ) ) ) where W is the collector 's thermionic work function , ΔV is the applied collector -- emitter voltage , and ΔV is the Seebeck voltage in the hot emitter ( the influence of ΔV is often omitted , as it is a small contribution of order 10 mV ) .", "5": "The resulting current density J through the collector ( per unit of collector area ) is again given by Richardson 's Law , except now J c = A T e 2 e − E b a r r i e r / k T e ( \\ displaystyle J_ ( \\ rm ( c ) ) = AT_ ( \\ rm ( e ) ) ^ ( 2 ) e ^ ( - E_ ( \\ rm ( barrier ) ) / kT_ ( \\ rm ( e ) ) ) ) where A is a Richardson - type constant that depends on the collector material but may also depend on the emitter material , and the diode geometry . In this case , the dependence of J on T , or on ΔV , can be fitted to yield W . This retarding potential method is one of the simplest and oldest methods of measuring work functions , and is advantageous since the measured material ( collector ) is not required to survive high temperatures . Methods based on photoemission ( edit ) Photoelectric diode in forward bias configuration , used for measuring the work function W of the illuminated emitter . The photoelectric work function is the minimum photon energy required to liberate an electron from a substance , in the photoelectric effect . If the photon 's energy is greater than the substance 's work function , photoelectric emission occurs and the electron is liberated from the surface . Similar to the thermionic case described above , the liberated electrons can be extracted into a collector and produce a detectable current , if an electric field is applied into the surface of the emitter . Excess photon energy results in a liberated electron with non-zero kinetic energy . It is expected that the minimum photon energy ħ ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ hbar \\ omega ) required to liberate an electron ( and generate a current ) is ħ ω = W e ( \\ displaystyle \\ hbar \\ omega = W_ ( \\ rm ( e ) ) ) where W is the work function of the emitter . Photoelectric measurements require a great deal of care , as an incorrectly designed experimental geometry can result in an erroneous measurement of work function . This may be responsible for the large variation in work function values in scientific literature . Moreover , the minimum energy can be misleading in materials where there are no actual electron states at the Fermi level that are available for excitation .", "6": "For example , in a semiconductor the minimum photon energy would actually correspond to the valence band edge rather than work function . Of course , the photoelectric effect may be used in the retarding mode , as with the thermionic apparatus described above . In the retarding case , the dark collector 's work function is measured instead . Kelvin probe method ( edit ) See also : Volta potential and Kelvin probe force microscope Kelvin probe energy diagram at flat vacuum configuration , used for measuring work function difference between sample and probe . The Kelvin probe technique relies on the detection of an electric field ( gradient in φ ) between a sample material and probe material . The electric field can be varied by the voltage ΔV that is applied to the probe relative to the sample . If the voltage is chosen such that the electric field is eliminated ( the flat vacuum condition ) , then e Δ V s p = W s − W p , when φ is flat . ( \\ displaystyle e \\ Delta V_ ( \\ rm ( sp ) ) = W_ ( \\ rm ( s ) ) - W_ ( \\ rm ( p ) ) , \\ quad ( \\ text ( when ) ) ~ \\ phi ~ ( \\ text ( is flat ) ) . ) Since the experimenter controls and knows ΔV , then finding the flat vacuum condition gives directly the work function difference between the two materials . The only question is , how to detect the flat vacuum condition ? Typically , the electric field is detected by varying the distance between the sample and probe . When the distance is changed but ΔV is held constant , a current will flow due to the change in capacitance . This current is proportional to the vacuum electric field , and so when the electric field is neutralized no current will flow . Although the Kelvin probe technique only measures a work function difference , it is possible to obtain an absolute work function by first calibrating the probe against a reference material ( with known work function ) and then using the same probe to measure a desired sample . The Kelvin probe technique can be used to obtain work function maps of a surface with extremely high spatial resolution , by using a sharp tip for the probe ( see Kelvin probe force microscope ) . Work functions of elements ( edit ) Below is a table of work function values for various elements . Note that the work function depends on the configurations of atoms at the surface of the material .", "7": "For example , on polycrystalline silver the work function is 4.26 eV , but on silver crystals it varies for different crystal faces as ( 100 ) face : 4.64 eV , ( 110 ) face : 4.52 eV , ( 111 ) face : 4.74 eV . Ranges for typical surfaces are shown in the table below . Work function of elements ( eV ) Ag 4.26 -- 4.74 Al 4.06 -- 4.26 As 3.75 Au 5.10 -- 5.47 ~ 4.45 Ba 2.52 -- 2.70 Be 4.98 Bi 4.31 ~ 5 Ca 2.87 Cd 4.08 Ce 2.9 Co 5 Cr 4.5 Cs 1.95 Cu 4.53 -- 5.10 Eu 2.5 Fe : 4.67 -- 4.81 Ga 4.32 Gd 2.90 Hf 3.90 Hg 4.475 In 4.09 Ir 5.00 -- 5.67 2.29 La 3.5 Li 2.9 Lu ~ 3.3 Mg 3.66 Mn 4.1 Mo 4.36 -- 4.95 Na 2.36 Nb 3.95 -- 4.87 Nd 3.2 Ni 5.04 -- 5.35 Os 5.93 Pb 4.25 Pd 5.22 -- 5.60 Pt 5.12 -- 5.93 Rb 2.261 Re 4.72 Rh 4.98 Ru 4.71 Sb 4.55 -- 4.70 Sc 3.5 Se 5.9 Si 4.60 -- 4.85 Sm 2.", "8": "7 Sn 4.42 Sr ~ 2.59 Ta 4.00 -- 4.80 Tb 3.00 Te 4.95 Th 3.4 Ti 4.33 Tl ~ 3.84 U 3.63 -- 3.90 V 4.3 4.32 -- 5.22 Y 3.1 Yb 2.60 Zn 3.63 -- 4.9 Zr 4.05 Physical factors that determine the work function ( edit ) Due to the complications described in the modelling section below , it is difficult to theoretically predict the work function with accuracy . Various trends have , however , been identified . The work function tends to be smaller for metals with an open lattice , and larger for metals in which the atoms are closely packed . It is somewhat higher on dense crystal faces than open crystal faces , also depending on surface reconstructions for the given crystal face . Surface dipole ( edit ) The work function is not simply dependent on the `` internal vacuum level '' inside the material ( i.e. , its average electrostatic potential ) , because of the formation of an atomic - scale electric double layer at the surface . This surface electric dipole gives a jump in the electrostatic potential between the material and the vacuum . A variety of factors are responsible for the surface electric dipole . Even with a completely clean surface , the electrons can spread slightly into the vacuum , leaving behind a slightly positively charged layer of material . This primarily occurs in metals , where the bound electrons do not encounter a hard wall potential at the surface but rather a gradual ramping potential due to image charge attraction . The amount of surface dipole depends on the detailed layout of the atoms at the surface of the material , leading to the variation in work function for different crystal faces . Doping and electric field effect ( semiconductors ) ( edit ) Band diagram of semiconductor - vacuum interface showing electron affinity E , defined as the difference between near - surface vacuum energy E , and near - surface conduction band edge E. Also shown : Fermi level E , valence band edge E , work function W .", "9": "In a semiconductor , the work function is sensitive to the doping level at the surface of the semiconductor . Since the doping near the surface can also be controlled by electric fields , the work function of a semiconductor is also sensitive to the electric field in the vacuum . The reason for the dependence is that , typically , the vacuum level and the conduction band edge retain a fixed spacing independent of doping . This spacing is called the electron affinity ( note that this has a different meaning than the electron affinity of chemistry ) ; in silicon for example the electron affinity is 4.05 eV . If the electron affinity E and the surface 's band - referenced Fermi level E-E are known , then the work function is given by W = E E A + E C − E F ( \\ displaystyle W = E_ ( \\ rm ( EA ) ) + E_ ( \\ rm ( C ) ) - E_ ( \\ rm ( F ) ) ) where E is taken at the surface . From this one might expect that by doping the bulk of the semiconductor , the work function can be tuned . In reality , however , the energies of the bands near the surface are often pinned to the Fermi level , due to the influence of surface states . If there is a large density of surface states , then the work function of the semiconductor will show a very weak dependence on doping or electric field . Theoretical models of Metal work functions ( edit ) Theoretical modelling of the work function is difficult , as an accurate model requires a careful treatment of both electronic many body effects and surface chemistry ; both of these topics are already complex in their own right . One of the earliest successful models for metal work function trends was the jellium model , which allowed for oscillations in electronic density nearby the abrupt surface ( these are similar to Friedel oscillations ) as well as the tail of electron density extending outside the surface . This model showed why the density of conduction electrons ( as represented by the Wigner - Seitz radius r ) is an important parameter in determining work function . The jellium model is only a partial explanation , as its predictions still show significant deviation from real work functions .", "10": "More recent models have focussed on including more accurate forms of electron exchange and correlation effects , as well as including the crystal face dependence ( this requires the inclusion of the actual atomic lattice , something that is neglected in the jellium model ) . The electron behaviour in metals varies with temperature and is largely reflected by the electron work function . A recent theoretical model for predicting the temperature dependence of the electron work function , developed by Reza Rahemi et . al. explains the underlying mechanism and predicts this temperature dependence for various crystal structures via calculable and measurable parameters . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kittel , Charles . Introduction to Solid State Physics ( 7th ed . ) . Wiley . Jump up ^ Herbert Kroemer , `` Quasi-Electric Fields and Band Offsets : Teaching Electrons New Tricks '' Nobel lecture Jump up ^ `` Barrier Height Correlations and Systematics '' . academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Behunin , R.O. ; Intravaia , F. ; Dalvit , D.A.R. ; Neto , P.A.M. ; Reynaud , S. ( 2012 ) . `` Modeling electrostatic patch effects in Casimir force measurements '' . Physical Review A. 85 . arXiv : 1108.1761 . Bibcode : 2012PhRvA ... 85a2504B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevA. 85.012504 . Jump up ^ Will , C.M. ( 2011 ) . `` Finally , results from Gravity Probe B '' . Physics. 4 . arXiv : 1106.1198 . Bibcode : 2011PhyOJ ... 4 ... 43W . doi : 10.1103 / Physics. 4.43 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metal surfaces 1a '' . venables.asu.edu . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Thomas Iii , S.W. ; Vella , S.J. ; Dickey , M.D. ; Kaufman , G.K. ; Whitesides , G.M. ( 2009 ) .", "11": "`` Controlling the Kinetics of Contact Electrification with Patterned Surfaces '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 131 ( 25 ) : 8746 -- 8747 . doi : 10.1021 / ja902862b . PMID 19499916 . ^ Jump up to : Helander , M.G. ; Greiner , M.T. ; Wang , Z.B. ; Lu , Z.H. ( 2010 ) . `` Pitfalls in measuring work function using photoelectron spectroscopy '' . Applied Surface Science . 256 ( 8 ) : 2602 . Bibcode : 2010ApSS ... 256.2602 H . doi : 10.1016 / j. apsusc. 2009.11. 002 . Jump up ^ G.L. Kulcinski , `` Thermionic Energy Conversion '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Photoelectron Emission '' . www.virginia.edu . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics version 2008 , p. 12 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Dweydari , A.W. ; Mee , C.H.B. ( 1975 ) . `` Work function measurements on ( 100 ) and ( 110 ) surfaces of silver '' . Physica Status Solidi ( a ) . 27 : 223 . Bibcode : 1975PSSAR ... 27 ... 223D . doi : 10.1002 / pssa. 2210270126 . Jump up ^ Nikolic , M.V. ; Radic , S.M. ; Minic , V. ; Ristic , M.M. ( February 1996 ) . `` The dependence of the work function of rare earth metals on their electron structure '' . Microelectronics Journal . 27 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 96 . doi : 10.1016 / 0026 - 2692 ( 95 ) 00097 - 6 . ISSN 0026 - 2692 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 .", "12": "Jump up ^ http://www.virginiasemi.com/pdf/generalpropertiessi62002.pdf Jump up ^ `` Semiconductor Free Surfaces '' . academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Bardeen , J. ( 1947 ) . `` Surface States and Rectification at a Metal Semi-Conductor Contact '' . Physical Review . 71 ( 10 ) : 717 . Bibcode : 1947PhRv ... 71 ... 717B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 71.717 . Jump up ^ Lang , N. ; Kohn , W. ( 1971 ) . `` Theory of Metal Surfaces : Work Function '' . Physical Review B. 3 ( 4 ) : 1215 . Bibcode : 1971PhRvB ... 3.1215 L . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 3.1215 . Jump up ^ Kiejna , A. ; Wojciechowski , K.F. ( 1996 ) . Metal Surface Electron Physics . Elsevier . ISBN 9780080536347 . Jump up ^ Rahemi , Reza ; Li , Dongyang ( April 2015 ) . `` Variation in electron work function with temperature and its effect on the Young 's modulus of metals '' . Scripta Materialia. 99 : 41 -- 44 . arXiv : 1503.08250 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scriptamat. 2014.11. 022 . Further reading ( edit ) Ashcroft ; Mermin ( 1976 ) . Solid State Physics . Thomson Learning , Inc . Goldstein , Newbury ; et al. ( 2003 ) . Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis . New York : Springer . For a quick reference to values of work function of the elements : Michaelson , Herbert B. ( 1977 ) . `` The work function of the elements and its periodicity '' . J. Appl . Phys. 48 : 4729 .", "13": "Bibcode : 1977JAP ... 48.4729 M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.323539 . External links ( edit ) Work function of polymeric insulators ( Table 2.1 ) Work function of diamond and doped carbon Work functions of common metals Work functions of various metals for the photoelectric effect Physics of free surfaces of semiconductors * Some of the work functions listed on these sites do not agree !", "14": "* ( hide ) Thermionic valves Theoretical principles Thermionic emission Work function Hot cathode Space charge Control grid Suppressor grid Anode Glowing anode Getter Types Diode Audion Triode Acorn tube Nuvistor Tetrode Beam tetrode Pentode Pentagrid ( Hexode , Heptode , Octode ) Nonode Cathode ray tube Additron Backward - wave oscillator Beam deflection tube Charactron Compactron Eidophor Iconoscope Inductive output tube Kinescope Klystron Magic eye Magnetron Monoscope Phototube Photomultiplier Selectron tube Storage tube Sutton tube Talaria projector Traveling - wave tube Trochotron Video camera tube Williams tube Fleming valve Numbering systems RMA RETMA Marconi - Osram Mullard -- Philips JIS Russian Examples List of vacuum tubes List of tube sockets NDL : 01212250 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Work_function&oldid=837439054 '' Categories : Condensed matter physics Concepts in physics Vacuum Vacuum tubes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 20 : 37 . 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7937545581647887851	make it or break it who goes to the olympics	[ "Payson", "Lauren", "Kaylie", "Jordan", "Colleen", "Payson", "Lauren", "Kaylie", "Jordan", "Colleen", "Payson", "Lauren", "Kaylie", "Jordan", "Colleen", "Payson", "Lauren", "Kaylie", "Jordan", "Colleen", "Payson", "Lauren", "Kaylie", "Jordan", "Colleen" ]	{ "0": "Make It or Break It - wikipedia Make It or Break It Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Make It or Break It Genre Family drama Teen drama Created by Holly Sorensen Starring Josie Loren Ayla Kell Cassie Scerbo Susan Ward Neil Jackson Candace Cameron Bure Peri Gilpin Chelsea Hobbs Johnny Pacar Anthony Starke Dondre Whitfield Theme music composer Michael Suby Opening theme `` Make It or Break It '' by Michael Suby Composer ( s ) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 48 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Holly Sorensen Paul Stupin John Ziffren Producer ( s ) Kevin C. Slattery David Hartle Maria L. Melograne Nancy Haas Location ( s ) Los Angeles , CA California State University , Long Beach Long Beach , CA < br Santa Monica Civic Auditorium Santa Monica , CA Santa Clarita Studios The Ranch , Disney Studious Santa Clarita , CA Westlake Village , CA Cinematography Patrick Cady Roy H. Wagner Jonathan West Editor ( s ) Elena Malagini Nathan Easterling Lori Jane Coleman David A. Simmons Nicholas Erasmus William Marrinson Jan Northrop Camera setup Film ; Single - camera Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Super Delicious ! ( pilot ) Pirates ' Cove Entertainment ProdCo Original Hollycake ( from season 2 ) ABC Family Original Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Family Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release June 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ) -- May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) abcfamily.go.com/shows/make-it-break-it Make It or Break It ( a.k.a.", "1": "MIOBI ) is an American teen / family comedy - drama television series that focused on the lives of teen gymnasts who strived to make it to the Olympic Games . The series was inspired by Touchstone 's 2006 teen comedy - drama film Stick It . It premiered on ABC Family on June 22 , 2009 , with 2.5 million viewers . The show was picked up for an additional 10 episodes on July 27 , 2009 , which started airing on January 4 , 2010 , bringing the total number of episodes in the first season to 20 . In January 2010 , the show was renewed for a second season , which premiered on June 28 , 2010 at 10 pm . Starting on July 13 , 2010 , new episodes aired following Pretty Little Liars . The show 's second season resumed after a six - month hiatus on March 28 , 2011 . The series was renewed for a third season on September 16 , 2011 , which premiered on March 26 , 2012 . It was announced on April 26 , 2012 , that the series had ended and the third season would be the final season . The series finale aired on May 14 , 2012 . Internationally , the show aired on E4 in the United Kingdom , Zee Café in India , Fox8 in Australia , ABC Spark in Canada , RTM2 in Malaysia , and on TV2 in New Zealand . Make It or Break It was created by Holly Sorensen who , along with Paul Stupin and John Ziffren , served as the show 's executive producers . The stunt doubles were former elite , Olympian or NCAA champion gymnasts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast and characters 2.2 Recurring cast and characters 3 U.S.", "2": "Nielsen ratings 4 DVD releases 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Make It or Break It episodes In the season one premiere , Payson Keeler ( Ayla Kell ) , Kaylie Cruz ( Josie Loren ) , and Lauren Tanner ( Cassie Scerbo ) are elite - level gymnasts . They train at one of the best gyms in the country , the fictional `` Rocky Mountain Gymnastics Training Center '' ( or `` The Rock '' ) in Boulder , Colorado , in hopes of winning gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics . The girls have been best friends and teammates for years . They are joined by newcomer Emily Kmetko ( Chelsea Hobbs ) , an untrained gymnastics phenomenon plucked from obscurity . It is revealed that Emily 's family is struggling for money , and she has to work at Pizza Shack to keep them afloat , and receives scholarship money to do gymnastics . The Rock 's Athletes compete for places on the club 's team for nationals . Emily ranks third ahead of Lauren , despite Lauren 's attempt to sabotage her vault . The girls ' futures are thrown into turmoil when their head coach , Marty Walsh ( Erik Palladino ) , is blackmailed out of his job at The Rock by Lauren 's father Steve , who is angry that his daughter was beaten by Emily . Marty is forced to move to The Rock 's rival gym in Denver , taking Lauren and other gymnasts with him . It is revealed later that Kaylie 's mother ( Rosa Blasi ) and Marty were having an affair , and he left to keep the secret from being exposed . After a visit from an angry Payson ( who is joined by Kaylie , Emily and her sister Becca ) , Marty tells Steve he is in charge from now on and will do things his way . Steve then goes in search of Sasha Belov , the only gymnast to have beaten Marty Walsh to an Olympic gold medal . Belov tells Tanner he is n't interested because Steve split up what could have been the greatest team in US history when he took Lauren to Denver . Steve and Lauren then return to the rock accompanied by Sasha .", "3": "While Payson appreciates Sasha 's experience and drive , the other girls chafe at his demanding style . Kaylie and Emily decide to go to a party before Sasha 's new regime is put in place . Payson agrees to go as a chaperone . At the party Emily meets Razor , a coworker from the pizza shack , and a drunk Kaylie is seen by her secret boyfriend Carter having told him she could n't go out because her Dad would n't let her . Meanwhile , Lauren abandons her birthday meal with her father , after he brings his executive assistant ( and girlfriend ) Summer . She goes to the party and comforts Carter . The two sleep together , but it clearly does n't mean as much to Carter as it does to Lauren . Throughout the season , Emily tries to hide the fact she has to work to support her family , fearing this news could jeopardize her scholarship . However , she is forced to confess this to the other girls while they are cleaning mats as punishment for going to the party . They help her climb out the window to get to work in time to avoid being fired . Kaylie hides her relationship with Carter Anderson , another gymnast at The Rock . Lauren is hiding the fact that she has lost her virginity to Carter from Kaylie , while trying to get him to go out with her instead and struggling to fight the feeling that Summer is trying to replace her mother or is after her father 's money . Payson has back problems and tries to conceal this from her parents and Sasha because she is desperate not to lose her chance to become National Champion and beat her rival , Kelly Parker ( Nicole Gale Anderson ) in a pre-nationals club meet between The Denver Elite and The Rock . While Payson manages to beat Kelly , Emily attempts a more difficult dismount on bars than the one Sasha told her to do and falls . She is banned from competing at nationals and suspended from the rock . Damon , a friend of Razors who is covering his shifts at the Pizza Shack helps Emily break into the gym at night to perfect the move and prove herself to Sasha . However , she is n't allowed back until she get over her trust issues and lets Sasha help her . Lauren warms up to Summer who convinces Steve to give Lauren her mother 's contact details so she can come to watch her at nationals .", "4": "Lauren goes to the bus stop but her mother Leslie never arrives . Later at nationals Summer realizes that Steve threatened Leslie into not coming and their argument results in a break - up . Before nationals , Carter confesses to Kaylie that he cheated . She disappears , but Emily , Lauren and Payson find her at gymnastics camp . Lauren reveals it was her who slept with Carter , but eventually all the girls put aside their differences and return to Boulder in time to leave for nationals . Payson is favorite to win but after a fall on the uneven bars , she fractures her spine and is told she can never do gymnastics again . Kaylie receives the title of National Champion , beating Kelly Parker . Lauren places fifth and Emily places twelfth , meaning that all three receive spots on the National Team . As season one resumes , Payson deals with what seems to be the end of her gymnastics career and dreams . Summer and Sasha begin a relationship , and Emily and Payson get closer . Payson undergoes cutting - edge surgery to fix her spine . Although the operation is successful , she does not want to return to gymnastics , fearing she will re-injure herself . Meanwhile , the three Rock girls find an enemy in the head of the National Gymnastics Committee , Ellen Beals ( Michelle Clunie ) , who prizes obedience to her authority and feels threatened by The Rock girls ' independence . Emily wrestles with her desire to be an Olympic gymnast and her love for Damon , a co-worker at The Pizza Shack where she works . Carter is allowed back in The Rock and finds support from Lauren after she learns he is living in his car , having been kicked out of the home by his father , who does not support his gymnastics career . Payson 's father is laid off from his job and has to accept another one far from Boulder . Payson 's mother , Kim ( Peri Gilpin ) takes over managing The Rock , as the girls are shut out of the National Team . Kaylie and Emily are kept back from a USA vs. China meet . To get The Rock girls recognized as being international standard , The Rock holds a private meet between them and the Chinese National Team . Ellen Beals pressures Kaylie not to compete , telling her she might lose and damage her profile .", "5": "Ellen also blackmails Emily , telling her if she competes she will have her scholarship revoked after Ellen finds out about Emily 's job at the Pizza Shack . Working together , the girls get five medals , more than the U.S. National Team got in Beijing . In the second season , the girls are joined at The Rock by superstar male gymnast Austin Tucker ( Zane Holtz ) . Payson refuses to accept her body has changed since her injury and is encouraged to petition to the National Team by Ellen Beals against the advice of Sasha , who thinks she is not ready . Her petition is denied , and she is heartbroken until Sasha convinces her to return , hoping to revitalize her career by transitioning her into being an artistic gymnast . Payson , whose previous style emphasized power over grace , is skeptical but comes around and finds herself romantically attracted to Sasha . She impulsively kisses him , but he pushes her away . The Kmetko family struggles financially with the loss of Emily 's scholarship , until Steve Tanner secretly organizes a private scholarship to fund her training , after beginning a relationship with Chloe . When Emily finds out where the money is coming from , she refuses to accept the charity . Chloe secretly begins work as a bartender in a strip club . Emily 's brother begins to have seizures because his prescription has not been refilled . Discovering problems with their insurance and not having money to pay for the medication , Emily steals the medication and is arrested . Lauren finds the tape of Sasha and Payson 's kiss in the practice camera . In an effort to get rid of Sasha and have Summer get back with her father , she leaks the first part ( showing only the kiss ) to Ellen Beals and deletes the later part ( showing Sasha pushing Payson away ) . This results in Sasha being dismissed and Steve Tanner becoming president of The Rock . Summer is behind Sasha and does not believe he would act inappropriately . Sasha and Summer break up because though Sasha respects Summer 's values , he does not share them . Newly minted national champion Kaylie struggles with the demands of her position and develops an eating disorder . Her parents refuse to believe it , but Austin tries to convince Kaylie that she needs help . In the midseason finale , the girls compete at trials for the World Championships .", "6": "Payson confronts the gymnastics committee , asking them to accept her as an artistic gymnast . Police arrive to take Emily away , as she has missed her court hearing . Kaylie collapses while competing and is rushed to the hospital . All four girls make the Worlds team . When Season Two returns , the girls cope with the loss of Sasha Belov . After breaking down , Kaylie admits to having an eating disorder and seeks treatment . Austin supports her , and they begin a relationship . Emily is forced to wear an ankle monitor due to her probation after being caught stealing . The other girls train for the World Gymnastics Competition , a task made harder by the presence of their arch enemy , Kelly Parker , at The Rock . Sasha returns after the girls track him down in Romania , and Lauren starts to like him better as he begins coaching her directly . While in recovery , Kaylie offers her mother 's old recording studio to Emily 's boyfriend Damon , who has been struggling to make an album in order to impress his new record label . After Emily witnesses Kaylie and Damon singing together at the Pizza Shack , she imagines Damon is unfaithful and breaks up with him . Emily learns that she is pregnant , and Damon is the father . After members of the NGO try to persuade her to have an abortion , she insists that they have controlled her life for too long . She ignores their suggestion , and she keeps the baby . After informing Damon of the baby , she insists that being teen parents together will be perfect . Emily returns immediately to pack but is interrupted by Kaylie . Kaylie tells her that after Damon and Emily broke up , Damon kissed Kaylie . Feeling betrayed , Emily leaves to live with her godmother in Las Vegas without telling Damon . Eventually , Damon finds Emily and decides to be there for her . Summer and Steve Tanner become engaged . A new gymnast , Max ( Josh Bowman ) , comes to The Rock , attracting the attention of Lauren and Payson . Though Max seems more interested in Payson , she is more focused on her dream . Lauren pursues him past the point of ridiculousness . She assures Payson that Max is her new boyfriend ; Max denies this . Max , Austin , and Payson help Kaylie train in secret , as they try to convince Sasha that Kaylie is ready to compete at Worlds .", "7": "In the wake of Emily 's departure , Kelly Parker becomes closer to Kaylie , despite the scheming of her stage mother , Sheila ( Kathy Najimy ) . Kaylie offers her comfort as Kelly 's mom is only supportive of Kelly 's fame and fortune . Kelly steals Kaylie 's journal and is instructed by her mother to give it to Ellen Beals . The night before Worlds , Kelly returns the journal and admits to stealing it . This causes Kaylie 's new trust in Kelly to falter . At a party before the team is about to head off to Worlds , Steve announces that Summer and he are planning to get married in Rio , where worlds is hosted . However , later , Summer finds out that Lauren sent in the kiss cam video and calls off the wedding , as she wants nothing to do with Lauren or Steve Tanner . At the same party , Lauren tries to convince Max to have sex with her while Payson admits to Max that she thinks she might be in love with him . Max gets drunk sitting on a couch and later Austin finds him . Max explains his situation with the two girls under the influence of alcohol and Austins helps him up . Max kisses Austin drunkly and when questioned about his sexuality by Austin , Max admits that he is bisexual . He goes on a drive with Lauren , and they get into a car accident . Lauren is fine , but Max breaks his collarbone . Payson wants to go professional so she can earn money to help support her family , as they are struggling with debt after Payson 's medical bills and training , but her parents do not want her to forfeit her eligibility for a college scholarship . Payson tells Max she loves him and begs him to forget she said anything when his feelings are not confessed to her . In the season two finale , the four girls lead the team to the World Competition in Rio de Janeiro , where they win team gold . Season Three opens with Payson , Lauren , and Kaylie heading to the American Olympic Training Center as they prepare for the 2012 London Olympics . They deal with a new coach and teammates , including upcoming gymnasts . Max and Payson have a relationship through letters ; on the first day Payson receives a letter in which Max breaks up with her because he 's confused .", "8": "Later Payson , Lauren , Kaylie , and Austin are having a conversation based around the breakup and Austin admits to the group that Max was bisexual and that they shared a kiss on the night of the party which leaves all three girls stunned . An uninvited gymnast , Jordan Randall , convinces Coach MacIntire to let her train with the group , causing tension . Coach Mac pairs up the girls , forcing Kaylie to live and work with Kelly Parker and Lauren to work with Payson . They eventually become close friends . Kelly is not good enough for the Olympics and leaves gymnastics . Payson has a new romance with Rigo ( Tom Maden ) . Payson finds out that Lauren has an irregular heart beat , but Lauren has heart surgery . Austin does not make the Olympic Team and blames Kaylie . Jordan reveals that a former coach , Coach Keagan , molested her when she was young . Desperate to ensure her spot on the team , Wendy drugs Kaylie with a cold medicine containing a banned substance . After Austin and Kaylie reunite , then Lauren , Payson , and Jordan tell the NGO that they are boycotting Olympic tryouts unless Kaylie is allowed to perform . Lauren discovers the secret Wendy has been hiding and exposes her , getting Wendy kicked out . The season three finale culminates with the five girls , Payson , Lauren , Kaylie , plus Jordan , and finally Colleen , being chosen to represent the U.S. in the Olympics . Cast and characters ( edit ) The main cast of Make It or Break It Main article : List of Make It or Break It characters Main cast and characters ( edit ) Character Cast member Notes Kaylie Cruz Josie Loren Seasons 1 -- 3 Payson Keeler Ayla Kell Seasons 1 -- 3 Lauren Tanner Cassie Scerbo Seasons 1 -- 3 Emily Kmetko Chelsea Hobbs Seasons 1 -- 2 Summer van Horne Candace Cameron Bure Seasons 1 -- 2 ; recurring Season 3 Sasha Belov Neil Jackson Seasons 1 -- 2 ; recurring Season 3 Steve Tanner Anthony Starke Seasons 1 -- 2 ;", "9": "recurring Season 3 Kim Keeler Peri Gilpin Seasons 1 -- 2 Chloe Kmetko Susan Ward Seasons 1 -- 2 Damon Young Johnny Pacar Seasons 1 -- 2 Coach McIntire ( Mac ) Dondre Whitfield Season 3 Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Character Cast member Notes Ronnie Cruz Rosa Blasi Seasons 1 -- 3 Alex Cruz Jason Manuel Olazabal Seasons 1 -- 3 Mark Keeler Brett Cullen Seasons 1 -- 3 Kelly Parker Nicole Gale Anderson Seasons 1 -- 3 Carter Anderson Zachary Burr Abel Seasons 1 -- 2 Razor Nico Tortorella Seasons 1 -- 2 Ellen Beals Michelle Clunie Seasons 1 -- 2 Becca Keeler Mia Rose Frampton Seasons 1 -- 2 Leo Cruz Marcus Coloma Season 1 Nicky Russo Cody Longo Season 1 Marty Walsh Erik Palladino Seasons 1 -- 2 MJ Martin Marsha Thomason Season 1 Brian Kmetko Wyatt Smith Seasons 1 -- 2 Darby Conrad Meagan Holder Season 2 Max Spencer Joshua Bowman Season 2 Marcus Sean Maher Season 2 Sheila Baboyon Kathy Najimy Seasons 2 -- 3 Austin Tucker Zane Holtz Seasons 2 -- 3 Jordan Randall Chelsea Tavares Season 3 Wendy Capshaw Amanda Leighton Season 3 Rigo Tom Maden Season 3 Jake Russell Pitts Season 3 U.S. nielsen ratings ( edit ) Main article : List of Make It or Break It episodes The following is a table with the average estimated number of viewers per episode , each season of Make It or Break It on ABC Family . Season Timeslot ( ET / PT ) # Ep .", "10": "Premiered Ended TV Season Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere Viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale Viewers ( in millions ) Season 1 Monday 9 : 00 pm ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Monday 10 : 00 pm ( 2010 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 2010 ) Monday 9 : 00 pm ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 20 June 22 , 2009 2.50 March 8 , 2010 2.50 2009 - 2010 2.24 Season 2 20 June 28 , 2010 1.83 May 23 , 2011 1.49 2010 - 2011 1.68 Season 3 08 March 26 , 2012 1.57 May 14 , 2012 1.29 2012 1.19 DVD releases ( edit ) Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the first ten episodes in a set entitled Make It or Break It -- Volume 1 : Extended Edition . Bonus material includes deleted scenes , the never - before - seen extended finale , and the featurette , `` Making It '' , which shows how the stars manage the acting with the difficult stunts they do . DVD release dates for Make It or Break It Name Release dates Ep # Additional information Season 1 , Volume 1 : Extended Edition January 12 , 2010 10 Deleted scenes , the never - before - seen extended finale , and the featurette `` Making It '' .", "11": "Season 1 , Volume 2 January 4 , 2011 10 Deleted scenes Season 2 , Volume 3 May 3 , 2011 10 Deleted scenes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for Make It or Break It Year Award Recipients and nominees Result 2009 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Make It or Break It Nominated Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Drama Series Peri Gilpin Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Make It or Break It Nominated Choice Summer TV Star Male Zachary Burr Abel Nominated Choice Summer TV Star Female Josie Loren Nominated 2011 Choice TV Drama Make It or Break It Nominated Choice TV Star Female Drama Josie Loren Nominated See also ( edit ) Stick It , an American teen - comedy drama film in 2006 Code of Points ( artistic gymnastics ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABC Family 's `` Secret Life '' Returns at Record Levels , While `` Make It Or Break It '' Sets Time Period Highs `` . The Futon Critic . June 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family Orders More `` Make It '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family Orders 10 More Episodes of Make It Or Break It '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager , Make It Or Break It return to ABC Family Monday , January 4 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 12 , 2010 ) .", "12": "`` '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' and `` Make It or Break It '' Renewed `` . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family Announces Summer Slate Including `` Pretty Little Liars , '' `` Huge , '' and `` Melissa & Joey '' `` . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - ABC Family to `` Break It '' on Tuesdays `` . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` THE SECRET LIFE OF THE AMERICAN TEENAGER & MAKE IT OR BREAK IT Return on March 26 and 8 episodes of the Third Season will end on May 14 '' . ( 1 ) . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , N. `` ABC Family 's ' Make It Or Break It ' To End '' . Deadline.com ( April 26 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Make it Or Break It ' Canceled , According to Executive Producer '' . TV By the Numbers. April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Make It or Break It - Make It or Break It '' . E4.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived August 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Scenes Of ' Make It Or Break It ' With Ayla Kell '' . Starpulse.com. 2011 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Make It Or Break It : Stunt Doubles Just About Every TV Show '' . Ax20.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 .", "13": "Jump up ^ http://magazine.ucla.edu/features/stunts_and_circuses/ Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager Returns At Record Levels - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Finals : Secret Life Beats Gossip Girl ; Damages Down Slightly - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Life of the American Teenager ratings , Real Housewives of New Jersey ratings , American Pickers ratings , Pawn Stars ratings , Tori & Dean : Home Sweet Hollywood ratings , Nurse Jackie ratings , United States of Tara ratings , Neighbors from Hell ratings , WWE Raw ratings , Cake Boss ratings , All Worked Up ratings , Operation Repo ratings , Saving Grace ratings - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . June 29 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : Mavs / Thunder Tops Night ; ' WWE Raw ' Up + ' Sanctuary , ' ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' American Chopper , ' ' Secret Life ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE RAW , ' ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - make it or break it on abc family '' . TheFutonCritic.com . March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Futon Critic Staff , The ( May 15 , 2012 ) .", "14": "`` Monday 's Cable Ratings : TNT Hits NBA Postseason High With Lakers / Thunder '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Make It or Break It -- ABC / Disney Announces a Volume 1 : Extended Edition DVD '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Make It or Break It -- Volume 1 : Extended Edition '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Make It or Break It : Volume One - Extended Edition : Chelsea Hobbs , Ayla Kell , Josie Loren , Cassie Scerbo , Zachary Burr Abel , Mia Frampton , n / a : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Make It or Break It : Season One , Volume Two : Chelsea Hobbs , Ayla Kell , Josie Loren , Cassie Scerbo , Candace Cameron Bure , Neil Jackson , Peri Gilpin , Holly Sorenson : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Make It or Break It : Season Two , Volume Three : Chelsea Hobbs , Ayla Kell , Cassie Scerbo , Mia Frampton , Zachary Abel , Peri Gilpin , Candace Cameron Bure , Josie Loren , Susan Ward , ABC Family : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Make It or Break It on IMDb Make It or Break It at TV.com ( hide ) Freeform original programming History History of Freeform Christian Broadcasting Network ABC Family Worldwide Inc .", "15": "Original programming 1990s debuts Amateur Hour ( revival ) ( 1992 ) Big Brother Jake ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Donkey Kong Country ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Great Pretenders ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Home and Family ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Monster Farm ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Ohh Nooo ! Mr. Bill Presents ( 1998 -- 1999 ) 2000s debuts 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Beautiful People ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Brat Camp ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Da Möb ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Greek ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Knock First ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Kyle XY ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Las Vegas Garden of Love ( 2005 ) Lincoln Heights ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Make It or Break It ( 2009 -- 2012 ) The Middleman ( 2008 ) Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) Roommates ( 2009 ) Ruby & The Rockits ( 2009 ) Scariest Places On Earth ( 2000 -- 2006 ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Slacker Cats ( 2007 -- 2009 ) So Little Time ( 2001 -- 2002 ) State of Grace ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Switched ! ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Three Moons Over Milford ( 2006 ) Wildfire ( 2005 -- 2008 ) 2010s debuts Baby Daddy ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Becoming Us ( 2015 ) Ben and Lauren : Happily Ever After ?", "16": "( 2016 ) Beverly Hills Nannies ( 2012 ) Bunheads ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chasing Life ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Dead of Summer ( 2016 ) Freak Out ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Guilt ( 2016 ) Huge ( 2010 ) Jane by Design ( 2012 ) Job or No Job ( 2015 ) Kevin from Work ( 2015 ) The Lying Game ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Melissa & Joey ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Mystery Girls ( 2014 ) Next Step Realty : NYC ( 2015 ) The Nine Lives of Chloe King ( 2011 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recovery Road ( 2016 ) Spell - Mageddon ( 2013 ) Startup U ( 2015 ) State of Georgia ( 2011 ) Stitchers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Switched at Birth ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Twisted ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Vineyard ( 2013 ) Monica the Medium ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Current Beyond ( since 2017 ) The Bold Type ( since 2017 ) Famous in Love ( since 2017 ) The Fosters ( since 2013 ) Shadowhunters ( since 2016 ) Truth & Iliza ( since 2017 ) The Twins : Happily Ever After ?", "17": "( since 2017 ) Young & Hungry ( since 2014 ) Upcoming Alone Together ( 2018 ) Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) Grown - ish ( 2018 ) New Warriors ( 2018 ) Nicki ( TBA ) Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists ( TBA ) Siren ( 2018 ) Related 13 Nights of Halloween Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas ABC Spark Jetix List of ABC Family original films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Make_It_or_Break_It&oldid=806778013 '' Categories : Make It or Break It 2009 American television series debuts 2012 American television series endings 2000s American drama television series 2010s American drama television series ABC Family shows American drama television series American high school television series English - language television programs Gymnastics media American teen dramas Television shows set in Colorado Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Magyar Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 02 : 48 . 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4375682753291546963	does reaching base on an error count as an at bat	[ "counts as an at bat for the batter unless, in the scorer's judgment, the batter would have reached first base safely but one or more of the additional base(s) reached was the result of the fielder's mistake" ]	{ "0": "Error ( Baseball ) - wikipedia Error ( Baseball ) Jump to : navigation , search New York Yankees infielder Derek Jeter makes a fielding error at shortstop . In baseball statistics , an error is an act , in the judgment of the official scorer , of a fielder misplaying a ball in a manner that allows a batter or baserunner to advance one or more bases or allows an at bat to continue after the batter should have been put out . The term error can also refer to the play during which an error was committed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Relationship to other statistical categories 2 Statistical significance 3 Statistical records for errors 3.1 Pitchers 3.2 Catchers 3.3 First Basemen 3.4 Second Basemen 3.5 Third Basemen 3.6 Shortstops 3.7 Outfielders 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Relationship to other statistical categories ( edit ) An error does not count as a hit but still counts as an at bat for the batter unless , in the scorer 's judgment , the batter would have reached first base safely but one or more of the additional base ( s ) reached was the result of the fielder 's mistake . In that case , the play will be scored both as a hit ( for the number of bases the fielders should have limited the batter to ) and an error . However , if a batter is judged to have reached base solely because of a fielder 's mistake , it is scored as a `` hit on error , '' and treated the same as if the batter had been put out , hence lowering his batting average . Similarly , a batter does not receive credit for a run batted in ( RBI ) when runs score on an error , unless the scorer rules that a run would have scored even if the fielder had not made a mistake . For example , if a batter hits a ball to the outfield for what should be a sacrifice fly and the outfielder drops the ball for an error , the batter will still receive credit for the sacrifice fly and the run batted in .", "1": "If a play should have resulted in a fielder 's choice with a runner being put out and the batter reaching base safely but the runner is safe due to an error , the play will be scored as a fielder 's choice , with no hit being awarded to the batter and an error charged against the fielder . Passed balls and wild pitches are separate statistical categories and are not scored as errors . If a batted ball were hit on the fly into foul territory , with the batting team having no runner ( s ) on base , and a fielder misplayed such ball for an error , it is possible for a team on the winning side of a perfect game to commit at least one error , yet still qualify as a perfect game . There is a curious loophole in the rules on errors for catchers . If a catcher makes a `` wild throw '' in an attempt to prevent a stolen base and the runner is safe , the catcher is not charged with an error even if it could be argued that the runner would have been put out with `` ordinary effort . '' There is therefore a `` no fault '' condition for the catcher attempting to prevent a steal . However , when considering that the majority of stolen base attempts are successful ( around 2 successes per failure ) , this `` no fault rule '' is understandable due to the difficulty of throwing out runners . If the runner takes an additional base due to the wild throw , an error is charged for that advance . However , if the catcher 's glove is hit by the bat , it is counted as a catcher 's interference and the catcher is given an error unless the batter gets a hit off the play . If a run scores by the end of the inning that would not have scored in the absence of the error , the run is categorized as unearned , meaning that it is not treated in the statistics as having been the responsibility of the pitcher . Statistical significance ( edit ) Traditionally , the number of errors was a statistic used to quantify the skill of a fielder . Research has shown that the error rate is higher when the quality of fielding is suspect , e.g. , the performance of an expansion team in its first year , or the fielding done by replacement players during World War II , and is lower when playing conditions are better , e.g. on artificial turf and during night games .", "2": "However , fans and analysts have questioned the usefulness and significance of errors as a metric for fielding skill . Notably , mental misjudgments , such as failure to cover a base or attempting a force out when such a play is not available , are not considered errors . A more subtle , though more significant objection to the error , as sabermetricians have noted , is more conceptual . In order for a fielder to be charged with an error , he must have done something right by being in the correct place to be able to attempt the play . A poor fielder may `` avoid '' many errors simply by being unable to reach batted or thrown balls that a better fielder could successfully reach . Thus , it is possible that a poor fielder will have fewer errors than any fielder with higher expectancies . In recent times , official scorers have made some attempt to take a fielder 's supposed `` extraordinary '' effort or positioning into account when judging whether the play should have been successful given ordinary effort . However , this still leaves statistics , such as fielding percentage , that are based on errors as a way to compare the defensive abilities of players . Errors also hold significance in calculating the earned run average ( ERA ) of a pitcher . Runs scored due to an error are unearned , and do not count toward a pitcher 's ERA . Statistical Records for errors ( edit ) In Major League Baseball , Herman Long holds the Major League records with 1096 errors in his career between 1889 and 1904 . Bill Dahlen , Deacon White and Germany Smith are the only other players to make 1,000 errors during their MLB careers . All of these players played at least one season before 1900 . The 20th century record is held by Rabbit Maranville with 711 errors . Among active players , Adrián Beltré leads with 275 errors over 2475 career games as of June 14 , 2015 . Pitchers ( edit ) The major league record for errors by a pitcher in a career is held by Hippo Vaughn , with 64 errors . That also is the National League record . The American career mark is held by Ed Walsh . The most errors made by a pitcher in a season is 28 by Jim Whitney , which also is the National League record .", "3": "The American League record of 15 is held by three pitchers , Jack Chesbro , Rube Waddell , and Ed Walsh . The record for most errors made by a pitcher in one inning is three , first set by Cy Seymour in 1898 . The record was tied by Tommy John in 1988 , Jaime Navarro in 1996 and Mike Sirotka in 1999 . Catchers ( edit ) Ivey Wingo holds the major league and National League records for most errors made by a catcher , with 234 . He made 59 errors while playing for the Cardinals and 175 for the Reds . The American League record is held by Wally Schang , who made 218 errors playing for five teams . First Basemen ( edit ) The major league and National League records for errors by a first baseman is held by Cap Anson , who made 568 errors . Hal Chase holds the American League record with 285 , 240 for the New York Highlanders and 40 for the Chicago White Sox . Anson also holds the single season record for most errors by a first baseman 58 while Steve Garvey holds the record for fewest in season , with zero . Second Basemen ( edit ) Fred Pfeffer holds the major league and National League records for most errors made by a second baseman , with 857 and 781 , respectively . The American League record is 435 , held by Hall of Famer Eddie Collins . Third Basemen ( edit ) Jerry Denny holds the Major League and National League records for most errors by third basemen in a career with 533 . Jimmy Austin holds the American League record with 359 . Shortstops ( edit ) Bill Dahlen holds both the major league and National League record for shortstops , with 975 in 20 seasons . He made 443 errors with the Chicago Cubs , 260 with the Brooklyn Dodgers , 200 with the New York Giants and 72 with the Boston Braves . ( He also made 89 errors as a third baseman , eight errors at second base , and eight errors as an outfielder , for a total of 1,080 errors in his career . ) Donie Bush holds the American League record , with 689 , with all but the seven he recorded with the Washington Senators being made with the Detroit Tigers .", "4": "Outfielders ( edit ) Nineteenth - century player Tom Brown established the major league record with 490 errors committed as an outfielder . He racked up 222 errors in the American Association , 238 in the National League , and 30 in the Player 's League . ( Brown also made six errors as a pitcher , for a total of 496 errors in his career . ) By contrast , the National League record is held by nineteenth - century player George Gore with 346 errors and the American League record by Ty Cobb with 271 . See also ( edit ) List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David E. Kalist and Stephen J. Spurr ( 2006 ) `` Baseball Errors , '' Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports : Vol. 2 : No. 4 , Article 3 ( available at : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 01 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 01. ) Jump up ^ Pollis , Lewis ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sabermetrics : Fielding percentage and errors do n't tell whole story '' . The Brown Daily Herald . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Beltre Statistics and History -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pitcher Error Records '' . BaseballAlmanac.com . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Errors by Catchers : Career Records '' . BaseballAlmanac.com . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Errors for First Basemen '' . BaseballAlmanac.com . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Error Records by Second Basemen '' . BaseballAlmanac.com . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Error Records by Third Basemen '' . BaseballAlmanac.com .", "5": "Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Dahlen -- Fielding '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shortstop Error Records : Career Records '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fielding Errors : Errors Committed as an OF '' . BaseballReference.com . Retrieved 25 July 2012 .", "6": "External links ( edit ) Error - BR Bullpen Major League Rule 9.12 , which covers errors ( hide ) Baseball statistics Batting Batting average On - base percentage Slugging percentage Hit Single Double Triple Home run Extra-base hit Grand slam RBI Game - winning RBI Walk Bunt Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly On - base plus slugging Base running Run Stolen base Stolen base percentage Caught stealing Pitching Win -- loss record Innings pitched Pitchers of record Save Hold Run Earned ERA Strikeout Walk Perfect game No - hitter WHIP BB / 9 K / 9 Quality start Complete game Shutout Wild pitch Fielding Fielding percentage Assist Putout Error Fielder 's choice Defensive indifference Passed ball Sabermetrics Adjusted ERA+ Base runs Batting park factor Catcher 's ERA Defensive Runs Saved Extrapolated Runs Game score Isolated Power Range factor Runs created Secondary average Speed Score NERD Out of zone plays made Ultimate zone rating Weighted on - base average Wins Above Replacement Win probability added Win Shares Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Error_(baseball)&oldid=832664078 '' Categories : Fielding statistics Baseball terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano मराठी 日本語 Polski Português Simple English 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 09 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1491405245207392860	what was the primary goal of the first green revolution	[ "a valuable way to feed the poor, and would relieve some pressure of the land redistribution process" ]	{ "0": "Green Revolution - Wikipedia Green Revolution Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Green Revolution ( disambiguation ) . This article may lend undue weight to criticisms . Please help to create a more neutral presentation , with details put in their proper context . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( October 2017 ) After the Second World War , increased deployment of technologies including pesticides , herbicides , and fertilizers as well as new breeds of high yield crops greatly increased global food production . Agriculture History History of organic farming Neolithic Revolution Arab Agricultural Revolution British Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution On land Animal husbandry cattle pig poultry sheep Dairy Dryland Extensive Free - range Grazing Hobby Intensive animal crop Natural Orchard Organic Ranching Sharecropping Slash - and - burn In water Aquaculture Aquaponics Hydroponics Related Agribusiness Agricultural engineering Agricultural science Agroecology Agroforestry Agronomy Animal - free Crop diversity Ecology Livestock Mechanisation Permaculture Sustainable Urban Lists Government ministries Universities and colleges Categories Agriculture by country companies Biotechnology Livestock Meat industry Poultry farming Agriculture and agronomy portal The Green Revolution , or Third Agricultural Revolution , refers to a set of research and the development of technology transfer initiatives occurring between the 1930s and the late 1960s ( with prequels in the work of the agrarian geneticist Nazareno Strampelli in the 1920s and 1930s ) , that increased agricultural production worldwide , particularly in the developing world , beginning most markedly in the late 1960s . The initiatives resulted in the adoption of new technologies , including : ... new , high - yielding varieties ( HYVs ) of cereals , especially dwarf wheats and rices , in association with chemical fertilizers and agro-chemicals , and with controlled water - supply ( usually involving irrigation ) and new methods of cultivation , including mechanization . All of these together were seen as a ' package of practices ' to supersede ' traditional ' technology and to be adopted as a whole .", "1": "Both the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation were heavily involved . One key leader was Norman Borlaug , the `` Father of the Green Revolution '' , who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 . He is credited with saving over a billion people from starvation . The basic approach was the development of high - yielding varieties of cereal grains , expansion of irrigation infrastructure , modernization of management techniques , distribution of hybridized seeds , synthetic fertilizers , and pesticides to farmers . The term `` Green Revolution '' was first used in a March 8 , 1968 speech by the administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) , William S. Gaud , who noted the spread of the new technologies : `` These and other developments in the field of agriculture contain the makings of a new revolution . It is not a violent Red Revolution like that of the Soviets , nor is it a White Revolution like that of the Shah of Iran . I call it the Green Revolution . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 In Mexico 1.2 In rice : IR8 and the Philippines 1.3 Start in India 1.4 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research -- CGIAR 1.5 Brazil 's agricultural revolution 1.6 Problems in Africa 2 Agricultural production and food security 2.1 Technologies 2.1. 1 High - Yielding Varieties 2.1. 2 Disease - Resistant Varieties 2.2 Production increases 2.3 Effects on food security 2.4 Food security 2.4. 1 Malthusian criticism 2.4. 2 Famine 2.4. 3 Quality of diet 2.4. 4 Political impact 2.5 Socioeconomic impacts 2.6 Environmental impact 2.6. 1 Biodiversity 2.6. 2 Greenhouse gas emissions 2.6. 3 Dependence on non-renewable resources 2.7 Health impact 2.7. 1 Pesticides and cancer 2.7.", "2": "2 Punjab case 3 Norman Borlaug 's response to criticism 4 The New Green Revolution 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) In Mexico ( edit ) See also : Agriculture in Mexico It has been argued that `` during the twentieth century two ' revolutions ' transformed rural Mexico : the Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 1920 ) and the Green Revolution ( 1950 -- 1970 ) '' . With the support of the Mexican government , the U.S. government , the United Nations , the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , and the Rockefeller Foundation , Mexico made a concerted effort to transform agricultural productivity , particularly with irrigated rather than dry - land cultivation in its northwest , to solve its problem of lack of food self - sufficiency . In the center and south of Mexico , where large - scale production faced challenges , agricultural production languished . Increased production meant food self - sufficiency in Mexico to feed its growing and urbanizing population , with the number of calories consumed per Mexican increasing . Technology was seen as a valuable way to feed the poor , and would relieve some pressure of the land redistribution process . Mexico was not merely the recipient of Green Revolution knowledge and technology , but was an active participant with financial support from the government for agriculture as well as Mexican agronomists . Although the Mexican Revolution had broken the back of the hacienda system and land reform in Mexico had by 1940 distributed a large expanse of land in central and southern Mexico , agricultural productivity had fallen . During the administration of Manuel Avila Camacho ( 1940 -- 46 ) , the government put resources into developing new breeds of plants and partnered with the Rockefeller Foundation . In 1943 , the Mexican government founded the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center ( CIMMYT ) , which became a base for international agricultural research . Agriculture in Mexico had been a sociopolitical issue , a key factor in some regions ' participation in the Mexican Revolution . It was also a technical issue , which the development of a cohort trained agronomists , who were to advise peasants how to increase productivity . In the post-World War II era , the government sought development in agriculture that bettered technological aspects of agriculture in regions that were not dominated by small - scale peasant cultivators .", "3": "This drive for transforming agriculture would have the benefit of keeping Mexico self - sufficient in food and in the political sphere with the Cold War , potentially stem unrest and the appeal of Communism . Technical aid can be seen as also serving political ends in the international sphere . In Mexico , it also served political ends , separating peasant agriculture based on the ejido and considered one of the victories of the Mexican Revolution , from agribusiness that requires large - scale land ownership , irrigation , specialized seeds , fertilizers , and pesticides , machinery , and a low - wage paid labor force . The government created the Mexican Agricultural Program ( MAP ) to be the lead organization in raising productivity . One of their successes was wheat production , with varieties the agency 's scientists helped create dominating wheat production as early as 1951 ( 70 % ) , 1965 ( 80 % ) , and 1968 ( 90 % ) . Mexico became the showcase for extending the Green Revolution to other areas of Latin America and beyond , into Africa and Asia . New breeds of maize , beans , along with wheat produced bumper crops with proper inputs ( such as fertilizer and pesticides ) and careful cultivation . Many Mexican farmers who had been dubious about the scientists or hostile to them ( often a mutual relationship of discord ) came to see the scientific approach to agriculture worth adopting . In rice : IR8 and the Philippines ( edit ) In 1960 , the Government of the Republic of the Philippines with the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation established IRRI ( International Rice Research Institute ) . A rice crossing between Dee - Geo - woo - gen and Peta was done at IRRI in 1962 . In 1966 , one of the breeding lines became a new cultivar , IR8 . IR8 required the use of fertilizers and pesticides , but produced substantially higher yields than the traditional cultivars . Annual rice production in the Philippines increased from 3.7 to 7.7 million tons in two decades . The switch to IR8 rice made the Philippines a rice exporter for the first time in the 20th century . Start in India ( edit ) See also : Green Revolution in India In 1961 , India was on the brink of mass famine . Norman Borlaug was invited to India by the adviser to the Indian minister of agriculture C. Subramaniam .", "4": "Despite bureaucratic hurdles imposed by India 's grain monopolies , the Ford Foundation and Indian government collaborated to import wheat seed from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center ( CIMMYT ) . Punjab was selected by the Indian government to be the first site to try the new crops because of its reliable water supply and a history of agricultural success . India began its own Green Revolution program of plant breeding , irrigation development , and financing of agrochemicals . India soon adopted IR8 -- a semi-dwarf rice variety developed by the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) that could produce more grains of rice per plant when grown with certain fertilizers and irrigation . In 1968 , Indian agronomist S.K. De Datta published his findings that IR8 rice yielded about 5 tons per hectare with no fertilizer , and almost 10 tons per hectare under optimal conditions . This was 10 times the yield of traditional rice . IR8 was a success throughout Asia , and dubbed the `` Miracle Rice '' . IR8 was also developed into Semi-dwarf IR36 . Wheat yields in least developed countries since 1961 , in kilograms per hectare . In the 1960s , rice yields in India were about two tons per hectare ; by the mid-1990s , they had risen to six tons per hectare . In the 1970s , rice cost about $550 a ton ; in 2001 , it cost under $200 a ton . India became one of the world 's most successful rice producers , and is now a major rice exporter , shipping nearly 4.5 million tons in 2006 . Consultative Group on International agricultural Research -- CGIAR ( edit ) In 1970 , foundation officials proposed a worldwide network of agricultural research centers under a permanent secretariat . This was further supported and developed by the World Bank ; on 19 May 1971 , the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research ( CGIAR ) was established . co-sponsored by the FAO , IFAD and UNDP . CGIAR has added many research centers throughout the world . CGIAR has responded , at least in part , to criticisms of Green Revolution methodologies . This began in the 1980s , and mainly was a result of pressure from donor organizations .", "5": "Methods like Agroecosystem Analysis and Farming System Research have been adopted to gain a more holistic view of agriculture . Brazil 's agricultural Revolution ( edit ) Brazil 's vast inland cerrado region was regarded as unfit for farming before the 1960s because the soil was too acidic and poor in nutrients , according to Norman Borlaug . However , from the 1960s , vast quantities of lime ( pulverised chalk or limestone ) were poured on the soil to reduce acidity . The effort went on for decades ; by the late 1990s , between 14 million and 16 million tonnes of lime were being spread on Brazilian fields each year . The quantity rose to 25 million tonnes in 2003 and 2004 , equalling around five tonnes of lime per hectare . As a result , Brazil has become the world 's second biggest soybean exporter . Soybeans are also widely used in animal feed , and the large volume of soy produced in Brazil has contributed to Brazil 's rise to become the biggest exporter of beef and poultry in the world . Several parallels can also be found in Argentina 's boom in soybean production as well . Problems in Africa ( edit ) There have been numerous attempts to introduce the successful concepts from the Mexican and Indian projects into Africa . These programs have generally been less successful . Reasons cited include widespread corruption , insecurity , a lack of infrastructure , and a general lack of will on the part of the governments . Yet environmental factors , such as the availability of water for irrigation , the high diversity in slope and soil types in one given area are also reasons why the Green Revolution is not so successful in Africa . A recent program in western Africa is attempting to introduce a new high - yielding ' family ' of rice varieties known as `` New Rice for Africa '' ( NERICA ) . NERICA varieties yield about 30 % more rice under normal conditions , and can double yields with small amounts of fertilizer and very basic irrigation . However , the program has been beset by problems getting the rice into the hands of farmers , and to date the only success has been in Guinea , where it currently accounts for 16 % of rice cultivation .", "6": "After a famine in 2001 and years of chronic hunger and poverty , in 2005 the small African country of Malawi launched the `` Agricultural Input Subsidy Program '' by which vouchers are given to smallholder farmers to buy subsidized nitrogen fertilizer and maize seeds . Within its first year , the program was reported to have had extreme success , producing the largest maize harvest of the country 's history , enough to feed the country with tons of maize left over . The program has advanced yearly ever since . Various sources claim that the program has been an unusual success , hailing it as a `` miracle '' . Agricultural production and food security ( edit ) Technologies ( edit ) New varieties of wheat and other grains were instrumental to the green revolution . The Green Revolution spread technologies that already existed , but had not been widely implemented outside industrialized nations . Two kinds of technologies were used in the Green Revolution and aim at cultivation and breeding area respectively . The technologies in cultivation are targeted at providing excellent growing conditions , which included modern irrigation projects , pesticides , synthetic nitrogen fertilizer . The breeding technologies aimed at improving crop varieties developed through the conventional , science - based methods available at the time . These technologies included hybrids , combining modern genetics with selections . High - yielding varieties ( edit ) The novel technological development of the Green Revolution was the production of novel wheat cultivars . Agronomists bred cultivars of maize , wheat , and rice that are generally referred to as HYVs or `` high - yielding varieties '' . HYVs have higher nitrogen - absorbing potential than other varieties . Since cereals that absorbed extra nitrogen would typically lodge , or fall over before harvest , semi-dwarfing genes were bred into their genomes . A Japanese dwarf wheat cultivar Norin 10 developed by a Japanese agronomist Gonjiro Inazuka , which was sent to Orville Vogel at Washington State University by Cecil Salmon , was instrumental in developing Green Revolution wheat cultivars . IR8 , the first widely implemented HYV rice to be developed by IRRI , was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named `` Peta '' and a Chinese variety named `` Dee - geo - woo - gen '' . In the 1960s , when a food crisis happened in Asia , the spread of HYV rice was aggravated intensely . Dr.", "7": "Norman Borlaug , who is usually recognized as the `` Father of the Green Revolution '' , bred rust - resistant cultivars which have strong and firm stems , preventing them falling over under extreme weather at high levels of fertilization . CIMMYT ( Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo -- International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement ) conducted these breeding programs and helped spread high - yielding varieties in Mexico and countries in Asia like India and Pakistan . These programs successfully led the harvest double in these countries . Plant scientists figured out several parameters related to the high yield and identified the related genes which control the plant height and tiller number . With advances in molecular genetics , the mutant genes responsible for Arabidopsis thaliana genes ( GA 20 - oxidase , ga1 , ga1 - 3 ) , wheat reduced - height genes ( Rht ) and a rice semidwarf gene ( sd1 ) were cloned . These were identified as gibberellin biosynthesis genes or cellular signaling component genes . Stem growth in the mutant background is significantly reduced leading to the dwarf phenotype . Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically . Assimilates become redirected to grain production , amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield . HYVs significantly outperform traditional varieties in the presence of adequate irrigation , pesticides , and fertilizers . In the absence of these inputs , traditional varieties may outperform HYVs . Therefore , several authors have challenged the apparent superiority of HYVs not only compared to the traditional varieties alone , but by contrasting the monocultural system associated with HYVs with the polycultural system associated with traditional ones . Disease - resistant varieties ( edit ) In order to prevent crops from the threat of diseases , plants pathologists bred and cultivated DRVs or `` Disease - Resistant Varieties '' . DRVs have special genes which can produce related molecules . When the parasites ate DRVs , the molecules could hamper the functions of parasite enzymes and toxins successfully realizing . DRVs breeding technologies can be divided into traditional methods , cellular - level methods and molecular - level methods . Traditional DRVs breeding technologies refer to cultivating mixtures within and between species to protect crops against stresses .", "8": "In the 18th century , the mixtures of wheat and oats were found less infected by rust fungi by Tozzetti and his record of this fact was usually seemed as the earliest record of the valuable result of crop heterogeneity for disease control . Cellular - level breeding technologies include using phytotoxins as tools to breed and select DRVs . Scientists found out that there was a correlation between toxin tolerance and resistance to pathogens . According to this find , phytotoxins were used as tools for the in vitro selection of novel resistant genotypes . Using phytotoxins as possible selective factors was first tested by Carlson in 1973 , with the haploid cell lines of Nicotiana tabacum . Molecular - level methods refer to genetic engineering , in which recombinant DNA technology is a common tool. Genetic engineering does n't limit the source of transferred gene in plant anymore . The specific gene from totally unrelated species can be transferred to plant 's cell . Accordingly , after gene transformation , the plant is called transgenic plant . Scientists identified and isolated the gene of a valuable trait and then selected a proper vector as a tool to transport . For example , Ti plasmid is a small circular strand of DNA in bacterial cells , which usually appears in Agrobacterium tumefaciens . Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacterium that can cause the crown gall disease in plants . After inserting the desired gene into Ti plasmid , when the plant was attacked by Agrobacterium tumefaciens , the desired gene can be transported to the nucleus of the plant cells . Crop with Bt ( Bacillus thuringiensis ) gene was an example of the transgenic plant which can produce the protein with insecticidal properties . Bt gene has been transferred into more than 50 crop plants including corn , cotton , and potato . This technology not only brought the economic benefits that it saved 50 % to 70 % cost of pesticides but also protected the environment that it lessened the pollution of using pesticides . Production increases ( edit ) Cereal production more than doubled in developing nations between the years 1961 -- 1985 . Yields of rice , maize , and wheat increased steadily during that period .", "9": "The production increases can be attributed roughly equally to irrigation , fertilizer , and seed development , at least in the case of Asian rice . While agricultural output increased as a result of the Green Revolution , the energy input to produce a crop has increased faster , so that the ratio of crops produced to energy input has decreased over time . Green Revolution techniques also heavily rely on chemical fertilizers , pesticides and herbicides and rely on machines , which as of 2014 rely on or are derived from crude oil , making agriculture increasingly reliant on crude oil extraction . Proponents of the Peak Oil theory fear that a future decline in oil and gas production would lead to a decline in food production or even a Malthusian catastrophe . World population 1950 -- 2010 Effects on food security ( edit ) Main article : Food security The effects of the Green Revolution on global food security are difficult to assess because of the complexities involved in food systems . The world population has grown by about five billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution and many believe that , without the Revolution , there would have been greater famine and malnutrition . India saw annual wheat production rise from 10 million tons in the 1960s to 73 million in 2006 . The average person in the developing world consumes roughly 25 % more calories per day now than before the Green Revolution . Between 1950 and 1984 , as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe , world grain production increased by about 160 % . The production increases fostered by the Green Revolution are often credited with having helped to avoid widespread famine , and for feeding billions of people . There are also claims that the Green Revolution has decreased food security for a large number of people . One claim involves the shift of subsistence - oriented cropland to cropland oriented towards production of grain for export or animal feed . For example , the Green Revolution replaced much of the land used for pulses that fed Indian peasants for wheat , which did not make up a large portion of the peasant diet . Food security ( edit ) Malthusian criticism ( edit ) Some criticisms generally involve some variation of the Malthusian principle of population . Such concerns often revolve around the idea that the Green Revolution is unsustainable , and argue that humanity is now in a state of overpopulation or overshoot with regards to the sustainable carrying capacity and ecological demands on the Earth .", "10": "Although 36 million people die each year as a direct or indirect result of hunger and poor nutrition , Malthus 's more extreme predictions have frequently failed to materialize . In 1798 Thomas Malthus made his prediction of impending famine . The world 's population had doubled by 1923 and doubled again by 1973 without fulfilling Malthus 's prediction . Malthusian Paul R. Ehrlich , in his 1968 book The Population Bomb , said that `` India could n't possibly feed two hundred million more people by 1980 '' and `` Hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs . '' Ehrlich 's warnings failed to materialize when India became self - sustaining in cereal production in 1974 ( six years later ) as a result of the introduction of Norman Borlaug 's dwarf wheat varieties . However , Borlaug was well aware of the implications of population growth . In his Nobel lecture he repeatedly presented improvements in food production within a sober understanding of the context of population . `` The green revolution has won a temporary success in man 's war against hunger and deprivation ; it has given man a breathing space . If fully implemented , the revolution can provide sufficient food for sustenance during the next three decades . But the frightening power of human reproduction must also be curbed ; otherwise the success of the green revolution will be ephemeral only . Most people still fail to comprehend the magnitude and menace of the `` Population Monster '' ... Since man is potentially a rational being , however , I am confident that within the next two decades he will recognize the self - destructive course he steers along the road of irresponsible population growth ... '' M. King Hubbert 's prediction of world petroleum production rates . Modern agriculture is largely reliant on petroleum energy . Famine ( edit ) To some modern Western sociologists and writers , increasing food production is not synonymous with increasing food security , and is only part of a larger equation . For example , Harvard professor Amartya Sen claimed large historic famines were not caused by decreases in food supply , but by socioeconomic dynamics and a failure of public action . However , economist Peter Bowbrick disputes Sen 's theory , arguing that Sen relies on inconsistent arguments and contradicts available information , including sources that Sen himself cited .", "11": "Bowbrick further argues that Sen 's views coincide with that of the Bengal government at the time of the Bengal famine of 1943 , and the policies Sen advocates failed to relieve the famine . Quality of diet ( edit ) Some have challenged the value of the increased food production of Green Revolution agriculture . Miguel A. Altieri , ( a pioneer of agroecology and peasant - advocate ) , writes that the comparison between traditional systems of agriculture and Green Revolution agriculture has been unfair , because Green Revolution agriculture produces monocultures of cereal grains , while traditional agriculture usually incorporates polycultures . These monoculture crops are often used for export , feed for animals , or conversion into biofuel . According to Emile Frison of Bioversity International , the Green Revolution has also led to a change in dietary habits , as fewer people are affected by hunger and die from starvation , but many are affected by malnutrition such as iron or vitamin - A deficiencies . Frison further asserts that almost 60 % of yearly deaths of children under age five in developing countries are related to malnutrition . The strategies developed by the Green Revolution focused on fend off starvation and was very successful in raising overall yields of cereal grains , but did not give sufficient relevance to nutritional quality . High yield - cereal crops have low quality proteins , with essential amino acid deficiencies , are high in carbohydrates , and lack balanced essential fatty acids , vitamins , minerals and other quality factors . High - yield rice ( HYR ) , introduced since 1964 to poverty - ridden Asian countries , such as the Philippines , was found to have inferior flavor and be more glutinous and less savory than their native varieties . This caused its price to be lower than the average market value . In the Philippines the introduction of heavy pesticides to rice production , in the early part of the Green Revolution , poisoned and killed off fish and weedy green vegetables that traditionally coexisted in rice paddies . These were nutritious food sources for many poor Filipino farmers prior to the introduction of pesticides , further impacting the diets of locals . Political impact ( edit ) A major critic of the Green Revolution , U.S. investigative journalist Mark Dowie , writes : The primary objective of the program was geopolitical : to provide food for the populace in undeveloped countries and so bring social stability and weaken the fomenting of communist insurgency .", "12": "Citing internal Foundation documents , Dowie states that the Ford Foundation had a greater concern than Rockefeller in this area . There is significant evidence that the Green Revolution weakened socialist movements in many nations . In countries such as India , Mexico , and the Philippines , technological solutions were sought as an alternative to expanding agrarian reform initiatives , the latter of which were often linked to socialist politics . Socioeconomic impacts ( edit ) The transition from traditional agriculture , in which inputs were generated on - farm , to Green Revolution agriculture , which required the purchase of inputs , led to the widespread establishment of rural credit institutions . Smaller farmers often went into debt , which in many cases results in a loss of their farmland . The increased level of mechanization on larger farms made possible by the Green Revolution removed a large source of employment from the rural economy . Because wealthier farmers had better access to credit and land , the Green Revolution increased class disparities , with the rich -- poor gap widening as a result . Because some regions were able to adopt Green Revolution agriculture more readily than others ( for political or geographical reasons ) , interregional economic disparities increased as well . Many small farmers are hurt by the dropping prices resulting from increased production overall . However , large - scale farming companies only account for less than 10 % of the total farming capacity . This is a criticism held by many small producers in the food sovereignty movement . The new economic difficulties of small holder farmers and landless farm workers led to increased rural - urban migration . The increase in food production led to a cheaper food for urban dwellers , and the increase in urban population increased the potential for industrialization . Environmental impact ( edit ) Increased use of irrigation played a major role in the green revolution . Biodiversity ( edit ) The spread of Green Revolution agriculture affected both agricultural biodiversity ( or agrodiversity ) and wild biodiversity . There is little disagreement that the Green Revolution acted to reduce agricultural biodiversity , as it relied on just a few high - yield varieties of each crop . This has led to concerns about the susceptibility of a food supply to pathogens that can not be controlled by agrochemicals , as well as the permanent loss of many valuable genetic traits bred into traditional varieties over thousands of years .", "13": "To address these concerns , massive seed banks such as Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research 's ( CGIAR ) International Plant Genetic Resources Institute ( now Bioversity International ) have been established ( see Svalbard Global Seed Vault ) . There are varying opinions about the effect of the Green Revolution on wild biodiversity . One hypothesis speculates that by increasing production per unit of land area , agriculture will not need to expand into new , uncultivated areas to feed a growing human population . However , land degradation and soil nutrients depletion have forced farmers to clear up formerly forested areas in order to keep up with production . A counter-hypothesis speculates that biodiversity was sacrificed because traditional systems of agriculture that were displaced sometimes incorporated practices to preserve wild biodiversity , and because the Green Revolution expanded agricultural development into new areas where it was once unprofitable or too arid . For example , the development of wheat varieties tolerant to acid soil conditions with high aluminium content , permitted the introduction of agriculture in sensitive Brazilian ecosystems such as Cerrado semi-humid tropical savanna and Amazon rainforest in the geoeconomic macroregions of Centro - Sul and Amazônia . Before the Green Revolution , other Brazilian ecosystems were also significantly damaged by human activity , such as the once 1st or 2nd main contributor to Brazilian megadiversity Atlantic Rainforest ( above 85 % of deforestation in the 1980s , about 95 % after the 2010s ) and the important xeric shrublands called Caatinga mainly in Northeastern Brazil ( about 40 % in the 1980s , about 50 % after the 2010s -- deforestation of the Caatinga biome is generally associated with greater risks of desertification ) . This also caused many animal species to suffer due to their damaged habitats . Nevertheless , the world community has clearly acknowledged the negative aspects of agricultural expansion as the 1992 Rio Treaty , signed by 189 nations , has generated numerous national Biodiversity Action Plans which assign significant biodiversity loss to agriculture 's expansion into new domains . The Green Revolution has been criticized for an agricultural model which relied on a few staple and market profitable crops , and pursuing a model which limited the biodiversity of Mexico . One of the critics against these techniques and the Green Revolution as a whole was Carl O. Sauer , a geography professor at the University of California , Berkeley .", "14": "According to Sauer these techniques of plant breeding would result in negative effects on the country 's resources , and the culture : `` A good aggressive bunch of American agronomists and plant breeders could ruin the native resources for good and all by pushing their American commercial stocks ... And Mexican agriculture can not be pointed toward standardization on a few commercial types without upsetting native economy and culture hopelessly ... Unless the Americans understand that , they 'd better keep out of this country entirely . That must be approached from an appreciation of native economies as being basically sound '' . Greenhouse gas emissions ( edit ) According to a study published in 2013 in PNAS , in the absence of the crop germplasm improvement associated with the Green Revolution , greenhouse gas emissions would have been 5.2 - 7.4 Gt higher than observed in 1965 -- 2004 . High yield agriculture has dramatic effects on the amount of carbon cycling in the atmosphere . The way in which farms are grown , in tandem with the seasonal carbon cycling of various crops , could alter the impact carbon in the atmosphere has on global warming . Wheat , rice , and soybean crops account for a significant amount of the increase in carbon in the atmosphere over the last 50 years . Dependence on non-renewable resources ( edit ) Most high intensity agricultural production is highly reliant on non-renewable resources . Agricultural machinery and transport , as well as the production of pesticides and nitrates all depend on fossil fuels . Moreover , the essential mineral nutrient phosphorus is often a limiting factor in crop cultivation , while phosphorus mines are rapidly being depleted worldwide . The failure to depart from these non-sustainable agricultural production methods could potentially lead to a large scale collapse of the current system of intensive food production within this century . Health impact ( edit ) Main article : Health effects of pesticides The consumption of the pesticides used to kill pests by humans in some cases may be increasing the likelihood of cancer in some of the rural villages using them . Poor farming practices including non-compliance to usage of masks and over-usage of the chemicals compound this situation . In 1989 , WHO and UNEP estimated that there were around 1 million human pesticide poisonings annually . Some 20,000 ( mostly in developing countries ) ended in death , as a result of poor labeling , loose safety standards etc .", "15": "Pesticides and cancer ( edit ) Contradictory epidemiologic studies in humans have linked phenoxy acid herbicides or contaminants in them with soft tissue sarcoma ( STS ) and malignant lymphoma , organochlorine insecticides with STS , non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ( NHL ) , leukemia , and , less consistently , with cancers of the lung and breast , organophosphorous compounds with NHL and leukemia , and triazine herbicides with ovarian cancer . Punjab case ( edit ) See also : Green Revolution in India The Indian state of Punjab pioneered green revolution among the other states transforming India into a food - surplus country . The state is witnessing serious consequences of intensive farming using chemicals and pesticides . A comprehensive study conducted by Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research ( PGIMER ) has underlined the direct relationship between indiscriminate use of these chemicals and increased incidence of cancer in this region . An increase in the number of cancer cases has been reported in several villages including Jhariwala , Koharwala , Puckka , Bhimawali , and Khara . Environmental activist Vandana Shiva has written extensively about the social , political and economic impacts of the Green Revolution in Punjab . She claims that the Green Revolution 's reliance on heavy use of chemical inputs and monocultures has resulted in water scarcity , vulnerability to pests , and incidents of violent conflict and social marginalization . A Greenpeace Research Laboratories investigation of 50 villages in Muktsar , Bathinda and Ludhiana districts revealed that twenty percent of the sampled wells had nitrate levels above WHO limits for drinking water . The 2009 study linked the nitrate pollution with high use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers . Norman Borlaug 's response to criticism ( edit ) Borlaug dismissed certain claims of critics , but also cautioned , `` There are no miracles in agricultural production . Nor is there such a thing as a miracle variety of wheat , rice , or maize which can serve as an elixir to cure all ills of a stagnant , traditional agriculture . '' Of environmental lobbyists , he said : `` some of the environmental lobbyists of the Western nations are the salt of the earth , but many of them are elitists . They 've never experienced the physical sensation of hunger .", "16": "They do their lobbying from comfortable office suites in Washington or Brussels ... If they lived just one month amid the misery of the developing world , as I have for fifty years , they 'd be crying out for tractors and fertilizer and irrigation canals and be outraged that fashionable elitists back home were trying to deny them these things '' . The new Green Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Second Green Revolution Although the Green Revolution has been able to improve agricultural output in some regions in the world , there was and is still room for improvement . As a result , many organizations continue to invent new ways to improve the techniques already used in the Green Revolution . Frequently quoted inventions are the System of Rice Intensification , marker - assisted selection , agroecology , and applying existing technologies to agricultural problems of the developing world . See also ( edit ) Agricultural robot Agroecology Arab Agricultural Revolution British Agricultural Revolution Environmental issues with agriculture Food security Food sovereignty Genetic pollution Green Revolution in India Industrial agriculture Neolithic Revolution Plant breeding Virgin Lands Campaign Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hazell , Peter B.R. ( 2009 ) . The Asian Green Revolution . IFPRI Discussion Paper . Intl Food Policy Res Inst . GGKEY : HS2UT4LADZD . Jump up ^ Farmer , B.H. ( 1986 ) . `` Perspectives on the ' Green Revolution'in South Asia '' . Modern Asian Studies . 20 ( 01 ) : 175 -- 199 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00013627 . Jump up ^ Gary Toenniessen et al. `` Building an alliance for a green revolution in Africa . '' Annals of the New York academy of sciences 1136.1 ( 2008 ) : 233 - 242 . online Jump up ^ Gaud , William S. ( 8 March 1968 ) . `` The Green Revolution : Accomplishments and Apprehensions '' . AgBioWorld . Retrieved 8 August 2011 .", "17": "Jump up ^ Marie - Monique Robin , The World According to Monsanto : Pollution , Corruption , and the Control of the World 's Food Supply ( The New Press , 2010 ) p308 Jump up ^ Joseph Cotter , Troubled Harvest : Agronomy and Revolution in Mexico , 1880 -- 2002 , Westport , CT : Praeger . Contributions in Latin American Studies , no . 22 , 2003 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ David Barkin , `` Food Production , Consumption , and Policy '' , Encyclopedia of Mexico vol. 1 , p. 494 . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 . Jump up ^ James W. Wessman , `` Agribusiness and Agroindustry '' , Encyclopedia of Mexico vol. 1 , p. 29 . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers 1997 Jump up ^ Barkin , `` Food Production '' , p. 494 . Jump up ^ Jennifer , Clapp . Food . p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Cotter , p. 11 Jump up ^ Cotter , p. 10 Jump up ^ Cotter , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Cotter , p. 235 Jump up ^ IRRI Early research and training results Archived 17 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( pdf ) pp. 106 -- 109 . Jump up ^ `` Rice paddies '' . FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Friday , 14 Jun. 1968 ( 14 June 1968 ) . `` Rice of the Gods '' . TIME . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India Girds for Famine Linked With Flowering of Bamboo '' . News.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newsroom : News Releases '' . CGIAR . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowlatt , Justin ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) . `` IR8 : The miracle rice which saved millions of lives '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 .", "18": "Jump up ^ De Datta SK , Tauro AC , Balaoing SN ( 1 November 1968 ) . `` Effect of plant type and nitrogen level on growth characteristics and grain yield of indica rice in the tropics '' . Agron. J. 60 ( 6 ) : 643 -- 7 . doi : 10.2134 / agronj1968. 00021962006000060017x . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Barta , Patrick ( 28 July 2007 ) . `` Feeding Billions , A Grain at a Time '' . The Wall Street Journal . pp. A1 . ^ Jump up to : Oasa 1987 Jump up ^ The Economist . Brazilian agriculture : The miracle of the cerrado . August 26 , 2010 . http://www.economist.com/node/16886442 Jump up ^ Al Jazeera English ( 2013 - 03 - 13 ) , People & Power - Argentina : The Bad Seeds , retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 Jump up ^ Groniger , Wout ( 2009 ) . Debating Development -- A historical analysis of the Sasakawa Global 2000 project in Ghana and indigenous knowledge as an alternative approach to agricultural development ( Master thesis ) . Universiteit Utrecht . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Emile Frison ( May 2008 ) . `` Biodiversity : Indispensable resources '' . D + C. 49 ( 5 ) : 190 -- 3 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . If there is to be a Green Revolution for Africa , it will be necessary to breed improved varieties and , indeed , livestock . That task will depend on access to the genetic resources inherent in agricultural biodiversity . However , biodiversity is also important for tackling malnutrition as well as food security . Jump up ^ Dugger , Celia W. ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` In Africa , Prosperity From Seeds Falls Short '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 March 2011 .", "19": "Jump up ^ Chibwana , Christopher ; Fisher , Monica . `` The Impacts of Agricultural Input Subsidies in Malawi '' . International Food Policy Research Institute . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Malawi Miracle article on the BBC website . According to the UN website on Malawi the program was highly effective . This website highlights the women farmers program . The claims of success are substantiated by Malawi government claims at Malawi National Statistics Organization site Archived 13 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... The international WaterAid organisation seems to contradict these facts with its report on plans from 2005 -- 2010 . Similarly , the Major League Gaming reported that Malawi had noted problems including lack of transparency and administrative difficulties . This follows with a recent ( 2010 ) Malawi newspaper tells of UN report Archived 8 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . with Malawi one of the lowest on the UN list of developing states , confirmed by this UN World Food Program report . Another report from the Institute for Security Studies Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . from 2005 , showed corruption still prevailing in Malawi at that time . ^ Jump up to : Levetin , Estelle ( 1999 ) . Plants and Society . Boston : WCB / McGraw - Hill . p. 239 . ISBN 0697345521 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Norman ( 2011 ) . The Challenge of Economic Development : A Survey of Issues and Constraints Facing Developing Countries . Bloomington , IN : AuthorHouse . p. 59 . 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Jump up ^ `` World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected , warn scientists '' . The Independent . June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Drezé and Sen 1991 ^ Jump up to : Bowbrick , Peter ( May 1986 ) . `` A Refutation of Professor Sen 's Theory of Famine '' . Food Policy . 11 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 124 . doi : 10.1016 / 0306 - 9192 ( 86 ) 90059 - X . ^ Jump up to : Sands DC , Morris CE , Dratz EA , Pilgeram A ( 2009 ) . `` Elevating optimal human nutrition to a central goal of plant breeding and production of plant - based foods '' . Plant Sci ( Review ) . 177 ( 5 ) : 377 -- 89 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plantsci. 2009.07. 011 . PMC 2866137 . PMID 20467463 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Graham P. ( 2002 ) . `` The Green Revolution '' . The Companion to Development Studies . London : Arnold . pp. 155 -- 9 .", "23": "^ Jump up to : Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas ( 2007 ) . Victoria M. Lopez ; et al. , eds . The Great Riice Robbery : A Handbook on the Impact of IRRI in Asia ( PDF ) . Penang , Malaysia : Pesticide Action Network Asia and the Pacific . ISBN 978 - 983 - 9381 - 35 - 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Conservation Refugees -- When Protecting Nature Means Kicking People Out ; Dowie , Mark ; quote : `` ... Later that spring , at a Vancouver , British Columbia , meeting of the International Forum on Indigenous Mapping , all two hundred delegates signed a declaration stating that the ' activities of conservation organizations now represent the single biggest threat to the integrity of indigenous lands ' ... '' ; November / December 2005 ; Orion Magazine on line ; retrieved March 2014 . Jump up ^ American Foundations : An Investigative History ; Dowie , Mark ; 13 April 2001 ; MIT Press ; Massachusetts ; ( retrieved from Goodreads online ) ; ISBN 0262041898 ; accessed March 2014 . Jump up ^ Primary objective was geopolitical -- see Dowie , Mark ( 2001 ) . American Foundations : An Investigative History . Cambridge MA : MIT Press . pp. 109 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Ross 1998 , Ch. 5 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ponting , Clive ( 2007 ) . A New Green History of the World : The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations . New York : Penguin Books . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303898 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Paul ( June 2003 ) . `` An Historical Perspective from the Green Revolution to the Gene Revolution '' . Nutrition Reviews . 61 ( 6 ) : S124 -- 34 . doi : 10.1301 / nr. 2003. jun.", "24": "S124 - S134 . PMID 12908744 . Jump up ^ Shiva , Vandana ( March -- April 1991 ) . `` The Green Revolution in the Punjab '' . The Ecologist. 21 ( 2 ) : 57 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Bruce H. ( 1988 ) . Foundations of international agricultural research : Science and politics in Mexican Agriculture . Boulder : Westview Press . p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Green Revolution research saved an estimated 18 to 27 million hectares from being brought into agricultural production '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 110 : 8363 -- 8368 . 2013 - 05 - 13 . Bibcode : 2013PNAS ... 110.8363 S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1208065110 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ' Green Revolution ' Brings Greater CO2 Swings '' . www.climatecentral.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Norman J. Church ( 2005 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Why Our Food is So Dependent on Oil '' . Resilience . Powerswitch ( UK ) . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 August 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Loyn , David ( 26 April 2008 ) . `` Punjab suffers from adverse effect of Green revolution '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Pimentel , D. ( 1996 ) . `` Green revolution agriculture and chemical hazards '' . The Science of the Total Environment. 188 ( Suppl ) : S86 -- S98 . doi : 10.1016 / 0048 - 9697 ( 96 ) 05280 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dich J , Zahm SH , Hanberg A , Adami HO ( May 1997 ) . `` Pesticides and cancer '' . Cancer Causes Control .", "25": "8 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 43 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1018413522959 . PMID 9498903 . Jump up ^ Zahm , SH ; Ward , MH ( 21 January 2011 ) . `` Pesticides and childhood cancer '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 106 ( Suppl 3 ) : 893 -- 908 . doi : 10.2307 / 3434207 . PMC 1533072 . PMID 9646054 . Jump up ^ The Government of Punjab ( 2004 ) . Human Development Report 2004 , Punjab ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Section : `` The Green Revolution '' , pp. 17 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Sandeep Yadav Faridkot ( November 2006 ) . `` Green revolution 's cancer train '' . Hardnews . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Green revolution in Punjab , by Vandana Shiva '' . Livingheritage.org. 15 October 1988 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical fertilizers in our water - An analysis_of nitrates in the groundwater in Punjab '' ( PDF ) . Greenpeace India Society . November 2009 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iowans Who Fed The World - Norman Borlaug : Geneticist '' . AgBioWorld. 26 October 2002 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Tierney , John ( 19 May 2008 ) . `` Greens and Hunger '' . TierneyLab -- Putting Ideas in Science to the Test . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Norman Uphoff for SciDevNet 16 October 2013 New approaches are needed for another Green Revolution Jump up ^ Tom Chivers for The Daily Telegraph . Last updated : 31 January 2012 The new green revolution that will feed the world , Jump up ^ Olivier De Schutter , Gaëtan Vanloqueren .", "26": "The New Green Revolution : How Twenty - First - Century Science Can Feed the World Solutions 2 ( 4 ) : 33 -- 44 . Aug 2011 Jump up ^ FAO Towards a New Green Revolution , in Report from the World Food Summit : Food for All . Rome 13 -- 17 November 1996 References ( edit ) Dr Arvind Upadhayaya . `` Black spots in Green revolution '' . Conway , Gordon ( 1998 ) . The doubly green revolution : food for all in the twenty - first century . Ithaca , N.Y : Comstock Pub . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8610 - 6 . Dowie , Mark ( 2001 ) . American foundations : an investigative history . Cambridge , Mass. : MIT . ISBN 0 - 262 - 04189 - 8 . Farrell , John Joseph ; Altieri , Miguel A. ( 1995 ) . Agroecology : the science of sustainable agriculture ( 2nd ed . ) . Boulder , CO : Westview . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 1718 - 5 . Frison , Emile ( 2008 ) . `` Green Revolution in Africa will depend on biodiversity '' . Development and Cooperation. 49 ( 5 ) : 190 -- 3 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Jain , H.K. ( 2010 ) . The Green Revolution : History , Impact and Future ( 1st ed . ) . Houston , TX : Studium Press . ISBN 1 - 933699 - 63 - 9 . Oasa , Edmund K ( 1987 ) . `` The Political Economy of International Agricultural Research in Glass '' . In Glaeser , Bernhard . The Green Revolution revisited : critique and alternatives . Allen & Unwin . pp. 13 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 04 - 630014 - 7 . Ross , Eric ( 1998 ) . The Malthus Factor : Poverty , Politics and Population in Capitalist Development . London : Zed Books . ISBN 1 - 85649 - 564 - 7 .", "27": "Ruttan , Vernon ( 1977 ) . `` The Green Revolution : Seven Generalizations '' . International Development Review . 19 : 16 -- 23 . Sen , Amartya Kumar ; Drèze , Jean ( 1989 ) . Hunger and public action . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 828365 - 2 . Shiva , Vandana ( 1989 ) . The violence of the green revolution : Ecological degradation and political conflict in Punjab . Dehra Dun : Research Foundation for Science and Ecology . ISBN 81 - 85019 - 19 - 3 . Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 69313 - 5 . Spitz , Pierre ( 1987 ) . `` The Green Revolution Re-Examined in India in Glass '' . In Glaeser , Bernhard . The Green Revolution revisited : critique and alternatives . Allen & Unwin . pp. 57 -- 75 . ISBN 0 - 04 - 630014 - 7 . Wright , Angus ( 1984 ) . `` Innocence Abroad : American Agricultural Research in Mexico '' . In Bruce Colman ; Jackson , Wes ; Berry , Wendell . Meeting the expectations of the land : essays in sustainable agriculture and stewardship . San Francisco : North Point Press . pp. 124 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 86547 - 171 - 1 . Wright , Angus Lindsay ( 2005 ) . The death of Ramón González : the modern agricultural dilemma . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71268 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Cotter , Joseph . Troubled Harvest : Agronomy and Revolution in Mexico , 1880 -- 2002 . Westport , CT : Prager , 2003 . Jain , H.K. ( 2010 ) . Green revolution : history , impact and future . Houston : Studium Press . ISBN 9781441674487 .", "28": "A brief history , for general readers . Harwood , Andrew ( 14 June 2013 ) . `` Development policy and history : lessons from the Green Revolution '' . External links ( edit ) Norman Borlaug talk transcript , 1996 The Green Revolution in the Punjab , by Vandana Shiva `` Accelerating the Green Revolution in Africa '' . Rockefeller Foundation . Archived from the original on 2 October 2010 . Moseley , W.G. ( 14 May 2008 ) . `` In search of a better revolution '' . Minneapolis StarTribune . Archived from the original on 17 October 2012 . Rowlatt , Justin ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` IR8 : The Miracle Rice Which Saved Millions of Lives '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . 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-1956191281082178662	element named after fictional planet from which superman came	[ "Kryptonite" ]	{ "0": "Superman - wikipedia Superman Jump to : navigation , search superhero appearing in DC Comics publications and related media This article is about the superhero . For other uses , see Superman ( disambiguation ) . Superman Art by Alex Ross Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance Action Comics # 1 ( cover date June 1938 / release date May 1938 ) Created by Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster In - story information Alter ego Kal - El ( birth name ) Clark Kent ( adopted name ) Species Kryptonian Place of origin Krypton Team affiliations Justice League Legion of Super-Heroes Partnerships Batman Wonder Woman Supergirl Superboy ( Kon - El ) Superdog ( Krypto ) Power Girl Abilities Superhuman strength , speed , durability , and longevity Flight Heat vision Freezing breath Extrasensory powers , including X-ray vision Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster , high school students living in Cleveland , Ohio , in 1933 . They sold Superman to Detective Comics , the future DC Comics , in 1938 . Superman debuted in Action Comics # 1 ( cover - dated June 1938 ) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials , newspaper strips , television programs , films , and video games . With this success , Superman helped to create the superhero archetype and establish its primacy within the American comic book . The character is also referred to by such epithets as the Big Blue Boy Scout , the Man of Steel , the Man of Tomorrow , and the Last Son of Krypton . The origin story of Superman relates that he was born Kal - El on the planet Krypton , before being rocketed to Earth as an infant by his scientist father Jor - El , moments before Krypton 's destruction . Discovered and adopted by a farm couple from Kansas , the child is raised as Clark Kent and imbued with a strong moral compass . Early in his childhood , he displays various superhuman abilities , which , upon reaching maturity , he resolves to use for the benefit of humanity through a `` Superman '' identity . Superman resides and operates in the fictional American city of Metropolis .", "1": "As Clark Kent , he is a journalist for the Daily Planet , a Metropolis newspaper . Superman 's love interest is Lois Lane , and his archenemy is the supervillain Lex Luthor . A close ally of Batman and Wonder Woman , he is typically depicted as a member of the Justice League . Like other characters in the DC Universe , several alternative versions of Superman have been characterized over the years . Superman 's appearance is distinctive and iconic ; he usually wears a blue costume with a red - and - yellow emblem on the chest , consisting of the letter S in a shield shape , and a red cape . This shield is used in many media to symbolize the character . Superman is widely considered an American cultural icon . He has fascinated scholars , with cultural theorists , commentators , and critics alike exploring the character 's role and impact in the United States and worldwide . The character 's ownership has often been the subject of dispute , with Siegel and Shuster twice suing for the return of rights . He has been portrayed in many adaptations of the comics as well , including films , television series , and video games . Several actors have played Superman in motion pictures and TV series including Bud Collyer , Kirk Alyn , George Reeves , Christopher Reeve , Dean Cain , Tim Daly , Tom Welling , Brandon Routh , Henry Cavill , and Tyler Hoechlin .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and conception 1.1 Influences 2 Publication history 2.1 Comic books and comic strips 2.2 Creative management 2.3 Aesthetic style 3 Copyright battles 3.1 Ownership lawsuits 3.2 Copyright infringement lawsuits 4 Fictional character biography 4.1 Personality 4.2 Age and birthday 4.3 Other versions 5 Powers and abilities 6 Supporting characters 6.1 Allies 6.2 Enemies 7 Cultural impact 7.1 Merchandising 7.2 In other media 7.3 Musical references , parodies , and homages 7.4 Literary analysis 7.5 Critical reception and popularity 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Creation and conception `` The Reign of the Superman '' from Siegel 's Science Fiction # 3 ( January 1933 ) In January 1933 , Cleveland high school student Jerry Siegel wrote a short story , illustrated by his friend and classmate Joe Shuster , titled `` The Reign of the Superman '' , which Siegel self - published in his fanzine , Science Fiction . The titular character is a vagrant who gains vast psychic powers from an experimental drug and uses them maliciously for profit and amusement , only to lose them and become a vagrant again , ashamed that he will be remembered only as a villain . Siegel 's fanzine did not sell well . Siegel and Shuster shifted to making comic strips , which they self - published in a book they called Popular Comics . The pair dreamed of becoming professional authors and believed that syndicated newspaper strips offered more lucrative and stable work than pulp magazines . The art quality standards were also lower , making them more accessible to the inexperienced Shuster . In early 1933 or in 1934 , Siegel developed a new character , also named Superman , but now a heroic character , which Siegel felt would be more marketable . This first prototype of Superman had no fantastic abilities and wore casual clothing . Siegel and Shuster often compared this version to Slam Bradley , a comics character they created in 1936 .", "3": "Siegel shared his idea with Shuster and they decided to turn it into a comic strip . The first publisher they solicited was Humor Publishing in Chicago , after having read one of their comic books , Detective Dan . A representative of Humor Publishing was due to visit Cleveland on a business trip and so Siegel and Shuster hastily put together a comic story titled `` The Superman '' and presented it to the publisher . Although Humor showed interest , it pulled out of the comics business before any book deal could be made . Inked cover of The Superman , a rejected 1933 comic story proposal by Siegel and Shuster Siegel believed publishers kept rejecting them because he and Shuster were young and unknown , so he looked for an established artist to replace Shuster . When Siegel told Shuster what he was doing , Shuster reacted by burning their rejected Superman comic , sparing only the cover . Siegel solicited multiple artists and in 1934 Russell Keaton , who worked on the Buck Rogers comic strip , responded . In nine sample strips Keaton produced based on Siegel 's treatment , the Superman character further evolves : In the distant future , when Earth is on the verge of exploding due to `` giant cataclysms '' , the last surviving man sends his child back in time to the year 1935 , where he is adopted by Sam and Molly Kent . The boy exhibits superhuman strength and bulletproof skin , and the Kents teach the child , whom they name Clark , to use his powers for good . However , the newspaper syndicates rejected their work and Keaton abandoned the project . Siegel and Shuster reconciled and resumed developing Superman . The character became an alien from the planet Krypton with the now - familiar costume : tights with an `` S '' on the chest , over-shorts , and a cape . They made Clark Kent a journalist who pretends to be timid , and introduced his colleague Lois Lane , who is attracted to the bold and mighty Superman , but does not realize he and Kent are the same person . Siegel and Shuster entered the comics field professionally in 1935 , producing detective and adventure stories for the New York - based comic - book publisher National Allied Publications . Although National expressed interest in Superman , Siegel and Shuster wanted to sell Superman as a syndicated comic strip , but the newspaper syndicates all turned them down .", "4": "Max Gaines , who worked at McClure Newspaper Syndicate , suggested they show their work to Detective Comics ( which had recently bought out National Allied ) . Siegel recalled , In March 1938 , Siegel and Shuster sold all rights to the character to Detective Comics , Inc. for $130 ( ten dollars per page , the equivalent of $2,300 when adjusted for inflation ) . It was the company 's policy to buy the full rights to the characters it published . By this time , they had resigned themselves that Superman would never be a success , and with this deal they would at least see their character finally published . Influences Siegel and Shuster read pulp science - fiction and adventure magazines , and many stories featured characters with extraordinary powers such as telepathy , clairvoyance , and superhuman strength . An influence was Edgar Rice Burroughs ' John Carter of Mars , a human who was displaced to Mars , where the low gravity makes him stronger than the natives and allows him to leap great distances , which were essentially the same kind of powers Superman had on Earth in the early days of the comic . While it is widely assumed that the 1930 Philip Wylie novel Gladiator , featuring a protagonist , Hugo Danner , with similar powers , was an inspiration for Superman , Siegel denied this . Douglas Fairbanks ( left ) and Harold Lloyd ( right ) influenced the look of Superman and Clark Kent , respectively . Siegel and Shuster were also avid moviegoers . Shuster based Superman 's stance and devil - may - care attitude on that of Douglas Fairbanks , who starred in adventure films such as The Mark of Zorro and Robin Hood . The name of Superman 's home city , Metropolis , was taken from the 1927 film of the same name . Popeye cartoons were also an influence . The persona of Clark Kent was inspired by slapstick comedian Harold Lloyd . Lloyd wore glasses and often played gentle characters who were abused by bullies , but later in the story would snap and fight back furiously . Shuster , who also wore glasses and described himself as `` mild - mannered '' , found Lloyd 's characters relatable . Kent is a journalist , because Siegel often imagined himself becoming one after leaving school .", "5": "The inclusion of a romantic subplot with Lois Lane was inspired by Siegel 's own awkwardness with girls . The pair collected comic strips in their youth , with a favorite being Winsor McCay 's fantastical Little Nemo . Shuster remarked on the artists which played an important part in the development of his own style : `` Alex Raymond and Burne Hogarth were my idols -- also Milt Caniff , Hal Foster , and Roy Crane . '' Shuster taught himself to draw by tracing over the art in the strips and magazines they collected . As a boy , Shuster was obsessed with fitness culture and a fan of strongmen such as Siegmund Breitbart and Joseph Greenstein . He collected fitness magazines and manuals and used their photographs as visual references for his art . The visual design of Superman came from multiple influences . The tight - fitting suit and shorts were inspired by the costumes of wrestlers , boxers , and strongmen . Shuster first gave Superman laced sandals like those of strongmen and classical heroes . The emblem on his chest may have been inspired by the uniforms of athletic teams . Many pulp action heroes such as swashbucklers wore capes . Superman 's face was based on Johnny Weissmuller 's . The word `` superman '' was commonly used in the 1920s and 1930s to describe men of great ability , most often athletes and politicians . It occasionally appeared in pulp fiction stories as well , such as `` The Superman of Dr. Jukes '' and Doc Savage . It is unclear whether Siegel and Shuster were influenced by Friedrich Nietzsche 's concept of the Übermensch ; they never acknowledged as much . Publication History See also : Publication history of Superman , Superman ( comic strip ) , List of Superman comics , and Superman ( franchise ) Comic books and comic strips Superman debuted as the cover feature of the anthology Action Comics # 1 ( cover - dated June 1938 and published on April 18 , 1938 ) . The series was an immediate success , and reader feedback showed it was because of the Superman character . In June 1939 , Detective Comics began a sister series , Superman , dedicated exclusively to the character .", "6": "Action Comics eventually became dedicated to Superman stories too , and both it and Superman have been published without interruption since 1938 ( ignoring changes to the titles and numbering ) . A large number of other series and miniseries have been published as well . Superman has also appeared as a regular or semi-regular character in a number of superhero team series , such as Justice League of America and World 's Finest Comics , and in spin - off series such as Supergirl . Sales of Action Comics and Superman declined steadily from the 1950s , but rose again starting in 1987 . Superman # 75 ( Nov 1992 ) sold over 6 million copies , making it the best - selling issue of a comic book of all time , thanks to a media sensation over the possibly permanent death of the character in that issue . Sales declined from that point on . In February 2016 , Action Comics sold just over 31,000 copies . The comic books are today considered a niche aspect of the Superman franchise due to low readership . Beginning in January 1939 , a Superman daily comic strip appeared in newspapers , syndicated through the McClure Syndicate . A color Sunday version was added that November . The Sunday strips had a narrative continuity separate from the daily strips , possibly because Siegel had to delegate the Sunday strips to ghostwriters . By 1941 , the newspaper strips had an estimated readership of 20 million . Shuster drew the early strips , then passed the job to Wayne Boring . From 1949 to 1956 , the newspaper strips were drawn by Win Mortimer . The strip ended in May 1966 , but was revived from 1977 to 1983 to coincide with a series of movies released by Warner Bros . After Shuster left National , Boring also succeeded him as the principal artist on Superman comic books . He redrew Superman taller and more detailed . Around 1955 , Curt Swan in turn succeeded Boring . Creative management Initially , Siegel was allowed to write Superman more or less as he saw fit , because nobody had anticipated the success and rapid expansion of the franchise . But soon Siegel and Shuster 's work was put under careful oversight for fear of trouble with censors . Siegel was forced to tone down the violence and social crusading that characterized his early stories .", "7": "Editor Whitney Ellsworth , hired in 1940 , dictated that Superman not kill . Sexuality was banned , and colorfully outlandish villains such as Ultra-Humanite and Toyman were thought to be less nightmarish for young readers . Mort Weisinger was the editor on Superman comics from 1941 to 1970 , his tenure briefly interrupted by military service . Siegel and his fellow writers had developed the character with little thought of building a coherent mythology , but as the number of Superman titles and the pool of writers grew , Weisinger demanded a more disciplined approach . Weisinger assigned story ideas , and the logic of Superman 's powers , his origin , the locales , and his relationships with his growing cast of supporting characters were carefully planned . Elements such as Bizarro , Supergirl , the Phantom Zone , alternate varieties of kryptonite , robot doppelgangers , and Krypto were introduced . The complicated universe built under Weisinger was beguiling to devoted readers , but alienating to casuals . Weisinger favored lighthearted stories over serious drama , and avoided sensitive subjects such as the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement , because he feared his right - wing views would alienate his writing staff and readers . Weisinger also introduced letters columns in 1958 to encourage feedback and build intimacy with readers . Superman was the best - selling comic book character of the 1960s . Weisinger retired in 1970 and Julius Schwartz took over . By his own admission , Weisinger had grown out of touch with newer readers . Schwartz updated Superman by removing overused plot elements such as kryptonite and robot doppelgangers and making Clark Kent a television anchor . Schwartz also scaled Superman 's powers down to a level closer to Siegel 's original . These changes would eventually be reversed by later writers . Schwartz allowed stories with serious drama , as in `` For the Man Who Has Everything '' ( Superman Annual # 11 ) , in which the villain Mongul torments Superman with an illusion of happy family life on a living Krypton . Schwartz retired from DC Comics in 1986 , and was succeeded by Mike Carlin as editor on Superman comics .", "8": "His retirement coincided with DC Comics ' decision to streamline the shared continuity called the DC Universe with the companywide - crossover storyline `` Crisis on Infinite Earths '' . Writer John Byrne rewrote the Superman mythos , again reducing Superman 's powers , which writers had slowly re-strengthened , and revised many supporting characters , such as making Lex Luthor a billionaire industrialist rather than a mad scientist , and making Supergirl an artificial shapeshifting organism , because DC wanted Superman to be the sole surviving Kryptonian . Carlin was promoted to Executive Editor for the DC Universe books in 1996 , a position he held until 2002 . K.C. Carlson took his place as editor of the Superman comics . The 1940s radio serial was produced by Robert Maxwell and Allen Ducovny , who were employees of Superman , Inc. and Detective Comics , respectively . Robert Maxwell was later hired to produce the TV show starring George Reeves . DC Comics ( then known as National Comics Publications ) felt that the first season was too violent for what they expected to be a children 's show , so they removed Maxwell and replaced him with Whitney Ellsworth , a veteran writer and editor at National Comics . DC Comics had approval rights over all creative aspects of the Superboy TV series ( 1988 -- 1992 ) , from scripts to casting to shooting revisions . The first three movies starring Christopher Reeve were produced by Alexander and Ilya Salkind . When Warner Bros sold the movie rights to Superman to the Salkinds in 1974 , it demanded control over the budget and the casting , but left everything else to the producers ' discretion . These movies influenced future stories , with the Salkinds insisting Clark Kent be a newspaper journalist , in order to appeal to older fans . Kent left his TV anchor job and returned to the Daily Planet . Innovations such as John Barry 's crystalline set designs for Krypton and the Fortress of Solitude , Superman 's chest emblem being his family crest , and screenwriter Mario Puzo 's messianic themes were also adopted by the comics ' writers . Aesthetic style In the earlier decades of Superman comics , artists were expected to conform to a certain `` house style '' .", "9": "Joe Shuster defined the aesthetic style of Superman in the 1940s , and not just in the comics : he also provided character model sheets for the Fleischer and Famous animated serial of the 1940s . After Shuster left National , Wayne Boring succeeded him as the principal artist on Superman comic books . He redrew Superman taller and more detailed . Around 1955 , Curt Swan in turn succeeded Boring . The 1980s saw a boom in the diversity of comic book art and now there is no single `` house style '' in Superman comics . Copyright battles Ownership lawsuits Main article : Superman ownership disputes Siegel wrote most of the comic - book and daily newspaper stories until he was conscripted in 1943 . While Siegel was serving in Hawaii , Detective Comics introduced a child version of Superman called `` Superboy '' , based on a concept Siegel had submitted several years before . Siegel was furious , because Detective did this without having bought the character . After Siegel 's discharge from the Army , he and Shuster sued Detective Comics in 1947 for the rights to Superman and Superboy . The judge ruled that the March 1938 sale of Superman was binding , but that Superboy was a separate entity that rightfully belonged to Siegel . Siegel and Shuster settled out - of - court with Detective , which paid the pair $94,000 ( $960,000 when adjusted for inflation ) in exchange for the full rights to both Superman and Superboy . Detective then fired Siegel and Shuster . In 1969 , Siegel and Shuster attempted to regain rights to Superman using the renewal option in the Copyright Act of 1909 , but the court ruled Siegel and Shuster had transferred the renewal rights to Detective Comics in 1938 . Siegel and Shuster appealed , but the appeals court upheld this decision . Detective had re-hired Siegel as a writer in 1957 , but fired him again when he filed this second lawsuit . In 1975 , Siegel and a number of other comic book writers and artists launched a public campaign for better compensation and treatment of comic creators . Warner Brothers agreed to give Siegel and Shuster a yearly stipend , full medical benefits , and credit their names in all future Superman productions in exchange for never contesting ownership of Superman .", "10": "Siegel and Shuster upheld this bargain . Shuster died in 1992 . DC Comics offered Shuster 's heirs a stipend in exchange for never challenging ownership of Superman , which they accepted for some years . Siegel died in 1996 . His heirs attempted to take the rights to Superman using the termination provision of the Copyright Act of 1976 . DC Comics negotiated an agreement wherein it would pay the Siegel heirs several million dollars and a yearly stipend of $500,000 in exchange for permanently granting DC the rights to Superman . DC Comics also agreed to insert the line `` By Special Arrangement with the Jerry Siegel Family '' in all future Superman productions . The Siegels accepted DC 's offer in an October 2001 letter . Copyright lawyer and movie producer Marc Toberoff then struck a deal with the heirs of both Siegel and Shuster to help them get the rights to Superman in exchange for signing the rights over to his production company , Pacific Pictures . Both groups accepted . The Siegel heirs called off their deal with DC Comics and in 2004 sued DC for the rights to Superman and Superboy . In 2008 , the judge ruled in favor of the Siegels . DC Comics appealed the decision , and the appeals court ruled in favored of DC , arguing that the October 2001 letter was binding . In 2003 , the Shuster heirs served a termination notice for Shuster 's grant of his half of the copyright to Superman . DC Comics sued the Shuster heirs in 2010 , and the court ruled in DC 's favor on the grounds that the 1992 agreement with the Shuster heirs barred them from terminating the grant . Superman is due to enter the public domain in 2033 . However , this would only apply to the character as he is depicted in Action Comics # 1 ( 1938 ) . Later developments , such as his power of `` heat vision '' ( introduced in 1949 ) , may persist under copyright until the works they were introduced in enter the public domain themselves . Copyright infringement lawsuits Superman 's success quickly spawned a wave of imitations , and Detective Comics defended its copyright vigorously . Will Eisner created a character called Wonder Man in 1939 , but a lawsuit from Detective Comics forced its cancellation after just one issue .", "11": "Fawcett Comics introduced Captain Marvel in 1940 and for some years that character outsold Superman , but after protracted legal battles Fawcett was forced to cease publishing Captain Marvel in 1953 . Fictional character Biography In Action Comics # 1 ( April 1938 ) , Superman is born on an alien world to a technologically advanced species that resembles humans . When his world is on the verge of destruction , his father , a scientist , places his infant son alone in a spaceship that takes him to Earth . The earliest newspaper strips name the planet `` Krypton '' , the baby `` Kal - L '' , and his biological parents `` Jor - L '' and `` Lora '' ; their names become `` Jor - el '' , and `` Lara '' in a 1942 spinoff novel by George Lowther . The ship lands in the American countryside , where the baby is adopted by the Kents . In the original stories , they adopt him from an orphanage . The Kents name the boy Clark and raise him in a farming community . A 1947 episode of the radio serial places the then - unnamed community in Iowa . It is named Smallville in Superboy # 2 ( June 1949 ) . New Adventures of Superboy # 22 ( Oct. 1981 ) places it in Maryland . The 1978 Superman movie and most stories since place it in Kansas . The Kents teach Clark he must conceal his otherworldly origins and use his fantastic powers to do good . Clark creates the costumed identity of Superman so as to protect his personal privacy and the safety of his loved ones . As Clark Kent , he wears eyeglasses to disguise his face and wears his Superman costume underneath his clothes so that he can change at a moment 's notice . To complete this disguise , Clark avoids violent confrontation , preferring to slip away and change into Superman when danger arises , and suffers occasional ridicule for his apparent cowardice . Writers developed Superman 's powers gradually . Since the beginning , he has had superhuman strength and a nigh - invulnerable body . In the earliest comics , Superman travels by running and leaping . In the radio serial that began in 1940 , Superman has the ability to fly .", "12": "Fleischer Studios also depicted Superman flying in a theatrical animated series they produced that same decade , because this required fewer frames of animation , and their animation tests of Superman leaping looked `` silly '' anyway . X-ray vision is introduced in Action Comics # 11 ( April 1939 ) and heat vision in Superman # 59 ( Aug. 1949 ) . Originally , Superman 's powers were common on Krypton , but in later stories they are activated by the light of Earth 's yellow sun , and can be deactivated by red sunlight similar to that of Krypton 's sun . Siegel understood that Superman 's invulnerability diminished his appeal as an action hero , and so wrote a story introducing `` K - metal '' , whose radiation harms Superman . This draft was never published since the story had Superman reveal his secret identity to Lois , but the writers of the radio serial took inspiration and introduced the green mineral kryptonite in a 1943 episode . It first appeared in comics in the story `` Superman Returns To Krypton ! '' , credited to writer Bill Finger , in Superman # 61 ( Dec. 1949 ) . Clark works as a newspaper journalist . In the earliest stories , he is employed by George Taylor of The Daily Star , but the second episode of the radio serial changed this to Perry White of The Daily Planet . Action Comics # 1 introduced Clark 's colleague Lois Lane . Clark is romantically attracted to her , but she rejects the mild - mannered Clark and is infatuated with the bold and mighty Superman . This love triangle was conceived in 1934 and is present in most Superman stories . Jerry Siegel objected to any proposal that Lois discover that Clark is Superman , because he felt that , as implausible as Clark 's disguise is , the love triangle was too important to the book 's appeal . For decades in comic stories , Lois suspects Clark is Superman and tries to prove it , but Superman always outwits her ; the first such story was Superman # 17 ( 1942 ) . In Action Comics # 662 ( Feb. 1991 ) in a story by writer Roger Stern and artist Bob McLeod , Lois definitively learns of Clark 's dual identity , a status quo that would exist for two decades and was reflected in a 1995 episode of the TV series Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman .", "13": "Both in that series and in the 1996 comic book special Superman : The Wedding Album , Clark and Lois marry . The couple 's biological child , Jonathan Samuel Kent , was born in Convergence : Superman # 2 ( July 2015 ) . The first story in which Superman dies was published in Superman # 188 ( April 1966 ) in which he is killed by kryptonite radiation , but is revived in the same issue by one of his android doppelgangers . In the 1990s The Death and Return of Superman story arc , after a deadly battle with Doomsday , Superman died in Superman # 75 ( Jan. 1993 ) . He was later revived by the Eradicator . In Superman # 52 ( May 2016 ) Superman is killed by kryptonite poisoning , and this time he was not resurrected , but replaced by the Superman of a previous continuity . In 2011 , DC Comics rebooted its continuity and relaunched its entire line of comic books under the rubric The New 52 , with a new version of Superman as the protagonist of the Superman books . In this new version of events , Clark 's parents were killed by a drunk driver when he was a teenager , and he is not married to Lois . In this continuity , he first encounters Lex Luthor early in his career as a superhero . Luthor , who is working for the government , tortures him in order to find out the limits of his powers . Superman eventually manages to escape , however . In Superman vol. 2 , # 43 ( October 2015 ) Superman 's identity is exposed to the world . The pre-New 52 version of Superman was re-introduced in the comic book series Superman : Lois and Clark and for a time Earth had two superheroes each called Superman . The older , more mature Superman remained on Earth after the younger Superman died in Superman vol. 3 , # 52 ( May 25 , 2016 ) . In June 2016 , DC Comics once again relaunched its comic book titles with DC Rebirth . The publisher re-established the pre-New 52 Superman as the protagonist of the new comic books , with Lois Lane as his wife once more . He and Lois also conceive a biological son , Jonathan Samuel Kent , who eventually becomes Superboy .", "14": "The story arc Superman Reborn smooths over the discrepancies between the two versions of the character . According to Mister Mxyzptlk , the creation of the New 52 caused Superman to be separated into two people : the New 52 character that served as the protagonist of the Superman books and the pre-Flashpoint character that took part in the Convergence event and sired Jon . Thanks to Jon , the new Superboy , the two Supermen merge into one complete version of Superman , rearranging their shared histories and accommodating them into the restored DC Universe . This complete Superman features a new suit that combines elements from the two eras. DC Comics ended the Rebirth branding in December 2017 , opting to include everything under a larger `` DC Universe '' banner and naming . The continuity established by Rebirth continues across DC 's comic book titles , including volume one of Action Comics and the fourth volume of Superman . Personality In the original Siegel and Shuster stories , Superman 's personality is rough and aggressive . The character often attacks and terrorizes wife beaters , profiteers , lynch mobs , and gangsters in a rough manner and with a looser moral code than audiences today might be used to . Superman in the comics of the 1930s is unconcerned about the harm his strength may cause . He tosses villainous characters in such a manner that fatalities would presumably occur , although these are seldom shown explicitly on the page . This came to an end in late 1940 when new editor Whitney Ellsworth instituted a code of conduct for his characters to follow , banning Superman from ever killing . The character was softened and given a sense of humanitarianism . Ellsworth 's code , however , is not to be confused with `` the Comics Code '' , which was created in 1954 by the Comics Code Authority and ultimately abandoned by every major comic book publisher by the early 21st century . In his first appearances , Superman was considered a vigilante by the authorities , being fired upon by the National Guard as he razed a slum so that the government would create better housing conditions for the poor . By 1942 , however , Superman was working side - by - side with the police . Today , Superman is commonly seen as a brave and kind - hearted hero with a strong sense of justice , morality , and righteousness .", "15": "He adheres to an unwavering moral code instilled in him by his adoptive parents . His commitment to operating within the law has been an example to many citizens and other heroes , but has stirred resentment and criticism among others , who refer to him as the `` big blue boy scout '' . Superman can be rather rigid in this trait , causing tensions in the superhero community . This was most notable with Wonder Woman , one of his closest friends , after she killed Maxwell Lord . Booster Gold had an initial icy relationship with the Man of Steel , but grew to respect him . Having lost his home world of Krypton , Superman is very protective of Earth , and especially of Clark Kent 's family and friends . This same loss , combined with the pressure of using his powers responsibly , has caused Superman to feel lonely on Earth , despite having his friends and parents . Previous encounters with people he thought to be fellow Kryptonians , Power Girl ( who is , in fact from the Krypton of the Earth - Two universe ) and Mon - El , have led to disappointment . The arrival of Supergirl , who has been confirmed to be not only from Krypton , but also his cousin , has relieved this loneliness somewhat . Superman 's Fortress of Solitude acts as a place of solace for him in times of loneliness and despair . In Superman / Batman # 3 ( Dec. 2003 ) , Batman , under writer Jeph Loeb , observes , `` It is a remarkable dichotomy . In many ways , Clark is the most human of us all . Then ... he shoots fire from the skies , and it is difficult not to think of him as a god . And how fortunate we all are that it does not occur to ' him ' . '' In writer Geoff Johns ' Infinite Crisis # 1 ( Dec. 2005 ) , part of the 2005 -- 2006 `` Infinite Crisis '' crossover storyline , Batman admonishes him for identifying with humanity too much and failing to provide the strong leadership that superhumans need . Age and birthday Superman 's age has varied through his history in comics , with the character typically being in his 30s . His age was originally left undefined , with real - time references to specific years sometimes given to past events in Golden Age and early Silver Age comics .", "16": "In comics published between the early 1970s and early 1990s , his age was usually cited as 29 years old . However , during `` The Death of Superman '' storyline , Clark 's age was given as 34 years old ( in a fictional promotional newspaper published ) , while 1994 's `` Zero Hour '' timeline established his age as 35 . Action Comics # 149 ( Oct. 1950 ) gives October as Superman 's birthdate . Comics of the 1960s through 1980s describe Superman 's birthday as February 29 . Clark Kent , meanwhile , would celebrate his birthday on June 18 , the date the Kents first found Clark ; June 18 is also the birthdate of Superman voice actor Bud Collyer . Following the 1980s editorial - revamp DC called Crisis on Infinite Earths , Kent 's birthday is given as February 29 . Superman : Secret Origin # 1 ( Nov. 2009 ) depicts Kent celebrating his birthday on December 1 . Other versions Main article : Alternative versions of Superman See also : Superman ( Earth - Two ) and Superman ( Earth - One ) The details Superman 's story vary across his large body of fiction published since 1938 . Versions of Superman depicted on television and in movies are typically not part of the same narrative continuity presented in the comics , and even in the comic books there are many different depictions of the character , a few of which differ radically from the `` classic '' version ( e.g. , the graphic novel Superman : Red Son depicts a Communist Superman who rules the Soviet Union ) . DC Comics has on some occasions published crossover stories where different depictions of Superman interact with each other using the plot device of parallel universes . For instance , in the 1960s , the Superman of `` Earth - One '' would occasionally star in stories alongside the Superman of `` Earth - Two '' , the latter of whom resembled Superman as he was portrayed in the 1940s . DC Comics has not developed a consistent and universal system to classify all versions of the character . Powers and abilities Main article : Powers and abilities of Superman As an influential archetype of the superhero genre , Superman possesses extraordinary powers , with the character traditionally described as `` Faster than a speeding bullet . More powerful than a locomotive .", "17": "Able to leap tall buildings in a single bound ... It 's Superman ! '' , a phrase coined by Jay Morton and first used in the Superman radio serials and Max Fleischer animated shorts of the 1940s as well as the TV series of the 1950s . For most of his existence , Superman 's famous arsenal of powers has included flight , super-strength , invulnerability to non-magical attacks , super-speed , vision powers ( including x-ray , heat - emitting , telescopic , infra - red , and microscopic vision ) , super-hearing , super-intelligence , and super-breath , which enables him to blow out air at freezing temperatures , as well as exert the propulsive force of high - speed winds . As originally conceived and presented in his early stories , Superman 's powers were relatively limited , consisting of superhuman strength that allowed him to lift a car over his head , run at amazing speeds and leap one - eighth of a mile , as well as an incredibly dense body structure that could be pierced by nothing less than an exploding artillery shell . He could be knocked unconscious and nearly killed by powerful electric fields or bombs . Siegel and Shuster compared his strength and leaping abilities to an ant and a grasshopper . When making the Superman cartoons in the early 1940s , the Fleischer Brothers found it difficult to keep animating him leaping and requested to DC to change his ability to flying ; this was an especially convenient concept for short films , which would have otherwise had to waste precious running time moving earthbound Clark Kent from place to place . Writers gradually increased his powers to larger extents during the Silver Age , in which Superman could fly to other worlds and galaxies and even across universes with relative ease . He would often fly across the solar system to stop meteors from hitting the Earth or sometimes just to clear his head . Writers found it increasingly difficult to write Superman stories in which the character was believably challenged , so DC made a series of attempts to rein the character in . The most significant attempt , John Byrne 's 1986 rewrite , established several hard limits on his abilities : He barely survives a nuclear blast , and his space flights are limited by how long he can hold his breath .", "18": "Superman 's power levels have again increased since then , with Superman eventually possessing enough strength to hurl mountains , withstand nuclear blasts with ease , fly into the sun unharmed , and survive in the vacuum of outer space without oxygen . The source of Superman 's powers has changed subtly over the course of his history . It was originally stated that Superman 's abilities derived from his Kryptonian heritage , which made him eons more evolved than humans . This was soon amended , with the source for the powers now based upon the establishment of Krypton 's gravity as having been stronger than that of the Earth . This situation mirrors that of Edgar Rice Burroughs ' John Carter . As Superman 's powers increased , the implication that all Kryptonians had possessed the same abilities became problematic for writers , making it doubtful that a race of such beings could have been wiped out by something as trifling as an exploding planet . In part to counter this , the Superman writers established that Kryptonians , whose native star Rao had been red , possessed superpowers only under the light of a yellow sun . Superman is most vulnerable to green Kryptonite , mineral debris from Krypton transformed into radioactive material by the forces that destroyed the planet . Exposure to green Kryptonite radiation nullifies Superman 's powers and immobilizes him with pain and nausea ; prolonged exposure will eventually kill him . The only substance on Earth that can protect him from Kryptonite is lead , which blocks the radiation . Lead is also the only known substance that Superman can not see through with his x-ray vision . Kryptonite was introduced in 1943 as a plot device to allow the radio - serial voice actor , Bud Collyer , to take some time off . Although green Kryptonite is the most commonly seen form , writers have introduced other forms over the years : such as red , gold , blue , white , and black , each with its own effect . Supporting characters See also : Superman character and cast and List of Superman supporting characters Clark Kent , Superman 's secret identity , was based partly on Harold Lloyd and named after Clark Gable and Kent Taylor . Creators have discussed the idea of whether Superman pretends to be Clark Kent or vice versa , and at differing times in the publication either approach has been adopted .", "19": "Although typically a newspaper reporter , during the 1970s the character left the Daily Planet for a time to work for television , whilst the 1980s revamp by John Byrne saw the character become somewhat more aggressive . This aggressiveness has since faded with subsequent creators restoring the mild mannerisms traditional to the character . Allies Superman 's large cast of supporting characters includes Lois Lane , the character most commonly associated with Superman , being portrayed at different times as his colleague , competitor , love interest and wife . Other main supporting characters include Daily Planet coworkers such as photographer Jimmy Olsen and editor Perry White , Clark Kent 's adoptive parents Jonathan and Martha Kent , childhood sweetheart Lana Lang and best friend Pete Ross , associates like Professor Hamilton and John Henry Irons who often provide scientific advice and tech support , and former college love interest Lori Lemaris ( a mermaid ) . Stories making reference to the possibility of Superman siring children have been featured both in and out of mainstream continuity . Incarnations of Supergirl , Krypto the Superdog , and Superboy have also been major characters in the mythos , as well as the Justice League of America ( of which Superman is usually a member and often its leader ) and Legion of Super-Heroes ( which Superboy traveled through time to join ) . A feature shared by several supporting characters is alliterative names , especially with the initials `` LL '' , including Lex Luthor , Lois Lane , Linda Lee , Lana Lang , Lori Lemaris , and Lucy Lane , alliteration being common in early comics . Team - ups with fellow comics icon Batman are common , inspiring many stories over the years . When paired , they are often referred to as the `` World 's Finest '' in a nod to the name of the comic book series that features many team - up stories . In 2003 , DC began to publish a new series featuring the two characters titled Superman / Batman or Batman / Superman . Following DC Comic 's The New 52 line - wide relaunch , Superman established a romantic relationship with Wonder Woman . A comic book series titled Superman / Wonder Woman debuted in 2013 , which explores their relationship and shared adventures . Various enemies of Superman , as they appear on the cover of Superman Villains : Secret Files and Origins # 1 ( June 1998 ) . Art by Dan Jurgens .", "20": "Enemies Main article : List of Superman enemies The villains Superman faced in the earliest stories were ordinary humans , such as gangsters , corrupt politicians , and violent husbands , but they soon grew more outlandish and collectively become Superman 's rogues gallery . The mad scientist Ultra-Humanite , introduced in Action Comics # 13 ( June 1939 ) , was Superman 's first recurring villain . The hero 's best - known nemesis , Lex Luthor , was introduced in Action Comics # 23 ( April 1940 ) and has been envisioned over the years as both a recluse with advanced weaponry to a power - mad billionaire . In 1944 , the magical imp Mister Mxyzptlk , Superman 's first recurring super-powered adversary , was introduced . Superman 's first alien villain , Brainiac , debuted in Action Comics # 242 ( July 1958 ) . The monstrous Doomsday , introduced in Superman : The Man of Steel # 17 -- 18 ( Nov. - Dec. 1992 ) , was the first villain to evidently kill Superman in physical combat . Other adversaries include the odd Superman - doppelgänger Bizarro , the Kryptonian criminal General Zod , and alien tyrants Darkseid and Mongul . Cultural impact Superman has come to be seen as an American cultural icon . Superman is often thought of as the first superhero . This point is debated by historians : Doctor Occult , an earlier creation of Siegel and Shuster , appeared in comic books two years earlier , and the Phantom and Mandrake the Magician had previously appeared in newspaper strips . However , there is no debate that Superman started the 20th century 's craze for costumed adventurers . His adventures and popularity have established the character as an inspiring force within the public eye , with the character serving as inspiration for musicians , comedians and writers alike . Kryptonite , Brainiac and Bizarro have become synonymous in popular vernacular with Achilles ' heel , extreme intelligence and reversed logic respectively . Similarly , the phrase `` I 'm not Superman '' or `` you 're not Superman '' is an idiom used to suggest a lack of omnipotence . Merchandising The `` S '' symbol that became iconic Superman became popular very quickly , with an additional title , Superman Quarterly , rapidly added .", "21": "In 1940 the character was represented in the annual Macy 's parade for the first time . In fact Superman had become popular to the extent that in 1942 , with sales of the character 's three titles standing at a combined total of over 1.5 million , Time was reporting that `` the Navy Department ( had ) ruled that Superman comic books should be included among essential supplies destined for the Marine garrison at Midway Islands . '' The character was soon licensed by companies keen to cash in on this success through merchandising . The earliest paraphernalia appeared in 1939 , a button proclaiming membership in the Supermen of America club . By 1940 the amount of merchandise available increased dramatically , with jigsaw puzzles , paper dolls , bubble gum and trading cards available , as well as wooden or metal figures . The popularity of such merchandise increased when Superman was licensed to appear in other media , and Les Daniels has written that this represents `` the start of the process that media moguls of later decades would describe as ' synergy . ' '' By the release of Superman Returns , Warner Bros. had arranged a cross promotion with Burger King , and licensed many other products for sale . Superman 's appeal to licensees rests upon the character 's continuing popularity , cross market appeal and the status of the `` S '' shield , the stylized magenta and gold `` S '' emblem Superman wears on his chest , as a fashion symbol . The `` S '' shield by itself is often used in media to symbolize the Superman character . In other media Main article : Superman ( franchise ) The character of Superman has appeared in various media aside from comic books , including radio and television series , several films , and video games . The first adaptation was a daily newspaper comic strip , launched on January 16 , 1939 , and running through May 1966 ; Siegel and Shuster used the first strips to establish Superman 's background , adding details such as the planet Krypton and Superman 's father , Jor - El , concepts not yet established in the comic books . A radio show , The Adventures of Superman , premiered February 12 , 1940 , and featured the voice of Bud Collyer as Superman . It ran through 1951 .", "22": "Collyer was also cast as the voice of Superman in Paramount Pictures ' 17 Superman animated cartoons produced by Fleischer Studios and then Famous Studios for theatrical release in 1941 -- 1943 . The first episode had a budget of $50,000 with the remaining episodes at $30,000 each ( $831,900 when adjusted for inflation ) , which was exceptional for the time . The first live - action film was a 15 - part serial released in 1948 . In 1948 , the movie serial Superman made Kirk Alyn the first actor to portray the hero onscreen . The first feature film , Superman and the Mole Men , starring George Reeves , was released in 1951 , and was intended to promote the first television series Adventures of Superman , which aired from 1952 to 1958 . National had creative control over the show . Television series featuring Superman and Superboy would also debut in the 1980s , 1990s and 2000s . In 1966 came the Broadway musical It 's a Bird ... It 's a Plane ... It 's Superman , remade for television in 1975 . Also in 1966 , Superman starred in the first of several animated television series The New Adventures of Superman . Superman also appeared in a Filmation - produced animation segment on the children 's educational TV series Sesame Street , discussing the letter S . Superman returned to movie theaters in 1978 with director Richard Donner 's Superman , starring Christopher Reeve , which spawned three sequels and was the most successful Superman feature film . DC Comics has had little creative control over these in movies : When Warner Bros. sold the movie rights to Superman to the Salkinds in 1974 , it demanded control over the budget and the casting , but left everything else to the producers ' discretion . In 2006 , Bryan Singer directed the feature Superman Returns , starring Brandon Routh . In 2013 , director Zack Snyder rebooted the film franchise with Man of Steel , starring Henry Cavill . Snyder also directed its 2016 sequel , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , which featured Superman alongside Batman and Wonder Woman for the first time in a live - action movie .", "23": "Cavill reprised his role as Superman in the 2017 film Justice League and revealed he is under contract to play Superman for one more film. . Tyler Hoechlin plays Superman in the second season of the Supergirl TV series . Musical references , parodies , and homages See also : Superman in popular music A building with a painted caricature of Barack Obama in Superman 's clothes in its facade Superman has also featured as an inspiration for musicians , with songs by numerous artists from several generations celebrating the character . Donovan 's Billboard Hot 100 topping single `` Sunshine Superman '' utilized the character in both the title and the lyric , declaring `` Superman and Green Lantern ai n't got nothing on me . '' Folk singer - songwriter Jim Croce sung about the character in a list of warnings in the chorus of his song `` You Do n't Mess Around with Jim '' , introducing the phrase `` you do n't tug on Superman 's cape '' into popular lexicon . Other tracks to reference the character include Genesis ' `` Land of Confusion '' , the video to which featured a Spitting Image puppet of Ronald Reagan dressed as Superman , `` ( Wish I Could Fly Like ) Superman '' by The Kinks on their 1979 album Low Budget and `` Superman '' by The Clique , a track later covered by R.E.M. on its 1986 album Lifes Rich Pageant . This cover is referenced by Grant Morrison in Animal Man , in which Superman meets the character , and the track comes on Animal Man 's Walkman immediately after . Crash Test Dummies ' `` Superman 's Song '' , from the 1991 album The Ghosts That Haunt Me explores the isolation and commitment inherent in Superman 's life . Five for Fighting released `` Superman ( It 's Not Easy ) '' in 2000 , which is from Superman 's point of view , although Superman is never mentioned by name . From 1988 to 1993 , American composer Michael Daugherty composed `` Metropolis Symphony '' , a five - movement orchestral work inspired by Superman comics . Superman depicted as stricken by AIDS , in an awareness campaign Parodies of Superman did not take long to appear , with Mighty Mouse introduced in `` The Mouse of Tomorrow '' animated short in 1942 .", "24": "While the character swiftly took on a life of its own , moving beyond parody , other animated characters soon took their turn to parody the character . In 1943 , Bugs Bunny was featured in a short , Super-Rabbit , which sees the character gaining powers through eating fortified carrots . This short ends with Bugs stepping into a phone booth to change into a real `` Superman '' and emerging as a U.S. Marine . In 1956 Daffy Duck assumes the mantle of `` Cluck Trent '' in the short `` Stupor Duck '' , a role later reprised in various issues of the Looney Tunes comic book . In the United Kingdom Monty Python created the character Bicycle Repairman , who fixes bicycles on a world full of Supermen , for a sketch in series of their BBC show . Also on the BBC was the sitcom My Hero , which presented Thermoman as a slightly dense Superman pastiche , attempting to save the world and pursue romantic aspirations . In the United States , Saturday Night Live has often parodied the figure , with Margot Kidder reprising her role as Lois Lane in a 1979 episode . The manga and anime series Dr. Slump featured the character Suppaman ; a short , fat , pompous man who changes into a thinly veiled Superman - like alter - ego by eating a sour - tasting umeboshi . Jerry Seinfeld , a noted Superman fan , filled his series Seinfeld with references to the character and in 1997 asked for Superman to co-star with him in a commercial for American Express . The commercial aired during the 1998 NFL Playoffs and Super Bowl , Superman animated in the style of artist Curt Swan , again at the request of Seinfeld . Superman has also been used as reference point for writers , with Steven T. Seagle 's graphic novel Superman : It 's a Bird exploring Seagle 's feelings on his own mortality as he struggles to develop a story for a Superman tale . Brad Fraser used the character as a reference point for his play Poor Super Man , with The Independent noting the central character , a gay man who has lost many friends to AIDS as someone who `` identifies all the more keenly with Superman 's alien - amid - deceptive - lookalikes status . '' Superman 's image was also used in an AIDS awareness campaign by French organization AIDES .", "25": "Superman was depicted as emaciated and breathing from an oxygen tank , demonstrating that no - one is beyond the reach of the disease , and it can destroy the lives of everyone . Superman is also mentioned in several films , including Joel Schumacher 's Batman & Robin , in which Batman states , `` That 's why Superman works alone ... '' in reference to the many troubles caused by his partner Robin , and also in Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man , in which Aunt May gives her nephew Peter Parker a word of advice not to strain himself too much , because , `` You 're not Superman , you know '' , among many others . Literary analysis Superman has been interpreted and discussed in many forms in the years since his debut . The character 's status as the first costumed superhero has allowed him to be used in many studies discussing the genre , Umberto Eco noting that `` he can be seen as the representative of all his similars '' . Writing in Time in 1971 , Gerald Clarke stated : `` Superman 's enormous popularity might be looked upon as signalling the beginning of the end for the Horatio Alger myth of the self - made man . '' Clarke viewed the comics characters as having to continuously update in order to maintain relevance , and thus representing the mood of the nation . He regarded Superman 's character in the early seventies as a comment on the modern world , which he saw as a place in which `` only the man with superpowers can survive and prosper . '' Andrew Arnold , writing in the early 21st century , has noted Superman 's partial role in exploring assimilation , the character 's alien status allowing the reader to explore attempts to fit in on a somewhat superficial level . Clark Kent , argued by Jules Feiffer to be the most innovative feature of Superman A.C. Grayling , writing in The Spectator , traces Superman 's stances through the decades , from his 1930s campaign against crime being relevant to a nation under the influence of Al Capone , through the 1940s and World War II , a period in which Superman helped sell war bonds , and into the 1950s , where Superman explored the new technological threats .", "26": "Grayling notes the period after the Cold War as being one where `` matters become merely personal : the task of pitting his brawn against the brains of Lex Luthor and Brainiac appeared to be independent of bigger questions '' , and discusses events post 9 / 11 , stating that as a nation `` caught between the terrifying George W. Bush and the terrorist Osama bin Laden , America is in earnest need of a Saviour for everything from the minor inconveniences to the major horrors of world catastrophe . And here he is , the down - home clean - cut boy in the blue tights and red cape '' . An influence on early Superman stories is the context of the Great Depression . Superman took on the role of social activist , fighting crooked businessmen and politicians and demolishing run - down tenements . Comics scholar Roger Sabin sees this as a reflection of `` the liberal idealism of Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal '' , with Shuster and Siegel initially portraying Superman as champion to a variety of social causes . In later Superman radio programs the character continued to take on such issues , tackling a version of the Ku Klux Klan in a 1946 broadcast , as well as combating anti-semitism and veteran discrimination . Scott Bukatman has discussed Superman , and the superhero in general , noting the ways in which they humanize large urban areas through their use of the space , especially in Superman 's ability to soar over the large skyscrapers of Metropolis . He writes that the character `` represented , in 1938 , a kind of Corbusierian ideal . Superman has X-ray vision : walls become permeable , transparent . Through his benign , controlled authority , Superman renders the city open , modernist and democratic ; he furthers a sense that Le Corbusier described in 1925 , namely , that ' Everything is known to us ' . '' The Library of Congress hosting a discussion with Dan Jurgens and Paul Levitz for Superman 's 80th anniversary and the 1,000 th issue of Action Comics . Jules Feiffer has argued that Superman 's real innovation lay in the creation of the Clark Kent persona , noting that what `` made Superman extraordinary was his point of origin : Clark Kent . ''", "27": "Feiffer develops the theme to establish Superman 's popularity in simple wish fulfillment , a point Siegel and Shuster themselves supported , Siegel commenting that `` If you 're interested in what made Superman what it is , here 's one of the keys to what made it universally acceptable . Joe and I had certain inhibitions ... which led to wish - fulfillment which we expressed through our interest in science fiction and our comic strip . That 's where the dual - identity concept came from '' and Shuster supporting that as being `` why so many people could relate to it '' . Ian Gordon suggests that the many incarnations of Superman across media use nostalgia to link the character to an ideology of the American Way . He defines this ideology as a means of associating individualism , consumerism , and democracy and as something that took shape around WWII and underpinned the war effort . Superman he notes was very much part of that effort . Superman 's immigrant status is a key aspect of his appeal . Aldo Regalado saw the character as pushing the boundaries of acceptance in America . The extraterrestrial origin was seen by Regalado as challenging the notion that Anglo - Saxon ancestry was the source of all might . Gary Engle saw the `` myth of Superman ( asserting ) with total confidence and a childlike innocence the value of the immigrant in American culture . '' He argues that Superman allowed the superhero genre to take over from the Western as the expression of immigrant sensibilities . Through the use of a dual identity , Superman allowed immigrants to identify with both their cultures . Clark Kent represents the assimilated individual , allowing Superman to express the immigrants cultural heritage for the greater good . David Jenemann has offered a contrasting view . He argues that Superman 's early stories portray a threat : `` the possibility that the exile would overwhelm the country . '' David Rooney , a theater critic for The New York Times , in his evaluation of the play , Year Zero , considers Superman to be the `` quintessential immigrant story ... ( b ) orn on an alien planet , he grows stronger on Earth , but maintains a secret identity tied to a homeland that continues to exert a powerful hold on him even as his every contact with those origins does him harm . '' Some see Judaic themes in Superman . Simcha Weinstein notes that Superman 's story has some parallels to that of Moses .", "28": "For example , Moses as a baby was sent away by his parents in a reed basket to escape death and adopted by a foreign culture . Weinstein also posits that Superman 's Kryptonian name , `` Kal - El '' , resembles the Hebrew words קל - אל , which can be taken to mean `` voice of God '' . Larry Tye suggests that this `` Voice of God '' is an allusion to Moses ' role as a prophet . The suffix `` el '' , meaning `` ( of ) God '' , is also found in the name of angels ( e.g. Gabriel , Ariel ) , who are airborne humanoid agents of good with superhuman powers . The Nazis also thought Superman was a Jew and in 1940 Joseph Goebbels publicly denounced Superman and his creator Siegel . Superman stories have occasionally exhibited Christian themes as well . Screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz consciously made Superman an allegory for Christ in the 1978 movie starring Christopher Reeve : baby Kal - El 's ship resembles the Star of Bethlehem , and Jor - El 's gives his son a messianic mission . Critical reception and popularity The character Superman and his various comic series have received various awards over the years . Superman placed first on IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes . Empire magazine named him the greatest comic book character . The Reign of the Supermen is one of many storylines or works to have received a Comics Buyer 's Guide Fan Award , winning the Favorite Comic Book Story category in 1993 . Superman came in at number 2 in VH1 's Top Pop Culture Icons 2004 . Also in 2004 , British moviegoers voted Superman the greatest superhero . Works featuring the character have also garnered six Eisner Awards , and three Harvey Awards , either for the works or the creators of the works . The Superman films have received a number of nominations and awards , with Christopher Reeve winning a BAFTA for his performance in Superman ( 1978 ) . The Smallville television series has garnered Emmys for crew members and various other awards .", "29": "See also Book : Superman List of DC animated universe characters List of DC Comics characters Comics portal Fictional characters portal Speculative fiction portal Superhero fiction portal Footnotes Jump up ^ Mike 's Amazing World of Comics : Action Comics # 1 ( 1938 ) ^ Jump up to : Daniels 1998 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Rhoades , Shirrel ( 2008 ) . Comic Books : How the Industry Works . Peter Lang . p. 72 . ISBN 0820488925 . Jump up ^ Holt , Douglas B. ( 2004 ) . How Brands Become Icons : The Principles of Cultural Branding . Boston , MA : Harvard Business School Press . p. 1 . ISBN 1 - 57851 - 774 - 5 . Jump up ^ Koehler , Derek J. ; Harvey , Nigel. , eds. ( 2004 ) . Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making . Blackwell . p. 519 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0746 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dinerstein , Joel ( 2003 ) . Swinging the machine : Modernity , technology , and African American culture between the wars . University of Massachusetts Press . p. 81 . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 383 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Superman turns 75 : Man of Steel milestone puts spotlight on creators ' Cleveland roots '' . New York Daily News . New York City . The Associated Press . April 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . ' The encouragement that he received from his English teachers and the editors at the Glenville High School newspaper and the literary magazine gave my dad a real confidence in his talents , ' ( Laura Siegel Larson ) said over the phone from Los Angeles . Jump up ^ Daniels 1998 , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Ricca ( 2014 ) : `` What really pushed Jerry in this direction was an article about comics called `` The Funny Papers '' that he read in Fortune magazine .", "30": "The article begins with the shocking fact that `` some twenty comic - strip headliners are paid at least $1,000 a week . '' The article describes in detail how syndicates such as the Chicago Tribune and even Cleveland 's Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) worked for writers and artists to put their strips into hundreds of papers . According to the article , this `` is how the strips get into Big Money . '' So much so that `` the headliners usually get 50 per cent of the gross income . '' ( ... ) As far as artists go , `` In many cases they were not artists at all , but just fellows with a knack for sketching who thought of a good idea or a funny character that ' made a hit ' with an editor and eventually with newspaper readers . '' '' Jump up ^ Ricca ( 2014 ) , p. 92 , says , `` It was the night of Sunday , June 18 , 1933 '' . Siegel says only `` early 1933 '' In Andrae ( 1983 ) . Other sources , including court records , list the year as 1934 . Jump up ^ In Andrae ( 1983 ) , Siegel is quoted as saying : `` Obviously , having him a hero would be infinitely more commercial than having him a villain . I understand that the comic strip Dr. Fu Manchu ran into all sorts of difficulties because the main character was a villain . And with the example before us of Tarzan and other action heroes of fiction who were very successful , mainly because people admired them and looked up to them , it seemed the sensible thing to do to make The Superman a hero . The first piece was a short story , and that 's one thing ; but creating a successful comic strip with a character you 'll hope will continue for many years , it would definitely be going in the wrong direction to make him a villain . '' Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1998 ) , p. 17 : `` ... usually ( Shuster ) and Siegel agreed that no special costume was in evidence , and the surviving artwork bears them out . The most important point on which ( Siegel and Shuster ) are clear is that this version of the hero had no superpowers . ''", "31": "Jump up ^ In Andrae ( 1983 ) , Shuster is quoted as saying : `` It was n't really Superman : that was before he evolved into a costumed figure . He was simply wearing a T - shirt and pants ... '' Jump up ^ Humor Publishing Company Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Dan Dunn at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones ( 2004 ) : A Humor comic starring the character Detective Dan `` ... was n't much better than what he and Joe could do -- but it was in print . And its publication did n't depend on the distant and indifferent world of newspaper syndication but on what was , in Jerry 's mind at least , the far more familiar world of cheap magazines . ' We can do this ! ' he said . '' Jump up ^ Most sources , including Jones ( 2004 ) and Ricca ( 2014 ) , agree that Siegel met with Humor Publishing in Cleveland . Tye ( 2012 ) writes that they mailed their proposal to Humor 's offices in Chicago . ^ Jump up to : Ricca ( 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : Ricca ( 2014 ) , p. 99 : `` Jerry was convinced , just as he was in those early pulp days , that you had to align yourself with someone famous to be famous yourself . '' Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` ' When I told Joe of this , he unhappily destroyed the drawn - up pages of `` THE SUPERMAN '' burning them in the furnace of his apartment building , ' Jerry recalled . ' At my request , he gave me as a gift the torn cover . ' '' Jump up ^ In an interview with Andrae ( 1983 ) , Shuster said he destroyed their 1933 Superman comic as a reaction to Humor Publishing 's rejection letter , which contradicts Siegel 's account in Siegel 's unpublished memoir . Tye ( 2012 ) argues that the account from the memoir is the truth , and that Shuster lied in the interview to avoid tension .", "32": "^ Jump up to : Jones ( 2004 ) , p. 112 - 113 Jump up ^ Trexler , Jeff ( August 20 , 2008 ) . `` Superman 's Hidden History : The Other `` First '' Artist `` . Newsarama.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scans of Siegel and Keaton 's collaboration '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ricca ( 2014 ) , p. 102 : `` Jerry tried to sell this version to the syndicates , but no one was interested , so Keaton gave up . '' Jump up ^ Daniels 1998 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Wallace , Daniel ; Bryan Singer ( 2006 ) . The Art of Superman Returns . Chronicle Books . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 5344 - 6 . Jump up ^ Over the years , Siegel and Shuster made contradictory statements regarding when they developed Superman 's familiar costume . They occasionally claimed to have developed it immediately in 1933 , but Daniels ( 1998 ) writes : `` ... usually ( Shuster ) and Siegel agreed that no special costume was in evidence ( in 1933 ) , and the surviving artwork bears them out . '' The cover art for their 1933 proposal to Humor Publishing shows a shirtless , cape-less Superman . Siegel 's collaboration with Russell Keaton in 1934 contains no description or illustration of Superman in costume . Tye ( 2012 ) writes that Siegel and Shuster developed the costume shortly after they resumed working together . In an interview with Andrae ( 1983 ) , Siegel said : `` NEMO : When you first conceived Superman , did you have the dual - identity theme in mind ? Siegel : That occurred to me in late 1934 , when I decided that I 'd like to do Superman as a newspaper strip . I approached Joe about it , and he was enthusiastic about the possibility .", "33": "I was up late one night , and more and more ideas kept coming to me , and I kept writing out several weeks of syndicate strips for the proposed newspaper strip . When morning came , I had written several weeks of material , and I dashed over to Joe 's place and showed it to him . ( This was the story that appeared in Action Comics # 1 , June 1938 , the first published appearance of Superman . ) ( ... ) Of course , Joe had worked on that earlier version of Superman , and when I came to him with this new version of it , he was immediately sold . '' Jump up ^ Siegel 's unpublished memoir , The Story Behind Superman Archived September 13 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , as well as an interview in Nemo # 2 in 1983 , corroborate each other that Clark Kent 's timid - journalist persona and Lois Lane were developed in 1934 . Jump up ^ Letter quoted in Ricca ( 2014 ) , p. 146 Jump up ^ Ricca ( 2014 ) , p. 134 `` They submitted and resubmitted for several years . '' Jump up ^ Siegel , Jerry . Unpublished memoir `` The Story Behind Superman # 1 '' , registered for U.S. copyright in 1978 under later version Creation of a Superhero as noted by Tye ( 2012 ) , p. 309 . Memoir additionally cited by Ricca ( 2014 ) , p. 148 , and available online at sites including `` The Story Behind Superman # 1 '' . Superman-Through-the-Ages.com . p. 5 of manuscript . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Action Comics # 1 ( June 1938 ) Archived February 23 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1998 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Ricca ( 2014 ) : `` The facts are that it was Harry ( Donenfeld ) who signed ( Siegel and Shuster ) , at Gaines 's direction , and when McClure sold the Superman strip to the newspapers , McClure bought the rights from Harry , not the boys .", "34": "It was then Donenfeld who not only now owned the property , but received the lion 's share of the profits ; whatever Jerry and Joe got was parsed out by him . '' Jump up ^ Kobler ( 1941 ) , p. 73 : `` Before payment , however , ( Donenfeld 's ) far - seeing general manager , Jack Liebowitz , mailed them a release form , explaining , ' It is customary for all our contributors to release all rights to us . This is the businesslike way of doing things . ' '' Jump up ^ Kobler ( 1941 ) , p. 73 : `` The partners , who by this time had abandoned hope that Superman would ever amount to much , mulled this over gloomily . Then Siegel shrugged , ' Well , at least this way we 'll see him in print . ' They signed the form . '' Jump up ^ Andrae ( 1983 ) : `` ... when I did the version in 1934 , ( which years later , in 1938 , was published , in revised form , in Action Comics # 1 ) the John Carter stories did influence me . Carter was able to leap great distances because the planet Mars was smaller that ( sic ) the planet Earth ; and he had great strength . I visualized the planet Krypton as a huge planet , much larger than Earth ; so whoever came to Earth from that planet would be able to leap great distances and lift great weights . '' Jump up ^ The History Behind Superman 's Ever - Changing Superpowers Archived March 26 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Steranko ( 1970 ) , p. 37 : `` Wylie 's story was one of Siegel 's favorites ; he even reviewed it in his S-F fanzine . '' Jump up ^ Feeley , Gregory ( March 2005 ) . `` When World - views Collide : Philip Wylie in the Twenty - first Century '' . Science Fiction Studies . 32 ( 95 ) . ISSN 0091 - 7729 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jones ( 2004 ) , p.", "35": "346 : Wylie threatened to sue Siegel for plagiarism in 1940 , but there is no evidence that he carried through with the litigation . Siegel flatly denied any plagiarism . ^ Jump up to : Andrae ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Andrae ( 1983 ) : `` ... I was inspired by the movies . In the silent films , my hero was Douglas Fairbanks Senior , who was very agile and athletic . So I think he might have been an inspiration to us , even in his attitude . He had a stance which I often used in drawing Superman . You 'll see in many of his roles -- including Robin Hood -- that he always stood with his hands on his hips and his feet spread apart , laughing -- taking nothing seriously . '' ^ Jump up to : Best , Daniel ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Jerry and I did a comic book together ... ' Jerry Siegel & Joe Shuster Interviewed '' . 20th Century Danny Boy . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel : `` We especially loved some of those movies in which Harold Lloyd would start off as a sort of momma 's boy being pushed around , kicked around , thrown around , and then suddenly would turn into a fighting whirlwind . '' Shuster : `` I was kind of mild - manned and wore glasses so I really identified with it '' Anthony Wall ( 1981 ) . Superman -- The Comic Strip Hero ( Television production ) . BBC . Event occurs at 00 : 04 : 50 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrae ( 1983 ) : Siegel : `` As a high school student , I thought that some day I might become a reporter , and I had crushes on several attractive girls who either did n't know I existed or did n't care I existed . ( ... ) It occurred to me : What if I was real terrific ? What if I had something special going for me , like jumping over buildings or throwing cars around or something like that ? Then maybe they would notice me . ''", "36": "Jump up ^ Andrae ( 1983 ) : `` I also had classical heroes and strongmen in mind , and this shows in the footwear . In the third version Superman wore sandals laced halfway up the calf . You can still see this on the cover of Action # 1 , though they were covered over in red to look like boots when the comic was printed . '' Jump up ^ Ricca ( 2014 ) : `` What the boys did read were the magazines and papers where `` superman '' was a common word . Its usage was almost always preceded by `` a . '' Most times the word was used to refer to an athlete or a politician . '' Jump up ^ Flagg , Francis ( November 11 , 1931 ) . `` The Superman of Dr. Jukes '' . Wonder Stories . Gernsback . Jump up ^ `` His life work was one which called for the abilities of a superman , and Doc had been trained from the cradle , that he might have the strength to arise to any occasion . '' - Robeson , Kenneth ( September 1933 ) . `` The Lost Oasis '' . Doc Savage Magazine . Street & Smith . ^ Jump up to : The Mythology of Superman ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. 2006 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Howard ( March 5 , 2005 ) . `` Up , Up and Oy Vey ! '' . The Times . UK . p. 5 . : `` If Siegel and Shuster knew of Nietzsche 's Ubermensch , they did n't say ... '' Jump up ^ Muir , John Kenneth ( July 2008 ) . The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television . McFarland & Co. p. 539 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3755 - 9 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` Vendors had sold 130,000 comic books , or 64 percent of the print run . Anything over 50 percent constituted a success and guaranteed a profit .", "37": "( ... ) Sales , meanwhile , continued to climb -- to 136,000 for the second issue , 159,000 for the third , 190,000 for the fourth , and 197,000 for the fifth . Action No. 13 , released on the first anniversary of the original , offered up 415,000 reasons to celebrate . National printed 725,000 copies of Action No. 16 and sold 625,000 -- an unheard - of success rate of 86 percent . '' Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` ... readers were asked to list in order of preference their five favorite stories . ( ... ) 404 of 542 respondents named Superman as tops , with 59 more listing him second . Jump up ^ Superman # 1 ( Summer 1939 ) Archived April 22 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Action Comics Archived February 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Superman Archived February 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 1939 -- 1986 series ) ) and Adventures of Superman Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 1987 continuation of series ) at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ `` Superman '' - titled comics Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ `` Marvel and DC sales figures '' . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , John Jackson , ed . `` Superman Annual Sales Figures '' . ComicChron.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` Superman 75 , the death issue , tallied the biggest one - day sale ever for a comic book , with more than six million copies printed . '' Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` Journalists , along with most of their readers and viewers , did n't understand that heroes regularly perished in the comics and almost never stayed dead . ''", "38": "Jump up ^ `` February 2016 Comic Book Sales Figures '' . Comichron . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` The remaining audience ( by 2011 ) was dedicated to the point of fanaticism , a trend that was self - reinforcing . No longer did casual readers pick up a comic at the drugstore or grocery , both because the books increasingly required an insider 's knowledge to follow the action and because they simply were n't being sold anymore at markets , pharmacies , or even the few newsstands that were left . ( ... ) Comic books had gone from being a cultural emblem to a countercultural refuge . '' Jump up ^ Tumey , Paul ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Reviews : Superman : The Golden Age Sundays 1943 -- 1946 '' . The Comics Journal . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 ... Jerry Siegel had his hands -- and typewriter -- full , turning out stories for the comic books and the daily newspaper strips ( which had completely separate continuities from the Sundays ) . Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1998 ) , p. 74 Jump up ^ Cole , Neil A. ( ed . ) . `` Wayne Boring ( 1905 -- 1987 ) '' . SupermanSuperSite.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cole , Neil A. ( ed . ) . `` Win Mortimer ( 1919 -- 1998 ) '' . SupermanSuperSite.com . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Younis , Steven , ed . `` Superman Newspaper Strips '' . SupermanHomepage.com . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Eury ( 2006 ) , p.", "39": "18 : `` In 1948 Boring succeeded Shuster as the principal superman artist , his art style epitomizing the Man of Steel 's comics and merchandising look throughout the 1950s . '' ^ Jump up to : Daniels ( 1998 ) , p. 74 : `` ... Superman was drawn in a more detailed , realistic style of illustration . He also looked bigger and stronger . `` Until then Superman had always seemed squat , '' Boring said . `` He was six heads high , a bit shorter than normal . I made him taller -- nine heads high -- but kept his massive chest . '' ^ Jump up to : Curt Swan ( 1987 ) . Drawing Superman . Essay reprinted in Eury ( 2006 ) , pp. 58 : `` For 30 years or so , from around 1955 until a couple of years ago when I more or less retired , I was the principal artists of the Superman comic for DC Comics . '' Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` Initially Harry ( Donenfeld ) , Jack ( Liebowitz ) , and the managers they hired to oversee their growing editorial empire had let Jerry ( Siegel ) do as he wished with the character ... '' Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` Neither Harry ( Donenfeld ) nor Jack ( Liebowitz ) had planned for a separate Superman comic book , or for that to be ongoing . Having Superman 's story play out across different venues presented a challenge for Jerry ( Siegel ) and the writers who came after him : Each installment needed to seem original yet part of a whole , stylistically and narratively . Their solution , at the beginning , was to wing it ... '' Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1998 ) , p. 42 : `` ... the publisher was anxious to avoid any repetition of the censorship problems associated with his early pulp magazines ( such as the lurid Spicy Detective ) . '' Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` Once Superman became big business , however , plots had to be sent to New York for vetting . Not only did editors tell Jerry to cut out the guns and knives and cut back on social crusading , they started calling the shots on minute details of script and drawing . '' Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1998 ) , p.", "40": "42 : `` It was left to Ellsworth to impose tight editorial controls on Jerry Siegel . Henceforth , Superman would be forbidden to use his powers to kill anyone , even a villain . '' Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` No hint of sex . No alienating parents or teachers . Evil geniuses like the Ultra-Humanite were too otherworldly to give kids nightmares ... The Prankster , the Toyman , the Puzzler , and J. Wilbur Wolngham , a W.C. Fields lookalike , used tricks and gags instead of a bow and arrows in their bids to conquer Superman . For editors wary of controversy , 1940s villains like those were a way to avoid the sharp edges of the real world . '' Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` Before Mort came along , Superman 's world was ad hoc and seat - of - the - pants , with Jerry and other writers adding elements as they went along without any planning or anyone worrying whether it all hung together . That worked fine when all the books centered around Superman and all the writing was done by a small stable . Now the pool of writers had grown and there were eight different comic books with hundreds of Superman stories a year to worry about . '' Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` But Weisinger 's innovations were taking a quiet toll on the story . Superman 's world had become so complicated that readers needed a map or even an encyclopedia to keep track of everyone and everything . ( There would eventually be encyclopedias , two in fact , but the first did not appear until 1978 . ) All the plot complications were beguiling to devoted readers , who loved the challenge of keeping current , but to more casual fans they could be exhausting . '' Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` Weisinger stories steered clear of the Vietnam War , the sexual revolution , the black power movement , and other issues that red the 1960s . There was none of what Mort would have called `` touchy - feely '' either , much as readers might have liked to know how Clark felt about his split personality , or whether Superman and Lois engaged in the battles between the sexes that were a hallmark of the era .", "41": "Mort wanted his comics to be a haven for young readers , and he knew his right - leaning politics would n't sit well with his leftist writers and many of his Superman fans . '' Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1998 ) , p. 102 : `` One of the ways the editor kept in touch with his young audience was through a letters colum , `` Metropolis Mailbag , '' introduced in 1958 . '' Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` It did work . In 1960 , the first year in which sales data was made public , Superman was selling more comic books than any other title or character , and he stayed on top through much of the decade . The Man of Steel was at the front of a charge that saw superheroes taking over from western and romance - themed comics . Some of that was a dividend from an easing of the comics scare and other , broader forces , but Weisinger 's reinventions were key ingredients in Superman 's comeback . `` Mort kept it alive , '' says Carmine Infantino , a National Comics artist who would rise to editorial director , then publisher . `` He was a damn good editor . Damn good . '' '' Jump up ^ Comichron . Comic Book Sales By Year Archived July 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` He admitted later he was losing touch with a new generation of kids and their notions about heroes and villains . '' Jump up ^ Julius Schwartz , quoted in Daniels ( 1998 ) : `` I said , ' I want to get rid of all the kryptonite . I want to get rid of all the robots that are used to get him out of situations . And I 'm sick and tired of that stupid suit Clark Kent wears all the time . I want to give him more up - to - date clothes . And maybe the most important thing I want to do is take him out of the Daily Planet and put him into television . ' I said ' Our readers are not that familiar with newspapers . Most of them get their news on television , and I think it 's high time after all these years . ' '' Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` ( Harry Donenfeld ) drafted Maxwell into Superman , Inc.", "42": ", first to oversee the licensing of toys and other products , then to bring the superhero into the world of broadcast . '' Jump up ^ Scivally ( 2007 ) : `` Superman was brought to radio by Allen Ducovny , a press agent with Detective Comics , and Robert Maxwell ( the pen name of Robert Joffe ) , a former pulp fiction author who was in charge of licensing the subsidiary rights of the company 's comic book characters . '' Jump up ^ Scivally ( 2007 ) : `` ... Robert Maxwell hoped for an adult time slot , so he made Superman an adult show , with death scenes and rough violence . '' ( ... ) `` In May of 1953 , script conferences began for the second season of Adventures of Superman . The program was now under the supervision of a new producer . Robert Maxwell was out , National Comics ' editorial director Whitney Ellsworth was in . '' Jump up ^ Jenette Kahn : `` We have approval rights to everything , the casting of Superboy / Clark Kent , approval of the synopses , the scripts and revised scripts . We even have the right to be on the set as the show is being shot to oversee the revisions being made during shooting . '' McDonnell , David ; Dickholtz , Daniel ( 1988 ) . `` ... And the Adventures of Superboy '' . Comics Scene . No. 5 . O'Quinn Studios , Inc . Jump up ^ Scivally ( 2007 ) , p. 77 : `` Under the terms of the deal , Warners would have budget and casting approval and the right of first refusal for Superman films made by the Salkinds , but otherwise the financing and production of the films was up to the producers . '' Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1998 ) : `` The Salkinds told Puzo to take Clark Kent off TV and make him a newspaperman after a survey revealed that 's how most adults remembered him . '' Jump up ^ Harvey ( 1996 ) , p. 144 : `` Artistic expressiveness of a highly individualistic sort had never been particularly welcomed by traditional comic book publishers .", "43": "The corporate mind , ever focused on the bottom line of the balance sheet , favored bland `` house styles '' of rendering ... '' Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) : `` Max and Dave ( Fleischer 's ) composers knew what Superman , Lois , and the others should look like , thanks to model sheets provided by Joe Shuster . '' Jump up ^ Wandtke ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` While I was in the service they started ghosting the Superman scripts , because obviously I could n't write them while I was away in the service . '' - Siegel , in a 1975 interview with Phil Yeh for Cobblestone magazine . Quoted in Siegel and Shuster 's Funnyman by Tom Andrae and Mel Gordon on page 49 . Jump up ^ Ricca ( 2014 ) : `` Jerry felt angry and instantly very isolated : Harry had gone ahead and okayed the title without telling him -- or paying for it ? '' ^ Jump up to : Sergi ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Ricca ( 2014 ) : `` Jerry and Joe got a final check -- and were promptly shown the door by National . '' Jump up ^ This term was spelled out in an October 19 , 2001 letter Archived February 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . from the lawyer representing the Siegel heirs . Jump up ^ Scott Niswander ( July 22 , 2015 ) . Why Is n't SUPERMAN a PUBLIC DOMAIN Superhero ? ? ( YouTube video ) . NerdSync Productions . Event occurs at 3 : 03 ~ 3 : 33 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ricca ( 2014 ) : `` Harry sued these impostors -- Wonder Man , Captain Marvel , and others -- usually within days of their release . '' Jump up ^ Lloyd L. Rich ( 1998 ) . `` Protection of Graphic Characters '' . Publishing Law Center . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 .", "44": "the court found that the character Superman was infringed in a competing comic book publication featuring the character Wonderman Jump up ^ `` Comic Book Success Stories '' . The Museum of Comic Book Advertising . Retrieved June 17 , 2005 . By the middle of the decade , Captain Marvel had received a self - titled comic book , Captain Marvel 's Adventures ( sic ) , which had a circulation that reached 1.3 million copies per month . Captain Marvel 's circulation numbers exceeded National 's Superman title and the rivalry between the companies led National to sue Fawcett for plagiarism . Jump up ^ Superman comic strip , January 16 , 1939 Archived October 8 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , reprinted at `` Episode 1 : Superman Comes to Earth '' . TheSpeedingBullet.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowther , George ( 1942 ) . The Adventures of Superman . Per Ricca ( 2014 ) : `` The book is also the first time that Superman 's parents are named `` Jor - el '' and `` Lara '' -- a slight spelling change that would stick . '' Jump up ^ Second panel of Action Comics # 1 Jump up ^ The Secret Rocket per Lantz , James . `` Superman Radio Series -- Story Reviews '' . SupermanHomepage.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Matthew ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` The campaign to make a real Kansas town into Superman 's Smallville '' . Blastr.com ( Syfy ) . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Decades of comic book mythology and a hit TV series have made Superman 's hometown of Smallville , Kan. , one of the most famous places in America . Jump up ^ `` Clark Kent , Reporter '' . The Adventures of Superman . Episode 2 . February 14 , 1940 . WOR . : - Look ! Look ! There , in the sky ! It 's a man ! - Why , he 's flying !", "45": "- It ca n't be ! It 's impossible ! Jump up ^ Cronin ( 2009 ) : `` To animate Superman jumping , however , required extra frames to be drawn of Superman crouching down and then leaping upward . A way to avoid drawing these extra frames was to simply take the frame with Superman standing and move it up slowly over the background , which would make it appear as though he was flying off the ground . '' Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Superman 's Leap to the Silver Screen ! '' . Fleischer Studios . September 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . But the Fleischers found all that , when animated , all that leaping was kind of ... silly looking . So it was the Fleischers that granted Superman with the super power of flight . Jump up ^ Tye ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ The Meteor From Krypton ( June 1943 ) . Per Ricca ( 2014 ) : `` And sure enough , elements of Jerry 's K - metal story would later surface on the radio , where it would finally be named `` kryptonite . '' '' Jump up ^ Superman # 61 Archived April 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database . `` Indexer notes ... Green Kryptonite introduced in this story . '' Jump up ^ Scivally ( 2007 ) : `` The episode also introduced Julian Noa as Clark Kent 's boss , whose name had evolved from Paris White to Perry White . White 's newspaper changed from The Daily Flash to The Daily Planet . Soon after the radio show appeared , the comic books also changed their Daily Star editor George Taylor to Daily Planet editor Perry White ... '' Jump up ^ `` If Lois should ACTUALLY learn Clark 's secret , the strip would lose about 75 % of its appeal -- the human interest angle . I know that a formula can possibly prove monotonous through repetition but I fear that if this element is removed from the story formula that makes up SUPERMAN , that this strip will lose a great part of its effectiveness . '' Siegel , in his script notes , quoted in Ricca ( 2014 ) .", "46": "Jump up ^ Superman # 17 Archived April 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` When We First Met '' . ( column # 30 ) ComicBookResources.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Action Comics # 662 Archived April 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Many Times Lois Lane Has Discovered the Truth About Superman '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Superman : The Wedding Album ( 1996 ) Archived April 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` DiDio , Lee Say DCnU Superman Changes Make Him `` Accessible ' '' . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Superman 's new reality ? No secret identity '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Superman ( DC , 2011 series ) Archived April 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Narcisse , Evan ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` DC Comics ' Handling Of Superman Just Got More Convoluted '' . Kotaku.com . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` Rebirth Superman 's New Status Quo -- Being a Super-Dad '' . Newsarama.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 .", "47": "Jump up ^ Tomasi , Peter , Gleason , Patrick ( w ) . Superman v4 , 18 -- 19 ( March 2017 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Jurgens , Dan ( w ) . Action Comics 975 -- 976 ( March 2017 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` The End Of DC Rebirth Announced At New York Comic - Con '' . bleedingcool . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonthuys , Darryn ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Rebirth era is over , as a new direction begins in DC Universe '' . criticalhit . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels ( 1995 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 ^ Jump up to : Daniels ( 1998 ) , p. 42 Jump up ^ Lee , Jim . `` From the Co-Publishers '' , `` The Source '' ( column ) , DC Comics , January 20 , 2011 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Weldon 2013 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Glen Weldon ( 2013 ) . Superman the Unauthorized Biography . p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` The religion of Superman ( Clark Kent / Kal - El ) '' . Adherents.com . August 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rucka , Greg ( w ) , Lopez , David ( p ) . `` Affirmative Defense '' Wonder Woman v2 , 220 ( Oct. 2005 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Action Comics # 594 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Woody Evans ( 2014 ) . `` Why They Wo n't Save Us : Political Dispositions in the Conflicts of Superheroes '' . Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Conner , Amanda ( p ) , Palmiotti , Jimmy ( i ) .", "48": "`` Power Trip '' JSA : Classified 1 ( September 2005 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff Donner , Richard ( w ) , Wight , Eric ( p ) , Wight , Eric ( i ) . `` Who is Clark Kent 's Big Brother ? '' Action Comics Annual 10 ( March 2007 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Buskiek , Kurt , Nicieza , Fabian , Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Guedes , Renato ( p ) , Magalhaes , Jose Wilson ( i ) . `` Superman : Family '' Action Comics 850 ( July 2007 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Wallace , Dan ( 2008 ) . `` Alternate Earths '' . In Dougall , Alastair . The DC Comics Encyclopedia . London : Dorling Kindersley . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 4119 - 5 . Jump up ^ Superboy # 171 , January 1971 Jump up ^ For example , Superman Annual # 11 ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Superman # 263 ( April 1973 ) Jump up ^ For example , Action Comics # 655 ( July 1990 ) . Jump up ^ `` Superman Homepage -- Superman on Radio & Audio '' . supermanhomepage.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Obituaries of note '' . St. Petersburg Times . Wire services . September 25 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels ( 1995 ) , p. 80 Jump up ^ Siegel , Jerome ( 2006 ) . The Superman Chronicles . DC Comics . p. 190 . ISBN 9781401207649 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Jerome ( 1999 ) . Superman : The Dailies 1939 - 1940 . DC Comics . p. 71,108 . ISBN 1563894602 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Jerry ( w ) , Shuster , Joe ( a ) .", "49": "`` A Scientific Explanation of Superman 's Amazing Strength -- ! '' Superman 1 ( Summer 1939 ) , National Periodical Publications Jump up ^ Cabarga , Leslie , Beck , Jerry , Fleischer , Richard ( Interviewees ) . ( 2006 ) . `` First Flight : The Fleischer Superman Series '' ( supplementary DVD documentary ) . Superman II ( Two - Disc Special Edition ) ( DVD ) . Warner Bros ... Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1998 ) , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Sanderson , Peter ( June 1986 ) . `` The End of History '' . Amazing Heroes ( 96 ) . ISSN 0745 - 6506 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Richard A. ( June 23 , 2006 ) . `` ' Superman Returns ' Science : Decoding the Movie Hero 's Powers '' . National Geographic . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedrich , Otto ( March 14 , 1988 ) . `` Up , Up and Awaaay ! ! ! '' . Time . p. 6 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1998 ) , pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Gross , John ( December 15 , 1987 ) . `` Books of the Times '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roger Stern . Superman : Sunday Classics : 1939 -- 1943 DC Comics / Kitchen Sink Press , Inc. / Sterling Publishing ; 2006 ; Page xii Jump up ^ Zeno , Eddy ( December 25 , 2006 ) . `` From Back Issue 20 : Pro 2 Pro : A Clark Kent Roundtable '' . newsarama.com . published on web by newsarama , in print by TwoMorrow .", "50": "Archived from the original ( excerpted from `` The Clark Kent Roundtable '' . Back Issue ! ( 20 ) . January 2007. ) on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Eury ( 2006 ) , p. 119 Jump up ^ `` Superman 's LL 's ( Text page ) '' Superman 204 ( February 1968 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1998 ) , p. 160 Jump up ^ Though created to appear in Superman # 30 ( Sept. 1944 ) , publishing lag time resulted in the character first appearing in the Superman daily comic strip that year , per Superman # 30 Archived March 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( June 22 , 2006 ) . `` Superman 's Dirty Dozen '' . IGN.com . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2007 . Archive of page 2 . Jump up ^ Magnussen , Anne ; Hans - Christian Christiansen ( 2000 ) . Comics & Culture : Analytical and Theoretical Approaches to Comics . Museum Tusculanum Press . ISBN 87 - 7289 - 580 - 2 . a metaphor and cultural icon for the 21st century Jump up ^ Postmes , Tom ; Jolanda Jetten ( 2006 ) . Individuality and the Group : Advances in Social Identity . Sage Publications . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0321 - 1 . American cultural icons ( e.g. , the American Flag , Superman , the Statue of Liberty ) Jump up ^ Soanes , C. and Stevenson , A. 2004 . Electronic version of The Concise Oxford English Dictionary . Eleventh Edition . England : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Bizarro reference Archived July 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Reference to Bizzaro logic in FCC pleading .", "51": "Jump up ^ `` You 're not Superman : Despite major medical advances , recovery times for regular folks take time '' Archived September 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . PhysOrg.com . May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` You 're Not Superman , You Know '' Archived May 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Scarleteen . May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stress In The Modern World -- Face It Guys , You 're Not Superman '' Archived April 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Natural Holistic Health . January 19 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Superman Struts in Macy Parade '' Archived May 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times , November 22 , 1940 . p. 18 Jump up ^ `` The Press : Superman 's Dilemma '' . Time . April 13 , 1942 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2008 . Retrieved January 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1998 ) , p. 50 Jump up ^ Karl Heitmueller ( June 13 , 2006 ) . `` The ' Superman ' Fanboy Dilemma , Part 4 : Come On Feel The Toyz '' ( Flash ) . MTV News . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Warner Bros. has `` Superman Returns '' licensing deals with Mattel , Pepsi , Burger King , Duracell , Samsung , EA Games and Quaker State Motor Oil , to name a few . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( June 21 , 2005 ) . `` Classics are back in licensed gear '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved January 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros.", "52": "Consumer Products Flies High with DC 's Superman at Licensing 2005 International ; Franchise Set to Reach New Heights in 2005 Leading Up to Feature Film Release of Superman Returns in June 2006 '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. June 16 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . With a super hero that transcends all demographics '' ... and ... `` S - Shield , which continues to be a fashion symbol and hot trend Jump up ^ Superheroes : Fashion and Fantasy . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2008 . p. 28 . ISBN 1 - 58839 - 280 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gormly , Kellie B. ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Briefs : Blige concert cancelled > Superman returns ... to the North Shore '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( ( Pointer 2017 ) ) : `` ... the budget for each short -- an astonishing $30,000 ... '' Jump up ^ Dave Fleischer , quoted in Daniels ( 2004 ) , p. 58 : `` The average short cost nine or ten thousand dollars , some ran up to fifteen ; they varied . '' Jump up ^ Weldon ( 2013 ) : `` ... the last time the character had enjoyed a similar chance to reach beyond the comics shelves to a mass audience -- during the run of the fifties television show -- the comics had moved in lockstep . Yet that had been an inevitable result of DC holding creative control over all aspects of the television program ... '' Jump up ^ `` Sesame Street : Superman 's Favorite Letter S '' . YouTube . Sesame Street . November 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Superman Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 .", "53": "Superman ( 1978 ) made $134,218,018 in North American theaters , which is about $503,591,500 when adjusted for inflation . By comparison , Batman v Superman ( 2016 ) made only $330,360,194 . Jump up ^ Scivally ( 2007 ) , p. 77 : `` Under the terms of the deal , Warners would have budget and casting approval and the right of first refusal for Superman films made by the Salkinds , but otherwise the financing and production of the films was up to the producers . '' Jump up ^ Zemler , Emily . `` Henry Cavill on the secrets of Superman 's return in ' Justice League ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( June 16 , 2016 ) , `` Supergirl casts Teen Wolf star as Superman Archived June 19 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Donovan . `` Sunshine Superman '' . Sunshine Superman . Epic , 1966 . Jump up ^ Jim Croce . `` You Do n't Mess Around with Jim '' . You Do n't Mess Around with Jim . ABC / Vertigo , 1972 . Jump up ^ Genesis . `` Land of Confusion '' . Invisible Touch . Atlantic Records , 1986 . `` Ooh Superman where are you now , When everything 's gone wrong somehow '' . Jump up ^ Lloyd , John & Yukich , Jim ( Directors ) ( 1986 ) . `` Land of Confusion '' ( Music video ) . Atlantic Records . Jump up ^ Morrison ( writer ) , Grant ; Truog , Chas ; Hazlewood , Doug ; Grummet , Tom ( artists ) ( 2002 ) ( 1991 ) . `` 2 : Life In The Concrete Jungle '' . In Michael Charles Hill ( ed . ) . Animal Man . John Costanza ( letterer ) & Tatjana Wood ( colorist ) ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : DC Comics . p. 45 . ISBN 1 - 56389 - 005 - 4 .", "54": "R.E.M. starts singing `` Superman . '' My arm aches and I 've got déjà vu . Funny how everything comes together . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lyrics to `` Superman 's Song '' . Jump up ^ `` Five For Fighting : Inside Track '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Classical Music News Desk . `` The Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra Presents MADE IN THE USA Tonight '' . Wisdom Digital Media . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolis Symphony '' . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turner , Robin ( August 8 , 2006 ) . `` Deputy Dawg '' . Western Mail . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Looney Tunes # 97 '' . Big Comicbook Database . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Mel ( August 1 , 2004 ) . `` The Pitch '' . The Sunday Times . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Kinnes , Sally ( January 30 , 2000 ) . `` The One To Watch '' . The Sunday Times . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1998 ) , p. 185 Jump up ^ `` Steven Seagle Talks It 's a Bird '' . ugo.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2006 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . the semi-autobiographical tale of Steven being given the chance to write a Superman comic , but stumbling when he ca n't figure out how to relate to the character . Through the course of the story , Seagle finds his way into Superman by looking at it through the lens of his own mortality . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul ( September 21 , 1994 ) . `` Theatre '' . The Independent . UK .", "55": "Jump up ^ DiPaolo , Marc ( 2011 ) . War , Politics and Superheroes : Ethics and Propaganda In Comics and Film . McFarland & Company . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8579 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eco , Umberto ( 2004 ) ( 1962 ) . `` The Myth of Superman '' . In Jeet Heer ; Kent Worcester . Arguing Comics . University Press of Mississippi . p. 162 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 687 - 5 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gerald ( December 13 , 1971 ) . `` The Comics On The Couch '' . Time : 1 -- 4 . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved January 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1995 ) , p. 64 Jump up ^ Grayling , AC ( July 8 , 2006 ) . `` The Philosophy of Superman : A Short Course '' . The Spectator . UK . ISSN 0038 - 6952 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sabin , Roger ( 1996 ) . Comics , Comix & Graphic Novels ( 4th paperback ed . ) . Phaidon . ISBN 0 - 7148 - 3993 - 0 . Jump up ^ von Busack , Richard ( July 2 -- 8 , 1998 ) . `` Superman Versus the KKK '' . Metro Silicon Valley . San Jose , California . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dubner , Stephen J ; Levitt , Steven D ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Hoodwinked ? '' . The New York Times Magazine . p . F26 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2007 .", "56": "Jump up ^ Glen Weldon ( 2013 ) . Superman the Unauthorized Biography . p. 83 . Jump up ^ Bukatman , Scott ( 2003 ) . Matters of Gravity : Special Effects and Supermen in the 20th century . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3132 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jules Feiffer The Great Comic Book Heroes , ( 2003 ) . Fantagraphics . ISBN 1 - 56097 - 501 - 6 Jump up ^ Andrae ( 1983 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Ian Gordon `` Nostalgia , Myth , and Ideology : Visions of Superman at the End of the ' American Century '' in Michael Ryan , ' ' Cultural Studies : An Anthology ' ' ( 2007 ) . Blackwell ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 4577 - 0 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Fingeroth , Danny Superman on the Couch ( 2004 ) . Continuum International Publishing Group p53 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1539 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Engle , Gary `` What Makes Superman So Darned American ? '' reprinted in Popular Culture ( 1992 ) Popular Press p 331 -- 343 . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 572 - 9 Jump up ^ Wallace , Daniel ; Bryan Singer ( 2006 ) . The Art of Superman Returns . Chronicle Books . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 5344 - 6 . Jump up ^ Regalado , Aldo `` Modernity , Race , and the American Superhero '' in McLaughlin , Jeff ( ed . ) Comics as Philosophy ( 2005 ) . Univ of Mississippi Press p92 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 794 - 4 Jump up ^ Jenemann , David ( 2007 ) . Adorno in America . U of Minnesota Press . p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 4809 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( June 3 , 2010 ) .", "57": "`` Finding America , Searching for Identity '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Simcha ( 2006 ) . Up , Up , and Oy Vey ! ( 1st ed . ) . Leviathan Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 881927 - 32 - 7 . Jump up ^ Tye , Larry ( 2012 ) . Superman : The High - Flying History of America 's Most Enduring Hero . Random House Digital . pp. 65 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6866 - 1 . Like Moses . Much as the baby prophet was floated in a reed basket by a mother desperate to spare him from an Egyptian Pharaoh 's death warrant , so Kal - El 's doomed ... Jump up ^ Goebbels , Paul Joseph ( April 25 , 1940 ) . `` Jerry Siegel Attacks ! '' . Das schwarze Korps . p. 8 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel Dickholtz ( December 16 , 1998 ) . `` Steel Dreams : Interview with Tom Mankiewicz '' . Starlog . pp. 67 -- 71 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes > # 1 : Superman '' . IGN Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters '' . Empire . December 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , John Jackson ( June 9 , 2005 ) . `` CBG Fan Awards Archives '' . www.cbgxtra.com . Krause Publications . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 29 , 2007 .", "58": "CBG Fan Award winners 1982 -- present Jump up ^ `` 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons List : The Folks that Have Impacted American Society '' . Arizona Reporter . October 27 , 2003 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Syndicated reprint of a Newsweek article Jump up ^ `` Superman is ' greatest superhero ' '' . BBC News . December 22 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2006 . Retrieved February 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Joel , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Will Eisner Comic Industry Award : Summary of Winners '' . Comic Book Awards Almanac . Joel Hahn . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Moore Back on Top for 2006 Eisner Awards '' . Comic - Con International . July 2006 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Joel Hahn ( 2006 ) . `` Will Harvey Award Winners Summary '' . Comic Book Awards Almanac . Joel Hahn . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CNN 's 2002 Emmy Winners '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Primetime Emmy Winners '' . Emmys.org . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 2006 Creative Arts Emmy winners press release '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Emmys.org . August 19 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . Bibliography Andrae , Thomas ( August 1983 ) .", "59": "`` Of Supermen and Kids with Dreams '' . Nemo : The Classic Comics Library ( 2 ) . Gary G. Groth . pp. 6 -- 19 . Cronin , Brian ( 2009 ) . Was Superman a Spy ? . Penguin . ISBN 9781101046562 . Daniels , Les ( 1995 ) . DC Comics : Sixty Years of the World 's Favorite Comic Book Heroes ( First ed . ) . Bulfinch Press . ISBN 978 - 0821220764 . Daniels , Les ( 1998 ) . Superman : The Complete History ( 1st ed . ) . Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 988 - 7 . Dean , Michael ( October 14 , 2004 ) . `` An Extraordinarily Marketable Man : The Ongoing Struggle for Ownership of Superman and Superboy '' . The Comics Journal ( 263 ) : 13 -- 17 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Retrieved December 22 , 2006 . Eury , Michael ; Adams , Neal ; Swan , Curt ; Anderson , Murphy ( 2006 ) . The Krypton Companion . Raleigh , NC : TwoMorrows Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893905 - 61 - 0 . Harvey , Robert C. ( 1996 ) . The Art of the Comic Book : An Aesthetic History . Univ . Press of Mississippi . ISBN 9780878057580 . Hatfield , Charles ( 2005 ) . Alternative Comics : An Emerging Literature . Univ . Press of Mississippi . ISBN 9781604735871 . Jones , Gerard ( 2004 ) . Men of Tomorrow : Geeks , Gangsters , and the Birth of the Comic Book . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 03656 - 2 . Kobler , John ( June 21 , 1941 ) . `` Up , Up , and Awa - a-ay ! : The Rise of Superman , Inc '' ( PDF ) . The Saturday Evening Post .", "60": "Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Pointer , Ray ( 2017 ) . The Art and Inventions of Max Fleischer : American Animation Pioneer . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6367 - 8 . Ricca , Brad ( 2014 ) . Super Boys : The Amazing Adventures of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster -- the Creators of Superman . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 1250049681 . Scivally , Bruce ( 2007 ) . Superman on Film , Television , Radio and Broadway . McFarland . ISBN 9780786431663 . Sergi , Joe ( 2015 ) . The Law for Comic Book Creators : Essential Concepts and Applications . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786473601 . Steranko , Jim ( 1970 ) . The Steranko History of Comics vol. 1 . Supergraphics . ISBN 9780517501887 . Tye , Larry ( 2012 ) . Superman : The High - Flying History of America 's Most Enduring Hero . Random House New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 918 - 5 . Weldon , Glen ( 2013 ) . Superman the Unauthorized Biography . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34184 - 1 . Further reading De Haven , Tom ( 2009 ) . Our Hero : Superman on Earth . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11817 - 9 . OCLC 320132317 . Hayde , Michael J. ( 2009 ) . Flights of Fantasy : The Unauthorized but True Story of Radio & TV 's Adventures of Superman . Albany , GA : BearManor Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59393 - 344 - 9 . OCLC 429466149 .", "61": "Ian Gordon , 2017 , Superman : The Persistence of an American Icon , Rutgers University Press External links Find more aboutSupermanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Golden Age , Silver Age and Modern Age Superman at the Comic book database Superman on DC Database , an external wiki , a DC Comics wiki Superman on IMDb ( hide ) Superman Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Other writers and artists Characters List of DC Comics characters named Superman List of Superman supporting characters List of Superman enemies Locations Metropolis Ace o ' Clubs Daily Planet Daily Star Galaxy Communications LexCorp Project Cadmus Suicide Slum List of areas , landmarks , institutions and businesses Krypton Argo City Kandor Kryptonopolis Vathlo Island Apokolips Bizarro World Colu Daxam Fortress of Solitude Phantom Zone S.T.A.R. Labs Smallville Stryker 's Island Warworld Objects and material Kryptonite Supermobile History and themes Character and cast Dynasty Kryptonian Origin Powers and abilities Publication history Action Comics # 1 Action Comics # 1000 Superman and Lois Lane Symbol Ongoing publications Action Comics Batman / Superman Superboy Supergirl Superman Superman / Wonder Woman In other media In film Miscellaneous Alternative versions of Superman Superman ( gene ) Joanne Siegel Category Related topics Superman characters Superman family Superman Clark Kent Superboy Kal - El Kon - El Jonathan Samuel Kent Krypto Supergirl Kara Zor - El", "62": "Matrix Linda Danvers Power Girl Superwoman Mon - El Nightwing Chris Kent / Lor - Zod Flamebird Thara Ak - Var The Eradicator Steel ( John Henry Irons ) Natasha Irons Supporting characters Daily Planet Staff Cat Grant George Taylor Lois Lane Jimmy Olsen Perry White Ron Troupe Steve Lombard Metropolis Police Department Dan Turpin David Corporon Inspector Henderson Maggie Sawyer Smallville residents Chief Parker Jonathan and Martha Kent Lana Lang Pete Ross Kryptonians Jor - El Lara Zor - El Alura Seyg - El Other Bibbo Bibbowski Draaga Lena Luthor Lobo Lori Lemaris Lucy Lane Maxima Professor Potter Superhero allies Batman Wonder Woman Enemies Core antagonists Bizarro Brainiac Cyborg Superman Hank Henshaw Darkseid Doomsday General Zod Lex Luthor Metallo Mister Mxyzptlk Mongul Parasite Toyman Recurring adversaries Atomic Skull Bloodsport Bruno Mannheim Dev - Em Faora Imperiex Jax - Ur Kryptonite Man Livewire Manchester Black Mercy Graves Morgan Edge Neutron Non Prankster Quex - Ul Silver Banshee Terra - Man Titano Ultra-Humanite Ursa Other enemies Anti-Monitor Black Zero Composite Superman Codename : Assassin", "63": "Conduit Equus Moxie Mannheim Rampage Riot Solomon Grundy Group enemies Intergang Superman Revenge Squad Alternative versions Superman Earth - One version Earth - Two version Earth - Three version ( Ultraman ) Earth Prime version ( Superboy - Prime ) Kingdom Come version Superman Red / Superman Blue Clark Kent ( Smallville ) Alternative versions of Lex Luthor Alternative versions of Supergirl Team affiliations World 's Finest Team Legion of Super-Heroes Justice League Miscellanea Superman character and cast Superman and Lois Lane Beppo Streaky Comet Chloe Sullivan Category Superman publications and storylines History Current series Action Comics Superman Supergirl Trinity Former series Adventure Comics Batman / Superman DC Comics Presents Superboy Superboy and the Ravers Supergirl Superman ( vol. 2 ) Superman / Batman Superman Confidential The Superman Family Superman : The Man of Steel Superman : The Man of Tomorrow Superman 's Girl Friend , Lois Lane Superman 's Pal , Jimmy Olsen Superman / Wonder Woman Trinity World 's Finest Comics Limited series and one - shots Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity Green Lantern / Superman : Legend of the Green Flame The Kents Lex Luthor : Man of Steel Lex Luthor : The Unauthorized Biography Birthright The Man of Steel Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman for All Seasons Superman / Shazam : First Thunder Superman Unchained Superman vs.", "64": "Muhammad Ali Superman : Last Stand of New Krypton Superman : Secret Origin Superman : World of New Krypton Superman : The Wedding Album Superman : War of the Supermen Outside continuity All - Star Superman `` The K - Metal from Krypton '' `` The Sandman Saga '' Son of Superman Superboy : The Comic Book Superboy 's Legion Superman Adventures Superman : At Earth 's End Superman : Earth One Superman : The Last Family of Krypton Superman : The Feral Man of Steel Superman : Last Son of Earth Superman : Last Stand on Krypton Superman 's Metropolis The Superman Monster Superman : Red Son Superman : Secret Identity Superman : Speeding Bullets Superman : The Dark Side Superman : True Brit Superman : War of the Worlds Superman & Batman : Generations Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow ? Whom Gods Destroy Crossovers Superman / Aliens Superman & Bugs Bunny Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Superman vs. The Amazing Spider - Man Superman and Spider - Man Superman / Fantastic Four Superman vs. Predator Superman / Tarzan : Sons of the Jungle Superman vs. The Terminator : Death to the Future Storylines `` For the Man Who Has Everything '' `` The Greatest Hero of Them All '' `` The Death of Superman '' `` Worlds Collide '' `` The Trial of Superman ! '' `` Superman Red / Superman Blue '' `` What 's So Funny About Truth , Justice & the American Way ? '' `` For Tomorrow '' `` Up , Up and Away ! ''", "65": "`` Last Son '' `` Kryptonite '' `` Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes '' `` The Third Kryptonian '' `` The Coming of Atlas '' `` Brainiac '' `` New Krypton '' `` World of New Krypton '' `` World Without Superman '' `` Last Stand of New Krypton '' War of the Supermen `` Grounded '' `` Reign of Doomsday '' `` H'El on Earth '' `` Superman : Doomed '' Other The Superman Chronicles Superman ( comic strip ) Action Comics # 1 Action Comics # 1000 Superman franchise media Newspaper comic strips Superman ( 1939 -- 66 ) The World 's Greatest Superheroes ( 1978 -- 85 ) Radio The Adventures of Superman ( US , 1940 -- 51 ) The Adventures of Superman ( UK , 1988 ) Live - action serials and films Serials Superman ( 1948 ) Atom Man vs. Superman 1951 film series Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman ( short film ) 1978 film series Superman ( 1978 ) Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Supergirl Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns DC Extended Universe Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League Animated films Featuring Superman Superman animated shorts ( 1941 -- 43 ) Brainiac Attacks Doomsday All - Star Unbound The Death of Superman With other heroes Justice League : The New Frontier Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam Justice League : Doom Superman vs. The Elite Batman : The Dark Knight Returns -- Part 2 Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Justice League vs.", "66": "Teen Titans Justice League Dark Television Live - action Adventures of Superman Stamp Day for Superman The Adventures of Superpup The Adventures of Superboy ( pilot ) Superboy Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Smallville Supergirl Krypton Animation New Adventures Adventures of Superboy Super Friends Superman The Animated Series Krypto the Superdog Justice League Justice League Unlimited Legion of Super Heroes Justice League Action Novels The Adventures of Superman ( 1942 ) Superman : Last Son of Krypton Miracle Monday Superman : Doomsday & Beyond Lois & Clark : A Superman Novel It 's Superman ! Superman Returns Enemies & Allies Video games Superman ( 1979 ) Superman : The Game ( 1985 ) Superman ( NES , 1987 ) Superman ( arcade , 1988 ) The Man of Steel ( 1989 ) Superman ( 1992 ) The Man of Steel ( 1993 ) The Death and Return of Superman Superman ( 1997 ) The New Adventures Shadow of Apokolips The Man of Steel ( Xbox , 2002 ) Countdown to Apokolips Superman Returns Superman Returns : Fortress of Solitude DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Infinite Crisis Music Superman III ( soundtrack ) Superman Returns ( soundtrack ) `` Save Me '' ( Remy Zero song ) Man of Steel ( soundtrack ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( soundtrack ) Documentaries Look , Up in the Sky : The Amazing Story of Superman The Death of `` Superman Lives '' : What Happened ? Stage It 's a Bird . It 's a Plane . It 's Superman Toys Lego Superman Advertisement The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman ( 2004 ) Related articles Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation Hollywoodland `` Lucy and Superman '' ( I Love Lucy episode , 1957 ) `` Man of Steel , Woman of Kleenex '' National Comics Publications v.", "67": "Fawcett Publications Sunman ( 1992 video game ) Superman curse Superman ice cream `` Superman and Paula Brown 's New Snowsuit '' `` The Reign of the Superman '' Kryptonite in other media Supergirl in other media Justice League in other media Lex Luthor in other media Superwoman in other media Supergirl Otto Binder Al Plastino Curt Swan Versions Kara Zor - El Matrix Linda Danvers Cir - El Laurel Gand Power Girl Ariella Kent Characters Supporting Cat Grant Comet Lana Lang Lena Luthor Lucy Lane Mary Marvel Maxima Streaky the Supercat Superman Zor - El Enemies Blithe The Council Cyborg Superman Darkseid Decay Lesla - Lar Lex Luthor Reactron Silver Banshee Twilight Titles Adventure Comics Supergirl Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes Superman Family Elseworld 's Finest : Supergirl & Batgirl Other media Film Supergirl ( 1984 ) Superman / Batman : Apocalypse ( 2010 ) Superman : Unbound ( 2013 ) Television Superman : The Animated Series ( 1996 ) episodes Smallville ( 2001 ) characters episodes Supergirl ( 2015 ) characters episodes DC Super Hero Girls ( 2015 ) Category Justice League Gardner Fox Founding members Superman Batman Wonder Woman Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Flash ( Barry Allen ) Aquaman Martian Manhunter Black Canary ( some retellings ) Triumph ( some retellings ) Cyborg ( some retellings ) Enemies Antagonists Amazo Anti-Monitor Appellaxians Brainiac Darkseid Deathstroke Despero Doctor Destiny Doctor Light Doomsday Eclipso Felix Faust General Wade Eiling Imperiex Joker Kanjar Ro Key Lex Luthor Libra Maxwell Lord Neron Professor Ivo Prometheus Queen Bee Queen of Fables Ra 's al Ghul Sinestro Sonar Starro T.O.", "68": "Morrow Vandal Savage White Martians Organizations Aryan Brigade Brotherhood of Evil Demons Three Extremists Crime Syndicate of America Kobra Legion of Doom Secret Society of Super Villains Injustice Gang Injustice League League of Assassins Manhunters Royal Flush Gang Spin - offs Extreme Justice Just'a Lotta Animals Justice Guild of America Justice League 3000 Justice League Dark Justice League Elite Justice League Europe Justice League International Justice League Task Force Justice League United Justice Legion Alpha Super Buddies Super Jrs . 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'' `` World War III '' `` JLA : Tower of Babel '' `` JLA : Earth 2 '' `` Justice Leagues '' `` JLA : Pain of the Gods '' `` The Lightning Saga '' `` Throne of Atlantis '' `` Trinity War '' Current series Justice League ( vol. 3 ) Justice League of America ( vol. 5 ) Previous series Justice League of America Justice League International Justice League Europe Justice League Quarterly Justice League Task Force Extreme Justice JLA JLA : Classified Justice League ( The New 52 ) Justice League Dark Justice League United Justice League 3000 Limited series DC Comics Two Thousand JLA : Act of God JLA : Age of Wonder JLA : Created Equal JLA : Destiny JLA : The Nail series JLA : Shogun of Steel Justice Justice League Elite Justice League : Cry for Justice Justice League : Generation Lost Justice Riders Crossovers JLA / Avengers JLA / The 99 Justice League / Power Rangers Related articles A.R.G.U.S.", "69": "Bizarro League Snapper Carr JL8 Justice League in other media Justice Society of America Squadron Supreme Legion of Super-Heroes Original continuity / Post-Infinite Crisis Post-Zero Hour Threeboot Post-Infinite Crisis Creators Otto Binder Al Plastino Mort Weisinger Founding members Cosmic Boy Lightning Lad Saturn Girl Notable members Blok Bouncing Boy Brainiac 5 Catspaw Chameleon Boy Chameleon Girl Chemical Kid / Chemical King Colossal Boy Comet Queen Computo ( Danielle Foccart ) Dawnstar Dragonmage Dream Boy Dream Girl Earth - Man Element Lad Ferro Lad Laurel Gand Gates Gazelle Gear Glorith Invisible Kid ( Lyle Norg ) Invisible Kid ( Jacques Foccart ) Karate Kid ( Val Armorr ) Karate Kid ( Myg ) Khundian Legionnaires Kid Quantum Kinetix Kono Lightning Lass / Light Lass Magnetic Kid Magno Matter - Eater Lad Celeste McCauley Mon - El Monstress Night Girl Devlin O'Ryan Phantom Girl Polar Boy Princess Projectra / Sensor Girl Quislet Sensor Shadow Lass Kent Shakespeare Shikari Shrinking Violet Spider Girl / Wave Star Boy / Starman Sun Boy Tellus Thunder Timber Wolf Triplicate Girl / Duo Damsel / Duplicate Damsel Tyroc Ultra Boy White Witch Wildfire XS Special members Elastic Lad ( Jimmy Olsen ) Insect Queen ( Lana Lang ) Kid Psycho Pete Ross Superboy ( Kal - El ) Superboy ( Kon - El ) Supergirl ( Kara Zor - El ) Superman Rond Vidar Supporting characters R.J.", "70": "Brande Controllers Shvaughn Erin Inferno Laurel Kent Legion Academy Legion of Substitute Heroes Lori Morning Antagonists Blight Brainiac Composite Superman Computo Dark Circle Darkseid Dominators Evillo Fatal Five Emerald Empress Mano Persuader Tharok Validus Glorith Grimbor Infinite Man Justice League of Earth Khunds League of Super-Assassins Legion of Super-Villains Cosmic King Lightning Lord Saturn Queen Leland McCauley Mordru Nemesis Kid Ol - Vir Omega Pulsar Stargrave Ra 's al Ghul Roxxas Sklarian Raiders Starfinger Sun - Eater Superboy - Prime Time Trapper Universo Vandal Savage White Triangle Planets Braal Colu Daxam Dryad Durla Imsk Naltor Orando Rimbor Shanghalla Sorcerers ' World Starhaven Takron - Galtos Tharn Titan Trom Weber 's World Winath Xanthu Xolnar Storylines `` One of Us Is a Traitor '' `` The Death of Ferro Lad '' `` The Adult Legion '' `` Mordru the Merciless '' Karate Kid `` Earthwar '' `` The Exaggerated Death of Ultra Boy '' `` The Great Darkness Saga '' `` Who Is Sensor Girl ? '' Legionnaires 3 Cosmic Boy `` The Universo Project '' `` The Greatest Hero of Them All '' `` The Terra Mosaic '' Valor `` End of an Era '' Legion Lost ( vol.", "71": "1 ) `` Superboy and the Legion '' `` The Lightning Saga '' `` Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes '' Final Crisis : Legion of 3 Worlds Alternate continuities Legion of Galactic Guardians 2099 Superboy 's Legion Legion of Super Heroes in the 31st Century In other media Legion of Super Heroes Smallville ( season 8 ) `` New Kids in Town '' ( Superman : The Animated Series ) `` Far from Home '' ( Justice League Unlimited ) JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Cosmic Clash Supergirl ( season 3 ) Related articles Adventure Comics Iris West Allen Atmos Dev - Em The Final Night Heroes of Lallor Imperiex Impulse / Kid Flash Interlac Invasion ! Justice Legion L Kwai L.E.G.I.O.N. Legion Flight Ring Legion of Super-Pets Miracle Machine R.E.B.E.L.S. Reflecto Science Police Sodam Yat Superboy ( comic book ) Time Bubble Tornado Twins United Planets Wanderers Workforce Zero Hour : Crisis in Time See also List of Legion of Super-Heroes items List of Legion of Super-Heroes members List of Legion of Super-Heroes publications Batman characters Batman family By secret identity Batman Robin Catwoman Batwoman Batgirl Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Oracle Spoiler Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Black Bat Bluebird By public identity Bruce Wayne Dick Grayson Selena Kyle Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Helena Wayne Jason Todd Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Supporting characters Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Julie Madison Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Knight Squire Dark Ranger Ace the Bat - Hound Leslie Thompkins Silver St.", "72": "Cloud Lucius Fox Orpheus Nightrunner Bat - Cow GCPD contacts James `` Jim '' Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Michael Akins Neutral characters Mayors of Gotham City Hamilton Hill Michael Akins Professor Carter Nichols Bat - Mite Arnold John Flass Gillian B. Loeb Azrael The Sacred Order of Saint Dumas Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman Green Arrow Green Lantern Flash Aquaman Cyborg Martian Manhunter Hawkgirl Shazam Justice League Adversaries Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man - Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra 's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Solomon Grundy Two - Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Mad scientists Crime Doctor Doctor Death Dollmaker Jeremiah Arkham Professor Milo Professor Pyg Mobsters and crime lords Alberto Falcone Carmine Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Gigante Joe Chill Lew Moxon Rupert Thorne Sal Maroni Squid Tony Zucco Rivals and vigilantes Anarky Lady Shiva Lock - Up Red Hood Recurring antagonists Amygdala Anthony Lupus Black Spider Blockbuster Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Composite Superman Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt David Cain Deacon Blackfire Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Electrocutioner Emperor Blackgate Film Freak Firebug Flamingo", "73": "Gearhead Gentleman Ghost Gorilla Boss Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Joker 's Daughter Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Kobra Maxie Zeus Mister Toad Monk Nightslayer Nocturna Nyssa Raatko Orca Owlman Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Prometheus Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Sensei Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Spellbinder Talia al Ghul Tally Man Ten - Eyed Man Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra - Man Hostile organizations Circus of Strange Court of Owls League of Assassins Terrible Trio Alternative versions Batman Earth - Two Batman of Zur - En - Arrh Owlman The Dark Knight Returns Terry McGinnis Batzarro Robin Earth - Two Carrie Kelley Alternative versions of Barbara Gordon Alternative versions of Joker Affiliated teams Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League World 's Finest Team Outsiders Other media Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Other Batman enemies in other media Egghead Roland Daggett Andrea Beaumont Blight Rachel Dawes Superman / Batman crossover media Comic books World 's Finest Comics Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity Superman / Batman Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Television The Batman /", "74": "Superman Hour The Superman / Batman Adventures The New Batman / Superman Adventures Books Enemies & Allies Film Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Lego Batman : The Movie -- DC Super Heroes Unite Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Video game Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham The Dark Knight Universe The Dark Knight Returns film The Dark Knight Strikes Again The Dark Knight III : The Master Race Fan films and parodies World 's Finest HISHE : Super Cafe Miscellanea Composite Superman Hiro Okamura Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G.", "75": "Peter Other contributors Characters Wonder Women Diana Prince Orana Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Hippolyta Donna Troy Supporting characters Antiope Aphrodite Artemis Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Batman Drusilla Etta Candy Fury Hephaestus Hera Heracles / Hercules Hermes I Ching Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis Mala Nemesis ( Thomas Tresser ) Nubia The Olympian Orion Paula Philippus Poseidon Queen Hippolyta Helena Sandsmark Sarge Steel Superman Steve Trevor Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark Donna Troy ) Zeus Zola Adversaries Aegeus Angle Man Ares / Mars Baron Blitzkrieg Baroness Paula von Gunther Blue Snowman Veronica Cale Captain Wonder Cheetah Circe Dark Angel Decay Doctor Cyber Doctor Poison Doctor Psycho Duke of Deception Earl of Greed Egg Fu / Chang Tzu Eviless The First Born Genocide Giganta Hades Hypnota Kung Lord Conquest Mask Medusa Minister Blizzard Osira Queen Clea Red Panzer Silver Swan Tezcatlipoca Zara Factions Amazons of Themyscira Amazons of Bana - Mighdall Children of Ares Godwatch Gorilla Knights Olympian Gods Titans of Myth Villainy Inc .", "76": "Locations Aeaea Boston , Massachusetts London , England Mount Olympus Thalarion Themyscira ( The Paradise Islands ) The Underworld Publications All Star Comics Amazonia Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity The Blue Amazon Comic Cavalcade The Legend of Wonder Woman Sensation Comics Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman / Wonder Woman Wonder Woman ' 77 The Wonder Woman Chronicles Wonder Woman : Earth One The World 's Greatest Superheroes Storylines Introducing Wonder Woman ( 1941 ) Gods and Mortals ( 1987 ) Challenge of the Gods ( 1987 -- 88 ) War of the Gods ( 1991 ) The Contest ( 1994 ) The Challenge of Artemis ( 1995 ) Paradise Island Lost ( 2001 ) Our Worlds at War ( 2001 ) The Hiketeia ( 2002 ) Down to Earth ( 2003 -- 04 ) Who Is Wonder Woman ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) Amazons Attack ! ( 2007 ) The Circle ( 2008 ) Ends of the Earth ( 2008 ) Rise of the Olympian ( 2009 ) Flashpoint ( 2011 ) The Lies ( 2016 ) Year One ( 2016 ) The Truth ( 2017 ) Godwatch ( 2017 ) Technology Bracelets Golden Girdle of Gaea Invisible plane Lasso of Truth Mental radio Pegasi Purple Ray Sky Kangas In other media Super Friends ( episodes ) Wonder Woman ( 1974 film ) Wonder Woman ( TV series ) ( episodes ) Justice League ( episodes ) Justice League Unlimited ( episodes ) Justice League : The New Frontier Wonder Woman ( 2009 film ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Wonder Woman ( 2011 TV pilot ) Young Justice DC Universe Online Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs.", "77": "Teen Titans Justice League Action Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Justice League Miscellaneous Alternative versions Earth - Two Bizarra Olive Byrne Cultural impact Professor Marston and the Wonder Women Literature Wonder Women ! The Untold Story of American Superheroines Portal Category Golden Age of Comic Books All - American Comics The Atom ( Al Pratt ) Black Canary Doctor Mid-Nite Doiby Dickles The Flash ( Jay Garrick ) The Gay Ghost Green Lantern ( Alan Scott ) Hawkgirl Hawkman Hop Harrigan The King Justice Society of America Mister Terrific ( Terry Sloane ) Johnny Thunder Red Tornado ( Ma Hunkel ) Sargon the Sorcerer Ultra-Man The Whip Wildcat Wonder Woman Archie Comics The Black Hood Captain Flag The Comet The Firefly The Fox The Shield The Web The Wizard Centaur Comics Airman Amazing - Man The Arrow The Clock The Eye The Fantom of the Fair The Masked Marvel Minimidget National Allied Air Wave Aquaman Batman Crimson Avenger Dan the Dyna - Mite Doctor Fate Doctor Occult Genius Jones Green Arrow Guardian Hourman Johnny Quick ( Johnny Chambers ) Liberty Belle Manhunter Merry , the Girl of 1000 Gimmicks Mister America Robin Dick Grayson Robotman Sandman Sandy the Golden Boy Shining Knight The Spectre Speedy ( Roy Harper ) Star - Spangled Kid Starman ( Ted Knight ) Stripesy Superboy ( Kal - El ) Superman Tarantula TNT Vigilante Wing Zatara Seven Soldiers of Victory Fawcett Comics Bulletgirl Bulletman Captain Marvel Captain Marvel Jr . 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Bell Features Johnny Canuck Nelvana of the Northern Lights The Brain Cardal Publishing Streamline Columbia Comics The Face Skyman Crestwood Publications Atomic - Man Black Owl Green Lama David McKay Publications Vulcan Dell Comics Owl Dynamic Publications Dynamic Man Yankee Girl EC Comics Moon Girl Elliot Publishing Company Kismet ,", "79": "Man of Fate Eastern Color Printing Hydroman Frew Publications The Phantom Mandrake the Magician Harvey Comics Black Cat Captain Freedom Shock Gibson Spirit of ' 76 Holyoke Publishing Cat - Man and Kitten Miss Victory Lev Gleason Publications Captain Battle Crimebuster Daredevil Silver Streak Maple Leaf Publishing Iron Man Brok Windsor Novelty Press Target Comics Target and the Targeteers Blue Bolt Dick Cole , The Wonder Boy Twister Rural Home Publications The Green Turtle VIAF : 57682879 LCCN : n2015060724 GND : 129105295 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superman&oldid=838280019 '' Categories : DC Comics superheroes 1938 comics debuts 1938 establishments in the United States American comics characters American superheroes Characters created by Jerry Siegel Characters created by Joe Shuster Comics adapted into animated series Comics adapted into plays Comics adapted into radio series Comics adapted into television series Comics adapted into video games Comics characters introduced in 1938 DC Comics adapted into films DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds DC Comics characters with accelerated healing DC Comics characters with superhuman strength Extraterrestrial superheroes Fictional characters from Kansas Fictional characters with nuclear or radiation abilities Fictional characters with superhuman senses Fictional immigrants to the United States Fictional sole survivors Film serial characters Kryptonians Magazine mascots Male characters in comics Superheroes who are adopted Superhero film characters Superhero television characters Superman Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Character pop Converted comics character infoboxes Converted category character infoboxes Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with", "80": "unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Use mdy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी", "81": "მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 01 : 36 . 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-704529031648349308	who plays red on orange is new black	[ "Katherine Kiernan Maria \"Kate\" Mulgrew", "Katherine Kiernan Maria \"Kate\" Mulgrew", "\"Kate\" Mulgrew", "Katherine Kiernan Maria \"Kate\" Mulgrew" ]	{ "0": "Kate Mulgrew - wikipedia Kate Mulgrew Jump to : navigation , search Kate Mulgrew Mulgrew in 2009 Katherine Kiernan Maria Mulgrew ( 1955 - 04 - 29 ) April 29 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Dubuque , Iowa , U.S. Alma mater New York University Occupation Actress Years active 1975 -- present Spouse ( s ) Robert H. Egan ( m . 1982 -- 93 ) Tim Hagan ( m . 1999 -- 2014 ) Children Katherine Kiernan Maria `` Kate '' Mulgrew ( born April 29 , 1955 ) is an American actress . She is known for the roles of Captain Kathryn Janeway on Star Trek : Voyager and Galina `` Red '' Reznikov on Orange Is the New Black . She first came to attention in the role of Mary Ryan on the daytime soap opera Ryan 's Hope . Mulgrew has won an Obie Award , and has received a Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award nomination . She is an active member of the Alzheimer 's Association National Advisory Council and the voice of Cleveland 's MetroHealth System . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Earlier career ( 1975 -- 1995 ) 2.2 Star Trek : Voyager ( 1995 -- 2001 ) 2.3 After Voyager ( 2001 -- 2012 ) 2.4 Orange Is The New Black ( 2013 -- present ) 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Theatre 4.4 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 Memoir 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Mulgrew was born in 1955 in Dubuque , Iowa , into an Irish Catholic family , to Thomas James `` T.J. '' Mulgrew II , a contractor , and Joan Virginia Mulgrew ( née Kiernan ) , an artist and painter . She attended Wahlert High School in Dubuque .", "1": "Aged 17 , she was accepted at the Stella Adler Conservatory of Acting in conjunction with New York University in New York City . Mulgrew left NYU after one year . During this time , to earn money while in New York , Mulgrew was employed as a waitress . Career ( edit ) Earlier career ( 1975 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) Her early career included portraying Mary Ryan for two years on the ABC soap Ryan 's Hope ( 1975 ) . She became a fan favorite and is still associated with the show long after its cancellation . Mulgrew remains friends with former co-star Ilene Kristen and presented a special Soap Opera Digest Award to Ryan 's Hope creator Claire Labine in 1995 . While in Ryan 's Hope she also played the role of Emily Webb in the American Shakespeare Theatre production of Our Town in Stratford , Connecticut . In 1979 - 80 , she played Kate Columbo in Mrs. Columbo , a spin - off of the popular detective series , created specifically for her , which lasted 13 episodes . In 1981 , Mulgrew costarred with Richard Burton and Nicholas Clay in the Arthurian love triangle Lovespell as Irish princess Isolt who casts a spell on Mark , King of Cornwall , and his surrogate son , Tristan . In 1985 she appeared in Remo Williams : The Adventure Begins in the role of Major Fleming . In 1986 , she appeared in a run of Cheers episodes as Janet Eldridge . In 1987 , she appeared in Throw Momma from the Train as Margaret , Billy Crystal 's character 's wife . In 1992 , Kate appeared on Murphy Brown as Hillary Wheaton , a Toronto - based anchorwoman brought in to replace Murphy Brown during her maternity leave , but who turned out to have the same problem with alcoholism as Brown had previously dealt with at the beginning of the series . Also in 1992 , she played a guest starring role as a soap opera star who kills her husband and tries to cover it up , on Murder , She Wrote , episode # 170 , titled : `` Ever After '' . Star Trek : Voyager ( 1995 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) In 1995 , Mulgrew 's divorce from her husband became final .", "2": "She was on the verge of selling her house and moving into a less - expensive apartment in Westwood when she received a call to take the part of Captain Kathryn Janeway in Star Trek : Voyager . Mulgrew auditioned for the role of the captain ( originally named `` Elizabeth Janeway '' ) , when producers announced casting for Star Trek : Voyager . She initially submitted a videotaped audition , which she made in New York City in August 1994 . However , she was unhappy with this audition and auditioned in person a few weeks later . That day , film actress Geneviève Bujold was selected to play Janeway ( suggesting `` Nicole '' as the character 's new first name ) , but left the role after only two days of filming , realizing that the amount of work required for an episodic television show was too demanding for her . Mulgrew was then offered the role , which she accepted , later suggesting `` Kathryn '' as the character 's final first name . Mulgrew made history in the Star Trek franchise when she became the first female captain as a series regular in a leading role . Voyager was the first show broadcast on the new UPN channel , the only series renewed after the channel 's first programming season , and its only show to run for seven seasons , making it UPN 's longest running . Mulgrew won the Saturn Award for `` Best TV Actress '' in 1998 for her performances as Janeway . Mulgrew also voiced the character of Janeway for various Star Trek video games : Star Trek : Captain 's Chair , a virtual - reality tour of various Starfleet vessels for home computers ; the Star Trek : Voyager - Elite Force series , and Star Trek : Legacy . About her years on Voyager , Mulgrew said : I 'm proud of it . It was difficult ; it was hard work . I 'm proud of the work because I think I made some little difference in women in science . I grew to really love Star Trek : Voyager , and out of a cast of nine , I 've made three great friends , I managed to raise two children . I think , `` It 's good . I used myself well . ''", "3": "Speaking about the best and worst part about playing a Star Trek captain , she said : The best thing was simply the privilege and the challenge of being able to take a shot at the first female captain , transcending stereotypes that I was very familiar with . I was able to do that in front of millions of viewers . That was a remarkable experience -- and it continues to resonate . The downside of that is also that it continues to resonate , and threatens to eclipse all else in one 's long career if one does not up the ante and stay at it , in a way that may not ordinarily be necessary . I have to work at changing and constantly reinventing myself in a way that probably would not have happened had Star Trek not come along . I knew that going in , and I think that all of the perks attached to this journey have been really inexpressively great . So the negatives are small . During Voyager , Mulgrew also played the role of Titania in the animated series Gargoyles ( along with fellow Star Trek actors Marina Sirtis and Jonathan Frakes ) and Victoria Riddler in Riddler 's Moon , a made - for - TV movie . After Voyager and her subsequent Star Trek appearances finished , Mulgrew has continued to appear at various Star Trek conventions and events around the world . After Voyager ( 2001 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Mulgrew ( l . ) with early photograph in Prague After Voyager came to the end of the full seven seasons , Mulgrew returned to theater , and in 2003 starred in a one - woman play called Tea at Five , a monologue reminiscence based on Katharine Hepburn 's memoir Me : Stories of My Life . Tea at Five was a critical success and Mulgrew received two awards , one from Carbonell ( best actress ) and the other from Broadway.com ( Audience Award for Favorite Solo Performance ) . Mulgrew also kept active in doing voice - over work for video games , most notably in 2009 voicing the mysterious Flemeth in the Dragon Age video game series , a role she described as `` delicious '' . Mulgrew returned to television in 2006 , guest starring in an episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Mulgrew also performed in The Exonerated at the Riverside Studios in London , England .", "4": "In the spring of 2007 , she appeared in the NBC television series The Black Donnellys as Helen Donnelly which lasted for one season . She also performed the lead role in an off - Broadway production called Our Leading Lady written by Charles Busch in which she earned a nomination from the Drama League for her performance . Also in that year , Mulgrew played Clytemnestra in New York for Charles L. Mee 's Iphigenia 2.0 . She won the Obie Award for outstanding performance . In June 2008 , Mulgrew appeared in Equus on Broadway , playing Hesther Saloman , a public official who is empathetic toward the play 's central character . The play opened on September 5 , 2008 for a strictly limited 22 - week engagement through February 8 , 2009 . Also in 2008 , Mulgrew filmed the 30 - minute courtroom drama The Response which is based on actual transcripts of the Guantanamo Bay tribunals . It was researched and fully vetted in conjunction with the University of Maryland School of Law and was shot in three days . Mulgrew portrays Colonel Sims and she , the other cast members and crew agreed to defer their salaries to cover the production costs . The film has been screened at a number of sites and is available on DVD . In 2009 , Mulgrew returned to television in the NBC medical series Mercy playing the recurring role of Jeannie Flanagan ( the mother of the show 's lead , Veronica ) . Released in 2010 , the film The Best and Brightest , a comedy based in the world of New York City 's elite private kindergartens , featured Mulgrew as The Player 's wife . Mulgrew with Patrick Stewart appearing at Destination Star Trek London in 2012 . Also in 2010 , she starred as Cleopatra in William Shakespeare 's Antony and Cleopatra at Hartford Stage . In 2011 , Mulgrew appeared in the feature - length documentary The Captains . The film , written and directed by William Shatner , follows Shatner as he interviews each of the other actors who played a Starfleet captain within the Star Trek franchise .", "5": "During that same year , on another science - fiction series , she began a recurring guest - starring role on the third season of the series `` Warehouse 13 , '' as the mother of one of the main characters . As of July 2011 , Mulgrew has appeared as a main cast member on Adult Swim 's NTSF : SD : SUV : : as Kove , the leader of the titular terrorism - fighting unit and ex-wife of series lead Paul Scheer 's character . Orange is the New Black ( 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) Since 2013 , Mulgrew stars as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov in the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black , the role for which she was nominated for her first Primetime Emmy Award in 2014 . The popular character was re-signed for seasons two , three , four and five . On working in the series she was reunited with her Mercy co-star Taylor Schilling . In 2014 , Mulgrew narrated a documentary film , The Principle , that aims to promote the discredited idea of the geocentric model . Mulgrew said that she was misinformed as to the purpose of the documentary , going on to say `` I am not a geocentrist , nor am I in any way a proponent of geocentrism ... I do not subscribe to anything Robert Sungenis has written regarding science and history and , had I known of his involvement , would most certainly have avoided this documentary . '' Personal Life ( edit ) At age 18 , Mulgrew left her family in Dubuque to study acting in New York . By 1977 , she found herself pregnant while acting in the lead role of Mary Ryan on Ryan 's Hope . `` I was single , alone and flooded with terror . But I knew I would have that baby , '' Mulgrew said . She placed the baby for adoption three days after giving birth . Mulgrew married Robert H. Egan in 1982 . They have two children . The couple separated in 1993 . The divorce became final in 1995 . Over the years , Mulgrew searched for the daughter she placed for adoption , including hiring a private investigator .", "6": "`` The first man who wanted to explore this with me , '' said Mulgrew , `` was Tim Hagan , who later became my husband . '' She married Tim Hagan , a former Ohio gubernatorial candidate and a former commissioner of Cuyahoga County , Ohio , in April 1999 . In 1998 , Mulgrew received a call from the daughter she had placed for adoption . Her name was Danielle and she had started searching for Mulgrew the year before . In her 2015 memoir Born with Teeth , referring to her being born with a full set of neonatal teeth , Mulgrew tells of being an unmarried mother who gave up her daughter for adoption during the start of her career , their reunion in 2001 , and `` the costs and rewards of a passionate life '' . Mulgrew is an opponent of abortion and capital punishment . She received an award from Feminists for Life , a pro-life feminist group . She is quoted as saying `` Execution as punishment is barbaric and unnecessary , '' `` Life is sacred to me on all levels , '' and `` Abortion does not compute with my philosophy . '' In an interview on April 15 , 2015 , Mulgrew stated she and Hagan were divorced , something she regrets . Mulgrew is a member of the National Advisory Committee of the Alzheimer 's Association . Mulgrew 's mother , Joan Mulgrew , died on July 27 , 2006 , after a long battle with the disease . Mulgrew is Catholic . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1981 Lovespell Isolt 1982 Stranger Is Watching , AA Stranger Is Watching Sharon Martin 1985 Remo Williams : The Adventure Begins Maj . Rayner Fleming Throw Momma from the Train Margaret Donner 1992 Round Numbers Judith Schweitzer 1994 Camp Nowhere Rachel Prescott 1995 Captain Nuke and the Bomber Boys Mrs.", "7": "Pescoe 2002 Star Trek : Nemesis Admiral Kathryn Janeway Cameo Star Trek : The Experience - Borg Invasion 4D Admiral Kathryn Janeway 2005 Perception Mary 2008 Response , The The Response Colonel Simms Short film Best and the Brightest , The The Best and the Brightest The Player 's Wife 2012 Flatland 2 : Sphereland Over-Sphere 2013 Drawing Home Edith Morse Robb 2014 The Principle Narrator Documentary Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Wide World of Mystery , The The Wide World of Mystery Susan Episode : `` Alien Lover '' 1975 -- 1978 Ryan 's Hope Mary Ryan Fenelli 409 episodes 1976 American Woman : Portraits of Courage , The The American Woman : Portraits of Courage Deborah Sampson Television movie 1978 The Word Tony Nicholson Television movie Dallas Garnet McGee Episode : `` Triangle '' 1979 Jennifer : A Woman 's Story Joan Russell Television movie 1979 -- 1980 Mrs. Columbo Kate Callahan Columbo 13 episodes 1980 Time for Miracles , AA Time for Miracles Mother Elizabeth Bayley Seton Television movie 1981 Manions of America , The The Manions of America Rachel Clement 3 episodes 1984 Jessie Maureen McLaughlin Episode : `` McLaughlin 's Flame '' 1986 St. Elsewhere Helen O'Casey 2 episodes Cheers Janet Eldridge 3 episodes Carly Mills Carly Mills Television movie My Town Laura Adams Television movie Roses Are for the Rich Kendall Murphy Television movie Hotel Leslie Chase Episode : `` Reservations '' Murder , She Wrote Sonny Greer Episode : `` The Corpse Flew First Class '' Roots : The Gift Hattie Carraway Television movie 1988 -- 1989 HeartBeat Dr.", "8": "Joanne Halloran 18 episodes 1991 Daddy Sarah Watson Television movie Fatal Friendship Sue Bradley Television movie 1991 -- 1992 Man of the People Mayor Lisbeth Chardin 10 episodes 1992 Murphy Brown Hillary Wheaton Episode : `` On the Rocks '' Murder , She Wrote Joanna Rollins Episode : `` Ever After '' 1992 -- 1995 Batman : The Animated Series Red Claw ( voice ) 3 episodes 1992 Pirates of Dark Water , The The Pirates of Dark Water Cressa ( voice ) 4 episodes 1993 For Love and Glory Antonia Doyle Television movie 1994 Murder , She Wrote Maude Gillis Episode : `` The Dying Game '' Mighty Max Isis ( voice ) Episode : `` The Mommy 's Hand '' 1994 -- 1995 Aladdin Queen Hippsodeth ( voice ) 2 episodes 1995 -- 2001 Star Trek : Voyager Kathryn Janeway 170 episodes Gargoyles Titania / Anastasia Renard ( voice ) 3 episodes Gargoyles : The Goliath Chronicles Titania ( voice ) Episode : `` For It May Come True '' 1999 Star Trek : Voyager Shannon O'Donnel Episode : `` 11 : 59 '' 2006 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Donna Geysen Episode : `` Web '' 2007 The Black Donnellys Helen Donnelly 9 episodes 2009 -- 2010 Mercy Mrs. Jeannie Flanagan 10 episodes 2011 -- 2013 Warehouse 13 Jane Lattimer 6 episodes 2011 -- 2013 NTSF : SD : SUV : : Kove 34 episodes 2013 -- present Orange Is the New Black Galina `` Red '' Reznikova 63 episodes 2015 American Dad !", "9": "June Rosewood Episode : `` A Star Is Reborn '' I Live with Models Joanna Vermouth Episode : `` Editor '' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles General Zera ( voice ) Episode : `` Half Shell Heroes : Blast to the Past '' 2017 Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters Dr. C ( voice ) Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Our Town Emily Webb American Shakespeare Theatre , Stratford , Connecticut 1976 Absurd Person Singular Eva Jackson 1977 Uncommon Women and Others Kate Quin Eugene O'Neill Theater Center 1978 Othello Desdemona Hartman Theater Company 1980 Chapter Two Jennie Malone Coachlight Dinner Theater 1981 -- 1982 Another Part of the Forest Regina Hubbard Seattle Repertory Theatre 1982 Major Barbara Major Barbara Undershaft Seattle Repertory Theatre Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Margaret Syracuse Stage , New York Ballad of Soapy Smith , The The Ballad of Soapy Smith Kitty Strong Seattle Repertory Theatre 1984 Philadelphia Story , The The Philadelphia Story Tracy Lord Alaska Repertory Theatre Misanthrope , The The Misanthrope Celimene Seattle Repertory Theatre 1985 Measure for Measure Isabella Center Theatre Group , Los Angeles 1986 Hedda Gabler Hedda Gabler Center Theatre Group , Los Angeles Real Thing , The The Real Thing Charlotte Center Theatre Group , Los Angeles Film Society , The The Film Society Nan Sinclair The Los Angeles Theater Center Titus Andronicus Tamora New York Shakespeare Festival Aristocrats Alice Center Theater Group , Los Angeles 1992 What the Butler Saw Mrs. Prentice La Jolla Playhouse 1993 Black Comedy Clea Roundabout Theatre Company , New York 2002 Dear Liar Mrs.", "10": "Patrick Campbell Youngstown State University 2003 Tea at Five Katharine Hepburn Tea at Five Katharine Hepburn Mary Stuart Mary Stuart Classic Stage Company , New York 2005 Tea at Five Katharine Hepburn 2006 Exonerated , The The Exonerated Sunny Jacobs Riverside Studios , London , England 2007 Our Leading Lady Laura Keene Manhattan Theatre Club at New York City Center Iphigenia Clytemnestra Signature Theatre Company 2008 Farfetched Fables and The Fascinating Foundling Anastasia Project Shaw Reading - The Players Club - New York American Dream and The Sandbox , The The American Dream and The Sandbox Mommy Cherry Lane Theatre , New York 2008 -- 2009 Equus Hesther Saloman Broadhurst Theatre , New York Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Star Trek : Captain 's Chair Capt . Kathryn Janeway Star Trek : Voyager - Elite Force Capt . Kathryn Janeway 2002 Run Like Hell Dr. Mek 2003 Lords of EverQuest Lady Kreya 2003 Star Trek : Elite Force II Capt . Kathryn Janeway 2006 Star Trek : Legacy Admiral Kathryn Janeway 2009 Dragon Age : Origins Flemeth 2011 Dragon Age II Flemeth 2014 Dragon Age : Inquisition Flemeth Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 1980 Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Mrs.", "11": "Columbo Nominated 1992 Tracey Humanitarian Award Herself Murphy Brown Won 1998 Satellite Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Star Trek : Voyager Won Saturn Awards Best Actress on Television Won 1999 Nominated 2000 Nominated 2001 Nominated 2003 Broadway.com Audience Award for Favorite Solo Performance Tea at Five Nominated Outer Critics Circle Outstanding Solo Performance Tea at Five Nominated Lucille Lortel Awards Outstanding Lead Actress Tea at Five Nominated Carbonell Awards Best Actress ( Touring , Independent Production - Cuillo Centre ) Tea at Five Won 2007 Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Our Leading Lady Nominated 2008 Obie Award Outstanding Performance Iphigenia 2.0 Won 2014 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Orange Is the New Black Won Satellite Awards Best Cast -- Television Series Won Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2015 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2016 Won 2017 Won Memoir ( edit ) Mulgrew , Kate ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) . Born with Teeth : A Memoir. Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0316334310 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Totally Kate . `` Catholic Digest '' . Totallykate.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kate Mulgrew Interview April 15 , 2015 . soundcloud.com. April 15 , 2015 . Event occurs at 23 : 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Viv Groskop ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Kate Mulgrew : ' I do n't know why women have plastic surgery ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 .", "12": "Jump up ^ Slosberg , Steven ( August 2003 ) . `` Kate Mulgrew 's One - Woman Show '' . Catholic Digest . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 -- via Totally Kate . Raised in an Irish - Catholic family , ... Jump up ^ `` Kate Mulgrew '' . Totally Kate . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shatner , William ( writer , director ) ( July 22 , 2011 ) . The Captains ( Television production ) . Le Big Boss Productions . Jump up ^ Beauman , Sally ( August 5 , 1968 ) . `` The Emergence of the Sidewalk Cafe '' . New York . p. 33 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 01 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Meisler , Andy ( September 15 , 1994 ) . `` Real ' Star Trek ' Drama : Enlisting New Skipper '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Spelling , Ian ( September -- October 2006 ) . `` Deep Space Five ! '' . Star Trek Magazine ( 1 ) : 27 . Jump up ^ Park , Andrew ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Kate Mulgrew talks Dragon Age : Origins '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Brian Scott ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` 2007 Drama League Award Winners Announced '' . Theatre Mania . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 2008 Obie Award Winners '' . The Village Voice . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Mulgrew Will Join Radcliffe and Griffiths for Broadway 's `` Equus '' `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` See the Film '' .", "13": "Look at the Moon Productions . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` Mulgrew Set for New NBC Hospital Series `` Mercy '' `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Clips from William Shatner 's ' The Captains ' '' . Trekmovie.com . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Kate Mulgrew ' tricked ' into narrating film that claims the Sun orbits Earth '' . Yahoo Movies . Jump up ^ Winograd , David ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek 's Kate Mulgrew Says She Was Duped on Film Narration '' . TIME . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Mulgrew : The Child I Gave Up '' . AARP Magazine , April / May 2015 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ Marshall , John & Levesque , John ( October 20 , 2002 ) . `` Robert Egan is hired as ACT artistic director '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Lee ( September 11 , 1996 ) . `` Living long and prospering ' Voyager ' honors 30 years of ' Star Trek ' with special episode '' . Kansas City Star . p . F1 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Shari M. ( February 2000 ) . `` Two to Tango '' . Cleveland Magazine . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 -- via Totally Kate . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek ' actress Kate Mulgrew to publish memoir '' . Associated Press , November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Kate Mulgrew Bares Her Teeth '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Mulgrew 's quest '' .", "14": "CBS News , April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment : Kate Mulgrew , Actor '' ( PDF ) . The American Feminist. 7 ( 4 ) . Winter 2000 -- 2001 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Joan Mulgrew Remembered '' . Totally Kate . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Born With Teeth : A Memoir by Kate Mulgrew ( 2015 ) . p. 190 Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Awards : winners and nominees '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 22nd Screen Actors Guild Award '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kate Mulgrew . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Kate Mulgrew Official website Kate Mulgrew on IMDb Kate Mulgrew at the Internet Broadway Database Kate Mulgrew at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Kate Mulgrew at the TCM Movie Database Kate Mulgrew at AllMovie Awards for Kate Mulgrew Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Busy Philipps ( 2011 ) Julie Bowen ( 2012 ) Kaley Cuoco / Eden Sher ( 2013 ) Allison Janney / Kate Mulgrew ( 2014 ) Allison Janney ( 2015 ) Mayim Bialik ( 2016 ) Jane Krakowski ( 2016 ) Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Christine Lahti ( 1996 ) Kate Mulgrew ( 1997 ) Jeri Ryan ( 1998 ) Camryn Manheim ( 1999 ) Allison Janney ( 2000 ) Edie Falco ( 2001 ) C.C.H. Pounder ( 2002 ) C.C.H.", "15": "Pounder ( 2003 ) Laurel Holloman ( 2004 ) Kyra Sedgwick ( 2005 ) Kyra Sedgwick ( 2006 ) Ellen Pompeo ( 2007 ) Anna Paquin ( 2008 ) Glenn Close ( 2009 ) Connie Britton ( 2010 ) Claire Danes ( 2011 ) Claire Danes ( 2012 ) Robin Wright ( 2013 ) Keri Russell ( 2014 ) Claire Danes ( 2015 ) Evan Rachel Wood ( 2016 ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr .", "16": "Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W.", "17": "Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television Gillian Anderson ( 1996 ) Kate Mulgrew ( 1997 ) Sarah Michelle Gellar ( 1998 ) Margaret Colin ( 1999 ) Jessica Alba ( 2000 ) Yancy Butler ( 2001 ) Jennifer Garner ( 2002 ) Amber Tamblyn ( 2003 ) Claudia Black ( 2004 ) Kristen Bell ( 2005 ) Jennifer Love Hewitt ( 2006 ) Jennifer Love Hewitt ( 2007 ) Mary McDonnell ( 2008 ) Anna Torv ( 2009 ) Anna Torv ( 2010 ) Anna Torv ( 2011 ) Anna Torv ( 2012 ) Vera Farmiga ( 2013 ) Caitriona Balfe ( 2014 ) Caitriona Balfe ( 2015 ) Melissa Benoist ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family ,", "18": "season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci ,", "19": "Wiley Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 71001429 LCCN : no97077123 ISNI : 0000 0001 1474 5343 GND : 1023865645 BNF : cb140380515 ( data ) BIBSYS : 9003644 MusicBrainz : dcbb6dc8 - 9335 - 4041 - 8f33 - 149894580259 IATH : w6s75pfc Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kate_Mulgrew&oldid=804713423 '' Categories : 1955 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Iowa American film actresses American pro-life activists American pacifists American Roman Catholics American Shakespearean actresses American soap opera actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses American people of Irish descent Living people Obie Award recipients People from Dubuque ,", "20": "Iowa Tisch School of the Arts alumni Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2016 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 17 : 54 . 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7525433307945555136	where was the movie i am number 4 filmed	[ "20 locations all within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area", "the Pittsburgh metropolitan area", "20 locations all within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area", "20 locations all within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area", "20 locations all within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area" ]	{ "0": "I Am Number Four ( film ) - wikipedia I Am Number Four ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search I Am Number Four Theatrical release poster Directed by D.J. Caruso Produced by Michael Bay Screenplay by Alfred Gough Miles Millar Marti Noxon Based on I Am Number Four by Pittacus Lore Starring Alex Pettyfer Timothy Olyphant Teresa Palmer Dianna Agron Callan McAuliffe Kevin Durand Music by Trevor Rabin Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Vince Filippone Jim Page Production company DreamWorks Pictures Reliance Entertainment Bay Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $150 million I Am Number Four is a 2011 American teen science fiction action thriller film directed by D.J. Caruso and starring Alex Pettyfer , Timothy Olyphant , Teresa Palmer , Dianna Agron , and Callan McAuliffe . The screenplay , by Alfred Gough , Miles Millar , and Marti Noxon , is based on novel of the same name , one of the Lorien Legacies young adult science fiction novels . Produced by Michael Bay , I Am Number Four was the first film production from DreamWorks Pictures to be released by Touchstone Pictures , as part of the studio 's 2009 distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The Hollywood Reporter estimated the budget to be between $50 million and $60 million . The film was released in both conventional and IMAX theatres on February 18 , 2011 , received generally negative reviews , and grossed $150 million .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box Office 6 Soundtrack 7 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( Edit ) John Smith is an alien from the planet Lorien . He was sent to Earth as a child with eight others to escape the invading Mogadorians , who destroyed Lorien . Here , John is protected by a Guardian , Henri , and has developed powers , including enhanced strength , speed and agility , as well as seven other powers he will develop later in life , known as legacies . He is protected by a Loric charm which protects him from all mogodaroan harm as long as he is hurt out of order . He can only be hurt after the first three loriens are killed in order . The Mogadorians , led by the Commander , learn about the nine children and come to Earth to find them . The Lorien can only be killed in sequence ; Number One through Number Nine . Three of them are already dead , with John being Number Four . Knowing this , he and Henri move from a beachside bungalow in Florida to an old farm in Paradise , Ohio , where John befriends conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and a dog which he names after Bernie Kosar . He also falls for an amateur photographer , Sarah Hart . Her ex-boyfriend , football player Mark James is a bully who torments both John and Sam . During the Halloween Festival , Mark and his friends chase Sarah and John into the woods , where they try to beat John up . However , he uses his powers to fend them off and rescue Sarah . Sam witnesses this , which forces John to reveal his true origins . The next day , Mark 's father , the local sheriff , interrogates Henri on John 's whereabouts when his son and his friends were attacked . Henri tells John that too many people are suspicious of them so they have to leave . John refuses because of Sarah . Meanwhile , the Mogadorians continue searching for John , while being trailed by another Garde , Number Six , who is also trying to locate Number Four .", "2": "Number Six 's guardian was killed , and she realizes that the remaining six of the Garde will have to team up and fight against the Mogadorians . She knows Number Three is dead and that Number Four is being hunted . The Mogadorians eventually locate John and manipulate two conspiracy theorists into capturing Henri . When John and Sam go to rescue him , they are attacked but manage to fend the Mogadorians off . However , Henri dies after John and Sam escape with some Lorien artefacts , including a blue rock that acts as a tracking device for other Garde . Sam 's father , a conspiracy theorist who disappeared while hunting aliens in Mexico , had another of the rocks . While Sam searches for it , John tries to say goodbye to Sarah at a party , only to discover that the Mogadorians have framed him and Henri for the murders of the conspiracy theorists . Mark sees John and calls his father , who corners John and Sarah . John saves Sarah from a fall , revealing his powers in the process , and they escape to their high school . Meanwhile , The Commander arrives in Paradise , in a convoy of trucks . He is confronted by Mark and his father , and after injuring the sheriff , he forces Mark to show him where John is hiding . Mark takes him to the school , which he knows is Sarah 's hideout . There , John , Sarah , and Sam are attacked by the Mogadorians , who brought two Piken to hunt the trio . They are saved by Number Six and Bernie , who is actually a shapeshifting Chimera sent by John 's biological parents to protect him . John and Number Six , who can turn invisible and can block energy attacks , continue to fight the Mogadorians . They eventually defeat them all , including the Commander . The following day , John and Number Six unite their blue rocks and discover the location of the other four surviving Garde . John decides to let Sam come with them in hopes of finding Sam 's father . They set off to find the others so they can all protect Earth from the Mogadorians , leaving Sarah and a repentant Mark , who lies to his father about John 's whereabouts , telling him to head west since he told his father he was heading west , and returns a magic box left to John by his Dad that Henry hid that was in police evidence .", "3": "John thanks Mark and promises Sarah that he will come back to Paradise to find her . While they share their goodbye kiss a hurt and slightly agitated Mark is shown , before shakes his head before waving and putting a fake smile . The video ends with John , Sam , Bernie and Number 6 driving out towards the sunset smiling and vowing to protect their new home , Earth . Cast ( edit ) Alex Pettyfer as Daniel Jones / John Smith / Number Four Timothy Olyphant as Henri Teresa Palmer as Number Six Dianna Agron as Sarah Hart Callan McAuliffe as Sam Goode Kevin Durand as Mogadorian Commander Jake Abel as Mark James Jeff Hochendoner as Sheriff James Patrick Sebes as Kevin Greg Townley as Number Three Reuben Langdon as Number Three 's Guardian Emily Wickersham as Nicole Brian Howe as Frank Andy Owen as Bret Charles Carroll as Sam 's stepfather Garrett M. Brown as Mr. Simms Cooper Thornton as Mr. Hart Judith Hoag as Mrs. Hart Beau Mirchoff as Drew Tucker Albrizzi ( uncredited ) as Tuck Production ( Edit ) Development ( Edit ) The film was produced by DreamWorks and Reliance Entertainment . Film producer and director Michael Bay brought the manuscript of the young adult novel I Am Number Four to Stacey Snider and Steven Spielberg at DreamWorks . A bidding war developed for the film rights between DreamWorks and J.J. Abrams , with DreamWorks winning the rights in June 2009 , with the intention of having Bay produce and possibly direct the project . The rights were purchased with the hope of attracting teenage fans of The Twilight Saga films , and the potential of establishing a film franchise , with at least six more installments planned by the book 's publisher . Al Gough and Miles Millar , the creators of the television series Smallville , were hired to write the screenplay in August 2009 . Marti Noxon , writer and producer for the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , also contributed to the screenplay . D.J. Caruso was brought on to direct in early 2010 , after Bay opted to focus on directing the third film of the Transformers series .", "4": "Caruso had been selected by Spielberg to direct Disturbia and Eagle Eye for DreamWorks , and had success with both films . Caruso had less than a year to prepare , shoot and edit the film , due to a worldwide release date set for Presidents Day weekend . Chris Bender , J.C. Spink , and David Valdes executive produced the film . Steven Spielberg contributed to the film 's characters , but did not take a credit on the film . It was the first DreamWorks film to be released by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures label , as part of the 30 - picture distribution deal between DreamWorks and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film was also the first release for DreamWorks after the studio 's financial restructuring in 2008 . Casting ( Edit ) In March 2010 , Alex Pettyfer was in talks to play the title character in the film , Number Four . It was later confirmed that the 21 - year - old British actor would play the lead . Sharlto Copley was going to star as Henri , Number Four 's guardian and mentor , but had to drop out due to press obligations with his film The A-Team . Copley was replaced by Timothy Olyphant . Kevin Durand plays the villain of the film , Commander , the Mogadorian who leads the hunt for the Loriens on Earth . DreamWorks went through multiple rounds of tests to find the right actress for the female romantic lead . Dianna Agron , a star in the Fox television series Glee , won the role . She plays Sarah Hart , a girl who used to date a high school football player , but falls for Number Four and keeps his secret . Jake Abel plays the football player , Mark James , an antagonist in the film . Teresa Palmer plays the other Loric , Number Six , and 16 - year - old Australian actor Callan McAuliffe plays Sam Goode , Number Four 's best friend . Filming ( Edit ) Principal photography began on May 17 , 2010 , using 20 locations all within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area . DreamWorks selected the area primarily due to tax incentives from the Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit . The film studio also had a positive experience shooting She 's Out of My League in Pittsburgh in 2008 .", "5": "The production was scheduled to last 12 to 13 weeks . Cinematographer Guillermo Navarro shot the film on 35 mm , using a format known as Super 1 : 85 . Beaver , the former Conley Inn in Homewood , and nearby Buttermilk Falls were used as locations in the film ; interior and exterior scenes were shot near a boat launch in Monaca . A spring fair scene was filmed in Deer Lakes Park in West Deer ; Port Vue , North Park , New Kensington and Hyde Park were also used as locations . The setting of the film 's fictional town of Paradise , Ohio is Vandergrift , Pennsylvania , where filming took place from June to July 2010 . Producers chose Vandergrift as the `` hero town '' of the film because of its unique look and curved streets , laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted , the designer of New York City 's Central Park . Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville was chosen over 50 other schools in the area , due to its proximity to nearby woods , a part of the film 's plot , and its surrounding hills . The school was also selected for its one floor layout , wide hallways , and its football stadium in front . Teachers and recent graduates appear in the film , and a set that replicates the school was built in a studio in Monroeville for filming explosion scenes . In the last few weeks of production , scenes were filmed at the 200 - year - old St. John 's Lutheran Stone Church in Lancaster Township . Additional filming took place in the Florida Keys in the beginning of the film in Big Pine Key , Florida as well as the spanning of the drive over the bridge showcases the keys 7 mile bridge . Post-production ( Edit ) I Am Number Four was edited by Jim Page , with Industrial Light & Magic developing the visual effects for the alien Pikens . The film was scored by former Yes guitarist Trevor Rabin . Release ( Edit ) A teaser trailer for the film was issued in late September 2010 , and a full - length trailer premiered on December 8 . Advertisements ran in Seventeen and Teen Vogue magazines , Disney released a promotional iPhone app in January 2011 . Disney also developed a lot of Internet content to target a teen audience with their marketing campaign .", "6": "A cast tour , in association with American retailer Hot Topic , and cast media appearances were scheduled to lead up to the release of the film . I Am Number Four premiered at the Village Theatre in Los Angeles on February 9 , 2011 . The film was released in theaters on February 18 , 2011 , and was also released in the IMAX format . Home media ( Edit ) The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , DVD , and digital download on May 24 , 2011 . The release was produced in three different packages : a three - disc Blu - ray , DVD , and `` Digital Copy '' combo pack , a single - disc Blu - ray , and a single - disc DVD . The `` Digital Copy '' included with the 3 - disc version is a stand - alone disc that allows users to play the film from any location via iTunes or Windows Media Player . All releases include bloopers and the `` Becoming Number 6 '' featurette , while the single - disc Blu - ray and three - disc Blu - ray , DVD , and `` Digital Copy '' combo pack versions additionally include six deleted scenes with an introduction from the director . In its first three weeks of release , 316,081 Blu - ray units were sold in the US , bringing in $7,693,808 . As of October 2 , 2011 , the standard DVD of ' I am Number Four ' has sold 767,692 copies in the United States , generating $12,571,326 , and thus bringing the total gross to $166,247,931 . Reception ( Edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 33 % approval rating and an average rating of 4.8 / 10 based on 158 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` It 's positioned as the start of a franchise , but I Am Number Four 's familiar plot and unconvincing performances add up to one noisy , derivative , and ultimately forgettable sci - fi thriller . '' Metacritic gives the film an average score of 36 out of 100 based on reviews from 30 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' .", "7": "Empire Magazine gave the film three out of a possible five stars and said , `` If you can make it through the bland schmaltz of the first half you 'll be rewarded with a spectacular blast of sustained action and the promise of even better to come . This could be the start of something great . '' Box Office ( Edit ) I Am Number Four grossed $55,100,437 at the North American box office and $90,778,000 overseas , for a worldwide total of $149,878,437 . It topped the worldwide box office on its second weekend ( February 25 -- 27 , 2011 ) with $28,086,805 . The film opened at number two in the United States and Canada with a gross of $19,449,893 . In its second weekend , it dropped 43.4 % , earning $11,016,126 . The only other market where it has grossed over $10 million is China . It began in third place with $3.4 million , but had an increase of 91 % in its second week , topping the box office with $6.4 million . In its third week , it decreased by 21 % to $5.0 million . As of March 27 , 2011 , it has grossed $17,328,244 . Soundtrack ( Edit ) `` Radioactive '' - Kings of Leon `` Tighten Up '' - The Black Keys `` Rolling in the Deep '' - Adele `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' - Rockwell `` Shelter '' - The xx `` Soldier On '' - The Temper Trap `` Invented '' - Jimmy Eat World `` Curfew '' - Beck `` As She 's Walking Away '' - Zac Brown Band ( ft . Alan Jackson ) `` Letters from the Sky '' - Civil Twilight Source : Sequel ( edit ) In 2011 , screenwriter Noxon told Collider.com that plans for an imminent sequel were shelved due to the disappointing performance of the first installment at the box office . In 2013 , director Caruso was asked if there are any possibilities that The Power of Six will get a movie adaption , he replied : `` There 's been some talk in the past couple of months about trying to do something because there is this audience appetite out there ( ... ) .", "8": "Most of the people on Twitter that contact me from all over the world ask , `` Where 's the next movie ? '' I think DreamWorks is getting those too so it 'll be interesting . I do n't know if I 'd be involved , but I know they 're talking about it . '' In a 2015 interview , James Frey , the co-author of the series , said that he hoped more movies would be made . See also ( edit ) Cyborg 009 References ( Edit ) ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' I Am Number Four ' Likely to Rank No. 1 at Box Office This Weekend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Number Four '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I AM NUMBER FOUR ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ; Kaufman , Amy ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' I Am Number Four ' to be No. 1 at holiday weekend box office ( Updated ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Number Four ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schooley , Tim ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` DreamWorks production of `` I Am Number Four '' to shoot in Pittsburgh `` . Pittsburgh Business Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Cieply ; Brooks Barnes ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` A Slimmer DreamWorks Gets a New Financing Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jay A. Fernandez ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Four ' deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter .", "9": "Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sellers , John A. ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Alert : ' I Am Number Four ' '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Is ' I Am No. 4 ' the Next ' Twilight ' ? '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` The alien next door : D.J. Caruso makes sci - fi debut with ' I Am Number Four ' '' . Film Journal International . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` ' Smallville ' duo to write Bay 's ' Number Four ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cieply , Michael ; Barnes , Brooke ( October 31 , 2010 ) . `` Spielberg and DreamWorks Energize the Magic Machine Anew '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Laurie ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` An alien ticket to Paradise : Movie crew invades Franklin Regional '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Variety : Disney signs deal with DreamWorks Company will handle distribution for films , Variety , February 9 , 2009 Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ; McClintock , Pamela ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Alex Pettyfer circles DreamWorks ' ' Number Four ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Pettyfer Says I Am Number Four '' . EmpireOnline.com. April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bartyze , Monika ( May 12 , 2010 ) .", "10": "`` Sharlto Copley Ditches ' I Am Number Four ' Over Lack of Alien Costume ? '' . Cinematical.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` '' Lost '' Baddie Kevin Durand Books Two Sci - Fi Movies `` . ABC News . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' star Dianna Agron to join sci - fi movie ' I Am Number Four ' '' . Heat Vision Blog. April 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards Red Carpet Interviews with Jake Abel ( I AM NUMBER FOUR ) and Nicola Peltz ( THE LAST AIRBENDER ) '' . Collider.com . June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Callan McAuliffe cast in U.S. action flick '' . UPI.com . May 21 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The East at a glance '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Yerace , Tom ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Vandergrift 's architecture lures big - budget film '' . Valley News Dispatch . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barabara ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` DreamWorks film , `` I Am Number Four , '' begins shooting here next month `` . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` D.J. Caruso Interview I Am Number Four Plus Edit Bay Visit Recap '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Tady , Scott ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Movie magic almost as exciting as catfish '' . Beaver County Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barkousky , Len ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Allegheny County Council OKs movie filming in two parks '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Skena , Rossilynne ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Vandergrift locations part of week 's ' Number Four ' film shoot '' . Valley News Dispatch . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' I Am Number Four ' Movie To Shoot In Murrysville '' . WTAE - TV . May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rittmeyer , Brian C. ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' I Am Number Four ' offers many Western Pennsylvania locations '' . Valley News Dispatch . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keener , Craig ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Stone Church site of sci - fi film '' . Butler Eagle . Jump up ^ Fay , Francis X. , Jr . ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` NHSAA Wall of Honor Hollywood director was All - State tennis player '' . The Hour . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( February 21 , 2011 ) . `` Lumen - escent : the VFX of I Am Number Four '' . fxguide.com . Creating killer machines -- the Pikens . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Edit Bay Visit : I Am Number Four with D.J. Caruso '' . movieweb.com . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 .", "12": "Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` ' I Am Number Four ' trailer : Glowing hands and flipping cars '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` DJ Caruso Talks I Am Number Four '' . Empire . December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` I Am Number Four on DVD , BD '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four Aims for Number One on DVD and Blu - ray This May '' . Movies.com. 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Release : I Am Number Four DVD and Blu - ray pre-order '' . Disc Dish. 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` I Am Number Four Blu - ray and DVD Hit on May 24th '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Jason ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` I Am Number Four Hits DVD and Blu - ray Combo Pack In May '' . SciFi Mafia . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ I am Number Four - DVD Sales Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four Review '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` China Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.what-song.com/Movies/Soundtrack/778/I-Am-Number-Four Jump up ^ `` Marti Noxon - I Am Number Four Sequel ' Shelved ' '' . contactmusic.com. 16 February 2011 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Recently Cancelled Sequels : Not Coming Soon ! '' . contactmusic.com. 2 December 2012 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Philbrick , Jamie ( 18 August 2013 ) . `` IAR EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : DIRECTOR D.J. CARUSO TALKS ' STANDING UP , ' ' PREACHER , ' ' INVERTIGO ' AND A POSSIBLE ' I AM NUMBER FOUR ' SEQUEL '' . iamrogue.com . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . External links ( Edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to I Am Number Four ( film ) . I Am Number Four on IMDb I Am Number Four at Box Office Mojo I Am Number Four at Rotten Tomatoes I Am Number Four at Metacritic Lorien Legacies James Frey Main series I Am Number Four The Power of Six The Rise of Nine The Fall of Five The Revenge of Seven The Fate of Ten United As One Film I Am Number Four ( film ) About the series List of Lorien Legacies characters Films directed by D.J.", "14": "Caruso The Salton Sea ( 2002 ) Taking Lives ( 2004 ) Two for the Money ( 2005 ) Disturbia ( 2007 ) Eagle Eye ( 2008 ) I Am Number Four ( 2011 ) Inside ( 2011 ) Standing Up ( 2013 ) The Disappointments Room ( 2016 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_Number_Four_(film)&oldid=838331406 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s science fiction films American films American action thriller films American science fiction action films American superhero films Films based on science fiction novels Films set in Ohio Films shot in California Films shot in Florida Films shot in Pennsylvania IMAX films Reliance Entertainment films Films scored by Trevor Rabin Films directed by D.J. Caruso Films produced by Michael Bay Films based on young adult literature Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : missing author or editor Use mdy dates from January 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 10 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "15": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5893650412353024844	another name for the torso is the blank region of the body	[ "trunk" ]	{ "0": "List of human anatomical regions - wikipedia List of human anatomical regions Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series of lists about Human anatomy General ( hide ) features regions Variations Movements Systems Structures ( show ) Arteries Bones Eponymous Foramina Glands endocrine Lymphatic vessels Nerves Organs Systems Veins Muscles ( show ) Abductors Adductors Depressors Elevators Extensors Flexors External rotators Internal rotators See also ( show ) Epithelia Anatomical terminology Index of anatomy articles Outline of anatomy Cell types This illustration labeled regions of the human body show an anterior and posterior view of the body . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regions 2 Deprecated or older regions 3 See also 4 References 5 Notes Regions ( edit ) The cranial region encompasses the upper part of the head while the facial region encompasses the lower half of the head beginning below the ears . The forehead is referred to as the frontal region . The eyes are referred to as the orbital or ocular region . The cheeks are referred to as the buccal region . The ears are referred to as the auricle or otic region . The nose is referred to as the nasal region . The mouth is referred to as the oral region . The chin is referred to as the mental region . The neck is referred to as the cervical region . The trunk of the body contains , from superior to inferior , the thoracic region encompassing the chest the mammary region encompassing each breast the sternal region encompassing the sternum the abdominal region encompassing the stomach area the umbilicus , or naval , is located at the center of the abdomen . the coxal region encompassing the belt line the pubic region encompassing the area above the genitals .", "1": "The pelvis and legs contain , from superior to inferior , the inguinal or groin region between the legs and the genitals , the pubic region surrounding the genitals , the femoral region encompassing the thighs , the patellar region encompassing the knee , the crural region encompassing the shin area of the leg , the fibular region encompassing the outside of the lower leg , the tarsal region encompassing the ankle , the pedal region encompassing the foot the digital / phalangeal region encompassing the toes . The great toe is referred to as the hallux . The regions of the upper limbs , from superior to inferior , are the axillary region encompassing the armpit , the brachial region encompassing the upper arm , the antecubital region encompassing the front of the elbow , the antebrachial region encompassing the forearm , the carpal region encompassing the wrist , the palmar region encompassing the palm , the digital / phalangeal region encompassing the fingers . The thumb is referred to as the pollex . The posterior view contains , from superior to inferior , the cervical region encompassing the neck , the scapular region encompassing the scapulae and the area around , the dorsal region encompassing the upper back the lumbar region encompassing the lower back . the sacral region occurring at the end of the spine , directly above the buttocks . The regions of the back of the arms , from superior to inferior , include the cervical region encompassing the neck , the acromial region encompassing the shoulder , the brachial region encompassing the upper arm , the olecranal region encompassing the back of the elbow , the antebrachial region encompasses the back of the arm and the manual or manus region encompassing the back of the hand . The posterior regions of the legs , from superior to inferior , include the gluteal region encompassing the buttocks , the femoral region encompassing the thigh , the popliteal region encompassing the back of the knee , the sural region encompassing the back of the lower leg , the calcaneal region encompassing the heel , the plantar region encompassing the sole of the foot .", "2": "Some regions are combined into larger regions . These include the trunk , which is a combination of the thoracic , mammary , abdominal , naval , and coxal regions . The cephalic region is a combination of all of the head regions . The upper limb region is a combination of all of the arm regions . The lower limb region is a combination of all of the leg regions . Deprecated or older regions ( edit ) Older set of terminology shown in Parts of the Human Body : Posterior and Anterior View from the 1933 edition of Sir Henry Morris ' Human Anatomy . Many of these terms are Latin terms that have fallen into disuse . Front : Frons - forehead Facies - face Pectus - breast Latus - flank Coxa - hip Genu - knee Pes - foot Back : Vertex - Crown Occiput - back of head Collum - neck Dorsum - back Lumbus - loin Natis - buttock Calx - heel See also ( edit ) Anatomical terms of location Human anatomical terms Human anatomy Human Brain References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Still used to describe the head of a fetus . Jump up ^ No longer used commonly as an anatomical region , but still used as a term to describe relative location Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_human_anatomical_regions&oldid=800603401 '' Categories : Lists of human anatomical features Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from May 2015 All articles lacking sources All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 15 : 25 . 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3337415792007864057	where does blood go when it leaves the pulmonary artery	[ "lungs", "into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs", "The pulmonary vein", "lungs" ]	{ "0": "Pulmonary circulation - wikipedia Pulmonary circulation Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pulmonary circulation Human pulmonary circulation . Oxygen - rich blood is shown in red ; oxygen - depleted blood in blue Pulmonary circulation in the heart Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart , to the lungs , and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart . The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation . The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins . A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route 1.1 Arteries 1.2 Lungs 1.3 Veins 1.4 Arteries 2 History 3 Embryonic 4 See also 5 External links 6 References Route ( edit ) 3D rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax . The anterior thoracic wall , the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation . Image showing main pulmonary artery coursing ventrally to the aortic root and trachea , and the right pulmonary artery passes dorsally to the ascending aorta , while the left pulmonary artery passes ventrally to the descending aorta . Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart , goes to the lungs , and then re-enters the heart ; Deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery . From the right atrium , the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve ( or right atrioventricular valve ) , into the right ventricle . Blood is then pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the main pulmonary artery .", "1": "Arteries ( edit ) Main article : Pulmonary artery From the right ventricle , blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries ( one for each lung ) , which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs . Lungs ( edit ) The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs , where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up during respiration . Arteries are further divided into very fine capillaries which are extremely thin - walled . The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart . Veins ( edit ) Main article : Pulmonary vein The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins , which return it to the left heart , completing the pulmonary cycle . This blood then enters the left atrium , which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle . From the left ventricle , the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta . The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation . Arteries ( edit ) Main article : Pulmonary artery From the right ventricle , blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries ( one for each lung ) , which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs . History ( edit ) Pulmonary circulation was first described by the Arab physician Ibn al - Nafis in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna 's Canon ( 1242 ) . Ibn al - Nafis described pulmonary circulation as : `` the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them . The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought .", "2": "The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa ( pulmonary artery ) to the lungs , spread through its substances , be mingled there with air , pass through the arteria venosa ( pulmonary vein ) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit ... '' It was later described by Michael Servetus in the `` Manuscript of Paris '' ( near 1546 , never published ) and later published in his Christianismi Restitutio ( 1553 ) . Since it was a theology work condemned by most of the Christian factions of his time , the discovery remained mostly unknown until the dissections of William Harvey in 1616 . In 1559 , Realdo Colombo explained the Pulmonary function . Prior to Colombo 's work , anatomists such as Galen and Vesalius examined blood vessels separately from the organs of the body . Colombo instead considered these vessels together with the organs they support , and from this was able to conceptualize the flow of blood to and from each organ , supporting his discovery of pulmonary transition of the blood . Colombo also viewed the lungs separately from the heart , and assigned it as having a special role in respiration . Embryonic ( edit ) The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation . The fetal lungs are collapsed , and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale : an open conduit between the paired atria , or through the ductus arteriosus : a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta . When the lungs expand at birth , the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit . Over the course of several months , the foramen ovale closes , leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis . See also ( edit ) Underwater diving portal Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary embolus Pulmonary shunt Cardiac shunt Vascular resistance External links ( edit ) Official Journal of the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute Michael Servetus Research Study on the Manuscript of Paris with the description of the Pulmonary Circulation , and more works by Servetus . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulmonary circulation .", "3": "Jump up ^ Hine , Robert ( 2008 ) . A dictionary of biology ( 6th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 540 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920462 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World , 610 - 2003 By Hunt Janin , Pg99 Jump up ^ Saints and saviours of Islam , By Hamid Naseem Rafiabadi , Pg295 Jump up ^ 2011 `` The love for truth . Life and work of Michael Servetus '' , ( El amor a la verdad . Vida y obra de Miguel Servet . ) , printed by Navarro y Navarro , Zaragoza , collaboration with the Government of Navarra , Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra , 607 pp , 64 of them illustrations , p 215 - 228 & 62nd illustration ( XLVII ) Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( 1997 ) . The Anatomical Renaissance : The Resurrection of the Anatomical Projects of the Ancients . Scholar Press . p. 143 . ISBN 1 - 85928 - 338 - 1 .", "4": "( hide ) Respiratory physiology Respiration breath inhalation exhalation respiratory rate respirometer pulmonary surfactant compliance elastic recoil hysteresivity airway resistance bronchial hyperresponsiveness constriction dilatation mechanical ventilation Control pons pneumotaxic center apneustic center medulla dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group chemoreceptors central peripheral pulmonary stretch receptors Hering -- Breuer reflex Lung volumes VC FRC Vt dead space CC PEF calculations respiratory minute volume FEV1 / FVC ratio Lung function tests spirometry body plethysmography peak flow meter nitrogen washout Circulation pulmonary circulation hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction pulmonary shunt Interactions ventilation ( V ) Perfusion ( Q ) Ventilation / perfusion ratio V / Q scan zones of the lung gas exchange pulmonary gas pressures alveolar gas equation alveolar -- arterial gradient hemoglobin oxygen -- haemoglobin dissociation curve ( Oxygen saturation 2 , 3 - BPG Bohr effect Haldane effect ) carbonic anhydrase ( chloride shift ) oxyhemoglobin respiratory quotient arterial blood gas diffusion capacity ( DLCO ) Insufficiency high altitude oxygen toxicity hypoxia Diving medicine , physiology , physics and environment Diving medicine Injuries and disorders Pressure Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia ( medical ) Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Atrial septal defect Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis High - pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Isobaric counterdiffusion Nitrogen narcosis Taravana Uncontrolled decompression Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Aerosinusitis Air embolism Alternobaric vertigo Barodontalgia", "5": "Barostriction Barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dental barotrauma Dysbarism Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Immersion Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming - induced pulmonary edema List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramps Diving disorders Motion sickness Surfer 's ear Treatments Diving chamber Diving medicine Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In - water recompression Oxygen therapy Fitness to dive Diving physiology Artificial gills ( human ) Blood -- air barrier Blood shift Breathing Circulatory system CO2 retention Cold shock response Dead space ( physiology ) Decompression ( diving ) Decompression theory Diving reflex Gas exchange History of decompression research and development Lipid Maximum operating depth Metabolism Normocapnia Oxygen window in diving decompression Perfusion Physiological response to water immersion Physiology of decompression Pulmonary circulation Respiratory exchange ratio Respiratory quotient Respiratory system Systemic circulation Tissue ( biology ) Diving physics Ambient pressure Amontons ' law Anti-fog Archimedes ' principle Atmospheric pressure Boyle 's law Breathing performance of regulators Buoyancy Charles 's law Combined gas law Dalton 's law Diffusion Force Gay - Lussac 's law Henry 's law Hydrophobe Hydrostatic pressure Ideal gas law Molecular diffusion Neutral buoyancy Oxygen fraction Partial pressure Permeation", "6": "Pressure Psychrometric constant Snell 's law Solubility Solution Supersaturation Surface tension Surfactant Torricellian chamber Underwater vision Weight Diving environment Algal bloom Breaking wave Ocean current Current ( stream ) Ekman transport Halocline List of diving hazards and precautions Longshore drift Rip current Stratification Surf Surge ( wave action ) Thermocline Tides Turbidity Undertow ( water waves ) Upwelling Researchers in diving medicine and physiology Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Albert A. Bühlmann John R Clarke William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr . Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe - Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen John Rawlins R.N.", "7": "Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jules Triger Diving medical research organisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network ( DAN ) Diving Diseases Research Centre ( DDRC ) Diving Medical Advisory Council ( DMAC ) European Diving Technology Committee ( EDTC ) European Underwater and Baromedical Society ( EUBS ) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society ( SPUMS ) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association ( SAUHMA ) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society ( UHMS ) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit ( NEDU ) Categories : Diving medicine Underwater diving physiology Underwater diving physics Physical oceanography Glossary Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_circulation&oldid=822239094 '' Categories : Angiology Respiratory physiology Underwater diving physiology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 05 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6019500314109646121	who were the bands in pitch perfect 3	[ "Evermoist", "Saddle Up", "the Bellas" ]	{ "0": "Pitch Perfect 3 - wikipedia Pitch Perfect 3 Jump to : navigation , search Pitch Perfect 3 Theatrical release poster Directed by Trish Sie Produced by Elizabeth Banks Paul Brooks Max Handelman Screenplay by Kay Cannon Mike White Story by Kay Cannon Starring Anna Kendrick Rebel Wilson Hailee Steinfeld Brittany Snow Anna Camp Hana Mae Lee Alexis Knapp John Michael Higgins Elizabeth Banks Music by Christopher Lennertz Cinematography Matthew Clark Edited by Craig Alpert Colin Patton Production company Gold Circle Films Brownstone Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) ( Sydney ) December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $45 million Box office $183.9 million Pitch Perfect 3 is a 2017 American musical comedy film directed by Trish Sie and written by Kay Cannon and Mike White . A sequel to Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) , and the third and final installment in the Pitch Perfect series , the film stars Anna Kendrick , Anna Camp , Rebel Wilson , Brittany Snow , Hailee Steinfeld , Hana Mae Lee , Ester Dean , Chrissie Fit , Alexis Knapp , John Lithgow , Matt Lanter , Ruby Rose , Kelley Jakle , Shelley Regner , Elizabeth Banks , and John Michael Higgins . The film follows the Bellas , now graduated from college , reuniting for one final performance together during an overseas USO tour . Principal photography on the film began in January 2017 in Atlanta , Georgia and ended in April 2017 . The film was released in the United States on December 22 , 2017 , received mixed reviews from critics , and has grossed $183 million worldwide . It became the second highest - grossing musical comedy film of all time , behind only its predecessor .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 The Bellas 2.2 Additional characters 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Music 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Three years after the events of the second movie , the Bellas have graduated college , but have jobs which they all hate . Desperate to see each other again to sing once more , Beca ( Anna Kendrick ) , Fat Amy ( Rebel Wilson ) , Chloe ( Brittany Snow ) , Aubrey ( Anna Camp ) , Lilly ( Hana Mae Lee ) , Stacie ( Alexis Knapp ) , Cynthia - Rose ( Ester Dean ) , Florencia ( Chrissie Fit ) , Jessica ( Kelley Jakle ) , and Ashley ( Shelley Regner ) are all thrilled to learn that Emily ( Hailee Steinfeld ) , now a senior at Barden and leader of the Barden Bellas , has seemingly asked for the Bellas to reunite at an event in New York Aquarium to sing with each other once more . Upon arriving at the reunion they are told that the reunion was not for the Bellas to sing together , but to watch Emily sing with the new Bellas . They later gather at a bar in disappointment and Emily apologizes as she thought it would be the only way for them to see each other again . They all express how much they miss each other . Suddenly , Aubrey convinces them to join a USO performance accessed by her Army officer father . If they win the competition , they get to open for DJ Khaled . The Bellas gladly accept , all except for Stacie who is eight months pregnant at the moment and is unable to go with them . The Bellas later arrive at a hangar where two soldiers , Chicago ( Matt Lanter ) and Zeke ( Troy Ian Hall ) introduce them to their competition , revealed to be three other groups who use instruments , unlike the Bellas . When the band Evermoist , led by their leader Calamity ( Ruby Rose ) begin to mock and belittle the Bellas , the competitors are challenged to a riff - off by the Bellas , who leave defeated when the other groups compete using their musical instruments .", "2": "The Bellas are taken to a fancy hotel in Spain , where Chloe begins to catch an eye for Chicago . Fat Amy finds an old stuffed bunny sitting in her bed , which she recognizes as an old toy she used to hold when she was very little as her father Fergus ( John Lithgow ) sang her to sleep every night . Amy then realizes that her father is staying in the same hotel she is in and is shocked upon the discovery , seeing as how Fergus is an international criminal . Later that night , the Bellas are invited to a party at DJ Khaled 's suite at the hotel , where Fat Amy splits with the group when she is called to be at a poker tournament . The tournament was set up by Fergus , who promptly begs for Amy to be back in his life . A hesitant Amy finally agrees to do so after seeing how much he has changed . Beca , after having her breasts grabbed by Chloe , who develops a friendship with DJ Khaled 's music producer Theo ( Guy Burnet ) , is taken to DJ Khaled 's music editing room . Beca produces a mix which impresses Theo who is prompted to send the mix to DJ Khaled . Moments later , the party is thrown into chaos when Aubrey accidentally sets the suite on fire . The Bellas are left in disgrace after the incident with no hopes of winning the competition until Stacie calls the girls to inform she has given birth to a baby girl and named her Bella . This motivates the Bellas to just perform their hearts out without trying to win . Back at the USO competition , the Bellas perform tremendously to adoring crowds through different performances , repairing their reputation and chances to win in the process . Fergus is accepted by Amy , who believes he came to one of their performances to see her . He accidentally reveals that he has not seen her perform at all , while confessing that he is only trying to acquire an offshore account Amy 's mother set up which contains US $ 180 million . After Amy shuts out Fergus again , Chicago and Zeke escort her away from her father , who swears revenge on her . Meanwhile , only Beca is asked personally by DJ Khaled to open for him , disregarding the other Bellas . Beca politely declines the offer and leaves to her room .", "3": "Later , the Bellas are taken away by a Frenchman in a dark grey van out onto a yacht in a nearby harbor . The yacht belongs to Fergus , who is using the Bellas as a means to get Amy to come for him . Amy and Beca hear of the kidnapping and decide to rescue the Bellas . Beca distracts Fergus by having the Bellas perform `` Toxic '' for him and two of his men , just as Amy sets the yacht to explode . The Bellas escape the yacht just before it blows . Fergus survives the explosion and is arrested for his crimes . After the Bellas are rescued by the military , Fat Amy reveals DJ Khaled 's proposition to Beca to the others . They encourage her to take the chance , and they all agree that now it 's time to move on with their lives , with Amy using her bank account for multiple tributes to singers named Amy , Aubrey trying to be a birthing coach , Flo 's juice cart becoming part of an international brand , Chloe getting accepted into vet school , Cynthia - Rose staying at the base to get into flight school , Emily going back to Barden to prepare for her upcoming abnormal psychology test while continuing her songwriting , and Lilly revealing that the reason she was quiet was because she was possessed by Satan and the yacht incident snapped her out of it , and that her real name is Ester . They know very well they 'll be separated , but still be connected to each other as a family . Later at the USO 's final performance , Beca opens for DJ Khaled and sings on stage , and afterwards brings up the Bellas onstage for the girls to sing their final performance with the other competitors gladly watching the Bellas sing `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' to their hearts content . Gail ( Elizabeth Banks ) and John ( John Michael Higgins ) ( who were the Bellas ' public announcers in the previous installments ) finish filming the Bellas as part of a documentary they have been making about the girls throughout the whole film , only to be appalled when John realizes they did n't record the Bellas ' final performance , which was supposed to be the documentary 's big ending .", "4": "A series of mid credit scenes reveal the Bellas ' separate story arcs closed out to their mostly happy endings , with Lilly hanging around with DJ Dragon Nutz , whom she flirted with earlier , Aubrey reconnects with her father and Chloe and Chicago share a passionate kiss , much to the amusement of Beca , who is now the boss of Theo . Cast ( edit ) The Bellas ( edit ) Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell , an alumna and the former leader of The Barden Bellas , who works as a producer but quits due to creative differences , before joining the tour . She has been sharing an apartment in New York City with her best friends Chloe and Fat Amy for the last three years . Rebel Wilson as Patricia `` Fat Amy '' Hobart , a comedic alumna of The Barden Bellas , from Australia . She held a one - woman show , `` Fat Amy Winehouse '' , before joining the tour . Brittany Snow as Chloe Beale , a Barden Bellas alumna and former co-leader , who longs for glory days with the Bellas . She applied to attend a vet school before joining the tour . Anna Camp as Aubrey Posen , a Barden Bellas alumna and former leader , before Beca , who worked at the Lodge of Fallen Leaves . Through her father , The Bellas were invited to the USO tour . Hailee Steinfeld as Emily Junk , a senior student at Barden University and the current leader of the new Barden Bellas , who joins her former seniors for the tour . Ester Dean as Cynthia Rose Adams , a lesbian Barden Bellas alumna , who failed the Flight School simulation before joining the tour . Hana Mae Lee as Lilly Onakuramara / Esther , a Barden Bellas alumna known for her quiet speaking voice and odd remarks . She worked as a tailor before joining the tour . Kelley Jakle as Jessica Smith , a Barden Bellas alumna . Shelley Regner as Ashley Jones , a Barden Bellas alumna . Chrissie Fit as Florencia `` Flo '' Fuentes , a Barden Bellas alumna , from Guatemala . She worked at a juice truck before joining the tour . Alexis Knapp as Stacie Conrad , a Barden Bellas alumna , known for being overly sexual .", "5": "She works as a pilates instructor and despite wanting to , could not join the tour due to her pregnancy Additional characters ( edit ) Elizabeth Banks as Gail Abernathy - McKadden - Feinberger , an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas John Michael Higgins as John Smith , an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas John Lithgow as Fergus Hobart , Fat Amy 's estranged criminal father Matt Lanter as Chicago Walp , a U.S. soldier guiding the Bellas during the tour , and Chloe 's love interest . Guy Burnet as Theo , DJ Khaled 's music producer , who takes a liking to Beca DJ Khaled as himself Troy Ian Hall as Zeke , a U.S. soldier , partners with Chicago Michael Rose as Aubrey 's father Jessica Chaffin as Evan Moises Arias as Pimp - Lo Ruby Rose , Andy Allo , Venzella Joy Williams , and Hannah Fairlight as Calamity , Serenity , Charity , and Veracity , respectively , members of the band Evermoist Whiskey Shivers as Saddle Up , a country - bluegrass - based band competing against the Bellas Trinidad James and D.J. Looney as Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz , respectively Production ( edit ) On April 11 , 2015 , a month before the release of the second film , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film , although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or other cast members would also reprise their roles . She added that she would be `` up for a Fat Amy spin - off . '' Director , star , and producer of the second film Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film during promotion of Pitch Perfect 2 , saying , `` I will say , it would be disingenuous to say that no one 's talking about a Pitch Perfect 3 ; the possibility of it . '' On June 10 , 2015 , a third film was officially confirmed , and Kay Cannon was set to return to write the script . On June 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Kendrick and Wilson would both reprise their roles , and on July 28 , 2015 , Brittany Snow signed on to return .", "6": "Paul Brooks again produced for Gold Circle Films , along with Max Handelman and Banks for Brownstone Productions . On October 27 , 2015 , Banks was officially announced to return as director for the film , though she exited in that capacity on June 3 , 2016 . On September 1 , 2016 , Trish Sie was confirmed to direct the film . On December 13 , 2016 , it was reported that Ruby Rose was in talks to join the film , while Anna Camp also signed on to return for the sequel . Cannon wrote the script with later drafts by Mike White and Dana Fox ; White would eventually receive screenwriting credits alongside Cannon . On January 5 , 2017 , a table read occurred , with Ester Dean , Hana Mae Lee , Chrissie Fit , Kelley Jakle , and Shelley Regner also being confirmed to reprise their roles , and singer Andy Allo joining as Charity , a rival in a group opposing the Bellas . While it was revealed by vocal director Deke Sharon that Alexis Knapp is returning , she was n't spotted during the first month of filming , leading fans to show concerns that she might not be returning at all . However , on February 6 , she posted a photo on Instagram , confirming her return , and was on set the following day . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on January 5 , 2017 , and took place in Atlanta , Georgia , and Cádiz , Spain and wrapped on April 3 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Pitch Perfect 3 was initially scheduled for July 21 , and August 4 , 2017 . It had its world premiere in Sydney , Australia , on November 29 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on December 22 , 2017 . Box Office ( edit ) Pitch Perfect 3 has grossed $104.9 million in the United States and Canada and $79 million in other territories , for a total of $183.9 million , against a production budget of $45 million .", "7": "In the United States and Canada , Pitch Perfect 3 was released alongside the openings of Downsizing and Father Figures , and the wide expansions of The Shape of Water and Darkest Hour , and was projected to gross $27 -- 35 million from 3,447 theaters in its opening weekend . The film took in $2.1 million from Thursday night previews , about half of the $4.6 million earned by its predecessor . Over the three - day weekend , which included Christmas Eve , it grossed $19.9 million ( down nearly 70 % from the second film 's $69.2 million debut ) , finishing third at the box office , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi and Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle . It grossed an additional $6.5 million on Christmas Day , for a four - day total of $26.4 million . It dropped 15 % the following weekend , grossing $16.8 million , and a total of $21.7 million over the four - day New Year 's frame . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 31 % based on 118 reviews and an average rating of 4.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Pitch Perfect 3 strains to recapture the magic that helped the original spawn a franchise , but ends up sending this increasingly unnecessary trilogy out on a low note . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100 based on 35 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by its predecessor . Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised the cast and said , `` The new film does n't add anything revolutionary to the Pitch Perfect formula . It still sounds like we 're in middle - period Glee written by someone who finds Ryan Murphy too solemn . But as directed by Trish Sie , the movie is bubbly , it 's fast , it 's hella synthetic - clever , and it 's an avid showcase for the personalities of its stars . ''", "8": "In a review for The Hollywood Reporter , Frank Scheck wrote `` ... what started out as a charmingly offbeat comic premise has inevitably degenerated into the sort of crass commercialism that probably would make the Bellas themselves turn up their noses . '' Music ( edit ) The official soundtrack was released on December 15 , 2017 . No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Universal Fanfare '' The Bellas 0 : 38 2 . `` Toxic '' The Bellas 3 : 21 3 . `` Sit Still , Look Pretty '' The New Bellas 3 : 06 4 . `` Riff Off ( Get the Party Started / Shut Up and Dance / Ignition / Let Me Ride / Fly Away / One More Night / Call Me / Love Me Harder / If I Were a Boy / Zombie / Stronger ( What Does n't Kill You ) / Human / Wake Me Up / Grenade ) '' The Bellas , Evermoist , Saddle Up , Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz & Soldiers 4 : 48 5 . `` You Got It '' Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz 3 : 16 6 . `` Ex 's & Oh 's '' Saddle Up 2 : 49 7 . `` How a Heart Unbreaks '' Evermoist 3 : 44 8 . `` Cheap Thrills '' The Bellas 3 : 40 9 . `` I Do n't Like It , I Love It '' The Bellas 3 : 59 10 . `` Cake by the Ocean '' The Bellas 3 : 14 11 . `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' The Bellas 5 : 16 12 . `` Soy Yo '' Bomba Estéreo 2 : 41 13 . `` Boom Boom ( feat . Zedd ) '' Iggy Azalea 3 : 08 14 . `` Tribe '' Kim Viera 3 : 09 15 . `` Score Suite From Pitch Perfect 3 '' Christopher Lennertz 3 : 46 16 .", "9": "`` Silent Night ( feat . 80fitz ) '' Hana Mae Lee 1 : 50 17 . `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Kelley Jakle & Shelley Regner 2 : 52 18 . `` Feliz Navidad '' Chrissie Fit 2 : 37 19 . `` Freedom ! ' 90 x Cups '' The Bellas & The Voice Season 13 Top 12 Contestants 2 : 27 Total length : 60 : 30 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 ' is ... fine , and you ca n't have expected more than that '' . Mashable . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeff Giles ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Top Grossing Music Comedy Films , 1984 - Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' in the Works ; Rebel Wilson to Return '' . Collider.com . Complex Media . April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks Talks PITCH PERFECT 2 ( and 3 ) , WET HOT AMERICAN SUMMER and THE LEGO MOVIE Sequel '' . Collider.com . May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Moving Forward at Universal With Writer Kay Cannon ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 .", "10": "Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ′ Chimes In With Summer 2017 Date ; Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson Back '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Brittany Snow Set to Return for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks to Direct ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks Exits as Director of ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Finds New Director in Trish Sie '' . Variety . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ruby Rose in Talks to Join ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Anna Camp Returning for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by @ kelleyjakle Jan 5 , 2017 '' . Instagram.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Protege Andy Allo Joins ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' '' . Ew.com . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deke Sharon - Music rehearsal , day one ! # PitchPerfect3 '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 .", "11": "Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by @ alexisknapp Feb 6 , 2017 '' . Instagram.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Rebel . `` And that 's a wrap on @ PitchPerfect 3 ! All day today I 'm sleeping and eating chocolate xpic.twitter.com/KhW9nkvKCB '' . Twitter . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Pitch Perfect 3 Filming Begins ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' is now casting extras in Atlanta '' . On Location Vacations . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 Australian Premiere '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Moves Up To Middle Of Summer 2017 '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Does 2017 's Domestic Box Office Stand A Chance To Eclipse Last Year 's All - Time $11.4 B Record ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jumanji , ' ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Pitch Perfect ' to Challenge the ' Star Wars ' Box Office Force '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 24 , 2017 ) . `` Last Jedi ' Lords Over Christmas Weekend B.O. With $100 M+ As ' Jumanji ' Roars $65 M+ & ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Sings $27 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) .", "12": "`` ' Last Jedi ' Has Upper Hand Over ' Jumanji ' In New Year 's Weekend Duel As 2017 B.O. Closes With $11.1 B -- Monday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Last Call Pitches -- Pitch Perfect 3 Soundtrack Available Today Jump up ^ `` Spotify '' . spotify.com .", "13": "Jump up ^ Pitch Perfect 3 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack - Original Soundtrack _ Songs , Reviews , Credits _ AllMusic ) External links ( edit ) Official website Pitch Perfect 3 on IMDb Pitch Perfect Films Pitch Perfect ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) Soundtrack albums Pitch Perfect More from Pitch Perfect Ultimate Pitch Perfect Pitch Perfect 2 Pitch Perfect 3 Songs `` Cups '' `` Flashlight '' Films directed by Trish Sie Step Up : All In ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitch_Perfect_3&oldid=837902434 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s sequel films American films American sequel films Films set in New York City Films set in Paris Films set in Spain Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 18 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6588008666030402706	who has the most yards per carry in nfl history	[ "Emmitt Smith", "Emmitt Smith", "Jim Brown", "Jim Brown" ]	{ "0": "List of National Football League career rushing yards Leaders - wikipedia List of National Football League career rushing yards Leaders Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of National Football League running backs by total career rushing yards . This list includes all running backs who have rushed for at least 10,000 yards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Players with at least 10,000 rushing yards 2 Active players with 9,000 -- 9,999 yards 3 Historical rushing yards leaders 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Players with at least 10,000 rushing yards ( edit ) Key Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame * Denotes player who is still active in the NFL Through end of 2017 season . Rank Player Team ( s ) by season Carries Yards Average Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 4,409 18,355 4.2 Walter Payton Chicago Bears ( 1975 -- 1987 ) 3,838 16,726 4.4 Barry Sanders Detroit Lions ( 1989 -- 1998 ) 3,062 15,269 5.0 Curtis Martin New England Patriots ( 1995 -- 1997 ) New York Jets ( 1998 -- 2005 ) 3,518 14,101 4.0 5 Frank Gore San Francisco 49ers ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 2015 -- present ) 3,226 14,026 4.3 6 LaDanian Tomlinson San Diego Chargers ( 2001 -- 2009 ) New York Jets ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 3,174 13,684 4.3 7 Jerome Bettis St. Louis / L.A.", "1": "Rams ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 3,479 13,662 3.9 8 Eric Dickerson Los Angeles Rams ( 1983 -- 1987 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Los Angeles Raiders ( 1992 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 1993 ) 2,996 13,259 4.4 9 Tony Dorsett Dallas Cowboys ( 1977 -- 1987 ) Denver Broncos ( 1988 ) 2,936 12,739 4.3 10 Jim Brown Cleveland Browns ( 1957 -- 1965 ) 2,359 12,312 5.2 11 Marshall Faulk Indianapolis Colts ( 1994 -- 1998 ) St.", "2": "Louis Rams ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2,836 12,279 4.3 12 Adrian Peterson Minnesota Vikings ( 2007 -- 2016 ) New Orleans Saints ( 2017 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2017 -- present ) 2,574 12,276 4.8 13 Edgerrin James Indianapolis Colts ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2009 ) 3,028 12,246 4.0 13 Marcus Allen Los Angeles Raiders ( 1982 -- 1992 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1993 -- 1997 ) 3,022 12,243 4.1 15 Franco Harris Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1972 -- 1983 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 1984 ) 2,949 12,120 4.1 16 Thurman Thomas Buffalo Bills ( 1988 -- 1999 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2000 ) 2,877 12,074 4.2 17 Fred Taylor Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1998 -- 2008 ) New England Patriots ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 2,534 11,695 4.6 18 Steven Jackson St. Louis Rams ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 2013 -- 2014 ) New England Patriots ( 2015 ) 2,764 11,438 4.1 19 John Riggins New York Jets ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Washington Redskins ( 1976 -- 1985 ) 2,916 11,352 3.9 20 Corey Dillon Cincinnati Bengals ( 1997 -- 2003 ) New England Patriots ( 2004 -- 2006 ) 2,618 11,241 4.3 21 O.J.", "3": "Simpson Buffalo Bills ( 1969 -- 1977 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1978 -- 1979 ) 2,404 11,236 4.7 22 Warrick Dunn Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2008 ) 2,669 10,967 4.1 23 Ricky Watters San Francisco 49ers ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 2,622 10,643 4.1 24 Jamal Lewis Baltimore Ravens ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Cleveland Browns ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 2,542 10,607 4.2 25 Thomas Jones Arizona Cardinals ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2003 ) Chicago Bears ( 2004 -- 2006 ) New York Jets ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 2,678 10,591 4.0 26 Tiki Barber New York Giants ( 1997 -- 2006 ) 2,217 10,449 4.7 27 Eddie George Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2004 ) 2,865 10,441 3.6 28 Ottis Anderson St.", "4": "Louis Cardinals ( 1979 -- 1986 ) New York Giants ( 1986 -- 1992 ) 2,562 10,273 4.0 29 LeSean McCoy Philadelphia Eagles ( 2009 -- 2014 ) Buffalo Bills ( 2015 -- present ) 2,185 10,092 4.6 30 Ricky Williams New Orleans Saints ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2002 -- 2003 ) , ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2011 ) 2,431 10,009 4.1 31 Marshawn Lynch Buffalo Bills ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2017 -- present ) 2,251 10,003 4.3 Active players with 9,000 -- 9,999 yards ( edit ) Through end of 2017 season . Matt Forte , 9,796 Chris Johnson , 9,651 Historical rushing yards Leaders ( edit ) Seven players have been recognized as having held the career rushing yards record in the NFL . Since reliable yardage statistics were not recorded prior to 1932 , the first NFL player recognized as the career leader in rushing yards was Cliff Battles , who played from 1932 to 1937 for the Boston Braves / Boston Redskins / Washington Redskins . He led the NFL with 576 yards in 1932 and held on to the record throughout his career . Emmitt Smith has held the record since surpassing Walter Payton 's long - standing total in 2002 .", "5": "Reign Player Team ( s ) by season Carries Yards Average 1932 -- 1941 ( 9 years ) Cliff Battles Washington Redskins ( 1932 -- 1937 ) 839 3,511 4.2 1941 -- 1949 ( 8 years ) Clarke Hinkle Green Bay Packers ( 1932 -- 1941 ) 1,171 3,860 3.3 1949 -- 1958 ( 9 years ) Steve Van Buren Philadelphia Eagles ( 1944 -- 1951 ) 1,320 5,860 4.4 1958 -- 1963 ( 5 years ) Joe Perry San Francisco 49ers ( 1948 -- 1960 , 1963 ) Baltimore Colts ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 1,737 8,378 4.8 1963 -- 1984 ( 21 years ) Jim Brown Cleveland Browns ( 1957 -- 1965 ) 2,359 12,312 5.2 1984 -- 2002 ( 18 years ) Walter Payton Chicago Bears ( 1975 -- 1987 ) 3,838 16,726 4.4 2002 -- present ( 15 years ) Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 4,409 18,355 4.2 See also ( edit ) List of National Football League records ( individual ) List of National Football League rushing champions List of National Football League career rushing touchdowns leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1995 , the Los Angeles Rams became known as the St. Louis Rams after the franchise relocated ; they returned in 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickerson was traded mid-season in 1987 ; he played three games for the Rams and nine for the Colts . Jump up ^ In the 1996 season , George 's first , the Tennessee Titans were known as the Houston Oilers ; the franchise relocated prior to the commencement of the 1997 season .", "6": "Jump up ^ Anderson was traded mid-season in 1986 ; he played four games for the Cardinals and eight for the Giants . References ( edit ) General `` NFL History -- Rushing Leaders '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . `` NFL Rushing Yards Career Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Footnotes Jump up ^ Frye , Brian ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` History of the Career Rushing Yards Record '' . thegridfe.com . GridFe . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Smith 's Firm Hold on Coveted Record '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 .", "7": "( hide ) National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 400 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Kickoff return yards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_career_rushing_yards_leaders&oldid=818377038 '' Categories : National Football League records and achievements American football running backs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 05 : 23 . About Wikipedia", "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 1, 6, 0, 5, 2, 3, 4, 7 ]	[ 1, 6, 0, 5, 2, 3 ]
576128076866993000	who commissioned the first christmas card in 1943	[ "Sir Henry Cole", "commissioned by Sir Henry Cole and illustrated by John Callcott Horsley in London on 1st May 1843", "Sir Henry Cole" ]	{ "0": "Christmas card - wikipedia Christmas card Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Christmas card ( disambiguation ) . For similar custom in less religious countries , see New Year Card . Norwegian Christmas card A 19th - century American Christmas card A Christmas card is a greeting card sent as part of the traditional celebration of Christmas in order to convey between people a range of sentiments related to the Christmas and holiday season . Christmas cards are usually exchanged during the weeks preceding Christmas Day by many people ( including non-Christians ) in Western society and in Asia . The traditional greeting reads `` wishing you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year '' . There are innumerable variations on this greeting , many cards expressing more religious sentiment , or containing a poem , prayer , Christmas song lyrics or Biblical verse ; others stay away from religion with an all - inclusive `` Season 's greetings '' . A Christmas card is generally commercially designed and purchased for the occasion . The content of the design might relate directly to the Christmas narrative with depictions of the Nativity of Jesus , or have Christian symbols such as the Star of Bethlehem or a white dove representing both the Holy Spirit and Peace . Many Christmas cards show Christmas traditions , such as seasonal figures ( e.g. , Santa Claus , snowmen , and reindeer ) , objects associated with Christmas such as candles , holly , baubles , and Christmas trees , and Christmastime activities such as shopping , caroling , and partying , or other aspects of the season such as the snow and wildlife of the northern winter . Some secular cards depict nostalgic scenes of the past such as crinolined shoppers in 19th century streetscapes ; others are humorous , particularly in depicting the antics of Santa and his elves .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Official Christmas cards 1.2 Commercial Christmas cards 1.3 Charity Christmas cards 1.4 Christmas stamps and stickers 1.5 Collectors items 1.6 Home - made cards 2 The Christmas card list 2.1 Christmas letters 3 Environmental impact and recycling 4 International Christmas greetings 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) The world 's first commercially produced Christmas card , designed by John Callcott Horsley for Henry Cole in 1843 Children looking at Christmas cards in New York 1910 Christmas card by Louis Prang , showing a group of anthropomorphized frogs parading with banner and band . The first Christmas cards were commissioned by Sir Henry Cole and illustrated by John Callcott Horsley in London on 1st May 1843 . The central picture showed three generations of a family raising a toast to the card 's recipient : on either side were scenes of charity , with food and clothing being given to the poor . Allegedly the image of the family drinking wine together proved controversial , but the idea was shrewd : Cole had helped introduce the Penny Post three years earlier . Two batches totaling 2,050 cards were printed and sold that year for a shilling each . Early British cards rarely showed winter or religious themes , instead favoring flowers , fairies and other fanciful designs that reminded the recipient of the approach of spring . Humorous and sentimental images of children and animals were popular , as were increasingly elaborate shapes , decorations and materials . At Christmas 1873 , the lithograph firm Prang and Mayer began creating greeting cards for the popular market in Britain The firm began selling the Christmas card in America in 1874 , thus becoming the first printer to offer cards in America . Its owner , Louis Prang , is sometimes called the `` father of the American Christmas card . '' By the 1880s , Prang was producing over five million cards a year by using the chromolithography process of printmaking . However , the popularity of his cards led to cheap imitations that eventually drove him from the market . The advent of the postcard spelled the end for elaborate Victorian - style cards , but by the 1920s , cards with envelopes had returned .", "2": "The extensive Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection from the Manchester Metropolitan University gathers 32,000 Victorian and Edwardian greeting cards , printed by the major publishers of the day , including Britain 's first commercially produced Christmas card . The production of Christmas cards was , throughout the 20th century , a profitable business for many stationery manufacturers , with the design of cards continually evolving with changing tastes and printing techniques . The now widely recognized brand Hallmark Cards was established in 1913 by Joyce Hall with the help of brother Rollie Hall to market their self - produced Christmas cards . The Hall brothers capitalized on a growing desire for more personalized greeting cards , and reached critical success when the outbreak of World War I increased demand for cards to send to soldiers . The World Wars brought cards with patriotic themes . Idiosyncratic `` studio cards '' with cartoon illustrations and sometimes risque humor caught on in the 1950s . Nostalgic , sentimental , and religious images have continued in popularity , and , in the 21st century , reproductions of Victorian and Edwardian cards are easy to obtain . Modern Christmas cards can be bought individually but are also sold in packs of the same or varied designs . In recent decades changes in technology may be responsible for the decline of the Christmas card . The estimated number of cards received by American households dropped from 29 in 1987 to 20 in 2004 . Email and telephones allow for more frequent contact and are easier for generations raised without handwritten letters - especially given the availability of websites offering free email Christmas cards . Despite the decline , 1.9 billion cards were sent in the U.S. in 2005 alone . Some card manufacturers now provide E-cards . In the UK , Christmas cards account for almost half of the volume of greeting card sales , with over 668.9 million Christmas cards sold in the 2008 festive period . In mostly non-religious countries ( e.g. Czech Republic ) , the cards are rather called New Year Cards , however they are sent before Christmas and the emphasis ( design , texts ) is mostly given to the New Year , omitting religious symbols . Official Christmas cards ( edit ) President Johnson 's 1967 White House Christmas card `` Official '' Christmas cards began with Queen Victoria in the 1840s .", "3": "The British royal family 's cards are generally portraits reflecting significant personal events of the year . Despite the governing practice of the separation of church and state within American politics , there is a long - standing custom for the President and First Lady to send White House Christmas Cards each holiday season . The practice originated with President Calvin Coolidge , who was the first president to issue a written statement of peaceful tidings during the holidays in 1927 . President Herbert Hoover was the first to give Christmas notes to the White House staff , and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the first president to utilize the card format ( rather than the previously used notes or a written statement ) that most closely resembles the Christmas cards of today . In 1953 , U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first official White House card . The cards usually depict White House scenes as rendered by prominent American artists . The number of recipients has snowballed over the decades , from just 2,000 in 1961 to 1.4 million in 2005 . Commercial Christmas cards ( edit ) Tucker Corporation Christmas Card , 1947 Many businesses , from small local businesses to multi-national enterprises send Christmas cards to the people on their customer lists , as a way to develop general goodwill , retain brand awareness and reinforce social networks . These cards are almost always discrete and secular in design , and do not attempt to sell a product , limiting themselves to mentioning the name of the business . The practice harkens back to trade cards of the 18th century , an ancestor of the modern Christmas card . Charity Christmas cards ( edit ) Christmas card promoting Royal typewriters Many organizations produce special Christmas cards as a fundraising tool . The most famous of these enterprises is probably the UNICEF Christmas card program , launched in 1949 , which selects artwork from internationally known artists for card reproduction . The UK - based Charities Advisory Trust gives out an annual `` Scrooge Award '' to the cards that return the smallest percentage to the charities they claim to support although it is not universally well received by the Christmas card producers . Christmas stamps and stickers ( edit ) Santa Coming Down the Chimney Many countries produce official Christmas stamps , which may be brightly colored and depict some aspect of Christmas tradition or a Nativity scene .", "4": "Small decorative stickers are also made to seal the back of envelopes , typically showing a trinket or some symbol of Christmas . In 2004 , the German post office gave away 20 million free scented stickers , to make Christmas cards smell of a fir Christmas tree , cinnamon , gingerbread , a honey - wax candle , a baked apple and an orange . Collectors items ( edit ) From the beginning , Christmas cards have been avidly collected . Queen Mary amassed a large collection that is now housed in the British Museum . The University College London 's Slade School of Fine Art houses a collection of handmade Christmas Cards from alumni such as Paula Rego and Richard Hamilton and are displayed at events over the Christmas season , when members of the public can make their own Christmas cards in the Strang Print Room . Specimens from the `` golden age '' of printing ( 1840s -- 1890s ) are especially prized and bring in large sums at auctions . In December 2005 , one of Horsley 's original cards sold for nearly £ 9,000 . Collectors may focus on particular images like Santa Claus , poets , or printing techniques . The Christmas card that holds the world record as the most expensive ever sold was a card produced in 1843 by J. C. Horsley and commissioned by civil servant Sir Henry Cole . The card , one of the world 's first , was sold in 2001 by UK auctioneers Henry Aldridge to an anonymous bidder for a record breaking £ 22,250 . Santa Claus and his reindeer Silk cord and tassels , c. 1860 Victorian , c. 1870 Christmas Card , 1880 Victorian , 1885 Postcard , c. 1901 Christmas card , 1904 Christmas postcard 1907 Christmas card , 1912 American card , c. 1920 Frances Brundage Christmas card , 1910 Home - made cards ( edit ) Christmas card made on a PC incorporating digital photography . Since the 19th century , many families and individuals have chosen to make their own Christmas cards , either in response to monetary necessity , as an artistic endeavour , or in order to avoid the commercialism associated with Christmas cards .", "5": "With a higher preference of handmade gifts during the 19th century over purchased or commercial items , homemade cards carried high sentimental value as gifts alone . Many families make the creation of Christmas cards a family endeavour and part of the seasonal festivity , along with stirring the Christmas cake and decorating the tree . Over the years such cards have been produced in every type of paint and crayon , in collage and in simple printing techniques such as potato - cuts . A revival of interest in paper crafts , particularly scrapbooking , has raised the status of the homemade card and made available an array of tools for stamping , punching and cutting . Advances in digital photography and printing have provided the technology for many people to design and print their own cards , using their original graphic designs or photos , or those available with many computer programs or online as clip art , as well as a great range of typefaces . Such homemade cards include personal touches such as family photos and holidays snapshots . Crowdsourcing , another trend enabled by the Internet , has allowed thousands of independent and hobbyist graphic designers to produce and distribute holiday cards around the world . The Christmas card list ( edit ) Christmas Market in Nürnberg , lithography from the 19th century . Danish Christmas card , 1919 Many people send cards to both close friends and distant acquaintances , potentially making the sending of cards a multi-hour chore in addressing dozens or even hundreds of envelopes . The greeting in the card can be personalized but brief , or may include a summary of the year 's news . The extreme of this is the Christmas letter ( below ) . Because cards are usually exchanged year after year , the phrase `` to be off someone 's Christmas card list '' is used to indicate a falling out between friends or public figures . Christmas letters ( edit ) Main article : Round - robin letter Some people take the annual mass mailing of cards as an opportunity to update those they know with the year 's events , and include the so - called `` Christmas letter '' reporting on the family 's doings , sometimes running to multiple printed pages . In the UK these are known as round - robin letters .", "6": "While a practical notion , Christmas letters meet with a mixed reception ; recipients may take it as boring minutiae , bragging , or a combination of the two , whereas other people appreciate Christmas letters as more personal than mass - produced cards with a generic missive and an opportunity to `` catch up '' with the lives of family and friends who are rarely seen or communicated with . Since the letter will be received by both close and distant relatives , there is also the potential for the family members to object to how they are presented to others ; an entire episode of Everybody Loves Raymond was built around conflict over the content of just such a letter . Environmental impact and Recycling ( edit ) Christmas card with holly Jacques Hnizdovsky Christmas card During the first 70 years of the 19th century it was common for Christmas and other greeting cards to be recycled by women 's service organizations who collected them and removed the pictures , to be pasted into scrap books for the entertainment of children in hospitals , orphanages , kindergartens and missions . With children 's picture books becoming cheaper and more readily available , this form of scrap - booking has almost disappeared . Recent concern over the environmental impact of printing , mailing and delivering cards has fueled an increase in e-cards . The U.K. conservation charity Woodland Trust runs an annual campaign to collect and recycle Christmas cards to raise awareness of recycling and collect donations from corporate sponsors and supporters . All recycled cards help raise money to plant more trees . In the 12 years that the Woodland Trust Christmas Card Recycling Scheme has been running , more than 600 million cards have been recycled . This has enabled the Woodland Trust to plant more than 141,000 trees , save over 12,000 tonnes of paper from landfill and stop over 16,000 tonnes of CO2 from going into the atmosphere -- the equivalent to taking more than 5,000 cars off the road for a year . The scheme has had celebrity supporters including Jo Brand , Dermot O ' Leary and Sean Bean and is the longest running scheme of its type in the country .", "7": "International Christmas greetings ( edit ) Christmas card made on a PC The traditional English greeting of `` Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year '' as it appears in other languages : Albanian : Gëzuar Krishtlindjet dhe Vitin e Ri Basque : Gabon Zoriontsuak eta urte berri on Breton : Nedeleg laouen na bloavezh mat Bulgarian : Весела Коледа и Честита Нова Година Catalan : Bon Nadal i Feliç Any Nou Chinese Simplified ( China , except Hong Kong ) : 圣诞快乐 , 新年进步 Chinese Traditional ( Hong Kong & Taiwan ) : 聖誔快樂 , 新年進步 Cornish : Nadelik Lowen , Bledhen Nowyth Da . Croatian - Hrvatski : Čestit Božić i sretna Nova godina Czech : Veselé vánoce a šťastný nový rok . But mostly used is secular ' P.F. ' standing for French ' Pour féliciter ' ( literally ' For happiness in the year ... ' ) . Danish : Glædelig jul og godt nytår !", "8": "or simply God jul Dutch : Prettige kerstdagen en een gelukkig nieuwjaar Estonian : Häid jõule ja head uut aastat Esperanto : Gajan kristnaskon kaj feliĉan novan jaron Filipino : Maligayang Pasko at Manigong Bagong Taon Finnish : Hyvää joulua ja onnellista uutta vuotta French : Joyeux Noël et Bonne Année Galician : Bo Nadal e Feliz Aninovo Georgian : გილოცავთ შობა - ახალ წელს German : Fröhliche Weihnachten und ein glückliches / gutes Neues Jahr Greek : Καλά Χριστούγεννα και ευτυχισμένος ο Καινούριος Χρόνος Hungarian : Kellemes karácsonyi ünnepeket és boldog új évet or simply B. ú . é . k .", "9": "Icelandic : Gleðileg jól og farsælt nýtt ár Indonesian : Selamat Hari Natal dan Tahun Baru Irish : Nollaig Shona Duit Italian : Buon Natale e Felice Anno Nuovo Kashubian : Wiesołëch Gòdów i szczestlewégò Nowégò Rokù Korean : 메리 크리스마스 Japanese : メリー・クリスマス Latvian : Priecīgus Ziemassvētkus un laimīgu Jauno gadu Lithuanian : Linksmų šventų Kalėdų ir laimingų Naujųjų metų Macedonian : Среќна Нова Година и честит Божиќ Malay : Selamat Hari Krismas dan Tahun Baru Maltese : Il - Milied Hieni u s - Sena t - Tajba Mongolian : Зул сар болон Шинэ жилийн баярын мэнд хүргье Norwegian : God jul og godt nyttår Persian : کریسمس و سال نو مبارک Polish : Wesołych Świąt i Szczęśliwego Nowego Roku Portuguese : Feliz Natal e um Feliz Ano Novo Romanian : Crăciun Fericit și La mulți ani Russian : С Новым годом и Рождеством Христовым !", "10": "Sinhala : Suba naththalak wewa , suba aluth aurudhak wewa Slovak : Veselé Vianoce a Štastný Nový rok Slovenian : Vesel Božič in Srečno Novo Leto Spanish : Feliz Navidad y próspero Año Nuevo Swedish : God Jul och Gott Nytt År Vietnamese : Chúc mừng Giáng Sinh và chúc mừng năm mơi ( acute accent over ơ in `` mơi '' ) Ukrainian : Веселих свят ! ( Happy Holidays ! ) / З Новим роком і Різдвом Христовим ! Urdu : آپکو بڑا دن اور نیا سال مبارک ہو Welsh : Nadolig Llawen a Blwyddyn Newydd Dda Christmas postcards American card , c. 1940 War - related , c. 1943 Rust Craft , c. 1950 Snow in the Netherlands Christmas card Christmas card Frances Brundage Merry Christmas card Christmas tree market Christmas card with embroidery Christmas Card Santa Claus clothes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas Card '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Christmas card sold for record price BBC News . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ György Buday , George Buday ( 1992 ) . The history of the Christmas card . p. 8 . Omnigraphics , 1992 Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) , 26 November 2001 , p. 8 12 cards from the original print run are said to survive : one , sent by Henry Cole and his wife to his grandmother , was sold in 2001 for £ 20,000 . Jump up ^ Earnshaw , Iris ( November 2003 ) . `` The History of Christmas Cards '' . Inverloch Historical Society Inc . Retrieved 25 July 2008 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Meggs , Philip B. A History of Graphic Design . © 1998 John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p 148 ISBN 0 - 471 - 29198 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` MMU Special Collections - Victorian Ephemera '' . Manchester Metropolitan University . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Susie Stubbs ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` Small Museums # 1 : Manchester Metropolitan University 's Special Collections '' . Creative Tourist . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , James S ; Abraham O Mendoza ( 1946 ) . American Economic History : A Dictionary and Chronology . Greenwood : ABC - CLIO . p. 287 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on 28 August 2005 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Facts And Figures - GCA : The Greeting Card Association Retrieved 17 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberg , David . `` Signed , Sealed , Secular '' . LA Times . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Storm , Christian . `` Happy Holidays from the White House '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Melissa McNamara ( 7 December 2005 ) . `` Bush ' Holiday ' Cards Cause Stir '' . CBS News . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ UNICEF Christmas Card Program , UNICEF Philippines Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Charitiesadvisorytrust.org.uk . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ The Charities Advisory Trust -- Killing a UK market in decline Jump up ^ `` Victorian Christmas Cards '' . WCN Magazine . World Collectors Net . Archived from the original on 27 August 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UCL Slade Art Collection Events '' . UCL.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2009 .", "12": "Jump up ^ Warner , Gerald . `` A perfect excuse not to send Christmas cards '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Round Robins '' . Debrett 's . Debrett 's . Jump up ^ Jura Koncius ( 29 November 2007 ) . `` The Greening of Christmas '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Hilary Osborne ( 13 December 2006 ) . `` Avoiding the wrap tap '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Card Recycling Scheme '' . Woodland Trust Website . Woodland Trust . Jump up ^ `` Woodland Trust M&S Partnership '' . Woodland Trust Website . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Merry Christmas '' in many languages Jump up ^ `` Vánoce , Velikonoce '' . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Blair , Arthur . Christmas Cards for the Collector . London : Batsford , 1986 ISBN 0 - 7134 - 5224 - 2 Brown , Ellen . Christmas , Inc. : A Brief History of the Holiday Card . JSTOR Daily , December 21 , 2015 . Buday , György . The History of the Christmas Card . London : Rockliff , 1954 Ettlinger , L.D. & Holloway , R.G. ( 1947 ) Compliments of the Season . ( The King Penguin Books ; K38 . ) Westdrayton : Penguin Books 39 p & plates Higgs , Michelle . Christmas Cards : From the 1840s to the 1940s . Princes Risborough : Shire , 1999 ISBN 0 - 74780 - 426 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmas cards . BBC Devon News Story of the first commercial Christmas card , including picture . Retrieved 2 January 2006 . BBC December 3 , 2005 : First Christmas card sold for £ 8,469 .", "13": "Retrieved 2 January 2006 . Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs.", "14": "Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St.", "15": "Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "16": "php?title=Christmas_card&oldid=818679789 '' Categories : Christmas traditions Greeting cards Christmas art Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська اردو Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 23 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7236492039847101221	when did they start adding zinc to pennies	[ "1864", "1943", "1864", "1864–1942", "1864" ]	{ "0": "Penny ( United States coin ) - wikipedia Penny ( United States coin ) Jump to : navigation , search Penny United States Value 0.01 U.S. Dollars Mass 2.5 g ( 0.08 troy oz ) Diameter 19.05 mm ( 0.75 in ) Thickness 1.52 mm ( 0.0598 in ) Edge Plain Composition 1982 -- present copper - plated zinc 97.5 % Zn , 2.5 % Cu Years of minting 1793 -- present Catalog number -- Obverse Design Abraham Lincoln Designer Victor D. Brenner Design date 1909 Reverse Design Union Shield Designer Lyndall Bass Design date 2010 -- present The United States one - cent coin , often called a penny , is a unit of currency equaling one - hundredth of a United States dollar . The cent 's symbol is ¢ . Its obverse has featured the profile of President Abraham Lincoln since 1909 , the centennial of his birth . From 1959 ( the sesquicentennial of Lincoln 's birth ) to 2008 , the reverse featured the Lincoln Memorial . Four different reverse designs in 2009 honored Lincoln 's 200th birthday and a new , `` permanent '' reverse -- the Union Shield -- was introduced in 2010 . The coin is 0.75 inches ( 19.05 mm ) in diameter and 0.0598 inches ( 1.52 mm ) in thickness . Its weight has varied , depending upon the composition of metals used in its production ( see further below ) . The U.S. Mint 's official name for the coin is `` cent '' and the U.S. Treasury 's official name is `` one cent piece '' . The colloquial term penny derives from the British coin of the same name , the pre-decimal version of which had a similar place in the British system . In American English , pennies is the plural form . ( The plural form pence -- standard in British English -- is not used in reference to American coins . )", "1": "Although the coin 's abolition has been proposed because it is now worth very little , there are currently no firm plans to eliminate the penny . As of 2015 , based on the U.S. Mint Annual Report released for 2014 , it costs the U.S. Mint 1.67 cents ( down from 2.41 cents in 2011 and 1.83 cents in 2013 ) to make one cent because of the cost of materials , production , and distribution . This figure includes the Mint 's fixed components for distribution and fabrication , as well as Mint overhead allocated to the penny . Fixed costs and overhead would have to be absorbed by other circulating coins without the penny . The loss from producing the one cent coin in the United States for the year of 2013 was $55,000,000 . This was a slight decrease from 2012 , the year before , which had a production loss of $58,000,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of composition 2 Designs 3 Lincoln cent 3.1 History 3.1. 1 Reverse design 3.1. 1.1 Wheat cent ( 1909 -- 1958 ) 3.1. 1.2 Lincoln Memorial cent ( 1959 -- 2008 ) 3.1. 1.3 Lincoln Bicentennial cents ( 2009 ) 3.1. 1.4 Union shield cent ( 2010 -- present ) 3.1. 2 `` Capped cents '' 3.1.", "2": "3 Composition 3.2 Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916 3.3 Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents 4 Toxicity 5 Numismatics and regulations 6 Metal content and manufacturing costs 7 See also 7.1 Other denominations 8 References 9 External links History of composition ( edit ) Years Material Weight ( grains ) Weight ( grams ) 1793 -- 1795 ~ 100 % copper 208 grains 13.48 1795 -- 1857 ~ 100 % copper 168 grains 10.89 1856 -- 1864 88 % copper , 12 % nickel ( also known as NS - 12 ) 72 grains 4.67 1864 -- 1942 bronze ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1943 zinc - coated steel ( also known as 1943 steel cent ) 42 grains 2.72 1944 -- 1946 brass ( shell case copper ) ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1947 -- 1962 bronze ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1962 -- 1981 brass ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1982 brass ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 copper - plated zinc ( 97.5 % zinc , 2.5 % copper ) 38.6 grains 2.5 1983 -- present copper - plated zinc ( 97.5 % zinc , 2.5 % copper ) 38.6 grains 2.5 In honor of Lincoln 's 200th anniversary , special 2009 cents were minted for collectors in the same composition as the 1909 coins .", "3": "The isotope composition of early coins spanning the period 1828 to 1843 reflects that of copper from Cornish ores from England , while coins after 1850 that reflects that of Keweenaw Peninsula , Michigan ores , a finding consistent with historical records . In 1943 , at the peak of World War II , zinc - coated steel cents were made for a short time because of war demands for copper . A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from the 1942 planchets remaining in the bins . Similarly , some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed . From 1944 through 1946 , salvaged ammunition shells made their way into the minting process , and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues . During the early 1970s , the price of copper rose to the point where the cent contained almost one cent 's worth of copper . This led the Mint to test alternative metals , including aluminum and bronze - clad steel . Aluminum was chosen , and over 1.5 million of these pennies were struck and ready for public release before ultimately being rejected . The proposed aluminum pennies were rejected for two reasons : vending machine owners complained the coins would cause mechanical problems ; and pediatricians and pediatric radiologists pointed out that the radiodensity of the metal inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts was close to that of soft tissue , and the coins would therefore be difficult to detect in X-ray imaging . One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution . The cent 's composition was changed in 1982 because the value of the copper in the coin started to rise above one cent . Some 1982 pennies used the 97.5 % zinc composition , while others used the 95 % copper composition . With the exception of 2009 bicentennial cents minted specifically for collectors , United States cents minted after 1982 have been zinc with copper - plating . In Fiscal Year 2013 , the average one - cent piece minted cost the U.S. Mint 1.83 cents , down from 2.41 cents apiece in FY 2011 . The bronze and copper cents can be distinguished from the newer zinc cents by dropping the coins on a solid surface .", "4": "The predominantly copper coins produce a higher - pitched ringing sound , while the zinc coins make a lower - pitched `` clunk '' . In addition , a full 50 - cent roll of pre-1982 / 3 coins weighs 5.4 oz compared to a post-1982 -- 83 roll which weighs 4.4 oz . Mintage figures for the Lincoln cent can be found at Lincoln cent mintage figures . Designs ( edit ) The coin has gone through several designs over its two - hundred - year time frame . Until 1857 it was about the size of the current U.S. dollar coins ( Susan B. Anthony through present dollars ) . A 1937 Wheat cent Proof Lincoln cent with cameo effect , obverse Obverse side of a cent after 17 years of circulation Detail of reverse showing Lincoln statue inside the memorial The following types of cents have been produced : Large cents : Flowing Hair Chain 1793 Flowing Hair Wreath 1793 Liberty Cap 1793 -- 1796 Draped bust 1796 -- 1807 Classic Head 1808 -- 1814 Coronet 1816 -- 1839 Braided Hair 1839 -- 1857 , 1868 ( not a regular issue ) Small cents : Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 1858 ) Indian Head cent ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) Lincoln Wheat ( 1909 -- 1958 ) Lincoln Memorial ( 1959 -- 2008 ) Lincoln Bicentennial 4 reverse designs ( 2009 ) Lincoln Union Shield ( 2010 -- present ) Throughout its history , the Lincoln cent has featured several typefaces for the date , but most of the digits have been old - style numerals , except with the 4 and 8 neither ascending nor descending . The only significant divergence is that the small 3 was non-descending ( the same size as a 0 , 1 , or 2 ) in the early history , before switching to a descending , large 3 for just one year in 1934 and then permanently ( as of 2014 ) in 1943 .", "5": "Similarly , the digit 5 was small and non-descending up to 1945 , then from 1950 and on , it became a large descending 5 . From 1959 until 2008 , the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the United States cent . Because the Lincoln Memorial was shown in sufficient detail to discern the statue of Lincoln on the reverse of cent , Abraham Lincoln was at that time the only person to be depicted on both the obverse and reverse of the same United States coin . In 1999 , the New Jersey state quarter was released , which depicts George Washington on both sides , crossing the Delaware River on the reverse side and in profile on the obverse . ( The state quarter for South Dakota , released in 2006 , also features Washington on both sides : the typical profile on the obverse , and Washington within Mount Rushmore on the reverse . ) Some of the 2009 reverse design series no longer showed Abraham Lincoln , and the 2010 Lincoln Union Shield has removed the president from the coin reverse for the foreseeable future . An additional design detail that is not readily visible to the naked eye is found on the obverse side of the 1918 onward United States cent . The letters `` VDB '' stamped on the bottom sleeve of Abraham Lincoln represent the initials of Victor David Brenner , the primary designer of the Wheat cent . Lincoln cent ( edit ) Main article : Lincoln cent The Lincoln cent is the current one - cent coin of the U.S. It was adopted in 1909 ( which would have been Lincoln 's 100th birthday ) , replacing the Indian Head cent . Its reverse was changed in 1959 from a wheat - stalks design to a design which includes the Lincoln Memorial ( to commemorate Lincoln 's sesquicentennial ) and was replaced again in 2009 with four new designs to commemorate Lincoln 's bicentennial . There are more one - cent coins produced than any other denomination , which makes the Lincoln cent a familiar item . In its lifespan , this coin has weathered both world wars , one of which temporarily changed its composition as part of the war effort . The obverse is the longest design used for any circulating American currency .", "6": "History ( edit ) When the Lincoln one - cent coin made its initial appearance in 1909 , it marked a radical departure from the accepted styling of United States coinage , as it was the first regular coin to bear a portrait other than the mythical Liberty which appeared on most pre-1909 regular coins . Previously , a strong feeling had prevailed against using portraits on coins in the United States , but public sentiment stemming from the 100th anniversary celebration of Abraham Lincoln 's birth proved stronger than the long - standing tradition . A variety of privately minted tokens bearing Lincoln 's image circulated as one - cent pieces during Lincoln 's presidency ; legitimate coinage had become scarce during the Civil War . These early tokens undoubtedly influenced the denomination , appearance , size , and composition of Lincoln cents . Theodore Roosevelt , the 26th U.S. President , thought American coins were so common and uninspiring that he attempted to get the motto `` In God We Trust '' removed as offending religion . Roosevelt had the opportunity to pose for a young Lithuanian - born Jew , Victor David Brenner , who , since arriving nineteen years earlier in the United States had become one of the nation 's premier medalists . Roosevelt had learned of Brenner 's talents in a settlement house on New York City 's Lower East Side and was immediately impressed with a bas - relief that Brenner had made of Lincoln , based on a Mathew Brady photograph . Roosevelt , who considered Lincoln the savior of the Union and the greatest Republican President , and who also considered himself Lincoln 's political heir , ordered the new Lincoln cent to be based on Brenner 's work and to be released just in time to commemorate Lincoln 's 100th birthday in 1909 . The likeness of President Lincoln on the obverse of the coin is an adaptation of a plaque Brenner created several years earlier which had come to the attention of President Roosevelt in New York . In addition to the prescribed elements on U.S. coins -- LIBERTY and the date -- the motto In God We Trust appeared for the first time on a coin of this denomination . The United States Congress passed the Act of March 3 , 1865 , authorizing the use of this motto on U.S. coins , during Lincoln 's tenure in office .", "7": "Even though no legislation was required for the new design , approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change . Franklin MacVeagh gave his approval on July 14 , 1909 , and not quite three weeks later , on August 2 , the new coin was released to the public . In 1918 , after the controversy over Brenner 's name and initials on the reverse had died down , his initials were placed on the obverse with no further controversy . They are to be found in minute form on the rim of the bust , just under the shoulder of Lincoln . In 1969 , the design was revised to make Lincoln look more like Brenner 's original sculptures . U.S. coin collection featuring Lincoln cents from 1941 to 1974 . Nearly complete set in a folder by Whitman Publishing , LLC . Also features two error coins and a description page . Reverse design ( edit ) Reverses of the Lincoln cent Wheat ( 1909 -- 1958 ) Lincoln Memorial ( 1959 -- 2008 ) Birth and early childhood in Kentucky ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Formative Years in Indiana ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Professional life in Illinois ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Presidency in DC ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Union shield ( 2010 -- present ) Wheat cent ( 1909 -- 1958 ) ( edit ) A study of three potential reverses resulted in the approval of a very simple design bearing two wheatheads in memorial style . Between these , in the center of the coin , are the denomination and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , while curving around the upper border is the national motto , E Pluribus Unum , Latin for `` From Many , One . '' The original model bore Brenner 's name on the reverse , curving along the rim below UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . Before the coins were issued , however , the initials `` VDB '' were substituted because officials at the United States Mint felt the name was too prominent . After the coin was released , many protested that even the initials were conspicuous and detracted from the design .", "8": "Because the coin was in great demand , and because to make a change would have required halting production , the decision was made to eliminate the initials entirely . Thus in 1909 the U.S. had six different cents : the 1909 and 1909 - S Indian Head cents , and four Lincoln coins : 1909 VDB , 1909 - S VDB , 1909 and 1909 - S. In all cases the Philadelphia mintages far exceeded the San Francisco issues . While the smallest mintage is the ' 09 - S Indian , the ' 09 - S VDB is the key Lincoln date , and hence is most valuable . Its mintage of 484,000 is only 1.7 % of the plain V.D.B. Lincoln Memorial cent ( 1959 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) On February 12 , 1959 , a revised reverse design was introduced as part of the 150th anniversary of Lincoln 's birth . No formal competition was held . Frank Gasparro , then Assistant Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint , prepared the winning entry , selected from a group of 23 models that the engraving staff at the Mint had been asked to present for consideration . Again , only the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change because the design had been in use for more than the required 25 years . The imposing marble Lincoln Memorial provides the central motif , with the legends E Pluribus Unum and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA completing the design , together with the denomination . The initials `` FG '' appear on the right , near the shrubbery . Lincoln bicentennial cents ( 2009 ) ( edit ) The Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 required that the cent 's reverse be redesigned in 2009 . This resulted in the mintage of four different coins showing scenes from Abraham Lincoln 's life in honor of the bicentennial of his birth . These four designs , unveiled September 22 , 2008 at a ceremony held at the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , are : Birth and early childhood in Kentucky : this design features a log cabin and Lincoln 's birth year 1809 . It was designed by Richard Masters and sculpted by Jim Licaretz .", "9": "This cent was released into circulation on Lincoln 's 200th birthday , February 12 , 2009 , at a special ceremony at LaRue County High School in Hodgenville , Kentucky , Lincoln 's birthplace . The mintage was extremely low compared to prior years ( see Lincoln cent mintage figures ) . It has been nicknamed the `` Log Cabin Penny '' . Formative years in Indiana : this design features a young Lincoln reading while taking a break from rail splitting . It was designed and sculpted by Charles Vickers . Nicknamed the `` Indiana Penny '' , it was released on May 14 , 2009 . Professional life in Illinois : this design features a young professional Lincoln standing before the Springfield Illinois State Capitol . It was designed by Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by Don Everhart . Nicknamed the `` Illinois Penny '' , it was released on August 13 , 2009 . Presidency in Washington , D.C. : this design features the half - completed Capitol dome . It was designed by Susan Gamble and sculpted by Joseph Menna . This fourth cent was released to the public on November 12 , 2009 . U.S. Mint released collector 's sets containing this design in copper prior to the public launch of this design in zinc . Special 2009 cents struck for sale in sets to collectors had the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909 ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) . Those struck for circulation retained the normal composition of a zinc core coated with copper . Union shield cent ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) The 2005 act that authorized the redesign for the Bicentennial stated that another redesigned reverse for the Lincoln cent will be minted which `` shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln 's preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country '' . Eighteen designs were proposed for the reverse of the 2010 cent . On April 16 , 2009 the Commission of Fine Arts ( CFA ) met and selected a design that showed 13 wheat sheaves bound together with a ring symbolizing American unity as one nation . Later this design was withdrawn because it was similar to coinage issued in Germany in the 1920s .", "10": "The Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee later met and chose a design showing a Union shield with ONE CENT superimposed in a scroll ; E Pluribus Unum was also depicted in the upper portion of the shield . In June 2009 the CFA met again and chose a design featuring a modern rendition of the American flag . As a part of the release ceremony for the last of the 2009 cents on November 12 , the design for the 2010 cent was announced . The design chosen was the one that was chosen earlier by the CCAC . According to the Mint , the 13 stripes on the shield `` represent the states joined in one compact union to support the Federal government , represented by the horizontal bar above . '' The Mint also noted that a shield was commonly used in paintings in the Capitol hallways painted by Constantino Brumidi , an artist in the Capitol active during the Lincoln Presidency . The obverse of the cent was also changed to a modern rendition of Brenner 's design . The new Union Shield design replaces the Lincoln memorial in use since 1959 . The coin was designed by artist Lyndall Bass and sculpted by U.S. Mint sculptor - engraver Joseph Menna . In January 2010 , the coins were released early in Puerto Rico ; this was caused by a shortage of 2009 - dated pennies on the island . The new design was released at a ceremony at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield , Illinois on February 11 , 2010 . `` Capped cents '' ( edit ) To commemorate the Fire at the SS Morro Castle , local coin dealer Louis Werner made copper caps depicting the Morro Castle surrounded by the legend `` The Morro Castle Fire '' These would then be encased over one side of a Lincoln cent . According to `` Mrs. Astor 's Horse '' by Stanley Walker : Concessionaires inside the hall carried on a lively business . A man at a stamping machine put copper caps on pennies with the head of Lincoln on one side and the inscription ff Morro Castle Fire , September , 1934 , Asbury Park '' on the other . Postcard sellers in the hall disposed of 150,000 pictures of the burning ship during the first few days after the disaster .", "11": "As soon as they came off the press , heart - rending poems and ballads about the fire were hawked about . Later , to commemorate the trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann , Werner made another design depicting the Hunterdon County Courthouse , where the trial was held , and surrounded by the legend `` HAUPTMANN TRIAL , Flemington , NJ . '' Another part of the text in `` Mrs. Astor 's Horse '' states : A man with a metal press did a fair sort of business . He set up for business on the porch of the hotel . He had constructed a die depicting the Hunterdon County courthouse , surrounded by the legend , Hauptmann Trial , Flemington , N.J. On the stand beside the press lay several hundred bright new pennies and several fine strips of copper . By running the copper strips through the press , together with the pennies , he turned out Lincoln heads backed by the courthouse and the legend . The pieces sold for five cents each , three for a dime . Also , from 1935 to 1938 , during the Christmas season , Werner made a design depicting Santa Claus . By donating 10 cents , shoppers in Manhattan would receive these . Additionally , if they donated an extra 5 cents , their cent would come in a greeting card holder . Other capped cents by Werner include commemoratives for Admiral Richard E. Byrd 's expedition to the South Pole and Joe Louis . There was also a design featuring the Lord 's prayer . Composition ( edit ) Bronze , 1909 -- 1942 . Initially the alloy of the Lincoln cent followed that established for this denomination with the Indian Head design in 1864 , 95 % copper and 2.5 % tin and 2.5 % zinc . Wartime zinc - plated steel , 1943 . The composition of the Lincoln cent was changed in 1943 . Further information : 1943 steel cent Production of the war - time cent was provided for in an Act of Congress approved on December 18 , 1942 , which also set as the expiration date of the authority December 31 , 1946 .", "12": "Low - grade carbon steel formed the base of these coins , to which a zinc coating 0.0005 - inch ( 0.013 mm ) thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a rust preventive . This coating was applied to the steel before the blanks were made , leaving the rims of these coins extremely susceptible to rust . The same size was maintained , but the weight was reduced from the standard 48 grains ( 3.1 g ) to 42 grains ( 2.7 g ) , by using a lighter alloy . Production commenced on February 27 , 1943 , and by December 31 of that year , the three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 of the one - cent coins . The copper released for the war effort was enough to meet the combined needs of two cruisers , two destroyers , 1,243 Flying Fortresses , 120 field guns and 120 howitzers , or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns . Wartime brass , 1944 -- 1946 . Numerous complaints about the gray color of the 1943 cents , especially that they could be mistaken for dimes , led to a change in composition of the wartime cent . On January 1 , 1944 , the Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy , the supply being derived from expended shell casings which , when melted , furnished a composition similar to the original , but with a much smaller trace of tin . The original weight of 48 grains ( 3.1 g ) was also restored . Bronze , 1947 -- 1962 . Shell casings were no longer used after 1946 and the original copper - tin - zinc `` bronze '' composition was again used . Brass , 1962 -- 1982 . The composition of the coin was changed again slightly in 1962 . Mint officials felt that deletion of the tin content would have no adverse effect on the wearing qualities of the coin , whereas the manufacturing advantages to be gained with the alloy stabilized at 95 % copper and 5 % zinc would be of much benefit . Congressional authority for this modification is contained in an Act of Congress approved on September 5 , 1962 . Experimental aluminum cents , 1974 .", "13": "During the early 1970s , the price of copper rose to a point where the cent almost contained one cent 's worth of copper . This led the Mint to test alternate metals , including aluminum and bronze - clad steel . Aluminum was chosen , and in 1973 , a total of 1,579,324 such coins were struck ( dated 1974 ) and ready for public release . A few were distributed to members of the U.S. Congress , but aluminum was ultimately rejected for a variety of reasons . About a dozen aluminum cents are believed to still be in the hands of collectors , although they are now considered illegal to own . One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution . Another is in the hands of the family of a deceased U.S. Capitol police officer , known as the Toven Specimen , and was certified as authentic in 2005 . Copper - plated zinc , 1982 -- present . In mid-1982 , the coin 's composition was changed again , this time to copper - plated zinc . The last mostly - copper cents ( 95 % copper metal composition ) were produced by the Denver Mint on October 22 , 1982 . The copper - plated zinc cent coins are still being produced today . They are composed of an inner core alloy of 99.2 % zinc and 0.8 % copper with an outer plating of pure copper , for an overall composition of 97.5 % zinc and 2.5 % copper , and are minted on blanks produced for the Mint by an outside manufacturer ( Jarden Zinc Products ) . Except for the new lighter total coin weight of 2.5 grams each , these newer coins are identical in diameter and thickness , and nearly in appearance , to the mostly copper ( 95 % ) cents issued before mid-1982 , which weighed 3.11 grams each . A few pennies were struck by error in brass dated 1983 and are extremely rare . Matte proof lincolns 1909 to 1916 ( edit ) When the Lincoln Cent was introduced in 1909 , it was discovered that the coining dies and their curved fields were unable to be polished to proof coining condition by existing Mint equipment . To produce Proof coinage for collectors , the U.S.", "14": "Mint adopted the French technique of the Matte Proof , which was thought to highlight the design , while leaving the details of the coin as the designer intended . This was done by a sandblasting of the dies prior to use . When struck by the high pressure hydraulic press of the Philadelphia Mint Medal Room , the result was a semi-rough surface , a gentle luster and strongly defined wide square rims . These coins were produced in very small numbers , and the dies quickly developed small marks , known as diagnostics . These marks are used today by Third Party Graders and Collectors to authenticate the coin . Sold for mere pennies over face during the years of production , they were not popular with collectors . When new , the coins were wrapped in a tarnish - proof tissue , which over time proved to be anything but . Since many of these coins sat for decades unsold , vivid colors and toning developed . It is not unusual to see vivid blues , greens , lavender , coppery orange , deep reds and purple hues on these coins . Eagerly collected by numismatists today , they are among the most valuable Lincoln cents . Unencapsulated coins are easily identified by wide , square outer rims , quite unlike the rounded edges of business strikes . Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents ( edit ) Through mint errors , a number of rare and valuable Lincoln Cents have been produced . Some random errors , such as an off - center strike , slightly increase the value of the coin , and are sought after by niche collectors . However some errors were systemic , and produced a number of coins with exactly the same problem in the same year . These have become recognized varieties that are often extremely valuable and sought after by mainstream collectors . 1909 VDB `` US Lincoln Penny '' -- on the planet Mars -- part of a calibration target on the Curiosity Rover ( September 10 , 2012 ) ( 3 - D version ) ( also , image on October 2 , 2013 -- after 411 days on Mars ) The first Doubled Die error occurred during the production of the 1909 VDB . Not identified until the 1970s , it shows the RTY in Liberty and the 190 of the date slightly doubled . This coin is extremely rare in high grades . In 1922 , no one - cent coins were produced by the Philadelphia Mint .", "15": "However , three of the four pairs of Denver Mint worn and overly polished dies then produced the Weak D and No D varieties , making them appear as if they had been produced in Philadelphia . These varieties are known as the 1922 plain cents or 1922 no `` D '' cents . Collectors must be wary of removed mint marks . There are a few 1943 cents that were produced in bronze , as opposed to the steel / zinc composition used that year . There are 10 to 12 known to exist . Likewise , a few 1944 cents were produced in steel / zinc . In 1955 , a hubbing error caused some cents to get struck with an obverse die which showed doubling in all of the obverse devices , producing a prominent doubling of the date , and to a less noticeable degree , the rest of the obverse . This is known as the 1955 doubled die cent . A similar die error occurred in 1969 on dies used at the San Francisco Mint . While the 1955 doubled die cent is well - known and widely collected , the 1969 - S doubled die is far rarer , with an uncirculated specimen selling for as much as $126,500 in a 2008 Heritage auction . The same mechanism produced 1972 , 1983 , 1984 , and 1995 Doubled die cents . Doubled Dies are known for practically every date in the Lincoln cent series , but most are minor , and less impressive compared to the 1955 and the other Doubled Die varieties mentioned here . In 1990 , 3,055 proof cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint without the `` S '' mint mark , making them appear as if they had been struck at the Philadelphia Mint . However , as no proof cents were struck in Philadelphia that year , they are easily distinguishable as errors , and highly valuable . The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1992 at the Philadelphia and Denver mints and some of those minted in 1998 and 1999 at the San Francisco mint feature a smaller - than - normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA .", "16": "These coins , known as the Close AM variety are valued at $20,000 and $5,000 for the 1992 specimens in gem uncirculated condition and $3,000 and $1,000 for the San Francisco specimens in gem proof condition . The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 in Philadelphia feature a larger - than - normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA . These coins , known as the Wide AM variety are valued at $10 , $500 , and $5 , respectively , in gem uncirculated condition . These reverse die errors are technically `` mule '' errors , as the reverse error dies were the same as normal proof coins of the same date . Toxicity ( edit ) Zinc , a major component of mid-1982 - and - later U.S. cents , is toxic in large quantities . Swallowing such a coin , which is 97.5 % zinc , can cause damage to the stomach lining because of the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach . Coins are the most commonly ingested foreign body in children but generally are allowed to pass spontaneously unless the patient is symptomatic . Zinc toxicity , mostly in the form of the ingestion of U.S. pennies minted after 1982 , is commonly fatal in dogs where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia . It is also highly toxic in pet parrots and can often be fatal . Numismatics and regulations ( edit ) Main article : Penny debate in the United States It has been suggested that the cent should be eliminated as a unit of currency for several reasons including that many Americans do not actually spend them , but rather only receive them in change at stores and proceed to return them to a bank for higher denomination currencies , or cash them in at coin counting kiosks . Most modern vending machines do not accept pennies , further diminishing their utility , and the production cost ( figured in U.S. Dollars ) now exceeds the face value of the coin , caused by increasing inflation .", "17": "In 2001 and 2006 , for example , United States Representative Jim Kolbe ( R ) of Arizona introduced bills which would have stopped production of pennies ( in 2001 , the Legal Tender Modernization Act , and in 2006 , the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation ( COIN ) Act ) . In anticipation of the business of melting down U.S. pennies and U.S. nickels for profit , the U.S. Mint , which is a part of the US Department of the Treasury , implemented new regulations on December 14 , 2006 , which criminalize the melting of pennies and nickels and place limits on export of the coins . Violators can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000 USD and / or imprisoned for a maximum of five years . Metal content and manufacturing costs ( edit ) The U.S. Mint reported that in fiscal year 2010 the unit cost of producing and shipping one - cent coins was 1.79 cents , which is more than the face value of the coin . After reaching a peak cost of 2.41 cents in 2011 due to the significant rise in global metal demand and prices , recently the cost has declined to 1.83 cents for 2013 . In the 2014 fiscal year , the cost to produce a penny declined even further to 1.70 cents . When copper reached a record high in February 2011 , the melt value of a 95 % copper penny was more than three times its face value . As of January 21 , 2014 , a pre-1982 penny contained 2.20325 cents ' worth of copper and zinc , making it an attractive target for melting by people wanting to sell the metals for profit . In comparison , post-1982 copper - plated zinc cents have a metallurgical value of only 0.55152 cents . The Secretary of the Treasury has authority to alter the percentage of copper and zinc in the one - cent coin if needed due to cost fluctuations .", "18": "See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled - die cent 1974 aluminum cent Large cent ( United States coin ) Legal Tender Modernization Act Mill ( currency ) Take a penny , leave a penny Penny ( Canadian coin ) United States Mint coin production 2018 cent Other denominations ( edit ) United States coinage Nickel Dime Quarter Half dollar Dollar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coin Specifications '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Mint . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Denomination : Cent ; Nickel ; Dime ; Quarter Dollar ... ( categories across the top of the specifications chart ) Jump up ^ `` Denominations '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 03 . The proper term is `` one cent piece , '' but in common usage this coins is often referred to as a penny or cent . Jump up ^ Nicks , Denver ( 2016 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Get Rid of the Penny ? Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew Says Yes Money '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` US Mint Cost To Make Penny '' . Jump up ^ Staff ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Statement of Rodney J. Bosco Navigant Consulting , Inc. on `` The Future of Money : Coin Production '' '' Before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic Policy & Technology United States House of Representatives -- April 17 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Congress . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Mint Cost To Make Penny and Nickel Declines in FY 2013 '' . January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coin Specifications '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Mint Online Product Catalog '' . Catalog.usmint.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mathur , R ( 2009 ) .", "19": "`` The history of the United States cent revealed through copper isotope fractionation '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 36 ( 2 ) : 430 -- 433 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2008.09. 029 . Jump up ^ John P. Dorst MD , Thomas E. Reichelderfer MD , and Roger C. Sanders MA , BM , BCh , MRCP , FRCRP . Radiodensity of the Proposed New Penny , Pediatrics Vol. 69 No . February 2 , 1982 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Lincoln Memorial Cents '' . Coins.thefuntimesguide.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ UNITED STATES MINT -- 2013 ANNUAL REPORT p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Is my Penny a Copper , or a Zinc Cent ? '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program '' . USMint.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Margolick , David ( 2007 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Penny Foolish '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` History of ' In God We Trust ' '' . treasury.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kocher , Greg ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Lincoln 's birthplace is launch site for new penny '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . ^ Jump up to : O'Keefe , Ed ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Heads Abe , Tails New On Pennies Marking Lincoln Bicentennial '' . The Washington Post . p . A11 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 109 -- 145 , 119 Stat. 2674 , enacted December 22 , 2005 -- Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 , Title VI , § 303 .", "20": "`` The design on the reverse of the 1 - cent coins issued after December 31 , 2009 , shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln 's preservation of United States of America as a single and united country . '' Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2009 - 06 - 09 ) . `` 2010 Lincoln Cent Design Proposals '' . 2010 Lincoln Cents . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . There were initially 18 design proposals for the 2010 Lincoln Cent reverse . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Wheat Design may appear on the 2010 cent '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2560 ) : 1 . ^ Jump up to : McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Mint withdraws 2010 ' Wheat ' cent design '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2562 ) : 1 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Mint withdraws 2010 ' Wheat ' cent design '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2562 ) : 1 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Commission votes for U.S. flag on 2010 1 ¢ '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2565 ) : 1 . ^ Jump up to : Gilkes , Paul ( 2009 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Cent to bear Union Shield design in 2010 '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2590 ) : 1 , 68 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Mint Releases Fourth 2009 Lincoln Bicentennial One - Cent Coin '' ( Press release ) . United States Mint. 2009 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Gilkes , Paul ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Mint Returns to 1909 Galvano for Portrait '' . Coin World .", "21": "51 ( 2601 ) : 1 , 24 . Jump up ^ `` United States Mint Launches 2010 Lincoln One - Cent Coin '' ( Press release ) . United States Mint. 2010 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . The reverse of the 2010 and beyond Lincoln cent was designed by United States Mint Artistic Infusion Program Associate Designer Lyndall Bass and executed by United States Mint Sculptor - Engraver Joseph Menna . Jump up ^ Gilkes , Paul ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) . `` First Circulation Reports of 2010 Cents From Puerto Rico '' . Coin World . 51 ( 2600 ) : 5 . Jump up ^ Ruston , Bruce ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Collectors seek to turn profit on pennies '' . State Journal - Register . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . The newest -- and for now permanent -- version of the Lincoln penny was unveiled this morning at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum ... CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Full text of `` Mrs Astor S Horse '' `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaeger , Katherine , A Guide Book of United States Tokens and Medals , Whitman Publishing , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0794820602 Jump up ^ `` The Indianapolis Star from Indianapolis , Indiana on December 7 , 1980 路 Page 107 '' . Newspapers.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Lincoln Cent '' . U.S. Department of the Treasury . 2011 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Alan ( September 2007 ) . Deisher , Beth , ed. `` 1943 Cent in Steel -- One Year Type Looked to Help With the War Effort '' . COINS Magazine : 14 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , William T.", "22": "( September 26 , 1994 ) . Beth Deisher , ed. `` 1974 bronze - clad steel cents subject to federal confiscation '' ( PDF ) . Coin World : 1 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gilkes , Paul ( October 17 , 2005 ) . Beth Deisher , ed . `` Aluminum 1 ¢ ' changes ' grade '' ( PDF ) . Coin World : 2 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The 1983 Copper Cent '' . www.pcgs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 Copper Cent '' . Coinfacts.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 - S 1C Doubled Die MS64 Red PCGS Lincoln Cents '' . Coins.ha.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dawn N. Bothwell , M.D. , and Eric A. Mair , M.D. , FAAP . Chronic Ingestion of a Zinc - Based Penny , Pediatrics Vol. 111 , No . March 3 , 2003 , pp. 689 -- 691 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mark L. Waltzman , M.D . ( 1 ) Current Opinion in Pediatrics Vol. 45 , No. 1 Jan. -- Feb. , 2006 , pp. 71 -- 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 2 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stowe CM , Nelson R , Werdin R , et al. : Zinc phosphide poisoning in dogs . JAVMA 173 : 270 , 1978 Jump up ^ See , for example , this list of common parrot illnesses and their causes Jump up ^ Hagenbaugh , Barbara ( 2006 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Coins cost more to make than face value '' .", "23": "USA Today . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Zappone , Christian ( 2006 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Kill - the - penny bill introduced '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins '' . Usmint.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` CFR 2010 title31 vol1 part82 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : United States Mint ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) . `` U.S. Mint 2010 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` About U.S. Mint '' ( PDF ) . Usmint.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` METALS - Copper falls on euro zone disappointment , China worry '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Current Melt Value Of Coins -- How Much Is Your Coin Worth ? '' . Coinflation.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States cents . `` Penny Foolish '' , by David Margolick , The New York Times , February 11 , 2007 -- a brief popular history of the penny . Man tries to get rid of million pennies , USA Today , 7 / 1 / 2004 Examination of claim that `` A U.S. penny costs more than a cent to manufacture '' on Snopes . Top 10 Things You Did n't Know About the Penny -- slideshow by Time Magazine U.S. Lincoln Penny on the Planet Mars -- Curiosity Rover ( September 10 , 2012 ) . PennyFreeBiz Grass Roots effort by retailers and merchants to stop using the penny . ( June 2007 ) . United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S.", "24": "dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Coinage of the United States Cent ( 1 ¢ ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Chain ( 1793 ) Wreath ( 1793 ) Liberty Cap ( 1793 -- 96 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Classic Head ( 1808 -- 14 ) Matron Head ( 1816 -- 39 ) Large cent ( Braided Hair ) ( 1835 -- 57 ; 1868 ) Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 58 ) Indian Head ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled die cent 1974 aluminum cent Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Half dime Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 97 ,", "25": "1800 -- 05 ) Capped Bust ( 1829 -- 37 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 73 ) Shield ( 1866 -- 83 ) Liberty Head ( 1883 -- 1913 ) Buffalo ( 1913 -- 38 ) Jefferson ( 1938 -- present ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Disme ( 1792 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1809 -- 37 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Mercury ( 1916 -- 45 ) Roosevelt ( 1946 -- present ) Quarter dollar ( 25 ¢ ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1815 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Standing Liberty ( 1916 -- 30 ) Washington ( 1932 -- 1998 ) 50 State Quarters ( 1999 -- 2008 ) District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters ( 2009 ) America the Beautiful Quarters ( 2010 -- present ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1807 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1915 ) Walking Liberty ( 1916 -- 47 ) Franklin ( 1948 -- 63 ) Kennedy ( 1964 -- present ) Dollar ( $1 ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1795 -- 1804 ) 1804 ( 1834 , c. 1858 -- 60 ) Gobrecht ( 1836 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1840 -- 73 ) Gold ( 1849 -- 89 ) Trade ( 1873 -- 85 ) Morgan ( 1878 -- 1904 ;", "26": "1921 ) Peace ( 1921 -- 35 ) Eisenhower ( 1971 -- 78 ) Susan B. Anthony ( 1979 -- 81 ; 1999 ) Silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Sacagawea ( 2000 -- present ) Presidential ( 2007 -- 16 ) Gold Turban Head eagle ( 1795 -- 1804 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 89 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 89 ) Liberty Head double eagle ( 1849 -- 1907 ) Double eagle ( 1849 -- 1933 ) Saint - Gaudens double eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) Indian Head eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 -- 29 ) Gold Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Gold Buffalo ( 2006 -- present ) First Spouse gold bullion coins ( 2007 -- 16 ) Commemorative Early ( 1892 -- 1954 ) Columbian half dollar ( 1892 -- 93 ) Isabella quarter ( 1893 ) Lafayette dollar ( 1900 ) Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar ( 1903 ) Lewis and Clark Exposition dollar ( 1904 -- 05 ) Panama -- Pacific commemorative coins ( 1915 ) McKinley Birthplace Memorial dollar ( 1916 -- 17 ) Illinois Centennial half dollar ( 1918 ) Maine Centennial half dollar ( 1920 ) Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar ( 1920 -- 21 ) Missouri Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Alabama Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar ( 1923 ) Huguenot - Walloon half dollar ( 1924 ) Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar ( 1925 ) Lexington", "27": "- Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1925 ) California Diamond Jubilee half dollar ( 1925 ) Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar ( 1925 ) United States Sesquicentennial coinage ( 1926 ) Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 -- 39 ) Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1927 ) Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1928 ) Texas Centennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 38 ) Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1935 ) Connecticut Tercentenary half dollar ( 1935 ) California Pacific International Exposition half dollar ( 1935 -- 36 ) Rhode Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar ( 1936 ) Cleveland Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Bridgeport half dollar ( 1936 ) Elgin , Illinois , Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Modern ( 1982 -- present ) Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar ( 1984 ) Eisenhower commemorative dollar ( 1990 ) Library of Congress ten dollar coin ( 2000 ) John Marshall commemorative dollar ( 2005 ) Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar ( 2005 ) Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar ( 2010 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 80 ) Half - union ( 1877 ) Other Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Two - cent piece ( 1864 -- 73 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 73 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 89 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 78 ) United States Bicentennial coinage ( 1975 -- 76 ) Platinum Eagle ( 1997 -- present ) Palladium Eagle ( 2017 -- present ) America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins ( 2010 -- present ) Norse - American medal ( 1925 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "28": "php?title=Penny_(United_States_coin)&oldid=838054898 '' Categories : Abraham Lincoln One - cent coins of the United States Pennies 1793 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Русский Slovenčina Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 17 : 01 . 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-4904982167797031611	who was hope brady's mother on days of our lives	[ "Addie Horton", "Ciara Brady", "Addie Horton", "Addie Horton", "Addie Horton" ]	{ "0": "Hope Williams Brady - wikipedia Hope Williams Brady Jump to : navigation , search Hope Williams Brady Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Kristina Osterhout ( 1974 ) Kimberly Weber ( 1974 -- 75 ) Natasha Ryan ( 1975 -- 80 ) Tammy Taylor ( 1981 -- 82 ) Kristian Alfonso ( 1983 -- ) Duration 1974 -- 87 1994 -- First appearance January 10 , 1974 Created by William J. Bell Introduced by Betty Corday Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Hope Welch Hope Alice Williams Hope Brady Gina Horton Hope Black Hope Jennings Hope Hernandez Princess Gina Von Amberg Occupation Commissioner Detective Police officer Bounty hunter Private investigator Model Residence Salem , Illinois ( show ) Family Family Horton Father Doug Williams Mother Addie Horton Siblings Steven Olson Julie Olson Williams Douglas LeClaire Spouse Larry Welch ( 1984 -- 85 ) Bo Brady ( 1985 -- 95 , 2000 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 ) John Black ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Aiden Jennings ( 2015 -- 16 ) Rafe Hernandez ( 2018 -- ) Children Shawn - Douglas Brady Zack Brady Ciara Brady Stepsons Chase Jennings Grandchildren Claire Brady Grandparents Tom Horton Alice Horton Aunts and uncles Byron Carmichael Tom Horton Jr . Mickey Horton Bill Horton Marie Horton Nieces and nephews Spencer Olson David Banning Robert Anderson , Jr . Eli Grant First cousins Sandy Horton Melissa Horton ( adoptive ) Sarah Horton ( legal ) Mike Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Jessica Blake Fallon Hope Williams Brady is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives . Created by writer William J. Bell , she has been portrayed by Kristian Alfonso since she was recast on April 14 , 1983 . Hope is a member of the Horton family , the long - running core fictional family on Days . She is the mother of Shawn - Douglas Brady , Zack Brady , and Ciara Brady .", "1": "Hope is one half of the supercouple Bope . She works as a detective for the Salem , P.D. She has been promoted as Commissioner of Salem P.D. in 2017 . Alfonso was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series ( previously called Outstanding Ingenue ) in 1985 . She has also been nominated for eight Soap Opera Digest Awards and won four -- two with co-star Peter Reckell ( Bo ) for Favorite Couple ( 2001 , 2003 ) , Hottest Female Star ( 1999 ) and Favorite Newcomer ( 1984 ) . She was also nominated for three Young Artist Awards ( 1984 - ' 86 ) . In 2002 , she and Reckell won a Special Fan Award ( voted online ) at the Daytime Emmys for Favorite Couple . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character history 3 See also 4 References 5 Notes 6 External links Casting ( edit ) The character of Hope Williams was originated by child actor Kristina Osterhout from January 10 to August 27 , 1974 . Child actor Kimberly Weber took over the role from October 25 , 1974 to April 29 , 1975 . Natasha Ryan was the child actor who played the young version of Hope the longest from June 4 , 1975 through June 27 , 1980 . From May 11 , 1981 until January 8 , 1982 , young adult actress Tammy Taylor played a teenaged Hope . Actress Kristian Alfonso assumed the role of Hope Williams on April 14 , 1983 , playing the role through April 20 , 1987 , reappearing from April 27 to August 3 , 1990 , and playing the role since May 6 , 1994 . Mila Kunis played a younger Hope in a flashback in June 1994 . Character history ( edit ) Hope Alice Williams , the mother of Shawn - Douglas , Zack and Ciara Brady , was born on - screen on January 10 , 1974 to Doug Williams and Addie Horton .", "2": "Not long after Addie marries Doug and becomes pregnant , she discovers she is suffering from leukemia , but declines treatment in order to save her unborn baby . On December 24 , 1974 , while crossing the street , an oncoming car careens towards Hope and Addie , but Addie pushes Hope 's baby - carriage out of the way , just in time to save her baby daughter , but not herself . Addie dies , and Hope is taken in by her maternal grandparents , Tom and Alice Horton , until Doug is strong enough to take care of her . Addie , who was wealthy from her first marriage to Ben Olson , leaves Doug and Hope with financial security . Hope is sent off to boarding school in 1982 and is not seen again until a year later . She returns in the spring of 1983 when Roman Brady rescues her after she runs away from boarding school and later falls from a car driven by a drunk friend . She later develops a crush on Roman . Hope eventually becomes a cop . Hope takes her job as a cop seriously . Roman spurns Hope 's advances , even after Hope attempts to seduce him , and the situation inflames the jealousy of Roman 's younger brother , local bad boy Bo Brady . Bo and Hope start to fall in love while working together in various dangerous situations . On Hope 's 18th birthday , she and Bo decide to make love but Doug tries to stop them and suffers a heart attack , and Hope agrees never to see Bo again . Bo hides the fact that his brother Roman is alive , and to protect Hope , pushes her away . Hope spends time with Larry Welch , ( a local politician ) and thinking that Bo loves Diane Parker and no longer loves her , Hope agrees to marry Larry . As Hope and Larry stand at the altar , Bo rides into the church on his motorbike and kidnaps Hope before the wedding can be completed . However , Hope is then kidnapped again , this time from the barn where Bo has taken her , and the kidnappers force her to marry Larry . Bo is devastated , but later discovers the true reason Hope married Larry ; the two vow never to be apart , and to work together to find out who is behind Larry . Larry takes the fall for Salem 's drug ring , leaving Bo and Hope free to finally marry in 1985 .", "3": "During this time , it is revealed that Bo 's real father is Victor Kiriakis . The couple move into Victor 's home but they soon experience marital problems , and Hope disapproves of Bo 's sudden change of character to please his father . Hope becomes pregnant , but miscarries her child . They try again and have a son they name Shawn - Douglas , who is born in 1987 . Bo , Hope , and Shawn leave Salem later that year , and sail the world on their boat , Fancy Face . They return to Salem in 1990 , but soon after , Hope is embroiled in the schemes of the villainous Ernesto Toscano , who kidnaps Hope and holds her hostage in a cave . When the cave explodes , Hope is presumed dead . Four years later , Bo begins a new relationship with Billie Reed , who later proposes to him , but their plans are shattered after John Black finds an amnesiac woman at Stefano DiMera 's house , `` Maison Blache '' , who looks exactly like Hope . The woman calls herself `` Gina '' , but after Alice finds a puzzle box that only Hope could open , they learn that `` Gina '' is truly Hope . Bo later breaks up with Billie , and reconciles with Hope but just before they are to remarry , Hope catches Bo in a compromising position with Billie , and rejects Bo . She then moves in with Franco Kelly . It is revealed that during Hope 's four years of captivity at Maison Blanche , Stefano had the memories of the real Princess Gina Von Amberg , an accomplished art thief , saved on a chip and then installed in Hope 's head . Stefano , who is seeking to retrieve his art treasures from Vivian Alamain , turns Hope back into Gina to help him . He gets Hope to kidnap John , and they make love on Stefano 's yacht . When Stefano finds them , he ditches John and makes love to Hope himself . Hope and Stefano then travel to Paris where they are held prisoner by the real Gina as she tries to reclaim her life . They are finally rescued and Hope finds herself pregnant . Hope wishes that the baby is Bo 's but does n't believe it 's possible , so she comes to believe that the baby is John 's .", "4": "In June 1999 , Princess Gina arrives in Salem and reveals herself to Greta at John and Marlena 's wedding . Meanwhile , Hope , still believing herself to be Princess Gina , arrives with Stefano ; Hope briefly recovers her identity , but Stefano and Princess Gina then capture Hope and the real Gina takes her place . The ruse is briefly successful but Marlena and Shawn discover the truth and rush to stop the wedding of Bo and the false `` Hope '' on News Year 's Eve 1999 . The truth is exposed and Princess Gina attempts to shoot Shawn and Marlena , but she is shot and killed instead . Bo does n't discover that Princess Gina was the one who died until the cremation . Bo rushes over and confronts Stefano , however Stefano brainwashes Bo to be evil . Bo eventually recovers and finds Hope in the Dimera Mansion in poor health . Bo discovers that when Hope thought she was Gina , she slept with both John and Stefano and ended up pregnant but it is revealed that Bo is the real father . However , it is also revealed that Gina is still alive , and she and Stefano plot their revenge by changing the test results of the paternity test and switch the babies with Rolf 's niece Marlo , who is having a child that will be adopted and given to Stefano 's daughter Lexie and her husband Abe , who is Stefano 's rival . Hope gives birth to her and Bo 's second child , Zack , in 2000 , but the babies are switched by Stefano , and Hope believes her son is J.T Reiber . The switch is later revealed , and they get Zack back . In 2002 , Larry Welch returns and he and Billie scheme to kidnap and kill Hope . Hope is rescued , and Larry and Billie are caught ; Billie is pardoned and asked to leave Salem but Larry is eventually murdered in January 2003 . In 2003 , Salem is rocked by a rash of apparent serial killings known as the Salem Stalker Murders , in which many close to Hope disappear and are presumed dead . Hope pursues the prime suspect , Patrick Lockhart , tracking him to Melaswen Island , where the two have an affair , and Hope discovers that all the missing victims are being held , alive .", "5": "Bo tracks Hope to the island and they are reunited , but the situation is complicated by the fact that the group that disappeared includes Bo 's old flame Billie . Bo and Bille also learn that their daughter is actually alive , and is Chelsea Brady . On New Year 's Eve 2006 , Bo & Hope 's younger son , Zack , is killed in a hit - and - run accident and the killer is revealed to be Chelsea . Bo learns that Chelsea was driving the car that hit Zack , but he agrees to keep it a secret from everyone , including Hope , so his daughter does n't go to jail . When Hope finds out , she kicks Bo out of the house and asks for a divorce by email . Meddling Chelsea responds to the email , pretending to be Bo , and agrees to the divorce . Hope is devastated and begins a relationship with Patrick . Hope learns she is pregnant , and thinks the father is Patrick , but she learns that Patrick had paid the doctor to change the DNA tests , and that Bo is actually the father . The two again reconcile . In 2008 , Bo and Hope travel to Ireland to meet Colleen Brady after revealing the Brady - DiMera feud , but the group is involved in a plane crash ; Grandpa Shawn Brady is killed , and everyone else is injured . Bo is briefly diagnosed with mystery illness affecting his pancreas , he requires a partial pancreas transplant and makes a full recovery . Bo and Hope 's daughter Ciara Brady is kidnapped in the summer of 2009 , and Hope struggles with her memories of losing their son Zack . She moves out of their house , taking Ciara with her and Bo is devastated . Bo 's old flame Carly Manning comes back to Salem and pursues Bo , driving a new wedge between Bo and Hope . Because of her separation from Bo , and his relationship with Carly , Hope is unable to sleep and takes prescribed medication , but she suffers bizarre side - effects that cause her to assume an alter - ego who mugs men on the street . Hope is caught and sent to jail shortly after this . During her prison time , she uncovers an illegal organ ring , and Bo rescues her from prison . Whilst on the run , the two realize their relationship is far from over , and Bo ends his relationship with Carly . In 2011 , Bo and Hope renew their love for each other .", "6": "On November 11 , 2011 , while searching through Alice 's effects , Hope and her cousin Jennifer Horton find a clock bearing the symbol of a phoenix , meaning Alice 's secrets point to Stefano . During a conversation between Hope and Marlena on December 17 , 2012 , it is revealed that John and Hope 's divorce was finalized . Bo and Hope 's problems move to employment , mainly due to budget cuts at the Salem P.D. , which meant that they are both asked to take a pay cut . Hope happily agrees , but Bo is very reluctant . After reassuring him that she will support his decision , Bo chooses to leave the police force . During this time , Bo 's mother Caroline Brady begins to show symptoms of Alzheimer 's disease . His sister Kayla Brady locates a clinic in California that will accept Caroline as a patient for a trial treatment . Bo leaves town with Caroline , and is reported to have returned to Salem a short while later , but is not seen on screen . Bo leaves Salem to work for the ISA and promises his family he will return , but after many months without hearing from him , Hope begin to doubt Bo is coming back . She meets lawyer Aiden Jennings in January 2014 and , after receiving no word from Bo , heartbrokenly files for divorce . She and Aiden begin a relationship and the two appear to be madly in love . He asks her to marry him and she accepts . They marry in a ceremony coinciding with the town 's bicentennial . On their wedding night , Aiden tries to strangle Hope ; a deal he made with Stefano DiMera to kill Hope and clear Stefano 's son Chad DiMera 's name after Chad is accused of being responsible for multiple murders around town . Bo arrives at the last minute , his absence 's reason being he was being held hostage for information in Mexico and Aiden is killed while the two are struggling when a gun Bo was holding goes off . Hope is surprised , yet happy , to see Bo , but is taken to the hospital to make sure she 's all right and begins to suffer from visions of Aiden trying to kill her whilst asleep .", "7": "Hope is later devastated by the news that Bo is dying from an inoperable brain tumor after he confesses his dismal prognosis that he 'd been keeping from her shortly after he arrived back in Salem . As they reminisce about their long epic romance , Bo passes away in Hope 's arms . Shortly before Bo died , he made a special request . He asked Rafe Hernandez ( Hope 's longtime work partner ) to always take care of Hope . Rafe reluctantly agreed . After Bo 's passing , Rafe kept his word and watched Hope from a distance ; remaining her best friend and her work partner . When Hope believed that Stefano had a hand in Bo 's death , she confronted him which resulted in her shooting and killing him , in the Dimera living room . Hope and Rafe covered up the crime and buried Stefano . Shortly after , Rafe and Hope began to develop feelings for one another . But those feelings were pushed to the back burner when Chase raped Ciara . Hope was devastated as was Ciara . Hope tried her best to be there for her daughter . Unable to suppress their feelings any further , Rafe and Hope gave in and started dating . The relationship grew rocky soon after when Aiden turned up , having been replaced by a Dimera doppelgänger before the wedding . Aiden lied and told Hope he had been replaced right after he proposed to her . In reality , Aiden had agreed to kill Hope ( only because Andre had threatened to kill Aiden 's son Chase if Aiden did n't kill Hope ) . However Aiden decided at the last moment he could n't do it . He want a killer and he loved Hope too much . Andre had had his men kidnap Aiden when Aiden had tried to leave , and held him prisoner while the doppelgänger went in and tried to kill Hope . It was the doppelgänger - not Aiden - whom Bo ended up killing , and who had really tried to kill Hope . Hope struggled with her feelings and eventually , Rafe and Hope decided to part ways . When it came out that Aiden had originally agreed to kill Hope on their wedding night , and had been switched out after they got married and not after he proposed to her like he had said , Hope dumped Aiden . Hope and Rafe reunited immediately after .", "8": "The two declared their love for one another early on . Once again , Aiden came between the two and Hope was blackmailed ( with her taped admission to murdering Stefano ) into breaking it off with Rafe . After going back and forth , the extortion ended after Aiden finally realized what he was doing was wrong , and left town , realizing his life in Salem was over . Upon Aiden 's departure from Salem , Hope believed she was in the clear . But Andre released a copy of Hope 's confession , which resulted in Hope being arrested for the murder of the Dimera Patriarch . Hope was sentenced to life in prison much to the dismay of many Salemites . Hope spent months in jail , before it was discovered that Stefano was actually `` Alive and living in Athens '' . Hope was broken out of prison prior to Rafe revealing the truth . Upon her return to Salem , Hope was exonerated of all charges and released . Returning to her life , Hope has dealt with Ciara 's rebellion , and getting her job back . In July 2017 , Rafe proposed and Hope accepted . See also ( edit ) Bo Brady and Hope Williams Supercouple Horton family Brady family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Kristian Alfonso Celebrates 30 Years on Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kristian Alfonso Bio '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About DAYS : Who 's Who in Salem - Hope Williams Brady - Days of our Lives @ soapcentral.com '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hope Brady Bio '' . NBC.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hope Williams Brady Bio '' . Soaps.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Despite the 2012 retcon of John and Hope 's marriage . Bo and Hope were married in 2000 .", "9": "External links ( edit ) Hope at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Reed Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita", "10": "Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan", "11": "Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston", "12": "Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hope_Williams_Brady&oldid=834203328 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional police officers Fictional models Fictional characters introduced in 1974 Fictional murderers Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional American people of English descent Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 13 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4622532030074150432	what is the title of the person who runs the house of representatives	[ "Speaker of the House", "Speaker of the House", "Speaker of the House", "the Speaker of the House", "the Speaker of the House" ]	{ "0": "United States House of Representatives - Wikipedia United States House of Representatives Jump to : navigation , search For the current United States Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For state - level Houses of Representatives in the United States , see List of United States state legislatures . United States House of Representatives 115th United States Congress Seal of the House Flag of the U.S. House of Representatives Type Type Lower house of the United States Congress Term limits None History New session started January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) Leadership Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Majority Whip Steve Scalise ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Whip Steny Hoyer ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Structure Seats 435 voting members 6 non-voting members 218 needed for control Political groups Majority ( 239 ) Republican ( 239 ) Minority ( 193 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 3 ) Vacant ( 3 ) Length of term Two years Elections Voting system First - past - the - post in most states ; nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in 3 states Last election November 8 , 2016 Next election November 6 , 2018 Redistricting State legislatures or redistricting commissions , varies by state Meeting place House of Representatives chamber United States Capitol Washington , D.C.", "1": ", United States Website www.house.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper chamber . Together they compose the legislature of the United States . The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of Representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all Representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty - three representatives . Seven states have the smallest delegation possible , a single representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming .", "2": "The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the President for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers which include the power to initiate all bills related to revenue , the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial in the Senate , and in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for President , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party . He or she and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has more voting members . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Membership , qualifications and apportionment 2.1 Apportionments 2.2 Redistricting 2.3 Qualifications 2.4 Elections 2.5 Non-voting delegates 2.6 Terms 3 Comparison to the Senate 4 Salary and benefits 4.1 Salaries 4.2 Titles 4.3 Pension 4.4 Tax deductions 4.5 Health benefits 4.6 Personnel , mail and office expenses 4.7 Travel allowance 5 Officers 5.1 Member officials 5.1. 1 Leadership and partisanship 5.2 Non-member officials 6 Procedure 6.1 Daily procedures 6.2 Passage of legislation 7 Committees 8 Legislative functions 9 Checks and balances 10 Latest election results and current party standings 10.1 Current standing 10.2 End of previous Congress 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Surveys 12.2 Notes 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States House of Representatives Under the Articles of Confederation , the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body in which each state was equally represented , and in which each state had a veto over most action .", "3": "After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles , numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787 , which received the Confederation Congress 's sanction to `` amend the Articles of Confederation '' . All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates . Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency The issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention . Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress : the lower house would be `` of the people '' , elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and a more deliberative upper house that would represent the individual states , and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment , would be elected by the lower house . The House is referred to as the lower house , with the Senate being the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology . Both houses ' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population . The smaller states , however , favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states . Eventually , the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise , under which one house of Congress ( the House of Representatives ) would provide representation proportional to each state 's population , whereas the other ( the Senate ) would provide equal representation amongst the states . The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states ( nine out of the 13 ) in 1788 , but its implementation was set for March 4 , 1789 . The House began work on April 1 , 1789 , when it achieved a quorum for the first time . During the first half of the 19th century , the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues , including slavery . The North was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives . However , the North held no such advantage in the Senate , where the equal representation of states prevailed . Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery .", "4": "One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican -- American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union . The war culminated in the South 's defeat and in the abolition of slavery . All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war , and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war . The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union 's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery . The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877 ; the ensuing era , known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate . The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times . Republican Speaker of the House , Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1895 -- 1899 ) The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the Speaker of the House . The rise of the Speaker 's influence began in the 1890s , during the tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was nicknamed , attempted to put into effect his view that `` The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch . '' The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period , with the positions of Majority Leader and Minority Leader being created in 1899 . While the Minority Leader was the head of the minority party , the Majority Leader remained subordinate to the Speaker . The Speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon , from 1903 to 1911 . The powers of the Speaker included chairmanship of the influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees . These powers , however , were curtailed in the `` Revolution of 1910 '' because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon 's arguably heavy - handed tactics .", "5": "The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) , often winning over two - thirds of the seats . Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade . The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995 . In the mid-1970s , there were major reforms of the House , strengthening the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowing party leaders to nominate committee chairs . These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system , and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor . There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party ; the power of party leaders ( especially the Speaker ) grew considerably . The Republicans took control of the House in 1995 , under the leadership of Speaker Newt Gingrich . Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program , the Contract with America , on which the House Republicans had been elected , and made major reforms of the House , notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two - year terms . Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress , were vetoed by President Bill Clinton , or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton . The Republicans held on to the House until 2006 , when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi was subsequently elected by the House as the first female Speaker . The Republicans retook the House in 2011 , with the largest shift of power since the 1930s .", "6": "Membership , qualifications and apportionment ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Apportionments ( edit ) Main article : United States congressional apportionment Under Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution , seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population , as determined by the census conducted every ten years . Each state is entitled to at least one Representative , however small its population . The only constitutional rule relating to the size of the House states : `` The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative . '' Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911 . In 1959 , upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii , the number was temporarily increased to 437 ( seating one Representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment ) , and returned to 435 four years later , after the reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census . The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories . The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate . Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner , but other than having a four - year term , the Resident Commissioner 's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories .", "7": "The five Delegates and Resident Commissioner may participate in debates ; prior to 2011 , they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive . Redistricting ( edit ) Main article : Redistricting States that are entitled to more than one Representative are divided into single - member districts . This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967 . Prior to that law , general ticket representation was used by some states . States typically redraw district boundaries after each census , though they may do so at other times , such as the 2003 Texas redistricting . Each state determines its own district boundaries , either through legislation or through non-partisan panels . `` Malapportionment '' is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population ( see Wesberry v. Sanders ) . Additionally , Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to , or have the effect of , discriminating against racial or language minority voters . Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities , federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering for the benefit of political parties or incumbents . In a 1984 case , Davis v. Bandemer , the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down on the basis of the Equal Protection Clause , but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered . However , the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in Vieth v. Jubelirer , and Court precedent currently holds gerrymandering to be a political question . According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by the American Political Science Association , about 40 seats , less than 10 % of the House membership , are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process , given partisan gerrymandering . Qualifications ( edit ) Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives . Each representative must : ( 1 ) be at least twenty - five years old ; ( 2 ) have been a citizen of the United States for the past seven years ; and ( 3 ) be ( at the time of the election ) an inhabitant of the state they represent .", "8": "Members are not required to live in the district they represent , but they traditionally do . The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators . The constitutional requirements of Article I , Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate . Therefore , Article I , Section 5 , which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications . Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications . Disqualification : under the Fourteenth Amendment , a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution , but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States , is disqualified from becoming a representative . This post -- Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving . However , disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two - thirds of both houses of Congress . Elections ( edit ) All 435 voting seats of the current House shown grouped by state , largest to smallest Population per U.S. Representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C. , ranked by population . Since D.C. ( ranked 50th ) receives no voting seats in the House , its bar is absent . Elections for representatives are held in every even - numbered year , on Election Day the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November . By law , Representatives must be elected from single - member districts . After a census is taken ( in a year ending in 0 ) , the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census ( with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following Jan. 3 ) . In most states , major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections , typically held in spring to late summer . In some states , the Republican and Democratic parties choose their respective candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer , which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions . Exceptions can result in so - called floor fight -- convention votes by delegates , with outcomes that can be hard to predict . Especially if a convention is closely divided , a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election .", "9": "The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and there are no federal regulations regarding ballot access . As a result , the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state , and in the case of a third party may be affected by results of previous years ' elections . In 1967 , the United States Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act , which requires almost all representatives be elected from single - member - districts , Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision , Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose at - large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population , and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities . Several states have used multi-member districts in the past , although only two states ( Hawaii and Maine ) used multi-member districts in 1967 . Hawaii and Maine were made exempt from the Uniform Congressional District Act , and are free to use multi-member districts , although neither state chooses to do so . Louisiana is unique in that it holds an all - party `` primary election '' on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers ( regardless of party ) if no candidate received a majority in the primary . The states of Washington and California now use a similar ( though not identical ) system to that used by Louisiana . Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections , unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline . The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day , or as soon as the results are certified . Non-voting delegates ( edit ) Additionally , Washington D.C. and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a non-voting delegate . With the exception of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , each representative and delegate serves for a two - year term . They have a voice on the floor , but can not vote there . Terms ( edit ) Representatives and Delegates serve for two - year terms , while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years . The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two - thirds vote .", "10": "In the history of the United States , only five members have been expelled from the House ; in 1861 , three were removed for supporting the Confederate states ' secession : John Bullock Clark ( D - MO ) , John William Reid ( D - MO ) and Henry Cornelius Burnett ( D - KY ) . Michael Myers ( D - PA ) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980 , and James Traficant ( D - OH ) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption . The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members ; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority , and does not remove that member from office . Comparison to the Senate ( edit ) As a check on the regional , popular , and rapidly changing politics of the House , the Senate has several distinct powers . For example , the `` advice and consent '' powers ( such as the power to approve treaties ) are a sole Senate privilege . The House , however , has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue , to impeach officials , and to choose the President in the event that a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes . The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented : the Senate has longer terms of six years , fewer members ( currently one hundred , two for each state ) , and ( in all but seven delegations ) larger constituencies per member . The Senate is informally referred to as the `` upper '' house , and the House of Representatives as the `` lower '' house . Salary and benefits ( edit ) Salaries ( edit ) As of December 2014 , the annual salary of each Representative is $ 174,000 . The Speaker of the House and the Majority and Minority Leaders earn more : $223,500 for the Speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders ( the same as Senate leaders ) . A cost - of - living - adjustment ( COLA ) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes to not accept it . Congress sets members ' salaries ; however , the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary ( but not COLA ) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House . Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years .", "11": "Outside pay is limited to 15 % of congressional pay , and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited . Titles ( edit ) Representatives use the prefix `` The Honorable '' before their names . A member of the House is referred to as a representative , congressman , or congresswoman . While senators are members of Congress , the terms congressman and congresswoman are not generally used by them . Pension ( edit ) All members of Congress are automatically ( without the option of withdrawal ) enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System , a pension system also used for federal civil servants . They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service ( two and one - half terms in the House ) . The FERS is composed of three elements : Social Security The FERS basic annuity , a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay The Thrift Savings Plan , a 401 ( k ) - like defined contribution plan for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $18,000 in 2017 . Their employing agency matches employee contributions up to 5 % of pay . Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service , at age 50 after twenty years of service , and at any age after twenty - five years of service . They may retire with reduced benefits at ages 55 to 59 after five years of service . Depending on birth year , they may receive a reduced pension after ten years of service if they are between 55 years and 57 years of age . Tax deductions ( edit ) Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state . Health benefits ( edit ) Prior to 2014 , members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants ; they could voluntarily enroll in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ( FEHBP ) , an employer - sponsored health insurance program , and were eligible to participate in other programs , such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program ( FSAFEDS ) .", "12": "However , Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a health care exchange . The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) . Under the rule , effective January 1 , 2014 , members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees . However , if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program ( SHOP ) exchange , they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage , and members and designated staff who are eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement . The ACA and the final rule do not affect members ' or staffers ' eligibility for Medicare benefits . The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members ' and staffers ' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment , so current members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS ( which has three options within the program ) , the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program , and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program . There is an Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol , which current members may seek health care from for an annual fee . The attending physician provides routine exams , consultations , and certain diagnostics , and may write prescriptions ( although it does not dispense them ) . The office does not provide vision or dental care . Current members ( but not their dependents , and not former members ) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities . There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region , but members are billed at full reimbursement rates ( set by the Department of Defense ) for inpatient care . ( Outside the National Capital Region , charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care ) . Personnel , mail and Office expenses ( edit ) House members are eligible for a Member 's Representational Allowance ( MRA ) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district .", "13": "The MRA is calculated based on three components : one for personnel , one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail . The personnel allowance is the same for all members ; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members ' district 's distance from Washington , D.C. , the cost of office space in the member 's district , and the number of non-business addresses in their district . These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense -- even though each component is calculated individually , the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses . In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4 million per member , and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67 million . The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010 . Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees . Members ' employees ' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009 . Travel allowance ( edit ) Each member - elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington , D.C. for organization caucuses . Officers ( edit ) Member officials ( edit ) The party with a majority of seats in the House is known as the majority party . The next - largest party is the minority party . The Speaker , committee chairs , and some other officials are generally from the majority party ; they have counterparts ( for instance , the `` ranking members '' of committees ) in the minority party . Then House Speaker Nancy Pelosi , Then Majority Leader Steny Hoyer , and Then Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009 . The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own Speaker . Although not explicitly required by the Constitution , every Speaker has been a member of the House . The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the Speaker , which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House . Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party ( which need not be the majority party ; theoretically , a member of the minority party could be elected as Speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party ) .", "14": "Under the Presidential Succession Act ( 1947 ) , the Speaker is second in the line of presidential succession behind the Vice President . The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate . Instead , s / he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases . The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber . The powers of the presiding officer are extensive ; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak . No member may make a speech or a motion unless s / he has first been recognized by the presiding officer . Moreover , the presiding officer may rule on a `` point of order '' ( a member 's objection that a rule has been breached ) ; the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House . Speakers serve as chairs of their party 's steering committee , which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees . The Speaker chooses the chairmen of standing committees , appoints most of the members of the Rules Committee , appoints all members of conference committees , and determines which committees consider bills . Each party elects a floor leader , who is known as the Majority Leader or Minority Leader . The Minority Leader heads their party in the House , and the Majority Leader is their party 's second - highest - ranking official , behind the Speaker . Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose . Each party also elects a Whip , who works to ensure that the party 's members vote as the party leadership desires . The current majority whip in the House of Representatives is Steve Scalise , who is a member of the Republican Party . The current minority whip is Steny Hoyer , who is a member of the Democratic Party . The whip is supported by chief deputy whips . In the 112th Congress , the Democratic Party has an additional Assistant Minority Leader , Jim Clyburn , who ranks between the whips and the caucus / conference chair . After the whips , the next ranking official in the House party 's leadership is the Party Conference Chair ( styled as the Republican Conference Chair and Democratic Caucus Chair ) . After the Conference Chair , there are differences between each party 's subsequent leadership ranks .", "15": "After the Democratic Caucus Chair is the Campaign Committee Chair ( Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ) , then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee . For the Republicans it is the Chair of the House Republican Policy Committee , followed by the Campaign Committee Chairman ( styled as the National Republican Congressional Committee ) . The chairs of House committees , particularly influential standing committees such as Appropriations , Ways and Means , and Rules , are powerful but not officially part of House leadership hierarchy . Until the post of Majority Leader was created , the Chair of Ways and Means was the de facto majority leader . Leadership and partisanship ( edit ) When the Presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House , the Speaker can become the de facto `` leader of the opposition '' . Some notable examples include Tip O'Neill in the 1980s , Newt Gingrich in the 1990s , and John Boehner and Paul Ryan in the 2010s . Since the Speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House , the position is often used for partisan advantage . In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . Non-member officials ( edit ) The House is also served by several officials who are not members . The House 's chief such officer is the Clerk , who maintains public records , prepares documents , and oversees junior officials , including pages , until the junior position 's discontinuation in 2011 . The Clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a Speaker . Another officer is the Chief Administrative Officer , responsible for the day - to - day administrative support to the House of Representatives . This includes everything from payroll to foodservice . The position of Chief Administrative Officer ( CAO ) was created by the 104th Congress following the 1994 mid-term elections , replacing the positions of Doorkeeper and Director of Non-Legislative and Financial Services ( created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House ) .", "16": "The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services , which previously had been controlled directly by the Committee on House Administration , then headed by Representative Charlie Rose of North Carolina , along with the House `` Folding Room '' . The Chaplain leads the House in prayer at the opening of the day . There is also a Sergeant at Arms , who as the House 's chief law enforcement officer maintains order and security on House premises . Finally , routine police work is handled by the United States Capitol Police , which is supervised by the Capitol Police Board , a body to which the Sergeant at Arms belongs , and chairs in even - numbered years . Procedure ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States House of Representatives Daily procedures ( edit ) Like the Senate , the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a rostrum from which the Speaker , Speaker Pro Tempore , or ( when in the Committee of the Whole ) the Chair presides . The lower tier of the rostrum is used by clerks and other officials . Members ' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle . By tradition , Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle , while Republicans sit on the right , facing the presiding officer 's chair . Sittings are normally held on weekdays ; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare . Sittings of the House are generally open to the public ; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office . Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on C - SPAN since March 19 , 1979 , and on HouseLive , the official streaming service operated by the Clerk , since the early 2010s . The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules , but also on a variety of customs , precedents , and traditions . In many cases , the House waives some of its stricter rules ( including time limits on debates ) by unanimous consent . A member may block a unanimous consent agreement ; in practice , objections are rare . The presiding officer , the Speaker of the House enforces the rules of the House , and may warn members who deviate from them . The Speaker uses a gavel to maintain order .", "17": "The box in which legislation is placed to be considered by the House is called the hopper . In one of its first resolutions , the U.S. House of Representatives established the Office of the Sergeant at Arms . In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first Speaker of the House , Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania , the Mace of the United States House of Representatives is used to open all sessions of the House . It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all Presidents of the United States . For daily sessions of the House , the sergeant at Arms carries the mace in front of the Speaker in procession to the rostrum . It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the Speaker 's right . When the House is in committee , the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms . The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a quorum to do business . Under the rules and customs of the House , a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise . House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on . The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate , or when a question is not before the House . During debates , a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer . The presiding officer decides which members to recognize , and can therefore control the course of debate . All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr. Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker '' . Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches ; other members must be referred to in the third person . In most cases , members do not refer to each other only by name , but also by state , using forms such as `` the gentleman from Virginia '' , `` the distinguished gentlewoman from California '' , or `` my distinguished friend from Alabama '' . There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables , two on each side . These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the respective party leadership . Members address the House from microphones at any table or `` the well , '' the area immediately in front of the rostrum .", "18": "Passage of legislation ( edit ) Per the constitution , the House determines the rules according to which it passes legislation . The rules are in principle open to change with each new Congress , but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection . Before legislation reaches the floor of the House , the Rules Committee normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure ( which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective ) . For instance , the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted . An `` open rule '' permits all germane amendments , but a `` closed rule '' restricts or even prohibits amendment . Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour , equally divided between the majority and minority parties . Each side is led during the debate by a `` floor manager '' , who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak . On contentious matters , many members may wish to speak ; thus , a member may receive as little as one minute , or even thirty seconds , to make his / her point . When debate concludes , the motion in question is put to a vote . In many cases , the House votes by voice vote ; the presiding officer puts the question , and members respond either `` yea '' or `` aye '' ( in favor of the motion ) or `` nay '' or `` no '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote . A member may however challenge the presiding officer 's assessment and `` request the yeas and nays '' or `` request a recorded vote '' . The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one - fifth of the members present . In practice , however , members of congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy . Some votes are always recorded , such as those on the annual budget . A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways . One is electronically . Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber . Votes are usually held in this way . A second mode of recorded vote is by teller . Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes : green for `` yea '' , red for `` nay '' , and orange for `` present '' ( i.e.", "19": ", to abstain ) . Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down . Finally , the House may conduct a roll call vote . The Clerk reads the list of members of the House , each of whom announces their vote when their name is called . This procedure is only used rarely ( such as for the election of a Speaker ) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names . Voting traditionally lasts for , at most , fifteen minutes , but it may be extended if the leadership needs to `` whip '' more members into alignment . The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours , from 3 : 00 to 6 : 00 a.m. , to receive four additional votes , three of which were necessary to pass the legislation . The 2005 vote on the Central American Free Trade Agreement was open for one hour , from 11 : 00 p.m. to midnight . An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes . Presiding officers may vote like other members . They may not , however , vote twice in the event of a tie ; rather , a tie vote defeats the motion . Committees ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional committee and List of current United States House of Representatives committees The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes , including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch . The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House , but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties . Generally , each party honors the preferences of individual members , giving priority on the basis of seniority . Historically , membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party 's strength in the House as a whole , with two exceptions : on the Rules Committee , the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats ; and on the Ethics Committee , each party has an equal number of seats . However , when party control in the House is closely divided , extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party .", "20": "In the 109th Congress , for example , the Republicans controlled about 53 % of the House as a whole , but had 54 % of the Appropriations Committee members , 55 % of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee , 58 % of the members on the Judiciary Committee , and 69 % of the members on the Rules Committee . The largest committee of the House is the Committee of the Whole , which , as its name suggests , consists of all members of the House . The Committee meets in the House chamber ; it may consider and amend bills , but may not grant them final passage . Generally , the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself . One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of Congress . Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees , each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues , such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs . Each standing committee considers , amends , and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction . Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills ; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House . Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch . In discharging their duties , standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence . The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee , the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , and from time to time may establish committees that are temporary and advisory in nature , such as the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming . This latter committee , created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th , has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress . The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees , which include members of the Senate and House . Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies ; for instance , the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress . Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports ; for example , there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation . Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees . Hence , the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees . Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman ( always a member of the majority party ) .", "21": "From 1910 to the 1970s , committee chairs were powerful . Woodrow Wilson in his classic study , suggested : Power is nowhere concentrated ; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs . It is divided up , as it were , into forty - seven seigniories , in each of which a Standing Committee is the court - baron and its chairman lord - proprietor . These petty barons , some of them not a little powerful , but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule , may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires , and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself . From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority ; congressmembers sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one , but their chairship was independent of party leadership . The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party caucuses to elect chairs , shifting power upward to the party leaders . In 1995 , Republicans under Newt Gingrich set a limit of three two - year terms for committee chairs . The chair 's powers are extensive ; they control the committee / subcommittee agenda , and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill . The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member . In some committees like Appropriations , partisan disputes are few . Legislative functions ( edit ) Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives '' . As a result of the Origination Clause , the Senate can not initiate bills imposing taxes . This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament , in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures . Furthermore , congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates appropriation bills . Although it can not originate revenue bills , the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them . Woodrow Wilson wrote the following about appropriations bills : ( T ) he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills , and the Senate 's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope .", "22": "The upper house may add to them what it pleases ; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation , altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure , and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character . The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law . Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill ; if there are differences , they may be resolved by a conference committee , which includes members of both bodies . For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate , see Act of Congress . The President may veto a bill passed by the House and Senate . If he does , the bill does not become law unless each House , by a two - thirds vote , votes to override the veto . Checks and balances ( edit ) The Constitution provides that the Senate 's `` advice and consent '' is necessary for the President to make appointments and to ratify treaties . Thus , with its potential to frustrate Presidential appointments , the Senate is more powerful than the House . The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments . The House may approve `` articles of impeachment '' by a simple majority vote ; however , a two - thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate . A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States . No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings ; however , the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . ( Another , Richard Nixon , resigned after the House Judiciary Committee passed articles of impeachment but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House . ) Only two Presidents of the United States have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . Under the Twelfth Amendment , the House has the power to elect the President if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College .", "23": "The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . The Constitution provides that `` the votes shall be taken by states , the representation from each state having one vote . '' It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes . In the history of the United States , the House has only had to choose a President twice . In 1800 , which was before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment , it elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr . In 1824 , it elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford . If no presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes , the Senate elects the Vice President from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . Latest election results and current party standings ( edit ) See also : United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 and 115th United States Congress Current standing ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 239 32 Democratic Party 193 12 Independent 0 0 Vacant 0 Total 435 6 End of previous Congress ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 246 0 Democratic Party 187 5 Independent 0 0 Vacant 0 Total 435 6 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal House Trade Working Group United States Presidents and control of Congress U.S. representative bibliography ( congressional memoirs ) Third - party members of the United States House of Representatives Women in the United States House of Representatives At - large References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : See Public Law 62 - 5 of 1911 , though Congress has the authority to change that number . The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435 . Jump up ^ United States House of Representatives , Ballotpedia . Accessed November 23 , 2016 . `` There are seven states with only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont and Wyoming . ''", "24": "Jump up ^ Section 7 of Article 1 of the Constitution Jump up ^ Article 1 , Section 2 , and in the 12th Amendment Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delegates of the Continental Congress Who Signed the United States Constitution '' , United States House of Representatives . Accessed February 19 , 2017 . `` While some believed the Articles should be ' corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution , ' the Virginia Plan called for completely replacing it with a strong central government based on popular consent and proportional representation ... The Virginia Plan received support from states with large populations such as Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , and South Carolina . A number of smaller states , however , proposed the ' New Jersey Plan , ' drafted by William Paterson , which retained the essential features of the original Articles : a unicameral legislature where all states had equal representation , the appointment of a plural executive , and a supreme court of limited jurisdiction ... The committee 's report , dubbed the Great Compromise , ironed out many contentious points . It resolved the delegates ' sharpest disagreement by prescribing a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal state representation in the Senate . After two more months of intense debates and revisions , the delegates produced the document we now know as the Constitution , which expanded the power of the central government while protecting the prerogatives of the states . '' Jump up ^ Neuman , Scott ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Obama , GOP Grapple With power shift '' . NPR . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Article I , Section 2 . Jump up ^ `` New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes '' . NPR . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See H. Res. 78 , passed January 24 , 2007 .", "25": "On April 19 , 2007 , the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007 , a bill `` to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives , and for other purposes '' by a vote of 241 -- 177 . That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two , making 437 members , by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member , and ( until the 2010 census ) grant one membership to Utah , which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the 2000 Census . The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c `` no district to elect more than one Representative '' Jump up ^ `` Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act '' . Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ . US Dept. of Justice . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bazelon , Emily ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court may gut the Voting Rights Act and make gerrymandering much worse '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Eaton , Whitney M. ( May 2006 ) . `` Where Do We Draw the Line ? Partisan Gerrymandering and the State of Texas '' . University of Richmond Law Review . Jump up ^ Burt Neuborne Madison 's Music : On Reading the First Amendment , The New Press 2015 Jump up ^ David Cole , ' Free Speech , Big Money , Bad Elections , ' in New York Review of Books , November 5 , 2015 pp. 24 - 25 p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifications of Members of Congress '' . Onecle Inc . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Powell v. McCormack , a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1969 Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ^ Jump up to : Schaller , Thomas ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Multi-Member Districts : Just a Thing of the Past ? '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics .", "26": "Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1967 Single - Member District Mandate '' . fairvote.org . Jump up ^ `` Expulsion , Censure , Reprimand , and Fine : Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate Legislative Process , U.S. Senate . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Legislative Branch Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The White House . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salaries and Benefits of U.S. Congress Members '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schaffer v. Clinton Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress '' . CRS Report for Congress . United States Senate . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Annie L. Mach & Ada S. Cornell , Health Benefits for Members of Congress and Certain Congressional Staff , Congressional Research Service , February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . Members ' Representational Allowance : History and Usage ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida .", "27": "`` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Article I , Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Rostrum '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Explore Capitol Hill : House Chamber '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2006 ) . The Congress of the United States : A Student Companion ( 3 ed . ) . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 9780195309249 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Lowenthal , Alan . `` Congress U '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` What 's in the House Chamber '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Access to Congress '' . Digital Media Law Project . Berkman Center for Internet and Society . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` U.S. House of Representatives '' . The District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Susan ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Not everyone is a fan of C - SPAN cameras in Congress '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Training : Roadblocks at the Final Legislative Stages '' . House of Representatives . Republican Committee on Rules . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Larchuk , Travis ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Passing One Of Many , Many Gavels '' . NPR . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Hopper '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 .", "28": "`` Legislative FAQ : 7 . How do Representatives introduce bills ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedini , Silvio ( 1997 ) . The Mace and the Gavel : Symbols of Government in America , Volume 87 , Part 4 . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . pp. 23 -- 26 . ISBN 0871698749 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CRS Annotated Constitution '' . Cornell University Law School . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 43 : Quorums . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 733 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Legislative FAQ : 6 . How do Representatives obtain permission to speak ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives The House Floor '' . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The House Explained '' . House.gov . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sessions , Pete . `` About the Committee on Rules -- History and Processes '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Committee on Rules . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 58 . Voting . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . `` The Legislative Process : House Floor '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michelle ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Under the Influence '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 .", "29": "Jump up ^ Henry , Ed ; Barrett , Ted ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` House narrowly approves CAFTA '' . CNN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refinery Bill Passes Amid Partisan Split '' . FOX News . Associated Press . October 8 , 2005 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sidlow , Edward ; Henschen , Beth ( 2009 ) . America at Odds , Alternate Edition ( 6 ed . ) . Belmont , California : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 246 . ISBN 0495503703 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://rules.house.gov/110/comm_history.html Archived July 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rules -- Committee on Standards of Official Conduct '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics ( 1885 , Boston : Houghton , Mifflin ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics , pp. 155 -- 156 ( Transaction Publishers 2002 ) ( quotation marks omitted ) . Jump up ^ The one independent delegate , Gregorio Sablan , caucused with the Democrats Surveys ( edit ) Currie , James T . The United States House of Representatives . Krieger , 1988 . MacNeil , Neil ( 1963 ) . Forge of Democracy : The House of Representatives . New York : D. McKay . Peters , Ronald M. , Jr ( 1997 ) . The American Speakership : The Office in Historical Perspective ( 2nd ed . ) . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5758 - 9 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) . How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Poole , Keith T. ; Howard Rosenthal ( 1997 ) .", "30": "Congress : A Political - Economic History of Roll Call Voting . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514242 - X . Remini , Robert V. ( 2006 ) . The House : The History of the House of Representatives . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 088434 - 7 . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1983 ) . Majority Leadership in the U.S. House . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2933 - X . Julian E. Zelizer , ed. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Notes ( edit ) Abramowitz , Alan I. ; Saunders , Kyle L. ( 1998 ) . Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate. 60 . Journal of Politics . pp. 634 -- 652 . Adler , E. Scott ( 2002 ) . Why Congressional Reforms Fail : Reelection and the House Committee System ... Univ. of Chicago Press . Albert , Carl ; Goble , Danney ( 1990 ) . Little Giant : The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . , Speaker in the 1970s Barone , Michael ; Ujifusa , Grant ( 2005 ) . The Almanac of American Politics 2006 : The Senators , the Representatives and the Governors : Their Records and Election Results , Their States and Districts . , Published every two years since 1975 ; enormous detail on every state and district and member . Barry , John M. ( 1989 ) . The Ambition and the Power : The Fall of Jim Wright . A True Story of Washington . Viking . , Speaker in the 1980s Berard , Stanley P. ( 2001 ) . Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) .", "31": "In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 -- 2005 . Washington : Government Printing Office . 2005 . , Prepared by the Office of the Clerk , Office of History and Preservation , United States House of Representatives . Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress . Also online at Biographical Directory . Brady , David W. ( 1973 ) . Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era : A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives . Univ . Press of Kansas . Brady , David W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 2002 ) . Party , Process , and Political Change in Congress : New Perspectives on the History of Congress . Congressional Quarterly , massive , highly detailed summary of Congressional activity , and major executive and judicial decisions ; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac . Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1945 -- 1964 ( 1965 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1965 -- 1968 ( 1969 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1969 -- 1972 ( 1973 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1973 -- 1976 ( 1977 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1977 -- 1980 ( 1981 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1981 -- 1984 ( 1985 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1985 -- 1988 ( 1989 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1989 -- 1992 ( 1993 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1993 -- 1996 ( 1998 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1997 -- 2001 ( 2002 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 2001 -- 2004 : A Review of Government and Politics : 107th and 108th Congresses ( 2005 ) Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C.", "32": ": Congressional Quarterly Press . 2000 . , Cooper , Joseph ( 1970 ) . The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House . Rice Univ . Press . Cox , Gary W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1993 ) . Legislative Leviathan : Party Government in the House . Univ. of California Press . DeGregorio , Christine A. ( 1997 ) . Networks of Champions : Leadership , Access , and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Michigan Press . Dierenfield , Bruce J. ( 1987 ) . Keeper of the Rules : Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia . Univ . Press of Virginia . , leader of Conservative coalition 1940 -- 66 Farrell , John A. ( 2001 ) . Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century . Little , Brown . , Democratic Speaker in the 1980s Gertzog , Irwin J. ( 1984 ) . Congressional Women : Their Recruitment , Treatment , and Behavior . Praeger . Hardeman , D.B. ; Bacon , Donald C. ( 1987 ) . Rayburn : A Biography . Texas Monthly Press . Hatzenbuehler , Ronald L. ( 1972 ) . `` Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives in 1812 '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 29 : 367 -- 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 1923870 . Hechler , Ken ( 1980 ) . Toward the Endless Frontier : History of the Committee on Science and Technology , 1959 -- 79 . Washington : Government Printing Office . Henig , Gerald S. ( 1973 ) . Henry Winter Davis : Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland . , Radical leader in Civil War era Hibbing , John R. ( 1991 ) . Congressional Careers : Contours of Life in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Jacobs , John ( 1995 ) .", "33": "A Rage for Justice : The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton . Univ. of California Press . , leader of liberal Democrats in the 1970s Jacobson , Gary C. ( 1990 ) . The Electoral Origins of Divided Government : Competition in U.S. House Elections , 1946 -- 1988 . Westview . Kiewiet , D. Roderick ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1991 ) . The Logic of Delegation : Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process . Univ. of Chicago Press . Klingman , Peter D. ( 1976 ) . Josiah Walls : Florida 's Black Congressman of Reconstruction . Univ . Press of Florida . Grant de Pauw , Linda ; Bickford , Charlene Bangs ; Bowling , Kenneth R. , eds. ( 1992 -- 2006 ) . Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America , March 4 , 1789 -- March 3 , 1791 . , 14 volumes of primary documents Lowitt , Richard ( 1963 ) . George W. Norris : The Making of a Progressive , 1861 -- 1912 . 1 . Syracuse Univ . Press . , leader of Republican insurgents in 1910 Margulies , Herbert F. ( 1996 ) . Reconciliation and Revival : James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era ... Greenwood . Merriner , James L. ( 1999 ) . Mr. Chairman : Power in Dan Rostenkowski 's America . Southern Illinois Univ . Press . Patterson , James ( 1967 ) . Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal : The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress , 1933 -- 39 . Price , David E. ( 1992 ) . The Congressional Experience : A View from the Hill . Westview . , Political scientist who served in House . Remini , Robert V. ( 1992 ) . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ... Speaker for most of 1811 -- 1825 Rohde , David W. ( 1991 ) .", "34": "Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House . Univ. of Chicago Press . Rohde , David W. ; Shepsle , Kenneth A. ( 1987 ) . `` Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives : Reflections on Woodrow Wilson 's Congressional Government '' . Congress & the Presidency. 14 . Schickler , Eric ( 2001 ) . Disjointed Pluralism : Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress . Schooley , C. Herschel ( 1977 ) . Missouri 's Cannon in the House . Marceline , Missouri : Walsworth . , Chaired Appropriations in the 1960s Shelley II , Mack C. ( 1983 ) . The Permanent Majority : The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1982 ) . Congressional Realignment , 1925 -- 1978 . Univ. of Texas Press . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1995 ) . Legislators , Leaders , and Lawmaking : The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era . Johns Hopkins Univ . Press . Steinberg , Alfred ( 1975 ) . Sam Rayburn : A Biography . Hawthorn . , popular biography Stewart , Charles H. , III ( 1989 ) . Budget Reform Politics : The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives , 1865 -- 1921 . Cambridge Univ . Press . Story , Joseph ( 1891 ) . Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States ( 2 vol . ) . Boston : Brown & Little . Strahan , Randall ; Moscardelli , Vincent G. ( 2000 ) . `` The Clay Speakership Revisited '' . Polity. 32 ( 4 ) : 561 -- 593 . doi : 10.2307 / 3235293 . , uses roll call analysis Strahan , Randall ( 1990 ) . New Ways and Means : Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1997 ) .", "35": "Thaddeus Stevens : Nineteenth - Century Egalitarian . , majority leader in the 1860s VanBeek , Stephen D. ( 1995 ) . Post-Passage Politics : Bicameral Resolution in Congress . Univ. of Pittsburgh Press . Waller , Robert A. ( 1977 ) . Rainey of Illinois : A Political Biography , 1903 -- 34 . Univ. of Illinois Press . , Democratic Speaker 1932 -- 1934 Wilson , Woodrow ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . , Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2006 ) . On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences , 1948 -- 2000 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States House of Representatives '' dated August 4 , 2006 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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2 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 32 '' W / 38.88889 ° N 77.00889 ° W / 38.88889 ; - 77.00889 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_of_Representatives&oldid=819510474 '' Categories : United States House of Representatives National lower houses Hidden categories :", "44": "Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2017 Infobox legislature with background color Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Languages Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart", "45": "Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 19 : 33 . 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275718753854271176	who has been designed as the new finance secretary of india	[ "Hasmukh Adhia", "Hasmukh Adhia", "Hasmukh Adhia", "Hasmukh Adhia" ]	{ "0": "Finance Secretary - wikipedia Finance Secretary Jump to : navigation , search The Finance Secretary is the Permanent Secretary - level civil servant , who plays a leadership role in the bureaucracy of the Finance Ministry , Government of India . Hasmukh Adhia is the present finance secretary of India . Overview ( edit ) Indian Finance Secretary Dinesh Gupta and Zembei Mizoguchi , 2003 The Ministry of Finance is composed of five departments the Department of Economic Affairs , the Department of Revenue , the Department of Expenditure , the Department of Financial Services and Department of Investment and Public Asset Management ( formerly known as Department of Disinvestment ) . Each of the departments is headed by a secretary . Each of the five secretaries directly reports to the finance minister . The `` Finance Secretary '' ( FS ) is a tag given to one of the five secretaries . It only denotes a first among equals . The other four secretaries do not report to the FS ; their files do not flow through him . By default , the FS tends to be the senior most of the five , where seniority is defined by the year of entry into the civil service and not age . Sometimes , none of the five is labelled FS . Most finance secretaries have been members of the Indian Administrative Service or IAS , but some of them have been career economists . The last finance secretary of India was Ashok Lavasa , an IAS officer of the Haryana Cadre . Ashok Lavasa , Montek Singh Ahluwalia , Duvvuri Subba Rao , Bimal Jalan , Manmohan Singh , K.G. Ambegaokar , S Venkitaraman , and Vijay Kelkar are some of the best known finance secretaries . Edmund James Sinkinson BCS LLD born Kendal , UK , 16 July 1849 , was Financial Secretary to the Government of India . He died at Darjeeling 1 Jan 1892 ( see memorial window in Kendal Parish Church ) . One Rs note is signed by Finance Secretary of India One Rs note is signed by Finance Secretary of India and it does not have the word i promise to pay the bearer .", "1": "The Coinage act 2011 which took over Coinage act 1940 says `` necessary provisions for inclusion of Government of India one rupee note within the meaning of ' Coin ' have been consciously incorporated in the Coinage Act , 2011 . Further , the RBI , as per Section 24 ( 1 ) of the RBI Act , 1934 , is not empowered to issue bank note of denomination of value of one rupee '' Further , `` apart from the metal , the coin may be made of any other material , '' Hence according to the act One Rupee Note is a ' coin ' . Also , in accordance with the RBI Act 1934 , RBI can not mint coins . What are the implications of One Rupee note to be classified as a coin . One Rupee Note is an asset , just like other coins . So `` I promise to pay the bearer . '' is not written on the note . You already hold an asset . While RBI Notes are a liability . One Rupee Note and One Rupee coins are legal tenders for unlimited amounts . One rupee defines the unit of the currency ! It is the base of the currency system . A 1000 rupees RBI note says `` I promise to pay the bearer the sum on one thousand rupees '' . Hence RBI notes which are a liability promises to pay you an asset . This asset is defined by `` One rupee '' So , the Government of India has the power to mint / print 1 Rupee coin / note which are an asset and define the unit of currency . RBI notes get the value from the asset known as ' Rupee ' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1 . http://ccis.nic.in/CP_Circular_Report.asp?MinCode=2&DepCode=2&DivCode=0&SecCode=%280%29&CNCode=1&MctCode=11&SctCode=194&ArchCode=2 Jump up ^ `` Hasmukh Adhia is new Finance Secretary '' .", "2": "External links ( edit ) Finance Ministry , Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance_Secretary&oldid=837044900 '' Categories : Government finances in India Indian government officials Ministry of Finance ( India ) Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 11 : 29 . 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-6966959898445658330	who plays the first nfl game of the season	[ "the New England Patriots", "the Kansas City Chiefs", "the most recent Super Bowl champion", "the most recent Super Bowl champion", "the most recent Super Bowl champions", "The defending Super Bowl LI champions, the New England Patriots", "the Kansas City Chiefs" ]	{ "0": "NFL Kickoff game - wikipedia NFL Kickoff game Jump to : navigation , search The NFL Kickoff game logo used for 2016 ; the year is updated annually , with the new NFL Shield logo being used for the first time in 2009 . In 2015 , an alternate black and gold version of the logo was used . The National Football League Kickoff game , along with related festivities , marks the official start of the National Football League ( NFL ) regular season . A single game is held , preceded by a concert and other ceremonies . This first game of the season is usually scheduled for the Thursday following Labor Day and since 2004 , it was hosted by the most recent Super Bowl champions . However , in 2012 , the game was moved to Wednesday to prevent conflicts with the acceptance speech of the Democratic National Convention . The remainder of the league plays their opening weekend games the following Sunday and Monday . The Kickoff Game was introduced in the 2002 season . From 2004 onward , the most recent Super Bowl champion has played in the kickoff game every year , and hosted the game in all but one year ( 2013 being the lone exception , in which the champion played on the road because of a parking conflict ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Selected details 2 Results 3 Standings 4 Pre-game concerts 5 Television ratings 6 References History ( edit ) The logo for the 2002 concert event before the Kickoff game . The Kickoff Game was introduced in the 2002 season , under the leadership of then -- NFL marketing executive John Collins and then -- NFL Senior Vice President of Special Events Jim Steeg . It was conceived as an effort to boost economic recovery in the New York and Washington areas in the wake of 9 / 11 . It was considered a success , increasing NFL sponsorships by $1.9 billion over the next 14 months . ESPN televised the first game . In order to do so , ESPN eliminated its traditional late - October Thursday night game ( held the weekend of Games 1 and 2 of the World Series ) , and replaced it with the opening night kickoff game .", "1": "Because of the success of the first game , the rights to televise both the Kickoff Game and the pregame concert were transferred immediately after the season to ABC as part of their Monday Night Football package . In 2006 , NBC acquired the television rights to the Kickoff Game as part of their Sunday Night Football package . The concept of the NFL champion playing in an opening game was not altogether new , however . From 1934 to 1976 , the first game of the pre-season was the Chicago All - Star Game , an exhibition match featuring the previous season 's NFL champions against an all - rookie team of college all - stars held annually in Soldier Field in Chicago . After the merger of the NFL with the All - America Football Conference in 1949 , the opening game of the 1950 NFL season was a Saturday night showcase game between the NFL champion Philadelphia Eagles and the AAFC champion Cleveland Browns . Billed as the `` World Series of Pro Football '' the game matched the four - time champion Browns against the two - time champion Eagles and with an attendance of 71,000 was one of the largest pro football crowds to that date . With the advent of Monday Night Football in 1970 it became common for the Super Bowl champion to appear in a `` showcase '' game the first weekend of the season . This was the case in 1978 -- 1979 , 1983 , 1987 -- 1988 , 1990 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 2000 , and 2002 -- 2003 . Defending Super Bowl champions are 11 -- 2 in the Kickoff Game . The New York Giants and New England Patriots are the only two defending Super Bowl champions to have lost . The Giants are also the only home team to have lost in the Kickoff Game twice -- once in the very first edition of the contest , when the defending Super Bowl winner was not yet a regular participant , and again in 2012 . Selected details ( edit ) 2003 : The game 's popularity and success saw it move to ABC as part of the Monday Night Football package . In order for the kickoff game to fit into the schedule , ABC dropped the Monday Night Football game held in the last week of the NFL season .", "2": "This game had become increasingly unpopular because it often lacked playoff significance , and because of the ( undesirable ) possibility that a team playing on Monday night in week 17 might have to play a playoff game the following Saturday . In return , ESPN ( which , like ABC , is owned by Disney ) received a week 17 Saturday night game . While defending Super Bowl champions Tampa Bay were not selected for the Thursday night game , they did play a nationally - televised game at Philadelphia four nights later on MNF . Instead , the Washington Redskins defeated the New York Jets 16 -- 13 . 2004 : The tradition began that the kickoff game would be hosted by the defending Super Bowl champions . After the `` wardrobe malfunction '' incident at Super Bowl XXXVIII , the NFL initially canceled future plans for concerts in conjunction with the NFL Kickoff game . Later in the year , however , the decision was reversed , and instead a 10 - second broadcast delay was put in place . 2006 : With the change in television contracts , the Kickoff Game was moved to NBC , who held the rights to Sunday Night Football . The game opposite the first weekend of World Series games was once again removed to compensate . ( The Monday night game at the end of the season , however , was not revived . Instead , after an impromptu experiment in 2005 , a Monday night doubleheader was scheduled for the same weekend as the kickoff game . ) 2008 : The league and NBC agreed to move up the opening kickoff of the kickoff game , to 7 : 00 p.m. , in order for coverage of the Republican National Convention to not compete with the game . That game featured the Redskins and Giants . The game was also be the first to be carried by Internet television in the United States , as were all Sunday Night Football games in the 2008 season . 2010 : The Saints , winners of Super Bowl XLIV , hosted the kickoff game at the Superdome against the Vikings , a rematch of the previous season 's NFC Championship Game . There was consideration of a match - up against the Steelers ( to create a contest between the last two Super Bowl champions ) but it did not come to fruition due to various logistical reasons . 2011 : The Packers hosted the 2011 Kickoff Game after winning Super Bowl XLV .", "3": "They defeated the New Orleans Saints , a match - up of the winners of the two previous Super Bowls , the first time this has occurred . The Saints are only the second team to have played in two consecutive kickoff games , and the first to do so not by winning two consecutive Super Bowls . In the third quarter , the Packers ' Randall Cobb returned a kickoff 108 yards for a touchdown , tying the NFL record for the longest such return . 2012 : Similar to the situation in 2008 , the NFL was faced with the prospect of having to compete with a national political convention , this time the Democratic National Convention . Instead of moving the kickoff to 7 : 00 p.m. like in 2008 , or even opening up the season on a Thursday like in past years , the league instead decided to move the 2012 Kickoff Game one day earlier to Wednesday , September 5 . The New York Giants , winner of Super Bowl XLVI , hosted their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . 2013 : After winning Super Bowl XLVII , the Baltimore Ravens were to have hosted the 2013 Kickoff Game on September 5 . However , this was on the same day as a home game for the Baltimore Orioles , whose stadium , Oriole Park at Camden Yards , shares parking with the Ravens ' M&T Bank Stadium . ( The Orioles could not move their game to the afternoon , because they and their opponent were playing night games in other cities the preceding day . ) The Ravens instead played on the road against the Denver Broncos . The 2013 Kickoff game was a rematch of the previous season 's AFC Divisional Playoff game . During this game , Peyton Manning became one of only six players to have thrown seven touchdowns in a single game . He added to this feat by doing it without throwing an interception , something that has only been done once before by Y.A. Tittle during the 1962 NFL season . The Ravens also had the most points scored against them in franchise history . They also suffered the biggest margin of defeat by a defending Super Bowl champion on opening day in NFL history . 2015 : The New England Patriots , after winning Super Bowl XLIX , hosted the 2015 Kickoff Game on September 10 at Gillette Stadium , with the Pittsburgh Steelers as their opponent .", "4": "Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was originally not going to play due to his four - game suspension as a result of his involvement in the Deflategate scandal , but a court threw out the suspension on September 3 , 2015 and ordered the league to let him play . It also marked the first time NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell did not attend a Kickoff Game , stating that he did not want to be a distraction . 2016 : The Denver Broncos hosted the 2016 Kickoff Game at Sports Authority Field at Mile High against the Carolina Panthers on September 8 , in a Super Bowl 50 rematch . ( As the Republican and Democratic conventions were both scheduled for July 2016 , there was no scheduling conflict with them as there was in 2008 and 2012 , nor were there conflicts with any other sports team in Denver that night . ) The Broncos debuted Trevor Siemian as their new starting quarterback after both quarterbacks who started games in 2015 left the team ; Peyton Manning ( who played the entirety of Super Bowl 50 ) retired and Brock Osweiler left as a free agent . 2017 : The defending Super Bowl LI champions , the New England Patriots , hosted the Kansas City Chiefs for the 2017 Kickoff Game at Gillette Stadium . Goodell visited Gillette Stadium for the Kickoff Game , having been absent from the venue since the 2014 season .", "5": "Results ( edit ) Season Date Visitors Score Home Location Network 2002 * September 5 San Francisco 49ers 16 -- 13 New York Giants Giants Stadium ESPN 2003 * September 4 New York Jets 13 -- 16 Washington Redskins FedExField ABC September 9 Indianapolis Colts 24 -- 27 New England Patriots Gillette Stadium ABC 2005 September 8 Oakland Raiders 20 -- 30 New England Patriots Gillette Stadium ABC 2006 September 7 Miami Dolphins 17 -- 28 Pittsburgh Steelers Heinz Field NBC 2007 September 6 New Orleans Saints 10 -- 41 Indianapolis Colts RCA Dome NBC 2008 September 4 Washington Redskins 7 -- 16 New York Giants Giants Stadium NBC 2009 September 10 Tennessee Titans 10 -- 13 Pittsburgh Steelers Heinz Field NBC September 9 Minnesota Vikings 9 -- 14 New Orleans Saints Louisiana Superdome NBC 2011 September 8 New Orleans Saints 34 -- 42 Green Bay Packers Lambeau Field NBC 2012 * * September 5 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 17 New York Giants MetLife Stadium NBC 2013 * * * September 5 Baltimore Ravens 27 - 49 Denver Broncos Sports Authority Field at Mile High CBS 2014 September 4 Green Bay Packers 16 -- 36 Seattle Seahawks CenturyLink Field NBC 2015 September 10 Pittsburgh Steelers 21 -- 28 New England Patriots Gillette Stadium NBC 2016 September 8 Carolina Panthers 20 -- 21 Denver Broncos Sports Authority Field at Mile High NBC 2017 September 7 Kansas City Chiefs 42 -- 27 New England Patriots Gillette Stadium NBC Winning team labeled in bold . * -- Game was not yet hosted by the defending Super Bowl champions . * * -- Game played on a Wednesday instead of the usual Thursday .", "6": "* * * - Defending Super Bowl champions played on the road because of parking conflicts with the MLB Overtime Result Standings ( edit ) Team GP Pct . PF PA Denver Broncos 0 0 1.000 21 20 Dallas Cowboys 0 0 1.000 24 17 Kansas City Chiefs 0 0 1.000 42 27 Seattle Seahawks 0 0 1.000 36 16 San Francisco 49ers 0 0 1.000 16 13 New England Patriots 0 . 750 112 107 Pittsburgh Steelers 0 . 667 62 55 Indianapolis Colts 0 . 500 65 37 Green Bay Packers 0 . 500 58 70 Washington Redskins 0 . 500 23 29 New Orleans Saints 0 . 333 58 92 New York Giants 0 . 333 46 47 Baltimore Ravens 0 0 1.000 14 6 Carolina Panthers 0 0 . 000 20 21 Miami Dolphins 0 0 . 000 17 28 Minnesota Vikings 0 0 . 000 9 14 New York Jets 0 0 . 000 13 16 Oakland Raiders 0 0 . 000 20 30 Tennessee Titans 0 0 . 000 10 13 Pregame concerts ( edit ) Britney Spears performs on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , September 4 , 2003 2002 : `` NFL Kickoff Live from Times Square '' started at 4 : 30 p.m. and led up to kickoff of the game at the Meadowlands . The concert was headlined by Bon Jovi ( who also performed at halftime ) , and also featured Enrique Iglesias , Eve and Alicia Keys .", "7": "The event included recognition and support of New York City 's 9 / 11 memorial events . 2003 : The event moved to the National Mall in Washington , D.C. and was billed as `` NFL Kickoff Live From The National Mall Presented By Pepsi Vanilla . '' Britney Spears , who was introduced by Air Force Staff Sergeant Richard W. Duken II from Leesville LA , stationed at Tinker AFB , Aerosmith and Mary J. Blige headlined the concert . The activities started at 6 p.m. and featured a tribute to troops active in Iraq and Afghanistan , and was attended by thousands of American military personnel . ABC televised the concert live from 8 p.m. to 9 p.m. eastern . Aretha Franklin concluded the concert by singing the national anthem from the National Mall leading up to kickoff . Three weeks later , the United States Senate overwhelmingly passed legislation that , when enacted into law , limited displays of commercial sponsorship on the Mall . 2004 : After initially being cancelled , the event was reinstated , and the 2004 `` NFL Opening Kickoff '' took place in two locations . At Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , the New England Patriots were honored as Super Bowl XXXVIII champions . Performers at the stadium included Mary J. Blige , Destiny 's Child , Elton John , Toby Keith and Lenny Kravitz . Jessica Simpson performed from Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville , Florida , site of the upcoming Super Bowl . The concert aired live on ABC from 8 p.m. to 9 p.m. , just prior to gametime . The 2004 festivities firmly established the tradition of holding the game and concert at the home of the defending Super Bowl champion , and also linking the event to the location of the upcoming Super Bowl . 2005 : The fourth annual `` NFL Opening Kickoff '' featured concert activities from Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Detroit ( host of the upcoming Super Bowl XL ) , and Los Angeles . The Super Bowl XXXIX champion New England Patriots again were honored at the event , hosted by Freddie Prinze , Jr. , and broadcast live on ABC . Performers at the stadium included Green Day , Carlos Santana , Michelle Branch , and a surprise appearance by Ozzy Osbourne , who emerged from a giant - sized helmet .", "8": "The Rolling Stones were shown on video from a taped broadcast in Detroit . Kanye West , Maroon 5 , Good Charlotte and Rihanna performed from a red - white - and - blue stage in Los Angeles . Trisha Yearwood concluded the hour - long concert by singing the national anthem back at Gillette Stadium . 2006 : The Thursday night concert and game switched to NBC for 2006 , and was billed as `` NFL Opening Kickoff 2006 Presented by Sprint . '' The 30 - minute concert broadcast live from Heinz Field in Pittsburgh , and from a special stage in South Beach in Miami Beach , near the home of the upcoming Super Bowl XLI . Diddy and Cassie entertained from Miami Beach , while Rascal Flatts were in Pittsburgh , along with Martina McBride , who sang the national anthem . 2007 : `` NFL Opening Kickoff 2007 Presented by Sprint '' was aired on NBC as a thirty - minute special hosted by NFL Network anchor Rich Eisen . Kelly Clarkson was the first performer , singing on a sloped , outdoor stage at Monument Circle in downtown Indianapolis . The concert moved indoors to the RCA Dome with Indiana native John Mellencamp singing his classic hit `` Small Town '' . Faith Hill followed , back outside at Monument Circle . Hinder also performed . Back inside the RCA Dome , Colts owner Jim Irsay unveiled the Super Bowl XLI championship banner . The event was marred by the death of a man who fell or jumped off the ninth - floor pool deck of the Sheraton City Center overlooking Monument Circle . Keyshia Cole wrapped up the show singing the national anthem with the Voices of Unity Youth Choir of Fort Wayne . Unlike in past years , there were no performances in the host area of the Super Bowl , in this case the Phoenix , Arizona area ( Super Bowl XLII was held at University of Phoenix Stadium in suburban Glendale ) . 2008 : Keith Urban and Usher were the featured performers at an afternoon concert at Columbus Circle in Midtown Manhattan in New York City on September 4 . The concert was officially called `` NFL Opening Kickoff 2008 Presented by EA Sports . '' Media coverage included NFL Network , NFL.com , and streaming on Sprint - branded mobile phones .", "9": "NBC intercut portions of the concert into a broadcast of their 2008 -- 09 season fall preview show the next night , September 5 at 9 pm ET / PT , 8 pm CT . ( Unlike in past years , there was no live broadcast on NBC because of the early kickoff and later coverage of the 2008 Republican National Convention . ) 2009 : `` NFL Opening Kickoff 2009 Presented by EA Sports '' featured Tim McGraw and The Black Eyed Peas performing at Point State Park in Pittsburgh . Nancy O'Dell hosted the 30 - minute concert on NBC . The Tim McGraw part of the concert was a part of the Music Video for song Southern Voice . 2010 : `` NFL Opening Kickoff 2010 Presented by EA Sports Madden NFL 11 '' featured Dave Matthews Band and Taylor Swift performing at Jackson Square in New Orleans . The network telecast -- which for the second straight year was simulcast by NBC and NFL Network -- was expanded to one hour . Pregame events ended inside the Superdome , where Harry Connick , Jr. rode in a Mardi Gras - style parade float into the stadium with team owner Tom Benson and introduced the unveiling of the Saints ' championship banner from Super Bowl XLIV . 2011 : `` NFL Kickoff 2011 presented by EA Sports '' was held at the parking lot of Lambeau Field near the Veterans Memorial . Kid Rock , Lady Antebellum , and Maroon 5 performed . The hour - long concert was to begin at 7 : 30 p.m. , and was to be simulcast by NBC and NFL Network . However , for most of the nation , the pre-game coverage was switched to a simulcast at 7 : 00 p.m. on NFL Network , Syfy , Versus , USA , and G4 due to President Obama 's primetime address to Congress . In contrast , the pregame coverage aired live as scheduled in New Orleans and most television markets in Wisconsin . During the pregame , 32 legendary NFL players held team flags representing each of the 32 franchises . Bart Starr entered the stadium to represent the Packers .", "10": "The other participants included : Ron Wolfley , Steve Bartkowski , Matt Stover , Andre Reed , Muhsin Muhammad , Richard Dent , Ken Anderson , Kevin Mack , Jay Novacek , Randy Gradishar , Charlie Sanders , N.D. Kalu , Bill Brooks , Don Davey , Willie Lanier , Dwight Stephenson , John Randle , John Hannah , Deuce McAllister , Harry Carson , Al Toon , Ted Hendricks , Eric Allen , Dermontti Dawson , Aeneas Williams , Junior Seau , Dwight Clark , Cortez Kennedy , Mike Alstott , Eddie George , Larry Brown . 2012 : `` NFL Kickoff 2012 presented by EA Sports '' was held in New York City with a concert held by Mariah Carey , No Doubt and Cee Lo Green . 2013 : `` NFL Kickoff 2013 presented by Pepsi '' featured a concert at Baltimore 's Inner Harbor , with performances by Danielle Bradbery and Keith Urban . The introduction to the game was done on the field by Ryan Seacrest , and culminated with a `` countdown '' to the start of the season starring 32 legendary NFL players ( one from each franchise ) . A 34 - minute weather delay due to lightning occurred immediately after the concert and delayed the kickoff of the game . 2014 : `` NFL Kickoff 2014 presented by Xbox '' was held outside Seattle 's CenturyLink Field , with Pharrell Williams and Soundgarden performing . Ariana Grande performed the national anthem . 2015 : `` Kickoff to 50 presented by Hyundai '' was held at the Justin Herman Plaza in San Francisco , California , the home of Super Bowl 50 , with Ellie Goulding and Train performing . Dropkick Murphys , T - Pain , and the Springfield Symphony Orchestra performed at Gillette Stadium . Grace Potter sang the National Anthem . 2016 : `` NFL Kickoff 2016 presented by Hyundai '' was held at Civic Center Park , with Dierks Bentley and OneRepublic performing live . Andra Day sang the National Anthem . 2017 : `` NFL Kickoff 2017 presented by Hyundai '' was held at the Christopher Columbus Park at Boston Harborwalk , with the Boston - based Guster performing in place of Miguel , who was unable to perform due to an illness .", "11": "The concert took place after a special screening of America 's Game : The 2016 New England Patriots . Maren Morris performed the National Anthem . Television ratings ( edit ) Year Network Household rating / share Viewers ( live plus same day ) Ref . 2002 ESPN 7.6 10.8 million 2003 ABC 12.9 / 22 19.2 million ABC 11.4 / 20 16.9 million 2005 ABC 11.7 / 21 18.0 million 2006 NBC 12.6 / 21 19.2 million 2007 NBC 11.5 / 20 17.8 million 2008 NBC 8.6 / 15 13.5 million 2009 NBC 12.8 / 22 20.9 million NBC 16.5 / 28 27.5 million 2011 NBC 16.0 27.2 million 2012 NBC 14.7 23.9 million 2013 NBC 14.9 25.1 million 2014 NBC 15.5 26.9 million 2015 NBC 16.2 27.4 million 2016 NBC 14.6 / 27 25.2 million 2017 NBC 12.6 / 23 22.2 million References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NFL season - opener to be held Wednesday , Sept. 5 '' . National Football League . February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mike ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Ravens to play NFL 's season - opening game on the road '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 .", "12": "Jump up ^ Bloomberg : `` NHL Borrows From NFL as It Pursues Bigger TV Contract '' Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/7158058 Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/quickie?date=040908 Jump up ^ Sunday Night Football to be streamed LIVE . NBCSports.com. 28 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Rooney : Steelers wo n't open in New Orleans '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Giants to host NFC East rival Cowboys in 2012 season opener '' . NFL.com. 2012 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Brian ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Broncos , Ravens to kick off NFL 's 2013 regular season '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Judge nullifies Tom Brady 's four - game suspension '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Message concerning passage of Senate amendment to HR2691 , 108th United States Congress '' . National Coalition to Save Our Mall Inc. 2003 - 09 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . External link in publisher = ( help ) ( 2 ) `` Sec. 145 '' ( PDF ) . Public Law 108 - 108 : Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act , 2004 ( pdf ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . 2003 - 11 - 10 . pp. 117 Stat. 1280 -- 117 Stat. 1281 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands pack Downtown to start NFL in style '' . IndyStar.com. 2007 - 09 - 07 .", "13": "Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ National Football League ( 2008 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Keith Urban and Usher to headline NFL 's Kickoff celebration from NYC '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ National Football League ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Kickoff Concert - Tim Mcgraw and The Black Eyed Peas Concert '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Matthews , Taylor Swift to Play at NFL Kickoff Concert '' . WGRZ.com. 2010 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Party in the works for NFL Kickoff at Lambeau Field '' . WFRV - TV . 2011 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Kickoff concert preps underway '' . WLUK - TV . 2011 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hiestand , Michael ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Obama speech shifts NBC NFL pregame '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' NFL Kickoff 2011 presented by EA Sports ' to celebrate Packers '' . National Football League . August 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NFL legends participating in pregame '' . Fox 11 . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( 2013 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Ryan Seacrest and the NFL did their best to ruin opening night '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' 2014 NFL Kickoff presented by Xbox ' to start NFL Season '' . National Football League .", "14": "August 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kick the season off right in San Francisco '' . National Football League . August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NFL Communications : NFL Kickoff 2016 Press Release . Retrieved on 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL Kickoff Concert Driven By Hyundai '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ``. @ MarenMorris : Grammy winner . CMA New Artist of the Year . Kickoff National Anthem singer . '' . New England Patriots Twitter . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Kickoff Finals : Patriots Generate Near - Record Rating For Opener '' . SportsMediaWatch. 2015 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's `` NFL Kickoff '' Game Tops 25 Million Viewers For Fourth Consecutive Year `` . NBC Sports Pressbox. 2016 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 'S `` NFL Kickoff '' Game is Most - Watched Show in Three Months With More Than 22 Million Viewers `` . 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Songs `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' `` Heavy Action '' `` The Party 's Over '' NFL Championship 1948 1950 Super Bowl XIX ( 1984 ) XXII ( 1987 ) XXV ( 1990 ) XXIX ( 1994 ) XXXIV ( 1999 )", "17": "XXXVII ( 2002 ) XL ( 2005 ) Pro Bowl 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1995 1997 1998 2018 AFL Championship 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Results and standings Yearly results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present NFL on NBC Related programs The NFL on NBC pregame show ( Football Night in America ) NBC Sunday Night Football NFL on NBC Radio Thursday Night Football ( 2016 -- present ) College football programs College Football on NBC ( Notre Dame ) College Football on USA Other pro football programs Arena Football League on NBC Canadian Football League World League of American Football on USA XFL on NBC Related articles NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) American Football League 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Baltimore Colts 1960 1961 Pittsburgh Steelers 1960 1961 Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Sunday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators", "18": "AFC Championship Game Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Pregame show panelists Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL Championship Game AFL All - Star Game NFL Championship Game Preseason games American Bowl Lore 1982 CFL season Announcerless Game `` The Clock Play '' Cleveland Browns relocation controversy `` The Holy Roller '' `` Snowplow Game '' `` Leon Lett Blunder II '' Postseason lore `` The Epic in Miami '' `` Ghost to the Post '' `` Immaculate Reception '' `` Red Right 88 '' `` The Freezer Bowl '' `` The Drive '' `` The Fumble '' `` Beast Quake '' `` The Comeback '' `` The Interception '' Pre-AFL -- NFL merger lore `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' `` Heidi Game '' Sunday Night Football lore `` 4th and 2 '' 16 -- 0 `` Butt fumble '' Music John Colby Randy Edelman John Tesh Sunday Night Football John Williams `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Somethin ' Bad '' Faith Hill Pink Carrie Underwood NFL Championship 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 AFL Championship 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) III ( 1968 ) AFC package carrier (", "19": "1970 -- 1997 ) V ( 1970 ) VII ( 1972 ) IX ( 1974 ) XI ( 1976 ) XIII ( 1978 ) XV ( 1980 ) XVII ( 1982 ) XX ( 1985 ) XXIII ( 1988 ) XXVII ( 1992 ) XXVIII ( 1993 ) XXX ( 1995 ) XXXII ( 1997 ) Sunday Night Football era ( 2006 -- present ) XLIII ( 2008 ) XLVI ( 2011 ) XLIX ( 2014 ) LII ( 2017 ) LV ( 2020 ) Pro Bowl 1952 1953 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1972 2009 2012 2013 2014 Website : NBC Sports - NFL News Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_Kickoff_Game&oldid=805179278 '' Categories : National Football League competitions Recurring sporting events established in 2002 2002 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with format and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 16 : 09 . 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-5354565550882599559	who won last year's ncaa women's basketball	[ "South Carolina", "South Carolina", "South Carolina" ]	{ "0": "NCAA Division I Women 's basketball tournament - wikipedia NCAA Division I Women 's basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Most recent season or competition : 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Sport Basketball Founded 1982 No. of teams 64 Country NCAA Division I ( USA ) Most recent champion ( s ) Notre Dame ( 2nd ) Most titles Connecticut ( 11 ) TV partner ( s ) ESPN , ESPN2 , ESPNU , WatchESPN Official website NCAA.com The NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament is an annual college basketball tournament for women . Held each March , the Women 's Championship was inaugurated in the 1981 -- 82 season . The NCAA tournament was preceded by the AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament , which was held annually from 1972 to 1982 . Basketball was one of 12 women 's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981 -- 82 school year , as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women for sole governance of women 's collegiate sports . The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same 12 ( and other ) sports ; however , after a year of dual women 's championships , the NCAA prevailed , while the AIAW disbanded . Attendance and interest in the Women 's Division I Championship have grown over the years , especially from 2003 to 2016 , when the final championship game was moved to the Tuesday following the Monday men 's championship game . The women 's championship game is the penultimate overall game of the college basketball season since 2017 . From 1982 to 1990 , 1996 to 2002 , and since 2017 the Women 's Final Four is usually played on the Friday before the Men 's Final Four or the hours before the men played on the final Saturday of the tournament . The final was usually played the Sunday afternoon following the Men 's Final Four ; since 2017 , Sunday evening . The tournament bracket is made up of champions from each Division I conference , which receive automatic bids . The remaining slots are at - large bids , with teams chosen by an NCAA selection committee .", "1": "The selection process and tournament seedings are based on several factors , including team rankings , win - loss records , and Ratings Percentage Index ( RPI ) data . Unlike the men 's tournament , there are only 32 at - large bids ( since 2014 ) , and no play - in game . The women 's tournament , like the men 's , is staged in a single elimination format and is part of the media and public frenzy known colloquially as March Madness or The Big Dance . All 63 games have been broadcast on television since 2003 on ESPN and ESPN2 . Similar to the pre-2011 men 's tournament coverage on CBS , local teams are shown on each channel when available , with `` whip - around '' coverage designed to showcase the most competitive contests in the rest of the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament format 2 Number of teams , and seeding 3 Selection process 4 Women 's NCAA Division I basketball champions 4.1 Team titles 4.2 NCAA Final Fours by school 4.3 Multiple NCAA championship coaches 4.4 NCAA Championship by Conference 4.5 NCAA Final Four locations 5 Tournament trends 5.1 Top - ranked teams 5.2 Champions excluded the next year 5.3 # 1 seeds 5.4 High seeds 5.5 Low seeds 5.6 Best Performances by # 14 & # 15 Seeds 5.7 First - round games 5.8 Second - round games 5.9 Teams entering the tournament unbeaten 5.10 Home state 5.11 Championship margins 5.12 Same - conference championship games 6 Result by school and by year 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Tournament format ( edit ) Main article : NCAA basketball tournament selection process A total of 64 teams qualify for the tournament played in March and April . Of these teams , 32 earn automatic bids by winning their respective conference tournaments . Since 2017 the Ivy League conducts their own post-season tournament . The remaining teams are granted `` at - large '' bids , which are extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . Dr.", "2": "Marilyn McNeil , vice president / director of athletics at Monmouth University is the current chairwoman . On March 1 , 2011 , Bowling Green State University 's director of intercollegiate athletics , Greg Christopher , was appointed chair of the NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Committee during the 2011 -- 12 academic year . The tournament is split into four regional tournaments , and each regional has teams seeded from 1 to 16 , with the committee ostensibly making every region as comparable to the others as possible . The top - seeded team in each region plays the # 16 team , the # 2 team plays the # 15 , etc . Number of teams , and seeding ( edit ) The first NCAA women 's basketball tournament was held in 1982 . The AIAW also held a basketball tournament in 1982 , but most of the top teams , including defending AIAW champion Louisiana Tech , decided to participate in the NCAA tournament . The championship consisted of 32 teams from 1982 -- 1985 ( in 1983 , 36 ) , 40 teams from 1986 -- 1988 , and 48 teams from 1989 -- 1993 . Since 1994 , 64 teams compete in each tournament . Prior to 1996 , seeding was conducted on a regional basis . The top teams ( eight in the 32 - , 40 - , and 48 - team formats , and 16 in the 64 - team format ) were ranked and seeded on a national basis . The remaining teams were then seeded based on their geographic region . Teams were moved outside of its geographic region only if it was necessary to balance the bracket , or if the proximity of an opponent outside of its region would be comparable and a more competitive game would result . In 1993 , all teams except for the top four were explicitly unseeded . The regional seeding resumed in 1994 . In 1996 , seeds were assigned on a national basis using an `` S - Curve '' format similar to the process used in selecting the field for the men 's tournament .", "3": "The following table summarizes some of the key attributes of the seeding process : Number of teams selected Year Automatic At - Large Total Location of first round ( s ) Seeding Basis 1982 12 20 32 Higher seed Regional 14 22 36 Higher seed † 1984 17 15 32 1985 18 14 Higher seed 1986 17 23 40 Higher seed † 18 22 1988 1989 19 29 48 1990 21 27 1991 1992 22 26 1993 23 25 1994 32 32 64 1995 31 33 Higher seed National 1997 30 34 Higher seed † 1998 Higher seed 1999 2000 Higher seed † 2001 31 33 2002 Higher seed 2003 16 Sites ‡ 2005 8 Sites ‡ 2006 2007 2008 2009 16 Sites ‡ 2011 2012 2013 2014 32 32 2015 Higher seed † 2016 2017 2018 2019 † Some exceptions . Due to venue availability , in some cases , the lower seed hosted , or the game was played at a neutral site . ‡ From 2003 -- 2014 , sixteen predetermined sites were selected for first and second - round games . Teams were allowed to play at home , if hosting . Between 2005 and 2008 , eight sites were used for first - round games . Selection process ( edit ) Further information : NCAA basketball tournament selection process A special selection committee appointed by the NCAA determines which 64 teams will enter the tournament , and where they will be seeded and placed in the bracket .", "4": "Because of the automatic bids , only 32 teams ( the at - large bids ) rely on the selection committee to secure them a spot in the tournament . Women 's NCAA Division I basketball champions ( edit ) Year Winner Score Opponent Venue Other Semifinalists 1982 Louisiana Tech 76 -- 62 Cheyney State Norfolk Scope ( Norfolk , Virginia ) Tennessee & Maryland USC 69 -- 67 Louisiana Tech Old Dominion & Georgia 1984 USC 72 -- 61 Tennessee Pauley Pavilion ( Los Angeles , California ) Cheyney State & Louisiana Tech 1985 Old Dominion 70 -- 65 Georgia Frank Erwin Center ( Austin , Texas ) Western Kentucky & Northeast Louisiana 1986 Texas 97 -- 81 USC Rupp Arena ( Lexington , Kentucky ) Western Kentucky & Tennessee Tennessee 67 -- 44 Louisiana Tech Frank Erwin Center ( Austin , Texas ) Texas & Long Beach State 1988 Louisiana Tech 56 -- 54 Auburn Tacoma Dome ( Tacoma , Washington ) Long Beach State & Tennessee 1989 Tennessee 76 -- 70 Auburn Louisiana Tech & Maryland 1990 Stanford 88 -- 81 Auburn Thompson -- Boling Arena ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) Virginia & Louisiana Tech 1991 Tennessee 70 -- 67 ( OT ) Virginia Lakefront Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Connecticut & Stanford 1992 Stanford 78 -- 62 Western Kentucky Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena ( Los Angeles , California ) Southwest Missouri State & Virginia 1993 Texas Tech 84 -- 82 Ohio State Omni Coliseum ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Iowa & Vanderbilt 1994 North Carolina 60 -- 59 Louisiana Tech Richmond Coliseum ( Richmond , Virginia ) Purdue & Alabama 1995 Connecticut 70 -- 64 Tennessee Target Center ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) Stanford & Georgia Tennessee 83 -- 65 Georgia Charlotte Coliseum ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) Connecticut & Stanford 1997 Tennessee 68 -- 59 Old Dominion Riverfront Coliseum ( Cincinnati ,", "5": "Ohio ) Notre Dame & Stanford 1998 Tennessee 93 -- 75 Louisiana Tech Kemper Arena ( Kansas City , Missouri ) Arkansas & North Carolina State 1999 Purdue 62 -- 45 Duke San Jose Arena ( San Jose , California ) Louisiana Tech & Georgia 2000 Connecticut 71 -- 52 Tennessee First Union Center ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) Rutgers & Penn State 2001 Notre Dame 68 -- 66 Purdue Savvis Center ( St. Louis , Missouri ) Connecticut & Southwest Missouri State 2002 Connecticut 82 -- 70 Oklahoma Alamodome ( San Antonio , Texas ) Tennessee & Duke 2003 Connecticut 73 -- 68 Tennessee Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Texas & Duke Connecticut 70 -- 61 Tennessee New Orleans Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Minnesota & LSU 2005 Baylor 84 -- 62 Michigan State RCA Dome ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) LSU & Tennessee 2006 Maryland 78 -- 75 ( OT ) Duke TD Garden ( Boston , Massachusetts ) North Carolina & LSU 2007 Tennessee 59 -- 46 Rutgers Quicken Loans Arena ( Cleveland , Ohio ) 2008 Tennessee 64 -- 48 Stanford St. Pete Times Forum ( Tampa , Florida ) LSU & Connecticut 2009 Connecticut 76 -- 54 Louisville Scottrade Center ( St. Louis , Missouri ) Stanford & Oklahoma Connecticut 53 -- 47 Stanford Alamodome ( San Antonio , Texas ) Baylor & Oklahoma 2011 Texas A&M 76 -- 70 Notre Dame Conseco Fieldhouse ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) Connecticut & Stanford 2012 Baylor 80 -- 61 Notre Dame Pepsi Center ( Denver , Colorado ) Stanford & Connecticut 2013 Connecticut 93 -- 60 Louisville New Orleans Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Notre Dame & California 2014 Connecticut 79 -- 58 Notre Dame Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville ,", "6": "Tennessee ) Stanford & Maryland 2015 Connecticut 63 -- 53 Notre Dame Amalie Arena ( Tampa , Florida ) South Carolina & Maryland 2016 Connecticut 82 -- 51 Syracuse Bankers Life Fieldhouse ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) Oregon State & Washington 2017 South Carolina 67 -- 55 Mississippi State American Airlines Center ( Dallas , Texas ) Connecticut & Stanford 2018 Notre Dame 61 -- 58 Mississippi State Nationwide Arena ( Columbus , Ohio ) Connecticut & Louisville 2019 Amalie Arena ( Tampa , Florida ) 2020 Smoothie King Center ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Team titles ( edit ) Baylor Connecticut Louisiana Tech Maryland North Carolina Notre Dame Old Dominion Purdue South Carolina Stanford Tennessee Texas Texas A&M Texas Tech USC Schools who have won the NCAA Championship -- 11 championships -- 8 championships -- 2 championships -- 1 championship Team Titles Year Won Connecticut 11 1995 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Tennessee 8 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 Baylor 2005 , 2012 Louisiana Tech 1982 , 1988 Notre Dame 2001 , 2018 Stanford 1990 , 1992 USC 1983 , 1984 Maryland 2006 North Carolina 1994 Old Dominion 1985 Purdue 1999 South Carolina 2017 Texas 1986 Texas A&M 2011 Texas Tech 1993 NCAA Final Fours by school ( edit ) School Final Four Years Number of Appearances Championships Connecticut 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 ,", "7": "2017 , 2018 19 11 Tennessee 1982 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 18 8 Stanford 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2017 13 Louisiana Tech 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 1999 10 Notre Dame 1997 , 2001 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2018 8 Georgia 1983 , 1985 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 5 0 LSU 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 5 0 Maryland 1982 , 1989 , 2006 , 2014 , 2015 5 Duke 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 0 Auburn 1988 , 1989 , 1990 0 Baylor 2005 , 2010 , 2012 Louisville 2009 , 2013 , 2018 0 North Carolina 1994 , 2006 , 2007 Oklahoma 2002 , 2009 , 2010 0 Old Dominion 1983 , 1985 , 1997 Purdue 1994 , 1999 , 2001 Texas 1986 , 1987 , 2003 USC 1983 , 1984 , 1986 Virginia 1990 , 1991 , 1992 0 Western Kentucky 1985 ,", "8": "1986 , 1992 0 Cheyney St . 1982 , 1984 0 Long Beach St . 1987 , 1988 0 Mississippi St . 2017 , 2018 0 Missouri St . 1992 , 2001 0 Rutgers 2000 , 2007 0 South Carolina 2015 , 2017 Alabama 1994 0 Arkansas 1998 0 California 2013 0 Iowa 1993 0 Louisiana - Monroe 1985 0 Michigan St . 2005 0 Minnesota 0 North Carolina St . 1998 0 Ohio St . 1993 0 Oregon St . 2016 0 Penn St . 2000 0 Syracuse 2016 0 Texas A&M 2011 Texas Tech 1993 Vanderbilt 1993 0 Washington 2016 0 Multiple NCAA championship coaches ( edit ) Coach School Championships Geno Auriemma Connecticut 11 Pat Summitt Tennessee 8 Muffet McGraw Notre Dame Kim Mulkey Baylor Linda Sharp USC Tara VanDerveer Stanford NCAA championship by conference ( edit ) Note : Conferences are listed by all champions ' affiliations at that time ; these do not necessarily match current affiliations .", "9": "Conference Year Championships Big East 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 9 Southeastern 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 , 2017 American Athletic 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Atlantic Coast 1994 , 2006 , 2018 Big 12 2005 , 2011 , 2012 Pac - 12 1990 , 1992 Southwest 1986 , 1993 Western Collegiate 1983 , 1984 American South 1988 Big Ten 1999 Independent 1982 Sun Belt 1985 Jump up ^ The Big East Conference operated in its original form from 1979 until 2013 . During that time , Connecticut won eight championships , and Notre Dame won one . Following the three - way 2013 split of that conference and subsequent settlement between the non-FBS schools and the remaining schools , the conference legally changed its name to the American Athletic Conference . Three schools ( among them Notre Dame ) left for the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2013 , with a fourth doing the same in 2014 ; one school left for the Big Ten in 2014 ; and the non-FBS schools retained the Big East name . However , the current Big East now maintains the history of the original conference in all sports that it sponsors , including women 's basketball . The American no longer claims any of the original Big East 's competition history , even in the two sports that it sponsors and the current Big East does not ( football and women 's rowing ) . Jump up ^ Known as the Pacific - 10 Conference , or Pac - 10 , when both of its titles were won .", "10": "NCAA Final Four locations ( edit ) 1982 -- Norfolk , Virginia 1983 -- Norfolk , Virginia 1984 -- Los Angeles , California 1985 -- Austin , Texas 1986 -- Lexington , Kentucky 1987 -- Austin , Texas 1988 -- Tacoma , Washington 1989 -- Tacoma , Washington 1990 -- Knoxville , Tennessee 1991 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 1992 -- Los Angeles , California 1993 -- Atlanta , Georgia 1994 -- Richmond , Virginia 1995 -- Minneapolis , Minnesota 1996 -- Charlotte , North Carolina 1997 -- Cincinnati , Ohio 1998 -- Kansas City , Missouri 1999 -- San Jose , California 2000 -- Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 2001 -- St. Louis , Missouri 2002 -- San Antonio , Texas 2003 -- Atlanta , Georgia 2004 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 2005 -- Indianapolis , Indiana 2006 -- Boston , Massachusetts 2007 -- Cleveland , Ohio 2008 -- Tampa Bay , Florida 2009 -- St.", "11": "Louis , Missouri 2010 -- San Antonio , Texas 2011 -- Indianapolis , Indiana 2012 -- Denver , Colorado 2013 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 2014 -- Nashville , Tennessee 2015 -- Tampa Bay , Florida 2016 -- Indianapolis , Indiana 2017 -- Dallas , Texas 2018 -- Columbus , Ohio 2019 -- Tampa Bay , Florida 2020 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 NCAA Final Four locations ( hover over city to see arena ) Tournament trends ( edit ) Top - ranked teams ( edit ) Since the women 's tournament began in 1982 , 16 teams have entered the tournament ranked # 1 in at least 1 poll and gone on to win the tournament : 1982 : Louisiana Tech 1983 : USC 1986 : Texas 1989 : Tennessee 1995 : Connecticut 1998 : Tennessee 1999 : Purdue 2000 : Connecticut 2002 : Connecticut 2003 : Connecticut 2009 : Connecticut 2010 : Connecticut 2012 : Baylor 2014 : Connecticut 2015 : Connecticut 2016 : Connecticut Champions excluded the next year ( edit ) Only once has the reigning champion ( the previous year 's winner ) not made it to the tournament the next year . 1985 champion Old Dominion went 15 -- 13 in 1986 . # 1 seeds ( edit ) Since 1982 , at least one # 1 seed has made the Final Four every year . Under coach Geno Auriemma , Connecticut has been seeded # 1 a record 22 times . Tennessee is second with 21 # 1 seeds .", "12": "All four # 1 seeds have made it to the Final Four 4 times ( champion in bold ) : 1989 Auburn , Louisiana Tech , Maryland , Tennessee 2012 Baylor , Connecticut , Notre Dame , Stanford 2015 Connecticut , Maryland , Notre Dame , South Carolina 2018 Connecticut , Mississippi State , Notre Dame , Louisville The championship game has matched two # 1 seeds 13 times : 1983 USC beat Louisiana Tech 1986 Texas beat USC 1989 Tennessee beat Auburn 1991 Tennessee beat Virginia 1995 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2000 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2002 Connecticut beat Oklahoma 2003 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2010 Connecticut beat Stanford 2012 Baylor beat Notre Dame 2014 Connecticut beat Notre Dame 2015 Connecticut beat Notre Dame 2018 Notre Dame beat Mississippi State Three teams have beaten three # 1 seeds during the course of a tournament ( the largest number of such teams that can be faced ) ( all three teams won the national championship as beating a 3rd # 1 seed in a single tournament can only happen in the finals ) : 1987 Tennessee ( beat Auburn , Long Beach State , Louisiana Tech ) 1988 Louisiana Tech ( beat Auburn , Tennessee , Texas ) 2005 Baylor ( beat LSU , Michigan State , North Carolina ) Prior to the expansion of the tournament to 64 teams , all four # 1 seeds advanced to the Sweet Sixteen with three exceptions . Notably , the first two times this occurred were at the hands of the same school : 1986 East # 1 seed Virginia lost to # 8 seed James Madison 1991 East # 1 seed Penn State lost to # 8 seed James Madison 1992 Midwest # 1 seed Iowa lost to # 8 seed Southwest Missouri State High seeds ( edit ) 1999 was the first time in tournament history ( since the expansion to 64 teams ) that all top seeds ( 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 seeds ) made it to the Sweet Sixteen .", "13": "Low seeds ( edit ) See also : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship upsets Lowest seeds to reach each round since the expansion to 64 teams : Second Round : # 16 seed Harvard in 1998 ( the only # 16 seed to beat a # 1 seed in either the women 's or men 's tournament until 2018 , and still the only one to do so in the women 's tournament ) Regional Semifinals ( Sweet Sixteen ) : # 13 seed Texas A&M in 1994 Liberty in 2005 Marist in 2007 Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) : # 11 seed Gonzaga in 2011 National Semifinals ( Final Four ) : # 9 seed Arkansas in 1998 National Finals ( Championship Game ) : # 5 seed Louisville in 2013 National Champion : # 3 seed North Carolina in 1994 Tennessee in 1997 Best performances by # 14 & # 15 seeds ( edit ) Unlike in the men 's tournament , no # 14 seed has beaten a # 3 and no # 15 seed has beaten a # 2 seed , but they have come close . 2 points : # 14 Seed Austin Peay lost to UNC in 2003 ( 2 points , 72 -- 70 ) Eastern Michigan lost to Boston College in 2004 ( 2 points , 58 -- 56 ) Creighton lost to St. John 's in 2012 ( 2 points , 69 -- 67 ) Overtime games : # 15 Seed UTSA lost to Baylor in 2009 ( 5 points , 87 -- 82 ) . UTSA is the only # 15 seed to take a game into overtime . 1 point : # 15 Seed Long Beach State lost to Oregon State in 2017 ( 1 point , 56 -- 55 ) First - round games ( edit ) Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994 , each seed - pairing has played 100 first - round games with these results : The # 1 seed is 99 -- 1 against the # 16 seed (. 990 ) .", "14": "The # 2 & # 3 seeds are 100 -- 0 against the # 15 & # 14 seeds ( 1.000 ) . The # 4 seed is 94 -- 6 against the # 13 seed (. 940 ) . The # 5 seed is 78 -- 22 against the # 12 seed (. 780 ) . The # 6 seed is 69 -- 31 against the # 11 seed (. 690 ) . The # 7 seed is 65 -- 35 against the # 10 seed (. 650 ) . The # 9 seed is 53 -- 47 against the # 8 seed (. 530 ) . Second - round games ( edit ) Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994 , the following results have occurred for each pairing : In the 1 / 16 / 8 / 9 bracket : vs. # 8 vs. # 9 # 1 45 -- 1 (. 978 ) 46 -- 2 (. 958 ) # 16 -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) note : The 3 losses by the # 1 seed vs # 8 / 9 were : Duke ( vs Michigan St , 2009 ) , Ohio St ( vs Boston College , 2006 ) , Texas Tech ( vs Notre Dame , 1998 ) . note : The # 9 vs. # 16 game was Arkansas over Harvard in 1998 . In the 2 / 15 / 7 / 10 bracket : vs. # 7 vs. # 10 # 2 49 -- 13 (. 790 ) 31 -- 3 (. 912 ) # 15 -- -- In the 3 / 14 / 6 / 11 bracket : vs. # 6 vs. # 11 # 3 45 -- 22 (. 672 ) 17 -- 12 (. 586 ) # 14 -- -- In the 4 / 13 / 5 / 12 bracket : vs. # 5 vs. # 12 # 4 42 -- 27 (.", "15": "609 ) 18 -- 3 (. 857 ) # 13 3 -- 3 (. 500 ) -- Teams entering the tournament unbeaten ( edit ) Of the 18 teams who have entered the tournament unbeaten , 9 went on to win the National Championship . In 1986 , Texas entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , beat USC for the national title , and ended the season 34 -- 0 . In 1990 , Louisiana Tech entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Auburn . In 1992 , Vermont entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , but lost in the first round to George Washington . In 1993 , Vermont entered the tournament 28 -- 0 , but lost in the first round to Rutgers . In 1995 , Connecticut entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , beat Tennessee for the national title , and ended the season 35 -- 0 . In 1997 , Connecticut entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , but lost in the Midwest Regional Final to Tennessee . In 1998 , Tennessee ( 33 -- 0 ) and Liberty ( 28 -- 0 ) both entered the tournament unbeaten ; Liberty lost in the first round to Tennessee , which went on to beat Louisiana Tech for the national title and ended the season 39 -- 0 . In 2002 , 2009 , and 2010 , Connecticut entered the tournament 33 -- 0 , won the national title in each , and ended those seasons 39 -- 0 . They respectively beat Oklahoma , Louisville , and Stanford in those championship games . In 2012 , Baylor entered the tournament 34 -- 0 , beat Notre Dame for the national title , and ended the season 40 -- 0 . The Lady Bears became the first team in NCAA college basketball history , for either women or men , to win 40 games in a season . Notably , Louisiana Tech went 40 -- 5 during the 1979 -- 80 season . This was during the AIAW era for women 's basketball .", "16": "In 2014 , Connecticut ( 34 -- 0 ) and Notre Dame ( 32 -- 0 ) both entered the tournament unbeaten ; Connecticut beat Notre Dame 79 -- 58 for the national title , ended the season 40 -- 0 and is the 8th team to end the season unbeaten . In 2015 , Princeton entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , but lost in the second round to Maryland . In 2016 , Connecticut entered the tournament 32 -- 0 , beat Syracuse for the national title , ending the season 38 -- 0 . In 2017 , Connecticut entered the tournament 32 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Mississippi State , ending their 111 - game winning streak to finish 36 -- 1 . In 2018 , Connecticut entered the tournament 32 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Notre Dame , ending their 36 - game winning streak to finish 36 -- 1 . Home State ( edit ) Only one team has ever played the Final Four on its home court . Two other teams have played the Final Four in their home cities , and seven others have played the Final Four in their home states . The only team to play on its home court was Texas in 1987 , which lost its semifinal game at the Frank Erwin Special Events Center . Old Dominion enjoyed nearly as large an advantage in 1983 when the Final Four was played at the Norfolk Scope in its home city of Norfolk , Virginia , but also lost its semifinal . The Scope has never been the Lady Monarchs ' regular home court . ODU has always used on - campus arenas , first the ODU Fieldhouse and since 2002 the Ted Constant Convocation Center . The following year , USC won the national title at Pauley Pavilion , the home court of its Los Angeles arch - rival UCLA . Of the other teams to play in their home states , Stanford ( 1992 ) won the national title ; Notre Dame ( 2011 ) lost in the championship game ; and Western Kentucky ( 1986 ) , Penn State ( 2000 ) , Missouri State ( 2001 ) , LSU ( 2004 ) , and Baylor ( 2010 ) lost in the semifinals .", "17": "Championship margins ( edit ) Overtime games in a championship game : Tennessee 70 , Virginia 67 / OT ( 1991 ) Maryland 78 , Duke 75 / OT ( 2006 ) Smallest margin of victory in a championship game : 1 point North Carolina 60 , Louisiana Tech 59 ( 1994 ) Biggest margin of victory in a championship game : 33 points Connecticut 93 , Louisville 60 ( 2013 ) Margin of 10 points : Louisiana Tech ( 1982 ) , Tennessee ( 1987 & 1989 ) , Purdue ( 1999 ) , Connecticut ( 2000 , 2002 , 2009 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 & 2016 ) , and Baylor ( 2012 ) are teams to win every game in the tournament by 10 points or more on their way to a championship . The 2016 UConn team won every game by more than 20 points . Top 8 largest point differentials accumulated over the entire tournament by tournament champion . Notably , Louisiana Tech 's differential is prior to the expansion of 64 teams and the addition of one more round of play . 2016 Connecticut ( + 239 ) 2010 Connecticut ( + 214 ) 2013 Connecticut ( + 208 ) 2015 Connecticut ( + 197 ) 2000 Connecticut ( + 187 ) 2002 Connecticut ( + 161 ) 1982 Louisiana Tech ( + 158 ) 2014 Connecticut ( + 156 ) Same - conference championship games ( edit ) 6 championship games have featured two teams from the same conference ( winner in bold ) : 1989 SEC , Tennessee and Auburn 1996 SEC , Tennessee and Georgia 2006 ACC , Maryland and Duke 2009 Big East , Connecticut and Louisville 2013 Big East , Connecticut and Louisville 2017 SEC , South Carolina and Mississippi State Result by school and by year ( edit ) 267 teams have appeared in the NCAA Tournament in at least a year , since 1982 ( the initial year that the post-season tournament was under the auspices of the NCAA ) . The results for all years are shown in this table below .", "18": "The code in each cell represents the furthest the team made it in the respective tournament : < blank > Not in tournament O Opening Round ( only in 1983 ) 1 First round 2 Second Round S Sweet 16 E Elite 8 F Final 4 R National Runner - up C National Champion Year - > 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Team Akron 1 ! 1 Alabama 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Alabama St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Albany ( NY ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Alcorn St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 American 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Appalachian St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Arizona 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Arizona St . 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 !", "19": "2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Arkansas 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Army 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Auburn 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 6 ! R 6 ! R 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Austin Peay 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ball St . 2 ! 2 Baylor 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S Belmont 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Boise St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Boston College 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 !", "20": "2 3 ! S Boston U . 1 ! 1 Bowling Green 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Brown 1 ! 1 Bucknell 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Buffalo 1 ! 1 3 ! S Butler 1 ! 1 BYU 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Cal Poly 1 ! 1 Cal St. Fullerton 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Cal St. Northridge 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 California 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Campbell 1 ! 1 Canisius 1 ! 1 Central Arkansas 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Central Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S Charlotte 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Chattanooga 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 !", "21": "1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Cheyney 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F Cincinnati 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Clemson 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Cleveland St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Colgate 1 ! 1 Colorado 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Colorado St . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Connecticut 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 7 ! C 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 5 ! F 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 6 ! F 5 ! F Coppin St . 1 ! 1 1 !", "22": "1 1 ! 1 Cornell 1 ! 1 Creighton 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Dartmouth 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Dayton 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Delaware 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S Delaware St . 1 ! 1 Denver 1 ! 1 DePaul 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Detroit 1 ! 1 Drake 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Drexel 1 ! 1 Duke 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 !", "23": "E 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Duquesne 2 ! 2 East Carolina 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 East Tenn . St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Ill . 1 ! 1 Eastern Ky . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Wash . 1 ! 1 Elon 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Evansville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Fairfield 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 FGCU 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 FIU 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Fla . Atlantic 1 ! 1 Florida 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Florida A&M 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Florida St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 !", "24": "2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 Fordham 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Fresno St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Furman 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ga . Southern 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Gardner - Webb 1 ! 1 George Washington 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Georgetown 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Georgia 1 ! 1 5 ! F 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 5 ! F 6 ! R 4 ! E 1 ! 1 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Georgia St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Georgia Tech 1 !", "25": "1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Gonzaga 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Grambling 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Green Bay 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hampton 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hartford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Harvard 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hawaii 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Holy Cross 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 !", "26": "1 1 ! 1 Houston 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Howard 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Idaho 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Idaho St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Illinois 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Illinois St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Indiana 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Iona 1 ! 1 Iowa 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Iowa St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 !", "27": "1 Jackson St . 1 ! 1 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Jacksonville 1 ! 1 James Madison 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Kansas 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S Kansas St . 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Kent St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Kentucky 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 La. - Monroe 1 ! 1 3 ! S 5 ! F La Salle 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 La. - Lafayette 1 ! 1 Lamar 4 ! E 1 ! 1 Lehigh 1 ! 1 1 !", "28": "1 1 ! 1 Liberty 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Lipscomb 1 ! 1 Little Rock 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 LIU Brooklyn 1 ! 1 Long Beach St . 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Louisiana Tech 7 ! C 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 6 ! R 7 ! C 5 ! F 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Louisville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 !", "29": "2 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F Loyola Marymount 1 ! 1 Loyola ( MD ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 LSU 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Maine 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Manhattan 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Marist 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Marquette 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Marshall 1 ! 1 Maryland 5 ! F 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 !", "30": "E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 7 ! C 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Massachusetts 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 McNeese St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Memphis 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Mercer 1 ! 1 Miami ( FL ) 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Miami ( OH ) 1 ! 1 Michigan 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Michigan St . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Middle Tenn . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 !", "31": "1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Milwaukee 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Minnesota 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Ole Miss 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E Mississippi St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 6 ! R Missouri 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Missouri State 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Monmouth 1 ! 1 Montana 0 ! O 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 !", "32": "2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Montana State 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Mount St. Mary 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Murray St . 1 ! 1 N.C. A&T 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Navy 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Nebraska 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 New Mexico 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 New Mexico St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 New Orleans 2 ! 2 Nicholls St . 1 ! 1 Norfolk St . 1 ! 1 North Carolina 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 !", "33": "E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S North Carolina St . 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S North Dakota 1 ! 1 North Texas 1 ! 1 Northeastern 1 ! 1 Northern Ariz . 1 ! 1 Northern Colorado 1 ! 1 Northern Ill . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Northern Iowa 1 ! 1 Northwestern 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Northwestern St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Notre Dame 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 6 ! R 5 ! F 6 ! R 6 ! R 3 ! S 4 !", "34": "E 7 ! C Oakland 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ohio 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ohio St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 6 ! R 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Oklahoma 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 6 ! R 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Oklahoma St . 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Old Dominion 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 !", "35": "R 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S Oral Roberts 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Oregon 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E Oregon St . 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 4 ! E Penn 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Penn St . 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Pepperdine 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Pittsburgh 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 !", "36": "2 Portland 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Portland St . 1 ! 1 Prairie View 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Princeton 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Providence 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Purdue 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 7 ! C 2 ! 2 6 ! R 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Quinnipiac 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Radford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Rhode Island 1 ! 1 Rice 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Richmond 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Robert Morris 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Rutgers 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 !", "37": "E 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Sacred Heart 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Samford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 San Diego 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 San Diego St . 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 San Francisco 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Santa Clara 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Savannah St . 1 ! 1 Seton Hall 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Siena 1 ! 1 SMU 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 South Ala . 1 ! 1 South Carolina 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 7 ! C 4 ! E South Carolina St . 1 ! 1 South Dakota 1 ! 1 South Dakota St . 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 !", "38": "1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 South Fla . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Southeast Mo . St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Southern California 4 ! E 7 ! C 7 ! C 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Southern Ill . 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Southern Miss 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Southern U . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 St. Bonaventure 3 ! S 2 ! 2 St. Francis Brooklyn 1 ! 1 Saint Francis ( PA ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 St. John 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Saint Joseph 's 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 !", "39": "2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Saint Mary 's 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Saint Peter 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Seattle 1 ! 1 Stanford 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 6 ! R 5 ! F 6 ! R 5 ! F 5 ! F 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 4 ! E 6 ! F 3 ! S Stephen F. Austin 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Stetson 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Syracuse 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 6 !", "40": "R 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 TCU 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Temple 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Tennessee 5 ! F 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F 6 ! R 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 7 ! C 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Tennessee St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tennessee Tech 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 7 ! C 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 !", "41": "E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S Texas A&M 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S Texas Southern 1 ! 1 Texas St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas Tech 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas - Arlington 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Toledo 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Troy 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tulane 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 !", "42": "1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tulsa 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UAB 1 ! 1 3 ! S UC Davis 1 ! 1 UC Irvine 1 ! 1 UC Riverside 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UC Santa Barb . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UCF 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UCLA 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E UMBC 1 ! 1 UNC Asheville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UNC Greensboro 1 ! 1 UNI 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UNLV 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UT Martin 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Utah 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 !", "43": "1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UTEP 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UTSA 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Valparaiso 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Vanderbilt 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 VCU 1 ! 1 Vermont 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Villanova 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Virginia 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 !", "44": "2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Virginia Tech 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Wake Forest 2 ! 2 Washington 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 5 ! F 3 ! S Washington St . 1 ! 1 Weber St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 West Virginia 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Western Caro . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Western Ill . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Western Ky . 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Western Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Wichita State 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 !", "45": "1 Winthrop 1 ! 1 Wisconsin 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Wright St . 1 ! 1 Wyoming 1 ! 1 Xavier 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 Youngstown St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 See also ( edit ) College basketball portal NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament NCAA Division III Women 's Basketball Tournament AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women , Basketball Champions Pre-NCAA Women 's Basketball Champions NCAA Women 's Division I Tournament bids by school NAIA national women 's basketball championship List of NCAA Women 's Final Four broadcasters NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NCAA may move Women 's Final Four dates '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 75 Jump up ^ `` Greg Christopher named chair of DI Women 's Basketball Committee '' . NCAA . Mar 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NCAA Women 's Final Four Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 15 Apr 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 58 Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 67 Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 6 , 7 ^ Jump up to : Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 9 Jump up ^ Nixon , Rick . `` Official 2017 NCAA Women 's Final Four Records Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 .", "46": "References ( edit ) `` Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . `` List of Winning Rosters '' . allcompetitions . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament AIAW Tournaments 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 NCAA Tournaments 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Records & statistics AIAW Tournament ( pre-NCAA ) Appearances Broadcasters NCAA women 's college basketball tournaments Division I postseason conference tournaments ACC America East The American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Sun", "47": "Belt Summit WAC West Coast Division I postseason tournaments AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Women 's National Invitation Tournament Women 's Basketball Invitational Division II and III postseason tournaments NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament NCAA Division III Women 's Basketball Tournament National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women", "48": "Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Major women 's sport leagues in North America Women 's basketball Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Women 's American Basketball Association ( WABA ) Women 's Blue Chip Basketball League ( WBCBL ) American Basketball League ( defunct ) National Women 's Basketball League ( defunct ) Women 's Professional Basketball League ( defunct ) NCAA Division I NCAA Division II NCAA Division III NAIA U Sports Women 's ice hockey Canadian Women 's Hockey League ( CWHL )", "49": "National Women 's Hockey League ( NWHL ) Western Women 's Hockey League ( defunct ) National Collegiate women 's ice hockey championship NCAA Division III women 's ice hockey ( NCAA ) U Sports women 's ice hockey Women 's soccer National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) Liga MX Femenil Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) United Women 's Soccer ( UWS ) Liga Mexicana de Fútbol Femenil NCAA Women 's Soccer Championship NAIA Women 's Soccer Championship U Sports women 's soccer Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) ( defunct ) Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) ( defunct ) Women 's League Soccer ( WLS ) ( defunct ) Women 's Premier Soccer League Elite ( defunct ) USL W - League ( defunct ) Women 's softball National Pro Fastpitch ( NPF ) NCAA Division I Softball Championship Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) NAIA Softball Championship Women 's gridiron football Independent Women 's Football League ( IWFL ) Women 's Football Alliance ( WFA ) United States Women 's Football League ( USWFL ) Legends Football League ( LFL ) Maritime Women 's Football League ( MWFL ) Western Women 's Canadian Football League ( WWCFL ) LFL Canada ( LFL ) American Football Women 's League ( AFWL ) ( defunct ) Women 's American Football League ( WAFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Football Association ( WFA ) ( defunct ) Ladies Tackle Football League ( LTFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Football League ( WFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Professional Football League ( WPFL ) ( defunct ) National Women 's Football Association ( NWFA ) ( defunct ) Other sports Ladies Professional Golf Association ( LPGA ) Women 's Flat", "50": "Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) National Ringette League ( NRL ) United Women 's Lacrosse League ( UWLX ) National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship NCAA Bowling Championship NCAA Women 's Division I Cross Country Championship NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship NCAA Division I Women 's Golf Championships NCAA Women 's Gymnastics Championships NCAA Division I Women 's Lacrosse Championship NCAA Division I Rowing Championship NCAA Women 's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships NCAA Women 's Tennis Championship NCAA Women 's Indoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Volleyball Championship NCAA Women 's Water Polo Championship National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics NAIA Women 's Cross Country Championship NAIA Women 's Golf Championship NAIA Women 's Swimming and Diving Championships NAIA Women 's Tennis Championship NAIA Women 's Indoor Track and Field Championship NAIA Women 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship NAIA Volleyball Championship NAIA lacrosse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=837936264 '' Categories : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship Postseason college basketball competitions in the United States Recurring sporting events established in 1982 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2009 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Français 日本語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 22 : 52 . 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-7836296241601038840	what is the most popular religion in sweden	[ "Lutheran Church of Sweden", "Christianity", "Lutheran" ]	{ "0": "Religion in Sweden - wikipedia Religion in Sweden Jump to : navigation , search Umeå City Church . Religion in Sweden is diversified . Christianity was the religion of virtually all of the Swedish population from the 12th to the early 20th century , but it has rapidly declined throughout the late 20th and early 21st century . In 2015 , legally registered Christians comprised 69.9 % of the total population . Religions in Sweden ( 2015 ) Church of Sweden ( 63.2 % ) Other protestants ( 3.8 % ) Eastern Orthodox Churches ( 1.3 % ) Catholic Church ( 1.2 % ) Other Christian denominations ( 0.3 % ) Islam ( 1.4 % ) Other religions ( 0.3 % ) Unaffiliated ( 28.4 % ) The Lutheran Church of Sweden -- which was the state religion until 2000 -- has a registered membership of 6.1 million Swedish citizens , equal to 61.2 % of the total population . One reason for the high membership might be the fact that until 1996 all newborns with at least one parent being a member of the Church of Sweden were also registered as members of the church . Yet the membership is declining rapidly , about 1 % each year , falling from 95 % in 1970 and 85 % in 2000 . Prior to their Christianisation that became complete around the 12th century , the Swedes practised forms of Norse religion . At first they became part of the Catholic Church ; then , from the 1530s , Sweden switched to Lutheranism as part of the Protestant Reformation which converted most of Germanic Europe ; the Church of Sweden was formed and remained the official religion of the Christian state until the turn of the 21st century . The 21st century brought with itself a rapid decline of Christianity overall , the disestablishment of the Church of Sweden , and the modest growth of other religions , often brought by waves of immigration from outside the country . These last include Islam , Catholicism , Orthodox Christianity , Buddhism , Hinduism and other Eastern religions .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Historical Norse religion 1.2 9th -- 12th century : Conversion to Catholicism 1.3 16th century : Protestant Reformation ; conversion to Lutheranism 1.4 17th -- 18th century : Conversion of the Sami and freedom for Christian minorities 1.5 18th -- 19th century : Crackdown on Pietism and enforcement of Lutheranism 1.6 19th -- 20th century : Liberalisation of all religions 2 Demographics and legal frameworks 3 Religions 3.1 Buddhism 3.2 Christianity 3.2. 1 Protestantism 3.2. 1.1 Church of Sweden 3.2. 1.2 Protestant free churches 3.2. 2 Catholic Church 3.2. 3 Jehovah 's Witnesses 3.2. 4 Orthodox Christianity 3.3 Germanic Heathenism 3.4 Islam 3.5 Judaism 4 Surveys 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links History ( edit ) Historical Norse religion ( edit ) Gamla Uppsala , the centre of worship in Sweden until the temple was destroyed in the late 11th century . Before the 11th century , Swedes practised Norse religion , worshipping a variety of Germanic deities . An important religious centre was the Temple at Uppsala . The shape and location of this temple is sparsely documented , but it is referenced in the Norse sagas and Saxo Grammaticus ' Gesta Danorum , and is also described by Adam of Bremen . It was probably destroyed by King Ingold I in 1087 during the last known battle between the pagans and the Christians . While Norse religion was officially abandoned with the Christianization of Scandinavia , belief in many spirits of Norse mythology such as tomtar , trolls , elves and dwarves lived on for a long time in Scandinavian folklore . 9th -- 12th century : conversion to Catholicism ( edit ) The historical Vadstena Abbey of the Catholic order of the Bridgettines , founded by Bridget of Sweden .", "2": "Main article : Christianization of Sweden The oldest evidence of Christian burial sites in Sweden are dated to the 6th century , but they are very few in number . The earliest documented campaign to Christianise the Swedes was made by the monk Ansgar ( 801 -- 865 ) . Making his first visit to Birka in 828 -- 829 , he was granted permission to build a church . In 831 , he returned home and became Archbishop of Hamburg - Bremen , with responsibility for Christianity in the north . Around 850 , he came back to Birka , where the original congregation had been shattered . Ansgar tried to reestablish it , but it only lasted a few years . Christianity first gained a hold in Västergötland , probably due to mercantile ties to the Christian Anglo - Saxon kingdoms in England . Remnants of a 9th - century church building has recently been excavated in Varnhem . The diocese of Skara , which is the oldest diocese in Sweden , emerged under the Archdiocese of Hamburg - Bremen , in the late 10th century . According to Adam of Bremen , the Christian king Olof Skötkonung , who ruled from c. 995 to c. 1022 was forced to limit Christian activities to the western province . When King Stenkil ascended to the throne in 1060 Christianity was firmly established throughout most of Sweden , although the people of Uppland , and probably Sodermanland , resisted the new religion . The last king adhering to the old religion was Blot - Sweyn , who reigned 1084 -- 1087 . A handful of local saints ( canonized on diocesan level before the centralized process became normative in 1170 -- 1200 ) , folk saints and clerics were allegedly martyred as late as the 1120s , most of them in Sodermanland and Uppland . Under the reign of Eric the Saint ( 1150 -- 1160 ) Christianity became an ideological factor of the state , and the First Swedish Crusade took place ; it was a military expedition aimed at converting the Finns to Christianity and conquering Finland as Swedish territory . ( However , no archeological data or written sources seem to support the legend .", "3": "The diocese and bishop of Finland are not listed among their Swedish counterparts before the 1250s ) . A national church of Sweden was not organized until 1164 , when the first archbishop of Uppsala received his pallium from the archbishop of Lund . Pre-Reformation Swedish Catholic religious leaders -- including Bridget of Sweden , founder of the continuously functioning Catholic Vadstena Abbey -- continue to be held in high regard by the population as a whole . Her nunnery at Vadstena is one of Sweden 's pre-eminent tourist attractions . 16th century : Protestant Reformation ; conversion to Lutheranism ( edit ) Ruins of Alvastra Monastery in Ödeshög . Various ruined medieval Catholic monasteries such as this one stand as testimonies of the appropriation of Catholic properties by the Swedish state during the Protestant Reformation . Main article : Swedish Reformation Shortly after Gustav Vasa was elected king in 1523 , he asked the Pope to confirm Johannes Magnus as Archbishop of Sweden , replacing Gustav Trolle , who had supported the Danish king Christian II and was convicted for treason . When the Pope refused , Gustav Vasa -- he himself a proponent of a `` Renaissance Biblical Humanism '' -- started to promote the Swedish Lutheran reformers Olaus , Laurentius Petri , and Laurentius Andreae . Gustav Trolle was eventually forced into exile , and soon all ecclesiastical property was transferred to the Crown . In 1531 , Laurentius Petri was appointed by the Crown to become the first Lutheran primate of Sweden , and was ordained by five Catholic bishops without papal assent . The ties with Rome were irreversibly cut in 1536 , when Canon Law was abolished . Originally , no changes were made to official church doctrine , and the episcopal organization was retained . Gradually , in spite of popular protests against the introduction of `` Luthery '' , teachings were aligned with continental Lutheranism . Calvinism was , otherwise , refuted as heresy at the synod of Stockholm in 1565 .", "4": "In order to appease the Holy See , king John III of Sweden , one of Gustav Vasa 's sons , took measures to bring the Church of Sweden to a theological position influenced by George Cassander , but , in the heat of controversy , such a compromise position did not achieve its intent of reunion . However , after his death , his brother , Duke Charles , summoned the Uppsala Synod in 1593 , which declared the Holy Scriptures the sole guideline for faith , with four documents accepted as faithful and authoritative explanations of it : the Apostles ' Creed , the Nicene Creed , the Athanasian Creed , and the unaltered Augsburg Confession of 1530 . The Uppsala Synod also reinstated The Swedish Church Ordinance of 1572 , which remained in use until 1686 . The move put Charles at odds with the heir to the throne , his nephew Sigismund , who was raised in the Catholic faith . Although Sigismund promised to uphold Lutheranism , Duke Charles 's aspirations to power led to the War against Sigismund , a power struggle that was effectively decided at the Battle of Stångebro in 1598 , in favour of Charles and Protestantism . During the era following the Protestant Reformation , usually known as the period of Lutheran Orthodoxy , small groups of non-Lutherans , especially Calvinist Dutchmen , the Moravian Church and Walloons or French Huguenots from Belgium , played a significant role in trade and industry , and were quietly tolerated as long as they kept a low profile . 17th -- 18th century : conversion of the Sami and freedom for Christian minorities ( edit ) The Sami , who originally had their own shamanistic religion , were converted to Lutheranism by Swedish missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries . Citizens of foreign nations , mainly Russians , were granted freedom to practice Eastern Orthodox Christianity since the Treaty of Stolbovo in 1617 . Anglican and Calvinist foreigners were granted freedom to practice their religions in Stockholm ( 1741 ) and Gothenburg ( 1747 ) . Similar liberties were granted Catholics in 1781 , and an apostolic vicar was sent to Sweden in 1783 .", "5": "18th -- 19th century : crackdown on Pietism and enforcement of Lutheranism ( edit ) In order to curb Pietism several royal decrees and parliament acts were issued in the 18th century ; they forbade Swedish citizens to practice any religion besides mandatory Lutheran Sunday mass and daily family devotions . Without the presence of a Lutheran clergyman public religious gatherings were forbidden . It remained illegal until 1860 for Lutheran Swedes to convert to another confession or religion . 19th -- 20th century : liberalisation of all religions ( edit ) In 1860 it became legal to leave the Church of Sweden for the purpose of becoming a member of another officially recognised religious denomination . From 1951 , it became legal to leave the church , without providing any reason . From 1951 to 1977 all religious institutions could only be established with the permission of the Crown . This law was eventually abolished in 1977 .", "6": "Demographics and legal frameworks ( edit ) Church of Sweden members Year Population Church members Percentage 1972 8,146,000 7,754,784 95.2 % 1980 8,278,000 7,690,636 92.9 % 8,573,000 7,630,350 89.0 % 2000 8,880,000 7,360,825 82.9 % 2005 9,048,000 6,967,498 77.0 % 2006 9,119,000 6,893,901 75.6 % 2007 9,179,000 6,820,161 74.3 % 2008 9,262,000 6,751,952 72.9 % 2009 9,340,682 6,664,064 71.3 % 9,415,570 6,589,769 70.0 % 2011 9,482,855 6,519,889 68.8 % 2012 9,555,893 6,446,729 67.5 % 2013 9,644,864 6,357,508 65.9 % 2014 9,747,355 6,292,264 64.6 % 2015 9,850,452 6,225,091 63.2 % 2016 9,995,153 6,116,480 61.2 % A temple of Chinese Buddhism in Rosersberg , Stockholm . Church of Scientology in Malmö . The constitution of Sweden provides for freedom of religion , and the government generally respects this right in practice . The government at all levels seeks to protect this right in full and does not tolerate its abuse , either by governmental or private actors . The rights and freedoms enumerated in the constitution include the rights to practice one 's religion and protection of religious freedom .", "7": "The laws concerning religious freedoms are generally observed and enforced at all government levels and by the courts in a non-discriminatory fashion . Legal protections cover discrimination or persecution by private actors . In the early 2000s about 85 % of Swedes still belonged to the Church of Sweden . By the end of 2016 , this figure had fallen to 61.2 % . The percentage of Swedes belonging to the Church of Sweden is decreasing yearly by more than one percent . In the same year 2016 , according to an online survey held among about 500 working - age , internet connected people in Sweden , only 24 % of the participants claim to believe in Protestantism. 45 % of the participants claim not to have any religious or spiritual belief , of whom 33 % are atheists and 13 % are agnostics. 13 % say that they hold spiritual beliefs but they are not religious . Immigration and conversion has brought into Sweden a variety of religions from the East , including Islam ( 3 % ) and Buddhism ( 1 % ) , but also new populations of Catholics ( 4 % ) , and Orthodox Christianity ( 3 % ) . Eight recognized religious denominations , in addition to the Church of Sweden , raise revenues through member - contributions made through the national tax system . All recognized denominations are entitled to direct government financial support , contributions made through the national tax system , or a mix of both . Certain Christian holidays are national holidays . School students from minority religious backgrounds are entitled to take relevant religious holidays . No recognition or registration is required to carry out religious activity . Religious groups that want to receive government aid may apply for it . Education about all major world religions is compulsory in public schools . Parents may send their children to religious charter schools , all of which receive school vouchers , provided they adhere to government guidelines on core academic curriculum . The Office of the Ombudsman against Ethnic Discrimination investigates claims of discrimination `` due to race , skin color , national or ethnic origin , or religion '' . Discrimination on religious grounds is illegal , including discrimination in the work place and in the provision of public and private services .", "8": "Religions ( edit ) Religion , formal affiliation ( in 2015 ) Members Percent Christianity 6,886,501 69.9 % Church of Sweden 6,225,091 63.2 % Orthodox Churches 140,275 1.4 % Uniting Church in Sweden 126,610 1.3 % Catholic Church 113,053 1.2 % Pentecostal congregations 106,819 1.1 % Evangelical Free Church 50,132 0.5 % Evangelical National Foundation 39,413 0.4 % Other Christians 53,048 0.5 % Jehovah 's Witnesses 22,430 0.2 % Mormons 9,630 0.1 % Non-Christian religions 167,132 1.7 % Islam 139,759 1.4 % Judaism 8,302 0.1 % Buddhism 7,901 0.1 % Mandaeism 6,979 0.05 % Alevism 4,191 0.05 % No affiliation or other religions 2,796,819 28.4 % Total 9,850,452 100.0 % Buddhism ( edit ) Main article : Buddhism in Sweden Buddharama Temple in Torsby . In 2014 , there were 4,812 formal affiliated Buddhists in Sweden , comprising the 0.05 % of the total population . A 2016 survey by Ipsos based on 500 working - age , internet connected Swedes , found that 1 % of the respondents declared to be Buddhists . Christianity ( edit ) Side view of Uppsala Cathedral , the headquarters of the Church of Sweden . Catholic Church of Christ the King in Göteborg . A Jehovah 's kingdom hall in Kristinehamn . In 2015 there were 6,886,501 formal affiliated Christians in Sweden , comprising 69.9 % of the total population .", "9": "Survey results are various , for example , according to a 2016 Ipsos survey , only 32 % of the approximately 500 working - age , internet connected participants claimed to belong to Christianity , and among them 24 % belong to Protestantism , 4 % to Catholicism , 3 % to Orthodox Christianity and 1 % to the Jehovah 's Witnesses . Despite this , the Pew Research Center found in Spring 2016 that 66.7 % out of a sample of 1,000 Swedes claimed to be Christians . Protestantism ( edit ) As of 2015 , 6,601,113 people , or 67 % of the total population , were registered members of the various Protestant denominations in Sweden . Church of Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Church of Sweden The Church of Sweden ( Swedish : Svenska kyrkan ) is the largest Christian church in Sweden , and also the largest religious body . The church professes the Lutheran faith and is a member of the Porvoo Communion . As of 2016 it has 6,116,480 members as of 2016 , 61.2 % of the Swedish population , although surveys show different figures , ranging from 24 % to 41 % to 52.1 % . Until 2000 it held the position of state religion , and most Swedes were baptised at birth . The number of both new baptisms and members has declined since . Indeed , according to official statistics , as of 2016 : About 4 out of 10 ( 44.1 % ) children are christened in the Church of Sweden . Just over 1 out of 3 ( 33.7 % ) weddings take place in church . About 3 out of 4 ( 74.3 % ) Swedes have Christian burials . The Church of Sweden , by law , is organized in the following manner : It is an Evangelical Lutheran community of faith manifested in parishes and dioceses . The church also has a national organisation . It is an open national church which , working with a democratic organisation and through the ministry of the church , covers the whole nation . The primate of the Church of Sweden is the Archbishop of Uppsala .", "10": "Protestant Free churches ( edit ) The 19th century saw the arrival of various evangelical free churches , and , towards the end of the century secularism , leading many to distance themselves from church rituals . Leaving the Church of Sweden became legal with the so - called Dissenter Law of 1860 , but only under the provision of entering another denomination . The right to stand outside any religious denomination was established in the law on freedom of religion in 1951 . Today , the Swedish Free Church Council ( Swedish : Sveriges Frikyrkosamråd ) organizes free churches in Sweden , belonging to various Protestant denominations : Calvinist , Pentecostal , and others . In total the member churches have around 250,000 members . Baptists , Methodists and the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden merged in 2011 into a new denomination : the Uniting Church in Sweden . It is the largest member church in the Swedish Free Church Council , with approximately 65,000 members . One of the Baptist denominations , the Evangelical Free Church in Sweden , has remained an independent denomination outside this merger . Catholic Church ( edit ) Main article : Catholic Church in Sweden Most Catholics in Sweden are of Slavic ( especially Poles and Croats ) , South American or Middle Eastern ( especially Assyrian ) origin . As of 2015 , legally registered Catholics in Sweden were 113,053 , comprising 1.2 % of the total population . According to Ipsos , in 2016 Catholic Church in Sweden account for 4 % of the working - age , internet connected population , while the Pew Research Center found a percentage of 1.2 % in April 2016 . Jehovah 's Witnesses ( edit ) According to the 2015 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses , there are 22,730 active members in Sweden , and 36,270 people attended their annual memorial of Christ 's death . This number includes active members and guests . As of 2016 , 1 % of the working - age , internet connected population of Sweden declared to be Jehovah 's Witnesses . Orthodox Christianity ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox Church in Sweden are divided between several canonical jurisdictions ( Greek , Russian , Serbian and others ) .", "11": "The Serbian Orthodox Church has several parishes in Sweden , under jurisdiction of Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Britain and Scandinavia . The Church of the Goths has a presence in Gotland . As of 2015 , legally registered Eastern Orthodox Christians were 140,275 and they were the second - largest Christian sect in Sweden , comprising the 1.4 % of the total population . A 2016 survey found that 3 % of the working - age , internet connected population of Sweden declared to be Orthodox Christians . Germanic heathenism ( edit ) Members of Forn Sed Sweden holding a sacrifice . Main article : Heathenry ( new religious movement ) Germanic Heathenry , the contemporary continuation of ancient Germanic religion , is represented by various organizations , including the Nordic Society of the Ese ( Nordiska Asa - samfundet ) , the Swedish Forn Sed Assembly ( Samfundet Forn Sed Sverige ) and the Community for Nordic Faith ( Samfälligheten för Nordisk Sed ) . The Nordic Society of the Ese , despite being the most recently founded amongst the three ( it was founded in 2013 ) , has quickly grown to become the largest Heathen organization in Sweden . Islam ( edit ) Stockholm Mosque . Main article : Islam in Sweden Islam entered Sweden primarily through immigration from countries with large Muslim populations ( such as Bosnia and Herzegovina , Turkey , Iraq , Morocco , Iran , and Somalia ) in the late 20th century . The Baltic Tatars were the first Muslim group in modern Sweden . In 2009 it was estimated that there were 450,000 to 500,000 Muslims in Sweden , around 5 % of the total population , while there were only 139,759 formal affiliated Muslims in 2015 . As of 2016 , 3 % of the working - age , internet connected population of Sweden claimed to be believers in Islam . Judaism ( edit ) Malmö Synagogue . Main article : History of the Jews in Sweden The Official Council of Swedish Jewish Communities estimates about 20,000 ethnic Jews in Sweden by halakhic criteria . Of them , about 8,302 were members of a Jewish religious congregation in 2015 .", "12": "Stockholm has the largest community and boasts a primary school , a kindergarten , a library , a bi-monthly publication ( Judisk Krönika ) and a weekly Jewish radio program . Other cities like Malmö , Gothenburg , Borås , Helsingborg , Lund , and Uppsala have Jewish communities as well . Synagogues can be found in Stockholm ( which has two Orthodox and one Conservative synagogue ) , Göteborg ( one Orthodox and one Conservative synagogue ) , Malmö ( one Orthodox synagogue ) , and in Norrköping ( although the Norrköping community is too small to perform regular services ) . Surveys ( edit ) Surveys often show contrasting figures . In 2015 Eurobarometer found that Christianity was the religion for 47.6 % of the respondents , with Protestantism being the main denomination with 36.5 % , followed by other Christians with 8.6 % , Catholics with 1.6 % and Eastern Orthodox with 0.8 % . 31.0 % of the sample declared to be Agnostic and 19.0 % declared to be atheist . In the same year , the International Social Survey Programme found that 71.6 % of the Swedish population declared to belong to a Christian denomination , with Lutheranism being the largest denomination accounting for 66.3 % of the respondents ; Roman Catholicism was the second - largest sect accounting for 2.0 % and Eastern Orthodoxy was the third with 1.1 % ; members of other Christian denominations comprised 2.2 % of the total population . A further 26.6 % declared to have no religion , 1.1 % to be Muslim and 0.5 % declared to belong to other religions . In 2016 in online multi-nation survey held by Ipsos , Christianity was the major religious group among approximately 500 working - age , internet connected Swedes , with 32 % of the population declaring to be Christians , of whom 24 % Protestants , 4 % Catholics , 3 % Orthodox Christians and 1 % Jehovah 's Witnesses . At the same time , 45 % of the respondents declared having no preference for any religion or spirituality , with 33 % being atheists and 13 % agnostics .", "13": "In Spring 2016 the Pew Research Center held a survey based on a nationally representative sample of 1,000 people with more than 18 years , finding that 66.7 % of the respondents declared to be Christians , of whom 53.1 % Protestants , 1.2 % Catholics , 0.7 % Eastern Orthodox and 11.4 % being simply Christians . See also ( edit ) Christianization of Scandinavia Bahá'í Faith in Sweden Hinduism in Sweden Religion in Europe Religion by country Demographics of atheism Irreligion in Sweden Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Statistik 2015 - Myndigheten för stöd till trossamfund '' . www.sst.a.se ( in Swedish ) . 2015 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Svenska kyrkan i siffror '' . Church of Sweden ( Svenska kyrkan ) . Jump up ^ Wendy Sloane ( 1995 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Sweden Snaps Strong Ties Between Church and State '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ N.F. Lutheran Cyclopedia , article , `` Upsala , Diet of '' , New York : Schrivner , 1899 . p. 528 -- 29 . Jump up ^ `` Svenska kyrkans medlemsutveckling år 1972 - 2012 '' . Church of Sweden ( Svenska kyrkan ) . ^ Jump up to : `` International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Sweden '' . U.S. Department of State - Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Religion , Ipsos Global Trends '' . Ipsos. 2017 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2017 . See also About Ipsos Global Trends survey for limitations of this survey ^ Jump up to : `` Sweden : How Many Jehovah 's Witnesses Are There ? '' . JW.ORG .", "14": "Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LDS Statistics and Church Facts Total Church Membership '' . www.mormonnewsroom.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spring 2016 Survey Data Pew Research Center '' . www.pewglobal.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Discrimination in the EU in 2012 -- Special Eurobarometer 393 ( The question asked was `` Do you consider yourself to be ... ? '' ) '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Döpta , konfirmerade , vigda och begravda enligt Svenska kyrkans ordning år 1970 - 2016 '' . Church of Sweden ( Svenska kyrkan ) . Jump up ^ `` SFS 1998 : 1591 '' , Riksdagen Jump up ^ 2012 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses . JW.org . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacob Zetterman . `` Asatron frodas i en nationalistisk miljö '' . Dagen , 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2009 : Sweden , U.S. Department Of State . Jump up ^ `` Antal judar '' . Judiska Centralrådet ( in Swedish ) . Jump up ^ `` DISCRIMINATION IN THE EU IN 2015 '' , Special Eurobarometer , 437 , European Union : European Commission , 2015 , retrieved 15 October 2017 -- via GESIS Jump up ^ `` Country specific religious affiliation or denomination : Sweden - weighted '' . International Social Survey Programme : Work Orientations IV - ISSP 2015 . 2015 -- via GESIS . External links ( edit ) Media related to Religion in Sweden at Wikimedia Commons Eurel : sociological and legal data on religions in Europe Sweden articles History Prehistory 800 -- 1521 Kalmar Union 1523 -- 1611", "15": "Rise to become Great Power Swedish Empire Great Northern War Age of Liberty Gustavian era Sweden -- Norway union Modernization Industrialization World War I World War II timeline 1945 -- 1967 1967 -- 1991 Since 1991 Geography Cities Counties Extreme points Forests Islands Lakes Lands National parks NUTS statistical regions Provinces Rivers Politics Administrative division Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government agencies Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislature Armed Forces Army Navy Air Force Home Guard Radio Establishment Monarchy Political parties Economy Agriculture Automotive industry Energy Krona ( currency ) Labour unions Rehn -- Meidner model Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Transport Tourism Society Crime Demographics Education Healthcare Immigration Languages LGBT history People Welfare Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Fashion Flag Literature Media television Music National Day Public holidays Religion Sport Outline Portal Christianity in Sweden Denominations Church of Sweden Evangelical Mission Uniting Church in Sweden Pentecostal Movement Evangelical Lutheran Church Evangelical Reformed Church in Sweden Lutheran Confessional Church Concordia Lutheran Church Missionsprovinsen Evangelical Free Church in", "16": "Sweden Swedish Alliance Mission Catholic Church Adventist Church LDS Church Jehovah 's Witnesses Former denominations Mission Covenant Church Baptist Union United Methodist Church Örebro Mission Church buildings List of churches Youth organisations Equmenia Church of Sweden Youth Ecumenical agencies Christian Council of Sweden YWCA - YMCA Christian - influenced politics Christian Democratic Party Swedish Association of Christian Social Democrats Development agencies Church of Sweden Traditions Saint Lucy 's Day Christmas Julotta Religion in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "17": "php?title=Religion_in_Sweden&oldid=821213870 '' Categories : Religion in Sweden Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles containing Swedish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Hrvatski ქართული Македонски Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 01 : 55 . 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-6944975865006468886	who is the current defence against the dark arts teacher	[ "Amycus Carrow" ]	{ "0": "Magic in Harry Potter - wikipedia Magic in Harry Potter Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the Harry Potter series created by J.K. Rowling , magic is depicted as a supernatural force that can be used to override the usual laws of nature . Many fictional magical creatures exist in the series , while ordinary creatures sometimes exhibit new magical properties in the novel 's world . Objects , too , can be enhanced or imbued with magical property . The small percentage of humans who are able to perform magic are referred to as witches and wizards , in contrast to the non-magical muggles . In humans , magic or the lack thereof is an inborn attribute . It is inherited , carried on `` dominant resilient genes '' . Magic is the norm for the children of magical couples and less common in those of muggles . Exceptions exist : those unable to do magic who are born to magical parents are known as squibs , whereas a witch or wizard born to muggle parents is known as a muggle - born , or by the derogatory term `` mudblood '' . While muggle - borns are quite common , squibs are extremely rare . Rowling based many magical elements of the Harry Potter universe on real - world mythology and magic . She has described this as `` a way of giving texture to the world '' . The books present the idea that the Muggle interpretation of these stories is a distorted version of what goes on in the wizarding world . The magic of Harry Potter became the subject of a 2017 British Library exhibition and accompanying documentary .", "1": "The exhibition , entitled Harry Potter : A History of Magic , is the first at the British Library to feature a living author as its subject . Contents ( hide ) 1 Using magic 1.1 Spellcasting 2 The limits of magic 2.1 Death 2.2 Principal Exceptions to Gamp 's Law of Elemental Transfiguration 2.3 Emotion 3 Magical abilities 3.1 Animagi 3.2 Metamorphmagi 3.3 Parseltongue 3.4 Seers 3.5 Legilimency and Occlumency 3.6 Apparition and Disapparition 3.7 Other teleportation 3.8 Veela charm 3.9 Magical resistance 4 Subjects at Hogwarts 4.1 Transfiguration 4.2 Defence Against the Dark Arts 4.3 Charms 4.4 Potions 4.5 Astronomy 4.6 History of Magic 4.7 Herbology 4.8 Arithmancy 4.9 Study of Ancient Runes 4.10 Divination 4.11 Care of Magical Creatures 4.12 Muggle Studies 4.13 Alchemy 4.14 Flying 4.15 Apparition 5 Spell - like effects 5.1 Unbreakable Vow 5.2 Priori Incantatem 6 Dark Arts 6.1 Unforgivable Curses 6.2 Dark Mark 6.3 Inferius 6.4 Horcrux 7 Portraits 7.1 Portraits in the Headmaster 's office 7.2 The Fat Lady 7.3 Photographs 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Using magic ( edit ) Witches and wizards need training to learn how to control their magic . With young and untrained children , magic will manifest itself subconsciously in moments of strong apprehension , fear , anger and sadness .", "2": "For example , Harry Potter once made his hair grow back after a bad haircut , set a boa constrictor on his cousin Dudley at the London Zoo , and made Aunt Marge inflate to an enormous size . While this reaction is usually uncontrollable , as an untrained child , Lord Voldemort was able to make things move without touching them , make animals do what he wanted without training them , make `` bad things happen to people '' who annoyed him , or make them hurt if he wanted to . In addition , Lily Potter was able to guide and control the blooming of a flower by wanting to . Almost all magic is done with the use of a wand . On the subject of wandless magic , Rowling says : `` You can do unfocused and uncontrolled magic without a wand ( for instance when Harry blows up Aunt Marge ) but to do really good spells , yes , you need a wand . '' A wizard or witch is only at their best when using their own wand . When using another 's wand , one 's spells are not as strong as they normally would be . Within the books , technical details of magic are obscure . Of Harry 's lessons , only those involving magical creatures , potions or divination are given in any detail . Severus Snape once told Harry Potter that `` Time and space matter in magic '' during Harry 's first Occlumency lesson in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Albus Dumbledore told Harry after finding the magically concealed boat to reach the locket Horcrux that `` Magic always leaves traces , sometimes very distinctive traces . '' Spellcasting ( edit ) Spells are the every - purpose tools of a wizard or witch ; short bursts of magic used to accomplish single specialised tasks such as opening locks or creating fire . Typically casting requires an incantation , most often in a modified form of Latin ( see Dog Latin ) , and gesturing with a wand . However , Rowling has revealed that particularly talented wizards can cast spells without the aid of wand , although magic produced with one is generally more precise and powerful . Spells can also be cast non-verbally , but with a magical wand . This special technique is taught in the sixth year of study at Hogwarts and requires the caster to concentrate on the incantation . Some spells ( e.g.", "3": "Levicorpus ) are apparently designed to be used non-verbally . While most magic shown in the books requires the caster to use their voice , some do not ( and this may depend on the witch or wizard ) . Dumbledore has been known to do impressive feats of magic without speaking , such as conjuring enough squashy purple sleeping bags to accommodate the entire student population or during his duel with Voldemort towards the end of Order of the Phoenix . It is possible to use a wand without holding it . In Order of the Phoenix , Harry himself performs Lumos to light his wand when it is lying on the ground somewhere near him . Additionally , Animagi and Metamorphmagi do not need wands to undergo their transformations . Spells are divided into rough categories , such as `` charms '' , `` curses '' , `` hexes '' , or `` jinxes '' . Although offensive and potentially dangerous curses exist in number , three are considered usable only for great evil , which earns them the special classification of `` Unforgivable Curses '' . The limits of magic ( edit ) Before publishing the first Harry Potter novel , Rowling spent five years establishing the limitations of magic -- determining what it could and could not do . `` The most important thing to decide when you 're creating a fantasy world , '' she said in 2000 , `` is what the characters CAN 'T do . '' For instance , while it is possible to conjure things out of thin air , it is far more tricky to create something that fits an exact specification rather than a general one ; moreover , any objects so conjured tend not to last . Death ( edit ) Rowling has described death as the most important theme in the books . Consequently , as Dumbledore states in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , there is no spell that can truly bring the dead back to life . While corpses can be transformed into obedient Inferi on a living wizard 's command , they are little more than zombies with no soul or will of their own . However , there are some methods of communicating with the dead , though with limited results . For example , all Hogwarts headmasters appear in a portrait when they die , allowing consultation by future generations . It is also possible through the rare Priori Incantatem effect to converse with ghost - like `` shadows '' of magically murdered people .", "4": "The Resurrection Stone also allows one to talk to the dead , but those brought back by the Stone are not corporeal , nor do they wish to be disturbed from their peaceful rest . Throughout the series , this limit is continually mentioned , and wizards try to transcend it at their own folly . Likewise , it is not possible to make oneself immortal unless one makes use of an object of great power to sustain life , such as the Philosopher 's Stone or horcruxes . If one were to possess the three Deathly Hallows , it is fabled that they would possess the tools to become the `` master of death '' . However , it is hinted that to be a true `` master of death '' is to be willing to accept that death is inevitable . Other methods of extending life include drinking unicorn blood , which will keep a person alive even if death is imminent , but at the terrible price of being cursed forever . Being magical can contribute to one 's longevity , as there are several characters in the series who are unusually long - lived ( such as Griselda Marchbanks , who was an invigilator during Albus Dumbledore 's O.W.L examinations ) . It is revealed by Nearly Headless Nick in the fifth book that all witches and wizards have the choice of becoming ghosts upon dying ; however , it is described as `` a pale imitation of life '' . Snape states that a ghost is merely `` the imprint of a departed soul left upon the earth '' . Death is studied at the Department of Mysteries in a chamber containing an enigmatic veil , which Rowling has described as `` the divide between life and death '' . With regard to what is on the other side , she elaborated : `` Do I believe you go on ? Yes , I do believe you go on . I do believe in an afterlife , although I 'm absolutely doubt - ridden and always have been but there you are . '' Sirius falls through this veil in Order of the Phoenix after he is hit with a curse from Bellatrix . Principal Exceptions to Gamp 's law of Elemental Transfiguration ( edit ) The Principal Exceptions to Gamp 's Law of Elemental Transfiguration is a magical theory mentioned by Hermione and later repeated by Ron in the final book .", "5": "She explains that food is one of these : witches or wizards can cook and prepare food using magic , and even multiply it , but not create it out of nothing . There are numerous examples in the series of food appearing to have been conjured from nothing , such as the sudden materialisation of ingredients in the pots of Molly Weasley 's kitchen and when Professor McGonagall creates a self - refilling plate of sandwiches for Harry and Ron in Chamber of Secrets . In all cases , these events can be reasonably explained as food either being multiplied or transported from elsewhere . One example of the latter is banqueting at Hogwarts -- the food is prepared by elves in the kitchens and laid onto four replica tables , directly below the actual house tables in the Great Hall . The food is then magically transported to the tables . This is the only exception mentioned explicitly in the series . However , Rowling herself has stated once in an interview that money is something wizards can not simply materialise out of thin air , or the economic system of the wizarding world would then be gravely flawed and disrupted . While the Philosopher 's Stone does permit alchemy , this is portrayed as an extremely rare , even unique , object , whose owner does not exploit its powers . Emotion ( edit ) As explained earlier , young untrained wizards can trigger uncontrolled magic when they are in the state of heightened emotions . But emotions also affect trained witches and wizards and their magical abilities . For instance , in Half - Blood Prince , a heartbroken Nymphadora Tonks temporarily loses her power as a Metamorphmagus when Remus Lupin starts distancing himself from her . The form of her Patronus changes to reflect her depression . Another example is Merope Gaunt , who only demonstrated any magical ability when removed from her father 's oppression , but then lost it again when her husband abandoned her . Several magical spells require the use of certain emotions when casting them . The Patronus charm , for example , requires the caster to concentrate on a happy memory . ( Force of will , under extenuating circumstances , helps a lot . An example of this is when Harry is able to conjure a corporeal Patronus when Sirius is in danger of being administered the Dementor 's Kiss . )", "6": "Another example is the Cruciatus Curse , which causes immense pain ; as Harry discovers during a duel with Bellatrix Lestrange , effective use of this forbidden dark magic requires sadistic desires . Love ( in its broadest meaning ) is depicted as a particularly powerful form of magic . According to Dumbledore , love is a `` force that is at once more wonderful and more terrible than death , than human intelligence , than forces of nature . '' Lily 's voluntary sacrifice on Harry 's behalf saves him from Voldemort as a baby , and Harry makes a similar sacrifice to save his friends at the end of Deathly Hallows . A certain key prophecy in the series describes Harry as having `` power the Dark Lord knows not '' , referencing his capacity for love . True love is impossible to create magically ; Amortentia , a love potion , can only create a powerful sense of infatuation and obsession . Magical abilities ( edit ) The following is a list of special abilities that a wizard or witch in the Harry Potter universe may have . Animagi ( edit ) An Animagus ( portmanteau of animal and magus ) is a witch or wizard who can turn into a particular animal or magical creature at will . This ability is not innate : it must be acquired by magical means . All Animagi must register at a central authority by law , though a number of characters are revealed over the course of the series to have remained unregistered illegally : James Potter , Sirius Black , Peter Pettigrew and Rita Skeeter . Animagi transformation can be performed wandlessly . Sirius and Peter are left wandless for over 10 years , but both retain the ability with no apparent ill effects . When Animagi transform , they take on the appearance of a normal animal . However , in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , it is noted that Ron 's pet rat Scabbers ( later revealed as Peter Pettigrew 's Animagus form ) has lived over twelve years when only expected to live three . Also , an Animagus in animal form retains the ability to think like a human , which is the principal difference between being an animagus and being transfigured into an animal . Otherwise , they would forget that they were a wizard and be trapped , unknowingly , in this form unless transformed back by another wizard .", "7": "Characteristics of an Animagus ' human form can manifest themselves in the animal transformation ; for example , the markings around McGonagall 's eyes as a cat resemble her glasses . When an Animagus registers , they must record all the defining physical traits of their animal form so that the Ministry can identify them . Each Animagus has a specific animal form , and can not transform into any other animal . The animal can not be chosen : it is uniquely suited to that individual 's personality , and in most cases the Animagus will change into the same animal used in the person 's Patronus Charm . Explicit emphasis is placed in the books on the differences between Animagi and werewolves . Animagi have full control over their transformations and retain their minds , whereas werewolves ' transformations are involuntary and include severe changes in personality . After the person has transformed into a werewolf , he no longer remembers who he is ; he would kill his best friend if he got anywhere near him . A werewolf only responds to the call of his own kind . The only way that a werewolf can retain his sanity , intelligence and memory while transformed is using the Wolfsbane Potion . Metamorphmagi ( edit ) A Metamorphmagus ( a portmanteau of metamorph and magus ) is a witch or wizard born with the innate ability to change some or all of their appearance at will . The talent can not be acquired ; a witch or wizard who has it must be born with it . Nymphadora Tonks and her son , Teddy Lupin are currently the only known Metamorphmagi in the series ; it is a very rare ability , possibly hereditary . Tonks is known to change her hair colour and style according to her mood . She even appears as an old woman on occasion . She can also change her nose appearance , as she does when eating with the Weasley family to entertain Ginny and Hermione . Her son , Teddy Lupin , also inherited this trait , as his hair is mentioned repeatedly changing colour . The extent of these appearance - altering abilities and the limits thereof are not entirely clear . According to Rowling , a Metamorphmagus can alter his or her appearance completely , for instance , from black to white , young to old , handsome to plain and so on .", "8": "In one example , Tonks changes her facial appearance by reshaping her nose into `` a beaklike protuberance like Snape 's '' , to `` something resembling a button mushroom '' , and `` one like a pig snout '' which reminded Harry of his cousin Dudley . The emotional state of a Metamorphmagus can affect their abilities . Parseltongue ( edit ) Parseltongue is the language of snakes . It is often associated with Dark Magic , although Dumbledore stated that it is not necessarily an evil quality . Those possessing the ability to speak it ( `` Parselmouths '' ) occur very rarely . People apparently acquire the skill through learning or via a method of xenoglossia , such as through genetic inheritance ( or by use of Dark or dangerous Magic ) . Harry was a Parselmouth until the age of 18 . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets explains this was because of Voldemort 's passing on some of his abilities to Harry the night he tried to kill him . Deathly Hallows reveals that a part of Voldemort 's soul within Harry grants him this ability , which is later destroyed leaving Harry stripped of the ability . Other known Parselmouths include Salazar Slytherin and his descendants , including the Gaunts and Voldemort . Dumbledore can also understand Parseltongue ; however , he learned it and did not naturally possess the ability . In Half - Blood Prince he repeats Morfin Gaunt 's words `` the big house over the way '' , which were spoken in Parseltongue . Ron uses Parseltongue in the final book to reopen the Chamber of Secrets , but he is only imitating the sound of a phrase Harry used earlier in the book . Rowling borrowed the term from `` an old word for someone who has a problem with the mouth , like a hare lip '' . Professor Francis Nolan , Professor of Phonetics at University of Cambridge , designed the version of Parseltongue used in the films as an ergative - absolutive language featuring geminate consonants and VSO word order . It has a high frequency of fricative and pharyngeal consonants to acoustically approximate the physiology of a snake . Seers ( edit ) A Seer is a witch or wizard with the clairvoyant ability to predict future events .", "9": "The predictions given through this ability can sometimes be self - fulfilling prophecies , and Dumbledore states in Order of the Phoenix that not all of them come true , depending on the choices made by those mentioned . This would seem to indicate that a Seer predicts possible or likely events , at least in some cases . In the Hall of Prophecy at the Department of Mysteries , thousands upon thousands of glass spheres are imbued with records of prophecies made by Seers . Only a person mentioned in a prophecy can safely retrieve it ; anyone else who tries to do so will be driven insane . According to McGonagall , true Seers are extremely rare . Sybill Trelawney is the only Seer portrayed in the books , although it is mentioned that Sybill 's great - great - grandmother , Cassandra Trelawney , was a renowned Seer in her day . Trelawney is considered an `` old fraud '' by her students , and is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in the fifth book for it . However , she has twice made true prophecies . Sybill Trelawney is noted to never remember that she has made a prophecy when it is a true one . She speaks in a hoarse voice , and only if a wizard is present will anyone know about it . Legilimency and Occlumency ( edit ) Legilimency is the magical skill of extracting feelings and memories from another person 's mind -- a form of magical `` telepathy '' ( although Snape , an able practitioner of the art , dismisses the colloquial term `` mind - reading '' , as a drastic oversimplification ) . It also allows one to convey visions or memories to another person , whether real or imaginary . A witch or wizard possessing this skill is called a Legilimens , and can , for example , detect lies and deceit in another person , witness memories in another person 's past , or `` plant '' false visions in another 's mind . The counter-skill to Legilimency is Occlumency ( and its user , known as an Occlumens ) , by which one can compartmentalize one 's emotions , or prevent a Legilimens from discovering thoughts or memories which contradict one 's spoken words or actions .", "10": "An advanced form of Occlumency is planting false temporary memories inside an Occlumens ' own head while blocking all other true memories , so if a Legilimens , even a highly skilled one , were to attempt to read the mind , he or she would find false memories only and believe everything was right . The skills are first elaborated in Order of the Phoenix . Legilimency and Occlumency are not part of the normal curriculum at Hogwarts , and most students would graduate without learning them . Voldemort , Snape , and Dumbledore are all known to be skilled in Legilimency and Occlumency . Voldemort is said to be the master of Legilimency by Snape , as he , in almost all cases , immediately knows if someone lied to him . In addition , in Deathly Hallows , Voldemort repeatedly uses Legilimency to interrogate his victims . Voldemort practices Occlumency throughout the period of Half - Blood Prince to deny Harry access to his thoughts and emotions . However , in Deathly Hallows , Voldemort repeatedly loses grip , resulting in occasional but very powerful burst of thoughts , visions and emotions to be sent to Harry . Throughout the books , Snape is repeatedly said to be highly skilled in Occlumency . This is how Snape was able to lie to Voldemort for years . Even before Order of Phoenix , Harry repeatedly gets the impression that Snape can read minds . Bellatrix Lestrange and Draco also have skill in Occlumency , since Bellatrix was clearly said to have taught Draco to shield his thoughts from Snape . During the Order of Phoenix Snape is instructed by Dumbledore to give Harry lessons in Occlumency . Whether as a result of Snape 's poor instruction , or poor aptitude on Harry 's part , Harry did not make any progress . ( Only once did Harry manage to overcome Snape with the use of Occlumency . ) In Deathly Hallows , Harry finally masters Occlumency -- shutting his mind to Voldemort -- when Dobby dies . He realises that his grief -- or as Dumbledore calls it , love -- is what can block out the Dark Lord .", "11": "Queenie Goldstein , in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , is shown to be a proficient Legilimens , as she was easily able to read the minds of Jacob Kowalski and others in the film , as well as sense and hear them through their thoughts . However , she says she has problems with Brits like Newt Scamander , because of the accent . Apparition and Disapparition ( edit ) Apparition is a magical form of teleportation , through which a witch or wizard can disappear ( `` Disapparate '' ) from one location and reappear ( `` Apparate '' ) in another . It is sometimes accompanied by a distinctive cracking or popping sound , though the most skilled wizards can Apparate `` so suddenly and silently '' that they seem to have `` popped out of the ground '' ( Dumbledore ) . The act is also accompanied by a very unpleasant squeezing sensation , as though being sent through a tight rubber tube , according to Harry . The Ministry of Magic licenses Apparition . A witch or wizard must be 17 years old or older and have a licence to Apparate as a means of transportation in much the same way real - world governments require individuals to have a licence to drive a motor vehicle . Students at Hogwarts may attend Ministry - administered Apparition lessons during their sixth year , and take their examination once they turn seventeen . It is shown that although it is possible to Apparate without a licence , it is not usually done ( unless in lessons ) and is illegal . In Deathly Hallows , Harry does not possess a licence , but since his Trace has been lifted , the Ministry is likely unaware that he does it . Learning to Apparate is difficult , and students run the risk of splinching -- being physically split between the origin and destination -- which requires the assistance of the Ministry 's Accidental Magic Reversal Squad to undo properly , although essence of dittany can also mend certain wounds . Splinching is quite common during lessons , and can be uncomfortable ( and at times rather gruesome ) depending on the body parts splinched , but is ultimately harmless if properly reversed .", "12": "It is implied that though Ron can Apparate , he is n't terribly skilled at it , seeing as he splinches himself at least three times ( once losing half an eyebrow , two fingernails and part of his arm . ) ; Harry and Hermione both pick up the skill quickly in comparison . As explained in the Half - Blood Prince , there is no word spell to Apparate or Disapparate , but the caster has to concentrate on the location on which he has to apparate , needs to be fully focused on the spell , and also has to `` feel '' it through the whole body . It has been indicated that it is considered rude to Apparate directly into a private area , such as a home . Dumbledore states in Half - Blood Prince that it would be `` quite as rude as kicking down the front door '' . For this reason , and for reasons of security , many homes have Anti-Apparition spells protecting them from uninvited intrusions . The accepted way to travel to a home is to Apparate to a nearby location and continue to the final destination on foot . Apparition is considered unreliable over long distances , and even experienced users of the technique sometimes prefer other means of transport , such as broomsticks . Rowling has stated that Apparating over long distances depends on the skill of the wizard , and `` Cross-continental Apparition would almost certainly result in severe injury or death . '' Indeed , even the prodigiously skilled Lord Voldemort elects to fly back to England after visiting the far - flung Nurmengard . For reasons of security , the grounds and buildings of Hogwarts are protected by ancient Anti-Apparition and Anti-Disapparition spells , which prevent humans from Apparating on the school grounds . There is also a spell that prevents individuals from Disapparating , which Dumbledore places on the Death Eaters captured at the Ministry in Order of the Phoenix ; a sister spell , which allows one to Apparate into a location but prevents them from Disapparating out of it , is cast by the Death Eaters in Hogsmeade in concordance with the Caterwauling Charm . Dumbledore is the only person who can both Apparate and Disapparate from the school grounds , since he is the headmaster .", "13": "A witch or wizard can use Side - Along Apparition to take others with them during Apparition . Dumbledore successfully transports Harry this way several times in Half - Blood Prince , and notably , Harry 's first non-lesson attempt at the skill is the Side - Along Apparition with the weakened Dumbledore when they return from the seaside cave . In the Order of the Phoenix film , Death Eaters and Order members Apparate and Disapparate in clouds of smoke . Death Eaters appear and disappear in black smoke , Order members in white . In the film , both sides also appear to be able to `` half - apparate '' in which their bodies were made out of smoke , giving them the ability to fly . Interestingly , both times Fred and George apparated and disapparated , they did it with a pop as in the books . In the books , the words `` Apparate '' and `` Disapparate '' , like many other neologisms used by Rowling , are capitalised , whereas established English words such as `` jinx '' and `` hex '' are not . The words themselves are most likely derived from the French apparaître and disparaître , meaning ' to appear ' and ' to disappear ' . Another possible derivation is from the English word `` apparition '' , meaning `` a supernatural appearance of a person or thing ; anything that appears , especially something remarkable or startling ; an act of appearing '' , which comes from the Latin `` apparitio '' , meaning attendance . `` Disapparate '' probably comes from the same word but with the prefix : `` dis - '' expressing negation or reversal . Other teleportation ( edit ) Some magical creatures have their own forms of instantaneous travel , such as a house elf 's ability to teleport or a phoenix 's ability to appear and disappear in a burst of flame . Unlike wizards , these creatures are not restricted by anti-Apparition magic . Dobby , Kreacher and the rest of the house - elf population can Apparate within the Hogwarts grounds , as is demonstrated on multiple occasions , most notably when Dobby visits Harry in the hospital wing , and when Dobby and Kreacher are summoned by Harry and assigned to tail Draco Malfoy .", "14": "Fawkes disapparates from the headmaster 's office at Hogwarts along with Dumbledore when the latter manages to evade arrest at the hands of Ministry officials in Order of the Phoenix . Some magical devices like the Floo Network , Portkeys and Vanishing Cabinets also provide forms of magical teleportation . Veela charm ( edit ) An ability attributed to Veela and those of Veela heritage , such as Fleur Delacour . It is used to charm males , much like the Sirens in The Odyssey . Men who are exposed to it over time become more resistant to it , although the Veela charm takes full effect if the Veela surprises the man , as noted by Ron in Half - Blood Prince . As shown in Goblet of Fire , Veela hair can be used as cores to create magical wands . According to famed wandmaker Mr. Ollivander , these wands are a little `` temperamental '' . Magical resistance ( edit ) This refers to a certain degree of immunity against hexes and spells found in powerful creatures such as trolls , dragons , and giants . Hagrid is resistant to certain spells , like the Stunning Spell , due to his giant blood . This type of resistance is not insurmountable ; if enough Stunning Spells , for example , are fired at a creature with magical resistance at once , the creature may still be rendered unconscious . Also , wizards and witches can resist certain spells with the power of their own sheer will , such as Harry did in Goblet of Fire , when Barty Crouch Jr. disguised as Alastor Moody tried to control Harry with the Imperius curse and Harry resisted . Subjects at Hogwarts ( edit ) At Hogwarts , students must study a core group of subjects for the first two years , after which they must choose between several electives . During their final two years , students are permitted to take more specialized subjects such as Alchemy . Transfiguration , Defence Against the Dark Arts , Charms , Potions , Astronomy , History of Magic , and Herbology are compulsory subjects for the first five years , as well as flying lessons . At the end of their second year , students are required to add at least two optional subjects to their syllabus for the start of the third year .", "15": "The five choices are Arithmancy , Muggle Studies , Divination , Study of Ancient Runes and Care of Magical Creatures . Very specialised subjects such as Alchemy are sometimes offered in the final two years , if there is sufficient demand . There is a total of twelve named Professors at Hogwarts , each specializing in one of these subjects . Transfiguration ( edit ) Transfiguration is essentially the art of changing the properties of an object . Transfiguration is a theory - based subject , including topics such as `` Switching Spells '' ( altering only a part of some object , such as when Hagrid gave Dudley a pig tail ) ; Vanishing Spells ( causing an object to completely disappear ) ; and Conjuring Spells ( creating objects out of thin air ) . It is possible to change inanimate objects into animate ones and vice versa -- Minerva McGonagall , the class 's teacher , transfigures her desk into a pig and back in Philosopher 's Stone . Defence Against the Dark Arts ( edit ) Defence Against the Dark Arts , commonly shortened to D.A.D.A. , is the class that teaches students defensive techniques to defend against the Dark Arts , and to be protected from Dark creatures . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with Death - Eaters in charge of the school , the subject is renamed the Dark Arts , and involves pupils practicing the Cruciatus Curse on those who have earned detentions . The subject has an extraordinarily high turnover of staff members -- throughout the series no Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher has retained the post for more than one school year . Harry is exceptionally skilled in this subject . During the period the story takes place , the class is taught by Quirinus Quirrell ( book one ) , Gilderoy Lockhart ( book two ) , Remus Lupin ( book three ) , Bartemius Crouch Jr impersonating Alastor `` Mad - eye '' Moody ( book four ) , Dolores Umbridge ( book five ) , Severus Snape ( book six ) , and Amycus Carrow ( book seven ) . Hagrid suggests in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets that `` They 're startin ' ter think the job 's jinxed . No one 's lasted long for a while now . ''", "16": "In Half - Blood Prince , Dumbledore suggests that Voldemort cursed the position because his application for it was rejected . The existence of the jinx was eventually confirmed by Rowling . The position had also been coveted by Snape , but he was denied the position as well . Snape was finally appointed D.A.D.A. professor in Half - Blood Prince . Rowling announced in an interview that once Voldemort had died , the jinx he placed on the office was lifted and a permanent professor had been teaching the subject between the end of Deathly Hallows and the epilogue , set nineteen years afterwards . Furthermore , she imagines that Harry Potter occasionally comes to the class to give lectures on the subject . Charms ( edit ) Charms is the class that teaches how to develop incantations for the uses of bewitchment . Rowling has described Charms as a type of magic spell concerned with giving an object new and unexpected properties . Charms classes are described as notoriously noisy and chaotic , as the lessons are largely practical . Many of the exposition sequences in the books are set in Charms classes , which are on the second floor of Hogwarts . The class is taught by Filius Flitwick . Potions ( edit ) Further information : Potions in Harry Potter Potions is described as the art of creating mixtures with magical effects . It requires the correct mixing and stirring of ingredients at the right times and temperatures . As to the question of whether a muggle could brew a potion , given the correct magical ingredients , Rowling has said , `` Potions seems , on the face of it , to be the most muggle - friendly subject . But there does come a point in which you need to do more than stir . '' Rowling later confirmed on Pottermore that `` There is always some element of wandwork necessary to make a potion . '' Snape 's lessons are depicted as unhappy , oppressing times set in a gloomy dungeon in the basement of the castle , whilst Slughorn 's , who replaces Snape as Potions Master , are shown as more cheerful and even fun at times . Astronomy ( edit ) Astronomy classes take place in the Astronomy Tower , the tallest tower in Hogwarts , and are taught by Professor Aurora Sinistra . Lessons involve observations of the night skies with telescopes .", "17": "No astronomy lessons are shown in the books , but they are frequently referenced . Rowling describes one of Harry 's Astronomy exams in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Also , bits of the Astronomy Tower are seen throughout the film series , such as HP2 and HP3 , and featured in Half - Blood Prince , as the place where Dumbledore died , and seen in Deathly Hallows . Known student homework activities include learning the names of stars , constellations and planets , and their location , movements , and environments . History of magic ( edit ) History of Magic is the study of magical history . Cuthbert Binns ' lessons are depicted as some of the most boring at Hogwarts . They are only lectures , given without pause , about significant events in wizarding history . Topics have included goblin rebellions , giant wars , and the origins of wizarding secrecy . This is the only class at Hogwarts that is taught by a ghost , as the professor never noticed he had died and simply continued teaching as if nothing had changed . Herbology ( edit ) Herbology is the study of magical plants and how to take care of , utilise and combat them . There are at least three greenhouses described in the books , holding a variety of magical plants . Herbology is also the only subject Neville excels in . The epilogue to Deathly Hallows explains that he later replaces Professor Sprout as the Herbology teacher . Arithmancy ( edit ) Arithmancy is a branch of magic concerned with the magical properties of numbers . As neither Harry nor Ron take this class ; almost nothing is known about it . It is , however , a favourite subject of Hermione . Arithmancy is reportedly difficult , as it requires memorising or working with many charts . In Order of the Phoenix , it is mentioned that the study of Arithmancy is required to become a Curse - Breaker for Gringotts . The subject is taught by Professor Septima Vector . Study of ancient Runes ( edit ) Study of Ancient Runes , more commonly known as Ancient Runes , is a generally theoretical subject that studies the ancient runic scripts . Because only Hermione studies it , little else is known about this subject , taught by Professor Bathsheba Babbling .", "18": "In Deathly Hallows Dumbledore bequeaths his copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , which is written in ancient runes , to Hermione . Divination ( edit ) Divination is the art of predicting the future . Various methods are described , including tea leaves , fire omens , crystal balls , palmistry , cartomancy ( including the reading of conventional playing cards and the tarot ) , astrology , and dream interpretations . Divination is described by Professor McGonagall as `` one of the most imprecise branches of magic '' . Supporters of the subject claim that it is an inexact science that requires innate gifts such as the `` Inner Eye '' . Those opposed claim that the subject is irrelevant and fraudulent . Harry is first taught Divination by Professor Trelawney , and then later by Firenze after Trelawney is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in Harry 's fifth year . In the sixth ( and presumably seventh ) year , Firenze and Professor Trelawney share Divination classes , divided by year . Care of magical creatures ( edit ) Care of Magical Creatures is the class which instructs students on how to care for magical beasts . Classes are held outside the castle . In Harry 's first two years , the class is taken by Professor Silvanus Kettleburn who then retires `` in order to enjoy more time with his remaining limbs '' . Dumbledore then recruits the gamekeeper Rubeus Hagrid to accept a teaching position along with his gamekeeping duties . Although Hagrid is obviously very experienced and knowledgeable , he does n't `` have a normal person 's view of what 's dangerous '' , an example being that the Care of Magical Creatures students were required to get a literally ferocious textbook called the `` Monster Book of Monsters '' , and so consistently misjudges the risk that the animals he uses in his lessons pose to his students , which sometimes results in chaos . When Hagrid is absent , his lessons are taken over by Wilhelmina Grubbly - Plank , a witch and an acquaintance of Dumbledore 's . Muggle Studies ( edit ) Muggle Studies is a class which involves the study of the muggle ( non-magical ) culture `` from a wizarding point of view . ''", "19": "The only need for witches and wizards to learn about muggle ways and means is to ensure they can blend in with muggles while needing to do so ( for example , at the 1994 Quidditch World Cup ) . As the class is only mentioned as being taken by Hermione , and for just one year , little is known about its curriculum . In the opening chapter of the final book , Voldemort murders Professor Charity Burbage because she portrays muggles in a positive light and is opposed to limiting wizardry to only people of pure - blood origins . For the rest of the academic year covered by Deathly Hallows , the Death Eater Alecto Carrow teaches Muggle Studies . However , her lessons ( which are made compulsory ) mainly describe muggles and muggle - borns as subhuman and worthy of persecution . Alchemy ( edit ) Alchemy classes are not mentioned in the Harry Potter series ; however , Rowling has used Alchemy as an example of a ' specialized ' subject offered when there is sufficient demand . Alchemy is a philosophical tradition searching for the philosopher 's stone , which is said to have the power to turn base metals into gold and to contain the elixir of life , which makes or keeps the drinker young and immortal . As mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Nicholas Flamel created a Philosopher 's Stone , but it was destroyed at the end of Harry 's first year . Flying ( edit ) Flying is the class that teaches the use of broomsticks made for the use of flying and is taught only to Hogwarts first years by Rolanda Hooch . The subject is the only one that requires physicality . The only flying lesson depicted in the Harry Potter series is in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Apparition ( edit ) Apparition is an optional class for those in the sixth and seventh years at Hogwarts , in preparation for obtaining their licence . In Harry 's sixth year , Wilkie Twycross , a Ministry of Magic Apparition instructor , teaches the lessons . Magical enchantments on Hogwarts castle and grounds prevent Apparition and Disapparition inside the castle ; however Half - Blood Prince explains that these protections are temporarily relaxed within the Great Hall for short periods to permit students to practice .", "20": "Students are warned , though , that they will not be able to Apparate outside of the Great Hall and that it would be unwise to try . Spell - like effects ( edit ) Unbreakable Vow ( edit ) The Unbreakable Vow is a voluntary agreement made between two witches or wizards . It must be performed with a witness ( `` Bonder '' ) on hand , holding their wand on the agreeing persons ' linked hands to bind them with magic as a tongue of flame . The Vow is not literally `` unbreakable '' as the person taking it is still able to go back on his or her word , but doing so will cause instant death . The Unbreakable Vow was first introduced in Half - Blood Prince , in which Snape made a promise to Narcissa Malfoy to protect Draco , with Bellatrix as the `` Bonder '' , as her son attempted to fulfil the Dark Lord 's task , and for Snape to fulfil the task if something should prevent Draco from doing it . Another example in Half - Blood Prince occurs when Ron tells Harry how Fred and George tried to make him undertake an Unbreakable Vow , but because of their father 's intervention , they did not succeed . Priori Incantatem ( edit ) Priori Incantatem , or the Reverse Spell Effect , is used to detect the spells cast by a wand . The spells cast by the wand will emerge in smoky or ghost - like replicas in reverse order , with the latest spell emerging first . It is first encountered in Goblet of Fire when the house elf Winky is found holding Harry 's wand . This spell is used to reveal that it was indeed Harry 's wand that cast the Dark Mark . In Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince , it is revealed that the teenage Voldemort murdered his father and grandparents using his uncle Morfin 's wand , knowing that , when examined , the wand would incriminate Morfin as the murderer . In Deathly Hallows , Harry fears that a Priori Incantatem spell will be used on Hermione 's wand after the Death Eaters get hold of it . This would reveal that she had accidentally broken his holly - and - phoenix - feather wand when a curse misfired and they both narrowly escaped Voldemort earlier .", "21": "As a result , the protection of the shared cores was lost and , worse still , this would now be made known to Voldemort . During the final duel between Harry and Voldemort , the latter mentions that he knows that the holly and phoenix wand is destroyed , implying that the Priori Incantatem has indeed been performed on Hermione 's wand , as they had feared . Forcing two wands that share the source of their cores to do battle can also cause a more potent form of Priori Incantatem . The tips of the two wands will connect , forming a thick golden `` thread '' of energy , and the two wands ' masters fight a battle of wills . The loser 's wand will regurgitate shadows of spells that it has cast in reverse order . This phenomenon occurs during the duel between Harry and Voldemort at the end of Goblet of Fire . Their simultaneous spells ( Harry and Voldemort cast `` Expelliarmus '' and `` Avada Kedavra '' respectively ) trigger the threads , and as Voldemort loses the battle of wills , his wand regurgitates , in reverse order , echoes of the people his wand had last murdered : Cedric Diggory ; Frank Bryce ; Bertha Jorkins ; as well as Harry 's parents . Harry was previously informed by Mr. Ollivander that the holly wand that `` chose '' Harry was the `` brother '' of the yew wand that gave him the lightning - shaped scar on his forehead , although the significance of this was not discussed then . Dumbledore later reveals to Harry that his and Voldemort 's wands both contain a tail feather given by Dumbledore 's pet phoenix , Fawkes . Dark Arts ( edit ) The Dark Arts are magical spells and practices that are usually used for malicious purposes . Practitioners of Dark Arts are referred to as Dark witches or wizards . The most prominent of these is Voldemort , known to them as the Dark Lord . His followers , known as Death Eaters , practice the Dark Arts while doing his bidding . The type of spells characteristic of Dark Arts are known as curses , which usually cause harm to the target . All , to a certain degree , are in some circumstances justifiable . The motivation of the caster affects a curse 's result .", "22": "This is most notable in the case of Cruciatus : when cast by Harry , angered by the death of his godfather at Bellatrix 's hands and desiring to punish her , it causes a short moment of pain . As Bellatrix herself comments , righteous anger does not allow the spell to work for long . When cast by figures such as Voldemort , who desire to inflict pain for its own sake , it causes intense agony that can last as long as the Dark witch or wizard desires . Use of Dark Magic can corrupt the soul and body ; Voldemort has used such magic in his quest to prolong his life and obtain great power . The Dark Arts also cause Voldemort to look deformed and inhuman , a side effect of splitting his soul into Horcruxes . According to Snape , the Dark Arts `` are many , varied , ever - changing and eternal ... unfixed , mutating , indestructible '' . In magical dueling , there are any number of spells that may be used to attack , immobilise , or disarm an opponent without causing pain or lasting harm ; however , spells such as the Cruciatus Curse or Sectumsempra , judged to be Dark by reliable authorities , wound or seriously distress a victim in some way . Dark spells can be classified into three groups : jinxes , hexes & curses . In the wizarding world , use of the Dark Arts is strongly stigmatised and even illegal ; however , these spells are prevalent enough that even before the rise of Voldemort , many schools , ( including Hogwarts ) , taught Defence Against the Dark Arts as a standard subject . Techniques include anti-curses and simple spells to disable or disarm attackers or fight off certain creatures . Some schools , such as Durmstrang , teach Dark Magic . A Dark Arts class is also taught at Hogwarts while it is under Death Eater control . Unforgivable curses ( edit ) The Unforgivable Curses are some of the most powerful known Dark Arts spells . They were first classified as unforgivable in 1717 . Used by the books ' villains , such as Voldemort and the Death Eaters and in some cases the Ministry of Magic , their use inspires horror and great fear amongst others . The curses are so named because their use is forbidden and unforgivable in the wizarding world and is punishable by a life sentence in Azkaban .", "23": "The only exception is if a person is proved to have done them under the influence of mind control . These curses are thus very rarely used openly . The Unforgivable Curses include : Avada Kedavra , the Killing Curse . The curse is used for murder . This is one of the most powerful curses . Normally , it can not be stopped or deflected , but it can be dodged or obstructed with a physical object . The spell causes immediate , painless death , and can not be reversed . Casting it requires immense magical power , so much so that the combined power of an entire class of 4th year students is not sufficient for it . The curse , when summoned , is shown as a bright green light ( a bolt or beam of green light in the films ) . Harry Potter is the only person known to have survived ( twice ) , nullified ( once ) and deflected ( once ) this curse . Crucio , the Cruciatus Curse . The curse is used for torturing a person by causing them physical pain and agony . The strength of the curse is determined by the person who cast it . The curse is so powerful that it can even torture a person to the point that they are exhausted to death , or in a more sadistic case , it causes permanent amnesia and insanity ( the case of Neville 's parents , who were tortured by Bellatrix Lestrange ) . Effective casting requires the caster to have sadistic desires . Harry finds out in Order of the Phoenix while attempting to use the Cruciatus Curse on Bellatrix that the caster must truly want their victim to suffer for the spell to work , and that his righteous anger is not enough . The curse , when summoned , is shown in a bright - faded blue light ( though it is usually invisible or even a red bolt of light in the films ) . When Hogwarts was under Death Eater control , the Dark Arts teacher forced the students in his class to use the Cruciatus Curse on students who had been assigned detention . Imperio , the Imperius Curse . The curse is used for mind control or hypnosis and can force the victim to do things he / she would be unwilling to do or even incapable of under normal circumstances .", "24": "The strength ( and also the duration ) of the curse is determined by the determination of the person who cast it , as well as by the level of resistance of the victim . The curse , when summoned , is shown in a bright haze ( while it was either invisible or green , mist - like haze in the films ) . Harry Potter resisted an Imperius Curse cast by Voldemort . The use of the Unforgivable Curses was authorised against Voldemort and his followers by Bartemius Crouch Sr , during the First Wizarding War . ( Shortly after his resurrection , Voldemort names two Death Eaters `` killed by Aurors '' . ) In addition , in Deathly Hallows , the Unforgivable Curses are used liberally by good characters , ranging from Professor McGonagall with the Imperius Curse , to Harry effectively using the Cruciatus Curse . He also uses the Imperius Curse on a goblin and a suspicious Death Eater during their disguised attack upon Gringotts Bank . Dark Mark ( edit ) The Dark Mark is the symbol of Voldemort and the Death Eaters and takes the form of a skull with a snake coming out of the mouth in place of a tongue . The mark is cast into the sky by Death Eaters whenever they have murdered someone . The spell used by Death Eaters to conjure the Mark is Morsmordre . It first appears in Goblet of Fire and is described as a `` colossal skull , composed of what looked like emerald stars , with a serpent protruding from its mouth like a tongue '' . Once in the sky it was `` blazing in a haze of greenish smoke '' . Dark Marks are also branded on the left forearm of the closest followers of Voldemort . The mark serves as a connection between Voldemort and each who bears it ; he can summon them by touching his mark , causing it and those of his followers to burn and change colour . Death Eaters can summon Voldemort in the same fashion . Following Voldemort 's ultimate defeat , the Dark Marks on his Death Eaters fade into a scar `` similar '' to Harry 's . In the books , the Dark Mark is described as green ; however , in the films , it was only green at the Quidditch World Cup . In all other film appearances it has been grey . Inferius ( edit ) Distinguish from Infernus .", "25": "An Inferius ( plural : Inferi ) is a corpse controlled through a Dark wizard 's spells . An Inferius is not alive , but a dead body that has been bewitched into acting like a puppet for the witch or wizard ; this manifests itself as a white mist in the controlled corpse 's eyes . They can not think for themselves : they are created to perform a specific duty assigned by the Dark wizard who commands them , and as seen in the Inferi guarding Voldemort 's Horcrux in a seaside cave , remain idle until their task can be performed . This task is then thoughtlessly carried out , whether or not it will produce any result . Inferi are difficult to harm by magic ; however , they can be repelled by fire or any other forms of heat or light , as the Inferi in Voldemort 's cave had never been exposed to either of these elements . When defeated , they return to their idle state . Inferi are considered dangerous and frightening enough by the magical world that impersonating an Inferius ( as Mundungus Fletcher does in Half - Blood Prince ) is an offence worthy of imprisonment in Azkaban . The Ministry of Magic fears that Voldemort is killing enough people to make an army of Inferi : as they are dead , they are very difficult to stop . When Voldemort was hiding one of his Horcruxes in the past , he filled a lake in a cave with many Inferi , which were to attack and drown anyone but Voldemort who came into the cavern and took the locket . When Harry and Dumbledore took the locket , the Inferi attacked Harry ; Dumbledore repelled them with a rope of fire . It is also revealed that the Inferi almost killed Kreacher after he drank from the basin to help Voldemort hide his Horcruxes , but having been ordered to return to his master after his task with Voldemort was complete , he was able to apparate out of the cave . These Inferi later killed Regulus Black when he stole the Horcrux and ordered Kreacher to destroy it . In Latin , the word inferus ( plural : inferi ) means `` below '' , often referring in the plural to `` the gods below '' ( see di inferi ) or the spirits of the dead . Inferius is a neuter singular form of inferior , a comparative adjective meaning `` lower '' .", "26": "Horcrux ( edit ) See also : Magical objects in Harry Potter § Horcruxes A horcrux is an object created using dark magic to attain effective immortality . The concept is first introduced in the sixth novel , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , although horcruxes are present in earlier novels without being described or expanded upon . To create a horcrux , a witch or wizard must first prepare the chosen object in a ritual which is referred to as only `` too horrible to go into detail about '' . Following the preparation of the object , the witch or wizard must then take a life , an act which splits the soul . Following that , further dark rituals are required in order to remove the soul shard from the maker and place it into the prepared object . Once this is done , the Horcrux becomes impervious to almost all forms of destruction , requiring extremely powerful magic or substances to do so . Ordinarily , when one 's body is killed , the soul departs for the next world . If , however , the body of a horcrux owner is killed , that portion of his soul which had remained in his body will not pass on to the next world , but will rather exist in a non-corporeal form capable of being resurrected by another wizard . If all of someone 's horcruxes are destroyed , then his soul 's only anchor in the material world would be his body , the destruction of which would then cause his final death . Portraits ( edit ) In the Harry Potter series the subjects of magical portraits ( even those of characters that are dead ) can move , interact with living observers , speak and demonstrate apparent emotion and personality . Some can even move to other portraits to visit each other , or relay messages , or ( if more than one painting of the subject exists ) move between separate locations by way of their portraits . An example of this is Phineas Nigellus Black , who has a painting in the Headmaster 's office and at Number 12 Grimmauld Place . Many such portraits are found on the walls of Hogwarts . Some portraits are used to conceal the entrance of a room or passageway .", "27": "For example , the Fat Lady 's portrait covers the entrance to the Gryffindor common room , and she can swing the portrait open when given the correct password or close to prevent entry . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , there is a portrait of Ariana Dumbledore in the Room of Requirement that conceals a secret passageway to the Hog 's Head . There is also a painting of a large fruit bowl in front of the Hogwarts kitchen , which will swing open if the pear is tickled to reveal a hidden door . Portraits are enchanted to move by the artist , but the degree to which they can interact with others depends on the power of the subject . Rowling has commented that a portrait is merely a faint imprint of the deceased subject , imitating their basic personality and thought patterns . They are therefore `` not as fully realised as ghosts '' . In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child the portrait of Albus Dumbledore describes himself as only `` paint and memory '' and Professor McGonagall ( his successor as headteacher of Hogwarts ) comments that , although she speaks to Dumbledore to help her in making decisions , she is careful to remember that `` portraits do n't represent even half of their subjects '' . Portraits in the headmaster 's office ( edit ) The portraits in the Headmaster 's office depict all the former Heads of Hogwarts , with the exception of Dolores Umbridge . They advise the Headmaster and are `` honour - bound to give service to the present headmaster '' ( according to Armando Dippet ) . Rowling has explained that portraits of past headteachers tend to be more realistic than most , as the subject in question usually imparts knowledge and teaches them how to behave before their death . The Fat Lady ( edit ) The portrait of the Fat Lady covers the door to Gryffindor Tower . She will open it ( sometimes grudgingly ) when the correct password is uttered . She is often upset after being awoken , and is sometimes seen drunk with her best friend , Violet . The Fat Lady has no other known name -- even the unfailingly polite Albus Dumbledore refers to her only as `` the Fat Lady '' -- and it may be that she does not represent a real person but is instead an invention of her portrait 's artist .", "28": "In Philosopher 's Stone , she leaves her portrait in the middle of the night , locking Harry , Ron , Hermione , and Neville out of Gryffindor Tower , forcing them to run across the school . Luckily for them , when they return , she has returned to her portrait , allowing them to escape into Gryffindor Tower . In Prisoner of Azkaban , Sirius Black slashes the Fat Lady 's portrait when she wo n't let him in without a password and it is some time before she dares to guard Gryffindor Tower again . After her portrait is restored , she requests protection in case someone tries to attack her portrait again . Thus , two security trolls are hired . In Half Blood Prince , she gets so annoyed with Harry 's late return that she pretends the password has changed and tries to call him back when he heads off to talk to Dumbledore . When Harry later confirms Dumbledore 's death , she lets out a sob and , for the only time in the series , she opens without the password for Harry in her grief . In the first film the Fat Lady is played by Elizabeth Spriggs , and by Dawn French in the third film . Photographs ( edit ) Wizarding photographs of people have similar properties to magical painted portraits : the figures within move about or even sometimes leave the frame . They appear in wizard newspapers and other print media , as well as on Chocolate Frog cards . Colin Creevey mentions in Chamber of Secrets that a boy in his dormitory said that if he develops the film from his Muggle camera ' in the right potion ' , the pictures will move . However , unlike portraits , figures in wizarding pictures can not speak and display little sentience . It appears that they do have some knowledge of current events , as in Order of the Phoenix , the family photograph on Arthur 's desk shows everyone except Percy `` who appeared to have walked out of it '' , mirroring the deterioration of Percy 's relationship with his family . It is also mentioned that in a photo taken by Colin Creevey of Gilderoy Lockhart and Harry , Harry 's picture had walked out and was resisting all of Lockhart 's efforts to pull him back in . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAQ jkrowling.com '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 .", "29": "Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter : A History of Magic. 28 October 2017 . BBC . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter 's 20th birthday to be marked with British Library show '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.K Rowling Official Site '' . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ , chapter 13 Jump up ^ `` 2001 : Accio Quote ! , the largest archive of J.K Rowling interviews on the web '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of Magic in North America '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` JKR quotes about `` the rules '' of Harry Potter 's Wizarding World : `` . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and Me . Accio Quote. 28 December 2001 . BBC . Jump up ^ Anelli , Melissa . `` More About that Veil '' . Harry , A History . Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. Pottermore Presents : Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies . Pottermore . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78110 - 628 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling 's Official Site , rumour section '' . Archived from the original on 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. : `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix '' , page 85 . Scholastic , 2003 ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript '' . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of JK Rowling web chat -- Harry Potter Beyond '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2008 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 .", "30": "Jump up ^ `` J.K Rowling at the Royal Albert Hall 26 June 2003 '' . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Prince , Alan ( 2011 ) . The True Story of Severus Snape : An Essay About Harry Potter 's Most Disputed Character , p. 52 . Jump up ^ , chapter 26 Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` Welcome to my new website ! '' . jkrowling.com . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 1998 : Accio Quote ! , the Largest Archive of J.K. Rowling quotes on the web , quick-quote.quill.org Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` Silver and Opals '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jen ( 24 July 2007 ) . `` Stop your sobbing ! More Potter to come '' . TODAYshow.com . NBC . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ 2006 : Accio Quote ! , the largest archive of J.K. Rowling interviews on the web , quick-quote.quill.org Jump up ^ `` Potions '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Steve Vander Ark . `` HP-lexicon.org '' . HP-lexicon.org . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling 's Official Site Archived 24 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ , chapter 9 ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Charlton T. ; Short , Charles ( 1879 ) . `` q.v. , inferus , as positive noun I.B , as comparative adjective II. A '' . A Latin Dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Morphology of inferius by The Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` '' PotterCast Interviews J.K. Rowling , part one . '' ( 2007 ) , Accio Quote ! `` . www.accio-quote.org .", "31": "Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J.K. `` Hogwarts Portraits '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . J.K. Rowling Official Web Site. 15 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ , chapter 6 Jump up ^ , chapter 7 Further reading ( edit ) Highfield , Roger ( 2002 ) . The Science of Harry Potter : How magic really works . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03153 - 5 . Teare , Elizabeth ( 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the technology of magic '' . In Whited , Lana A . The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter : Perspectives on a literary phenomenon . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . pp. 29 -- 342 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 9 . Black , Sharon ( 2003 ) . `` The Magic of Harry Potter : Symbols and Heroes of Fantasy '' . Children 's Literature in Education . 34 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 247 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1025314919836 . External links ( edit ) Magic on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki ( hide ) The Harry Potter series by J.K.", "32": "Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism ,", "33": "Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros.", "34": "Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_in_Harry_Potter&oldid=818041993 '' Categories : Fictional superhuman features or abilities Harry Potter universe Magic in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2013 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 04 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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55168494140189683	who decides where the super bowl is played	[ "NFL owners", "the NFL", "The NFL owners" ]	{ "0": "Super Bowl - Wikipedia Super Bowl This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 23 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For the Super Bowl held in February 2018 , see Super Bowl LII . For a list of Super Bowl games , see List of Super Bowl champions . For other uses , see Superbowl ( disambiguation ) . Super Bowl The generic Super Bowl logo used since Super Bowl XLV in 2011 , showcasing the Vince Lombardi Trophy . First played January 15 , 1967 ; 51 years ago ( 1967 - 01 - 15 ) Trophy Vince Lombardi Trophy Recent and upcoming games 2017 season Super Bowl LII U.S. Bank Stadium ( February 4 , 2018 ) 2018 season Super Bowl LIII Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( February 3 , 2019 ) The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game is the culmination of a regular season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year . Normally , Roman numerals are used to identify each game , rather than the year in which it is held . For example , Super Bowl I was played on January 15 , 1967 , following the 1966 regular season . The sole exception to this naming convention tradition occurred with Super Bowl 50 , which was played on February 7 , 2016 , following the 2015 regular season , and the following year , the nomenclature returned to Roman numerals for Super Bowl LI , following the 2016 regular season . The most recent Super Bowl was Super Bowl LII , on February 4 , 2018 , following the 2017 regular season . The game was created as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then - rival league , the American Football League ( AFL ) . It was agreed that the two leagues ' champion teams would play in the AFL -- NFL World Championship Game until the merger was to officially begin in 1970 . After the merger , each league was redesignated as a `` conference '' , and the game has since been played between the conference champions to determine the NFL 's league champion .", "1": "Currently , the National Football Conference ( NFC ) leads the league with 27 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles , with six . The New England Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances , with ten . Charles Haley and Tom Brady both have five Super Bowl rings , which is the record for the most rings won by a single player . The day on which the Super Bowl is played , now considered by some as an unofficial American national holiday , is called `` Super Bowl Sunday '' . It is the second - largest day for U.S. food consumption , after Thanksgiving Day . In addition , the Super Bowl has frequently been the most - watched American television broadcast of the year ; the seven most - watched broadcasts in U.S. television history are Super Bowls . In 2015 , Super Bowl XLIX became the most - watched American television program in history with an average audience of 114.4 million viewers , the fifth time in six years the game had set a record , starting with the 2010 Super Bowl , which itself had taken over the number - one spot held for 27 years by the final episode of M * A * S * H. The Super Bowl is also among the most - watched sporting events in the world , almost all audiences being North American , and is second to soccer 's UEFA Champions League final as the most watched annual sporting event worldwide . The NFL restricts the use of its `` Super Bowl '' trademark ; it is frequently called the Big Game or other generic terms by non-sponsoring corporations . Because of the high viewership , commercial airtime during the Super Bowl broadcast is the most expensive of the year , leading to companies regularly developing their most expensive advertisements for this broadcast . As a result , watching and discussing the broadcast 's commercials has become a significant aspect of the event . In addition , popular singers and musicians including Mariah Carey , Michael Jackson , Madonna , Prince , Beyoncé , Paul McCartney , The Rolling Stones , The Who , Whitney Houston , and Lady Gaga have performed during the event 's pre-game and halftime ceremonies .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Date 3 Game history 3.1 1960s : Early history 3.2 1970s : Dominant franchises 3.3 1980s and 1990s : The NFC 's winning streak 3.4 1997 -- 2009 : AFC resurgence 3.5 2010 -- present 4 Television coverage and ratings 4.1 Super Bowl on TV 4.2 Lead - out programming 5 Entertainment 6 Venue 6.1 Selection process 6.2 Home team designation 6.3 Host cities / regions 6.4 Host stadiums 7 Super Bowl trademark 8 Use of the phrase `` world champions '' 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Origin ( edit ) For four decades after its 1920 inception , the NFL successfully fended off several rival leagues . However , in 1960 , it encountered its most serious competitor when the American Football League ( AFL ) was formed . The AFL vied heavily with the NFL for both players and fans , but by the middle of the decade , the strain of competition led to serious merger talks between the two leagues . Prior to the 1966 season , the NFL and AFL reached a merger agreement that was to take effect for the 1970 season . As part of the merger , the champions of the two leagues agreed to meet in a world championship game for professional American football until the merger was effected . A bowl game is a post-season college football game . The original `` bowl game '' was the Rose Bowl Game in Pasadena , California , which was first played in 1902 as the `` Tournament East - West football game '' as part of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses and moved to the new Rose Bowl Stadium in 1923 . The stadium got its name from the fact that the game played there was part of the Tournament of Roses and that it was shaped like a bowl , much like the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut ; the Tournament of Roses football game itself eventually came to be known as the Rose Bowl Game .", "3": "Exploiting the Rose Bowl Game 's popularity , post-season college football contests were created for Miami ( the Orange Bowl ) , New Orleans ( the Sugar Bowl ) , and El Paso , Texas ( the Sun Bowl ) in 1935 , and for Dallas ( the Cotton Bowl ) in 1937 . By the time the first Super Bowl was played , the term `` bowl '' for any major American football game was well established . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) . Lamar Hunt , owner of the AFL 's Kansas City Chiefs , first used the term `` Super Bowl '' to refer to the NFL - AFL championship game in the merger meetings . Hunt later said the name was likely in his head because his children had been playing with a Super Ball toy ; a vintage example of the ball is on display at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . In a July 25 , 1966 , letter to NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle , Hunt wrote , `` I have kiddingly called it the ' Super Bowl , ' which obviously can be improved upon . '' The leagues ' owners chose the name `` AFL -- NFL Championship Game '' , but in July 1966 the Kansas City Star quoted Hunt in discussing `` the Super Bowl -- that 's my term for the championship game between the two leagues '' , and the media immediately began using the term . Although the league stated in 1967 that `` not many people like it '' , asking for suggestions and considering alternatives such as `` Merger Bowl '' and `` The Game '' , the Associated Press reported that `` Super Bowl '' `` grew and grew and grew - until it reached the point that there was Super Week , Super Sunday , Super Teams , Super Players , ad infinitum '' . `` Super Bowl '' became official beginning with the third annual game . Roman numerals were first affixed for the fifth edition , in January 1971 . The Jets were the first AFL team to win a Super Bowl ( Super Bowl III ) , defeating the Colts . After the NFL 's Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , some team owners feared for the future of the merger . At the time , many doubted the competitiveness of AFL teams compared with their NFL counterparts , though that perception changed when the AFL 's New York Jets defeated the NFL 's Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III in Miami .", "4": "One year later , the AFL 's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL 's Minnesota Vikings 23 -- 7 in Super Bowl IV in New Orleans , which was the final AFL - NFL World Championship Game played before the merger . Beginning with the 1970 season , the NFL realigned into two conferences ; the former AFL teams plus three NFL teams ( the Colts , Pittsburgh Steelers , and Cleveland Browns ) would constitute the American Football Conference ( AFC ) , while the remaining NFL clubs would form the National Football Conference ( NFC ) . The champions of the two conferences would play each other in the Super Bowl . The winning team receives the Vince Lombardi Trophy , named after the coach of the Green Bay Packers , who won the first two Super Bowl games and three of the five preceding NFL championships in 1961 , 1962 , and 1965 . Following Lombardi 's death in September 1970 , the trophy was named the Vince Lombardi Trophy . The first trophy awarded under the new name was presented to the Baltimore Colts following their win in Super Bowl V in Miami . Date ( edit ) The Super Bowl is currently played on the first Sunday in February . This is due to the current NFL schedule which consists of the opening weekend of the season being held immediately after Labor Day ( the first Monday in September ) , the 17 - week regular season ( where teams each play 16 games and have one bye ) , the first three rounds of the playoffs , and the Super Bowl two weeks after the two Conference Championship Games . This schedule has been in effect since Super Bowl XXXVIII in February 2004 . The date of the Super Bowl can thus be determined from the date of the preceding Labor Day . For example , Labor Day in 2015 occurred on September 7 ; therefore the next Super Bowl was scheduled exactly five months later on February 7 , 2016 . Originally , the game took place in early to mid-January . For Super Bowl I there was only one round of playoffs : the pre-merger NFL and AFL Championship Games . The addition of two playoff rounds ( first in 1967 and then in 1978 ) , an increase in regular season games from 14 to 16 ( 1978 ) , and the establishment of one bye - week per team ( 1990 ) have caused the Super Bowl to be played later .", "5": "Partially offsetting these season - lengthening effects , simultaneous with the addition of two regular season games in 1978 , the season was started earlier . Prior to 1978 , the season started as late as September 21 . Now , since Labor Day is always the first Monday of September , September 13 is the latest possible date for the first full Sunday set of games ( Since 2002 , the regular season has started with the Kickoff Game on the first Thursday after Labor Day ) . The earliest possible season start date is September 7 . Game history ( edit ) For a full list of Super Bowl games and champions , see List of Super Bowl champions . Super Bowl appearances and records Team Appearances Wins Losses Winning % Pittsburgh Steelers 8 6 . 750 New England Patriots 10 5 5 . 500 Dallas Cowboys 8 5 . 625 San Francisco 49ers 6 5 . 833 Green Bay Packers 5 . 800 New York Giants 5 . 800 Denver Broncos 8 5 . 375 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 5 . 600 Washington Redskins 5 . 600 Miami Dolphins 5 . 400 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 500 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams . 333 Seattle Seahawks . 333 Philadelphia Eagles . 333 Kansas City Chiefs . 500 Chicago Bears . 500 New York Jets 0 1.000 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 1.000 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 000 Buffalo Bills 0 . 000 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 Carolina Panthers 0 . 000 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 000 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 0 . 000 Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans 0 . 000 St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals 0 .", "6": "000 Cleveland Browns 0 0 0 -- Detroit Lions 0 0 0 -- Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 0 -- Houston Texans 0 0 0 -- The Pittsburgh Steelers have won six Super Bowls , the most of any team ; the Dallas Cowboys , New England Patriots and San Francisco 49ers have five victories each , while the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants have four Super Bowl championships . Fourteen other NFL franchises have won at least one Super Bowl . Eight teams have appeared in Super Bowl games without a win . The Minnesota Vikings were the first team to have appeared a record four times without a win . The Buffalo Bills played in a record four Super Bowls in a row and lost every one . Four teams ( the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans ) have never appeared in a Super Bowl . The Browns and Lions both won NFL Championships prior to the creation of the Super Bowl , while the Jaguars ( 1995 ) and Texans ( 2002 ) are both recent NFL expansion teams . ( Detroit , Houston , and Jacksonville , however , have hosted a Super Bowl , leaving the Browns the only team to date who has neither played in nor whose city has hosted the game . ) The Minnesota Vikings won the last NFL Championship before the merger but lost to the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl IV . 1960s : early history ( edit ) The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls ( Known as the AFL - NFL World Championship Game for these first two contests ) , defeating the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland Raiders following the 1966 and 1967 seasons , respectively . The Packers were led by quarterback , Bart Starr , who was named the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) for both games . These two championships , coupled with the Packers ' NFL championships in 1961 , 1962 , and 1965 , amount to the most successful stretch in NFL History ; five championships in seven years , and the only threepeat in NFL history ( 1965 , 1966 , and 1967 ) . In Super Bowl III , the AFL 's New York Jets defeated the eighteen - point favorite Baltimore Colts of the NFL , 16 -- 7 .", "7": "The Jets were led by quarterback Joe Namath , who had famously guaranteed a Jets win prior to the game , and former Colts head coach Weeb Ewbank , and their victory proved that the AFL was the NFL 's competitive equal . This was reinforced the following year when the AFL 's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL 's Minnesota Vikings 23 -- 7 in Super Bowl IV . 1970s : dominant franchises ( edit ) After the AFL -- NFL merger was completed in 1970 , three franchises -- the Dallas Cowboys , Miami Dolphins , and Pittsburgh Steelers -- would go on to dominate the 1970s , winning a combined eight Super Bowls in the decade . The Baltimore Colts , now a member of the AFC , would start the decade by defeating the Cowboys in Super Bowl V , a game which is notable as being the only Super Bowl to date in which a player from the losing team won the Super Bowl MVP ( Cowboys ' linebacker Chuck Howley ) . Beginning with this Super Bowl , all Super Bowls have served as the NFL 's league championship game . The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . The Cowboys , coming back from a loss the previous season , won Super Bowl VI over the Dolphins . However , this would be the Dolphins ' final loss in over a year , as the next year , the Dolphins would go 14 -- 0 in the regular season and eventually win all of their playoff games , capped off with a 14 -- 7 victory in Super Bowl VII , becoming the first and only team to finish an entire perfect regular and postseason . The Dolphins would repeat as league champions by winning Super Bowl VIII a year later . In the late 1970s , the Steelers became the first NFL dynasty of the post-merger era by winning four Super Bowls ( IX , X , XIII , and XIV ) in six years . They were led by head coach Chuck Noll , the play of offensive stars Terry Bradshaw , Franco Harris , Lynn Swann , John Stallworth , and Mike Webster , and their dominant `` Steel Curtain '' defense , led by `` Mean '' Joe Greene , L.C. Greenwood , Ernie Holmes , Mel Blount , Jack Ham , and Jack Lambert .", "8": "The coaches and administrators also were part of the dynasty 's greatness as evidenced by the team 's `` final pieces '' being part of the famous 1974 draft . The selections in that class have been considered the best by any pro franchise ever , as Pittsburgh selected four future Hall of Famers , the most for any team in any sport in a single draft . The Steelers were the first team to win three and then four Super Bowls and appeared in six AFC Championship Games during the decade , making the playoffs in eight straight seasons . Nine players and three coaches and administrators on the team have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Pittsburgh still remains the only team to win back - to - back Super Bowls twice and four Super Bowls in a six - year period . The Steelers ' dynasty was interrupted only by the Oakland Raiders ' Super Bowl XI win and the Cowboys winning their second Super Bowl of the decade . 1980s and 1990s : the NFC 's winning streak ( edit ) In the 1980s and 1990s , the tables turned for the AFC , as the NFC dominated the Super Bowls of the new decade and most of those of the 1990s . The NFC won 16 of the 20 Super Bowls during these two decades , including 13 straight from Super Bowl XIX to Super Bowl XXXI . The 49ers playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl XIX . The most successful team of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers , which featured the West Coast offense of Hall of Fame head coach Bill Walsh . This offense was led by three - time Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana , Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice , running back Roger Craig , and defensive safety / cornerback Ronnie Lott . Under their leadership , the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade ( XVI , XIX , XXIII , and XXIV ) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990 , including eight division championships , becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL . The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears , who posted an 18 -- 1 record under head coach Mike Ditka ; quarterback Jim McMahon ; and Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton .", "9": "Their team won Super Bowl XX in dominant fashion . The Washington Redskins and New York Giants were also top teams of this period ; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII , XXII , and XXVI . The Giants claimed Super Bowls XXI and XXV . As in the 1970s , the Oakland Raiders were the only team to interrupt the Super Bowl dominance of other teams ; they won Super Bowls XV and XVIII ( the latter as the Los Angeles Raiders ) . Following several seasons with poor records in the 1980s , the Dallas Cowboys rose back to prominence in the 1990s . During this decade , the Cowboys made post-season appearances every year except for the seasons of 1990 and 1997 . From 1992 to 1996 , the Cowboys won their division championship each year . In this same period , the Buffalo Bills had made their mark reaching the Super Bowl for a record four consecutive years , only to lose all four . After Super Bowl championships by division rivals New York ( 1990 ) and Washington ( 1991 ) , the Cowboys won three of the next four Super Bowls ( XXVII , XXVIII , and XXX ) led by quarterback Troy Aikman , running back Emmitt Smith , and wide receiver Michael Irvin . All three of these players went to the Hall of Fame . The Cowboys ' streak was interrupted by the 49ers , who won their league - leading fifth title overall with Super Bowl XXIX in dominating fashion under Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young , Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice , and Hall of Fame cornerback Deion Sanders ; however , the Cowboys ' victory in Super Bowl XXX the next year also gave them five titles overall and they did so with Sanders after he won the Super Bowl the previous year with the 49ers . The NFC 's winning streak was continued by the Green Bay Packers who , under Hall of Fame quarterback Brett Favre , won Super Bowl XXXI , their first championship since Super Bowl II in the late 1960s . 1997 -- 2009 : AFC resurgence ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXII saw quarterback John Elway and running back Terrell Davis lead the Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers , snapping the NFC 's 13 - year winning streak .", "10": "The following year , the Broncos defeated the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII , Elway 's fifth Super Bowl appearance , his second NFL championship , and his final NFL game . The back - to - back victories heralded a change in momentum in which AFC teams would win nine out of 12 Super Bowls . In the years between 1995 and 2016 , five teams -- the Steelers , New England Patriots , Broncos , Baltimore Ravens , and Indianapolis Colts -- accounted for 20 of the 22 AFC Super Bowl appearances ( including the last 14 ) , with those same teams often meeting each other earlier in the playoffs . In contrast , the NFC saw a different representative in the Super Bowl every season from 2001 through 2010 . The year following the Broncos ' second victory , however , a surprising St. Louis Rams team led by the undrafted quarterback , Kurt Warner , who would close out the 1990s in a wild battle against the Tennessee Titans in Super Bowl XXXIV . The tense game came down to the final play in which Tennessee had the opportunity to tie the game and send it to overtime . The Titans nearly pulled it off , but the tackle of receiver Kevin Dyson by linebacker Mike Jones kept the ball out of the end zone by a matter of inches . In 2007 , ESPN would rank `` The Tackle '' as the 2nd greatest moment in Super Bowl history . Super Bowl XXXV was played by the AFC 's Baltimore Ravens and the NFC 's New York Giants . The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34 -- 7 . The game was played on January 28 , 2001 , at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida . The New England Patriots became the dominant team throughout the early 2000s , winning the championship three out of four years early in the decade . They would become only the second team in the history of the NFL to do so ( after the 1990s Dallas Cowboys ) . In Super Bowl XXXVI , first - year starting quarterback Tom Brady led his team to a 20 -- 17 upset victory over the St. Louis Rams . Brady would go on to win the MVP award for this game . The Patriots also won Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX defeating the Carolina Panthers and the Philadelphia Eagles respectively .", "11": "This four - year stretch of Patriot dominance was interrupted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ' 48 -- 21 Super Bowl XXXVII victory over the Oakland Raiders . The Pittsburgh Steelers and Indianapolis Colts continued the era of AFC dominance by winning Super Bowls XL and XLI in 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 , respectively defeating the Seattle Seahawks and Chicago Bears . In the 2007 season , the Patriots became the fourth team in NFL history to have a perfect unbeaten and untied regular season record , the second in the Super Bowl era after the 1972 Miami Dolphins , and the first to finish 16 -- 0 . They easily marched through the AFC playoffs and were heavy favorites in Super Bowl XLII . However , they lost that game to Eli Manning and the New York Giants 17 -- 14 , leaving the Patriots ' 2007 record at 18 -- 1 . The following season , the Steelers logged their record sixth Super Bowl title ( XLIII ) in a 27 -- 23 , final - minute victory against the Arizona Cardinals . The 2009 season saw the New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV by a score of 31 -- 17 to take home their first Championship . With this victory , the Saints joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets as the only teams to have won in their sole Super Bowl appearance . 2010 -- present ( edit ) The 2010s have seen parity between the two conferences , but not within them . Since the start of 2010 , five of the nine Super Bowl winners hailed from the NFC , the other four from the AFC . Following up the Saints ' win in Super Bowl XLIV , the 2010 season brought the Green Bay Packers their fourth Super Bowl ( XLV ) victory and record thirteenth NFL championship overall with the defeat of the Pittsburgh Steelers in February 2011 . The Giants won another title after the 2011 season , again defeating the Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI . The Baltimore Ravens snapped the NFC 's three - game winning streak by winning Super Bowl XLVII in a 34 -- 31 victory over the San Francisco 49ers . Super Bowl XLVIII , played at New Jersey 's MetLife Stadium in February 2014 , was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment .", "12": "The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43 -- 8 defeat of the Denver Broncos , in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle 's top - ranked defense against a Peyton Manning - led Denver offense that had broken the NFL 's single - season scoring record . In Super Bowl XLIX , the Patriots beat the defending Super Bowl champions , the Seahawks , 28 -- 24 as Malcolm Butler intercepted a Seattle pass in the end zone with the Seahawks poised to take the lead . In Super Bowl 50 , the Broncos , led by the league 's top - ranked defense , defeated the Carolina Panthers , who had the league 's top - ranked offense , in what became the final game of quarterback Peyton Manning 's career . In Super Bowl LI , the Atlanta Falcons had a 28 -- 3 lead late in the third quarter , but lost to the Patriots , 34 -- 28 , in the first Super Bowl to ever end in overtime . In Super Bowl LII , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 . It was the Eagles ' third Super Bowl appearance , and their first win in franchise history . It was the Patriots ' tenth Super Bowl appearance , and their fourth appearance in ten years ; had the Patriots won , they would have tied the Pittsburgh Steelers with the most Super Bowl wins ( six ) . The Super Bowls of the late 2000s and 2010s are notable for the performances ( and the pedigrees ) of several of the participating quarterbacks , and stagnation ( especially on the AFC side ) in repeated appearances by the same teams and players . In particular , Tom Brady , Ben Roethlisberger , or Peyton Manning appeared as the AFC team 's quarterback in all but two of the Super Bowls between 2001 and 2018 . Television coverage and ratings ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl television ratings See also : List of most watched television broadcasts in the United States The Super Bowl XXXV broadcasting compound , full of satellite trucks . The Super Bowl is one of the most watched annual sporting events in the world , with viewership overwhelmingly domestic . The only other annual event that gathers more viewers is the UEFA Champions League final . For many years , the Super Bowl has possessed a large US and global television viewership , and it is often the most watched United States originating television program of the year .", "13": "The game tends to have high Nielsen television ratings , which is usually around a 40 rating and 60 shares . This means that on average , more than 100 million people from the United States alone are tuned into the Super Bowl at any given moment . In press releases preceding each year 's event , the NFL typically claims that that year 's Super Bowl will have a potential worldwide audience of around one billion people in over 200 countries . This figure refers to the number of people able to watch the game , not the number of people actually watching . However , the statements have been frequently misinterpreted in various media as referring to the latter figure , leading to a common misperception about the game 's actual global audience . The New York - based media research firm Initiative measured the global audience for the 2005 Super Bowl at 93 million people , with 98 percent of that figure being viewers in North America , which meant roughly 2 million people outside North America watched the Super Bowl that year . The 2015 Super Bowl XLIX holds the record for average number of U.S. viewers , with a final number of 114.4 million , making the game the most - viewed television broadcast of any kind in American history . The halftime show was the most watched ever with 118.5 million viewers tuning in , and an all - time high of 168 million viewers in the United States had watched several portions of the Super Bowl 2015 broadcast . The game set a record for total viewers for the fifth time in six years . The highest - rated game according to Nielsen was Super Bowl XVI in 1982 , which was watched in 49.1 percent of households ( 73 shares ) , or 40,020,000 households at the time . Ratings for that game , a San Francisco victory over Cincinnati , may have been aided by a large blizzard that had affected much of the northeastern United States on game day , leaving residents to stay at home more than usual . Super Bowl XVI still ranks fourth on Nielsen 's list of top - rated programs of all time , and three other Super Bowls , XII , XVII , and XX , made the top ten . Famous commercial campaigns include the Budweiser `` Bud Bowl '' campaign , the 1984 introduction of Apple 's Macintosh computer , and the 1999 and 2000 dot - com ads .", "14": "As the television ratings of the Super Bowl have steadily increased over the years , prices have also increased every year , with advertisers paying as much as $3.5 million for a thirty - second spot during Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 . A segment of the audience tunes into the Super Bowl solely to view commercials . In 2010 , Nielsen reported that 51 percent of Super Bowl viewers tune in for the commercials . The Super Bowl halftime show has spawned another set of alternative entertainment such as the Lingerie Bowl , the Beer Bottle Bowl , and others . Since 1991 , the Super Bowl has begun between 6 : 19 and 6 : 40 PM EST so that most of the game is played during the primetime hours on the East Coast . Super Bowl on TV ( edit ) See also : National Football League on television Network Number broadcast Years broadcast Future scheduled telecasts ABC 7 1985 , 1988 , 1991 , 1995 , 2000 , 2003 , 2006 Fox 8 ( 10 ) 1997 , 1999 , 2002 , 2005 , 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2017 2020 , 2023 NBC 19 ( 20 ) 1967 , 1969 , 1971 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1981 , 1983 , 1986 , 1989 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 , 2018 2021 CBS 19 ( 21 ) 1967 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 , 1976 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1984 , 1987 , 1990 , 1992 , 2001 , 2004 , 2007 , 2010 , 2013 , 2016 2019 , 2022 Note : Years listed are the year the game was actually played ( will be played ) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been .", "15": "^ * : The extended current TV contracts with the networks expire after the 2022 season ( or Super Bowl LVII in early 2023 ) and the Super Bowl is currently rotated annually between CBS , Fox , and NBC in that order . ^ * * : ABC is not currently in the rotation for Super Bowl broadcasts . ^ * * * : The first Super Bowl was simultaneously broadcast by CBS and NBC , with each network using the same video feed , but providing its own commentary . Super Bowls I -- VI were blacked out in the television markets of the host cities , due to league restrictions then in place . Game analyst John Madden is the only person to broadcast a Super Bowl for each of the four networks that have televised the game ( 5 with CBS , 3 with Fox , 2 with ABC , and 1 with NBC ) . Lead - out programming ( edit ) See also : List of Super Bowl lead - out programs The Super Bowl provides an extremely strong lead - in to programming following it on the same channel , the effects of which can last for several hours . For instance , in discussing the ratings of a local TV station , Buffalo television critic Alan Pergament noted on the coattails from Super Bowl XLVII , which aired on CBS : `` A paid program that ran on Channel 4 ( WIVB - TV ) at 2 : 30 in the morning had a 1.3 rating . That 's higher than some CW prime time shows get on WNLO - TV , Channel 4 's sister station . '' Because of this strong coattail effect , the network that airs the Super Bowl typically takes advantage of the large audience to air an episode of a hit series , or to premiere the pilot of a promising new one in the lead - out slot , which immediately follows the Super Bowl and post-game coverage . Entertainment ( edit ) See also : List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl and List of Super Bowl halftime shows Initially , it was sort of a novelty and so it did n't quite feel right . But it was just like , this is the year ... Bands of our generation , you can sort of be seen on a stage like this or , like , not seen . There 's not a lot of middle places . It is a tremendous venue .", "16": "-- Bruce Springsteen on why he turned down several invitations to perform at the Super Bowl before finally agreeing to appear in Super Bowl XLIII . Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at Super Bowl XLIII . Madonna performing with LMFAO during the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show . Early Super Bowls featured a halftime show consisting of marching bands from local colleges or high schools ; but as the popularity of the game increased , a trend where popular singers and musicians performed during its pre-game ceremonies and the halftime show , or simply sang the national anthem of the United States , emerged . Unlike regular season or playoff games , thirty minutes are allocated for the Super Bowl halftime . After a special live episode of the Fox sketch comedy series In Living Color caused a drop in viewership for the Super Bowl XXVI halftime show , the NFL sought to increase the Super Bowl 's audience by hiring A-list talent to perform . They approached Michael Jackson , whose performance the following year drew higher figures than the game itself . Another notable performance came during Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002 , when U2 performed ; during their third song , `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , the band played under a large projection screen which scrolled through names of the victims of the September 11 attacks . For many years , Whitney Houston 's performance of the national anthem at Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , during the Gulf War , had long been regarded as one of the best renditions of the anthem in history . Then , in an historic , groundbreaking , and emotional performance prior to Super Bowl XLVIII , soprano Renee Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the anthem , propelling FOX to the highest ratings of any program in its history , and remains so today . The halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII attracted controversy , following an incident in which Justin Timberlake removed a piece of Janet Jackson 's top , briefly exposing one of her breasts before the broadcast quickly cut away from the shot . The incident led to fines being issued by the FCC ( and a larger crackdown over `` indecent '' content broadcast on television ) , and MTV ( then a sister to the game 's broadcaster that year , CBS , under Viacom ) being banned by the NFL from producing the Super Bowl halftime show in the future .", "17": "In an effort to prevent a repeat of the incident , the NFL held a moratorium on Super Bowl halftime shows featuring pop performers , and instead invited a single , headlining veteran act , such as Paul McCartney , The Who , Prince , and Bruce Springsteen . This practice ended at Super Bowl XLV , which returned to using current pop acts such as The Black Eyed Peas and Katy Perry . Excluding Super Bowl XXXIX , the famous `` I 'm going to Disney World ! '' advertising campaign took place in every Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXI when quarterback Phil Simms from the New York Giants became the first player to say the tagline . Venue ( edit ) For a full list of Super Bowl games and venues , see List of Super Bowl champions . A view from the south end zone during Super Bowl XLVII in New Orleans , the tenth time that the city has hosted the Super Bowl . A view of Super Bowl XLV in Arlington , Texas . The field of Super Bowl XXXIX in Jacksonville , Florida before kickoff . As of Super Bowl LII , 27 of 52 Super Bowls have been played in three cities : New Orleans ( ten times ) , the Greater Miami area ( ten times ) , and the Greater Los Angeles area ( seven times ) . No market or region without an active NFL franchise has ever hosted a Super Bowl , and the presence of an NFL team in a market or region is now a de jure requirement for bidding on the game . The winning market is not , however , required to host the Super Bowl in the same stadium that its NFL team uses , and nine Super Bowls have been held in a stadium other than the one the NFL team in that city was using at the time . For example , Los Angeles 's last five Super Bowls were all played at the Rose Bowl , which has never been used by any NFL franchise outside of the Super Bowl . No team has ever played the Super Bowl in its home stadium . The closest any team has come was the 2017 Minnesota Vikings , who were within one win of playing Super Bowl LII in U.S. Bank Stadium , but lost the NFC Championship game to the Philadelphia Eagles .", "18": "Two teams have played the Super Bowl in their home market : the San Francisco 49ers , who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium instead of Candlestick Park ; and the Los Angeles Rams , who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl instead of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . In both cases , the stadium in which the Super Bowl was held was perceived to be a better stadium for a large , high - profile event than the stadiums the Rams and 49ers were playing in at the time ; this situation has not arisen since 1993 , in part because the league has traditionally awarded the Super Bowl in modern times to the newest stadiums . Besides those two , the only other Super Bowl venue that was not the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston : the Houston Oilers had played there previously , but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII . The Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls , hosting Super Bowls II and III . Traditionally , the NFL does not award Super Bowls to stadiums that are located in climates with an expected average daily temperature less than 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) on game day unless the field can be completely covered by a fixed or retractable roof . Six Super Bowls have been played in northern cities : two in the Detroit area -- Super Bowl XVI at Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac , Michigan and Super Bowl XL at Ford Field in Detroit , two in Minneapolis -- Super Bowl XXVI at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome and Super Bowl LII at the U.S. Bank Stadium , one in Indianapolis at Lucas Oil Stadium for Super Bowl XLVI , and one in the New York area -- Super Bowl XLVIII at MetLife Stadium . Only MetLife Stadium did not have a roof ( be it fixed or retractable ) but it was still picked as the host stadium for Super Bowl XLVIII in an apparent waiver of the warm - climate rule . There have been a few instances where the league has rescinded the Super Bowl from cities . Super Bowl XXVII in 1993 was originally awarded to Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe , Arizona , but after Arizona voters elected not to recognize Martin Luther King , Jr .", "19": "Day as a paid state - employee 's holiday in 1990 , the NFL moved the game to the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . When voters in Arizona opted to create such a legal holiday in 1992 , Super Bowl XXX in 1996 was awarded to Tempe . Super Bowl XXXIII was awarded first to Candlestick Park in San Francisco , but when plans to renovate the stadium fell through , the game was moved to Pro Player Stadium in greater Miami . Super Bowl XXXVII was awarded to a new stadium not yet built in San Francisco , when that stadium failed to be built , the game was moved to San Diego . Super Bowl XLIV , slated for February 7 , 2010 , was withdrawn from New York City 's proposed West Side Stadium , because the city , state , and proposed tenants New York Jets could not agree on funding . Super Bowl XLIV was then eventually awarded to Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida . Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 was originally given to Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri , but after two sales taxes failed to pass at the ballot box , and opposition by local business leaders and politicians increased , Kansas City eventually withdrew its request to host the game . Super Bowl XLIX was then eventually awarded to University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona . In 2011 , Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott said , `` ( The Super Bowl is ) commonly known as the single largest human trafficking incident in the United States . '' According to Forbes , 10,000 prostitutes were brought to Miami in 2010 for the Super Bowl . Snopes research in 2015 determined that the actual number of prostitutes involved in a typical Super Bowl weekend is less than 100 , not statistically higher than any other time of the year , and that the notion of mass increases in human trafficking around the Super Bowl was a politician 's myth . Selection process ( edit ) The location of the Super Bowl is chosen by the NFL well in advance , usually three to five years before the game . Cities place bids to host a Super Bowl and are evaluated in terms of stadium renovation and their ability to host . In 2014 , a document listing the specific requirements of Super Bowl hosts was leaked , giving a clear list of what was required for a Super Bowl host .", "20": "Much of the cost of the Super Bowl is to be assumed by the host community , although some costs are enumerated within the requirements to be assumed by the NFL . Some of the host requirements include : The host stadium must be in a market that hosts an NFL team and must have a minimum of 70,000 seats , with the media and electrical amenities necessary to produce the Super Bowl . Stadiums may include temporary seating for Super Bowls , but seating must be approved by the league . Stadiums where the average game day temperature is below 50 ° Fahrenheit must either have a roof or a waiver given by the league . There must be a minimum of 35,000 parking spaces within one mile of the stadium . The host stadium must have space for the Gameday Experience , a large pregame entertainment area , within walking distance of the stadium . The host city must have space for the NFL Experience , the interactive football theme park which is operated the week prior to the Super Bowl . An indoor venue for the event must have a minimum of 850,000 square feet , and an outdoor venue must have a minimum of 1,000,000 square feet . Additionally , there must be space nearby for the Media Center , and space for all other events involved in the Super Bowl week , including golf courses and bowling alleys . The necessary infrastructure must be in place around the stadium and other Super Bowl facilities , including parking , security , electrical needs , media needs , communication needs , and transportation needs . There must be a minimum number of hotel spaces within one hour 's drive of the stadium equaling 35 % of the stadium 's capacity , along with hotels for the teams , officials , media , and other dignitaries . ( For Super Bowl XXXIX , the city of Jacksonville docked several luxury cruise liners at their port to act as temporary hotel space . ) There must be practice space of equal and comparable quality for both teams within a 20 - minute drive of the team hotels , and rehearsal space for all events within a reasonable distance to the stadium . The practice facilities must have one grass field and at least one field of the same surface as the host stadium . The stadium must have a minimum of 70,000 fixed seats , including club and fixed suite seating , during regular season operations .", "21": "The NFL owners meet to make a selection on the site , usually three to five years prior to the event . In 2007 , NFL commissioner Roger Goodell suggested that a Super Bowl might be played in London , perhaps at Wembley Stadium . The game has never been played in a region that lacks an NFL franchise ; seven Super Bowls have been played in Los Angeles , but none were held there in the 21 - year period when the league had no team in the area . New Orleans , the site of the 2013 Super Bowl , invested more than $1 billion in infrastructure improvements in the years leading up to the game . Home team designation ( edit ) The designated `` home team '' alternates between the NFC team in odd - numbered games and the AFC team in even - numbered games . This alternation was initiated with the first Super Bowl , when the Green Bay Packers were the designated home team . Regardless of being the home or away team of record , each team has their team logo and wordmark painted in one of the end zones . Designated away teams have won 30 of 51 Super Bowls to date ( approximately 59 percent ) . The Redskins are one of six home teams that chose to wear their white jersey , shown here in Super Bowl XVII . Since Super Bowl XIII in January 1979 , the home team is given the choice of wearing their colored or white jerseys . Originally , the designated home team had to wear their colored jerseys , which resulted in Dallas donning their less exposed dark blue jerseys for Super Bowl V. While most of the home teams in the Super Bowl have chosen to wear their colored jerseys , there have been six ( 6 ) exceptions : the Dallas Cowboys during Super Bowl XIII and XXVII , the Washington Redskins during Super Bowl XVII , the Pittsburgh Steelers during Super Bowl XL , the Denver Broncos during Super Bowl 50 , and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII . The Cowboys , since 1964 , have worn white jerseys at home . The Redskins wore white at home under coach Joe Gibbs starting in 1981 through 1992 , continued by Richie Petitbon and Norv Turner through 2000 , then again when Gibbs returned from 2004 through 2007 .", "22": "Meanwhile , the Steelers , who have always worn their black jerseys at home since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , opted for the white jerseys after winning three consecutive playoff games on the road , wearing white . The Steelers ' decision was compared with the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX ; the Patriots had worn white jerseys at home during the 1985 season , but after winning road playoff games against the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins wearing red jerseys , New England opted to switch to crimson for the Super Bowl as the designated home team . For the Broncos in Super Bowl 50 , Denver general manager John Elway simply stated , `` We 've had Super Bowl success in our white uniforms '' ; they previously had been 0 -- 4 in Super Bowls when wearing their orange jerseys . The Broncos ' decision is also perceived to be made out of superstition , losing all Super Bowl games with the orange jerseys in terrible fashion . It is unclear why the Patriots chose to wear their white jerseys for Super Bowl LII . During the pairing of Bill Belichick and Tom Brady , New England has mostly worn their blue jerseys for home games , but have worn white for a home game in the 2008 , 2010 , and 2011 seasons . The New England Patriots were 3 - 0 in their white uniforms in Super Bowls prior to Super Bowl LII with Belichick and Brady , and they may have been going on recent trends of teams who wear white for the Super Bowl game . White - shirted teams have won 33 of 52 Super Bowls to date ( 63 percent ) . The only teams to win in their dark - colored uniform in more recent years are the Green Bay Packers against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV and the Philadelphia Eagles against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII , with teams in white winning 12 of the last 14 Super Bowls . The 49ers , as part of the league 's 75th Anniversary celebration , used their 1957 throwback uniform in Super Bowl XXIX , which for that year was their regular home jersey . No team has yet worn a third jersey or Color Rush uniform for the Super Bowl . Host cities / regions ( edit ) For a full list of Super Bowl venues , see List of Super Bowl champions . Miami Metro Area New Orleans L.A.", "23": "Metro Area Tampa San Diego Houston Detroit Metro Atlanta Phoenix Metro Area Minneapolis Jacksonville S.F. Bay Area Dallas ‐ Fort Worth Indianapolis N.Y. Metro Area Super Bowl host cities / regions Fifteen different regions have hosted Super Bowls . City / Region No. hosted Years hosted Miami metropolitan area 10 ( 11 ) 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1976 , 1979 , 1989 , 1995 , 1999 , 2007 , 2010 , 2020 New Orleans 10 1970 , 1972 , 1975 , 1978 , 1981 , 1986 , 1990 , 1997 , 2002 , 2013 Los Angeles metropolitan area 7 ( 8 ) 1967 , 1973 , 1977 , 1980 , 1983 , 1987 , 1993 , 2022 Tampa 4 ( 5 ) 1984 , 1991 , 2001 , 2009 , 2021 San Diego 1988 , 1998 , 2003 Phoenix metropolitan area 1996 , 2008 , 2015 Houston 1974 , 2004 , 2017 Atlanta 2 ( 3 ) 1994 , 2000 , 2019 Metro Detroit 1982 , 2006 San Francisco Bay Area 1985 , 2016 Minneapolis 1992 , 2018 Jacksonville 2005 Dallas - Fort Worth Metroplex 2011 Indianapolis 2012 New York metropolitan area 2014 Note : Years listed are the year the game was actually played ( or will be played ; future games are denoted through italics ) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been . Host stadiums ( edit ) A total of twenty - six different stadiums , five of which no longer exist and one of which does not yet exist , have hosted or are scheduled to host Super Bowls . Years listed in the table below are the years the game was actually played ( will be played ) rather than what NFL season it is considered to have been . Stadium Location No.", "24": "hosted Years hosted Mercedes - Benz Superdome , formerly Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 7 1978 , 1981 , 1986 , 1990 , 1997 , 2002 , 2013 Hard Rock Stadium , formerly Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphin Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens , Florida 5 ( 6 ) 1989 , 1995 , 1999 , 2007 , 2010 , 2020 Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 5 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1976 , 1979 Rose Bowl Pasadena , California 5 1977 , 1980 , 1983 , 1987 , 1993 Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 1970 , 1972 , 1975 SDCCU Stadium , formerly Jack Murphy Stadium and Qualcomm Stadium San Diego , California 1988 , 1998 , 2003 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 1967 , 1973 Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 1984 , 1991 Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 1994 , 2000 Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 2 ( 3 ) 2001 , 2009 , 2021 University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona 2008 , 2015 NRG Stadium , formerly Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 2004 , 2017 Rice Stadium Houston , Texas Pontiac Silverdome Pontiac , Michigan 1982 Stanford Stadium Stanford , California 1985 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 1992 Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , Arizona EverBank Field , formerly Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 2005 Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 2006 AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas 2011 Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 2012 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 2014 Levi 's Stadium Santa Clara , California 2016 U.S.", "25": "Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 2018 Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 2019 Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Inglewood , California 2022 ^ ^ : Stadium is now demolished . ^ ‡ : Miami Gardens became a city in 2003 . Before that , the stadium had a Miami address while in unincorporated Miami - Dade County . ^ † † : The original Stanford Stadium , which hosted Super Bowl XIX , was demolished and replaced with a new stadium in 2006 . ^ ˇ : Future Super Bowls , also denoted by italics . Future venues : 2019 : Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( 1 ) , Atlanta ( 3 ) 2020 : Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) , Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ; 11 for the Miami metropolitan area ) 2021 : Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) , Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) 2022 : Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( 1 ) , Inglewood , California ( 1 ; 8 for the Los Angeles metropolitan area ) The game has never been played in a region that lacked an NFL or AFL franchise . London , England has occasionally been mentioned as a host city for a Super Bowl in the near future . Wembley Stadium has hosted several NFL games as part of the NFL International Series and is specifically designed for large , individual events . NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell has openly discussed the possibility on different occasions . Time zone complications are a significant obstacle to a Super Bowl in London ; a typical 6 : 30 p.m. Eastern Time start would result in the game beginning at 11 : 30 p.m. local time in London , an unusually late hour to be holding spectator sports ( the NFL has never in its history started a game later than 9 : 15 p.m. local time ) . As bids have been submitted for all Super Bowls through Super Bowl LVI , the soonest that any stadium outside the NFL 's footprint could serve as host would be Super Bowl LVII in 2023 . Super Bowl trademark ( edit ) The NFL is very active on stopping what it says is unauthorized commercial use of its trademarked terms `` NFL '' , `` Super Bowl '' , and `` Super Sunday '' .", "26": "As a result , many events and promotions tied to the game , but not sanctioned by the NFL , are asked to refer to it with euphemisms such as `` The Big Game '' , or other generic descriptions . A radio spot for Planters nuts parodied this , by saying `` it would be super ... to have a bowl ... of Planters nuts while watching the big game ! '' and comedian Stephen Colbert began referring to the game in 2014 as the `` Superb Owl '' . In 2015 , the NFL filed opposition with the USPTO Trademark Trial and Appeal Board to a trademark application submitted by an Arizona - based nonprofit for `` Superb Owl '' . The NFL claims that the use of the phrase `` Super Bowl '' implies an NFL affiliation , and on this basis the league asserts broad rights to restrict how the game may be shown publicly ; for example , the league says Super Bowl showings are prohibited in churches or at other events that `` promote a message '' , while venues that do not regularly show sporting events can not show the Super Bowl on any television screen larger than 55 inches . Some critics say the NFL is exaggerating its ownership rights by stating that `` any use is prohibited '' , as this contradicts the broad doctrine of fair use in the United States . Legislation was proposed by Utah Senator Orrin Hatch in 2008 `` to provide an exemption from exclusive rights in copyright for certain nonprofit organizations to display live football games '' , and `` for other purposes '' . In 2004 , The NFL started issuing Cease and Desist letters to casinos in Las Vegas that were hosting Super Bowl parties . `` Super Bowl '' is a registered trademark , owned by the NFL , and any other business using that name for profit - making ventures is in violation of federal law , according to the letters . In reaction to the letters , many Vegas resorts , rather than discontinue the popular and lucrative parties , started referring to them as `` Big Game Parties . ''", "27": "In 2006 , the NFL made an attempt to trademark `` The Big Game '' as well ; however , it withdrew the application in 2007 due to growing commercial and public - relations opposition to the move , mostly from Stanford University and the University of California , Berkeley and their fans , as the Stanford Cardinal football and California Golden Bears football teams compete in the Big Game , which has been played since 1892 ( 28 years before the formation of the NFL and 75 years before Super Bowl I ) . Additionally , the Mega Millions lottery game was known as The Big Game from 1996 to 2002 . Use of the phrase `` World champions '' ( edit ) Main article : Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada § Use of the phrase `` world champions '' Like the other major professional leagues in the United States , the winner of the Super Bowl is usually declared `` world champions '' , a title that has been mocked by non-American journalists . Others feel the title is fitting , since it is the only professional league of its kind . The practice by the U.S. major leagues of using the `` World Champion '' moniker originates from the World Series of professional baseball , and it was later used during the first three Super Bowls when they were referred to as AFL - NFL World Championship Games . The phrase is still engraved on the Super Bowl rings . See also ( edit ) Active head coach career Super Bowl history Grey Cup History of National Football League championship List of NFL champions ( 1920 -- 69 ) List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks List of quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl starts List of Super Bowl champions List of Super Bowl broadcasters List of Super Bowl head coaches List of Super Bowl officials List of Super Bowl records National Football League lore NFL Honors Super Bowl advertising Super Bowl counterprogramming Super Bowl curse Super Bowl indicator References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Since Super Bowl LI in 2017 , the Roman numeral of the game has been featured alongside the trophy , with the logo decorated in different colors for each year . Citations Jump up ^ Belkin , Douglas ( January 29 , 2004 ) . `` Super Bowl underscores cultural divide '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 .", "28": "Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Sunday : An Unofficial Holiday for Millions '' . U.S. Bureau of International Information Programs ( IIP ) . January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USDA Offers Food Safety Advice for Your Super Bowl Party '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Department of Agriculture . January 27 , 2006 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mark Koba ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl TV ratings : Fast facts at a glance '' . CNBC . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Super Bowl dethrones ' M * A * S * H , ' sets all - time record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Patra , Kevin ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIX is most - watched show in U.S. history '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Update : Super Bowl on NBC Draws Record U.S. Television Audience '' . Variety . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` Elite clubs on Uefa gravy train as Super Bowl knocked off perch '' . The Independent . London . ^ Jump up to : Commercials as big as game , Florida Today Jump up ^ Tinley , Josh ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' Super Bowl ' -- Why Do We Call It That ? Why Roman Numerals ? '' . Midwest Sports Fans . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corny and a bit presumptuous , but it 's still the ' Super Bowl ' '' . St. Petersburg Times . Florida . Associated Press . January 7 , 1970 . p. 1C .", "29": "^ Jump up to : `` What to name the Super Bowl ? Rozelle asks newsmen to help '' . Fort Scott Tribune . Kansas . Associated Press . May 26 , 1967 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` ' Super Bowl ' Site May Be Rose Bowl '' . The Evening Standard . Associated Press . 1966 - 07 - 18 . p. 14 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Merge Gives Incentive to AFL Champs - Collier '' . Pottstown Mercury . Associated Press . 30 July 1966 . p. 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ MacCambridge , Michael ( 2004 ) . America 's Game . New York : Random House . p. 237 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` NFL wo n't use Roman numerals for Super Bowl 50 '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kevin ; Merron , Jeff ; Schoenfield , David . `` 100 Greatest Super Bowl Moments '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fischer - Baum , Reuben ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` What Was The Best Super Bowl Ever ? Ranking All 47 Games According To Watchability '' . Deadspin.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions League final tops Super Bowl for TV market '' . BBC Sport . BBC . January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statistics on Super Bowl TV Viewership in the US , Nielsen Media Research , February 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl XLI broadcast in 232 countries , NFL press release , February 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rushin , Steve ( February 6 , 2006 ) . `` A Billion People Can Be Wrong '' . Sports Illustrated .", "30": "Archived from the original on December 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL to Attract Close to 1 Billion Viewers Worldwide '' . Voice of America . February 3 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 3 February 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIX is Most - Watched Show in U.S. Television History With 114.4 Million Viewers '' . TV By the numbers . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Soshnick , Scott ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` Despite rout , Super Bowl sets TV ratings record - Fox '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Television 's Top - Rated Programs '' . Nielsen Media Research . April 30 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl ads cost average of $3.5 M '' . Associated Press . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most Super Bowl viewers tune in for the commercials '' . Nielsen.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cook , John . `` Superbowl : What Time Is the Super Bowl in One Amazing Chart '' . Gawker . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl evolves into television extravaganza Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Pittsburgh Tribune Retrieved May 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` American Idol '' Slipping Here and Nationally Archived February 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fryer , Jenna ( January 30 , 2009 ) .", "31": "`` Bruce Springsteen 's Super Bowl Promise : `` 12 - Minute Party '' At Halftime `` . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl -- Entertainment '' . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` How Jackson Redefined the Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Goal of spectacle colors NFL 's thinking about Super Bowl halftime show '' . Chicago Tribune . 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson 's Super Bowl Lip - Sync No Surprise to Insiders '' . ABC News . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A fitting wartime rendition '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 4 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Our National Anthem : The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' . Rolling Stone . July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Boobs , Beyoncé , & Brass Bands : The Evolution of the Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Super Bowl Halftime Shows '' . Rolling Stone . January 31 , 2013 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Triplett , Mike ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Miami , New Orleans , Tampa eye 2019 , 2020 Super Bowls '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Omar ( November 6 , 2014 ) . Dolphins will host New York Jets in London in 2015 . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Earnheardt , Adam C. ( 2011 ) . `` Super Bowl '' . In Swayne , Linda E. ; Dodds , Mark . Encyclopedia of Sports Management and Marketing . 4 .", "32": "Sage Publications . pp. 1508 -- 1511 . ISBN 978 - 1412973823 . Jump up ^ George , Thomas ( March 14 , 1990 ) . `` Phoenix Gets ' 93 Super Bowl if King Holiday Goes Statewide ; ' 93 Super Bowl to Phoenix If King Holiday Wins Vote Football '' . The New York Times . pp. D27 . Jump up ^ `` No rolling roof , no Super Bowl at Arrowhead '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 25 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Eleanor ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl Is Single Largest Human Trafficking Incident In U.S. : Attorney General '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Pro Bowl : Super Bowl Prostitution Increase '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedulla , Tom ( September 23 , 2003 ) . `` N.Y. / N.J. Super Bowl in 2008 may not come to pass '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rose , Bryan ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` NFL 's lengthy list of requirements for Super Bowl host city leaked '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cruise Ships Score Touchdown in Jacksonville for Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Cruise Critic . February 4 , 2005 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ESPN -- Goodell says NFL to look into playing Super Bowl in London -- NFL , Associated Press , ESPN , 2007 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Craig Johnson . `` For NFL , New Orleans has always been a ball '' . HLNtv.com . Jump up ^ Warner , Ralph ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vikings would be the `` away '' team in Super Bowl LII `` . NFL.com . National Football League .", "33": "Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` XLII facts about Super Bowl XLII '' . January 22 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2008 . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . The AFC is the home team in this year 's Super Bowl ( Super Bowl XLII ) . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos to wear white uniforms in Super Bowl 50 '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos choose to wear white jerseys in Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://uni-watch.com/research-projects/white-at-home-in-the-nfl/ Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/blog/boston/new-england-patriots/post/_/id/4683236/why-the-patriots-wore-white-at-home Jump up ^ https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/attention-to-detail-is-everything-to-bill-belichick/ Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/2018/1/23/16923176/super-bowl-52-patriots-eagles-jerseys-home-away Jump up ^ http://boston.cbslocal.com/2018/01/23/patriots-white-jerseys-super-bowl-lii-eagles/ Jump up ^ https://www.patspulpit.com/2018/1/23/16921342/super-bowl-lii-new-england-patriots-white-jerseys-against-philadelphia-eagles-designated-home-team Jump up ^ Benjamin , Cody ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 jerseys : Patriots hope white stays lucky , Eagles will wear green '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 .", "34": "Jump up ^ McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LV relocated to Tampa ; L.A. will host SB LVI '' . NFL.com . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sundby , Alex ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Super Bowl in London ? It 's possible , owner says '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans to host 10th Super Bowl in 2013 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Love , Tim ( April 24 , 2009 ) . `` NFL in talks on London Super Bowl '' . BBC Sports . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ESPN News ( May 3 , 2009 ) . `` Report : London eyes Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Marvez , Alex ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` All signs point to Favre returning '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 27 , Ali Toumadj / January ; Blog , 2014 / Comments Off on The Super-Trademark -- Bowl / Daily ; Trademark ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Super -- Trademark -- Bowl '' . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( January 29 , 2007 ) . `` Super Bowl , Super Trademarks : Protecting the NFL 's IP '' . The Hollywood Reporter , Esq . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Norfleet , Nicole ( September 23 , 2017 ) .", "35": "`` Be careful with the phrase ' Super Bowl ' in marketing ; NFL has the trademark '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` USPTO TTABVUE . Proceeding Number 91222783 '' . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Alexandra ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` God vs. Gridiron '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Church Super Bowl Victory : Senators Hatch & Specter Score Touchdown with NFL Policy '' . Copyright Queen Blog . February 22 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linshi , Jack . `` Here 's Why Companies Ca n't Say `` Super Bowl '' in their Super Bowl Ads `` . Time.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Benston , Liz . `` NFL 's Letters May Spell Trouble For Casino Parties '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ordine , Bill . `` '' Big Game '' is Name in Vegas `` . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ FitzGerald , Tom ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` NFL sidelines its pursuit of Big Game trademark '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Official Home '' . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fung , Katherine ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Piers Morgan Laughs At Ravens Being Declared ' World Champions ' Of American Football '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Steven ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` US sport : Steven Wells on why NBA , MLB and NFL winners call themselves world champions , even though no one else takes part Sport '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evans , Simon ( February 3 , 2011 ) .", "36": "`` Super Bowl contenders happy with world champions title '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . Total Football II : The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League . Harper Collins . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . The Sporting News Complete Super Bowl Book 1995 . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 523 - X . The Super Bowl : An Official Retrospective with DVD . Ballantine Books . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 48719 - 2 . MacCambridge , Michael ( 2004 ) . America 's Game . Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50454 - 0 . Chris Jones ( February 2 , 2005 ) . `` NFL tightens restrictions on Super Bowl advertisements '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . John Branch ( February 4 , 2006 ) . `` Build It and They Will Come '' . The New York Times . Super Bowl play - by - plays from USA Today . Retrieved September 28 , 2005 . 100 Greatest Super Bowl Moments by Kevin Jackson , Jeff Merron , and David Schoenfield ; espn.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2005 . Various Authors -- `` SI 's 25 Lost Treasures '' -- Sports Illustrated , July 11 , 2005 p. 114 . `` The Super Bowl I - VII . '' Lost Treasures of NFL Films . ESPN2 . January 26 , 2001 . `` MTV 's Super Bowl Uncensored '' . MTV . January 27 , 2001 . `` Talk Shows . '' CBS : 50 Years from Television City . CBS . April 27 , 2002 . Dee , Tommy ( January 2007 ) . `` Super Bowl Halftime Jinx '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2007 . The Pro Football Playoff Encyclopedia .", "37": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 9835136 - 2 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Super Bowl at Wikimedia Commons Official website Super Bowl at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Super Bowl broadcast backend ( 2016 ) -- Terry Collins , Super Bowl special effects : New cameras power ' Matrix ' - style replays , CNET , February 5 , 2016 Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 )", "38": "XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946", "39": "1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998", "40": "( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season .", "41": "National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired VIAF : 147932283 LCCN : n99005859 GND : 4315200 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "42": "php?title=Super_Bowl&oldid=837918386 '' Categories : Super Bowl 1967 establishments in California American Football League American annual television specials Annual sporting events in the United States Annual television programs National Football League playoffs Recurring sporting events established in 1967 Winter events in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 20 : 29 .", "43": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6112660378083609841	how many types of cheese are produced in france	[ "from 350 to 450 distinct types" ]	{ "0": "List of French cheeses - wikipedia List of French cheeses Jump to : navigation , search Map of major AOC cheeses - the size of the symbol equates to the size of production This is a list of cheeses from France . Traditionally , there are from 350 to 450 distinct types of French cheese grouped into eight categories ' les huit familles de fromage ' . There can be many varieties within each type of cheese , leading some to claim closer to 1,000 different types of French cheese . In 1962 , French President Charles de Gaulle was famously quoted as saying `` Comment voulez - vous gouverner un pays qui a deux cent quarante - six variétés de fromage ? '' ( `` How can you govern a country which has two hundred and forty - six varieties of cheese ? '' ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Protected designation of origin 2 Popular French cheeses 3 Other French cheeses 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Protected designation of origin ( edit ) Under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union , certain established cheeses , including many French cheeses , are covered by a protected designation of origin ( PDO ) , and other , less stringent , designations of geographical origin for traditional specialities , such as the French appellation d'origine contrôlée ( AOC ) system , the Italian denominazione di origine controllata ( DOC ) system , and the Spanish Denominación de origen system . A complete list of agricultural products with an EU Protected Designation of Origin ( PDO ) , Protected Geographical Indication ( PGI ) , or Traditional Speciality Guaranteed ( TSG ) , listed alphabetically by nation , is at the Europa Agriculture website . French cheese production is classified under four categories , and PDO / AOC rules dictate which category ( ies ) each protected cheese may be assigned to : Fermier : farmhouse cheese , which is produced on the farm where the milk is produced . Artisanal : producer producing cheese in relatively small quantities using milk from their own farm , but may also purchase milk from local farms . Coopérative : dairy with local milk producers in an area that have joined to produce cheese . In larger coopératives quantities of cheese produced may be relatively large , akin to some industriel producers ( many may be classed as factory - made ) .", "1": "Industriel : factory - made cheese from milk sourced locally or regionally , perhaps all over France ( depending on the AOC / PDO regulations for specific cheeses ) . 56 cheeses are classified , protected , and regulated under French law . The majority are classified as Appellation d'origine contrôlée ( AOC ) , the highest level of protection . Some are also protected under the less stringent but still legally regulated designation Label Régional ( LR ) . A few French cheeses are protected under the European Union 's Protected Geographic Indication designation ( PGI ) . Many familiar generic types , like Boursin , are not covered . It may come as a surprise to see varieties of Emmental cheese protected as a French cheese . This list differs from those of AOC status . Cheese Year designated AOC Producing region Type of milk Designation Abondance 1990 Haute - Savoie Cow AOC Banon 2003 Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Goat AOC Beaufort 1968 Savoie Cow AOC Bleu d'Auvergne Auvergne Cow AOC Bleu des Causses 1979 Midi - Pyrénées Cow AOC Bleu de Gex , du Haut - Jura , or de Septmoncel 1977 Franche - Comté Cow AOC Bleu du Vercors - Sassenage 1998 Rhône - Alpes Cow AOC Brie de Meaux 1980 Île - de-France Cow AOC Brie de Melun 1980 Île - de-France Cow AOC Brocciu Cara or Brocciu Corsica Sheep AOC Cabécou Midi - Pyrénées Goat AOC Cancoillotte n / a Franche - Comté Cow LR Cantal , Fourme de Cantal ,", "2": "or Cantalet 1956 Auvergne Cow AOC Camembert de Normandie Normandy Cow AOC Cazelle de Saint Affrique n / a Midi - Pyrénées , Aveyron Department Sheep AOC Chabichou du Poitou 1990 Poitou - Charentes Goat AOC Chaource 1970 Champagne - Ardenne Cow AOC Chevrotin 2002 Savoie and Haute - Savoie Goat AOC Comté 1952 Franche - Comté Cow AOC Crottin de Chavignol 1976 Centre - Val de Loire Goat AOC Emmental de Savoie n / a Savoie Cow PGI Emmental français est - central n / a Franche - Comté Cow PGI Époisses de Bourgogne Burgundy Cow AOC Faisselle Rians Cow , Goat , Sheep Fourme d'Ambert 1972 Auvergne Cow AOC Fourme de Montbrison 1972 Auvergne Cow AOC Fromage blanc Fromage frais ( fr . Fromage à pâte fraîche ) Gruyère 2007 Switzerland Cow AOC Laguiole 1961 Auvergne Cow AOC Langres 1991 Champagne - Ardenne Cow AOC Livarot 1972 Normandy Cow AOC Mâconnais 2006 Burgundy Goat AOC Maroilles or Marolles 1976 Nord - Pas - de-Calais Cow AOC Mimolette n / a Nord - Pas - de-Calais Cow LR Mont d'or ,", "3": "or Vacherin du Haut - Doubs 2006 Franche - Comté Cow AOC Morbier 2000 Franche - Comté Cow AOC Munster or Munster - Géromé 1969 Alsace and Vosges départements in Lorraine ( region ) Cow AOC Neufchâtel 1969 Normandy Cow AOC Ossau - lraty 1980 Aquitaine Sheep AOC Pélardon 2000 Languedoc - Roussillon Goat AOC Picodon de l'Ardèche or de la Drôme Rhône - Alpes Goat AOC Pont - l'Évêque 1976 Normandy Cow AOC Pouligny - Saint - Pierre 1972 Centre - Val de Loire Goat AOC Reblochon or Reblochon de Savoie 1958 Savoie and Haute - Savoie Cow AOC Rigotte de Condrieu 2008 Lyon Goat AOC Rocamadour Midi - Pyrénées Goat AOC Roquefort 1925 Midi - Pyrénées Sheep AOC Sainte - Maure de Touraine 1990 Centre - Val de Loire Goat AOC Saint - Nectaire 1955 Auvergne Cow AOC Saint - Félicien n / a Rhône - Alpes Cow LR Salers 1979 Auvergne Cow AOC Selles - sur - Cher Centre - Val de Loire Goat AOC Tome des Bauges ( fr ) 2002 Savoie Cow AOC Tomme de Savoie and Haute - Savoie n / a Savoie Cow PGI Tomme des Pyrénées n / a Midi - Pyrénées Cow PGI Trou du Cru n / a Burgundy ,", "4": "Côte - d'Or Department Cow AOC Valençay 1998 Centre - Val de Loire Goat AOC Popular French cheeses ( edit ) Cheese seller in France Camembert ( AOC ) Brie de Meaux ( AOC ) Roquefort ( AOC ) Boursin Reblochon ( AOC ) Munster ( AOC ) Pont l'Évêque ( AOC ) Époisses ( AOC ) Tomme de Savoie ( AOC ) Livarot ( AOC ) AOC = protected by the Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée Other French cheeses ( edit ) Abbaye de Belloc Abbaye de Tamié Baguette laonnaise Bleu de Bresse Bleu de Termignon Boulette d'Avesnes Boursin cheese Brie Noir ( Black Brie ) Brillat - Savarin Broccio Passu Bucheron Carré de l'Est Cathare Chamois d'or Chaubier Chaumes Coulommiers Coutances Délice de Bourgogne Délice du Calvados Édel de Cléron Explorateur Fromager d'Affinois Gaperon Lavort Mont des Cats Mottin Charentais Niolo Olivet cendré Pavin Port Salut Raclette Rochebarron Roue de Brielove Saint Albray Saint - André Saint - Marcellin Saint - Paulin Tarentais Tomme au Fenouil Tomme Boudane Tomme Butone Tomme du Revard Vieux - Boulogne See also ( edit ) Food portal France portal List of cheeses List of cheesemakers Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Quelles sont les grandes familles de fromages ? - Module fromage - Sommaire - Tout savoir sur le fromage - Fromages et Nutrition - Institut Fromages & Santé '' . Institut-fromages-et-sante.com. 2009 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 .", "5": "Jump up ^ Les Mots du Général , Ernest Mignon ( 1962 ) ) Jump up ^ `` EU agricultural product quality policy '' . Jump up ^ Masui , T. ; Tomoko , Y. ; Hodgson , R. ; Robuchon , J. ( 2004 ) . French Cheeses . DK . ISBN 1 - 4053 - 0666 - 1 . Jump up ^ Barthélemy , Roland ; Sperat - Czar , Arnaud ( 2004 ) . Cheeses of the world . Hachette Illustrated ( London ) . ISBN 1 - 84430 - 115 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cheese from France . Pictures Gallery of French Cheese ( and some others ) Pictures and detailed information on French Cheese Cheese Types Acid - set Blue Brined Cream Goat Green cheese Pasta filata Processed Smear - ripened Smoked Washed - rind Whey Animal milk Cow Goat Reindeer Sheep Water buffalo Yak Camel Regions Bandel Cornwall France Germany Ireland Italy Mexico Middle East Netherlands Poland Romania Serbia Spain Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States Special designations Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée cheeses European cheeses with protected geographical status Greek Italian Organizations American Cheese Society International Cheese Awards Lucerne Cheese Festival Mountain Cheese Olympics National Cheese Exchange The Great British Cheese Festival List articles Cheese dishes Cheesemakers Cheese soups Cheeses Blue cheeses Goat milk cheeses Sheep milk cheeses Stretch - curd cheeses Water buffalo cheeses", "6": "Miscellaneous Cheese ripening Dairy salt Cheese dishes Cheesemakers List of cheeses French cheeses AOC Abondance Banon Beaufort Bleu d'Auvergne Bleu des Causses Bleu de Gex Bleu du Vercors Brie de Meaux Brie de Melun Brocciu Camembert Cantal Chabichou du Poitou Chaource Chevrotin Comté Coulommiers Crottin de Chavignol Époisses Fourme d'Ambert Fourme de Montbrison Laguiole Langres Livarot Mâconnais Maroilles Mont d'Or Morbier Munster Neufchâtel Ossau - Iraty Pélardon Picodon Pont - l'Évêque Pouligny - Saint - Pierre Reblochon Rigotte de Condrieu Rocamadour Roquefort Saint - Nectaire Sainte - Maure de Touraine Salers Selles - sur - Cher Valençay Unprotected varieties Abbaye de Tamié Baguette laonnaise Bleu de Bresse Brillat - Savarin Brie Cabécou Cancoillotte Carré de l'Est Chaumes Clochette Délice d'Argental Délice de Bourgogne Édel de Cléron Etorki Explorateur Faisselle Fromage blanc Gaperon Mont des Cats Mimolette Olivet cendré Port Salut Raclette Rochebaron Saint", "7": "Agur Blue Saint - Félicien Saint - Marcellin Saint - Paulin Vacherin Vieux - Boulogne Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_French_cheeses&oldid=816801650 '' Categories : French cheeses Lists of cheeses French cuisine - related lists Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 20 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-257901159901288598	where was the last scene of the danish girl filmed	[ "the Mount Mannen in Norway", "the Isle of Sheppey in England" ]	{ "0": "The Danish Girl ( film ) - wikipedia The Danish Girl ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Danish Girl Theatrical release poster Directed by Tom Hooper Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Anne Harrison Tom Hooper Gail Mutrux Screenplay by Lucinda Coxon Based on The Danish Girl by David Ebershoff Starring Eddie Redmayne Alicia Vikander Ben Whishaw Sebastian Koch Amber Heard Matthias Schoenaerts Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Danny Cohen Edited by Melanie Ann Oliver Production companies Working Title Pretty Pictures Artemis Productions Revision Pictures Senator Global Productions Distributed by Focus Features ( United States ) Universal Pictures ( International ) Release date 5 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 05 ) ( Venice ) 27 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 27 ) ( United States ) 1 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 119 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $64.2 million The Danish Girl is a 2015 romantic drama film directed by Tom Hooper , based on the 2000 fictional novel of the same name by David Ebershoff , and loosely inspired by the lives of Danish painters Lili Elbe and Gerda Wegener . The film stars Eddie Redmayne as Elbe , one of the first known recipients of sex reassignment surgery , Alicia Vikander as Wegener , and Sebastian Koch as Kurt Warnekros , with Ben Whishaw , Amber Heard , and Matthias Schoenaerts in supporting roles . The film was screened in the main competition section of the 72nd Venice International Film Festival , and it was shown in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival . The film was released in a limited release on 27 November 2015 by Focus Features in the United States . The film was released on 1 January 2016 , in the United Kingdom , with Universal Pictures International handling international distribution .", "1": "The film received some criticism for its inaccurate portrayal of historical events , but Redmayne and Vikander 's performances received widespread acclaim and nominations for all of the major acting awards . Vikander won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , and Redmayne was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor . It was also nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 4.2 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Controversy 6.1 Oscar controversy 6.2 Historical accuracy 6.3 Ban 7 Accolades 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In mid-1920s Copenhagen , portrait artist Gerda Wegener asks her husband , popular landscape artist Einar Wegener , to stand in for a female model who is late to come to their flat to pose for a painting she 's working on . The act of posing as a female figure unmasks Einar 's life - long identification as a woman , who names herself Lili Elbe . This sets off a progression , first tentative and then irreversible , of leaving behind the identity as Einar , which she has struggled to maintain all her life . This takes place as both Lili and Gerda relocate to Paris ; Gerda 's portraits of Lili in her feminine state attract serious attention from art dealers in a way that her previous portraiture had not . It is there that Gerda tracks down art dealer Hans Axgil , a childhood friend of Lili ( whom Lili had kissed when they were young ) . Hans and Gerda 's mutual attraction is a challenge , as Gerda is navigating her changing relationship to Lili ; but Hans ' long - time friendship with and affection for Lili cause him to be supportive of both Lili and Gerda .", "2": "As Lili 's continued existence presenting as male becomes too much to bear , she starts to seek help from psychologists , but none yields any result , and , in one instance , almost leads her into being committed to an asylum . Eventually , at Hans 's recommendation , Lili and Gerda meet Dr. Kurt Warnekros . Dr. Warnekros explains that he has met several people like her , who are physically male but identify as female , and proposes a new , innovative and controversial solution : male to female sex reassignment surgery . This would entail a two - part procedure that involves first removing Lili 's external genitalia and then , after a period of recovery , fashioning a vagina . He warns Lili and Gerda that it is a very dangerous operation that has never been attempted before , and Lili would be one of the first to undergo it . Lili immediately agrees and , soon after , travels to Germany to begin the surgery . Lili eventually dies of complications from the surgery . The film ends with Gerda and Hans on a hilltop back in Denmark , in front of the five trees Lili had painted . The scarf that Lili had originally given Gerda , and that had subsequently been given back and forth several times , is carried away on the wind , dancing . Cast ( edit ) Eddie Redmayne as Einar Wegener / Lili Elbe ( Lili Elvenes ) Alicia Vikander as Gerda Wegener ( née Gottlieb ) Matthias Schoenaerts as Hans Axgil ( Fernando Porta ) Ben Whishaw as Henrik Sandahl ( Claude Lejeune ) Amber Heard as Ulla Paulson ( Anna Larssen ) Sebastian Koch as Dr. Kurt Warnekros Pip Torrens as Dr. Jens Hexler Nicholas Woodeson as Dr. Buson Emerald Fennell as Elsa Adrian Schiller as Rasmussen Henry Pettigrew as Niels Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Screenwriter Lucinda Coxon worked on the screenplay for a decade before it was produced . She told Creative Screenwriting : I started in 2004 and within a couple of years we had a script we were happy to send out .", "3": "We were terribly excited and I was fantastically naïve , because when you fall in love with a project , you assume that everyone else will be in love with it as well . The actors were very much in love with it . Several well - known actresses wanted to play Gerda , but the subject matter made it quite difficult to find someone to play Lili . We scheduled various directors and with each director came a new draft . In September 2009 , Tomas Alfredson revealed to Variety that production on the project would precede that of his upcoming Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy adaptation , adding : `` We have been in talks for close to a year , and we are soon going into production '' . In December 2009 , Swedish newspapers reported that Alfredson was no longer attached to direct The Danish Girl and would begin work on Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy next . Alfredson said he regretted that reports of him working on The Danish Girl spread before the deal was finalized . He also said that he still wanted to make the film and might return to the project . On 12 January 2010 , Swedish director Lasse Hallström told Swedish media that he had been assigned to replace Alfredson as director . Casting ( edit ) In 2008 , Nicole Kidman was originally attached to play Einar / Lili and would also produce the film through her company Blossom Films . Charlize Theron was originally slated to play the role of Gerda Wegener but , after leaving the project , was replaced by Gwyneth Paltrow . Paltrow then left the project due to location changes . Uma Thurman was also a rumoured replacement . In September 2010 , Marion Cotillard was rumored to be the lead candidate for the role of Gerda Wegener . On 11 June 2010 , The Hollywood Reporter revealed that the film had received € 1.2 million ( $1.5 million ) in subsidy financing from Germany 's NRW Film Board . The conditions of the deal include the planned 19 - day shoot in Germany . In February 2011 , Screen Daily reported that the film would begin shooting in July of the same year and that Rachel Weisz would play Wegener . In May , it was revealed that both Weisz and Hallström had left the project .", "4": "On 28 April 2014 , it was announced that Tom Hooper would direct the film with Eddie Redmayne as the lead . On 19 June 2014 , Alicia Vikander was announced in the cast . On 8 January 2015 , Matthias Schoenaerts joined the cast . Filming ( edit ) Filming was projected to start in Spring 2010 in Berlin . Coxon revealed to Creative Screenwriting that , when filming finally began with Hooper , he actually filmed an older version of the script : We had probably gone through 20 drafts before landing Tom Hooper . In fact , the one we shot was actually an early revised draft that Tom had read back in 2008 . I did a fairly large rewrite for Tom , but in the end , we used a version with little revision from the original . Filming began in February 2015 , where Redmayne was spotted on set . Filming also took place at Nyhavn , where the iconic waterfront was transformed to look like Copenhagen in the 1930s . Sets for the Danish and Paris flats were built in the Elstree Studios in London and additional shooting took place in Copenhagen and Brussels . Production on the film concluded on 12 April 2015 . Filming took 44 days for the 186 scenes in six countries . Post-production ( edit ) Post-production ended in September 2015 . According to composer , Alexandre Desplat , post-production was very fast , with the film being cut as Desplat was writing the score , which was recorded only a week prior to the film 's premiere at the Venice Film Festival . Hooper revealed to Indiewire and After Ellen that the film 's ending is different from the novel ( in which Gerda and Hans stay together ) and real life ( Gerda and Lili were not together in Lili 's final days ) , and he de-emphasized the importance of the Hans storyline because he did not want to feel that there was a love possibility for Gerda with Hans that could in any way rival Lili . He wanted it to be ambiguous whether it would turn into a love affair , rather than a friendship , because he saw Lili and Gerda as the loves of each other 's lives . He took the script in that direction to protect the importance of their relationship .", "5": "In an interview with MTV International , Vikander revealed that two scenes featuring Amber Heard dancing were cut from the film , as well as stating the first cut for the film was over 2 hours . Release ( edit ) On 4 March 2015 , Focus Features set the film for a limited release on 27 November 2015 . The film had its world premiere at the 72nd Venice Film Festival on 5 September 2015 . Universal Pictures handled distribution in other territories outside the U.S. , with a release on 1 January 2016 , in the United Kingdom . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on 1 March 2016 in the United States . Marketing ( edit ) The first image of Redmayne as Lili Elbe was revealed on 26 February 2015 . A pair of posters of Redmayne and Vikander were then released in August , On 1 September 2015 , the first trailer was released . on 19 November 2015 , The first clip from the film was released . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Danish Girl has grossed $11.1 million in North America and $53.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $64.2 million , against a budget of $15 million . The film had a limited release in the United States and Canada across four cinemas in New York and Los Angeles on 27 November 2015 before expanding cinemas in December . The film earned $185,000 in its opening weekend , averaging $46,250 , which is the sixth - best opening weekend per cinema average of 2015 . The opening weekend 's audience was 58 % female , and 67 % were over 40 . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 68 % based on 222 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Danish Girl serves as another showcase for Eddie Redmayne 's talent -- and poignantly explores thought - provoking themes with a beautifully filmed biopic drama '' . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 66 out of 100 , based on 41 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' .", "6": "Independent film website FilmDebate credited The Danish Girl as the ' most important film of 2015 ' , stating that ' This is not only the best movie of the year , but it is the most important . The story and performances come together in the truest of ways to make a film that the whole world needs to see and get behind . ' The film 's acting , particularly that of Redmayne and Vikander in the lead roles , received considerable acclaim , with Marie Asner of Phantom Tollbooth stating that `` the acting is what makes this film '' and Damien Straker of Impulse Gamer writing that `` two commanding performances give it a gripping emotional weight that is very affecting '' . Redmayne 's performance was described as `` another sterling example of just how deeply he can immerse himself into a role '' by Jim Schembri of 3AW , and as `` revealing , heartbreaking and believable '' by Linda Cook of Quad - City Times . Kyle Buchanan , writing for Vulture , complained that it was part of a trend of `` queer and trans films that are actually about straight people '' , while Paul Byrnes for The Sydney Morning Herald said it was `` a lost opportunity '' in which `` the frocks are more convincing than the emotions . '' Casey Plett , a transgender writer , criticized the script in a conversation in The Walrus as `` atrocious and boring '' , going on to say `` It 's like someone got inspired by a Shakespeare tragedy , then combined the verbosity of R.L. Stine with the subtlety of Brendan Fraser . '' Controversy ( edit ) The Danish Girl has been criticized for being written similarly to forced feminization erotica , obscuring the actual story of a historical trans person , and for being based on a fictional book that does not tell the true story of Lili and Gerda Wegener . Oscar Controversy ( edit ) Alicia Vikander was awarded the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film , the film 's only Oscar win out of the four nominations , a decision that the Academy was heavily criticized for as Vikander has about 1 hour of screen - time which is 50 % of the film 's run - time which qualifies her for a Best Actress Oscar .", "7": "It was actually a decision made by the film 's distributor , Focus Features , to campaign Vikander for the Oscar and all other prizes in the supporting actress category , in which many lead actresses have been nominated and even won . She was intentionally not shortlisted in the best actress category as she would have been competing against Brie Larson for her role in Room , which would have decreased her chances of winning while the supporting actress category had little competition . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Elbe was not the first transgender woman to undergo sex reassignment surgery , having been preceded by Dorchen Richter . The film is based on the novel The Danish Girl by David Ebershoff . The novel , as Ebershoff has stated , does not try to tell a true story . He not only imagined most of what he wrote about Elbe 's inner life , but also created all of the other characters in the book , such as Hans and Henrik , both characters present in the film . Despite many inaccuracies , the film was marketed as a `` true story '' and `` a true love story '' . Director Tom Hooper stated that the film is closer to the real story than Ebershoff 's book . The character Ulla Paulson is a fictionalized version of Anna Larssen , a Danish actress and preacher and very good friend of Einar / Lili and Gerda . She was born on September 12 , 1875 and died on March 6 , 1955 . Although she has some fictional characteristics such as a change in her name and having a side career as a ballerina , the real Anna Larssen was in fact late for a meeting with Gerda to pose for a painting , therefore Einar had to step in and fill in for Larssen at her own suggestion over the telephone , by putting on the dress and stockings which allowed his repressed feelings as a woman to resurface as he enjoyed wearing the clothes . It was Larssen who came up with the nickname Lili after walking in on Einar filling in for her while Gerda encouraged the nickname . Larssen was reportedly quoted as saying `` You know , Andreas , you were certainly a girl in a former existence , or else Nature has made a mistake with you this time . '' The film begins in 1926 , when Lili was 44 years old and Gerda was 40 .", "8": "Their marriage lasted 26 years ( 1904 - 1930 ) ; they were respectively 22 and 18 years old when they got married . The film only mentions that Lili and Gerda had been married for 6 years . Gerda was a natural blonde and blue - eyed woman ( as she used to be portrayed in her self - portraits ) with pale skin , while Alicia Vikander is a natural brunette with brown eyes and natural olive skin . Vikander had to wear blonde wigs while filming the movie , and she also revealed to The New York Times that the filmmakers were obsessed with the fact that she did not look Scandinavian and paled her skin , to make her lighter . Gerda was 43 -- 44 years old during the events portrayed in the film . Lili was 47 years old when she underwent sex reassignment surgery in 1930 , and died the following year , at 48 . Eddie Redmayne was 33 years old during filming , while Alicia Vikander was 26 . Lili and Gerda moved to Paris in 1912 , when they were 30 and 26 years old , respectively . The film appears to imply they moved to Paris in the late ' 20s . Paris was remarkably liberal in the 1910s and 1920s , which is the reason why Gerda and Lili settled there and Gerda lived openly as a lesbian in the city . The scene in which Lili , dressed in men 's clothes , is beaten by two men in Paris after being assumed to be a lesbian is fictional . Lili 's post-transition name was Lili Ilse Elvenes . The name `` Lili Elbe '' , the only name used in the film , was made up by Copenhagen journalist Louise `` Loulou '' Lassen . Topics including Gerda 's sexuality , which is evidenced by the subjects in her erotic drawings , and the disintegration of Gerda and Lili 's relationship after having their marriage annulled in 1930 , are omitted in both the novel and the film . Gerda 's famous Lesbian Erotica paintings are never mentioned in the film , nor the fact that she was not present during Lili 's last operation and death , but was living in Italy with her second husband , Italian officer Fernando Porta .", "9": "Gerda divorced from Porta in 1936 , did not have children , and never married again . She returned to Denmark , took to drinking , and died penniless in 1940 . The character Hans Axgil did not exist in her life and was merely a loose inspiration from Porta , though the real Fernando Porta was not a childhood friend of Einar / Lili . Lili 's boyfriend at the time of her last surgery and death was French art dealer Claude Lejeune , whom she hoped to marry and have a child with . There is a photo of Lili and Lejeune together dating from 1928 , when Lili was still legally married to Gerda . Lejeune is not mentioned in the film . The character Henrik is a fictional creation and is only loosely inspired by Lejeune . An important factor surrounding Lili 's death was omitted from the film ; she died from organ rejection due to a uterus transplant ( her fifth operation ) in 1931 , at the age of 48 , but in the film she dies after the second sex reassignment surgery . During the last scene , when Gerda and Hans are standing by Vejle Fjord , mountains are present in the background . Denmark has no mountains . The scenes were shot at the Mount Mannen in Norway and at the Isle of Sheppey in England . This historical inaccuracy was a conscious choice by the director , who later apologized to Danish people for his mistake . Ban ( edit ) The film has been banned in Qatar on grounds of moral depravity , and also in the United Arab Emirates , Oman , Bahrain , Jordan , Kuwait , and Malaysia . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Danish Girl ( film ) See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Film portal United Kingdom portal Denmark portal Belgium portal LGBT portal 2010s portal List of transgender characters in film and television List of lesbian , gay , bisexual or transgender - related films of 2015 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE DANISH GIRL ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 3 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` How ' The Danish Girl ' Made It to the Screen After a 15 - Year Odyssey '' . Indiewire. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Danish Girl ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` BOOKS OF THE TIMES ; Radical Change and Enduring Love '' . The New York Times . 14 February 2000 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Venice Film Festival : Lido Lineup Builds Awards Season Buzz - Full List '' . Deadline . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Venice Fest Reveals Robust Lineup Featuring Hollywood Stars and International Auteurs '' . Variety . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto to open with ' Demolition ' ; world premieres for ' Trumbo ' , ' The Program ' '' . ScreenDaily. 28 July 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) . `` ' The Danish Girl ' starring Eddie Redmayne gets awards season release date '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lana Wachowski helped Eddie Redmayne prepare for The Danish Girl '' . GayTimes.co.uk. 24 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Swinson , Brock ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` '' The pleasure for me is in the monomania . '' Lucinda Coxon on The Danish Girl `` . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfredson right helmer for ' Danish ' '' , Variety . 15 September 2009 Jump up ^ `` Tomas Alfredson hoppar av filmen med Nicole Kidman '' . Dagens Nyheter. 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alfredson vill ännu göra Kidman - film '' .", "11": "Svenska Dagbladet. 13 December 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hallström gör film med Kidman - efter Alfredsons avhopp '' ( in Swedish ) . Aftonbladet. 12 January 2010 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Nicole Kidman to Reassign Sexuality Vulture Jump up ^ Nicole Kidman Goes Transsexual for ' The Danish Girl ' Film School Rejects ^ Jump up to : Nicole Kidman and Gwyneth Paltrow to play husband and wife The Telegraph . 9 November 2009 Jump up ^ Gwyneth Paltrow Opens Up About Marriage , Talks Brad & Angelina Harper 's Bazaar . May 2010 Jump up ^ Casting Call : Kidman Headed Back To Broadway Jump up ^ Marion Cotillard to Star Opposite Nicole Kidman in The Danish Girl ? Jump up ^ ' Danish Girl ' picks up German cash Hollywood Reporter. 11 June 2010 Jump up ^ Rehlin , Gunnar ( 14 February 2011 ) . `` Hallstrom set to start The Danish Girl shoot in July '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 20 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Hallstrom leaves The Danish Girl , casts Persbrandt for The Hypnotist Screen Daily . 15 May 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' Les Mis ' Duo Tom Hooper And Eddie Redmayne Re-Team On ' The Danish Girl ' '' . Aftonbladet. 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Vikander To Star In ' Light Between Oceans ' And ' Danish Girl ' '' . Deadline. 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matthias Schoenaerts To Join Tom Hooper 's ' The Danish Girl ' '' . Deadline. 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How the strain may start to show as career - minded Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin set to spend time apart '' . Daily Mail . 30 November 2009 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` The serious business of becoming a woman '' . Vancouver Sun . 16 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ryan ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` PICTURED : Oscar - winner Eddie Redmayne cuts a gaunt figure as he begins work in London on his latest movie The Danish Girl '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Se billederne : Filmstjerner genskaber 1930ernes København '' ( See the pictures : Stars recreates 1930s Copenhagen ) . TV2.dk ( in Danish ) . 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filming of The Danish Girl in Copenhagen '' . thelocal.dk . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne Gets Dressed For ' The Danish Girl ' ; Amy Berg Bows ' Janis : Little Girl Blue ' : Specialty Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ McCue , Michelle ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne & Laverne Cox At Special Screening Of Tom Hooper 's THE DANISH GIRL '' . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` Alexandre Desplat on the Music Challenges & Rewards of ' Danish Girl ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Puchko , Kristy ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` Tom Hooper Explains Why He Cast Eddie Redmayne as ' The Danish Girl ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alicia Vikander on the love story that is `` The Danish Girl '' `` . afterellen.com. 24 November 2015 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ International , MTV ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` The Danish Girl Deleted Scenes : Cast 's Favourite '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( 4 March 2015 ) .", "13": "`` Eddie Redmayne 's Transgender Drama ' The Danish Girl ' Gets Awards Season Release Date '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two Matthias Schoenaerts ' movies at Venice Film Festival '' . deredactie.be. 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 72nd Venice International Film Festival Screening Schedule '' . labiennale.org. 12 August 2015 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Danish Girl Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Kenji . `` Eddie Redmayne Transforms Into Transgender Painter Einar Wegener in First Look at The Danish Girl '' . Final Reel . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Kenji ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Stunning First Posters for The Danish Girl with Eddie Redmayne & Alicia Vikander '' . Final Reel . Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` ' The Danish Girl ' Trailer : Eddie Redmayne & Alicia Vikander Drama First Look '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ McGovern , Joe ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne and Alicia Vikander recall fateful first kiss in The Danish Girl clip '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Brooks ( 29 November 2015 ) . `` ' The Danish Girl ' Bows With Style ; ' Janis : Little Girl Blue ' Solid In Debut ; ' Carol ' Dominates Thanksgiving : Specialty B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Danish Girl ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Danish Girl Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Danish Girl : Most Important Film Of 2015 FilmDebate '' . filmdebate.co.uk .", "14": "Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Danish Girl ( Asner ) '' . Tolllbooth . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Danish Girl - Film Review '' . Impulse Gamer . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Danish Girl ' is a memorable love story '' . Qaud - City Times . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Enough With the Queer and Trans Films That Are Actually About Straight People '' . Vulture.com. 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Paul ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` Review : The Danish Girl is `` an exercise in constructed melodrama '' `` . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seeing Lili Elbe '' . thewalrus.ca. 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Danish Girl '' Stretches Frilly Forced - Femme Fantasy Over Actual Trans History `` . HARLOT Magazine . 2015 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Regressive , Reductive and Harmful : A Trans Woman 's Take On Tom Hooper 's Embarrassing ' Danish Girl ' '' . Indiewire. 3 December 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The tragic true story behind The Danish Girl '' . The Telegraph . 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biopic Formula Undermines The Danish Girl 's True Story '' . westword.com. 15 December 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Danish Girl ( 2015 ) : a disappointing ( sic ) and conservative portrayal of transsexuality '' . nickysfilmdiary.com. 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Vikander : Best Actress race loaded with contenders '' .", "15": "Entertainment Weekly . 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Vikander and Rooney Mara Campaigns Fuel ' Category Fraud ' Debate '' . Variety . 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Oscar Nominations Make No Sense '' . The Atlantic . 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Awards `` Category Fraud '' : The Insane Manipulation of the Acting Categories `` . The Hollywood Reporter. 24 November 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What Is Category Fraud ? A Closer Look at This Year 's Big Oscar Controversy '' . ScreenCrush. 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Vikander , Rooney Mara , and the Most Egregiously Miscategorized Oscar Nominees '' . Yahoo . 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Trans Timeline - Trans Media Watch '' . Trans Media Watch . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Danish Girl , film review : Eddie Redmayne fatally miscast '' . London Evening Standard . 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film review : ' The Danish Girl , ' dir . Tom Hooper '' . dailyuw.com. 18 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Redmayne calls ' Danish Girl ' unique love story '' . abc7.com. 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hooper on directing the queer love story , `` The Danish Girl '' `` . afterellen.com. 24 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Danish Girl - Filmmaker Letter '' . landmarktheatres.com . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Danish Girl transforms fascinating truths into tasteful , safe drama '' . The Guardian .", "16": "13 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerda Wegener - Artist '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GERDA WEGENER ( 1886 - 1940 ) Self - Portrait '' . Pinterest.com . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Vikander on Pale Makeup and Other Film Surprises '' . The New York Times . 9 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who Was ' The Danish Girl ? ' '' . Edge Media Network . 18 December 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The Danish Girl '' . cinedork.com. 14 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredibly True Adventures of Gerda Wegener and Lili Elbe '' . coilhouse.net. 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Danish illustrator and painter Gerda Wegener , best known for her ( lesbian ) erotica '' . Tlgbt-news.com. 15 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reading Group Notes The Danish Girl '' . allenandunwin.com . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Danish Girl vs the True Story of Lili Elbe , Gerda Wegener '' . historyvshollywood.com . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is ' The Danish Girl ' A True Story ? Lili Elbe 's Journey Was Incredible '' . bustle.com. 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lili Elbe : the transgender artist behind The Danish Girl '' . The Week UK . 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond The Danish Girl '' . The Enthusiastic Historian. 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` The Danish Girl '' . Moviebuff.com. 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://underholdning.tv2.dk/kendte/2016-02-03-hollywood-instruktoer-derfor-er-der-bjerge-i-vejle-fjord Jump up ^ The Independent ( 12 January 2016 ) . The Danish Girl banned in Qatar on grounds of ' moral depravity ' Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter 13 January 2016 ' The Danish Girl ' Pulled From Cinemas in Qatar External links ( edit ) The Danish Girl on IMDb The Danish Girl at Box Office Mojo The Danish Girl at Rotten Tomatoes The Danish Girl at Metacritic Works directed by Tom Hooper Theatrical films Red Dust ( 2004 ) The Damned United ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) The Danish Girl ( 2015 ) Television Love in a Cold Climate ( 2001 ) Daniel Deronda ( 2002 ) Elizabeth I ( 2005 ) Longford ( 2006 ) John Adams ( 2008 ) Works by Lucinda Coxon Screenplays The Heart of Me ( 2003 ) Wild Target ( 2010 ) The Crimson Petal and the White ( 2011 ) The Danish Girl ( 2015 ) Plays Happy Now ? ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Danish_Girl_(film)&oldid=837938230 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s historical films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s romantic drama films American biographical films American films American historical films American LGBT - related films American romantic drama films Biographical films about artists British biographical films British films British historical films British LGBT - related films Films about gender British romantic drama films Drama films based on actual events", "18": "Films based on American novels Films directed by Tom Hooper Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films produced by Eric Fellner Films produced by Tim Bevan Films scored by Alexandre Desplat Films set in the 1920s Films set in Copenhagen Films set in Germany Films set in Paris Films shot in Brussels Films shot in London Films shot in Norway Focus Features films Historical romance films LGBT romance films LGBT - related drama films LGBT - related films based on actual events Romance films based on actual events Transgender in film Universal Pictures films Working Title Films films Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Use British English from December 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kurdî Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski", "19": "Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 23 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7226074159102484517	where was the last scene of goonies filmed	[ "Goat Rock State Beach in Sonoma County, California", "Goat Rock State Beach in Sonoma County, California", "Goat Rock State Beach in Sonoma County, California", "Goat Rock State Beach in Sonoma County, California" ]	{ "0": "The Goonies - wikipedia The Goonies Jump to : navigation , search `` Goonies '' redirects here . For other uses , see Goonies ( disambiguation ) . The Goonies Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Richard Donner Produced by Richard Donner Harvey Bernhard Screenplay by Chris Columbus Story by Steven Spielberg Starring Sean Astin Josh Brolin Jeff Cohen Corey Feldman Kerri Green Martha Plimpton Ke Huy Quan Music by Dave Grusin Cinematography Nick McLean Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Amblin Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date June 7 , 1985 ( 1985 - 06 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $61.5 million The Goonies is a 1985 American adventure comedy film directed by Richard Donner , who produced with Harvey Bernhard . The screenplay was written by Chris Columbus from a story by executive producer Steven Spielberg . A band of kids who live in the `` Goon Docks '' neighborhood of Astoria , Oregon , attempt to save their homes from demolition , and , in doing so , discover an old Spanish map that leads them on an adventure to unearth the long - lost fortune of One - Eyed Willy , a legendary 17th - century pirate . During the entire adventure , they are chased by a family of criminals , who also want the treasure for themselves . Warner Bros. released it on June 7 , 1985 , in the United States . The film grossed $61.5 million worldwide and has become a cult film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music and soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Awards 6.3 Legacy 6.3. 1 Video games 6.3.", "1": "2 Proposed sequels and adaptations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Facing foreclosure of their homes in the Goon Docks area of Astoria , Oregon to an expanding country club , a group of children who call themselves `` the Goonies '' , gather for a final weekend together . The Goonies include optimist Mikey Walsh , his older brother , Brandon , the inventive Data , the talkative Mouth , and the overweight klutz Chunk . While rummaging through the Walshes ' attic , they come across a 1632 doubloon and an old treasure map purporting to lead to the famous pirate `` One - Eyed '' Willy 's hoard located nearby . Evading Brandon for one last adventure together , the kids find themselves at a derelict restaurant near the coast , which coincides with the doubloon and the map . They encounter the Fratellis , a family of criminals hiding out at the restaurant . Evading detection by returning outside , the kids run into Brandon and two girls : the popular cheerleader Andy , who has a mutual crush on Brandon , and Stef , Andy 's nerdy , tough - talking best friend . Mikey convinces Brandon to return to the restaurant to explore after the Fratellis leave , discovering that the criminals are running a counterfeiting operation . As the Fratellis return , the group finds a tunnel beneath the restaurant and hides in there , sending Chunk to notify the authorities . They explore the tunnel and find the remains of a previous explorer , who also searched for the treasure , and Mikey is sure they are on the right trail . Evading various booby traps , set up by Willy , they find themselves under an old wishing well . The kids have a chance to be pulled out of the tunnel by Andy 's obnoxious boyfriend Troy , whose family owns the country club , but Mikey convinces the group to continue on their journey . Meanwhile , Chunk , who has escaped the restaurant , tries to flag down several passing cars , but is intercepted and kidnapped by Jake and Francis Fratelli . When the Fratellis threaten to shred his hands with an electric blender , a terrified Chunk reveals not only where his friends are , but also the existence of the treasure .", "2": "The Fratellis tie Chunk to a chair and lock him in the basement next to Sloth , their deformed younger brother kept chained to the wall . While the Fratellis pursue both the Goonies and the treasure , Chunk befriends Sloth , and Sloth is able to break their bonds ; they form a third party headed into the tunnel . Mikey and the others discover the Fratellis on their trail , and hasten through the remaining traps . They ultimately find an enclosed grotto and Willy 's pirate ship , the Inferno , which has been sealed in the cave for centuries . They explore the ship , finding a hoard of treasure in front of the skeletal remains of Willy and his crew . Mikey gives a sober speech to Willy , naming him as the first `` Goonie '' , then he and the others fill their pockets with riches ; Mikey insists that the coins directly in front of Willy remain untouched , as Willy 's tribute . As they leave , however , the Fratellis have already caught up with them . They make them drop the treasure before threatening to kill them by forcing them to walk the plank , when suddenly Sloth and Chunk arrive . Sloth , angered by how the other Fratellis have treated him in the past , easily subdues them and helps the rest of the Goonies to escape the boat . Though Mikey insists they go back for the treasure , Brandon worries more for their lives , and the group escapes through a hole in the grotto , eventually arriving on a nearby beach shore . Police quickly come to their help and reunite them with their families . Meanwhile , the Fratellis free themselves and begin to loot the boat . When they take the coins that Mikey had left earlier , they trigger another booby trap that causes the grotto to start to cave in . The Fratellis are forced to abandon the loot and flee to the beach , where police quickly take them into custody . As the Goonies are taken care of by their families , including Chunk offering to bring Sloth into his family , the owners of the country club show up and demand that Mr. Walsh sign away their homes and the Goon Docks .", "3": "As he is about to do so , their housekeeper , Rosalita , finds Mikey 's marble bag in his wet clothes , filled with gems that the Fratellis had neglected to confiscate . Mr. Walsh triumphantly tears up the paperwork , as the gems are more than enough to negate the foreclosure . As the Goonies celebrate , the attention of all on the beach is caught by the sight of the unmanned Inferno , now clear of the grotto , and the Goonies wave her goodbye as she sets off once more upon the sea . Cast ( edit ) Sean Astin as Michael `` Mikey '' Walsh Corey Feldman as Clark `` Mouth '' Devereaux Jeff Cohen as Lawrence `` Chunk '' Cohen Jonathan Ke Huy Quan as Richard `` Data '' Wang Josh Brolin as Brandon `` Brand '' Walsh Kerri Green as Andrea `` Andy '' Carmichael Martha Plimpton as Stephanie `` Stef '' Steinbrenner Anne Ramsey as Agatha `` Mama '' Fratelli Joe Pantoliano as Francis Fratelli Robert Davi as Jake Fratelli John Matuszak as Lotney `` Sloth '' Fratelli Mary Ellen Trainor as Irene Walsh Keith Walker as Irving Walsh Lupe Ontiveros as Rosalita Steve Antin as Troy Perkins Curtis F. Hanson as Mr. Perkins Paul Tuerpe as the Sheriff Director Richard Donner makes a cameo appearance as a deputy . Production ( edit ) The old Clatsop County Jail , scene of the Fratelli jail break . The site is now home to the Oregon Film Museum . Much of the filming was done on location in Astoria , Oregon , the setting of the film Principal photography on The Goonies began on October 22 , 1984 and lasted five months . There was an additional six weeks of audio dubbing recording . The shooting script was lengthy , at more than 120 pages , and several sequences were eventually cut from the final theatrical version . During the film 's dénouement , mention is made of an octopus which refers to a scene that was excised from the final cut . In The Making of The Goonies , director Richard Donner notes the difficulties and pleasures of working with so many child actors .", "4": "Donner praises them for their energy and excitement , but says that they were unruly when brought together . The documentary frequently shows him coaching the young actors and reveals some techniques he used to get realistic performances . One of these tricks involved One - Eyed Willy 's ship , which was actually a full - sized mock - up of a pirate ship created under the direction of production designer J. Michael Riva . Donner restricted the child actors from seeing the ship until they filmed the scene wherein it is revealed to their characters . The characters ' first glimpse of the ship was thus also the actors ' first view of it , bringing about a more realistic performance . However , that particular scene in the movie is actually the second shot , as the cast was so overwhelmed at first sight that the scene had to be re-shot . It was later noted that the entire set was scrapped after shooting because they could not find anyone who wanted it . In his book There and Back Again , Sean Astin claims that Richard Donner and Steven Spielberg were `` like codirectors '' on the film as he compares and contrasts their styles when directing scenes . Some of the on - location filming was done in Astoria , Oregon . The interior and exterior of the old Clatsop County Jail features as the holding place of Jake Fratelli at the start of the film . ( The building was later converted into the Oregon Film Museum , which opened on the 25th anniversary of The Goonies with memorabilia from this and other local films . ) The museum where Mikey 's father works is , in reality , the Captain George Flavel House Museum . The Walsh family home is a real home on the eastern end of the town . The scenes along the coast were filmed in Oregon , but they were a considerable distance from Astoria . The Goonies bicycle to Ecola State Park ( in reality , over 26 miles south of Astoria ) and then find the starting location of the map using Haystack Rock as a guide . Underground scenes were filmed at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California , including the cavernous set where the Goonies find One - Eyed Willy 's ship , which was in Stage 16 , one of the largest sound stages in America . The final scene was shot at Goat Rock State Beach in Sonoma County , California .", "5": "The film marked Wes Takahashi 's first major motion picture as an animation supervisor for Industrial Light & Magic . Music and soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Goonies : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The Goonies : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack features music by Cyndi Lauper , REO Speedwagon , The Bangles , and others . The cast members ( except Kerri Green ) appeared alongside professional wrestlers `` Rowdy '' Roddy Piper and `` Captain '' Lou Albano in the 12 minute `` The Goonies ' R ' Good Enough '' music video . Steven Spielberg makes a cameo appearance . Lauper also has a cameo in the film , performing the song on TV , although the song was not completed until after filming . Dave Grusin 's score was unavailable for 25 years . The main theme , `` Fratelli Chase '' , has been used in numerous trailers , such as Innerspace and Guarding Tess , and was re-recorded by Grusin and the London Symphony Orchestra for the album Cinemagic . The score makes liberal use of the Max Steiner - composed theme from Adventures of Don Juan . Soundtrack label Varèse Sarabande released the score in March 2010 in a limited edition of 5000 copies . Release ( edit ) Warner Bros. released the film in cinemas in the United States on June 7 , 1985 . The Goonies grossed US $9 million in its opening weekend in the US , second on the charts behind Rambo : First Blood Part II . It grossed more than US $61 million that year , placing it among the top ten highest - grossing films of 1985 in the US . The Goonies was first released on VHS and Betamax video in the United States in March 1986 and the LaserDisc and CED versions also debuted that year . Warner Home Video released a theatrical widescreen laserdisc on January 29 , 1992 . Warner Home Video released The Goonies in widescreen on Region 1 DVD on August 21 , 2001 . Warner Home Video released The Goonies on Blu - ray Disc in October 2008 in Europe and November 2010 in North America .", "6": "The video is in 1080p high definition VC - 1 and accompanied by a Dolby TrueHD soundtrack . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 70 % of critics have given the film a positive review based on 46 reviews ; the average rating is 6.1 / 10 . The critical consensus : `` An energetic , sometimes noisy mix of Spielbergian sentiment and funhouse tricks that will appeal to kids and nostalgic adults alike . '' At Metacritic it has a rating score of 60 , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Several reviewers noted that the film appeared to be enjoyable for children and teens , but not so much for adults . Awards ( edit ) Ramsey won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role . At the 7th Youth in Film Awards ( now known as Young Artist Awards ) , Astin 's portrayal of Mikey won the award for Best Starring Performance By a Young Actor in a Motion Picture . Cohen , Feldman , and Plimpton were also nominated for awards for their performances in The Goonies . The film itself was nominated for best adventure motion picture . Legacy ( edit ) The city of Astoria has hosted special anniversary events for the film , with around 10,000 to 15,000 visitors coming to the city to celebrate the film during these events . The home used for the Walsh family had become a tourist attraction , receiving between 1,200 and 1,500 visitors a day during the summer of the 30th anniversary , and in August 2015 the residents and owners of the home , their neighbors , and the city of Astoria have taken steps to limit public access to the home due to this . Video games ( edit ) Datasoft produced a Goonies video game for Commodore 64 , Atari 8 - bit family and Apple II in 1985 , which was later ported to the ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC by U.S. Gold . This game features eight screens in which a player had to use two members of the Goonies group to solve puzzles and reach an exit to advance to the next stage . The screens were largely inspired by actual sets and puzzles seen in the film . A reference to the aforementioned `` octopus scene '' is included , as the seventh level .", "7": "In 1986 , Japanese game developer Konami created two versions of The Goonies for the MSX ( The Goonies ) in Japan and Europe , and Family Computer ( The Goonies ) in Japan . The Goonies II was also released on the Famicom ( and its international counterpart , the Nintendo Entertainment System ) . The Goonies II was released in North America , Europe and Australia , although the original was one of the NES games released as part of the Nintendo VS . System arcade machine in the 1980s . The Goonies II has little to do with the film . In it , the Fratellis have kidnapped all the Goonies ( except Mikey , whom the player guides ) and have hidden them in cage across a terrain of caverns , mazes and abandoned buildings . As Mikey , the player must rescue them all and ultimately free a mermaid named Annie . In February 2007 , Chrysler 's Jeep division sponsored The Goonies : Return to Astoria , a Flash - based game , developed by Fuel Industries . The player 's goal is to collect map pieces and doubloons , and then race the Fratellis to One - Eyed Willy 's treasure . A Goonies level pack for Lego Dimensions was released on May 9 , 2017 . The pack includes a Sloth minifigure and constructable Pirate Ship and Skeleton Organ , and unlocks a bonus level that adapts the plot of the film . Proposed sequels and adaptations ( edit ) We tried really hard , and Steven ( Spielberg ) said , ' Let 's do it . ' We had a lot of young writers submit work , but it just did n't seem to call for it . -- Richard Donner The possibility of a film sequel has been confirmed and denied many times in recent years by the original cast and crew . Donner said that he had a story he liked and Spielberg behind him , but in 2004 several of the actors from the original revealed that Warner Bros. , the film 's owner , had shown no interest in a sequel . Sean Astin told MTV in October 2007 that Goonies 2 `` is an absolute certainty ... The writing 's on the wall when they 're releasing the DVD in such numbers . ''", "8": "Donner has expressed doubt that the sequel will ever happen , as many of the actors had not shown interest in returning for a sequel . Corey Feldman stated in his November 25 , 2008 blog post , `` NO ! There is no Goonies 2 ! I 'm sorry but it 's just not gon na happen ... Course now that I 've said that , they 'll do it . '' However , on the July 2010 release of The Making of a Cult Classic : The Unauthorized Story of The Goonies DVD , Richard Donner states a sequel to The Goonies is a `` definite thing '' and will involve as much of the old cast as possible . `` It will happen , '' says Donner . `` We 've been trying for a number of years . '' On April 5 , 2014 , Richard Donner revealed a sequel is in the works , and he hopes to bring back the entire cast . Rumors of adaptations and sequels in other media took off in 2007 , including a comic book miniseries , an animated television series , and a musical adaptation of the film . Corey Feldman said he was asked to reprise the role of Mouth in a cartoon series that would feature the original Goonies characters as adults and focus on the adventures of a new set of kids . Apparently this project was briefly in the works for Cartoon Network before being shelved . Entertainment Weekly reported in March 2007 on a potential musical adaptation of the film . `` Steven and I have discussed it , and it 's something that I 'm fairly passionate about right now , '' Donner says . Variety reported in October 2008 that Donner had met with Broadway entertainment attorney John Breglio , and is `` confident things are moving in the right direction . '' As of May 2011 , the musical was still in the beginning stages , but Donner was hopeful that an `` irreverent '' script would be completed by October . References ( edit ) Film portal 1980s portal Jump up ^ Sercio , Chris ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Goonies ' Turns 30 : 5 Lessons From the Cult Classic '' . Today . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 .", "9": "Jump up ^ Clark , Chris ( December 5 , 2006 ) . `` The Goonies : Cult Classic that Still Warms Embittered Hearts '' . The Trinity Tripod . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sonaiya Kelley ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` 18 facts about ' The Goonies ' in honor of the film 's 30th anniversary '' . Mashable . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Audio commentary from The Goonies DVD ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things You Might Not Know About The Goonies '' . Tor.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sean Astin ; Joe Layden ( 2005 ) . There and Back Again : An Actor 's Tale . Macmillan . p. 135 . ISBN 9780312331474 . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Margulis ( May 30 , 2010 ) . `` Loony for ' The Goonies ' ? Astoria film museum awaits '' . OregonLive.com . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. to Extend Tour to Weekends March 26 - August 27 '' . Warner Bros. Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://thegoonies.org/BB/viewtopic.php?t=1869 Jump up ^ `` The Goonies Movie Filming Locations - The 80s Movies Rewind '' . Jump up ^ `` Film locations for The Goonies ( 1985 ) '' . The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations . Jump up ^ `` Subject : Wes Ford Takahashi '' . Animators ' Hall of Fame . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Goonies 25th Anniversary Collector 's Edition ' On DVD & Blu - ray Nov. 2 '' . starpulse.com. 2010 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` US Movie Box Office Chart Weekend of June 7 , 1985 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` The Goonies ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ P. , Ken ( 2003 - 12 - 23 ) . `` IGN Interviews Sean Astin '' . Jump up ^ `` The Goonies ( 1985 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Goonies '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1985 ) . `` The Goonies '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` Best Supporting Actress '' . The Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Annual Youth In Film Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stratton , Edward ( 2015 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Global Goonies invade Astoria '' . The Daily Astorian . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bengel , Erick ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) . `` ' The Goonies ' house goes off limits '' . The Daily Astorian . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Goonies for Amstrad CPC ( 1986 ) '' . MobyGames . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Kalata , Kurt . `` Hardcore Gaming 101 : The Goonies '' . Hardcore Gaming 101 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ReturnToAstoria.com '' . ReturnToAstoria.com . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep presents The Goonies : Return To Astoria '' . Fuel Industries . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 30 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Lego Dimensions adding Goonies , Sonic , Adventure Time in upcoming expansions '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( 2008 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Goonies cast reflect on life - changing film : Donner 's adventure story has fervent fanbase '' . Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ai n't It Cool News : `` Chunk says Goonies Never Say Die , news on GOONIES 2 ! '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Jacks , Brian ( 2007 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Goonies Sequel An `` Absolute Certainty , '' Says Astin `` . MTV.com . Jump up ^ Otto , Jeff ( 2006 - 02 - 02 ) . `` IGN Interviews Richard Donner '' . Q : Do you think it could ever happen ? DONNER : We tried . No , I do n't think so . We tried really hard . Steven and I , we pitched a couple of things to them and , quite honestly , they were n't right . And we put it aside . If I could ever find a really good handle on a screenplay for it , I 'd go pitch it again . Jump up ^ Feldman , Corey ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Goonies 2 ? Lost Boys 3 ? ... .... Truth Movement Digital Release Today ! ! ! ! ! '' . The Feldman Journal . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goonies Documentary DVD '' . Gooniesdocumentary.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Brannigan , Joseph ( 2010 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Movie Talk : Secrets and Celebrations From ' The Goonies ' Reunion '' . Movies.yahoo.com .", "12": "Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Goonies ' Director Sequel is Happening '' . tmz.com. 2014 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Goonies Sequel to be Comic Book Miniseries '' . Geeks of Doom. April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Olly Richards ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` Exclusive : Data Talks Goonies 2 ! '' . Empire . Jump up ^ `` Goonies Cartoon '' . TheGoonies.org . August 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( 2007 - 03 - 28 ) . `` ' Goonie ' Tunes '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Exclusive : Director Richard Donner Talks SUPERMAN and SUPERMAN II ; Plus an Update on DAVE and the GOONIES Musical on Broadway '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Goonies The Goonies on IMDb The Goonies at AllMovie The Goonies at Rotten Tomatoes The Goonies at Box Office Mojo The Goonies Music The Goonies : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` The Goonies ' R ' Good Enough '' Video games The Goonies ( Famicom ) The Goonies ( MSX ) The Goonies II Lego Dimensions Films directed by Richard Donner X-15 ( 1961 ) Salt and Pepper ( 1968 ) Twinky ( 1969 ) Sarah T.", "13": "-- Portrait of a Teenage Alcoholic ( 1975 ) The Omen ( 1976 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Inside Moves ( 1980 ) The Toy ( 1982 ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) Scrooged ( 1988 ) Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) Two - Fisted Tales ( 1992 ) Radio Flyer ( 1992 ) Lethal Weapon 3 ( 1992 ) Maverick ( 1994 ) Assassins ( 1995 ) Conspiracy Theory ( 1997 ) Lethal Weapon 4 ( 1998 ) Timeline ( 2003 ) 16 Blocks ( 2006 ) Superman II : The Richard Donner Cut ( 2006 ) Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I.", "14": "Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Goonies&oldid=804261975 '' Categories : 1985 films English - language films 1980s adventure films American films American adventure comedy films Films set in Astoria , Oregon Films shot in Oregon Pirate films Treasure hunt films Amblin Entertainment films Warner Bros.", "15": "films Film scores by Dave Grusin Films directed by Richard Donner Screenplays by Steven Spielberg Screenplays by Chris Columbus Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 20 : 51 . 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-8489349464896514022	what was the divestment social movement in south africa	[ "organized lobbying of individual businesses and institutional investors to end their involvement with or investments in the apartheid state as a matter of corporate social responsibility" ]	{ "0": "Disinvestment from South Africa - Wikipedia Disinvestment from South Africa Jump to : navigation , search The campaign gained prominence in the mid-1980s on university campuses in the US . The debate headlined the October 1985 issue ( above ) of Vassar College 's student newspaper . Disinvestment ( or divestment ) from South Africa was first advocated in the 1960s , in protest of South Africa 's system of apartheid , but was not implemented on a significant scale until the mid-1980s . The disinvestment campaign , after being realized in federal legislation enacted in 1986 by the United States , is credited by some as pressuring the South African Government to embark on negotiations ultimately leading to the dismantling of the Apartheid system . Contents ( hide ) 1 United Nations campaigns 1.1 Attempts to persuade British policymakers 1.2 Steadfast rejection by the West 1.3 1970s 2 United States campaign ( 1977 -- 1989 ) 2.1 The Sullivan Principles ( 1977 ) 2.2 Achieving critical mass ( 1984 -- 1989 ) 2.3 University campuses 2.3. 1 Michigan State University 2.3. 2 Columbia University 2.3. 3 Smith College 2.3. 4 Harvard University 2.3. 5 University of California 2.3. 6 Gettysburg College 2.4 States and cities 2.5 Federal involvement 2.5. 1 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 2.5. 2 Budget Reconciliation Act 2.5.", "1": "3 Further legislative efforts 3 Effects on South Africa 3.1 Economic effects 4 Anti-apartheid opposition 5 Outside criticism 6 Further reading 7 See also 8 References 9 External links United Nations campaigns ( edit ) International opposition to apartheid in South Africa Campaigns ( show ) Academic boycott Sporting boycott Disinvestment Constructive engagement Free South Africa Movement International anti-apartheid music Instruments and legislation ( show ) 1962 UN Resolution 1761 1973 Crime of Apartheid Convention 1977 Gleneagles Agreement 1977 Sullivan principles 1986 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act Organisations ( show ) Anti-Apartheid Movement Artists United Against Apartheid Commonwealth of Nations Halt All Racist Tours Organisation of African Unity TransAfrica UN Special Committee against Apartheid Conferences ( show ) 1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions 1978 World Conference against Racism UN Security Council Resolutions ( show ) Resolution 134 ( Sharpeville massacre ) Resolution 181 ( voluntary arms embargo ) Resolution 191 ( sanctions feasibility ) Resolution 282 ( arms embargo strengthening ) Resolution 418 ( mandatory arms embargo ) Resolution 435 ( South - West Africa ceasefire ) Resolution 591 ( arms embargo strengthening ) Other aspects ( show ) Elimination of Racism Day `` Biko '' ( song ) Activists Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute Equity television programming ban Rugby union and apartheid In November 1962 , the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 1761 , a non-binding resolution establishing the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid and called for imposing economic and other sanctions on South Africa . All Western nations were unhappy with the call for sanctions and as a result boycotted the committee . Following this passage of this resolution the UK - based Anti-Apartheid Movement spearheaded the arrangements for an international conference on sanctions to be held in London in April 1964 . According to Lisson , `` The aim of the Conference was to work out the practicability of economic sanctions and their implications on the economies of South Africa , the UK , the US and the Protectorates .", "2": "Knowing that the strongest opposition to the application of sanctions came from the West ( and within the West , Britain ) , the Committee made every effort to attract as wide and varied a number of speakers and participants as possible so that the Conference findings would be regarded as objective . '' The conference was named the International Conference for Economic Sanctions Against South Africa . This conference , Lisson writes , established the necessity , the legality and the practicability of internationally organised sanctions against South Africa , whose policies were seen to have become a direct threat to peace and security in Africa and the world . Its findings also pointed out that in order to be effective , a programme of sanctions would need the active participation of Britain and the US , who were also the main obstacle to the implementation of such a policy . Attempts to persuade British policymakers ( edit ) The conference was not successful in persuading Britain to take up economic sanctions against South Africa though . Rather , the British government `` remained firm in its view that the imposition of sanctions would be unconstitutional ' because we do not accept that this situation in South Africa constitutes a threat to international peace and security and we do not in any case believe that sanctions would have the effect of persuading the South African Government to change its policies ' '' . The AAM tried to make sanctions an election issue in the 1964 General Election in Britain . Candidates were asked to state their position on economic sanctions and other punitive measures against the South African government . Most candidates who responded answered in the affirmative . After the Labour Party sweep to power though , commitment to the anti-apartheid cause dissipated . In short order , Labour Party leader Harold Wilson told the press that his Labour Party was `` not in favour of trade sanctions partly because , even if fully effective , they would harm the people we are most concerned about - the Africans and those white South Africans who are having to maintain some standard of decency there '' . Even so , Lisson writes that the `` AAM still hoped that the new Labour Government would be more sensitive to the demands of public opinion than the previous Government . '' But by the end of 1964 , it was clear that the election of the Labour Party had made little difference in the governments overall unwillingness to imposing sanctions .", "3": "Steadfast rejection by the West ( edit ) Lisson summarizes the situation at the UN in 1964 : At the UN , Britain consistently refused to accept that the situation in South Africa fell under Chapter VII of the ( United Nations ) Charter . Instead , in collaboration with the US , it worked for a carefully worded appeal on the Rivonia and other political trials to try to appease Afro - Asian countries and public opinion at home and abroad ; by early 1965 the issue of sanctions had lost momentum . According to Lisson , Britain 's rejection was premised on its economic interests in South Africa , which would be put at risk if any type of meaningful economic sanctions were put in place . 1970s ( edit ) In 1977 , the voluntary UN arms embargo became mandatory with the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 418 . An oil embargo was introduced on 20 November 1987 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted a voluntary international oil embargo . United States campaign ( 1977 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) The Sullivan Principles ( 1977 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sullivan Principles Knight writes that anti-apartheid movement in the U.S. found that Washington was unwilling to get involved in economically isolating South Africa . The movement responded by organized lobbying of individual businesses and institutional investors to end their involvement with or investments in the apartheid state as a matter of corporate social responsibility . This campaign was coordinated by several faith - based institutional investors eventually leading to the creation of the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility . An array of celebrities , including singer Paul Simon , also participated . The key instrument of this campaign was the so - called Sullivan Principles , authored by and named after the Rev. Dr. Leon Sullivan . Leon Sullivan was an African - American preacher in Philadelphia who , in 1977 , was also a board member of the corporate giant General Motors . At that time , General Motors was the largest employer of blacks in South Africa . The principles required that the corporation ensure that all employees are treated equally and in an integrated environment , both in and outside the workplace , and regardless of race , as a condition of doing business . These principles directly conflicted with the mandated racial discrimination and segregation policies of apartheid - era South Africa , thus making it impossible for businesses adopting the Sullivan Principles to continue doing business there .", "4": "While the anti-Apartheid movement lobbied individual businesses to adopt and comply with the Sullivan Principles , the movement opened an additional front with the institutional investors . Besides advocating that institutional investors withdraw any direct investments in South African - based companies , anti-Apartheid activists also lobbied for the divestment from all U.S. - based companies having South African interests who had not yet themselves adopted the Sullivan Principles . The institutional investors such as public pension funds were the most susceptible to these types of lobbying efforts . Public companies with South Africa interests were thus confronted on two levels : First , shareholder resolutions were submitted by concerned stockholders who , admitted , posed more of a threat to the often - cherished corporate reputations than to the stock price . Second , the companies were presented with the significant financial threat whereby one or more of their major institutional investors decides to withdraw their investments . Achieving critical Mass. ( 1984 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Part of a series on Apartheid Events ( show ) 1948 general election Coloured vote constitutional crisis 1956 Treason Trial Sharpeville massacre Rivonia Trial Soweto uprising Church Street bombing Trojan Horse Incident Khotso House bombing Cape Town peace march CODESA Assassination of Chris Hani Saint James Church massacre Shell House massacre Organisations ( show ) ANC APLA IFP AWB Black Sash CCB Conservative Party DP ECC FOSATU PP RP PFP HNP MK PAC UDF Broederbond National Party COSATU SACC SADF SAIC SAMA SAP SACP State Security Council People ( show ) P.W. Botha Steve Biko Mangosuthu Buthelezi F.W. de Klerk Ruth First Bram Fischer Arthur Goldreich Chris Hani Bantu Holomisa Joel Joffe Ahmed Kathrada Albert Luthuli Winnie Madikizela - Mandela Mac Maharaj D.F.", "5": "Malan Nelson Mandela Govan Mbeki Thabo Mbeki Raymond Mhlaba Benjamin Moloise Albertina Sisulu Walter Sisulu JG Strijdom Joe Slovo Robert Sobukwe Helen Suzman Adelaide Tambo Oliver Tambo Eugène Terre'Blanche Desmond Tutu H.F. Verwoerd B.J. Vorster Jacob Zuma Places ( show ) Bantustan District Six Robben Island Sophiatown South - West Africa Soweto Sun City Vlakplaas Related topics ( show ) Afrikaner nationalism Apartheid in popular culture Apartheid legislation Cape Qualified Franchise Freedom Charter Sullivan Principles Kairos Document Disinvestment campaign Rhodes Must Fall South African Police Music in the movement against apartheid Category The disinvestment campaign in the United States , which had been in existence for quite some years , gained critical mass following the Black political resistance to the 1983 South African constitution which included a `` complex set of segregated parliaments '' . Richard Knight writes : In a total rejection of apartheid , black South Africans mobilized to make the townships ungovernable , black local officials resigned in droves , and the government declared a State of Emergency in 1985 and used thousands of troops to quell `` unrest '' . Television audiences throughout the world were to watch almost nightly reports of massive resistance to apartheid , the growth of a democratic movement , and the savage police and military response . The result of the widely televised South African response was `` a dramatic expansion of international actions to isolate apartheid , actions that combined with the internal situation to force dramatic changes in South Africa 's international economic relations '' . University campuses ( edit ) Students organized to demand that their universities `` divest '' , meaning that the universities were to cease investing in companies that traded or had operations in South Africa . At many universities , many students and faculty protested in order to force action on the issue . The first organized Anti-Apartheid Organization on University Campuses in the United States was CUAA founded at the University of California Berkeley by Ramon Sevilla .", "6": "Sevilla was a principal organizer that had support from Nelson Mandela , with whom Sevilla was in communication while Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island in South Africa as well as with The African National Congress ( the ANC ) . Some of the most effective actions in support of the divestment of investments of U.S. companies doing business in South Africa took place between the years of 1976 and 1985 , as Sevilla travelled throughout the American Continent and Europe gathering support for the overthrow of the South African Apartheid Government , which also led to his arrest at U.C. Berkeley on several occasions in the successful effort to force the University of California to divest all of their investments in companies doing business in South Africa , which also became the driving force for divestment worldwide in all companies doing business in the country of Apartheid South Africa . For example , in April 1986 , 61 students were arrested after building a shantytown in front of the chancellor 's office at UC Berkeley , Ramon Sevilla Chair CUAA . As a result of these organized `` divestment campaigns '' , the boards of trustees of several prominent universities voted to divest completely from South Africa and companies with major South African interests . The first of these was Hampshire College in 1977 . These initial successes set a pattern which was later repeated and many more campuses across the country . Activism surged in 1984 on the wave of public interest created by the wide television coverage of the then recent resistance efforts of the black South Africans . Overall , according to Knight 's analysis , the numbers year over year for educational institutions fully or partially divesting from South Africa were : 1984 Number of institutions divesting 53 128 155 Michigan State University ( edit ) The anti-Apartheid disinvestment campaign on campuses began on the West coast and Midwest in 1977 at Michigan State University and Stanford University . It had some early successes in 1978 at Michigan State University , which voted total divestiture , at Columbia University ; and the University of Wisconsin -- Madison .", "7": "Following the Michigan State University divestiture in 1978 , in 1982 , the State of Michigan Legislature and Governor voted for divestiture by all of the more than 30 State of Michigan colleges and universities , an action later struck down as unconstitutional by the Michigan Court of Appeals in response to a suit against the Act by the University of Michigan . Columbia University ( edit ) The initial Columbia divestment , focused largely on bonds and financial institutions directly involved with the South African regime . It followed a year long campaign first initiated by students who had worked together to block the appointment of former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to an endowed chair at the University in 1977 . Broadly backed by a diverse array of student groups and many notable faculty members the Committee Against Investment in South Africa held numerous teach - ins and demonstrations through the year focused on the trustees ties to the corporations doing business with South Africa . Trustee meetings were picketed and interrupted by demonstrations culminating in May 1978 in the takeover of the Graduate School of Business . Smith College ( edit ) Smith College , in Northampton , Mass. , which is connected to Hampshire College in Amherst , Mass. , through the Five College Consortium engaged with divesting from South Africa several years later . In the spring semester of 1986 students at Smith College protested the Board of Trustee 's decision not to fully divest the college 's endowment from companies in South Africa . Student protests included a sit - in in College Hall , the main administrative office which included nearly 100 students sleeping in over night on 24 February 1986 . The next day students staged a full blockade of the building , not allowing any staff into the building and anticipating arrest , though the President of the college at the time , Mary Maples Dunn , refused to have the students arrested . Students of Smith College blocking the entrance to College Hall in 1986 as an act of protest urging the Board of Trustees to divest the college 's endowment from South Africa A comprehensive list of the demands they made throughout the demonstration was published on 28 February 1986 , at 8 : 30 am .", "8": "The `` Women at College Hall '' agreed to end the blockade if The Board of Trustees agreed to `` issue a statement of intent to deliberate again , with a quorum , the issue of divestment '' before Spring Break , and that the Investor Responsibility Committee would meet with representatives from the South African Task Force , the Ethical Investment Committee , and students from the Divestment Committee to look at `` a restructuring of the investment policy '' . Students also demanded that the Board of Trustees `` recognize the need for more dialogue with the Smith College community '' and that they act on this with more meetings and transparency . In relation to the action , students demanded that a required teach - in be conducted to educate the college and the Board of Trustees on divestment , South African apartheid , and the College Hall Occupation , in addition , a booklet would be compiled by the demonstrators that would be distributed to the college to educate the community on the movement . They also demanded that the president grant amnesty to anyone who directly or indirectly participated in the occupation . On 1 March 1986 , the protest ended when negotiations with administrators led to an agreement that the trustees would re-evaluate their decision , a mandatory teach - in would be held , and amnesty would be granted to anyone involved in the demonstration . After student pressures , Smith College voted to divest all $39 million in stocks that they held in companies working in South Africa by 31 October 1988 . Harvard University ( edit ) Harvard University only undertook a partial `` divestment '' from South Africa and only after significant resistance . Adam Soften and Aln Wirzbicki give this description : Throughout the 1980s , Harvard professors for the most part avoided involvement with South Africa in protest of apartheid , and then president Derek C. Bok was a vocal supporter of work by the U.S. to prompt reform in South Africa . But the University was slow to pull its own investments out of companies doing business in South Africa , insisting that through its proxy votes , it could more effectively fight apartheid than by purging stocks from its portfolio . But after a decade of protests , Harvard did adopt a policy of selective divestment , and by the end of the 1980s was almost completely out of South Africa .", "9": "University of California ( edit ) University of California , in contrast to the limited action undertaken by Harvard , authorized the withdrawal of three billion dollars worth of investments from the apartheid state . Nelson Mandela stated his belief that the University of California 's massive divestment was particularly significant in abolishing white - minority rule in South Africa . Gettysburg College ( edit ) In 1989 , after a three - year review by the Gettysburg College Board of Trustees and a five - month campaign by the Salaam Committee -- a campus group made up of students and faculty -- the college voted to divest $5.4 million from companies connected to South Africa . States and cities ( edit ) Boycott - Contaminated with apartheid - South African goods - 12 inch sticker used by activists , from the collection of the Library of Congress In addition to campuses , anti-apartheid activists found concerned and sympathetic legislators in cities and states . Several states and localities did pass legislation ordering the sale of such securities , most notably the City and County of San Francisco , which passed legislation on June 5 , 1978 not to invest `` in corporations and banks doing business in or with South Africa '' . The result was that `` by the end of 1989 26 states , 22 counties and over 90 cities had taken some form of binding economic action against companies doing business in South Africa '' . Many public pension funds connected to these local governments were legislated to disinvestment from South African companies . These local governments also exerted pressure via enacting selective purchasing policies , `` whereby cities give preference in bidding on contracts for goods and services to those companies who do not do business in South Africa '' . Federal involvement ( edit ) The activity at the state and city level set the stage for action at the federal level . Comprehensive anti-apartheid Act ( edit ) Main article : Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act This began when the Senate and House of Representatives presented Ronald Reagan with the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 which had been introduced by Congressman Ronald Dellums , supported by the members of the Congressional Black Caucus in the House , and piloted through the House by Congressman Howard Wolpe , chairman of the House Africa Subcommittee .", "10": "Ronald Reagan responded by using his veto , but surprisingly and , in testament to the strength of the anti-Apartheid movement , the Republican controlled Senate overrode his veto . Knight gives this description the act : The Act banned new U.S. investment in South Africa , sales to the police and military , and new bank loans , except for the purpose of trade . Specific measures against trade included the prohibition of the import of agricultural goods , textiles , shellfish , steel , iron , uranium and the products of state - owned corporations . The results of the act were mixed in economic terms according to Knight : Between 1985 and 1987 , U.S. imports from South Africa declined 35 % , although the trend reverses in 1988 when imports increased by 15 % . Between 1985 and 1998 , U.S. exports to South Africa increased by 40 % . Knight attributes some of the increase in imports in 1988 to lax enforcement of the 1986 Act citing a 1989 study by the General Accounting Office . Knight writes that a `` major weakness of the Act is that it does little to prohibit exports to South Africa , even in such areas as computers and other capital goods '' . Budget Reconciliation Act ( edit ) A second federal measure introduced by Representative Charles Rangel in 1987 as an amendment to the Budget Reconciliation Act halted the ability of U.S. corporations from attaining tax reimbursements for taxes paid in South Africa . The result was that U.S. corporations operating in South Africa were subject to double taxation . According to Knight : The sums of money involved are large . According to the Internal Revenue Service , taxes involved in 1982 were $211,593,000 on taxable income of $440,780,000 . The U.S. Chamber of Commerce in South Africa has estimated that the measure increases the tax bill for U.S. companies from 57.5 % to 72 % of profits in South Africa . Further legislative efforts ( edit ) An additionally and much harsher sanctions bill was passed by the House of Representatives ( Congress ) in August 1988 . This bill mandated `` the withdrawal of all U.S. companies from South Africa , the sale by U.S.", "11": "residents of all investments in South African companies and an end to most trade , except for the import of certain strategic minerals '' . In the end , the bill did n't become law as was n't able to pass the Senate . ( In the United States legislative system a bill must be passed by both the Senate and the House of Representatives before it can be signed into law by the President . ) Even so , the fact that such a harsh bill made any progress at all through the legislature `` alerted both the South African government and U.S. business that significant further sanctions were likely to be forthcoming '' if the political situation in South Africa remained unchanged . Effects on South Africa ( edit ) Economic effects ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of South Africa § Sanctions Four exchange control stamps in a South African passport from the mid-1980s allowing the passport holder to take a particular amount of currency out of the country . Exchange controls such as these were imposed by the South African government to restrict the outflow of capital from the country . While post-colonial African countries had already imposed sanctions on South Africa in solidarity with the Defiance Campaign , these measures had little effect because of the relatively small economies of those involved . The disinvestment campaign only impacted South Africa after the major Western nations , including the United States , got involved beginning in mid-1984 . From 1984 onwards , according to Knight , because of the disinvestment campaign and the repayment of foreign loans , South Africa experienced considerable capital flight . The net capital movement out of South Africa was : R9. 2 billion in 1985 R6. 1 billion in 1986 R3. 1 billion in 1987 R5. 5 billion in 1988 The capital flight triggered a dramatic decline in the international exchange rate of the South African currency , the rand . The currency decline made imports more expensive which in turn caused inflation in South Africa to rise at a very steep 12 - 15 % per year . The South African government did attempt to restrict the damaging outflow of capital . Knight writes that `` in September 1985 it imposed a system of exchange control and a debt repayments standstill .", "12": "Under exchange control , South African residents are generally prohibited from removing capital from the country and foreign investors can only remove investments via the financial rand , which is traded at a 20 % to 40 % discount compared to the commercial rand . This means companies that disinvest get significantly fewer dollars for the capital they withdraw . '' Anti-apartheid opposition ( edit ) While disinvestment , boycotts and sanctions aimed at the removal of the apartheid system , there was also considerable opposition from within the anti-apartheid movement within South Africa coming from both black and white leaders . Mangosuthu Buthelezi , Chief Minister of KwaZulu and leading black figure slammed sanctions , stating that `` They can only harm all the people of Southern Africa . They can only lead to more hardships , particularly for the blacks . '' Well known anti-apartheid opposition MPs Helen Suzman and Harry Schwarz also strongly opposed moves to disinvest from South Africa . Both politicians of the Progressive Federal Party , they argued that disinvestment would cause further economic hardships for black people , which would ultimately worsen the political climate for negotiations . Suzman described them as `` self defeating , wrecking the economy and do not assist anybody irrespective of race '' . Schwarz also argued that `` Morality is cheap when someone else is paying . '' Outside criticism ( edit ) Many criticised disinvestment because of its economic impact on ordinary black South Africans , such as British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , who described sanctions and disinvestment as `` the way of poverty , starvation and destroying the hopes of the very people -- all of them -- whom you wish to help . '' John Major , then her Foreign Secretary , said disinvestment would `` feed white consciences outside South Africa , not black bellies within it '' , although in 2013 , he said that the Conservative Government led by Margaret Thatcher was wrong to oppose tougher sanctions against South Africa during the apartheid era . Many conservatives opposed the disinvestment campaign , accusing its advocates of hypocrisy for not also proposing that the same sanctions be leveled on either the Soviet Union or the People 's Republic of China . Libertarian Murray Rothbard also opposed this policy , asserting that the most - direct adverse impact of the boycott would actually be felt by the black workers in that country , and the best way to remedy the problem of apartheid was by promoting trade and the growth of free market capitalism in South Africa .", "13": "Ronald Reagan , who was the President of the United States during the time the disinvestment movement was at its peak , also opposed it , instead favoring a policy of `` constructive engagement '' with the Pretoria government . Further reading ( edit ) `` For U.S. Firms in South Africa , The Threat of Coercive Sullivan Principles '' . Heritage Foundation . 12 November 1984 . `` On ' Constructive Engagement ' in South Africa '' . The MIT Tech. 105 ( 47 ) . 5 November 1985 . `` The Choice for U.S. Policy in South Africa : Reform or Vengeance '' . Heritage Foundation . 25 July 1986 . Misconceptions about U.S. policy toward South Africa . US Department of State Bulletin . September 1986 . Richard Knight . Chapter : `` Sanctions , Disinvestment , and U.S. Corporations in South Africa '' . Sanctioning Apartheid ( Africa World Press ) . 1990 . `` Disinvestment from South Africa : They Did Well by Doing Good '' . Contemporary Economic Policy . XV ( 1 ) : 76 - 86 . January 1997 . Robert Kinloch Massie , Loosing the Bonds , The United States and South Africa in the Apartheid Years , Doubleday , New York , 1997 See also ( edit ) Anti-Apartheid Movement Academic boycotts of South Africa Disinvestment Economic history of South Africa Socially responsible investing Disinvestment from Iran Disinvestment from Israel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Fergusson Years : Vassar , 1986 - 2006 '' Archived 28 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Vassar College Libraries Archives & Special Collections . Poughkeepsie , NY . 2006 . Jump up ^ See the debate in Nature : `` Boycott of Israel ? It worked for South Africa '' , Steven Rose and Hilary Rose , Nature , volume 417 , p. 221 ( 2002 ) and the response `` Did an academic boycott help to end apartheid ? '' , George Fink , Nature , Volume 417 , Issue 6890 , p. 690 ( 2002 ) .", "14": "^ Jump up to : Arianna Lisson , `` The Anti-Apartheid Movement , Britain and South Africa : Anti-Apartheid Protest vs Real Politik '' Archived 7 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , PhD Dissertation , 15 September 2000 Jump up ^ `` Policies of apartheid of the Government of South Africa & International solidarity with the liberation struggle in South Africa '' . United Nations General Assembly . 1987 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Knight . Chapter : `` Sanctions , Disinvestment , and U.S. Corporations in South Africa '' . Sanctioning Apartheid ( Africa World Press ) , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Around the Nation ; 61 Arrested at Berkeley in Protest of Apartheid '' . The New York Times . AP . 1986 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Schutt , Randy . `` A Powerful and Inspiring Campaign : A Short History of SCRIP 's Efforts to End Stanford University 's Support of South African Apartheid in 1977 '' . Vernal Education Project . 1998 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ D. ( pseudonym ) , Bob . `` Students Organize Against Stanford 's Investment Policy '' . Grapevine . Volume 5 , Number 6 . Palo Alto , Calif . June 1977 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs . ( 1985 ) . The Anti-Apartheid Act of 1985 . Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 213 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Columbia Senate Supports Selling South African Stocks Selectively '' . The New York Times . 1978 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ David Rosenberg ( 1978 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Trustees vote for divestiture from backers of S. African government '' . Columbia Spectator . p. 1 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Mary Alice McDonaugh ( 1977 - 03 - 03 ) . `` 400 sign petition against offering Kissinger faculty post ; Anthony Lewis of the Times also blasts former Secretary '' . Columbia Spectator . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Demonstration at Columbia '' . New York Daily News . 1978 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Student Sit - in at Columbia '' . New York Post . 1978 - 05 - 02 -- via Getty Images . Jump up ^ `` Clark , Smith Decide to Divest '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith College Archives . `` College Hall Occupation Oral History Project '' . 5 College Archives and Manuscript Collections. Smith College Archives . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AROUND THE NATION ; Smith College to End South Africa Investments '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : A CONFLICTED RELATIONSHIP : Harvard supported South Africa through investments , but partially divested under protest Archived 7 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . in Harvard Honors Nelson Mandela Archived 13 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Adam A. Sofen and Alan E. Wirzbicki . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ White , Lauren ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` 1990 : Students Take Action to Protest Apartheid '' . Jump up ^ Milk , Harvey ( 2012 ) . The Harvey Milk Interviews : In His Own Words . Vince Emery Productions . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725898 - 8 - 8 . , p. 328 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 13 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Press Conference ending visit to Zimbabwe '' , 30 March 1989 Jump up ^ British Foreign Secretaries Since 1974 , Kevin Theakston Routledge , 2004 , page 190 Jump up ^ `` Sir John Major : Margaret Thatcher 's government was wrong to oppose South Africa sanctions '' , The Independent , 10 December 2013 Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray . `` The Crusade Against South Africa '' . Making Economic Sense . Chapter 90 . Auburn , AL : Mises Institute , 1995 . Online Edition , Accessed 19 November 2009 . External links ( edit ) African Activist Archive - more than 7,000 documents , posters , T - shirts , buttons , photos , video , and memories of activism in the U.S. to support the struggles of African peoples against apartheid , colonialism , and social injustice , 1950s - 1990s . Also includes a directory of African activist organizations across the U.S. Documenting the U.S. Solidarity Movement : With reflections on the sanctions and divestment campaigns U.S. Economic Involvement with Apartheid South Africa An Analysis of U.S. Disinvestment from South Africa : Unity , Rights , and Justice Black South African Opinion on Disinvestment The Crusade Against South Africa Inkatha Freedom Party - Inkatha and the disinvestment campaign Economy of South Africa By province Western Cape Gauteng Natural resources Mining industry Coal Agriculture Whaling Industry Automotive industry Services Banks Gambling Tourism Ecotourism LGBT tourism Telecommunications Nuclear power Power stations Economic history Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush Great Depression Disinvestment Affirmative action Black Economic Empowerment Broad - Based Black Economic Empowerment Qualifying Small Enterprises Scorecard Exempted Micro Enterprises Macroeconomics National Treasury Taxation South African rand Reserve Bank Consumer price index Provinces by HDI Misc . 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7750414429766802805	what does g stand for in ncis los angeles	[ "Grisha", "Grisha", "Grisha", "Grisha" ]	{ "0": "G Callen - wikipedia G Callen Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Grisha `` G . '' Callen NCIS : Los Angeles character Chris O'Donnell as G. Callen First appearance `` Legend ( Part 1 ) '' Portrayed by Chris O'Donnell Other appearances NCIS -- `` Legend ( Part 2 ) '' Hawaii Five - 0 -- `` Pa Make Loa '' Information Full name Grisha Alekandrovich Nikolaev Callen Nickname ( s ) G . Occupation NCIS Special Agent Title Special Agent - in - Charge Family Nikita Alexsandr Reznikov ( father ) Clara Callen ( mother , deceased ) Amy Callen ( older sister , deceased ) George Callen ( grandfather , deceased ) Alexandra Reynolds ( half sister ) Significant other ( s ) Kristen Donnelly ( ex-girlfriend ) Joelle Taylor ( ex-girlfriend ) Anna Kolcheck ( girlfriend ) Nationality American G. Callen ( born : Grisha Alekandrovich Nikolaev ) is a fictional character in the show NCIS : Los Angeles portrayed by Chris O'Donnell . He is an NCIS Special Agent in Charge , and the senior agent assigned to the Office of Special Projects . O'Donnell made his first appearance during NCIS ' sixth season episode `` Legend ( Part 1 ) '' .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Storylines 2.1 NCIS season 6 2.2 Season 1 2.3 Season 2 2.4 Season 3 2.5 Season 4 2.6 Season 5 2.7 Season 6 2.8 Season 7 2.9 Season 8 3 References Background ( edit ) Prior to the series , Callen and Hanna had been partnered together for two years ( `` Partner '' ) , while he and Lange first met when he escaped from a juvenile detention center , and Hetty kept him from being re-arrested ( `` Rage '' ) . While his friends address him as `` G '' , Lange refuses to do so , saying , `` It 's not a name , it 's a letter . '' She instead addresses him as `` Mr. Callen '' ( `` Identity '' ) . Callen once served with his good friend Leroy Jethro Gibbs , who now works at the NCIS Headquarters located in the Washington Navy Yard . Callen specializes in deep undercover work . In addition to English , Callen is fluent in at least six other languages : Spanish , Polish , Russian , German ( with an English accent , which is claimed to be Austrian ) , Italian ( with a Northern accent ) , and French . Callen also claims to speak Czech and Romanian ; furthermore , his Russian is arguably good enough to be taken for one , but not the other , Chechen dialect . That fluency allowed Callen to infiltrate a Chechen terrorist cell in season four episode `` The Chosen One '' which eerily presaged the Boston Marathon bombing by Chechen immigrants less than three months later . The fake death certificate shown by Hetty to Alexa Comescu in the season - two finale states that his date of birth is March 11 , 1970 . In the Season 1 episode `` Search and Destroy '' ( S1 : E4 ) , Callen is shown easily reading Arabic , with enough fluency to translate on the fly into idiomatic English . In `` Archangel '' , Callen states that the first time he fired a gun was at the age of 20 .", "2": "In the same episode , it was revealed that Hetty has beaten him on a race up the NCIS rock wall three times in a row , and Callen refuses to challenge her to a re-match despite goading from Sam Hanna . In the episode `` Pushback '' , it is revealed that Callen lived in 37 foster homes starting from the age of five . He sometimes moved every few days , and the longest he ever stayed in one place was for three months at fourteen , when he lived with the family of a Russian girl named Alina Rostoff ( whom he called `` little sister '' ) . During the season six episode Rage , Callen experiences a series of flashbacks to his troubled teenage years and he reveals to Sam that Hetty saved him . Earlier flashbacks in the season two finale saw Callen suddenly remember that he spent part of his early childhood on the Romanian coast of the Black Sea . It is revealed in `` Identity '' that he is called `` G '' not because he dislikes his first name , but because he does not actually know what it stands for , as the system never told him . As an adult , his foster - sister Rostoff was secretly sent to watch Callen and to prevent him from being killed by Russian mobsters . Callen is fluent in Russian due to his former relationship with the Rostoff family . Throughout the first season , it is shown that Callen is homeless , staying temporarily with his various NCIS colleagues and sometimes in the Operations Center itself . Prior to joining NCIS , Callen worked for the Drug Enforcement Administration and Central Intelligence Agency . While with the Agency , he worked alongside recurring NCIS character , Trent Kort ( David Dayan Fisher ) , and was partnered with Tracy Rosetti ( Marisol Nichols ) ; as part of their undercover mission in Uzbekistan , Callen and Tracy `` married '' , using the surname Keller . Following this mission , where Callen accused Tracy of placing the success of the operation above both their professional and personal partnerships , the two ' divorced ' , with Callen joking that in the settlement Tracy received custody of Buddy , their dog . The marriage and subsequent divorce were of course fake . Storylines ( edit ) NCIS season 6 ( edit ) At the end of `` Legend '' , Callen was almost killed in a drive - by shooting .", "3": "Callen and the team later realized ( in the first season episode `` Pushback '' ) that his shooting was related to a mission Callen took part in against the Russian Mob , as a DEA agent ten years earlier . Season 1 ( edit ) In the first season finale `` Callen , G . '' , Callen tracks down a woman named Amy Taylor ( née Callen ) who initially claims to be his older sister , but then admits her real name is actually Hannah Lawson , and that she was friends with the real Amy Callen when they lived in an orphanage together . The real Amy had died at the age of 11 when the two friends sneaked out at night to play in the nearby river , and Amy had been swept away in an accident . When Hannah returned , she slept in Amy 's bed , and the authorities there never realized what had happened . When Amy 's body was found a month later , she was buried under Hannah 's name as the authorities did n't know any better . Callen later goes to visit his sister 's grave , and finds flowers and a recent note left `` For my Sweet daughter always in my Heart '' . Also during the episode , Nate Getz discovers that a list of all of Callen 's foster homes and orphanages was written by one person , albeit over a number of years , indicating that someone had been keeping an eye on Callen during that time . The same list showed the various orphanages and foster homes where the real and fake Amy , including the last foster home where Amy ( aka Hannah ) stayed for many years , indicating this person did not know about the switch between Hannah and Amy . In season 3 `` Deadline '' , Callen discovers that Hetty had kept an eye on him during his youth ( confirmed in season 6 `` Rage '' ) , and also knew his sister died . But in season 5 's `` Reznikov , N . '' it is revealed that Hans Schreiber also kept track of Callen 's life , as a favor to Callen 's father . It has not been confirmed who actually wrote the list of foster homes and orphanages however it is assumed that he wrote the list as Nate Getz analysed the list as having been written with an againg hand , as and when the changes of homes took place .", "4": "Season 2 ( edit ) In the season two premiere `` Human Traffic '' , Hetty makes arrangements for Callen to purchase a house of his own -- the very same house where he lived with Alina Rostoff as a foster child . The second season mostly revolves around Callen , who has been stalked by someone he does not know . He sees someone near the grave of his sister , and over the course of the season , runs into people who seem to know more about his past than he does . When Hetty resigns and takes off to Prague , Callen finds out from Director Vance that Hetty has started her own investigation , Operation Comescu , which is all about Callen . Callen and the team then resign too when Vance refuses to fly them to Prague to get Hetty . Arriving in Prague , the team discovers that Hetty has been taken by the Comescus and that the Comescus have been in a decades - long blood feud with the Callens , of which G is the last one . The team tracks their safe house down to a house on the beach , and Callen starts to remember things from his past , as he realizes he has been on this beach before . Inside the house , Hetty fails to convince Alexa Comescu , the matriarch of the Comescu family , that Callen died three weeks ago , showing her a clip of the attempted assassination and a death certificate . Season 3 ( edit ) In the third season premiere , `` Lange , H . '' , it is revealed that Callen 's grandfather was an OSS agent stationed in Romania . In the third season episode number 4 `` Deadline '' , Hetty Lange reveals to Callen that his grandfather was named George Callen and that he parachuted into Romania during the War , and at the end took part in hunting those guilty of war crimes , he subsequently found and killed several members of the Comescu family . In 1947 he met and married a ' Roma Girl ' ( Callen 's grandmother , name unknown ) . George Callen was murdered by the Comescu family . The remainder of Callen 's family ( his grandmother and her daughter , Callen 's mother , Clara ) fled to America where years later Clara was recruited by the CIA . She returned to Romania and then a year later vanished for six years .", "5": "The Comescu family had not forgotten their grudge and came looking for the Callens . One of Callen 's most vivid memories of his childhood is of being given a toy soldier by a stranger while he played on the beach . He realizes that the beach is not in California as he had always assumed , but on the Black Sea coast , and that the toy was given to him to distract him while a Comescu assassin killed his mother . It is never explained why the Comescu family let Callen and his sister live , though Alexa Comescu describes it as `` a mistake '' . Despite Alexa 's claim that she knows everything about him -- including what his initial stands for -- Callen does nothing to protect her and allows Hunter to kill her . Back in LA , Hunter is the acting Operations Manager until Hetty returns to work after sustaining a gunshot . Callen does not trust her and wants to know more about himself and what was on the laptop that she retrieved at the Comescu house . Hunter later tells him that all the contents of the laptop were concerning the family 's illegal activities and not about Callen . Hetty later returns when Hunter leaves for another undercover operation in Europe and offers to tell Callen everything starting with the reason she was trying to protect him : she had failed to protect his mother . She then gives him his mother 's name : Clara . She also tells him that his mother was a CIA agent and that Hetty had been her handler when Clara had gone back on assignment to Romania . After a year of the mission , Clara vanished for six years and resurfaced with two children , desperate to get out of Romania . Hetty had been sent to meet her on the beach where the Comescus killed her . She also says that she does n't know how he and his sister came to the U.S. and that she had no idea who his father is but that she was the one responsible for getting him out of the orphanage and into foster homes . In the third season finale , `` Sans Voir '' , Agent Mike Renko and former Operations Manager Lauren Hunter are both murdered at the hands of Marcel Janvier , also known as `` The Chameleon '' . Callen responds by gunning down `` The Chameleon '' following a prisoner exchange and is arrested by the local police .", "6": "The episode ends with Callen being arrested by LAPD and Hetty resigning from her position at OSP . Season 4 ( edit ) A series of flashbacks in the season four opening episode `` Endgame '' reveal that the Chameleon 's death was actually faked . After the Chameleon and Callen are traded back to their respective sides in a prisoner exchange , Callen , following his fake suspension , returns to lead the OSP team once again . Janvier returns again at the end of season 4 Season 5 ( edit ) Janvier returns in the season 5 opener following the end of season 4 . He reminds Callen that he will be seeking his revenge , even if he has to wait many years to exact it . In the season five episode `` Reznikov , N . '' , a man named Michael Reinhardt appears , who claims to be actually named Nikita Alexsandr Reznikov , Callen 's father . He is kidnapped and killed by one of the surviving members of the Comescu family , Vasile . At the end of the episode , Hetty and Arkady Kolcheck explain to Callen that Reznikov was actually a KGB major who was arrested and sent to a Soviet gulag in 1974 , around the time Callen and his sister came to America . Reinhardt ( actually named Hans Schreiber ) was a former East German who owed Reznikov a favor and repaid it by keeping track of Callen and his sister . The Comescus mistook him for Reznikov , who kept the ruse to protect Callen . In Reinhardt 's house , Deeks discovered an 8 mm film of Callen and Amy playing with Reznikov , which Hetty then gave to Callen . In `` War Cries '' , Sam , Michelle , and Hetty set Callen up on a blind date with Joelle Taylor , a friend of the Hannas and their daughter 's former kindergarten teacher . Both aware of the trick , they nevertheless get on well although Callen immediately makes up a fake career to protect his role , and throughout season five , Joelle is mentioned as Callen 's girlfriend . Season 6 ( edit ) In `` Humbug '' , an armed robber threatens Joelle in public after stealing some malware from a defense contractor .", "7": "When it is learned that the robber placed the stolen malware on Joelle , Callen is forced to put himself in danger to protect her , eventually being forced to reveal to her that he is an NCIS agent . Although hurt by this revelation of Callen 's deception , she eventually accepts to continue their relationship as long as he tells her more about himself . Callen and Joelle are confirmed to be still together by both Sam and Callen himself . Callen later tells the team he would not be against starting a family with Joelle . Callen realises Arkady Kolchek knows more about his father than he 's revealed and when a mission to find a ship with stolen barrels of oil leads to Russia , Arkady accompanies the team . Whilst there Arkady takes Callen to a coffee shop & show him a photo of Callen 's father from the 1980s , long after he was supposedly sent to the Gulag . Hetty discovers through Eric 's hacking , that his father took the name of Chernoff . Callen realises he was working in Moscow at the same time his father frequented the city . Season 7 ( edit ) In season seven , Callen admits that he and Joelle are not suited and rowing a lot . They break up off screen but still spend Christmas together to avoid being lonely . In `` Matryoshka , Part 2 '' , Callen meets his father in Russia who reveals that his birth name is Grisha Alekandrovich Nikolaev but had to leave before he could find out any more information . Callen has since updated his personnel records and credentials with his full name . Season 8 ( edit ) Callen reunites with his father in `` Glasnost '' , where he shoots a man who went after a woman victim he was visiting and reveals he had been in touch with Arkady Kolcheck since the Russia incident back in Season Seven . Callen interrogates his father , who admits he 's in LA for work , not to see his son . After Hetty takes over the interrogation , she allows him to escape to finish what he started . Callen and Sam go to his rescue and Callen discovers that his father had a child with a woman after he helped her move to the U.S.", "8": "That child has since become a parent , so Callen has a half - sister and is now an uncle . In the episode `` Payback , '' Callen learns from Hetty that Joelle is an undercover CIA agent who has been assigned by rogue agency moles to spy on him . Feeling betrayed , Callen permanently severs his ties with Joelle . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Where There 's Smoke ... '' . NCIS : Los Angeles . Season 7 . Episode 23 . April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Familia '' . NCIS : Los Angeles . Season 2 . Episode 24 . May 17 , 2011 . 5 : 09 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` Familia '' . NCIS : Los Angeles . Season 2 . Episode 24 . May 17 , 2011 . 31 : 30 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` The Chosen One '' . NCIS : Los Angeles . Season 4 . Episode 13 . January 29 , 2013 . 43 : 50 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` Familia '' . NCIS : Los Angeles . Season 2 . Episode 24 . May 17 , 2011 . 41 : 20 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` Familia '' . NCIS : Los Angeles . Season 2 . Episode 24 . May 17 , 2011 . 42 : 03 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` Borderline '' . NCIS : Los Angeles . Season 1 . Episode 24 . May 25 , 2010 . 43 : 03 minutes in .", "9": "( hide ) NCIS franchise NCIS Characters Leroy Jethro Gibbs Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Ziva David Cast list Episodes Introductory `` Ice Queen '' Season 1 `` Yankee White '' Season 2 `` Twilight '' Season 3 `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' `` Under Covers '' `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' Season 4 `` Grace Period '' `` Angel of Death '' Season 5 `` Requiem '' Season 6 `` Last Man Standing '' `` Aliyah '' Season 7 `` Truth or Consequences '' `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Season 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' `` Freedom '' `` A Man Walks Into a Bar . '' `` One Last Score '' `` Baltimore '' Season 9 `` Nature of the Beast '' `` Enemy on the Hill '' `` Devil 's Triangle '' `` Newborn King '' `` Housekeeping '' `` A Desperate Man '' `` Life Before His Eyes '' `` Secrets '' `` Psych Out '' `` Need to Know '' `` The Tell '' `` The Good Son '' `` The Missionary Position '' `` Rekindled '' `` Playing with Fire '' `` Up in Smoke '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 10 `` Extreme Prejudice '' `` Recovery '' `` Phoenix '' `` Lost at Sea '' `` The Namesake '' `` Shell Shock ( Part I ) '' `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' `` Gone '' `` Devil 's Trifecta '' `` You Better Watch Out '' `` Shabbat Shalom '' `` Shiva '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Canary '' `` Hereafter '' `` Detour '' `` Prime Suspect '' `` Seek '' `` Squall '' `` Chasing Ghosts '' `` Berlin '' `` Revenge '' `` Double Blind '' `` Damned If You Do '' Season 11 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Past , Present ,", "10": "and Future '' `` Under the Radar '' `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' `` Once a Crook '' `` Oil & Water '' `` Better Angels '' `` Alibi '' `` Gut Check '' `` Devil 's Triad '' Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Related Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva David captivity storyline Other media Home video releases Soundtrack NCIS : Los Angeles Characters G. Callen Kensi Blye Sam Hanna Episodes Introductory Season 1 6 7 8 9 Notable episodes `` Identity '' `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' Other media Home video releases NCIS : New Orleans Characters Episodes Season 1 Related JAG Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Callen&oldid=831159969 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Russian descent Fictional characters from Los Angeles Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional Central Intelligence Agency personnel Fictional characters of the Drug Enforcement Administration Fictional immigrants to the United States Fictional Naval Criminal Investigative Service personnel Fictional Romanian people Fictional secret agents and spies NCIS ( TV series ) characters NCIS : Los Angeles characters Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from April 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 02 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3555567859880958432	cls bank deals with transactions arising out of	[ "the foreign exchange market", "foreign exchange market", "the foreign exchange market (FX)", "the foreign exchange market (FX)" ]	{ "0": "CLS group - wikipedia CLS group Jump to : navigation , search This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) CLS Group Holdings AG Type Edge Act Corporation Industry Banking , financial services Founded 2002 Headquarters New York Area served Worldwide Website www.cls-group.com CLS ( originally Continuous Linked Settlement ) is a specialist US financial institution that provides settlement services to its members in the foreign exchange market ( FX ) . Although the forex market is decentralised and has no central exchange or clearing facility , firms that chose to use CLS to settle their FX transactions can mitigate the settlement risk associated with their trades . CLS does this through the operation of a payment versus payment ( PvP ) settlement service which mitigates settlement risk for the FX transactions of its settlement members and their customers ( third parties ) . The service started operating in 2002 as an Edge Act Corporation , a limited purpose bank regulated by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Since it began operations in 2002 , CLS has rapidly increased and by March 2017 was settling just over 50 % of global FX transactions . As a result , the Financial Stability Oversight Council ( FSOC ) officially designated CLS a Systemically Important Financial Market Utility in July 2012 . The single day record for value settled is US $11.11 trillion , set on 21 June 2017 . The single day record for volume settled is 2.58 million , set on 14 November 2016 . In 2002 , CLS was launched with 39 members and seven currencies . As of September 2017 , CLS settles 18 currencies , has 79 shareholders , 66 settlement members and 24,000 + third - party clients . Contents ( hide ) 1 Service 1.1 How it works 1.1.", "1": "1 In / Out Swaps 1.2 Currencies 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Service ( edit ) CLS operates a global multi-currency cash settlement system through which settlement risk can be mitigated with finality using a combination of PvP settlement over CLS central bank accounts , local real - time gross settlements systems ( RTGS ) and multilateral payment netting supported by a resilient infrastructure . In a PvP system both sides ' payment instructions for a FX transaction are settled simultaneously . Without PvP there is a serious risk that one party to a FX transaction will deliver the currency it owes , but not receive the other currency from its counterparty , resulting in the loss of principal . This is known as settlement risk , or `` Herstatt Risk '' , after the German bank , Bankhaus Herstatt , which collapsed in June 1974 leaving many of its FX counterparties with significant losses . How it works ( edit ) Following an FX transaction , Settlement Members submit payment instructions to CLS . These instructions are authenticated and matched by CLS and maintained by the system until settlement date . The CLS daily settlement cycle operates with settlement and funding occurring during a five - hour window when all real time gross settlement ( RTGS ) systems in the CLS settlement currency jurisdictions are open and able to make and receive payments . This enables simultaneous settlement of the payments on both sides of a FX transaction . Each Settlement Member holds a single multi-currency account with CLS . At the start and end of a normal settlement day , each Settlement Member has a zero balance on its account . Under normal operations of the settlement service , CLS starts and ends the day with a zero balance in its central bank accounts and in its Settlement Member accounts . Settlement Members may submit instructions relating to their own FX transactions as well as the FX transactions of their third party customers directly to CLS . CLS holds accounts with each of the central banks whose currencies it settles . On each settlement date , upon determining that the accounts of the submitting Settlement Members satisfy several risk management tests , CLS simultaneously settles each pair of matched payment instructions by making the corresponding debit and credit entries in the Settlement Members ' accounts at CLS . The settlement of the payment instructions and the associated payments are final and irrevocable .", "2": "For example , ( GBP / USD = 1.50 , EUR / USD = 1.25 ) : By trades : Member 1 : Buys 1,000 GBP / USD from Member 2 Member 2 : Buys 1,000 EUR / USD from Member 3 Member 3 : Buys 1,000 GBP / USD from Member 1 By currency positions : Member 1 : Owes USD1500 and GBP1000 , collects USD1500 and GBP1000 Member 2 : Owes USD1250 and GBP1000 , collects EUR1000 and USD1500 Member 3 : Owes USD1500 and EUR1000 , collects USD1250 and GBP1000 CLS then multi-laterally nets the total obligations : Member 1 : Pays 0.0 and receives 0.0 Member 2 : Pays GBP1000 , and receives EUR1000 and USD250 Member 3 : Pays USD250 and EUR1000 , and receives GBP1000 These obligations are funded into and from each member 's respective multi-currency account . Another key element of the CLS Settlement Service is the liquidity efficiencies delivered through multilateral payment netting . On each day participants will very likely have more than one trade to settle -- in practice , major banks will have hundreds or thousands of trades each day . Each day prior to settlement , CLS calculates the funding required of each Settlement Member on a multilateral netted basis . The amount of cash required by CLS to settle all payment instructions is reduced , allowing each Settlement Member to transfer only the net amount of its payment obligations in each currency , rather than the total amount of each trade to be settled . On average , CLS netting efficiency is in the region of 96 percent . In / Out Swaps ( edit ) In addition to the usual settlement service , the In / Out Swap process is done before the settlement windows to reduce the payment obligations to CLS and to mitigate liquidity pressures . An In / Out Swap is an intraday swap consisting of two equal and opposite FX transactions that are agreed as an intraday swap . One of the `` legs '' is settled inside CLS in order to reduce each Settlement Member 's net position in the two relevant currencies . The other `` leg '' is settled outside CLS .", "3": "The In / Out Swap further compresses payment obligation by an average of 75 % , which results in a funding requirement in CLS of less than 1 % of the total gross settlement value . Currencies ( edit ) CLS has expanded the number of currencies it settles over the years and currently settles the following currencies : Country / entity Symbol Currency Australia AUD Australian dollar Canada CAD Canadian dollar Denmark DKK Danish krone Eurozone EUR Euro Hong Kong HKD Hong Kong dollar Hungary HUF Hungarian forint Israel ILS Israeli new shekel Japan JPY Japanese yen Mexico MXN Mexican peso New Zealand NZD New Zealand dollar Norway NOK Norwegian krone Singapore SGD Singapore dollar South Africa ZAR South African rand South Korea KRW South Korean won Sweden SEK Swedish krona Switzerland CHF Swiss franc United Kingdom GBP Pound sterling United States USD United States dollar See also ( edit ) Clearing ( finance ) Bank for International Settlements delivery versus payment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BIS report '' ( PDF ) . BIS.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` About CLS '' . Cls-group.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Daily FX trade more like $3 trillion than 5 - CLS '' . CNBC . March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Stability Oversight Council Makes First Designations in Effort to Protect Against Future Financial Crises '' . treasury.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` CLS Bank settles new record value '' . CLS . March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CLS Settlement '' . Cls-group.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Failures in Mature Economies '' . Bis.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` CLS Bank & the World of FX Settlement '' .", "4": "Forex Magnates . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` In / Out Swaps '' . CLS . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` FX Week - CLS Pushes Transformation Agenda '' . FXWeek.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . External links ( edit ) CLS website CLS Bank settles new record volume Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CLS_Group&oldid=800931084 '' Categories : Foreign exchange market Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2012 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 16 : 26 . 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-7416755475743802921	who is in charge of ratifying treaties in the us	[ "the President", "the Executive branch", "the Senate", "Senate", "the President", "the Senate", "the President" ]	{ "0": "Ratification - wikipedia Ratification Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ratification is a principal 's approval of an act of its agent that lacked the authority to bind the principal legally . Ratification defines the international act in which a state indicates its consent to be bound to a treaty if the parties intended to show their consent by such an act . In the case of bilateral treaties , ratification is usually accomplished by exchanging the requisite instruments , and in the case of multilateral treaties , the usual procedure is for the depositary to collect the ratifications of all states , keeping all parties informed of the situation . The institution of ratification grants states the necessary time - frame to seek the required approval for the treaty on the domestic level and to enact the necessary legislation to give domestic effect to that treaty . The term applies to private contract law , international treaties , and constitutions in federal states such as the United States and Canada . The term is also used in parliamentary procedure in deliberative assemblies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Private law 2 Ratification of an international treaty 2.1 India 2.2 United Kingdom 2.3 United States 2.4 Australia 2.5 Japan 3 Ratification of a constitution 3.1 Ratification in the Constitution of India 3.2 Ratification in the United States Constitution 4 Use in parliamentary procedure 5 See also 6 References Private law ( edit ) In contract law , the need for ratification can arise in two ways : if the agent attempts to bind the principal despite lacking the authority to do so ; and if the principal authorizes the agent to make an agreement , but reserves the right to approve it . An example of the former situation is an employee not normally responsible for procuring supplies contracting to do so on the employer 's behalf . The employer 's choice on discovering the contract is to ratify it or to repudiate it . The latter situation is common in trade union collective bargaining agreements . The union authorizes one or more people to negotiate and sign an agreement with management .", "1": "A collective bargaining agreement can not become legally binding until the union members ratify the agreement . If they do not approve it , the agreement is void , and negotiations resume . Ratification of an international treaty ( edit ) Main article : Treaty See also : List of treaties by number of parties The ratification of international treaties is always accomplished by filing instruments of ratification as provided for in the treaty . In most democracies , the legislature authorizes the government to ratify treaties through standard legislative procedures by passing a bill . India ( edit ) Further information : Constitution of India The President of India makes a treaty in exercise of his executive power , on the aid and the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister , and no court of law in India may question its validity . The president is allowed to ratify , under Article 73 ( 1 ) ( b ) of the Constitution of India , but no agreement or treaty entered into by the president is enforceable by the courts , even on ratification by the Parliament of India , as India follows a dualist theory for the implementation of international laws . If the parliament wishes to codify the agreement entered into by the executive thereby making it enforceable by the courts of India , it may do so under Article 253 of the constitution . United kingdom ( edit ) Treaty ratification was a Royal Prerogative , exercised by Her Majesty on the advice of her Government . By a convention called the Ponsonby Rule , treaties were usually placed before parliament for 21 days before ratification . It was put onto a statutory footing by the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 . United states ( edit ) Treaty power is a co-ordinated effort between the Executive branch and the Senate . The President may form and negotiate , but the treaty must be advised and consented to by a two - thirds vote in the Senate . Only after the Senate approves the treaty can the President ratify it . Once it is ratified , it becomes binding on all the states under the Supremacy Clause . While the House of Representatives does not vote on it at all , the requirement for the Senate 's advice and consent to ratification makes it considerably more difficult to rally enough political support for international treaties .", "2": "Also , if implementation of the treaty requires the expenditure of funds , the House of Representatives may be able to block or at least impede such implementation by refusing to vote for the appropriation of the necessary funds . The President usually submits a treaty to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee ( SFRC ) along with an accompanying resolution of ratification or accession . If the treaty and resolution receive favorable committee consideration ( a committee vote in favor of ratification or accession ) , the treaty is then forwarded to the floor of the full Senate for such a vote . The treaty or legislation does not apply until it has been ratified . A multilateral agreement may provide that it will take effect upon its ratification by less than all of the signatories . Even though such a treaty takes effect , it does not apply to signatories that have not ratified it . Accession has the same legal effect as ratification , for treaties already negotiated and signed by other states . An example of a treaty to which the Senate did not advise and consent to ratification is the Treaty of Versailles , which failed to garner support because of the Covenant of the League of Nations . The US can also enter into international agreements by way of executive agreements . They are not made under the Treaty Clause and do not require ratification of two thirds of the Senate . Congressional - executive agreements are passed by a majority of both houses of Congress as a regular law . If the agreement is completely within the President 's constitutional powers , it can be made by the President alone without Congressional approval , but it will have the force of an executive order and can be unilaterally revoked by a future President . All types of agreements are treated internationally as `` treaties '' . See Foreign policy of the United States # Law . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , power to enter into treaties is an executive power within Section 51 of the Australian Constitution so the Australian Government may enter into a binding treaty without seeking parliamentary approval . However , implementation of treaties requires legislation by the Australian parliament , following Section 51 ( xxix ) of the Australian Constitution , signed by the Governor - General of Australia . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , in principle both houses of the parliament ( the National Diet ) must approve the treaty for ratification .", "3": "If the House of Councilors rejects a treaty approved by the House of Representatives , and a joint committee of both houses can not come to agreement on amendments to the original text of the treaty , or the House of Councilors fails to decide on a treaty for more than thirty days , the House of Representatives the will be regarded as the vote of the National Diet approving the ratification . The approved treaty will then be promulgated into law by the act of the Emperor . Ratification of a Constitution ( edit ) Federations usually require the support of both the federal government and some given percentage of the constituent governments for amendments to the federal constitution to take effect . Ratification in the Constitution of India ( edit ) Further information : Amendment of the Constitution of India Not all constitutional amendments in India require ratification by the states . Only constitutional amendments that seek to make any change in any of the provisions mentioned in the proviso to article 368 of the Constitution of India , must be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than one - half of the States . These provisions relate to certain matters concerning the federal structure or of common interest to both the Union and the States viz. , the election of the President ( articles 54 and 55 ) ; the extent of the executive power of the Union and the States ( articles 73 and 162 ) ; the High Courts for Union territories ( article 241 ) ; The Union Judiciary and the High Courts in the States ( Chapter IV of Part V and Chapter V of Part VI ) ; the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States ( Chapter I of Part XI and Seventh Schedule ) ; the representation of States in Parliament ; and the provision for amendment of the Constitution laid down in article 368 . Ratification is done by a resolution passed by the State Legislatures . There is no specific time limit for the ratification of an amending Bill by the State Legislatures . However , the resolutions ratifying the proposed amendment must be passed before the amending Bill is presented to the President for his assent . Ratification in the United states Constitution ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Constitution Article Seven of the constitution of the United States describes the process by which the entire document was to become effective . It required that conventions of nine of the thirteen original States ratify the constitution .", "4": "If fewer than thirteen states ratified the document , it would become effective only among the states ratifying it . New Hampshire was the ninth state to ratify , doing so on June 21 , 1788 , but , as a practical matter , it was decided to delay implementation of the new government until New York and Virginia could be persuaded to ratify . Congress intended that New York City should be the first capital , and that George Washington , of Mount Vernon , Virginia , should be the first President , and both of those things would have been somewhat awkward if either New York or Virginia were not part of the new government . Ratification by those states was secured - Virginia on June 25 and New York on July 26 - and the government under the Constitution began on March 4 , 1789 . For subsequent amendments , Article Five describes the process of a potential amendment 's adoption . Proposals to adopt an amendment may be called either by a two - thirds vote by both houses of Congress or by a national convention as a result of resolutions adopted by two - thirds ( presently at least 34 out of 50 ) of the states ' legislatures . For an amendment to be adopted , three - quarters of the states ( presently at least 38 out of 50 ) must ratify the amendment either by a vote of approval in each state 's legislature or by state ratifying conventions -- Congress may specify which method must be used to ratify the amendment . Congress may also set a deadline by which the threshold for adoption must be met . Use in parliamentary procedure ( edit ) A deliberative assembly , using parliamentary procedure , could ratify action that otherwise was not validly taken . For example , action taken where there was no quorum at the meeting is not valid until it is later ratified at a meeting where a quorum is present . See also ( edit ) Constitutional amendment Veto Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://treaties.un.org/pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/glossary/page1_en.xml#ratification Jump up ^ Robert , Henry M. ( 2011 ) . Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised , 11th ed. , p. 124 - 125 Jump up ^ `` Glossary of terms relating to Treaty actions '' . United Nations .", "5": "Jump up ^ An example for such a treaty can be seen in the Convention on Cluster Munitions , which enters into force as soon as it has been ratified by at least 30 states ( Article 17 ) . Jump up ^ United Nations Treaty Collection , Treaty Reference Guide ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Constitution Amendment : Nature and Scope of the Amending Process '' ( PDF ) . Lok Sabha Secretariat . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . VII . Jump up ^ Robert , Henry M. ( 2011 ) . Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised , 11th ed. , p.", "6": "124 GND : 4197285 - 5 NDL : 00575060 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratification&oldid=837342756 '' Categories : Democracy Constitutional law Criminal law Statutory law Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 06 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6027506175860299510	where was the hindenburg scheduled to fly and how many passengers were on it	[ "Naval Air Station Lakehurst in Manchester Township, New Jersey, United States", "36 passengers" ]	{ "0": "Hindenburg disaster - wikipedia Hindenburg disaster Jump to : navigation , search For newsreel coverage of the event , see Hindenburg disaster newsreel footage . LZ 129 Hindenburg The stern of the Hindenburg begins to fall , with the mooring mast in the foreground . Date May 6 , 1937 Summary Airship fire Site Naval Air Station Lakehurst Manchester Township , New Jersey , U.S. Coordinates : 40 ° 01 ′ 49 '' N 74 ° 19 ′ 33 '' W / 40.030392 ° N 74.325745 ° W / 40.030392 ; - 74.325745 Aircraft Aircraft type Hindenburg - class airship Aircraft name Hindenburg Operator Deutsche Zeppelin - Reederei Registration D - LZ129 Flight origin Frankfurt am Main , Hesse - Nassau , Prussia , Germany Destination Naval Air Station Lakehurst Lakehurst Borough , New Jersey , U.S. Passengers 36 Crew 61 Fatalities 35 ( 13 passengers , 22 air crewmen , one ground crewman ) Injuries Unknown Survivors 62 The Hindenburg disaster occurred on May 6 , 1937 , as the German passenger airship LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and was destroyed during its attempt to dock with its mooring mast at Naval Air Station Lakehurst in Manchester Township , New Jersey , United States . Of the 97 people on board ( 36 passengers and 61 crewmen ) , there were 35 fatalities ( 13 passengers and 22 crewmen ) . One worker on the ground was also killed , raising the final death toll to 36 . The disaster was the subject of spectacular newsreel coverage , photographs , and Herbert Morrison 's recorded radio eyewitness reports from the landing field , which were broadcast the next day . A variety of hypotheses have been put forward for both the cause of ignition and the initial fuel for the ensuing fire . The event shattered public confidence in the giant , passenger - carrying rigid airship and marked the abrupt end of the airship era .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Flight 1.1 Landing timeline 1.2 Disaster 1.3 News coverage 1.4 Death toll 2 Cause of ignition 2.1 Sabotage hypothesis 2.2 Static spark hypothesis 2.3 Lightning hypothesis 2.4 Engine failure hypothesis 3 Fire 's initial fuel 3.1 Incendiary paint hypothesis 3.2 Hydrogen hypothesis 3.2. 1 Puncture hypothesis 3.3 Fuel leak 4 Rate of flame propagation 5 Memorial 6 Popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Flight ( edit ) After opening its 1937 season by completing a single round - trip passage to Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , in late March , the Hindenburg departed from Frankfurt , Germany , on the evening of May 3 , on the first of 10 round trips between Europe and the United States that were scheduled for its second year of commercial service . American Airlines had contracted with the operators of the Hindenburg to shuttle the passengers from Lakehurst to Newark for connections to airplane flights . Except for strong headwinds that slowed its progress , the Atlantic crossing of the Hindenburg was otherwise unremarkable until the airship attempted an early - evening landing at Lakehurst three days later on May 6 . Although carrying only half its full capacity of passengers ( 36 of 70 ) and crewmen ( 61 , including 21 crewman trainees ) for the accident flight , the Hindenburg was fully booked for its return flight . Many of the passengers with tickets to Germany were planning to attend the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in London the following week . The Hindenburg over Manhattan , New York on May 6 , 1937 The airship was hours behind schedule when it passed over Boston on the morning of May 6 , and its landing at Lakehurst was expected to be further delayed because of afternoon thunderstorms . Advised of the poor weather conditions at Lakehurst , Captain Max Pruss charted a course over Manhattan Island , causing a public spectacle as people rushed out into the street to catch sight of the airship . After passing over the field at 4 : 00 p.m.", "2": ", Captain Pruss took passengers on a tour over the seasides of New Jersey while waiting for the weather to clear . After finally being notified at 6 : 22 p.m. that the storms had passed , Pruss directed the airship back to Lakehurst to make its landing almost half a day late . However , as this would leave much less time than anticipated to service and prepare the airship for its scheduled departure back to Europe , the public was informed that they would not be permitted at the mooring location or be able to visit aboard the Hindenburg during its stay in port . Landing timeline ( edit ) Around 7 : 00 p.m. local time , at an altitude of 650 feet ( 200 m ) , the Hindenburg made its final approach to the Lakehurst Naval Air Station . This was to be a high landing , known as a flying moor , because the airship would drop its landing ropes and mooring cable at a high altitude , and then be winched down to the mooring mast . This type of landing maneuver would reduce the number of ground crewmen , but would require more time . Although the high landing was a common procedure for American airships , the Hindenburg had only performed this maneuver a few times in 1936 while landing in Lakehurst . At 7 : 09 , the airship made a sharp full - speed left turn to the west around the landing field because the ground crew was not ready . At 7 : 11 , it turned back toward the landing field and valved gas . All engines idled ahead and the airship began to slow . Captain Pruss ordered aft engines full astern at 7 : 14 while at an altitude of 394 ft ( 120 m ) , to try to brake the airship . At 7 : 17 , the wind shifted direction from east to southwest , and Captain Pruss ordered a second sharp turn starboard , making an s - shaped flightpath towards the mooring mast . At 7 : 18 , as the final turn progressed , Pruss ordered 300 , 300 and 500 kg of water ballast in successive drops because the airship was stern - heavy . The forward gas cells were also valved .", "3": "As these measures failed to bring the ship in trim , six men ( three of whom were killed in the accident ) were then sent to the bow to trim the airship . At 7 : 21 , while the Hindenburg was at an altitude of 295 ft ( 90 m ) , the mooring lines were dropped from the bow ; the starboard line was dropped first , followed by the port line . The port line was overtightened as it was connected to the post of the ground winch . The starboard line had still not been connected . A light rain began to fall as the ground crew grabbed the mooring lines . At 7 : 25 p.m. , a few witnesses saw the fabric ahead of the upper fin flutter as if gas was leaking . Others reported seeing a dim blue flame -- possibly static electricity , or St Elmo 's Fire -- moments before the fire on top and in the back of the ship near the point where the flames first appeared . Several other eyewitness testimonies suggest that the first flame appeared on the port side just ahead of the port fin , and was followed by flames which burned on top . Commander Rosendahl testified to the flames in front of the upper fin being `` mushroom - shaped '' . One witness on the starboard side reported a fire beginning lower and behind the rudder on that side . On board , people heard a muffled detonation and those in the front of the ship felt a shock as the port trail rope overtightened ; the officers in the control car initially thought the shock was caused by a broken rope . Disaster ( edit ) Hindenburg begins to fall seconds after catching fire At 7 : 25 p.m. local time , the Hindenburg caught fire and quickly became engulfed in flames . Eyewitness statements disagree as to where the fire initially broke out ; several witnesses on the port side saw yellow - red flames first jump forward of the top fin near the ventilation shaft of cells 4 and 5 . Other witnesses on the port side noted the fire actually began just ahead of the horizontal port fin , only then followed by flames in front of the upper fin . One , with views of the starboard side , saw flames beginning lower and farther aft , near cell 1 behind the rudders .", "4": "Inside the airship , helmsman Helmut Lau , who was stationed in the lower fin , testified hearing a muffled detonation and looked up to see a bright reflection on the front bulkhead of gas cell 4 , which `` suddenly disappeared by the heat '' . As other gas cells started to catch fire , the fire spread more to the starboard side and the ship dropped rapidly . Although there were cameramen from four newsreel teams and at least one spectator known to be filming the landing , as well as numerous photographers at the scene , no known footage or photograph exists of the moment the fire started . Wherever they started , the flames quickly spread forward first consuming cells 1 to 9 , and the rear end of the structure imploded . Almost instantly , two tanks ( it is disputed whether they contained water or fuel ) burst out of the hull as a result of the shock of the blast . Buoyancy was lost on the stern of the ship , and the bow lurched upwards while the ship 's back broke ; the falling stern stayed in trim . A fire - damaged 9 '' duralumin cross brace from the frame of the Hindenburg salvaged in May 1937 from the crash site at NAS Lakehurst , NJ . As the tail of the Hindenburg crashed into the ground , a burst of flame came out of the nose , killing nine of the 12 crew members in the bow . There was still gas in the bow section of the ship , so it continued to point upward as the stern collapsed down . The cell behind the passenger decks ignited as the side collapsed inward , and the scarlet lettering reading `` Hindenburg '' was erased by flames as the bow descended . The airship 's gondola wheel touched the ground , causing the bow to bounce up slightly as one final gas cell burned away . At this point , most of the fabric on the hull had also burned away and the bow finally crashed to the ground . Although the hydrogen had finished burning , the Hindenburg 's diesel fuel burned for several more hours . The fire bursts out of the nose of the Hindenburg , photographed by Murray Becker . The time that it took from the first signs of disaster to the bow crashing to the ground is often reported as 32 , 34 or 37 seconds .", "5": "Since none of the newsreel cameras were filming the airship when the fire started , the time of the start can only be estimated from various eyewitness accounts and the duration of the longest footage of the crash . One careful analysis by NASA 's Addison Bain gives the flame front spread rate across the fabric skin as about 49 ft / s ( 15 m / s ) at some points during the crash , which would have resulted in a total destruction time of about 16 seconds ( 245m / 15 m / s = 16.3 s ) . Some of the duralumin framework of the airship was salvaged and shipped back to Germany , where it was recycled and used in the construction of military aircraft for the Luftwaffe , as were the frames of the LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin and LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II when both were scrapped in 1940 . In the days after the disaster , an official board of inquiry was set up at Lakehurst to investigate the cause of the fire . The investigation by the US Commerce was headed by Colonel South Trimble Jr , while Dr. Hugo Eckener led the German commission . Hindenburg disaster sequence from the Pathé Newsreel , showing the bow nearing the ground . News coverage ( edit ) See also : Hindenburg disaster newsreel footage Play media Universal Newsreel The disaster was well - documented because of the combination of many news crews having been on site at the time of the airship exploding and the significant extent of newsreel coverage and photographs , as well as Herbert Morrison 's eyewitness radio report for station WLS in Chicago , which was broadcast the next day . Heavy publicity about the first transatlantic passenger flight of the year by Zeppelin to the United States attracted a large number of journalists to the landing . ( The airship had already made one round trip from Germany to Brazil that year . ) Morrison 's broadcast remains one of the most famous in history . Parts of it were later dubbed onto newsreel footage , giving the impression that the words and film were recorded together . His plaintive , `` Oh , the humanity ! '' has been widely used in popular culture .", "6": "It 's practically standing still now they 've dropped ropes out of the nose of the ship ; and ( uh ) they 've been taken ahold of down on the field by a number of men . It 's starting to rain again ; it 's ... the rain had ( uh ) slacked up a little bit . The back motors of the ship are just holding it ( uh ) just enough to keep it from ... It 's burst into flames ! Get this , Charlie ; get this , Charlie ! It 's fire ... and it 's crashing ! It 's crashing terrible ! Oh , my ! Get out of the way , please ! It 's burning and bursting into flames and the ... and it 's falling on the mooring mast . And all the folks agree that this is terrible ; this is the worst of the worst catastrophes in the world . Oh it 's ... ( unintelligible ) its flames ... Crashing , oh ! Four - or five - hundred feet into the sky and it ... it 's a terrific crash , ladies and gentlemen . It 's smoke , and it 's in flames now ; and the frame is crashing to the ground , not quite to the mooring mast . Oh , the humanity ! And all the passengers screaming around here . I told you ; it -- I ca n't even talk to people , their friends are on there ! Ah ! It 's ... it ... it 's a ... ah ! I ... I ca n't talk , ladies and gentlemen . Honest : it 's just laying there , mass of smoking wreckage . Ah ! And everybody can hardly breathe and talk and the screaming . I ... I ... I 'm sorry . Honest : I ... I can hardly breathe . I ... I 'm going to step inside , where I can not see it . Charlie , that 's terrible . Ah , ah ... I ca n't . Listen , folks ; I ... I 'm gon na have to stop for a minute because I 've lost my voice . This is the worst thing I 've ever witnessed . -- Herbert Morrison , Transcription of WLS radio broadcast describing the Hindenburg disaster .", "7": "The iconic newsreel footage was shot by four newsreel camera teams : Pathé News , Movietone News , Hearst News of the Day , and Paramount News . Al Gold of Fox Movietone News later received a Presidential Citation for his work . One of the most widely circulated photographs of the disaster ( see photo at top of article ) , showing the airship crashing with the mooring mast in the foreground , was photographed by Sam Shere of International News Photos . When the fire started he did not have the time to put the camera to his eye and shot the photo `` from the hip '' . Murray Becker of the Associated Press photographed the fire engulfing the airship while it was still on even keel using his 4 x 5 Speed Graphic camera . His next photograph ( see right ) , shows flames bursting out of the nose as the bow telescoped upwards . In addition to professional photographers , spectators also photographed the crash . They were stationed in the spectators ' area near Hangar No. 1 , and had a side - rear view of the airship . Customs broker Arthur Cofod Jr. and 16 year - old Foo Chu both had Leica cameras with high speed film , allowing them to take a larger number of photographs than the press photographers . Nine of Cofod 's photographs were printed in LIFE magazine while Chu 's photographs were shown in the New York Daily News . The Hindenburg disaster , photographed by Arthur Cofod Jr . The newsreels and photographs , along with Morrison 's passionate reporting shattered public and industry faith in airships and marked the end of the giant passenger - carrying airships . Also contributing to the downfall of Zeppelins was the arrival of international passenger air travel and Pan American Airlines . Heavier - than - air aircraft regularly crossed the Atlantic and Pacific much faster than the 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) speed of the Hindenburg . The one advantage that the Hindenburg had over such aircraft was the comfort that she afforded her passengers , much like that of an ocean liner . In contrast to the media coverage in the United States , media coverage of the disaster in Germany was more subdued . Although some photographs of the disaster were published in newspapers , the newsreel footage was not released until after World War II .", "8": "Additionally , German victims were memorialized in a similar manner to fallen war heroes , and grassroots movements to fund zeppelin construction ( as the case with the LZ4 crash in 1908 ) was expressly forbidden by the Nazi government . There had been a series of other airship accidents prior to the Hindenburg fire ; many were caused by bad weather . The Graf Zeppelin had flown safely for more than 1.6 million kilometers ( 1.0 million miles ) , including the first circumnavigation of the globe by an airship . The Zeppelin company 's promotions had prominently featured the fact that no passenger had been injured on any of its airships . Death toll ( edit ) Despite the sheer ferocity of the colossal fire , many of the crew members and passengers survived , but the majority of them were severely burned . Of the 36 passengers and 61 crewmen , 13 passengers and 22 aircrewmen died . Also killed was one ground crewman , the civilian linesman Allen Hagaman . Ten passengers and 16 crewmen died in the crash or in the fire . The majority of the victims were burnt to death , while others died jumping from the airship at an excessive height , or as a consequence of either smoke inhalation or falling debris . Six other crewmembers , three passengers and Allen Hagaman died in the following hours or days , mostly as a consequence of the burns . The majority of the crewmen who died were up inside the ship 's hull , where they either did not have a clear escape route or else were close to the bow of the ship , which hung burning in the air for too long for most of them to escape death . Most of the crew in the bow died in the fire , although at least one was filmed falling from the bow to his death . Most of the passengers who died were trapped in the starboard side of the passenger deck . Not only was the wind blowing the fire toward the starboard side , but the ship also rolled slightly to starboard as it settled to the ground , with much of the upper hull on that part of the ship collapsing outboard of the starboard observation windows , thus cutting off the escape of many of the passengers on that side .", "9": "To make matters worse , the sliding door leading from the starboard passenger area to the central foyer and the gangway stairs ( through which rescuers led a number of passengers to safety ) jammed shut during the crash , further trapping those passengers on the starboard side . Nonetheless , some did manage to escape from the starboard passenger decks . By contrast , all but a few of the passengers on the port side of the ship survived the fire , with some of them escaping virtually unscathed . Although the most famous airship disaster , it was not the worst . Just over twice as many ( 73 of 76 on board ) had perished when the helium - filled U.S. Navy scout airship USS Akron crashed at sea off the New Jersey coast four years earlier on April 4 , 1933 . Some of the survivors were saved by luck . Werner Franz , the 14 - year - old cabin boy , was initially dazed by the realization that the ship was on fire . As he stood near the officer 's mess where he had been putting away dishes moments before , a water tank above him burst open , and he was suddenly soaked . This snapped him back to his senses , as he later told interviewers , and also put out the fire around him . He then made his way to a nearby hatch through which the kitchen had been loaded with provisions before the flight , and dropped through it just as the forward part of the ship was briefly rebounding into the air . He began to run toward the starboard side , but stopped and turned around and ran the other way , because the flames were being pushed by the wind in that direction . He made it clear of the wreck with no injuries , and was the last surviving crew member when he died at the age of 92 on August 13 , 2014 . The last surviving passenger is Werner G. Doehner ( b . 1928 ) , a retired electrical engineer who was an eight - year - old child traveling with his parents , brother , and sister at the time of the accident . His father and sister died in the disaster . When the control car crashed onto the ground , most of the officers leapt through the windows , but became separated . First Officer Captain Albert Sammt found Captain Max Pruss trying to re-enter the wreckage to look for survivors .", "10": "Pruss 's face was badly burned , and he required months of hospitalization and reconstructive surgery , but he survived . Captain Ernst Lehmann escaped the crash with burns to his head and arms and severe burns across most of his back . He died at a nearby hospital the next day . When passenger Joseph Späh , a vaudeville comic acrobat , saw the first sign of trouble he smashed the window with his movie camera with which he had been filming the landing ( the film survived the disaster ) . As the ship neared the ground he lowered himself out the window and hung onto the window ledge , letting go when the ship was perhaps 20 feet above the ground . His acrobat 's instincts kicked in , and Späh kept his feet under him and attempted to do a safety roll when he landed . He injured his ankle nonetheless , and was dazedly crawling away when a member of the ground crew came up , slung the diminutive Späh under one arm , and ran him clear of the fire . Of the 12 crewmen in the bow of the airship , only three survived . Four of these 12 men were standing on the mooring shelf , a platform up at the very tip of the bow from which the forwardmost landing ropes and the steel mooring cable were released to the ground crew , and which was directly at the forward end of the axial walkway and just ahead of gas cell # 16 . The rest were standing either along the lower keel walkway ahead of the control car , or else on platforms beside the stairway leading up the curve of the bow to the mooring shelf . During the fire the bow hung in the air at roughly a 45 - degree angle and flames shot forward through the axial walkway , bursting through the bow ( and the bow gas cells ) like a blowtorch . The three men from the forward section who survived ( elevatorman Kurt Bauer , cook Alfred Grözinger , and electrician Josef Leibrecht ) were those furthest aft of the bow , and two of them ( Bauer and Grözinger ) happened to be standing near two large triangular air vents , through which cool air was being drawn by the fire . Neither of these men sustained more than superficial burns .", "11": "Most of the men standing along the bow stairway either fell aft into the fire , or tried to leap from the ship when it was still too high in the air . Three of the four men standing on the mooring shelf inside the very tip of the bow were actually taken from the wreck alive , though one ( Erich Spehl , a rigger ) died shortly afterwards in the Air Station 's infirmary , and the other two ( helmsman Alfred Bernhard and apprentice elevatorman Ludwig Felber ) were reported by newspapers to have initially survived the fire , and then to subsequently have died at area hospitals during the night or early the following morning . Hydrogen fires are notable for being less destructive to immediate surroundings than gasoline explosions because of the buoyancy of H , which causes heat of combustion to be released upwards more than circumferentially as the leaked mass ascends in the atmosphere ; hydrogen fires are more survivable than fires of gasoline or wood . The hydrogen in the Hindenburg burned out within about 90 seconds . Cause of ignition ( edit ) Sabotage hypothesis ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) At the time of the disaster , sabotage was commonly put forward as the cause of the fire , initially by Hugo Eckener , former head of the Zeppelin Company and the `` old man '' of German airships . In initial reports , before inspecting the accident , Eckener mentioned the possibility of a shot as the cause of the disaster , because of threatening letters that had been received , but did not rule out other causes . Eckener later publicly endorsed the static spark hypothesis . At the time on a lecture tour in Austria , he was awakened at about 2 : 30 in the morning ( 8 : 30 p.m. Lakehurst time , or approximately an hour after the crash ) by the ringing of his bedside telephone . It was a Berlin representative of the New York Times with news that the Hindenburg `` exploded yesterday evening at 7 p.m. ( sic ) above the airfield at Lakehurst . ''", "12": "By the time he left the hotel the next morning to travel to Berlin for a briefing on the disaster , the only answer that he had for the reporters waiting outside to question him was that based on what he knew , the Hindenburg had `` exploded over the airfield '' ; sabotage might be a possibility . However , as he learned more about the disaster , particularly that the airship had burned rather than actually `` exploded '' , he grew more and more convinced that static discharge , rather than sabotage , was the cause . Commander Charles Rosendahl , commander of the Naval Air Station at Lakehurst and the man in overall charge of the ground - based portion of the Hindenburg 's landing maneuver , also came to believe that the Hindenburg had been sabotaged . He laid out a general case for sabotage in his 1938 book What About the Airship ? , which was as much an extended argument for the further development of the rigid airship as it was a historical overview of the airship . Another proponent of the sabotage hypothesis was Max Pruss , commander of the Hindenburg throughout the airship 's career . Pruss flew on nearly every flight of the Graf Zeppelin until the Hindenburg was ready . In a 1960 interview conducted by Kenneth Leish for Columbia University 's Oral History Research Office , Pruss said early dirigible travel was safe , and therefore he strongly believed that sabotage was to blame . He stated that on trips to South America , which was a popular destination for German tourists , both airships passed through thunderstorms and were struck by lightning but remained unharmed . Most members of the crew refused to believe that one of them would commit an act of sabotage , insisting only a passenger could have destroyed the airship . A suspect favored by Commander Rosendahl , Captain Pruss , and others among the Hindenburg 's crew , was passenger Joseph Späh , a German acrobat who survived the fire . He brought with him a dog , a German shepherd named Ulla , as a surprise for his children ( Ulla did not survive the crash ) . He reportedly made a number of unaccompanied visits to feed his dog , who was being kept in a freight room near the stern of the ship .", "13": "Those who suspected Späh based their suspicions primarily on those trips into the ship 's interior to feed his dog , that according to some of the stewards Späh had told anti-Nazi jokes during the flight , recollections by stewards that Späh had seemed agitated by the repeated delays in landing , and that he was an acrobat who could conceivably climb into the airship 's rigging to plant a bomb . In 1962 , A.A. Hoehling published Who Destroyed the Hindenburg ? , in which he rejected all theories but sabotage , and named a crew member as the suspect . Eric Spehl , a rigger on the Hindenburg who died in the fire , was named as the saboteur . Ten years later , Michael MacDonald Mooney 's book The Hindenburg , which was based heavily on Hoehling 's sabotage hypothesis , also identified Spehl as the saboteur ; Mooney 's book was made into the movie The Hindenburg , the producers of which were sued by Hoehling for plagiarism ; but Hoehling lost because he had presented his sabotage hypothesis as historical fact , and one can not claim ownership of historical facts . Hoehling claimed the following in naming Spehl as the culprit : Spehl 's girlfriend had communist beliefs and anti-Nazi connections . The fire 's origin was near the catwalk running through Gas Cell 4 , which was an area of the ship generally off - limits to anyone other than Spehl and his fellow riggers . Hoehling 's claim that Chief Steward Heinrich Kubis told him the Chief Rigger Ludwig Knorr noticed damage of Cell 4 shortly before the disaster . Rumors that the Gestapo had investigated Spehl 's possible involvement in 1938 . Spehl 's interest in amateur photography , making him familiar with flashbulbs that could have served as an igniter . The discovery by representatives of the NYPD Bomb Squad of a substance that was later determined to likely be `` the insoluble residue from the depolarizing element of a small , dry battery . '' ( Hoehling postulated that a dry cell battery could have powered a flashbulb in an incendiary device . ) The discovery by FBI Agents of a yellow substance on the valve cap of the airship between cells 4 and 5 where the fire was first reported .", "14": "Although initially suspected to be sulfur , which can ignite hydrogen , it was later determined that the residue was actually from a fire extinguisher . A flash or a bright reflection in gas cell 4 , that crew members near the lower fin had seen just before the fire . Hoehling 's ( and later Mooney 's ) hypothesis goes on to say that it is unlikely that Spehl wanted to kill people , and that he intended the airship to burn after the landing . However , with the ship already over 12 hours late , Spehl was unable to find an excuse to reset the timer on his bomb . It has been suggested that Adolf Hitler himself ordered the Hindenburg to be destroyed in retaliation for Eckener 's anti-Nazi opinions . Since the publication of Hoehling 's book , most airship historians , including Dr. Douglas Robinson , have dismissed Hoehling 's sabotage hypothesis because no solid evidence was ever presented to support it . No pieces of a bomb were ever discovered ( and there is no evidence in existing documentation that the sample collected from the wreckage , and determined to be residue from a dry cell battery , was found anywhere near the stern of the airship ) , and on closer examination , the evidence against Spehl and his girlfriend turned out to be rather weak . Additionally , it is unlikely that Rigger Knorr would not remain at cell 4 to further assess the purported damage claimed by Kubis . In an interview with the TV show Secrets & Mysteries , Hoehling himself asserted it was only his theory and also suggested a short - circuit could be another potential cause of the fire . Additionally , Mooney 's book has been criticized as having numerous fictional elements , and it has been suggested that the plot was created for the then - upcoming 1975 film . Although Mooney alleges that three Luftwaffe officers were aboard to investigate a potential bomb threat , there is no evidence they were on board to do so , and military observers were present on previous flights to study navigational techniques and weather forecasting practices of the airship crew . However , opponents of the sabotage hypothesis argued that only speculation supported sabotage as a cause of the fire , and no credible evidence of sabotage was produced at any of the formal hearings . Eric Spehl died in the fire and was therefore unable to refute the accusations that surfaced a quarter of a century later .", "15": "The FBI investigated Joseph Späh and reported finding no evidence of Späh having any connection to a sabotage plot . According to his wife , Evelyn , Späh was quite upset over the accusations -- she later recalled that her husband was outside their home cleaning windows when he first learned that he was suspected of sabotaging the Hindenburg , and was so shocked by the news that he almost fell off the ladder on which he was standing . Neither the German nor the American investigation endorsed any of the sabotage theories . Proponents of the sabotage hypothesis argue that any finding of sabotage would have been an embarrassment for the Nazi regime , and they speculate that such a finding by the German investigation was suppressed for political reasons . However , it has also been suggested that numerous crewmen subscribed to the sabotage hypothesis because they refused to accept any flaws with the airship or pilot error . Some more sensational newspapers claimed that a Luger pistol with one round fired was found among the wreckage and speculated that a person on board committed suicide or shot the airship . However , there is no evidence suggesting an attempted suicide or official report confirming the presence of a Luger pistol . Initially , before inspecting the scene himself , Eckener mentioned the possibility for a shot as the cause of the disaster , because of threatening letters they received . At the German enquiry Eckener discounted a shot -- among many possibilities -- as the cause as nearly impossible and highly improbable . Static spark hypothesis ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hugo Eckener argued that the fire was started by an electric spark which was caused by a buildup of static electricity on the airship . The spark ignited hydrogen on the outer skin . Proponents of the static spark hypothesis point out that the airship 's skin was not constructed in a way that allowed its charge to be distributed evenly throughout the craft . The skin was separated from the duralumin frame by non-conductive ramie cords which had been lightly covered in metal to improve conductivity but not very effectively , allowing a large difference in potential to form between the skin and the frame .", "16": "In order to make up for the delay of more than 12 hours in its transatlantic flight , the Hindenburg passed through a weather front of high humidity and high electrical charge . Although the mooring lines were not wet when they first hit the ground and ignition took place four minutes after , Eckener theorised that they may have become wet in these four minutes . When the ropes , which were connected to the frame , became wet , they would have grounded the frame but not the skin . This would have caused a sudden potential difference between skin and frame ( and the airship itself with the overlying air masses ) and would have set off an electrical discharge -- a spark . Seeking the quickest way to ground , the spark would have jumped from the skin onto the metal framework , igniting the leaking hydrogen . In his 1964 book LZ - 129 Hindenburg , Zeppelin historian Dr. Douglas Robinson points out that although ignition of free hydrogen by static discharge had become a favored hypothesis , no such discharge was seen by any of the witnesses who testified at the official investigation into the accident back in 1937 . He goes on to write : But within the past year , I have located an observer , Professor Mark Heald of Princeton , New Jersey , who undoubtedly saw St. Elmo 's Fire flickering along the airship 's back a good minute before the fire broke out . Standing outside the main gate to the Naval Air Station , he watched , together with his wife and son , as the Zeppelin approached the mast and dropped her bow lines . A minute thereafter , by Mr. Heald 's estimation , he first noticed a dim `` blue flame '' flickering along the backbone girder about one - quarter the length abaft the bow to the tail . There was time for him to remark to his wife , `` Oh , heavens , the thing is afire , '' for her to reply , `` Where ? '' and for him to answer , `` Up along the top ridge '' -- before there was a big burst of flaming hydrogen from a point he estimated to be about one - third the ship 's length from the stern .", "17": "Unlike other witnesses to the fire whose view of the port side of the ship had the light of the setting sun behind the ship , Professor Heald 's view of the starboard side of the ship against a backdrop of the darkening eastern sky would have made the dim blue light of a static discharge on the top of the ship more easily visible . Harold G. Dick was Goodyear Zeppelin 's representative with Luftschiffbau Zeppelin during the mid-1930s . He flew on test flights of the Hindenburg and its sister ship , the Graf Zeppelin II . He also flew on numerous flights in the original Graf Zeppelin and ten round - trip crossings of the north and south Atlantic in the Hindenburg . In his book The Golden Age of the Great Passenger Airships Graf Zeppelin & Hindenburg , he observes : There are two items not in common knowledge . When the outer cover of the LZ 130 ( the Graf Zeppelin II ) was to be applied , the lacing cord was prestretched and run through dope as before but the dope for the LZ 130 contained graphite to make it conductive . This would hardly have been necessary if the static discharge hypothesis were mere cover - up . The use of graphite dope was not publicized and I doubt if its use was widely known at the Luftschiffbau Zeppelin . In addition to Dick 's observations is the fact that during the Graf Zeppelin II 's early test flights , measurements were taken of the airship 's static charge . It is clear that Dr. Ludwig Durr and the other engineers at Luftschiffbau Zeppelin took the static discharge hypothesis seriously and considered the insulation of the fabric from the frame to be a design flaw in the Hindenburg . Thus , the German Inquiry concluded that the insulation of the outer covering caused a spark to jump onto a nearby piece of metal , thereby igniting the hydrogen . In lab experiments , using the Hindenburg 's outer covering and a static ignition , hydrogen was able to be ignited but with the covering of the LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin , nothing happened . These findings were not well - publicized and covered up , perhaps to avoid embarrassment of such an engineering flaw in the face of the Third Reich .", "18": "A variant of the static spark hypothesis , presented by Addison Bain , is that a spark between inadequately grounded fabric cover segments of the Hindenburg itself started the fire , and that the spark had ignited the `` highly flammable '' outer skin . The Hindenburg had a cotton skin covered with a finish known as `` dope '' . It is a common term for a plasticised lacquer that provides stiffness , protection , and a lightweight , airtight seal to woven fabrics . In its liquid forms , dope is highly flammable , but the flammability of dry dope depends upon its base constituents , with , for example , butyrate dope being far less flammable than cellulose nitrate . Proponents of this hypothesis claim that when the mooring line touched the ground , a resulting spark could have ignited the dope in the skin . An episode of the Discovery Channel series Curiosity entitled `` What Destroyed the Hindenburg ? '' , which first aired in December 2012 , investigated both the static spark theory and St. Elmo 's Fire , as well as sabotage by bomb . The team , led by British aeronautical engineer Jem Stansfield and American airship historian Dan Grossman , concluded that the ignition took place above the hydrogen vent just forward of where Mark Heald saw St. Elmo 's Fire , and that the ignited hydrogen was channelled down the vent where it created a more explosive detonation described by crew member Helmut Lau . `` What Destroyed the Hindenburg ? '' was aired as a standalone documentary on the UK 's Channel 4 in March 2013 . Lightning hypothesis ( edit ) A.J. Dessler , former director of the Space Science Laboratory at NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center and a critic of the incendiary paint hypothesis ( see below ) , favors a much simpler explanation for the conflagration : lightning . Like many other aircraft , the Hindenburg had been struck by lightning several times in its years of operation . This does not normally ignite a fire in hydrogen - filled airships due to the lack of oxygen . However , airship fires have been observed when lightning strikes the vehicle as it vents hydrogen as ballast in preparation for landing . The vented hydrogen mixes with the oxygen in the atmosphere , creating a combustible mixture . The Hindenburg was venting hydrogen at the time of the disaster .", "19": "However , witnesses did not observe any lightning storms as the ship made its final approach . Engine failure hypothesis ( edit ) On the 70th anniversary of the accident , The Philadelphia Inquirer carried an article with yet another hypothesis , based on an interview of ground crew member Robert Buchanan . He had been a young man on the crew manning the mooring lines . As the airship was approaching the mooring mast , he noted that one of the engines , thrown into reverse for a hard turn , backfired , and a shower of sparks was emitted . After being interviewed by Addison Bain , Buchanan believed that the airship 's outer skin was ignited by engine sparks . Another ground crewman , Robert Shaw , saw a blue ring behind the tail fin and had also seen sparks coming out of the engine . Shaw believed that the blue ring he saw was leaking hydrogen which was ignited by the engine sparks . Dr. Eckener rejected the idea that hydrogen could have been ignited by an engine backfire , postulating that the hydrogen could not have been ignited by any exhaust because the temperature is too low to ignite the hydrogen . The ignition temperature for hydrogen is 500 ° C ( 932 ° F ) , but the sparks from the exhaust only reach 250 ° C ( 482 ° F ) . The Zeppelin Company also carried out extensive tests and hydrogen had never ignited . Additionally , the fire was first seen at the top of the airship , not near the bottom of the hull . Fire 's initial fuel ( edit ) Most current analyses of the fire assume ignition due to some form of electricity as the cause . However , there is still much controversy over whether the fabric skin of the airship , or the hydrogen used for buoyancy , was the initial fuel for the resulting fire . Incendiary paint hypothesis ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The incendiary paint theory ( IPT ) was proposed in 1996 by retired NASA scientist Addison Bain , stating that the doping compound of the airship was the cause of the fire , and that the Hindenburg would have burned even if it were filled with helium .", "20": "The hypothesis is limited to the source of ignition and to the flame front propagation , not to the source of most of the burning material , as once the fire started and spread the hydrogen clearly must have burned ( although some proponents of the incendiary paint theory claim that hydrogen burned much later in the fire or that it otherwise did not contribute to the rapid spread of the fire ) . The incendiary paint hypothesis asserts that the major component in starting the fire and feeding its spread was the canvas skin because of the compound used on it . Proponents of this hypothesis argue that the coatings on the fabric contained both iron oxide and aluminum - impregnated cellulose acetate butyrate ( CAB ) which remain potentially reactive even after fully setting . Iron oxide and aluminum can be used as components of solid rocket fuel or thermite . For example , the propellant for the Space Shuttle solid rocket booster includes both `` aluminum ( fuel , 16 % ) , ( and ) iron oxide ( a catalyst , 0.4 % ) '' . The coating applied to the Hindenburg 's covering did not have a sufficient quantity of any material capable of acting as an oxidizer , which is a necessary component of rocket fuel , however , oxygen is also available from the air . Bain received permission from the German government to search their archives and discovered evidence that , during the Nazi regime , German scientists concluded the dope on the Hindenburg 's fabric skin was the cause of the conflagration . Bain interviewed the wife of the investigation 's lead scientist Max Dieckmann , and she stated that her husband had told her about the conclusion and instructed her to tell no one , presumably because it would have embarrassed the Nazi government . Additionally , Dieckmann concluded that it was the poor conductivity , not the flammability of the doping compound , that led to the ignition of hydrogen . However , Otto Beyersdorff , an independent investigator hired by the Zeppelin Company , asserted that the outer skin itself was flammable . In several television shows , Bain attempted to prove the flammability of the fabric by igniting it with a Jacob 's Ladder . Although Bain 's fabric ignited , critics argue that Bain had to correctly position the fabric parallel to a machine with a continuous electric current inconsistent with atmospheric conditions .", "21": "In response to this criticism , the IPT therefore postulates that a spark would need to be parallel to the surface , and that `` panel - to - panel arcing '' occurs , where the spark moves between panels of paint isolated from each other . A.J. Dessler , a critic of the IPT , points out a static spark does not have sufficient energy to ignite the doping compound , and that the insulating properties of the doping compound prevents a parallel spark path through it . Additionally , Dessler contends that the skin would also be electrically conductive in the wet and damp conditions before the fire . Critics also argue that port side witnesses on the field , as well as crew members stationed in the stern , saw a glow inside Cell 4 before any fire broke out of the skin , indicating that the fire began inside the airship or that after the hydrogen ignited , the invisible fire fed on the gas cell material . Newsreel footage clearly shows that the fire was burning inside the structure . Proponents of the paint hypothesis claim that the glow is actually the fire igniting on the starboard side , as seen by some other witnesses . From two eyewitness statements , Bain asserts the fire began near cell 1 behind the tail fins and spread forward before it was seen by witnesses on the port side . However , photographs of the early stages of the fire show the gas cells of the Hindenburg 's entire aft section fully aflame , and no glow is seen through the areas where the fabric is still intact . Burning gas spewing upward from the top of the airship was causing low pressure inside , allowing atmospheric pressure to press the skin inwards . The wreckage of the Hindenburg the morning after the crash . Some fabric remains on the tail fins . Occasionally the Hindenburg 's varnish is incorrectly identified as , or stated being similar to , cellulose nitrate which , like most nitrates , burns very readily . Instead , the cellulose acetate butyrate ( CAB ) used to seal the zeppelin 's skin is rated by the plastics industry as combustible but nonflammable . That is , it will burn if placed within a fire but is not readily ignited . It should also be noted that not all fabric on the Hindenburg burned . For example , the fabric on the port and starboard tail fins was not completely consumed .", "22": "That the fabric not near the hydrogen fire did not burn is not consistent with the `` explosive '' dope hypothesis . The TV show MythBusters explored the incendiary paint hypothesis . Their findings indicated that the aluminum and iron oxide ratios in the Hindenburg 's skin , while certainly flammable , were not enough on their own to destroy the zeppelin . Had the skin contained enough metal to produce pure thermite , the Hindenburg would have been too heavy to fly . The MythBusters team also discovered that the Hindenburg 's coated skin had a higher ignition temperature than that of untreated material , and that it would initially burn slowly , but that after some time the fire would begin to accelerate considerably with some indication of a thermite reaction . From this , they concluded that those arguing against the incendiary paint theory may have been wrong about the airship 's skin not forming thermite due to the compounds being separated in different layers . Despite this , the skin alone would burn too slowly to account for the rapid spread of the fire , as it would have taken four times the speed for the ship to burn . The MythBusters concluded that the paint may have contributed to the disaster , but that it was not the sole reason for such rapid combustion . Hydrogen hypothesis ( edit ) The theory that hydrogen was ignited by a static spark is the most widely accepted theory as determined by the official crash investigations . Offering support for the hypothesis that there was some sort of hydrogen leak prior to the fire is that the airship remained stern - heavy before landing , despite efforts to put the airship back in trim . This could have been caused by a leak of the gas , which started mixing with air , potentially creating a form of oxyhydrogen and filling up the space between the skin and the cells . A ground crew member , R.H. Ward , reported seeing the fabric cover of the upper port side of the airship fluttering , `` as if gas was rising and escaping '' from the cell . He said that the fire began there , but that no other disturbance occurred at the time when the fabric fluttered . Another man on the top of the mooring mast had also reported seeing a flutter in the fabric as well . Pictures that show the fire burning along straight lines that coincide with the boundaries of gas cells suggest that the fire was not burning along the skin , which was continuous .", "23": "Crew members stationed in the stern reported actually seeing the cells burning . Two main theories have been postulated as to how gas could have leaked . Dr. Eckener believed a snapped bracing wire had torn a gas cell open ( see below ) , while others suggest that a maneuvering or automatic gas valve was stuck open and gas from cell 4 leaked through . During the airship 's first flight to Rio , a gas cell was nearly emptied when an automatic valve was stuck open , and gas had to be transferred from other cells to maintain an even keel . However , no other valve failures were reported during the ship 's flight history , and on the final approach there was no indication in instruments that a valve had stuck open . Although proponents of the IPT claim that the hydrogen was odorized with garlic , it would have been detectable only in the area of a leak . Once the fire was underway , more powerful smells would have masked any garlic odor . There were no reports of anyone smelling garlic during the flight , but no official documents have been found to prove that the hydrogen was even odorized . Opponents of this hypothesis note that the fire was reported as burning bright red , while pure hydrogen burns blue if it is visible at all , although there were many other materials that were consumed by the fire which could have changed its hue . Some of the airshipmen at the time , including Captain Pruss , asserted that the stern heaviness was normal , since aerodynamic pressure would push rainwater towards the stern of the airship . The stern heaviness was also noticed minutes before the airship made its sharp turns for its approach ( ruling out the snapped wire theory as the cause of the stern heaviness ) , and some crew members stated that it was corrected as the ship stopped ( after sending six men into the bow section of the ship ) . Additionally , the gas cells of the ship were not pressurized , and a leak would not cause the fluttering of the outer cover , which was not seen until seconds before the fire . However , reports of the amount of rain the ship had collected have been inconsistent . Several witnesses testified that there was no rain as the ship approached until a light rain fell minutes before the fire , while several crew members stated that before the approach the ship did encounter heavy rain .", "24": "Albert Sammt , the ship 's first officer who oversaw the measures to correct the stern - heaviness , initially attributed to fuel consumption and sending crewmen to their landing stations in the stern , though years later , he would assert that a leak of hydrogen had occurred . On its final approach the rainwater may have evaporated and may not completely account for the observed stern - heaviness , as the airship should have been in good trim ten minutes after passing through rain . Dr. Eckener noted that the stern heaviness was significant enough that 70,000 kilogram meter ( 506,391 foot - pounds ) of trimming was needed . Puncture hypothesis ( edit ) Although Captain Pruss believed that the Hindenburg could withstand tight turns without significant damage , proponents of the puncture hypothesis , including Hugo Eckener , question the airship 's structural integrity after being repeatedly stressed over its flight record . The airship did not receive much in the way of routine inspections even though there was evidence of at least some damage on previous flights . It is not known whether that damage was properly repaired or even whether all the failures had been found . During the ship 's first return flight from Rio , Hindenburg had once lost an engine and almost drifted over Africa , where it could have crashed . Afterwards , Dr. Eckener ordered section chiefs to inspect the airship during flight . However , the complexity of the airship 's structure would make it virtually impossible to detect all weaknesses in the structure . In March 1936 , the Hindenburg and the Graf Zeppelin made three - day flights to drop leaflets and broadcast speeches via loudspeaker . Before the airship 's takeoff on March 26 , 1936 , Ernst Lehmann chose to launch the Hindenburg with the wind blowing from behind the airship , instead of into the wind as per standard procedure . During the takeoff , the airship 's tail struck the ground , and part of the lower fin was broken . Although that damage was repaired , the force of the impact may have caused internal damage . Only six days before the disaster , it was planned to make the Hindenburg have a hook on her hull to carry aircraft in a similar way to what the US Navy did with the USS Akron and the USS Macon .", "25": "However , the trials were unsuccessful as the biplane hit the Hindenburg 's trapeze several times . The structure of the airship may have been further affected by this incident . Newsreels , as well as the map of the landing approach , show the Hindenburg made several sharp turns , first towards port and then starboard , just before the accident . Proponents posit that either of these turns could have weakened the structure near the vertical fins , causing a bracing wire to snap and puncture at least one of the internal gas cells . Additionally , some of the bracing wires may have even been substandard . One bracing wire tested after the crash broke at a mere 70 % of its rated load . A punctured cell would have freed hydrogen into the air and could have been ignited by a static discharge ( see above ) , or it is also possible that the broken bracing wire struck a girder , causing sparks to ignite hydrogen . When the fire started , people on board the airship reported hearing a muffled detonation , but outside , a ground crew member on the starboard side reported hearing a crack . Some speculate the sound was from a bracing wire snapping . Eckener concluded that the puncture hypothesis , due to pilot error , was the most likely explanation for the disaster . He held Captains Pruss and Lehmann , and Charles Rosendahl responsible for what he viewed as a rushed landing procedure with the airship badly out of trim under poor weather conditions . Pruss had made the sharp turn under Lehmann 's pressure ; while Rosendahl called the airship in for landing , believing the conditions were suitable . Eckener noted that a smaller storm front followed the thunderstorm front , creating conditions suitable for static sparks . During the US inquiry , Eckener testified that he believed that the fire was caused by the ignition of hydrogen by a static spark : The ship proceeded in a sharp turn to approach for its landing . That generates extremely high tension in the after part of the ship , and especially in the center sections close to the stabilizing fins which are braced by shear wires . I can imagine that one of these shear wires parted and caused a rent in a gas cell .", "26": "If we will assume this further , then what happened subsequently can be fitted in to what observers have testified to here : Gas escaped from the torn cell upwards and filled up the space between the outer cover and the cells in the rear part of the ship , and then this quantity of gas which we have assumed in the hypothesis was ignited by a static spark . Under these conditions , naturally , the gas accumulated between the gas cells and the outer cover must have been a very rich gas . That means it was not an explosive mixture of hydrogen , but more of a pure hydrogen . The loss of gas must have been appreciable . I would like to insert here , because the necessary trimming moments to keep the ship on an even keel were appreciable , and everything apparently happened in the last five or six minutes , that is , during the sharp turn preceding the landing maneuver , that therefore there must have been a rich gas mixture up there , or possibly pure gas , and such gas does not burn in the form of an explosion . It burns off slowly , particularly because it was in an enclosed space between outer cover and gas cells , and only in the moment when gas cells are burned by the burning off of this gas , then the gas escapes in greater volume , and then the explosions can occur , which have been reported to us at a later stage of the accident by so many witnesses . The rest it is not necessary for me to explain , and in conclusion , I would like to state this appears to me to be a possible explanation , based on weighing all of the testimony that I have heard so far . However , the apparent stern heaviness during the landing approach was noticed thirty minutes before the landing approach , indicating that a gas leak resulting from a sharp turn did not cause the initial stern heaviness . Fuel leak ( edit ) The 2001 documentary Hindenburg Disaster : Probable Cause suggested that 16 - year - old Bobby Rutan , who claimed that he had smelled `` gasoline '' when he was standing below the Hindenburg 's aft port engine , had detected a diesel fuel leak . During the investigation , Commander Charles Rosendahl dismissed the boy 's report . The day before the disaster , a fuel pump had broken during the flight , but the chief engineer testified that the pump had been replaced .", "27": "The resulting vapor of a diesel leak , in addition to the engines being overheated , would have been highly flammable and could have self - combusted . However , the documentary makes numerous mistakes into assuming that the fire began in the keel . First , it implies that the crewmen in the lower fin had seen the fire start in the keel and that Hans Freund and Helmut Lau looked towards the front of the airship to see the fire , when Freund was actually looking rearward when the fire started . Most witnesses on the ground reported seeing flames at the top of the ship , but the only location where a fuel leak could have a potential ignition source is the engines . Additionally , while investigators in the documentary suggest it is possible for a fire in the keel to go unnoticed until it breaks the top section , other investigators such as Greg Feith consider it unlikely because the only point diesel comes into contact with a hot surface is the engines . Rate of flame propagation ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this section if you can . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fabric of the Hindenburg , held in the Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center Regardless of the source of ignition or the initial fuel for the fire , there remains the question of what caused the rapid spread of flames along the length of the airship . Here again the debate has centered on the fabric covering of the airship and the hydrogen used for buoyancy . Proponents of both the incendiary paint hypothesis and the hydrogen hypothesis agree that the fabric coatings were probably responsible for the rapid spread of the fire . The combustion of hydrogen is not usually visible to the human eye in daylight , because most of its radiation is not in the visible portion of the spectrum but rather ultraviolet . Thus what can be seen burning in the photographs can not be hydrogen . However , black - and - white photographic film of the era had a different light sensitivity spectrum than the human eye , and was sensitive farther out into the infrared and ultraviolet regions than the human eye . And while hydrogen tends to burn invisibly , the materials around it , if combustible , would change the color of the fire . The motion picture films show the fire spreading downward along the skin of the airship .", "28": "While fires generally tend to burn upward , especially including hydrogen fires , the enormous radiant heat from the blaze would have quickly spread fire over the entire surface of the airship , thus apparently explaining the downward propagation of the flames . Falling , burning debris would also appear as downward streaks of fire . Those skeptical of the incendiary paint hypothesis cite recent technical papers which claim that even if the airship had been coated with actual rocket fuel , it would have taken many hours to burn -- not the 32 to 37 seconds that it actually took . Modern experiments that recreated the fabric and coating materials of the Hindenburg seem to discredit the incendiary fabric hypothesis . They conclude that it would have taken about 40 hours for the Hindenburg to burn if the fire had been driven by combustible fabric . Two additional scientific papers also strongly reject the fabric hypothesis . However , these claims do not agree with the results the MythBusters achieved on the Hindenburg special of their TV show and others feel the criticisms do not take into account the conditions that lead to firestorms , such as convection and ignition from radiant energy . The most conclusive proof against the fabric hypothesis is in the photographs of the actual accident as well as the many airships which were not doped with aluminum powder and still exploded violently . When a single gas cell explodes , it creates a shock wave and heat . The shock wave tends to rip nearby bags which then explode themselves . In the case of the Ahlhorn disaster on January 5 , 1918 , explosions of airships in one hangar caused the explosions of others in three adjoining hangars , wiping out all five Zeppelins at the base . The photos of the Hindenburg disaster clearly show that after the cells in the aft section of the airship exploded and the combustion products were vented out the top of the airship , the fabric on the rear section was still largely intact , and air pressure from the outside was acting upon it , caving the sides of the airship inward due to the reduction of pressure caused by the venting of combustion gases out the top .", "29": "The loss of lift at the rear caused the airship to nose up suddenly and the back to break in half ( the airship was still in one piece ) , at that time the primary mode for the fire to spread was along the axial gangway which acted as a chimney , conducting fire which burst out the nose as the airship 's tail touched the ground , and as seen in one of the most famous pictures of the disaster . Memorial ( edit ) Current marker at the disaster site , shown with Hangar No. 1 in background The actual site of the Hindenburg crash is at Naval Air Station Lakehurst , renamed by the Naval Air Systems Command ( NAVAIR ) as Naval Air Engineering Station ( NAES ) Lakehurst ( or `` Navy Lakehurst '' for short ) , it is marked with a chain - outlined pad and bronze plaque where the airship 's gondola landed . It was dedicated on May 6 , 1987 , the 50th anniversary of the disaster . Hangar No. 1 , which still stands , is where the airship was to be housed after landing . It was designated a Registered National Historic Landmark in 1968 . Pre-registered tours are held through the Navy Lakehurst Historical Society . Popular culture ( edit ) Main article : Hindenburg disaster in popular culture See also ( edit ) Max Pruss Albert Sammt Crash cover Hindenburg disaster newsreel footage Herbert Morrison ( announcer ) Hindenburg : The Untold Story , a docudrama aired on the 70th anniversary of the disaster , May 6 , 2007 Timeline of hydrogen technologies List of airship accidents References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Per an annotated ship 's diagram submitted to the U.S.", "30": "Commerce Department 's Board of Inquiry into the disaster , there were 12 men in the forward section of the ship at the time of the fire : Ludwig Felber ( apprentice `` elevatorman '' ) ; Alfred Bernhardt ( helmsman ) ; Erich Spehl ( rigger ) ; Ernst Huchel ( senior elevatorman ) ; Rudi Bialas ( engine mechanic ) ; Alfred Stöckle ( engine mechanic ) ; Fritz Flackus ( cook 's assistant ) ; Richard Müller ( cook 's assistant ) ; Ludwig Knorr ( chief rigger ) ; Josef Leibrecht ( electrician ) ; Kurt Bauer ( elevatorman ) ; and Alfred Grözinger ( cook ) . Of these , only Leibrecht , Bauer and Grözinger survived the fire . Examination of the unedited Board of Inquiry testimony transcripts ( stored at the National Archives ) , combined with examination of the Landing Stations chart on page 212 of Harold Dick and Douglas Robinson 's book Graf Zeppelin and Hindenburg , indicates that the six off - watch men who were sent forward to trim the ship were Bialas , Stöckle , Flackus , Müller , Leibrecht and Grözinger . The other men were at their previously assigned landing stations . More recent research found that was not Bialas , but his colleague Walter Banholzer , who was sent forward along with the other five men . Jump up ^ This is corroborated by the official testimonies and later recollections of several passenger survivors from the starboard passenger deck , including Nelson Morris , Leonhard Adelt and his wife Gertrud , Hans - Hugo Witt , Rolf von Heidenstam , and George Hirschfeld . Jump up ^ Board of Inquiry testimony of Hans - Hugo Witt , a Luftwaffe military observer traveling as a passenger . Jump up ^ Subsequent on - camera interviews with Späh and his letter to the Board of Inquiry corroborate this version of his escape . One or two more dramatic versions of his escape have appeared over the years , neither of which are supported by the newsreels of the crash , one of which shows a fairly close view of the portside passenger windows as passengers and stewards begin to drop through them .", "31": "Jump up ^ Board of Inquiry testimonies of Kurt Bauer and Alfred Grözinger Citations Jump up ^ WLS Broadcast Of the Hindenburg Disaster 1937 . Chicagoland Radio and Media Retrieved May 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Craats 2009 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Airplane shuttle service to operate , Newark to Lakehurst , for Hindenburg . '' The New York Times , April 12 , 1936 . p . XX5 . Jump up ^ Tanaka , Shelley ( 1993 ) . The Disaster of the Hindenberg : The Last Flight of the Greatest Airship Ever Built . p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Blackwell 2007 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann and Harkin 2002 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Mooney 1972 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Fielding , Raymond `` The American Newsreel : A Complete History , 1911 -- 1967 , 2d ed . '' Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , ( 2006 ) pp. 142 -- 3 Jump up ^ `` How Did They Ever Get That '' Photoplay Magazine , October 1937 , p. 24 Jump up ^ `` Life on the American Newsfront : Amateur Photographs of the Hindenburg 's Last Landing '' . LIFE Magazine . May 17 , 1937 . Jump up ^ Russell , Patrick ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Hindenburg Crash -- Foo Chu 's Amateur Photo Sequence '' . Projekt LZ 129 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duggan , John ; Meyer , Henry Cord ( 2001 ) . Airships in International Affairs , 1890 -- 1940 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0333751280 . Jump up ^ Russell , Patrick . `` Allen Orlando Hagaman ( 1885 -- 1937 ) '' . Projekt LZ129 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 .", "32": "Jump up ^ Birger Brinck , Burtis John Dolan , Edward Douglas , Emma Pannes , Ernst Rudolf Anders , Fritz Erdmann , Hermann Doehner , John Pannes , Moritz Feibusch , Otto Reichold . Jump up ^ Albert Holderried , mechanic ; Alfred Stockle , engine mechanic ; Alois Reisacher , mechanic ; Emilie Imohof , hostess ; Ernst Huchel , senior elevatorman ; Ernst Schlapp , electrician ; Franz Eichelmann , radio operator ; Fritz Flackus , cook 's assistant ; Alfred Hitchcok , chief mechanic ; Ludwig Knorr , chief rigger ; Max Schulze , bar steward ; Richard Muller , assistant chef ; Robert Moser , mechanic ; Rudi Bialas , engine mechanic ; Wilhelm Dimmler , engineering officer ; Willi Scheef , mechanic . Jump up ^ Some of the 26 people listed as immediate victims may have actually died immediately after the disaster in the air station 's infirmary , but being identified only after some time , along with the corpses of the victims who died in the fire . Jump up ^ Alfred Bernhardt , helmsman ; Erich Spehl , rigger ; Ernst August Lehmann , director of flight operations ; Ludwig Felber , apprentice elevatorman ; Walter Banholzer , engine mechanic ; Willy Speck , chief radio operator . Jump up ^ Erich Knocher , Irene Doehner , and Otto Ernst . Jump up ^ Russell , Patrick B. `` Passengers aboard LZ 129 Hindenburg -- May 3 -- 6 , 1937 . '' Faces of The Hindenburg , October 25 , 2009 . Retrieved : April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Dan . `` The Hindenburg Disaster '' . Airships.net . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce . `` Werner Franz , survivor of the Hindenburg 's crew , dies at 92 . '' The New York Times , August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frassanelli , Mike `` The Hindenburg 75 years later : Memories time can not erase . '' The Newark Star - Ledger , May 6 , 2012 .", "33": "Jump up ^ `` Faces of the Hindenburg Captain Max Pruss '' . December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Russell , Patrock . `` Captain Ernst A. Lehmann '' . Faces of the Hindenburg . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Werthmüller , Andreas . The Hindenburg Disaster . Rüfenacht Switzerland : Swiss Hydrogen Association , February 22 , 2006 . Archived February 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Zeppelin plot a possibility , Eckener says . '' The Pittsburgh Press , May 7 , 1937 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Eckener , Hugo . My Zeppelins . New York : Putnam & Co. Ltd. , 1958 . Jump up ^ Rosendahl , Commander C.E. What About The Airship ? . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1938 . Jump up ^ `` Max Pruss . '' Columbia University 's Oral History Research Office interview . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010. Archived June 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hoehling . '' law.uconn.edu . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010. Archived September 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : National Geographic 2000 Jump up ^ Russell , Patrick . `` Erich Spehl '' . Faces of the Hindenburg . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Russell , Patrick . `` Colonel Fritz Erdmann '' . Faces of the Hindenburg . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hindenburg Disaster : Probable Cause . Moondance Films ( 2001 ) , also known as Revealed ... The Hindenburg Mystery ( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hindenburg : The Untold Story . '' Smithsonian Channel , broadcast date : May 6 , 2007 6.00 pm . Retrieved : April 5 , 2015 .", "34": "^ Jump up to : Archbold 1994 Jump up ^ Toland 1972 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ The Sunday Morning Star ( May 23 , 1937 ) . `` Eckener gropes to solve blast '' . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Secrets of the Dead : PBS television documentary on the Hindenburg disaster . '' pbs.org . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Douglas . LZ - 129 Hindenburg . New York : Arco Publishing Co , 1964 . Jump up ^ `` Hindenburg mystery solved 76 years after historic catastrophe : static electricity caused the airship to explode '' . Daily Mail . March 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dessler , A.J. ( June 2004 ) . `` The Hindenburg Hydrogen Fire : Fatal Flaws in the Addison Bain Incendiary - Paint Theory '' ( PDF ) . University of Colorado Boulder . Jump up ^ `` The real cause of the Hindenburg disaster ? '' Philadelphia Inquirer , May 6 , 2007 . Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hindenburg . '' Archived May 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . balloonlife.com . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Discussion of dope applied to Hindenburg covering . '' airships.net . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Description of rocket fuel . '' Archived July 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . nasa.gov . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened to the Hindenburg ? '' PBS , June 15 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Dessler , A.J. `` The Hindenburg Hydrogen Fire : Fatal Flaws in the Addison Bain Incendiary - Paint Theory '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flammability of Hindenburg Covering . '' airships.net . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 .", "35": "Jump up ^ `` MythBusters Episode 70 . '' Discovery Channel , first broadcast , January 10 , 2007 . Retrieved : May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Botting 2001 , pp. 249 -- 251 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty - two Seconds . '' keepgoing.org . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dick & Robinson , 1985 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ smithsonianmag.com paragraph 6 ; Retrieved October 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ The Hindenburg ; by Marc Tyler Nobleman ; page 38 Jump up ^ `` Theory . '' iop.com . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Commerce Department Inquiry . '' airships.net . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibits . '' specialcollections.wichita.edu . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , Patrick . `` Das ich nicht ... '' . Projekt LZ129 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hindenburg fire theories . '' spot.colorado.edu . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Citizen Scientist on the flammable coating ( IPT ) . '' sas.org . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Archived June 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lakehurst . '' Archived September 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . lakehust.navy.mil . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Attractions . '' roadsideamerica.com . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tours . '' hlhs.com . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Documents . '' Archived September 29 , 2007 , at Archive.is nlweb . Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Lakehurst Historical Society . '' nlhs.com .", "36": "Retrieved : September 20 , 2010 . Bibliography Archbold , Rick . Hindenburg : An Illustrated History . Toronto : Viking Studio / Madison Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 85225 - 2 . Birchall , Frederick . `` 100,000 Hail Hitler ; U.S. Athletes Avoid Nazi Salute to Him '' . The New York Times , August 1 , 1936 , p. 1 . Blackwell , Jon . Notorious New Jersey : 100 True Tales of Murders and Mobsters , Scandals and Scoundrels . Piscataway , New Jersey : Rutgers University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4177 - 8 . Botting , Douglas . Dr. Eckener 's Dream Machine : The Great Zeppelin and the Dawn of Air Travel . New York : Henry Holt & Co. , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6458 - 3 . Craats , Rennay . USA : Past , Present , Future - Economy . New York : Weigl Publishers Inc. , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60596 - 247 - 4 . Deutsche Zeppelin - Reederei . Airship Voyages Made Easy ( 16 page booklet for `` Hindenburg '' passengers ) . Friedrichshafen , Germany : Luftschiffbau Zeppelin G.m.b.H. , 1937 . Dick , Harold G. and Douglas H. Robinson . The Golden Age of the Great Passenger Airships Graf Zeppelin & Hindenburg . Washington , D.C. and London : Smithsonian Institution Press , 1985 . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 219 - 5 . Duggan , John . LZ 129 `` Hindenburg '' : The Complete Story . Ickenham , UK : Zeppelin Study Group , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 9514114 - 8 - 9 . Hoehling , A.A. Who Destroyed The Hindenburg ? Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 1962 .", "37": "ISBN 0 - 445 - 08347 - 6 . Hoffmann , Peter and Tom Harkin . Tomorrow 's Energy . Boston : MIT Press , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 58221 - 6 . Lehmann , Ernst . Zeppelin : The Story of Lighter - than - air Craft . London : Longmans , Green and Co. , 1937 . Majoor , Mireille . Inside the Hindenburg . Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 12386 - 2 . Mooney , Michael Macdonald . The Hindenburg . New York : Dodd , Mead & Company , 1972 . ISBN 0 - 396 - 06502 - 3 . National Geographic . Hindenburg 's Fiery Secret ( DVD ) . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Video , 2000 . Toland , John . The Great Dirigibles : Their Triumphs and Disasters . Boston : Courier Dover Publications , 1972 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 21397 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Lawson , Don . Engineering Disasters : Lessons to Be Learned . New York : ASME Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0791802304 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hindenburg disaster . Video Actual film footage of Hindenburg disaster The short film Hindenburg Explodes ( 1937 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Hindenburg Crash , June 5 , 1937 ( Disc 2 ) ( 1937 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Universal Newsreel Special Release -- Zeppelin Explodes Scores Dead , 1937 / 05 / 10 ( 1937 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive YouTube video : Universal Newsreel -- May 10 , 1937 Special report on the Hindenburg disaster .", "38": "YouTube video of Herb Morrison 's famous report synchronized with newsreel footage Articles and reports Hindenburg disaster -- Original reports from The Times ( London ) The Hindenburg Makes Her Last Standing at Lakehurst -- Life magazine article from 1937 The Hindenburg Disaster -- Report of the FBI investigation The Hindenburg 75 years later : Memories time can not erase -- NJ.com/Star-Ledger article on the 75th anniversary of the Hindenburg disaster Radio Gives Fast Zeppelin Coverage -- Broadcasting Magazine ( May 15 , 1937 ) article on how radio reported the Hindenburg disaster Under Fire ! -- WLS Stand By magazine ( May 15 , 1937 ) article on Herb Morrison and his engineer Charlie Nehlsen reporting the Hindenburg disaster Websites Rocket Fuel , Thermite , and Hydrogen : Myths about the Hindenburg Crash Airships.net : Discussion of Hindenburg Crash `` Hindenburg & Hydrogen '' by Dr. Karl Kruszelnicki The Hindenburg and Hydrogen : Nonsense from Dr. Karl Kruszelnicki Thirty - Two Seconds -- Article that features rare photos of the disaster , a photograph of the surviving crew and a report on Cabin Boy Werner Franz `` What Happened to the Hindenburg ? '' Transcript : Secrets of the Dead ( June 15 , 2001 , PBS ) Passenger and Crew List of the Hindenburg on its final voyage Faces of the Hindenburg : Biographies and photographs of the survivors and victims of the final voyage Flammable fabric disaster hypothesis An Article Supporting the Flammable Fabric Hypothesis . Retrieved with the Wayback Machine Two Articles Rejecting the Flammable Fabric Hypothesis An article supporting the engine exhaust spark hypothesis . Retrieved with the Wayback Machine ( hide ) ← 1936 Aviation accidents and incidents in 1937 ( 1937 ) 1938 → Jan 12 Western Air Express Flight 7 Feb 19 Airlines of Australia Stinson crash May 6 Hindenburg disaster Nov 16 Sabena OO - AUB Ostend crash Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "39": "php?title=Hindenburg_disaster&oldid=838203055 '' Categories : 1937 fires 1937 in Germany 1937 in New Jersey Accidents and incidents involving balloons and airships Airliner accidents and incidents involving in - flight explosions Aviation accidents and incidents in New Jersey Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1937 Death in New Jersey Engineering failures Filmed deaths during crashes Fires in New Jersey History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) LZ 129 Hindenburg May 1937 events Ocean County , New Jersey Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Use mdy dates from May 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages incorrectly using the quote template All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles needing cleanup from March 2011 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from March 2011 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2009 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Ελληνικά Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Русский සිංහල Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 15 : 24 .", "40": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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2978779480736570480	days of our lives cast doug and julie	[ "Bill Hayes", "Susan Seaforth Hayes", "Doug is portrayed by Bill Hayes", "Julie is portrayed by Susan Seaforth Hayes", "Bill Hayes", "Susan Seaforth Hayes", "Bill Hayes", "Susan Seaforth" ]	{ "0": "Doug Williams and Julie Olson - wikipedia Doug Williams and Julie Olson Jump to : navigation , search Doug & Julie Williams . Douglas Williams and Julie Olson Williams are fictional characters and a supercouple from the American daytime drama Days of Our Lives . Doug and Julie are considered to be the first supercouple in daytime television history . Doug is portrayed by Bill Hayes and Julie is portrayed by Susan Seaforth Hayes . The actors are married in real life and also still recur in their roles that made them famous on NBC 's Days of our Lives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cultural impact 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Cultural impact ( edit ) Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth began to develop a romance outside of their characters ' storyline . It was `` at first publicized by the soapmill as ' just friends , ' but slowly it developed into a full - scale love affair . '' On a weekend , the two secretly married . Only a few friends of the couple knew about the event . When the press got knowledge of this , it `` set off a commotion among fans , who wrote endless letters to the show asking that the couple also be allowed to get married in the story . If they could get married in real life , so the argument went , they certainly should be able to get together on screen . '' The writers of Days of our Lives refused popular demand , and prolonged the anticipation of the two marrying onscreen . In the book All My Afternoons by Annie Gilbert , the event is described : Nothing was ever such a guarantee of good ratings as star - crossed lovers everyone knew belonged together . But finally the producers set the date for the marriage and Days put on one of the most extravagant weddings imaginable on the screen . It was such a soap opera media event that the local L.A. press ( Days , along with General Hospital and The Young and the Restless , which is produced in Los Angeles ) was invited to the studio to watch . In the episode featuring Doug and Julie 's honeymoon , Susan Seaforth managed to slip an ad libbed line past the censors that was - for US daytime television in the 1970s - provocative and risque . When Doug ( Bill Hayes ) asked her what she would like for breakfast , she mentioned items including juice , coffee and `` big pink sausage . ''", "1": "Doug and Julie were the first soap opera characters to grace the cover of TIME magazine . Entertainment Weekly calls them one of the great soap opera supercouples . See also ( edit ) List of supercouples References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : West , Abby . `` 17 Great Soap Supercouples : Doug and Julie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Days of our Lives . Like sands through the hourglass '' . Soap Opera History.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved June 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , page 112 , continued on page 116 , published in 1978 . Jump up ^ `` SOAP STAR STATS : Susan Seaforth Hayes ( Julie , DAYS ) '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Doug at soapcentral.com Julie at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera", "2": "Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters", "3": "Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Belle Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton", "4": "Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doug_Williams_and_Julie_Olson&oldid=800406098 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Soap opera supercouples Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 10 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "5": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1582234629547061501	who sang i'm gonna run away from you	[ "Tami Lynn", "Tami Lynn", "Tami Lynn", "Tami Lynn", "Tami Lynn" ]	{ "0": "Tami Lynn - wikipedia Tami Lynn Jump to : navigation , search Tami Lynn Also known as Tamiya Lynn 1942 ( age 75 -- 76 ) Gert Town , New Orleans , Louisiana , United States Years active 1965 -- present Labels Mojo Records , Atlantic Records Tami Lynn ( born 1942 , Gert Town , New Orleans , Louisiana , United States ) is an American soul singer . She scored a Top Ten hit on the UK Singles Chart in 1971 , with the song `` I 'm Gonna Run Away From You '' . Biography ( edit ) Lynn was discovered by Jerry Wexler in 1965 after hearing her sing at a talent show . Wexler had her record the Bert Berns penned and produced song , `` I 'm Gonna Run Away From You '' , for Atco Records , but the song was not released at the time , although it was released in the UK on Atlantic , AT. 4071 . She then sang backup for musicians such as The Rolling Stones ( backing vocalist on Exile on Main St . ) , Dr. John , Wilson Pickett , and Sonny & Cher . In 1971 , `` I 'm Gonna Run Away From You '' was released as a single , with `` The Boy Next Door '' as the b - side , on Mojo and Atlantic , where it became a hit in the UK among devotees of Northern soul . The tune hit number 4 in the UK Singles Chart in 1971 . A full - length album , Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone , followed in 1972 , produced by John Abbey . `` I 'm Gonna Run Away From You '' returned to the UK chart in 1975 after being reissued , hitting number 36 the second time around . Another album was the 1992 CD , Tamiya Lynn . Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone was reissued on CD in 2005 , by DBK Works . Discography ( edit ) Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone ( 1972 , reissued 2005 ) Tamiya Lynn ( 1992 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) .", "1": "British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 334 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dusted Reviews : Tami Lynn - Love Is Here And Now You 're Gone '' . Dustedmagazine.com. 2006 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Home of the Groove : Tami Lynn 's Unlikely Hit Had A Funky Flip '' . Homeofthegroove.blogspot.com. 2008 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone - Tami Lynn , Tamiya Lynn : Releases '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 30 . MusicBrainz : b92e2ed6 - 9c1c - 470c - b6d1 - 298159ed878d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tami_Lynn&oldid=823926891 '' Categories : 1942 births Living people American soul singers American female singers R&B musicians from New Orleans Atlantic Records artists Singers from Louisiana Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 07 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6507459087595991641	who plays whitey bulger's girlfriend in black mass	[ "actress Dakota Johnson", "Dakota Johnson" ]	{ "0": "Black Mass ( film ) - wikipedia Black Mass ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Black Mass Theatrical release poster Directed by Scott Cooper Produced by Scott Cooper John Lesher Patrick McCormick Brian Oliver Tyler Thompson Screenplay by Jez Butterworth Mark Mallouk Based on Black Mass by Dick Lehr and Gerard O'Neill Starring Johnny Depp Joel Edgerton Benedict Cumberbatch Rory Cochrane Kevin Bacon Jesse Plemons Corey Stoll Peter Sarsgaard Dakota Johnson Music by Tom Holkenborg Cinematography Masanobu Takayanagi Edited by David Rosenbloom Production company Cross Creek Pictures RatPac - Dune Entertainment Vendian Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) ( Venice ) September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $53 million Box office $99.8 million Black Mass is a 2015 American biographical crime drama film directed by Scott Cooper and written by Mark Mallouk and Jez Butterworth , based on the 2001 book Black Mass : The True Story of an Unholy Alliance Between the FBI and the Irish Mob by Dick Lehr and Gerard O'Neill . The film has an ensemble cast including Johnny Depp , Joel Edgerton , Benedict Cumberbatch , Kevin Bacon , Jesse Plemons , Peter Sarsgaard , Rory Cochrane , Adam Scott , Dakota Johnson and Corey Stoll . The film follows the criminal career of infamous American mobster James `` Whitey '' Bulger ( Depp ) . Principal photography of the film began on May 19 , 2014 in Boston , and wrapped on August 1 , 2014 . It had its world premiere at the 72nd Venice International Film Festival and was released by Warner Bros. worldwide on September 18 , 2015 . It received generally positive reviews and grossed $99 million .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Track listing 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1975 , James `` Whitey '' Bulger , leader of the Winter Hill Gang , controls most organized crime within South Boston , along with his right - hand man Stephen Flemmi , newcomer Kevin Weeks , and callous hitman Johnny Martorano . Bulger lives with his common - law wife Lindsey Cyr and their young son Douglas . Bulger 's supremacy is challenged by the North End Angiulo Brothers , a rival gang that is part of the New England Mafia family . FBI agent John Connolly returns to the area -- he grew up in South Boston as a friend of Whitey and his brother William `` Billy '' Bulger , the Massachusetts Senate President . Connolly tries infiltrating the Angiulo Brothers and attempts to get Whitey to work with the FBI . Although Whitey hates the idea of being a rat , he understands the protection he would have for himself , his gang , and his family . Douglas suffers from Reye syndrome , leading a devastated Lindsey to remove him from life support over Whitey 's furious objections . When the Angiulo Brothers murder a Winter Hill member , Whitey becomes an informant . Although Connolly is supported by his co-worker John Morris , their boss , Charles McGuire , is suspicious . Whitey increasingly exploits the FBI informant relationship , using Connolly 's `` protection '' as a cover for his crimes . Connolly demands information on the Angiulos ' racketeering locations . Finally , Whitey gets pictures of the rival gang 's hideouts , allowing the FBI to wiretap the Angiulos . The FBI arrests them , thus eliminating underground opposition to Whitey 's power . Connolly , blinded by his past , grows closer to Whitey and the gang , even inviting them to his house for a cookout .", "2": "His wife , Marianne , sees negative changes in her husband as his agent - informant relationship with Whitey grows . Cut out of an embezzlement scheme from World Jai Alai , Whitey orders Martorano to murder his rivals Roger Wheeler and John Callahan . An associate , Brian Halloran , goes to the FBI to report Whitey 's involvement , much to Connolly 's displeasure , who then tells Whitey of Halloran 's accusation , thereby resulting in the murders of Halloran and an unnamed accomplice . Following the passing of his mother , Whitey 's behavior becomes increasingly violent and unpredictable , deteriorating his informant relationship . A `` bulldog '' prosecutor , Fred Wyshak , is appointed the new assistant U.S. Attorney in Boston . Connolly attempts to make friends and to perhaps divert his attention from Bulger , but Wyshak bluntly refuses , demanding that the FBI arrest Whitey . John McIntyre , an informant within the Winter Hill Gang , informs on an attempt by Whitey to smuggle weapons for the IRA . Connolly tells Whitey , who murders McIntyre . Wyshak and McGuire investigate Connolly 's management of Whitey 's informant role . They discover that most of what Connolly called Whitey 's tips were already obtained from other sources . Morris , disillusioned and fearing prosecution for his association with Connolly 's activities , anonymously divulges Connolly 's and Whitey 's relationship to the Boston Globe and a front - page story exposes the FBI 's links to organised crime . In the final scenes , Connolly , Flemmi , Weeks , and Martorano are arrested . Whitey goes on the run , but not before giving Billy a final goodbye from a pay phone . Morris turns state 's evidence and testifies against Connolly in return for immunity . Connolly 's and the other characters ' sentences are listed , and a concluding sequence shows a now - elderly Whitey being caught by the FBI in 2011 .", "3": "Cast ( edit ) Johnny Depp as James `` Whitey '' Bulger Joel Edgerton as John Connolly Benedict Cumberbatch as William `` Billy '' Bulger Rory Cochrane as Stephen `` The Rifleman '' Flemmi Kevin Bacon as Charles McGuire Jesse Plemons as Kevin Weeks Peter Sarsgaard as Brian Halloran Dakota Johnson as Lindsey Cyr Corey Stoll as Fred Wyshak David Harbour as John Morris Julianne Nicholson as Marianne Connolly Adam Scott as Robert Fitzpatrick Brad Carter as John McIntyre W. Earl Brown as Johnny Martorano Mark Mahoney as Mickey Maloney Juno Temple as Deborah Hussey Erica McDermott as Mary Bulger Bill Camp as John Callahan Scott Anderson as Tommy King David DeBeck as Roger Wheeler Jamie Donnelly as Ms. Cody Patrick M. Walsh as Michael Donahue Jeremy Strong as Josh Bond ( uncredited ) James Russo as Scott Garriola ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) An idea for a film adaptation of Black Mass : The True Story of an Unholy Alliance Between the FBI and the Irish Mob garnered interest intermittently since 2000 . Even before its published release , the book 's film rights had already been sold to Miramax , when Harvey Weinstein was still part of the company . According to co-author Dick Lehr , Weinstein had never exercised the film option for unknown reasons , and the rights expired . At one point afterwards , in 2002 , filmmaker Robert Greenwald had planned to adapt Black Mass into a 4 - hour miniseries for USA Network , but the project was never developed . Eventually in 2006 , film producer Brian Oliver acquired the film rights for Black Mass , and was set to produce the adaptation with CP Production partners Michael Cerenzie and Christine Peters . After Oliver 's acquisition , Jim Sheridan was attached to direct the film . In 2009 , Sheridan had finished writing a draft of the adapted screenplay with Nye Heron , and principal photography was reportedly scheduled to begin in April 2010 . However , in December 2010 , while discussing the troubled production of his 2011 film Dream House , Sheridan hinted at his detachment from the Black Mass project .", "4": "Oliver 's then - newly founded Cross Creek Pictures film production company took over financing for Black Mass , and Sheridan 's exit was confirmed when Russell Gewirtz was hired in 2011 to write another draft for the adaptation , and Barry Levinson was attached to direct instead . The finished version of Black Mass was scripted by Mark Mallouk and Jez Butterworth , and has been billed as the `` true story of Whitey Bulger , FBI agent John Connolly and the FBI 's witness protection program that was created by J. Edgar Hoover . '' Later in January 2014 , Scott Cooper was attached to re-write and direct the film . On February 27 , 2014 , Warner Bros. picked up the film 's worldwide distribution rights , eyeing an October 2015 release , and the studio co-financed the film with Cross Creek . Casting ( edit ) Johnny Depp 's involvement with Black Mass dates back to February 2013 , when he was attached to star in the film , while Barry Levinson was still slated to direct and principal photography was scheduled to begin in May 2013 . Depp briefly exited the project shortly after its sale at the 66th annual Cannes Film Festival , because of a salary dispute with Cross Creek Pictures . He later rejoined at around the same time Scott Cooper was attached to replace Levinson as director , and his signing for the film was made official in February 2014 . Jesse Plemons and Juno Temple joined the cast to play as Kevin Weeks ( a cohort of Bulger ) and Deborah Hussey , one of Bulger 's victims , respectively , around April 2014 . Plemons reportedly prepared for his role by hiring a dialect coach and studying video of the actual Kevin Weeks . Benedict Cumberbatch replaced Guy Pearce as William `` Billy '' Bulger on May 22 , 2014 . On June 10 , it was announced that Jeremy Strong would co-star in the film . On June 14 , James Russo joined the cast of the film to play Scott Garriola , one of the FBI agents who took down Bulger . On June 26 , Kevin Bacon was added to the cast to play Charles McGuire , the FBI Special Agent in charge of the Boston field office and John Connolly 's boss .", "5": "On July 1 , David Harbour was added to the cast of the film to star as John Morris , a corrupt FBI agent along with Connolly . The roles of Connolly -- who was Whitey Bulger 's FBI handler -- and his first wife Marianne , were filled by Joel Edgerton and Julianne Nicholson , respectively . Cooper chose Nicholson for the part after her performance as Sally in Sam Shepard 's off - Broadway play Heartless ( before Claire van der Boom succeeded her for the play 's two - week extension ) . Edgerton developed his portrayal of Connolly by studying past footage of the FBI agent before his imprisonment , some of which include his appearances on talk shows and in courtrooms . In an interview with The Wall Street Journal , Edgerton stated that he declined trying to meet with the actual Connolly , reasoning that Connolly `` has one version of events and the film has a different version '' . Edgerton originally dropped out of the project when Depp agreed to return , and Tom Hardy was in early talks for the role . However , Edgerton returned in the role . In preparing for his role , Depp similarly studied surveillance and police audio footage involving Bulger . The actor was adamant in depicting the Boston gang leader 's criminal and personal life as would be ultimately portrayed in the film . To achieve that , Depp attempted to meet with Bulger himself , but was declined a meeting and instead consulted Jay Carney , Bulger 's attorney . Carney appeared on set a few times , to provide feedback on Depp 's performance . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography commenced on May 19 , 2014 in Boston ; actors were seen filming scenes in Dorchester . On May 23 , some shots were also filmed at Polish American Club ( altered to recreate West Broadway 's Triple O 's Lounge , Whitey 's infamous South Boston hangout ) , on Cambridge Street in Cambridge . On May 27 , filming was taking place in East Boston , where Johnny Depp and Jesse Plemons were seen together on the set . Next day on May 28 , Joel Edgerton was seen during filming of a scene on Silver Street in South Boston . On June 4 , Depp was spotted in Lynn during a recreation of the 1982 murders of Brian Halloran and Michael Donahue by Bulger .", "6": "On June 6 -- 7 , Depp was seen filming scenes at Copley Square in Boston . On June 9 , Depp 's 51st birthday , he was filming scenes on location in Quincy , where actress Dakota Johnson was in Back Bay , playing Whitey Bulger 's longtime former girlfriend , Lindsey Cyr . On June 11 , shooting was underway in Lynn , where the crew was filming scenes in which Bulger and Stephen Flemmi pick up a prostitute named Deborah Hussey ( played by Juno Temple ) from the police station . Temple was seen on the set . On June 16 , Depp and Plemons were spotted on the set of the film in South Boston . On June 20 , news posted some photos from the set of the film , which features classic cars from the film set in South Boston . On June 23 , Cumberbatch and Depp were spotted during a re-creation of Saint Patrick 's Day parade scenes in Lynn . On June 24 , scenes were shot at the Harvard Club in Boston . On June 26 , Cumberbatch was spotted with crew while filming around Ashmont Grill in Dorchester . On June 29 , the pavement outside South Boston High School had graffiti readings of `` Stop Forced Busing '' and `` Press Print the Truth . '' On July 2 , Depp and Cumberbatch were together filming some scenes in Boston . On July 7 -- 8 , filming was set to take place on Gilson Road in Quincy . A four - story building on 6 Gilson Road was transformed to resemble the Princess Eugenia apartments in Santa Monica , California , where FBI agents arrested Bulger on June 22 , 2011 . Arrest scenes were filmed there on July 7 and 8 , and Sienna Miller was spotted dressed as Catherine Greig . From July 8 -- 10 , scenes were filmed on Revere Beach , so that a portion of Revere Beach remained closed . Between July 11 -- 12 , Revere Beach Boulevard remained closed for shooting . Revere Beach was transformed into Miami Beach , Florida , as live palm trees had been planted in the sand and a pizza restaurant was transformed into a Cuban cafe on Revere Beach Boulevard across the street from Beach .", "7": "Depp as Whitey Bulger and Miller as Catherine Greig were spotted on the Black Mass set on the Revere Beach on July 10 , 2014 . On July 15 , Cumberbatch wrapped filming for his part in Boston . On July 21 , Depp filmed some scenes at the former Anthony 's Hawthorne restaurant , located at Oxford Street and Central Avenue in Lynn . Depp 's wife Amber Heard visited Depp on the set of the film on July 21 , the last day of filming for Depp 's role . In July , director Cooper told The Boston Globe that filming had to take place for two more weeks in Boston , focusing on the FBI 's role in the Bulger story . On July 25 , Kevin Bacon was in Boston , filming some remaining scenes for the film . According to The Boston Globe , filming for Black Mass wrapped up on Friday , August 1 , 2014 , in Boston . Post-production ( edit ) Sienna Miller was cast and filmed scenes as Catherine Greig , Bulger 's companion while a fugitive , but her scenes ended up getting cut from the film due to `` narrative choices '' . Erica McDermott was cast as Mary Bulger , wife of Billy Bulger , but the majority of her scenes were cut out . Release ( edit ) On June 30 , 2014 , Warner Bros. set the film for a September 18 , 2015 worldwide release . It was selected to be shown in the `` Fuori Concorso '' section of the Venice Film Festival . It was also shown at the Telluride Film Festival the next day , and in the Special Presentation section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival . Marketing ( edit ) On April 23 , 2015 , the first trailer for the film was released , followed by a second trailer on May 22 . A third trailer was released on July 30 . Home media ( edit ) Black Mass was released on DVD and Blu - ray on February 16 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Black Mass grossed $62.6 million in North America and $37.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $99.8 million , against a production budget of $53 million .", "8": "In its opening weekend , the film was projected to earn $26 -- 27 million from 3,188 theaters . It grossed $8.8 million on its opening day , including $1.4 million from its early Thursday showings , and in its opening weekend , earned $22.6 million , finishing second at the box office behind fellow newcomer Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( $30.3 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 74 % based on 254 reviews and an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Black Mass spins a gripping yarn out of its fact - based story -- and leaves audiences with one of Johnny Depp 's most compelling performances in years . '' On Metacritic , the film has a rating of 68 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Depp 's portrayal of Bulger received critical acclaim . Critics from The Hollywood Reporter , Variety , and TheWrap called it one of his best performances to date . The Hollywood Reporter 's Todd McCarthy , in addition to praising the film , called Depp 's performance `` fully convincing and frightening '' , saying it is `` very welcome at this point in his career and one of his best . '' Similarly , Indie Wire 's Eric Kohn praised the cast and highlighted Depp 's performance and Cooper 's directorial efforts to depict `` the haunting legacy of Bulger 's criminal deeds , and the lingering sense that no justice can erase their impact . '' Admiring Black Mass as an `` elegantly understated crime drama '' , Variety 's Scott Foundas positively compared Depp 's performance in the film to his earlier roles with Tim Burton . TheWrap 's Alonso Duralde praised Depp 's performance , but was less positive towards the film 's pacing and short onscreen appearances of some supporting characters .", "9": "BBC Culture 's Nicolas Barber found some of the subplots to be unnecessary ( specifically mentioning Benedict Cumberbatch as Billy Bulger ) , and argued that `` the film is never bad , but , given the gob - smacking true story , it 's disappointing that it 's not great '' . In a negative review , CraveOnline 's Fred Topel labeled Black Mass as a `` black mess '' . He criticized the screenwriting and argued that the film borrows too heavily from Goodfellas , writing : `` ... it 's clear that the filmmakers wanted to turn this into Goodfellas and tried to shoehorn this story into a similar kind of seductive , funny , shocking gangster tale ... Several scenes seem to want to be like the ' how am I funny ? ' scene in Goodfellas , but it 's blatant '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient Result Indiana Film Journalists Association Awards Best Actor Johnny Depp Nominated Satellite Awards Best Film Black Mass Nominated Best Actor -- Motion Picture Johnny Depp Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Jez Butterworth , Mark Mallouk Nominated Saturn Awards Best Thriller Film Black Mass Nominated Best Make - Up Joel Harlow , Kenny Niederbaumer Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Johnny Depp Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Actor Johnny Depp Nominated Palm Springs International Film Festival Desert Palm Achievement Award ( actor ) Johnny Depp Won Critics ' Choice Movie Award Best Actor Johnny Depp Nominated Best Makeup Nominated Many people believed Depp deserved an Academy Award nomination for his performance as Bulger and were surprised when his name was left off the list of nominees . Some believe it was because Depp commented that he did n't want to win an Oscar if nominated for one . Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack , written and composed by Tom Holkenborg , was released on September 11 , 2015 .", "10": "Track listing ( edit ) `` Black Mass Opening Title '' `` Boston Crime Lord '' `` John Connolly '' `` Bulger Burial Ground '' `` My Boy '' `` Do n't Wake Him Up '' `` You Got Two Minutes '' `` Aspirin '' `` No Drugs , No Murder '' `` I Will Pull the Plug Myself '' `` When You Wake Up In the Morning '' `` It 's Just the Beginning '' `` Martorano '' `` Did You Ever See Whitey Bulger Murder Anyone ? '' `` Thanks to Whitey '' `` Jimmy and Marianne '' `` You 'll Be Sorry '' `` Boston Globe '' `` Valhalla '' `` Strictly Criminal '' `` Take Care Kid '' 2015 Watertower Music ( 61 : 26 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tom Holkenborg ( Junkie XL ) to Score Scott Cooper 's ' Black Mass ' - Film Music Reporter '' . filmmusicreporter.com . Jump up ^ `` Filming Starts on Untitled Whitey Bulger Film , Starring Johnny Depp '' . Latino-Review.com . Jump up ^ Nick Vivarelli . `` Johnny Depp - Starrer ' Black Mass ' To World Premiere At Venice Film Festival '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Dave McNary . `` Johnny Depp Whitey Bulger Movie Release Date : Sept. 18 , 2015 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` BLACK MASS ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' Maze Runner : Scorch Trials ' Hopes to Sprint Past ' Black Mass ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Mass ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Benedict Cumberbatch to Take On Bulger Role in Black Mass '' , Boston.com ; accessed December 8 , 2014 .", "11": "Jump up ^ `` Benedict Cumberbatch Replaces Guy Pearce in Johnny Depp 's Whitey Bulger Movie '' , Variety.com ; accessed December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Bacon Joins ' Black Mass ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Sarsgaard joins Black Mass as a favor '' , IGN.com ; accessed December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Harbour Adds To ' Black Mass ' '' . deadline.com . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Scott Joins Johnny Depp in ' Black Mass ' ( Exclusive ) '' , HollywoodReporter.com ; accessed December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Jeremy Strong Joins ' Selma ' , ' Black Mass ' , ' Time Out Of Mind ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( June 14 , 2014 ) . `` James Russo Will Slap the Cuffs on Johnny Depp 's Whitey Bulger in ' Black Mass ' '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keith J. Kelly ( April 2 , 2000 ) . `` Miramax To Adapt Mobster Tale '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle Clauss ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Q&A with Black Mass Co-Author Dick Lehr '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Melissa Grego & John Dempsey ( July 7 , 2002 ) . `` Classic Redos Pump USA Slate '' . Variety . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Todd Konrad ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` Talking Finance with Michael Cerenzie '' . Independent Film Quarterly . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 .", "12": "Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( January 14 , 2009 ) . `` Jim Sheridan Fingers Mob Boss '' . Variety . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mark Shanahan & Paysha Rhone ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Bulger film has big - time backing '' . Boston.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aileen Moon ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Jim Sheridan talks about The Field '' . Irish Film and Television Network . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Hollywood Insider : What 's Going on Behind the Scenes : Boston 's Bulger is Now Hollywood 's It Gangster '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York : Time Inc. : 27 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Kay ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Cross Creek hires Russell Gewirtz to write Black Mass '' . Screendaily.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cappadona , Bryanna ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Who Should Play Whitey Bulger in Black Mass ? '' . Boston . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Out Of The Furnace ' Helmer Scott Cooper In Talks For ' Black Mass ; ' Johnny Depp Talks To Play Whitey Bulger Reignite '' . deadline.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros Finds Johnny Depp As Mobster Whitey Bulger An Offer It Ca n't Refuse '' . deadline.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Depp to Star as Gangster Whitey Bulger '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp Exits Whitey Bulger Biopic Over Salary Dispute '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Johnny Depp 's $20 Million Salary Standoff '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleming Jr . ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Berlin : Johnny Depp Seals Deal To Play Whitey Bulger In ' Black Mass ' ; Tom Hardy In Talks To Play FBI Pal John Connolly '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Angie Han ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Jesse Plemons Joins ' Black Mass ' ; What Does This Mean for ' Star Wars ' ? '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Don Steinberg ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Heea We Go Again . How to Speak Boston , in ' Black Mass ' and Utha Movies '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meredith Goldstein ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Medford native Julianne Nicholson on role in ' Black Mass ' '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Claire Van Der Boom Replaces Julianne Nicholson in Sam Shepard 's Heartless , Off - Broadway '' . Broadway.com . September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Charles McGrath ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Black Mass ' Resurrects Boston 's Long Memories of Whitey Bulger '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caryn James ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Joel Edgerton 's Sudden Spotlight , in ' Black Mass ' and ' The Gift ' '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 .", "14": "Jump up ^ Jodi Guglielmi ( September 5 , 2015 ) . `` SCOOP : Black Mass Director Scott Cooper Talk Johnny Depp 's ' Utterly Transfixing ' Physical Transformation ( VIDEO ) '' . People . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marlow Stern ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp Talks Transforming into Whitey Bulger in ' Black Mass ' ( and His Dogs ) '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ariston Anderson ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Venice : Johnny Depp Talks Becoming James `` Whitey '' Bulger in ' Black Mass ' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First confirmed location for ' Black Mass ' , starring Johnny Depp , in Boston ! '' . onlocationvacations.com . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ; Goldstein , Meredith ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Black Mass ' films in Dorchester '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ( May 26 , 2014 ) . `` Scott Cooper films more ' Black Mass ' in Cambridge '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christine ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Black Mass ' Boston filming location for May 27 '' . onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Black Mass ' shoots in East Boston '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` John Connolly news in court , on ' Black Mass ' set '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Longhetti , Chloe - Lee ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Joel Edgerton rocks the ' 70s look for new role in Black Mass '' . dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp , as Whitey , recreates Halloran murder '' . bostonglobe.com . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ; Goldstein , Meredith ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Johnny Depp takes a break from his Whitey Bulger costume '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weitzer , Nathaniel ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Johnny Depp , as Whitey Bulger , films ' Black Mass ' at Quincy home '' . wcvb.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christine ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Catch Johnny Depp filming ' Black Mass ' in Quincy , MA tomorrow '' . onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ; Goldstein , Meredith ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Dakota Johnson seen on ' Black Mass ' set '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ; Shanahan , Mark ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Black Mass ' takes its sets to Lynn and back to the ' 70s and ' 80s '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gower , Eleanor ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Juno Temple sports crop top , leather shorts and frizzy perm for role of prostitute Deborah Hussey in Whitey Bulger biopic '' . dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christine ( June 17 , 2014 ) .", "16": "`` New photos of Johnny Depp , Jesse Plemons , and Amber Heard on the set of ' Black Mass ' '' . onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Billy ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` South Boston casts a critical eye on ' Black Mass ' '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Chris ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Stargazers flock to Lynn for ' Black Mass ' shoot '' . itemlive.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daly , Emma ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` See Benedict Cumberbatch and Johnny Depp filming Black Mass '' . radiotimes.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christine ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Black Mass ' filming at the Harvard Club in Boston tomorrow '' . onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ; Goldstein , Meredith ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Bacon joins Johnny Depp in ' Black Mass ' '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Randall , Eric ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Black Mass Keeps Throwing Southie into the Past '' . bostonmagazine.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Balding Johnny Depp looks unrecognisable as he shoots Black Mass scenes with screen sibling Benedict Cumberbatch '' . dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christine ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Black Mass ' filming updates from Massachusetts '' . onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ; Shanahan , Mark ( July 9 , 2014 ) .", "17": "`` Sienna Miller in Quincy on ' Black Mass ' set '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trufant , Jessica ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Black Mass ' to continue filming in Quincy on Monday and Tuesday '' . wcvb.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Partial closure of Revere Beach Tuesday for ' Black Mass ' '' . itemlive.com . July 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Revere Beach transforms into Miami Beach for ' Black Mass ' '' . bostonglobe.com . July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fee , Gayle ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Johnny Depp , Sienna Miller & Co. make waves at Revere Beach '' . bostonherald.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Benedict Cumberbatch Wraps Shooting On ' Black Mass ' In Boston '' . socialitelife.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christine ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Black Mass ' , starring Johnny Depp , filming in Lynn , MA on Monday '' . onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shanahan , Mark ; Goldstein , Meredith ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Amber Heard visits Johnny Depp in Lynn '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Bacon on the scene for ' Black Mass ' '' . bostonglobe.com . July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lehr , Dick ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Whitey movie eerie experience for ' Black Mass ' coauthor '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 .", "18": "Jump up ^ `` Whitey movie eerie experience for ' Black Mass ' coauthor '' . bostonglobe.com . July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , eonline.com ; accessed September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meredith Goldstein ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Director confirms Sienna Miller cut from ' Black Mass ' '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Post , Guest ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` Actress Erica McDermott on Her Role as Mary Bulger in ' Black Mass ' '' . DailyActor.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Johnny Depp 's Whitey Bulger Movie Set for Sept. 18 , 2015 '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto to open with ' Demolition ' ; world premieres for ' Trumbo ' , ' The Program ' '' . ScreenDaily.com . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mass ( 2015 ) Trailer '' . Trailer Addict . September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mass ( 2015 ) Feature Trailer '' . Trailer Addict . September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mass ( 2015 ) Theatrical Trailer '' . Trailer Addict . September 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Scorch Trials ' Slows & ' Black Mass ' Overperforms In The Face Of Fatigued Audiences -- Saturday AM Box Office '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Black Mass ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mass reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Todd McCarthy ( September 4 , 2015 ) .", "19": "`` ' Black Mass ' : Venice Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Foundas ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Venice Film Review : Johnny Depp in ' Black Mass ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Alonso Duralde ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Black Mass ' Venice Review : Johnny Depp Returns to Actual Acting in Gripping True - Crime Tale '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eric Kohn ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` Telluride Review : Johnny Depp is Trying Something Very Different in ' Black Mass ' '' . Indie Wire . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicolas Barber ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Black Mass : Is Johnny Depp A Hit ? '' . BBC Culture . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fred Topel ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Telluride 2015 Review : ' Black Mass ' Is a Black Mess '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Indiana Film Journalists Association Begins Nominations Process for 2015 Awards Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Announces 2015 Winners '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Award nominations on YouTube '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D.C. Film Critics Shine a ' Spotlight ' on Award Winners Jump up ^ Lindsay Kimble ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oscar Snubs : Straight Outta Compton , Johnny Depp Left Off 2016 Nominees List '' . People . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 .", "20": "Jump up ^ Dailymail Reporter ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' I do n't want to win one of those things ever ' : Johnny Depp reveals he has no interest in getting an Oscar even though he 's being hyped for Black Mass '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Black Mass on IMDb Black Mass at Box Office Mojo Black Mass at Rotten Tomatoes Black Mass at Metacritic Interview with Detective Mike Huff about his investigation into Whitey Bulger 's involvement in the murder of Tulsan Roger Wheeler ( original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project ) . ( hide ) Films directed by Scott Cooper Crazy Heart ( 2009 ) Out of the Furnace ( 2013 ) Black Mass ( 2015 ) Hostiles ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Mass_(film)&oldid=834456136 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s crime drama films 2010s thriller films American films American biographical films American crime drama films American thriller films Crime films based on actual events Cross Creek Pictures films Infinitum Nihil films Warner Bros.", "21": "films Drama films based on actual events Films scored by Junkie XL Films about the Irish Mob Films about organized crime in the United States Films based on non-fiction books about organized crime Films directed by Scott Cooper Films produced by Brian Oliver Films set in 1975 Films set in Boston Films set in California Films set in Florida Films set in Massachusetts Films set in Miami Films set on beaches Films shot in Massachusetts Thriller films based on actual events True crime films Winter Hill Gang Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 粵語中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 20 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6471679536081978392	who came up with popcorn at the movies	[ "Glen W. Dickson" ]	{ "0": "Popcorn - wikipedia Popcorn Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Popcorn ( disambiguation ) . Popcorn Unpopped corn Popped corn Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae ( unranked ) : Angiosperms ( unranked ) : Monocots ( unranked ) : Commelinids Order : Poales Family : Poaceae Genus : Zea Species : Z. mays Subspecies : Z. m. everta Trinomial name Zea mays everta Popcorn , or pop corn , is a variety of corn kernel , which forcefully expands and puffs up when heated . A popcorn kernel 's strong hull contains the seed 's hard , starchy endosperm with 14 - 20 % moisture , which turns to steam as the kernel is heated . The pressure continues building until it exceeds the hull 's ability to contain it . The kernel ruptures and forcefully expands , allowing the contents to expand , cool , and finally set in a popcorn puff 20 to 50 times the size of the original kernel . Some strains of corn ( taxonomized as Zea mays ) are cultivated specifically as popping corns . The Zea mays variety everta , a special kind of flint corn , is the most common of these . The six major types of corn are dent corn , flint corn , pod corn , popcorn , flour corn , and sweet corn . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Popping mechanism 3 Cooking methods 3.1 Expansion and yield 4 Terminology 5 Consumption 5.1 Nutritional value 5.2 Health risks 6 Other uses 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Corn was first domesticated 9,000 years ago in what is now Mexico . Archaeologists discovered that people have known about popcorn for thousands of years . In Mexico , for example , remnants of popcorn have been found that date to around 3600 BC . Popping of the kernels was achieved by hand on the stovetop through the 19th century .", "1": "Kernels were sold on the East Coast of the United States under names such as Pearls or Nonpareil . The term popped corn first appeared in John Russell Bartlett 's 1848 Dictionary of Americanisms . Popcorn is an ingredient in Cracker Jack , and in the early years of the product , it was popped by hand . An early popcorn machine in a street cart , invented in the 1880s by Charles Cretors in Chicago . Popcorn 's accessibility increased rapidly in the 1890s with Charles Cretors ' invention of the popcorn maker . Cretors , a Chicago candy store owner , created a number of steam powered machines for roasting nuts , and applied the technology to the corn kernels . By the turn of the century , Cretors had created and deployed street carts equipped with steam powered popcorn makers . During the Great Depression , popcorn was fairly inexpensive at 5 -- 10 cents a bag and became popular . Thus , while other businesses failed , the popcorn business thrived and became a source of income for many struggling farmers , including the Redenbacher family , namesake of the famous popcorn brand . During World War II , sugar rations diminished candy production , and Americans compensated by eating three times as much popcorn as they had before . The snack was popular at theaters , much to the initial displeasure of many of the theater owners , who thought it distracted from the films . Their minds eventually changed , however , and in 1938 a Midwestern theater owner named Glen W. Dickson installed popcorn machines in the lobbies of his theaters . The venture was a financial success , and the trend soon spread . gangnaengi , traditional Korean popcorn In 1970 , Orville Redenbacher 's namesake brand of popcorn was launched . In 1981 , General Mills received the first patent for a microwave popcorn bag , with popcorn consumption seeing a sharp increase by tens of thousands of pounds in the years following . At least six localities ( all in the Midwestern United States ) claim to be the `` Popcorn Capital of the World ; '' : Ridgway , Illinois ; Valparaiso , Indiana ; Van Buren , Indiana ; Schaller , Iowa ; Marion , Ohio ; and North Loup , Nebraska .", "2": "According to the USDA , corn used for popcorn production is specifically planted for this purpose ; most is grown in Nebraska and Indiana , with increasing area in Texas . As the result of an elementary school project , popcorn became the official state snack food of Illinois . Popping mechanism ( edit ) The sequence of a kernel popping Each kernel of popcorn contains a certain amount of moisture and oil . Unlike most other grains , the outer hull of the popcorn kernel is both strong and impervious to moisture and the starch inside consists almost entirely of a hard type . As the oil and the water within the kernel are heated , they turn the moisture in the kernel into pressurized steam . Under these conditions , the starch inside the kernel gelatinizes , softens , and becomes pliable . The internal pressure of the entrapped steam continues to increase until the breaking point of the hull is reached : a pressure of approximately 135 psi ( 930 kPa ) and a temperature of 180 ° C ( 356 ° F ) . The hull thereupon ruptures rapidly and actually explodes , causing a sudden drop in pressure inside the kernel and a corresponding rapid expansion of the steam , which expands the starch and proteins of the endosperm into airy foam . As the foam rapidly cools , the starch and protein polymers set into the familiar crispy puff . Special varieties are grown to give improved popping yield . Though the kernels of some wild types will pop , the cultivated strain is Zea mays everta , which is a special kind of flint corn . Popcorn on the cob before shelling . Cooking methods ( edit ) An in - home hot - air popcorn maker . Popcorn can be cooked with butter or oil . Although small quantities can be popped in a stove - top kettle or pot in a home kitchen , commercial sale of freshly popped popcorn employs specially designed popcorn machines , which were invented in Chicago , Illinois , by Charles Cretors in 1885 . Cretors successfully introduced his invention at the Columbian Exposition in 1893 . At this same world 's fair , F.W. Rueckheim introduced a molasses - flavored `` Candied Popcorn , '' the first caramel corn ; his brother , Louis Ruekheim , slightly altered the recipe and introduced it as Cracker Jack popcorn in 1896 .", "3": "Cretors 's invention introduced the first patented steam - driven popcorn machine that popped corn in oil . Previously , vendors popped corn by holding a wire basket over an open flame . At best , the result was a hot , dry , unevenly cooked snack . Cretors 's machine popped corn in a mixture of one - third clarified butter , two - thirds lard , and salt . This mixture can withstand the 450 ° F ( 232 ° C ) temperature needed to pop corn and it produces little smoke . A fire under a boiler created steam that drove a small engine ; that engine drove the gears , shaft , and agitator that stirred the corn and powered a small automated clown puppet - like figure , `` the Toasty Roasty Man , '' an attention attracting amusement intended to drum up business . A wire connected to the top of the cooking pan allowed the operator to disengage the drive mechanism , lift the cover , and dump popped corn into the storage bin beneath . Exhaust from the steam engine was piped to a hollow pan below the corn storage bin and kept freshly popped corn uniformly warm for the first time . Excess steam was also used to operate a small , shrill whistle to further attract attention . A very different method of popcorn - making can still be seen on the streets of some Chinese cities and Korea today . The un-popped corn kernels are poured into a large cast - iron canister -- sometimes called a ' popcorn hammer ' -- that is then sealed with a heavy lid and slowly turned over a curbside fire in rotisserie fashion . When a pressure gauge on the canister reaches a certain level , the canister is removed from the fire , a large canvas sack is put over the lid and the seal is released . With a huge boom , all of the popcorn explodes at once and is poured into the sack . This method is believed to have been developed , during the Song dynasty , originally for puffing rice . Individual consumers can also buy and use specialized popping appliances that typically generate no more than a gallon or about four liters of popped corn per batch .", "4": "Some of these appliances also accept a small volume of oil or melted butter to assist thermal transfer from a stationary heating element , but others are `` air poppers '' which rapidly circulate heated air up through the interior , keeping the un-popped kernels in motion to avoid burning and then blowing the popped kernels out through the chute . The majority of popcorn sold for home consumption is now packaged in a microwave popcorn bag for use in a microwave oven . Expansion and yield ( edit ) Popping results are sensitive to the rate at which the kernels are heated . If heated too quickly , the steam in the outer layers of the kernel can reach high pressures and rupture the hull before the starch in the center of the kernel can fully gelatinize , leading to partially popped kernels with hard centers . Heating too slowly leads to entirely unpopped kernels : the tip of the kernel , where it attached to the cob , is not entirely moisture - proof , and when heated slowly , the steam can leak out of the tip fast enough to keep the pressure from rising sufficiently to break the hull and cause the pop . Producers and sellers of popcorn consider two major factors in evaluating the quality of popcorn : what percentage of the kernels will pop , and how much each popped kernel expands . Expansion is an important factor to both the consumer and vendor . For the consumer , larger pieces of popcorn tend to be more tender and are associated with higher quality . For the grower , distributor , and vendor , expansion is closely correlated with profit : vendors such as theaters buy popcorn by weight and sell it by volume . For both these reasons , higher - expansion popcorn fetches a higher profit per unit weight . Popcorn will pop when freshly harvested , but not well : its high moisture content leads to poor expansion and chewy pieces of popcorn . Kernels with a high moisture content are also susceptible to mold when stored . For these reasons , popcorn growers and distributors dry the kernels until they reach the moisture level at which they expand the most . This differs by variety and conditions , but is generally in the range of 14 -- 15 % moisture by weight . If the kernels are over-dried , the expansion rate will suffer and the percentage of kernels that pop at all will decline . When the popcorn has finished popping , sometimes unpopped kernels remain .", "5": "Known in the popcorn industry as `` old maids , '' and called `` duds '' in the consumer market , these kernels fail to pop because they do not have enough moisture to create enough steam for an explosion . Rehydrating prior to popping usually results in eliminating the unpopped kernels . Kernels that are partially popped , but failed to fully expand are known as `` bridesmaids '' . Popcorn varieties are broadly categorized by the shape of the kernels , the color of the kernels , or the shape of the popped corn . While the kernels may come in a variety of colors , the popped corn is always off - yellow or white as it is only the hull ( or pericarp ) that is colored . `` Rice '' type popcorn have a long kernel pointed at both ends ; `` pearl '' type kernels are rounded at the top . Commercial popcorn production has moved mostly to pearl types . Historically , pearl popcorn were usually yellow and rice popcorn usually white . Today both shapes are available in both colors , as well as others including black , red , mauve , purple , and variegated . Mauve and purple popcorn usually has smaller and nutty kernels . Commercial production is dominated by white and yellow . Terminology ( edit ) `` Mushroom '' - shaped popcorn , left , is less fragile and less tender than `` butterfly '' - shaped , right . In the popcorn industry , a popped kernel of corn is known as a `` flake . '' Two shapes of flakes are commercially important . `` Butterfly '' ( or `` snowflake '' ) flakes are irregular in shape and have a number of protruding `` wings '' . `` Mushroom '' flakes are largely ball - shaped , with few wings . Butterfly flakes are regarded as having better mouthfeel , with greater tenderness and less noticeable hulls . Mushroom flakes are less fragile than butterfly flakes and are therefore often used for packaged popcorn or confectionery , such as caramel corn . The kernels from a single cob of popcorn may form both butterfly and mushroom flakes ; hybrids that produce 100 % butterfly flakes or 100 % mushroom flakes exist , the latter developed only as recently as 1998 . Growing conditions and popping environment can also affect the butterfly - to - mushroom ratio . When referring to multiple pieces of popcorn it is acceptable to use the term `` popcorn '' .", "6": "When referring to a singular piece of popcorn the accepted terminology is kernel . Consumption ( edit ) Popcorn grown in East Africa and sold in the marketplace Popcorn is commonly eaten in movie theaters . This snack is usually served salted or sweetened . In North America , it is traditionally served salted , often with butter or a butterlike topping , or with toffee or spices . However , sweetened versions , such as caramel corn and kettle corn , are also commonly available . In the United Kingdom , ready - made popcorn is available either salted or simply sweetened with sugar . Toffee ( i.e. caramel ) popcorn is also available , but tends to be more expensive . In Peru , popcorn is sometimes sweetened with small candy pellets and sweetened condensed milk , but it is more often eaten with salt and the only buttered version known to any considerable degree is microwave popcorn . In Brazil , although salted or buttered popcorn is the most popular and widely available , various other toppings can be found on street vendors : bacon , cheese , caramel , chocolate and condensed milk are among the most common . In Mexico , popcorn is served with either jalapeño juice , hot sauce , cheese , butter , or salt . Popcorn is a popular snack food at sporting events and in cinemas , where it has been served since the 1930s . Popcorn as a breakfast cereal was consumed by Americans in the 1800s and generally consisted of popcorn with milk and a sweetener . Popcorn balls ( popped kernels stuck together with a sugary `` glue '' ) were hugely popular around the turn of the 20th century , but their popularity has since waned . Popcorn balls are still served in some places as a traditional Halloween treat . Cracker Jack is a popular , commercially produced candy that consists of peanuts mixed in with caramel - covered popcorn . Kettle corn is a variation of normal popcorn , cooked with white sugar and salt , traditionally in a large copper kettle . Once reserved for specialty shops and county fairs , kettle corn has recently become popular , especially in the microwave popcorn market . The popcorn maker is a relatively new home appliance , and its popularity is increasing because it offers the opportunity to add flavours of the consumer 's own choice and to choose healthy - eating popcorn styles .", "7": "Some popular brands of popcorn in the United States are Boomchickapop , Smartfood , Orville Redenbacher 's , Act II , Jiffy Pop ( all three of which are brands of the ConAgra Foods conglomerate ) , Pop Secret , Jolly Time , Newman 's Own , and Pop Weaver . Nutritional value ( edit ) Popcorn , air - popped , no additives Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 1,598 kJ ( 382 kcal ) Carbohydrates 78 g Dietary fiber 15 g Fat 4 g Protein 12 g Vitamins Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 17 % ) 0.2 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 25 % ) 0.3 mg Minerals Iron ( 21 % ) 2.7 mg One cup is 8 grams . Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database Air - popped popcorn is naturally high in dietary fiber and antioxidants , low in calories and fat , and free of sugar and sodium . This can make it an attractive snack to people with dietary restrictions on the intake of calories , fat or sodium . For the sake of flavor , however , large amounts of fat , sugar , and sodium are often added to prepared popcorn , which can quickly convert it to a very poor choice for those on restricted diets . One particularly notorious example of this first came to public attention in the mid-1990s , when the Center for Science in the Public Interest produced a report about `` Movie Popcorn '' , which became the subject of a widespread publicity campaign . The movie theaters surveyed used coconut oil to pop the corn , and then topped it with butter or margarine . `` A medium - size buttered popcorn '' , the report said , `` contains more fat than a breakfast of bacon and eggs , a Big Mac and fries , and a steak dinner combined . '' The practice continues today . For example , according to DietFacts.com , a small popcorn from Regal Cinema Group ( the largest theater chain in the United States ) still contains 29 g of saturated fat .", "8": "the equivalent of a full day - and - a-half's reference daily intake . However , in studies conducted by the Motion Picture Association of America it was found that the average American only attends six movies a year and that movie theater popcorn and other movie theater snacks are viewed as a treat that is not intended to be part of a regular diet . HEALTH risks ( edit ) A person eating popcorn out of a bowl . Popcorn is included on the list of foods that the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends not serving to children under four , because of the risk of choking . Microwaveable popcorn represents a special case , since it is designed to be cooked along with its various flavoring agents . One of these formerly common artificial - butter flavorants , diacetyl , has been implicated in causing respiratory illnesses in microwave popcorn factory workers , also known as `` popcorn lung . '' Major manufacturers in the United States have stopped using this chemical , including : Orville Redenbacher 's , Act II , Pop Secret and Jolly Time . Other uses ( edit ) Popcorn , threaded onto a string , is used as a wall or Christmas tree decoration in some parts of North America , as well as on the Balkan peninsula . In several Afro - American Religions , popcorn is used ritually , either as offerings for deities or as cleansing `` baths '' for devotees . This popcorn is usually cooked in Palm Oil . Some shipping companies have experimented with using popcorn as a biodegradable replacement for expanded polystyrene packing material . However , popcorn has numerous undesirable properties as a packing material , including attractiveness to pests , flammability , and a higher cost and greater density than expanded polystyrene . A more processed form of expanded corn foam has been developed to overcome some of these limitations . The world 's largest popcorn ball was unveiled in August 2013 in Indianapolis , Indiana . It weighed 6,510 pounds ( 2,950 kg ) , measured 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) in diameter , and had a circumference of 24.9 ft ( 7.6 m ) .", "9": "See also ( edit ) Food portal Butter salt List of dried foods List of maize dishes List of popcorn brands Popcorn maker Popcorn seasoning Puffed grain Wyandot Popcorn Museum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michelle Higgins ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` How Popcorn Pops '' . Thoughtco . Jump up ^ Linda Campbell Franklin , `` Corn , '' in Andrew F. Smith ( ed . ) , The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America . 2nd ed . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2013 ( pp. 551 -- 558 ) , p. 553 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Corn '' . University of Utah HEALTH SCIENCES . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Where Does Popcorn Come From ? '' . King of Pop.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Popcorn The History Kitchen PBS Food '' . PBS Food . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary of Americanisms , by John Russell Bartlett ( 1848 ) '' . www.merrycoz.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` A History of Popcorn - Hungry History '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia Popcornica : Recent Popcorn History '' . Jump up ^ `` United States Department of Agriculture - 1982 Popcorn Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Fereira , John . `` ESMIS - View Document Info '' . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor : Rod R. Blagojevich -- Governor ( 2003 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Governor Signs Official Snack Bill : School Project Becomes Law '' ( Press release ) . Illinois Government News Network . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Lusas & Rooney , p. 388 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History '' . Frito - Lay . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 04 .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` C. Cretors and Company '' . Wyandot Popcorn Museum . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Making Popcorn the Chinese Way ( With a Bang ! ) '' . fissionchips . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Popcorn Hammer '' . Naturloch.de . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Popcorn Village '' . Oriental Outpost . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` An American Original : The Popularity of Microwave Popcorn Just Keeps Growing '' . AllBusiness . May 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Lusas & Rooney , pp. 388 -- 389 . Jump up ^ `` Popping Tips ( '' Saving ' Old Maids ' '' tab ) `` . The Popcorn Board . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Hallauer , p. 213 . ^ Jump up to : Hallauer , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Vicki . Junk Food . Minneapolis : Millbrook , 2006 . 11 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Why Do We Eat Popcorn at the Movies ? '' . Smithsonian Mag. 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew F. ( 1999 ) . Popped Culture : The Social History of Popcorn in America . Univ of South Carolina Press . pp. 57 - 59 . ISBN 1570033005 Jump up ^ Vinson , Joe ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Popcorn : The snack with even higher antioxidants levels than fruits and vegetables '' . American Chemical Society . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicole Ferring , M.S. , R.D. `` Health Food Impostors '' . MSN.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Grimes , William ( 1994 - 05 - 01 ) .", "11": "`` How About Some Popcorn With Your Fat '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Entertainment : About Us '' . Regmovies.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Cinemas Nutrition Information '' . Dietfacts.com. 2004 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` FDA Daily Reference Values '' . Fda.gov. 2010 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/movie-popcorn-has-shocking-calories-fat/ Jump up ^ `` Prevent Your Child From Choking '' . FDA Consumer Magazine Sep -- Oct 2005 issue . URL retrieved Jan 6 2007 . Jump up ^ Geis , Sonya . `` Flavoring Suspected in Illness : Calif . Considers Banning Chemical Used in Microwave Popcorn . '' The Washington Post , 7 May 2007 Jump up ^ Eyre , Charlotte . `` Popcorn brands ban diacytel . '' Food Navigator USA , 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ `` Popcorn Christmas Decorations '' . Martha Stewart Living . December 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` How to String Popcorn on a Christmas Tree '' . Wikihow . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Corn : Let 's Pop '' . Cornknowledge.net . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Real Popcorn as Packing Material '' . Abbey Newsletter. April 1992 . Jump up ^ https://brownfieldagnews.com/news/101428/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Further reading ( edit ) Hallauer , Arnel R. ( 2001 ) . Specialty Corns . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 2377 - 0 . Lusas , Edmund W. ; Rooney , Lloyd W. ( 2001 ) .", "12": "Snack Foods Processing . CRC Press . ISBN 1 - 56676 - 932 - 9 . Smith , Andrew F. ( 1999 ) . Popped Culture : The Social History of Popcorn in America . University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 300 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Popcorn . The Popcorn Board Wyandot Popcorn Museum Maize and corn Varieties Baby Blue Dent Field Flint Flour MON 810 MON 863 Quality Protein Maize Shoepeg Sweet Transgenic maize Waxy Bolivia varieties Ecuador varieties Italian varieties Sweetcorn varieties Parts Cob Kernel Stover Processing Amylomaize Corn construction Maize milling Nixtamalization Wet - milling Popcorn maker Pathology BBCH - scale Corn allergy Maize streak virus Maize production Raw materials Cornmeal Masa Mielie - meal Oil Samp Starch Steep liquor Syrup Beverages Atole Bourbon Champurrado Chicha Colada morada Pinolillo Pozol Tejate Tejuino Tesgüino Dishes Arepa Bread Conkies Cookie Corn flakes Corn on the cob Cou - cou Fufu Grits Hallaca Hominy Humita Johnnycake Kačamak Kuymak List of maize dishes Mazamorra Mămăligă Milho Frito Mush Nachos Nshima Pamonha Pap Pashofa Piki Polenta Popcorn Pudding corn Pupusa Sadza Sagamite Taco Tamale Tortilla Ugali Corn syrup Glucose syrup High - fructose corn syrup Public relations High - maltose corn syrup Non-food Biofuel Cornstalk fiddle Misc . List of popcorn brands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popcorn&oldid=822329066 '' Categories : Cuisine of the Midwestern United", "13": "States Maize products Crops originating from the Americas Popcorn Plants used in Native American cuisine Snack foods Dried foods Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本", "14": "語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 19 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7647339054759303922	what dna changes produce the delta f508 mutation	[ "deletion of three nucleotides spanning positions 507 and 508 of the CFTR gene on chromosome 7", "deletion of three nucleotides spanning positions 507 and 508 of the CFTR gene on chromosome 7, which ultimately results in the loss of a single codon for the amino acid phenylalanine (F)" ]	{ "0": "ΔF508 - wikipedia ΔF508 Jump to : navigation , search ΔF508 ( Delta - F508 , full name CFTRΔF508 or F508del - CFTR ; rs113993960 ) is a specific mutation within the gene for a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR ) . The mutation is a deletion of three nucleotides spanning positions 507 and 508 of the CFTR gene on chromosome 7 , which ultimately results in the loss of a single codon for the amino acid phenylalanine ( F ) . A person with the CFTRΔF508 mutation will produce an abnormal CFTR protein that lacks this phenylalanine residue and which can not fold properly . This protein does not escape the endoplasmic reticulum for further processing . Having two copies of this mutation ( one inherited from each parent ) is by far the most common cause of cystic fibrosis ( CF ) , responsible for nearly two - thirds of cases worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanism 2 Effects 3 Prevalence 3.1 Heterozygous 3.2 Homozygous 3.3 Heterozygous carriers with other mutations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Mechanism ( edit ) The CFTR gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 7 , at position q31. 2 , and ultimately codes for a sequence of 1,480 amino acids . Normally , the three DNA base pairs A-T-C ( paired with T-A-G on the opposite strand ) at the gene 's 507th position form the template for the mRNA codon A-U-C for isoleucine , while the three DNA base pairs T-T-T ( paired with A-A-A ) at the adjacent 508th position form the template for the codon U-U-U for phenylalanine . The ΔF508 mutation is a deletion of the C-G pair from position 507 along with the first two T-A pairs from position 508 , leaving the DNA sequence A-T-T ( paired with T-A-A ) at position 507 , which is transcribed into the mRNA codon A-U-U .", "1": "Since A-U-U also codes for isoleucine , position 507 's amino acid does not change , and the mutation 's net effect is equivalent to a deletion ( `` Δ '' ) of the sequence resulting in the codon for phenylalanine at position 508 . Effects ( edit ) ΔF508 is a class II CFTR mutation . The CFTR protein is largely expressed in cells of the pancreas , intestinal and respiratory epithelia , and all exocrine glands . When properly folded , it is shuttled to the cell membrane , where it becomes a transmembrane protein responsible for opening channels which release chloride ions out of cells ; it also simultaneously inhibits the uptake of sodium ions by another channel protein . Both of these functions help to maintain an ion gradient that causes osmosis to draw water out of the cells . The ΔF508 mutation leads to the misfolding of CFTR and its eventual degradation in the ER . In organisms with two complements of the mutation , the protein is entirely absent from the cell membrane , and these critical ion transport functions are not performed . Prevalence ( edit ) ΔF508 is present on at least one copy of chromosome 7 in approximately one in 30 Caucasians . Presence of the mutation on both copies causes the autosomal recessive disease cystic fibrosis . Scientists have estimated that the original mutation occurred over 52,000 years ago in Northern Europe . The young allele age may be a consequence of past selection . One hypothesis as to why the otherwise detrimental mutation has been maintained by natural selection is that a single copy may present a positive effect by reducing water loss during cholera , though the introduction of pathogenic Vibrio cholerae into Europe did not occur until the late 18th century . Another theory posits that CF carriers ( heterozygotes for ΔF508 ) are more resistant to typhoid fever , since CFTR has been shown to act as a receptor for Salmonella typhi bacteria to enter intestinal epithelial cells . Heterozygous ( edit ) Being a heterozygous carrier ( having a single copy of ΔF508 ) results in decreased water loss during diarrhea because malfunctioning or absent CFTR proteins can not maintain stable ion gradients across cell membranes .", "2": "Typically there is a build - up of both Cl and Na ions inside affected cells , creating a hypotonic solution outside the cells and causing water to diffuse into the cells by osmosis . Several studies indicate that heterozygous carriers are at increased risk for various symptoms . For example : It has been shown that heterozygosity for cystic fibrosis is associated with increased airway reactivity , and heterozygotes may be at risk for poor pulmonary function . Heterozygotes with wheeze have been shown to be at higher risk for poor pulmonary function or development and progression of chronic obstructive lung disease . One gene for cystic fibrosis is sufficient to produce mild lung abnormalities even in the absence of infection . Cystic fibrosis ΔF508 heterozygotes may be overrepresented among individuals with asthma and may have poorer lung function than non-carriers . Carriers of a single CF mutation have a higher prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis than the general population . Because this study examined a general population of CF carriers , some subjects did not possess the ΔF508 variant . Homozygous ( edit ) Having a homozygous pair of genes with the ΔF508 mutation prevents the CFTR protein from assuming its normal position in the cell membrane . This causes increased water retention in cells , corresponding dehydration of the extracellular space , and an associated cascade of effects on various parts of the body , including : Thicker mucous membranes in the epithelia of afflicted organs Obstruction of narrow respiratory airways as a result of thicker mucous and inhibition of the free movement of mucocilia Congenital Bilateral Absence of the Vas Deferens ( CBAVD ) due to increased mucus thickness during fetal development Pancreatic insufficiency due to blockage of the pancreatic duct with mucus Increased risk of respiratory infection due to build - up of thick , nutrient - rich mucus where bacteria thrive This collection of symptoms is called cystic fibrosis ; however , ΔF508 is not the only mutation that causes CF . Heterozygous carriers with other mutations ( edit ) Approximately 70 % of cystic fibrosis cases in Europe are due to homozygous ΔF508 mutations ( this varies widely by region ) .", "3": "The remaining cases are caused by over 1500 other mutations , including R117H , 1717 - 1G > A , and 2789 + 56G > A. These mutations , when combined with each other or even a single copy of ΔF508 , may cause CF symptoms . The genotype is not strongly correlated with severity of the CF , though specific symptoms have been linked to certain mutations . See also ( edit ) Heterozygote advantage Lumacaftor / ivacaftor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bobadilla , JL ; Macek Jr , M ; Fine , JP ; Farrell , PM ( 2002 ) . `` Cystic fibrosis : a worldwide analysis of CFTR mutations -- correlation with incidence data and application to screening '' . Human Mutation. 19 ( 6 ) : 575 -- 606 . doi : 10.1002 / humu. 10041 . PMID 12007216 . Jump up ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CCDS/CcdsBrowse.cgi?REQUEST=CCDS&DATA=CCDS5773.1 Jump up ^ Bartoszewski , R.A. ; Jablonsky , M. ; Bartoszewska , S. ; Stevenson , L. ; Dai , Q. ; Kappes , J. ; Collawn , J.F. ; Bebok , Z. ( 13 July 2010 ) . `` A synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in ΔF508 CFTR alters the secondary structure of the mRNA and the expression of the mutant protein '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 285 : 28741 -- 28748 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M110. 154575 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ M Nissim - Rafinia , B Kerem , E Kerem , ( ed. by ) Margaret Hodson ( 2007 ) . `` Molecular biology of cystic fibrosis : CFTR processing and functions , and classes of mutations '' . Cystic fibrosis ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Hodder Arnold . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 9780340907580 .", "4": "CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Verkman , A.S. ; Song , Y. ; Thiagarajah , J.R. ( 2003 ) . `` Role of airway surface liquid and submucosal glands in cystic fibrosis lung disease '' . American Journal of Physiology . Cell Physiology. 284 ( 1 ) : C2 -- C15 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpcell. 00417.2002 . Jump up ^ `` Cystic Fibrosis Research Directions '' . National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases ( NIDDK ) . Jump up ^ http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-04/955464305.Me.r.html Jump up ^ Pier , G.B. ; Grout , M. ; Zaidi , T. ; Meluleni , G. ; Mueschenborn , S.S. ; Banting , G. ; Ratcliff , R. ; Evans , M.J. ; Colledge , W.H. ( 7 May 1998 ) . `` Salmonella typhi uses CFTR to enter intestinal epithelial cells '' . Nature . 393 : 79 -- 82 . doi : 10.1038 / 30006 . PMID 9590693 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Maurya , Nutan ; Awasthi , Shally ; Dixit , Pratibha ( April 2012 ) . `` Association of CFTR gene mutation with bronchial asthma '' ( PDF ) . Indian J Med : 469 -- 478 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Morten ; Nordestgaard , Børge G. ; Lange , Peter ; Tybjaerg - Hansen , Anne ( January 8 , 2001 ) . `` Fifteen - year follow - up of pulmonary function in individuals heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis phenylalanine - 508 deletion '' . ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL. 107 : 818 -- 823 . doi : 10.1067 / mai. 2001.114117 . PMID 11344348 .", "5": "Jump up ^ Dahl , M ; Tybjaerg - Hansen , A ; Lange , P ; Nordestgaard , BG ( June 27 , 1998 ) . `` DeltaF508 heterozygosity in cystic fibrosis and susceptibility to asthma '' . Lancet . 351 : 1911 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 97 ) 11419 - 2 . PMID 9654257 . Jump up ^ Wang , XinJing ; Kim , Jean ; McWilliams , Rita ; Cutting , Garry R. ( March 2005 ) . `` Increased prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis in carriers of a cystic fibrosis mutation '' . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 131 : 237 -- 40 . doi : 10.1001 / archotol. 131.3. 237 . PMID 15781764 . External links ( edit ) Types of Cystic Fibrosis at wrongdiagnosis.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= ΔF508&oldid = 837622457 '' Categories : Mutation Cystic fibrosis Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 00 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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848669583015546693	what are the two extracellular fluid compartments in the body	[ "interstitial fluid in the \"interstitial compartment\"", "blood plasma and lymph in the \"intravascular compartment\"", "small amounts of transcellular fluid such as ocular and cerebrospinal fluids in the \"transcellular compartment\"", "interstitial, intravascular and transcellular compartments", "interstitial", "intravascular", "transcellular" ]	{ "0": "Fluid compartments - wikipedia Fluid compartments Jump to : navigation , search `` Third space '' redirects here . For the concept of informal shared public space in community planning , see Third place . The human body and even its individual body fluids may be conceptually divided into various fluid compartments , which , although not literally anatomic compartments , do represent a real division in terms of how portions of the body 's water , solutes , and suspended elements are segregated . The two main fluid compartments are the intracellular and extracellular compartments . The intracellular compartment is the space within the organism 's cells ; it is separated from the extracellular compartment by cell membranes . About two thirds of the total body water of humans is held in the cells , mostly in the cytosol , and the remainder is found in the extracellular compartment . The extracellular fluids may be divided into three types : interstitial fluid in the `` interstitial compartment '' ( surrounding tissue cells and bathing them in a solution of nutrients and other chemicals ) , blood plasma and lymph in the `` intravascular compartment '' ( inside the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels ) , and small amounts of transcellular fluid such as ocular and cerebrospinal fluids in the `` transcellular compartment '' . The interstitial and intravascular compartments readily exchange water and solutes but the third extracellular compartment , the transcellular , is thought of as separate from the other two and not in dynamic equilibrium with them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Intracellular compartment 2 Extracellular compartment 2.1 Interstitial compartment 2.2 Intravascular compartment 2.3 Transcellular compartment 3 Fluid shift 3.1 Third spacing 4 See also 5 References Intracellular compartment ( edit ) The intracellular fluid is all fluid contained inside the cells . Most of this is cytosol , the matrix in which cellular organelles are suspended . The cytosol and organelles together compose the cytoplasm . The cell membranes are the outer barrier . In humans , the intracellular compartment contains on average about 28 litres of fluid , and under ordinary circumstances remains in osmotic equilibrium . It contains moderate quantities of magnesium and sulphate ions .", "1": "Extracellular compartment ( edit ) The interstitial , intravascular and transcellular compartments comprise the extracellular compartment . Its extracellular fluid ( ECF ) contains about one - third of total body water . Interstitial compartment ( edit ) The interstitial compartment ( also called `` tissue space '' ) surrounds tissue cells . It is filled with interstitial fluid . Interstitial fluid provides the immediate microenvironment that allows for movement of ions , proteins and nutrients across the cell barrier . This fluid is not static , but is continually being refreshed by the blood capillaries and recollected by lymphatic capillaries . In the average male ( 70 kg ) human body , the interstitial space has approximately 10.5 litres of fluid . Intravascular compartment ( edit ) The main intravascular fluid in mammals is blood , a complex mixture with elements of a suspension ( blood cells ) , colloid ( globulins ) , and solutes ( glucose and ions ) . The blood represents both the intracellular compartment ( the fluid inside the blood cells ) and the extracellular compartment ( the blood plasma ) . The other intravascular fluid is lymph . It too represents both the intracellular compartment ( the fluid inside its lymphocytes ) and the extracellular compartment ( the noncellular matrix of the lymph , which is roughly equivalent to serum ) . The average volume of plasma in the average ( 70 kg ) male is approximately 3.5 liters . The volume of the intravascular compartment is regulated in part by hydrostatic pressure gradients , and by reabsorption by the kidneys . Transcellular compartment ( edit ) The third extracellular compartment , the transcellular , consists of those spaces in the body where fluid does not normally collect in larger amounts , or where any significant fluid collection is physiologically nonfunctional . Examples of transcellular spaces include the eye , the central nervous system , the peritoneal and pleural cavities , and the joint capsules . A small amount of fluid , called transcellular fluid , does exist normally in such spaces . For example , the aqueous humor , the vitreous humor , the cerebrospinal fluid , the serous fluid produced by the serous membranes , and the synovial fluid produced by the synovial membranes are all transcellular fluids .", "2": "They are all very important , yet there is not much of each . For example , there is only about 150 mL of cerebrospinal fluid in the entire central nervous system at any moment . All of the aforementioned fluids are produced by active cellular processes working with blood plasma as the raw material , and they are all more or less similar to blood plasma except for certain modifications tailored to their function . For example , the cerebrospinal fluid is made by various cells of the CNS , mostly the ependymal cells , from blood plasma . Fluid shift ( edit ) Fluid shifts occur when the body 's fluids move between the fluid compartments . Physiologically , this occurs by a combination of hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients . Water will move from one space into the next passively across a semi permeable membrane until the hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients balance each other . Many medical conditions can cause fluid shifts . When fluid moves out of the intravascular compartment ( the blood vessels ) , blood pressure can drop to dangerously low levels , endangering critical organs such as the brain , heart and kidneys ; when it shifts out of the cells ( the intracellular compartment ) , cellular processes slow down or cease from intracellular dehydration ; when excessive fluid accumulates in the interstitial space , oedema develops ; and fluid shifts into the brain cells can cause increased cranial pressure . Fluid shifts may be compensated by fluid replacement or diuretics . Third spacing ( edit ) `` Third spacing '' is the abnormal accumulation of fluid into an extracellular and extravascular space . In medicine , the term is often used with regard to loss of fluid into interstitial spaces , such as with burns or edema , but it can also refer to fluid shifts into a body cavity ( transcellular space ) , such as ascites and pleural effusions . With regard to severe burns , fluids may pool on the burn site ( i.e. fluid lying outside of the interstitial tissue , exposed to evaporation ) and cause depletion of the fluids . With pancreatitis or ileus , fluids may `` leak out '' into the peritoneal cavity , also causing depletion of the intracellular , interstitial or vascular compartments .", "3": "Patients who undergo long , difficult operations in large surgical fields can collect third - space fluids and become intravascularly depleted despite large volumes of intravenous fluid and blood replacement . The precise volume of fluid in a patient 's third spaces changes over time and is difficult to accurately quantify . Third spacing conditions may include peritonitis , pyometritis , and pleural effusions . Hydrocephalus and glaucoma are theoretically forms of third spacing , but the volumes are too small to induce significant shifts in blood volumes , or overall body volumes , and thus are generally not referred to as third spacing . See also ( edit ) Volume of distribution Compartment ( pharmacokinetics ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rodney A. Rhoades ; David R. Bell ( 18 January 2012 ) . Medical Phisiology : Principles for Clinical Medicine . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 5 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60913 - 427 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jacob M , Chappell D , Rehm M ( 2009 ) . `` The ' third space ' -- fact or fiction ? '' . Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 23 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 57 . PMID 19653435 . Jump up ^ Barbara Kuhn Timby ( 1 January 2008 ) . Fundamental Nursing Skills and Concepts . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 319 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7909 - 8 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Redden M , Wotton K ( June 2002 ) . `` Third - space fluid shift in elderly patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery : Part 1 : Pathophysiological mechanisms '' . Contemp Nurse. 12 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 83 . PMID 12219956 . Jump up ^ Drain , Cecil B. ( 2003 ) . Perianesthesia nursing : a critical care approach . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders Co . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 9257 - 5 .", "4": "( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE THERAPY '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 08 . ( hide ) Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology Renal function Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Renal function Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt / V Standardized Kt / V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio ) Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Acid - base balance Fluid balance Darrow Yannet diagram Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol Extracellular fluid ( Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid ) Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap Arterial blood gas Winters ' formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion BUN - to - creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluid_compartments&oldid=800654672 '' Categories : Physiology Cell biology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1520776679270199355	what emperor took over france after the reign of terror	[ "Napoleon Bonaparte", "Napoleon Bonaparte", "Napoleon Bonaparte", "Napoleon" ]	{ "0": "French Revolution - wikipedia French Revolution Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see French Revolution ( disambiguation ) . French Revolution The Storming of the Bastille , 14 July 1789 Date 5 May 1789 -- 9 November 1799 ( 1789 - 05 - 05 -- 1799 - 11 - 09 ) ( 10 years , 6 months and 4 days ) Location Kingdom of France Outcome Abolition of the French monarchy Establishment of a secular and democratic republic that became increasingly authoritarian and militaristic Radical social change based on liberalism and other Enlightenment principles Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Armed conflicts with other European countries Part of a series on the History of France Prehistory ( show ) Palaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Copper Age Bronze Age Iron Age Ancient ( show ) Greek colonies Celtic Gaul until 50 BC Roman Gaul 50 BC -- 486 AD Early Middle Ages ( show ) Franks Merovingians 481 -- 751 Carolingians 751 -- 987 Middle Ages ( show ) Direct Capetians 987 -- 1328 Valois 1328 -- 1498 Early modern ( show ) Ancien Régime Valois - Orléans 1498 -- 1515 Valois - Angoulême 1515 -- 89 Bourbon 1589 -- 1792 Long 19th century ( show ) French Revolution 1789 -- 1799 Kingdom of France 1791 -- 92 First Republic 1792 -- 1804 First Empire", "1": "1804 -- 14 Restoration 1814 -- 30 July Monarchy 1830 -- 1848 Second Republic 1848 -- 52 Second Empire 1852 -- 70 Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 20th century ( show ) Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 Free France Vichy France 1940 -- 44 Provisional Republic 1944 -- 46 Fourth Republic 1946 -- 58 Fifth Republic 1958 -- present Timeline France portal Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution", "2": "Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The French Revolution ( French : Révolution française ( ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ) ) was a period of far - reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799 , and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire . The Revolution overthrew the monarchy , established a republic , experienced violent periods of political turmoil , and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond . Inspired by liberal and radical ideas , the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history , triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies . Through the Revolutionary Wars , it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East . Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history . The causes of the French Revolution are complex and are still debated among historians .", "3": "Following the Seven Years ' War and the American Revolutionary War , the French government was deeply in debt and attempted to restore its financial status through unpopular taxation schemes , which were heavily regressive . Years of bad harvests leading up to the Revolution also inflamed popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the aristocracy . Demands for change were formulated in terms of Enlightenment ideals and contributed to the convocation of the Estates - General in May 1789 . The first year of the Revolution saw members of the Third Estate ( commoners ) taking control , the assault on the Bastille in July , the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August , and a women 's march on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October . A central event of the first stage , in August 1789 , was the abolition of feudalism and the old rules and privileges left over from the Ancien Régime . The next few years featured political struggles between various liberal assemblies and right - wing supporters of the monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms . The Republic was proclaimed in September 1792 after the French victory at Valmy . In a momentous event that led to international condemnation , Louis XVI was executed in January 1793 . External threats closely shaped the course of the Revolution . The Revolutionary Wars beginning in 1792 ultimately featured French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian Peninsula , the Low Countries and most territories west of the Rhine -- achievements that had eluded previous French governments for centuries . Internally , popular agitation radicalised the Revolution significantly , culminating in the rise of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins . The dictatorship imposed by the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror , from 1793 until 1794 , established price controls on food and other items , abolished slavery in French colonies abroad , dechristianised society through the creation of a new calendar and the expulsion of religious figures , and secured the borders of the new republic from its enemies . Large numbers of civilians were executed by revolutionary tribunals during the Terror , with estimates ranging from 16,000 to 40,000 . After the Thermidorian Reaction , an executive council known as the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1795 .", "4": "The rule of the Directory was characterised by suspended elections , debt repudiations , financial instability , persecutions against the Catholic clergy , and significant military conquests abroad . Dogged by charges of corruption , the Directory collapsed in a coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799 . Napoleon , who became the hero of the Revolution through his popular military campaigns , went on to establish the Consulate and later the First Empire , setting the stage for a wider array of global conflicts in the Napoleonic Wars . The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution . Almost all future revolutionary movements looked back to the Revolution as their predecessor . Its central phrases and cultural symbols , such as La Marseillaise and Liberté , fraternité , égalité , ou la mort , became the clarion call for other major upheavals in modern history , including the Russian Revolution over a century later . The values and institutions of the Revolution dominate French politics to this day . The Revolution resulted in the suppression of the feudal system , the emancipation of the individual , the greater division of landed property , the abolition of the privileges of noble birth and the nominal establishment of equality . The French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national , for it aimed at benefiting all humanity . Globally , the Revolution accelerated the rise of republics and democracies . It became the focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies , leading to the spread of liberalism , radicalism , nationalism , and secularism , among many others . The Revolution also witnessed the birth of total war by organising the resources of France and the lives of its citizens towards the objective of military conquest . Some of its central documents , like the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , also inspired movements for abolitionism and universal suffrage in the next century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 2 Ancien Régime 2.1 Financial crisis 2.2 Estates - General of 1789 2.3 National Assembly ( 1789 ) 3 Constitutional Monarchy 3.1 National Constituent Assembly ( July 1789 -- September 1791 ) 3.1. 1 Storming of the Bastille 3.1. 2 Abolition of feudalism 3.1.", "5": "3 Declaration of the Rights of Man 3.1. 4 Writing the first constitution 3.1. 5 Women 's March on Versailles 3.1. 6 Revolution and the Church 3.1. 7 Intrigues and radicalism 3.1. 8 Royal flight to Varennes 3.1. 9 Completing the constitution 3.2 Legislative Assembly ( Oct. 1791 -- Sept. 1792 ) 3.2. 1 Failure of the constitutional monarchy 3.2. 2 Constitutional crisis 4 French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars 4.1 Colonial uprisings 5 First Republic 5.1 National Convention ( Sept. 1792 -- 95 ) 5.1. 1 Execution of Louis XVI 5.1. 2 Economy 5.1. 3 Reign of Terror 5.1. 4 Internal and external wars 5.1. 5 Girondins expelled 5.1. 6 Abounding civil war 5.1. 7 Suppressing and retaliating the revolts 5.1. 8 Profuse executions 5.1. 9 Guillotining politicians 5.1. 10 Disregarding the lower classes 5.2 The Directory ( 1795 -- 99 ) 5.2. 1 Evaluation 5.2. 2 Coups d'état 5.2. 3 Exporting the Revolution 6 Media and symbolism 6.1 Newspapers 6.2 Symbolism 6.3 La Marseillaise 6.4 Guillotine 6.5 Tricolore cockade 6.6 Fasces 6.7 Liberty cap 7 Role of women 7.1 Prominent women 7.2 Counter-revolutionary women 8 Economic policies 9 Long - term impact 9.1 France 9.1. 1 Religion and charity 9.1. 2 Economics 9.1. 3 Constitutionalism 9.2 Communism 9.3 Outside France 9.3.", "6": "1 Britain 9.3. 2 Germany 9.3. 3 Switzerland 9.3. 4 Belgium 9.3. 5 Scandinavia 9.4 United States 10 Historiography 11 See also 11.1 Political clubs during the French Revolution 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Surveys and reference 14.2 European and Atlantic History 14.3 Politics and wars 14.4 Economy and society 14.4. 1 Women 14.5 Historiography and memory 14.6 Primary sources 15 External links Causes Main article : Causes of the French Revolution The French government faced fiscal crises in the 1780s , and King Louis XVI was blamed for mishandling these affairs . Historians have pointed to many events and factors within the Ancien Régime that led to the Revolution . Rising social and economic inequality , new political ideas emerging from the Enlightenment , economic mismanagement , environmental factors leading to agricultural failure , unmanageable national debt , and political mismanagement on the part of King Louis XVI have all been cited as laying the groundwork for the Revolution . Over the course of the 18th century , there emerged what the philosopher Jürgen Habermas called the idea of the `` public sphere '' in France and elsewhere in Europe . Habermas argued that the dominant cultural model in 17th century France was a `` representational '' culture , which was based on a one - sided need to `` represent '' power with one side active and the other passive . A perfect example would be the Palace of Versailles which was meant to overwhelm the senses of the visitor and convince one of the greatness of the French state and Louis XIV . Starting in the early 18th century saw the appearance of the `` public sphere '' which was `` critical '' in that both sides were active . Examples of the `` public sphere '' included newspapers , journals , masonic lodges , coffee houses and reading clubs where people either in person or virtually via the printed word debated and discussed issues . In France , the emergence of the `` public sphere '' outside of the control of the state saw the shift from Versailles to Paris as the cultural capital of France .", "7": "Likewise , in the 17th century it was the court that decided what was culturally good and what was not ; in the 18th century , the opinion of the court mattered less and it was the consumers who became the arbiters of cultural taste . In the 1750s , during the `` Querelle des Bouffons '' over the question of the quality of Italian vs. French music , the partisans of both sides appealed to the French public `` because it alone has the right to decide whether a work will be preserved for posterity or will be used by grocers as wrapping - paper '' . In 1782 , Louis - Sébastien Mercier wrote : `` The word court no longer inspires awe amongst us as in the time of Louis XIV . Reigning opinions are no longer received from the court ; it no longer decides on reputations of any sort ... The court 's judgments are countermanded ; one says openly that it understands nothing ; it has no ideas on the subject and could have none . '' Inevitably , the belief that public opinion had the right to decide cultural questions instead of deferring to the court transformed itself into the demand that the public also have a say on political questions as well . The economy in the Ancien Régime during the years preceding the Revolution suffered from instability ; poor harvests lasting several years and an inadequate transportation system both contributed to making food more expensive . The sequence of events leading to the Revolution included the national government 's fiscal troubles caused by an inefficient tax system and expenditure on numerous large wars . The attempt to challenge British naval and commercial power in the Seven Years ' War was a costly disaster , with the loss of France 's colonial possessions in continental North America and the destruction of the French Navy . French forces were rebuilt , and feeling bitter about having lost many of France 's overseas colonies to the British Empire during the Seven Years ' War , Louis XVI was eager to give the American rebels financial and military support . After the British surrender at the Battle of Saratoga , the French sent 10,000 troops and millions of dollars to the rebels . Despite succeeding in gaining independence for the Thirteen Colonies , France was severely indebted by the American Revolutionary War . France 's inefficient and antiquated financial system could not finance this debt .", "8": "Faced with a financial crisis , the king called an Estates General , recommended by the Assembly of Notables in 1787 for the first time in over a century . France was experiencing such a severe economic depression that there was n't enough food to go around . As with most monarchies , the upper class was always insured a stable living so while the rich remained very wealthy , the majority of the French population was starving . Many were so destitute that they could n't even feed their families and resorted to theft or prostitution to stay alive . Meanwhile , the royal court at Versailles was isolated from and indifferent to the escalating crisis . While in theory King Louis XVI was an absolute monarch , in practice he was often indecisive and known to back down when faced with strong opposition . While he did reduce government expenditures , opponents in the parlements successfully thwarted his attempts at enacting much needed reforms . The Enlightenment had produced many writers , pamphleteers and publishers who could inform or inflame public opinion . The opposition used this resource to mobilise public opinion against the monarchy , which in turn tried to repress the underground literature . Many other factors involved resentments and aspirations given focus by the rise of Enlightenment ideals . These included resentment of royal absolutism ; resentment by peasants , labourers and the bourgeoisie towards the traditional seigneurial privileges possessed by the nobility ; resentment of the Catholic Church 's influence over public policy and institutions ; aspirations for freedom of religion ; resentment of aristocratic bishops by the poorer rural clergy ; aspirations for social , political and economic equality , and ( especially as the Revolution progressed ) republicanism ; hatred of Queen Marie - Antoinette , who was falsely accused of being a spendthrift and an Austrian spy ; and anger towards the King for dismissing ministers , including finance minister Jacques Necker , who were popularly seen as representatives of the people . Freemasonry played an important role in the revolution . Originally largely apolitical , Freemasonry was radicalised in the late 18th century through the introduction of higher grades which emphasised themes of liberty , equality , and fraternity . Virtually every major player in the Revolution was a Freemason and these themes became the widely recognised slogan of the revolution .", "9": "Ancien regime Financial crisis Caricature of the Third Estate carrying the First Estate ( clergy ) and the Second Estate ( nobility ) on its back In 1774 Louis XVI ascended to the throne in the middle of a financial crisis in which the state was faced with a budget deficit and was nearing bankruptcy . This was due in part to France 's costly involvements in the Seven Years ' War and later the American Revolutionary War . In May 1776 , finance minister Turgot was dismissed , after failing to enact reforms . The next year , Jacques Necker , a foreigner , was appointed Comptroller - General of Finance . He could not be made an official minister because he was a Protestant . Necker realised that the country 's extremely regressive tax system subjected the lower classes to a heavy burden , while numerous exemptions existed for the nobility and clergy . He argued that the country could not be taxed higher ; that tax exemptions for the nobility and clergy must be reduced ; and proposed that borrowing more money would solve the country 's fiscal shortages . Necker published a report to support this claim that underestimated the deficit by roughly 36 million livres , and proposed restricting the power of the parlements . This was not received well by the King 's ministers , and Necker , hoping to bolster his position , argued to be made a minister . The King refused , Necker was dismissed , and Charles Alexandre de Calonne was appointed to the Comptrollership . Calonne initially spent liberally , but he quickly realised the critical financial situation and proposed a new tax code . The proposal included a consistent land tax , which would include taxation of the nobility and clergy . Faced with opposition from the parlements , Calonne organised the summoning of the Assembly of Notables . But the Assembly failed to endorse Calonne 's proposals and instead weakened his position through its criticism . In response , the King announced the calling of the Estates - General for May 1789 , the first time the body had been summoned since 1614 . This was a signal that the Bourbon monarchy was in a weakened state and subject to the demands of its people .", "10": "Estates - general of 1789 Main article : Estates General of 1789 in France The Estates - General was organised into three estates : the clergy , the nobility , and the rest of France . It had last met in 1614 . Elections were held in the spring of 1789 ; suffrage requirements for the Third Estate were for French - born or naturalised males , aged 25 years or more , who resided where the vote was to take place and who paid taxes . Strong turnout produced 1,201 delegates , including 303 clergy , 291 nobles and 610 members of the Third Estate . The First Estate represented 100,000 Catholic clergy ; the Church owned about 10 % of the land and collected its own taxes ( the tithe ) on peasants . The lands were controlled by bishops and abbots of monasteries , but two - thirds of the 303 delegates from the First Estate were ordinary parish priests ; only 51 were bishops . The Second Estate represented the nobility , about 400,000 men and women who owned about 25 % of the land and collected seigneurial dues and rents from their peasant tenants . About a third of these deputies were nobles , mostly with minor holdings . The Third Estate representation was doubled to 610 men , representing 95 % of the population . Half were well educated lawyers or local officials . Nearly a third were in trades or industry ; 51 were wealthy land owners . The meeting of the Estates General on 5 May 1789 at Versailles To assist delegates , `` Books of grievances '' ( cahiers de doléances ) were compiled to list problems . The books articulated ideas which would have seemed radical only months before ; however , most supported the monarchical system in general . Many assumed the Estates - General would approve future taxes , and Enlightenment ideals were relatively rare . Pamphlets by liberal nobles and clergy became widespread after the lifting of press censorship . The Abbé Sieyès , a theorist and Catholic clergyman , argued the paramount importance of the Third Estate in the pamphlet Qu'est - ce que le tiers état ? ( What is the Third Estate ? ) published in January , 1789 . He asserted : `` What is the Third Estate ? Everything . What has it been until now in the political order ?", "11": "Nothing . What does it want to be ? Something . '' The Estates - General convened in the Grands Salles des Menus - Plaisirs in Versailles on 5 May 1789 and opened with a three - hour speech by Necker . The Third Estate demanded that the credentials of deputies should be verified by all deputies , rather than each estate verifying the credentials of its own members , but negotiations with the other estates failed to achieve this . The commoners appealed to the clergy , who asked for more time . Necker then stated that each estate should verify its own members ' credentials and that the king should act as arbitrator . National Assembly ( 1789 ) Main article : National Assembly ( French Revolution ) The National Assembly taking the Tennis Court Oath ( sketch by Jacques - Louis David ) The middle class were the ones who fanned the flames of revolution . They established the National Assembly and tried to pressure the aristocracy to spread their money evenly between the upper , middle and lower classes . On 10 June 1789 Abbé Sieyès moved that the Third Estate , now meeting as the Communes ( English : `` Commons '' ) proceed with verifying its own powers and invite the other two estates to take part , but not to wait for them . They proceeded to do so two days later , completing the process on 17 June . Then they voted a measure far more radical , declaring themselves the National Assembly , an assembly not of the Estates but of `` the People '' . They invited the other orders to join them , but made it clear they intended to conduct the nation 's affairs with or without them . In an attempt to keep control of the process and prevent the Assembly from convening , Louis XVI ordered the closure of the Salle des États where the Assembly met , making an excuse that the carpenters needed to prepare the hall for a royal speech in two days . Weather did not allow an outdoor meeting , and fearing an attack ordered by Louis XVI , they met in a tennis court just outside Versailles , where they proceeded to swear the Tennis Court Oath ( 20 June 1789 ) under which they agreed not to separate until they had given France a constitution . A majority of the representatives of the clergy soon joined them , as did 47 members of the nobility .", "12": "By 27 June , the royal party had overtly given in , although the military began to arrive in large numbers around Paris and Versailles . Messages of support for the Assembly poured in from Paris and other French cities . Constitutional monarchy National Constituent Assembly ( July 1789 -- September 1791 ) Main article : National Constituent Assembly ( France ) Storming of the Bastille Main article : Storming of the Bastille By this time , Necker had earned the enmity of many members of the French court for his overt manipulation of public opinion . Marie Antoinette , the King 's younger brother the Comte d'Artois , and other conservative members of the King 's privy council urged him to dismiss Necker as financial advisor . On 11 July 1789 , after Necker published an inaccurate account of the government 's debts and made it available to the public , the King fired him , and completely restructured the finance ministry at the same time . The Storming of the Bastille in July 1789 is widely regarded as the most iconic event of the Revolution . Many Parisians presumed Louis ' actions to be aimed against the Assembly and began open rebellion when they heard the news the next day . They were also afraid that arriving soldiers -- mostly foreign mercenaries -- had been summoned to shut down the National Constituent Assembly . The Assembly , meeting at Versailles , went into nonstop session to prevent another eviction from their meeting place . Paris was soon consumed by riots , chaos , and widespread looting . The mobs soon had the support of some of the French Guard , who were armed and trained soldiers . On 14 July , the insurgents set their eyes on the large weapons and ammunition cache inside the Bastille fortress , which was also perceived to be a symbol of royal power . After several hours of combat , the prison fell that afternoon . Despite ordering a ceasefire , which prevented a mutual massacre , Governor Marquis Bernard - René de Launay was beaten , stabbed and decapitated ; his head was placed on a pike and paraded about the city . Although the fortress had held only seven prisoners ( four forgers , two noblemen kept for immoral behaviour , and a murder suspect ) the Bastille served as a potent symbol of everything hated under the Ancien Régime .", "13": "Returning to the Hôtel de Ville ( city hall ) , the mob accused the prévôt des marchands ( roughly , mayor ) Jacques de Flesselles of treachery and butchered him . The King , alarmed by the violence , backed down , at least for the time being . The Marquis de Lafayette took up command of the National Guard at Paris . Jean - Sylvain Bailly , president of the Assembly at the time of the Tennis Court Oath , became the city 's mayor under a new governmental structure known as the commune . The King visited Paris , where , on 17 July he accepted a tricolore cockade , to cries of Vive la Nation ( `` Long live the Nation '' ) and Vive le Roi ( `` Long live the King '' ) . Necker was recalled to power , but his triumph was short - lived . An astute financier but a less astute politician , Necker overplayed his hand by demanding and obtaining a general amnesty , losing much of the people 's favour . As civil authority rapidly deteriorated , with random acts of violence and theft breaking out across the country , members of the nobility , fearing for their safety , fled to neighbouring countries ; many of these émigrés , as they were called , funded counter-revolutionary causes within France and urged foreign monarchs to offer military support to a counter-revolution . By late July , the spirit of popular sovereignty had spread throughout France . In rural areas , many commoners began to form militias and arm themselves against a foreign invasion : some attacked the châteaux of the nobility as part of a general agrarian insurrection known as `` la Grande Peur '' ( `` the Great Fear '' ) . In addition , wild rumours and paranoia caused widespread unrest and civil disturbances that contributed to the collapse of law and order . Abolition of feudalism Main article : Abolition of feudalism in France The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 26 August 1789 On 4 and 11 August 1789 the National Constituent Assembly abolished privileges and feudalism ( numerous peasant revolts had almost brought feudalism to an end ) in the August Decrees , sweeping away personal serfdom , exclusive hunting rights and other seigneurial rights of the Second Estate ( nobility ) .", "14": "Also the tithe ( a 10 % tax for the Church , gathered by the First Estate ( clergy ) ) was abolished which had been the main source of income for many clergymen . During the course of a few hours nobles , clergy , towns , provinces , companies and cities lost their special privileges . Historian Georges Lefebvre summarises the night 's work : Without debate the Assembly enthusiastically adopted equality of taxation and redemption of all manorial rights except for those involving personal servitude -- which were to be abolished without indemnification . Other proposals followed with the same success : the equality of legal punishment , admission of all to public office , abolition of venality in office , conversion of the tithe into payments subject to redemption , freedom of worship , prohibition of plural holding of benefices ... Privileges of provinces and towns were offered as a last sacrifice . Originally the peasants were supposed to pay for the release of seigneurial dues ; these dues affected more than a fourth of the farmland in France and provided most of the income of the large landowners . The majority refused to pay and in 1793 the obligation was cancelled . Thus the peasants got their land free , and also no longer paid the tithe to the church . Furet emphasises that the decisions of August 1789 survived and became an integral part of the founding texts of modern France . They destroyed aristocratic society from top to bottom , along with its structure of dependencies and privileges . For this structure they substituted the modern , autonomous individual , free to do whatever was not prohibited by law ... The Revolution thus distinguished itself quite early by its radical individualism The old judicial system , based on the 13 regional parlements , was suspended in November 1789 , and officially abolished in September 1790 . The main institutional pillars of the old regime had vanished overnight . Declaration of the rights of Man Main article : Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen On 26 August 1789 the Assembly published the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which comprised a statement of principles rather than a constitution with legal effect . The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson working with General Lafayette , who introduced it . The National Constituent Assembly functioned not only as a legislature , but also as a body to draft a new constitution .", "15": "Writing the first constitution Main article : French Constitution of 1791 Necker , Mounier , Lally - Tollendal and others argued unsuccessfully for a senate , with members appointed by the crown on the nomination of the people . The bulk of the nobles argued for an aristocratic upper house elected by the nobles . The popular party carried the day : France would have a single , unicameral assembly . The King retained only a `` suspensive veto '' ; he could delay the implementation of a law , but not block it absolutely . The Assembly eventually replaced the historic provinces with 83 départements , uniformly administered and roughly equal in area and population . Amid the Assembly 's preoccupation with constitutional affairs , the financial crisis had continued largely unaddressed , and the deficit had only increased . Honoré Mirabeau now led the move to address this matter , and the Assembly gave Necker complete financial dictatorship . Women 's March on Versailles Main article : Women 's March on Versailles Engraving of the Women 's March on Versailles , 5 October 1789 Fuelled by rumours of a reception for the King 's bodyguards on 1 October 1789 , at which the national cockade had been trampled upon , on 5 October 1789 , crowds of women began to assemble at Parisian markets . The women first marched to the Hôtel de Ville , demanding that city officials address their concerns . The women were responding to the harsh economic situations they faced , especially bread shortages . They also demanded an end to royal efforts to block the National Assembly , and for the King and his administration to move to Paris as a sign of good faith in addressing the widespread poverty . Getting unsatisfactory responses from city officials , as many as 7,000 women joined the march to Versailles , bringing with them cannons and a variety of smaller weapons . Twenty thousand National Guardsmen under the command of Lafayette responded to keep order , and members of the mob stormed the palace , killing several guards . Lafayette ultimately persuaded the king to accede to the demand of the crowd that the monarchy relocate to Paris . On 6 October 1789 , the King and the royal family moved from Versailles to Paris under the `` protection '' of the National Guards , thus legitimising the National Assembly .", "16": "Revolution and the Church Main articles : Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution and Civil Constitution of the Clergy In this caricature , monks and nuns enjoy their new freedom after the decree of 16 February 1790 . The Revolution caused a massive shift of power from the Roman Catholic Church to the state . Under the Ancien Régime , the Church had been the largest single landowner in the country , owning about 10 % of the land in the kingdom . The Church was exempt from paying taxes to the government , while it levied a tithe -- a 10 % tax on income , often collected in the form of crops -- on the general population , only a fraction of which it then redistributed to the poor . Resentment towards the Church weakened its power during the opening of the Estates General in May 1789 . The Church composed the First Estate with 130,000 members of the clergy . When the National Assembly was later created in June 1789 by the Third Estate , the clergy voted to join them , which perpetuated the destruction of the Estates General as a governing body . The National Assembly began to enact social and economic reform . Legislation sanctioned on 4 August 1789 abolished the Church 's authority to impose the tithe . In an attempt to address the financial crisis , the Assembly declared , on 2 November 1789 , that the property of the Church was `` at the disposal of the nation '' . They used this property to back a new currency , the assignats . Thus , the nation had now also taken on the responsibility of the Church , which included paying the clergy and caring for the poor , the sick and the orphaned . In December , the Assembly began to sell the lands to the highest bidder to raise revenue , effectively decreasing the value of the assignats by 25 % in two years . In autumn 1789 , legislation abolished monastic vows and on 13 February 1790 all religious orders were dissolved . Monks and nuns were encouraged to return to private life and a small percentage did eventually marry . The Civil Constitution of the Clergy , passed on 12 July 1790 , turned the remaining clergy into employees of the state . This established an election system for parish priests and bishops and set a pay rate for the clergy .", "17": "Many Catholics objected to the election system because it effectively denied the authority of the Pope in Rome over the French Church . In October a group of 30 bishops wrote a declaration saying they could not accept that law , and this protest fueled also civilian opposition against that law . Eventually , in November 1790 , the National Assembly began to require an oath of loyalty to the Civil Constitution from all the members of the clergy . This led to a schism between those clergy who swore the required oath and accepted the new arrangement and those who remained loyal to the Pope . Priests swearing the oath were indicated as ' constitutional ' , those not taking the oath as ' non-juring ' or ' refractory ' clergy . Overall , 24 % of the clergy nationwide took the oath . This decree stiffened the resistance against the state 's interference with the church , especially in the west of France like in Normandy , Brittany and the Vendée , where only few priests took the oath and the civilian population turned against the revolution . Widespread refusal led to legislation against the clergy , `` forcing them into exile , deporting them forcibly , or executing them as traitors '' . Pope Pius VI never accepted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy , further isolating the Church in France . A new Republican Calendar was established in 1793 , with 10 - day weeks that made it very difficult for Catholics to remember Sundays and saints ' days . Workers complained it reduced the number of first - day - of - the - week holidays from 52 to 37 . During the Reign of Terror , extreme efforts of de-Christianisation ensued , including the imprisonment and massacre of priests and destruction of churches and religious images throughout France . An effort was made to replace the Catholic Church altogether , with civic festivals replacing religious ones . The establishment of the Cult of Reason was the final step of radical de-Christianisation . These events led to a widespread disillusionment with the Revolution and to counter-rebellions across France . Locals often resisted de-Christianisation by attacking revolutionary agents and hiding members of the clergy who were being hunted . Eventually , Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety were forced to denounce the campaign , replacing the Cult of Reason with the deist but still non-Christian Cult of the Supreme Being .", "18": "The Concordat of 1801 between Napoleon and the Church ended the de-Christianisation period and established the rules for a relationship between the Catholic Church and the French State that lasted until it was abrogated by the Third Republic via the separation of church and state on 11 December 1905 . The persecution of the Church led to a counter-revolution known as the Revolt in the Vendée . Historians Lynn Hunt and Jack Censer argue that some French Protestants , the Huguenots , wanted an anti-Catholic regime , and that Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire helped fuel this resentment . Historian John McManners writes , `` In eighteenth - century France throne and altar were commonly spoken of as in close alliance ; their simultaneous collapse ... would one day provide the final proof of their interdependence . '' Intrigues and radicalism Factions within the Assembly began to clarify . The aristocrat Jacques Antoine Marie de Cazalès and the abbé Jean - Sifrein Maury led what would become known as the right wing , the opposition to revolution ( this party sat on the right - hand side of the Assembly ) . The `` Royalist democrats '' or monarchiens , allied with Necker , inclined towards organising France along lines similar to the British constitutional model ; they included Jean Joseph Mounier , the Comte de Lally - Tollendal , the comte de Clermont - Tonnerre , and Pierre Victor Malouet , comte de Virieu . The `` National Party '' , representing the centre or centre - left of the assembly , included Honoré Mirabeau , Lafayette , and Bailly ; while Adrien Duport , Barnave and Alexandre Lameth represented somewhat more extreme views . Almost alone in his radicalism on the left was the Arras lawyer Maximilien Robespierre . Abbé Sieyès led in proposing legislation in this period and successfully forged consensus for some time between the political centre and the left . In Paris , various committees , the mayor , the assembly of representatives , and the individual districts each claimed authority independent of the others . The increasingly middle - class National Guard under Lafayette also slowly emerged as a power in its own right , as did other self - generated assemblies .", "19": "The Fête de la Fédération on 14 July 1790 celebrated the establishment of the constitutional monarchy The Assembly abolished the symbolic paraphernalia of the Ancien Régime -- armorial bearings , liveries , etc. -- which further alienated the more conservative nobles , and added to the ranks of the émigrés . On 14 July 1790 , and for several days following , crowds in the Champ de Mars celebrated the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille with the Fête de la Fédération ; Talleyrand performed a mass ; participants swore an oath of `` fidelity to the nation , the law , and the king '' ; the King and the royal family actively participated . The electors had originally chosen the members of the Estates - General to serve for a single year . However , by the terms of the Tennis Court Oath , the communes had bound themselves to meet continuously until France had a constitution . Right - wing elements now argued for a new election , but Mirabeau prevailed , asserting that the status of the assembly had fundamentally changed , and that no new election should take place before completing the constitution . In late 1790 the French army was in considerable disarray . The military officer corps was largely composed of noblemen , who found it increasingly difficult to maintain order within the ranks . In some cases , soldiers ( drawn from the lower classes ) had turned against their aristocratic commanders and attacked them . At Nancy , General Bouillé successfully put down one such rebellion , only to be accused of being anti-revolutionary for doing so . This and other such incidents spurred a mass desertion as more and more officers defected to other countries , leaving a dearth of experienced leadership within the army . This period also saw the rise of the political `` clubs '' in French politics . Foremost among these was the Jacobin Club ; 152 members had affiliated with the Jacobins by 10 August 1790 . The Jacobin Society began as a broad , general organisation for political debate , but as it grew in members , various factions developed with widely differing views . Several of these factions broke off to form their own clubs , such as the Club of ' 89 . Meanwhile , the Assembly continued to work on developing a constitution . A new judicial organisation made all magistracies temporary and independent of the throne .", "20": "The legislators abolished hereditary offices , except for the monarchy itself . Jury trials started for criminal cases . The King would have the unique power to propose war , with the legislature then deciding whether to declare war . The Assembly abolished all internal trade barriers and suppressed guilds , masterships , and workers ' organisations : any individual gained the right to practise a trade through the purchase of a license ; strikes became illegal . Royal flight to Varennes Main article : Flight to Varennes The return of the royal family to Paris on 25 June 1791 , after their failed flight to Varennes Louis XVI was increasingly dismayed by the direction of the revolution . His brother , the Comte d'Artois and his queen , Marie Antoinette , urged a stronger stance against the revolution and support for the émigrés , while he was resistant to any course that would see him openly side with foreign powers against the Assembly . Eventually , fearing for his own safety and that of his family , he decided to flee Paris to the Austrian border , having been assured of the loyalty of the border garrisons . Louis cast his lot with General Bouillé , who condemned both the emigration and the Assembly , and promised him refuge and support in his camp at Montmédy . On the night of 20 June 1791 the royal family fled the Tuileries Palace dressed as servants , while their servants dressed as nobles . However , late the next day , the King was recognised and arrested at Varennes and returned to Paris . The Assembly provisionally suspended the King . He and Queen Marie Antoinette remained held under guard . The King 's flight had a profound impact on public opinion , turning popular sentiment further against the clergy and nobility , and built momentum for the institution of a constitutional monarchy . Completing the constitution Main article : The Last Days of the National Constituent Assembly As most of the Assembly still favoured a constitutional monarchy rather than a republic , the various groups reached a compromise which left Louis XVI as little more than a figurehead : he was forced to swear an oath to the constitution , and a decree declared that retracting the oath , heading an army for the purpose of making war upon the nation , or permitting anyone to do so in his name would amount to abdication .", "21": "However , Jacques Pierre Brissot drafted a petition , insisting that in the eyes of the nation Louis XVI was deposed since his flight . An immense crowd gathered in the Champ de Mars to sign the petition . Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins gave fiery speeches . The Assembly called for the municipal authorities to `` preserve public order '' . The National Guard under Lafayette 's command confronted the crowd . The soldiers responded to a barrage of stones by firing into the crowd , killing between 13 and 50 people . The incident cost Lafayette and his National Guard much public support . In the wake of the massacre the authorities closed many of the patriotic clubs , as well as radical newspapers such as Jean - Paul Marat 's L'Ami du Peuple . Danton fled to England ; Desmoulins and Marat went into hiding . Meanwhile , in August 1791 , a new threat arose from abroad : the King 's brother - in - law Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II , King Frederick William II of Prussia , and the King 's brother Charles - Philippe , comte d'Artois , issued the Declaration of Pillnitz , declaring their intention to bring the French king in the position `` to consolidate the basis of a monarchical government '' and that they were preparing their own troops for action , hinting at an invasion of France on the King 's behalf . Although Leopold himself sought to avoid war and made the declaration to satisfy the Comte d'Artois and the other émigrés , the reaction within France was ferocious . The French people expressed no respect for the dictates of foreign monarchs , and the threat of force merely hastened their militarisation . Even before the Flight to Varennes , the Assembly members had determined to debar themselves from the legislature that would succeed them , the Legislative Assembly . They now gathered the various constitutional laws they had passed into a single constitution , and submitted it to the recently restored Louis XVI , who accepted it , writing `` I engage to maintain it at home , to defend it from all attacks from abroad , and to cause its execution by all the means it places at my disposal '' . The King addressed the Assembly and received enthusiastic applause from members and spectators . With this capstone , the National Constituent Assembly adjourned in a final session on 30 September 1791 .", "22": "Legislative Assembly ( Oct. 1791 -- Sept. 1792 ) Main article : Louis XVI and the Legislative Assembly The Legislative Assembly first met on 1 October 1791 , elected by those 4 million men -- out of a population of 25 million -- who paid a certain minimum amount of taxes . Under the Constitution of 1791 , France would function as a constitutional monarchy . The King had to share power with the elected Legislative Assembly , but he retained his royal veto and the ability to select ministers . Early on , the King vetoed legislation that threatened the émigrés with death and that decreed that every non-juring clergyman must take within eight days the civic oath mandated by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy . Over the course of a year , such disagreements would lead to a constitutional crisis . Late 1791 , a group of Assembly members who propagated war against Austria and Prussia was , after some remark of politician Maximilien Robespierre , henceforth indicated as the ' Girondins ' , although not all of them really came from the southern province of Gironde . A group around Robespierre -- later indicated as ' Montagnards ' or ' Jacobins ' -- pleaded against that war ; this opposition between those groups would harden and embitter in the next 11⁄2 years . In response to the threat of war of August 1791 from Austria and Prussia , leaders of the Assembly saw such a war as a means to strengthen support for their revolutionary government , and the French people as well as the Assembly thought that they would win a war against Austria and Prussia . On 20 April 1792 , France declared war on Austria . Late April 1792 , France invaded and conquered the Austrian Netherlands ( roughly present - day Belgium and Luxembourg ) . 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Francis Charles Montague concluded in 1911 , `` In the attempt to govern , the Assembly failed altogether . It left behind an empty treasury , an undisciplined army and navy , and a people debauched by safe and successful riot . '' Lyons argues that the Constituent Assembly had liberal , rational , and individualistic goals that seem to have been largely achieved by 1791 . However , it failed to consolidate the gains of the Revolution , which continued with increasing momentum and escalating radicalism until 1794 . Lyons identifies six reasons for this escalation . First , the king did not accept the limitations on his powers , and mobilised support from foreign monarchs to reverse it . Second , the effort to overthrow the Roman Catholic Church , sell off its lands , close its monasteries and its charitable operations , and replace it with an unpopular makeshift system caused deep consternation among the pious and the peasants .", "25": "Third , the economy was badly hurt by the issuance of ever increasing amounts of paper money ( assignats ) , which caused more and more inflation ; the rising prices hurt the urban poor who spent most of their income on food . Fourth , the rural peasants demanded liberation from the heavy system of taxes and dues owed to local landowners . Fifth , the working class of Paris and the other cities -- the sans - culottes -- resented the fact that the property owners and professionals had taken all the spoils of the Revolution . Finally , foreign powers threatened to overthrow the Revolution , which responded with extremism and systematic violence in its own defence . Constitutional crisis Main articles : 10 August ( French Revolution ) , September Massacres , and Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy On 10 August 1792 the Paris Commune stormed the Tuileries Palace and killed the Swiss Guards In the summer of 1792 , all of Paris was against the king , and hoped that the Assembly would depose the king , but the Assembly hesitated . At dawn of 10 August 1792 , a large , angry crowd of Parisians and soldiers from all over France , insurgents and popular militias , supported by the revolutionary Paris Commune , marched on the Tuileries Palace where the king resided , assailed the Palace and killed the Swiss Guards who were assigned for the protection of the king . Around 8 : 00am the king decided to leave his palace and seek safety with his wife and children in the Assembly that was gathered in permanent session in Salle du Manège opposite to the Tuileries . The royal family became prisoners . After 11 : 00am , a rump session of the Legislative Assembly ' temporarily relieved the king from his task ' and thus suspended the monarchy ; little more than a third of the deputies were present , almost all of them Jacobins . In reaction , on 19 August the Prussian general Duke of Brunswick invaded France and besieged Longwy . 26 August , the Assembly decreed the deportation of refractory priests in the west of France , as `` causes of danger to the fatherland '' , to destinations like French Guiana . In reaction , peasants in the Vendée took over a town , in another step toward civil war . What remained of a national government depended on the support of the insurrectionary Commune .", "26": "With enemy troops advancing , the Commune looked for potential traitors in Paris . On 2 , 3 and 4 September 1792 , hundreds of Parisians , supporters of the revolution , infuriated by Verdun being captured by the Prussian enemy , the uprisings in the west of France , and rumours that the incarcerated prisoners in Paris were conspiring with the foreign enemy , raided the Parisian prisons and murdered between 1,000 and 1,500 prisoners , many of them Catholic priests but also common criminals . Jean - Paul Marat , a political ally of Robespierre , in an open letter on 3 September incited the rest of France to follow the Parisian example ; Robespierre kept a low profile in regard to the murder orgy ; the Assembly and the city council of Paris ( la Commune ) seemed inapt and hardly motivated to call a halt to the unleashed bloodshed . The Commune sent gangs of National Guardsmen and fereres into the prisons to kill 10 or more victims , mostly nonjuring priests . The Commune then sent a circular letter to the other cities of France inviting them to follow this example , and many cities launched their own massacres of prisoners and priests in the `` September massacres '' . The Assembly could offer only feeble resistance . In October , however , there was a counterattack accusing the instigators , especially Marat , of being terrorists . This led to a political contest between the more moderate Girondists and the more radical Montagnards inside the Convention , with rumour used as a weapon by both sides . The Girondists lost ground when they seemed too conciliatory . But the pendulum swung again and after Thermidor , the men who had endorsed the massacres were denounced as terrorists . Chaos persisted until the Convention , elected by universal male suffrage and charged with writing a new constitution , met on 20 September 1792 and became the new de facto government of France . The next day it abolished the monarchy and declared a republic . The following day -- 22 September 1792 , the first morning of the new Republic -- was later retroactively adopted as the beginning of Year One of the French Republican Calendar .", "27": "French Revolutionary wars and Napoleonic wars Main articles : French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars From 1793 to 1815 France was engaged almost continuously ( with two short breaks ) in wars with Britain and a changing coalition of other major powers . The many French successes led to the spread of the French revolutionary ideals into neighbouring countries , and indeed across much of Europe . However , the final defeat of Napoleon in 1814 ( and 1815 ) brought a reaction that reversed some -- but not all -- of the revolutionary achievements in France and Europe . The Bourbons were restored to the throne , with the brother of executed King Louis XVI becoming King Louis XVIII . French victory over the Prussians at the Battle of Valmy on 20 September 1792 The politics of the period inevitably drove France towards war with Austria and its allies . The King , many of the Feuillants , and the Girondins specifically wanted to wage war . The King ( and many Feuillants with him ) expected war would increase his personal popularity ; he also foresaw an opportunity to exploit any defeat : either result would make him stronger . The Girondins wanted to export the Revolution throughout Europe and , by extension , to defend the Revolution within France . The forces opposing war were much weaker . Barnave and his supporters among the Feuillants feared a war they thought France had little chance to win and which they feared might lead to greater radicalisation of the revolution . On the other end of the political spectrum Robespierre opposed a war on two grounds , fearing that it would strengthen the monarchy and military at the expense of the revolution , and that it would incur the anger of ordinary people in Austria and elsewhere . The Austrian emperor Leopold II , brother of Marie Antoinette , may have wished to avoid war , but he died on 1 March 1792 . France preemptively declared war on Austria ( 20 April 1792 ) and Prussia joined on the Austrian side a few weeks later . The invading Prussian army faced little resistance until checked at the Battle of Valmy ( 20 September 1792 ) and was forced to withdraw .", "28": "The French Revolutionary Army defeated the combined armies of Austrians , Dutch and British at Fleurus in June 1794 The new - born Republic followed up on this success with a series of victories in Belgium and the Rhineland in the fall of 1792 . The French armies defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Jemappes on 6 November , and had soon taken over most of the Austrian Netherlands . This brought them into conflict with Britain and the Dutch Republic , which wished to preserve the independence of the southern Netherlands from France . After the king 's execution in January 1793 , these powers , along with Spain and most other European states , joined the war against France . Almost immediately , French forces faced defeat on many fronts , and were driven out of their newly conquered territories in the spring of 1793 . At the same time , the republican regime was forced to deal with rebellions against its authority in much of western and southern France . But the allies failed to take advantage of French disunity , and by the autumn of 1793 the republican regime had defeated most of the internal rebellions and halted the allied advance into France itself . The stalemate was broken in the summer of 1794 with dramatic French victories . They defeated the allied army at the Battle of Fleurus , leading to a full Allied withdrawal from the Austrian Netherlands . They followed up by a campaign which swept the allies to the east bank of the Rhine and left the French , by the beginning of 1795 , conquering the Dutch Republic itself . The House of Orange was expelled and replaced by the Batavian Republic , a French satellite state . These victories led to the collapse of the coalition against France . Prussia , having effectively abandoned the coalition in the fall of 1794 , made peace with revolutionary France at Basel in April 1795 , and soon thereafter Spain , too , made peace with France . Of the major powers , only Britain and Austria remained at war with France . Slave revolt in Saint Domingue Colonial uprisings Although the French Revolution had a dramatic impact in numerous areas of Europe , the French colonies felt a particular influence . As the Martinican author Aimé Césaire put it , `` there was in each French colony a specific revolution , that occurred on the occasion of the French Revolution , in tune with it . ''", "29": "The Haitian Revolution ( Saint Domingue ) became a central example of slave uprisings in French colonies . First Republic National Convention ( Sept. 1792 -- 95 ) Main article : National Convention Late August 1792 , elections were held , now under male universal suffrage , for the new National Convention . On 20 September 1792 , the new National Convention replaced the Legislative Assembly . From the start the Convention suffered from the bitter division between a group around Robespierre , Danton and Marat referred to as ' Montagnards ' or ' Jacobins ' or ' left ' and a group referred to as ' Girondins ' or ' right ' . But the majority of the representatives , referred to as ' la Plaine ' , were member of neither of those two antagonistic groups and managed to preserve some speed in the Convention 's debates . Immediately on 21 September the Convention abolished the monarchy , making France the French First Republic . A new French Republican Calendar was introduced to replace the Christian Gregorian calendar , renaming the year 1792 as year 1 of the Republic . With wars against Prussia and Austria having started earlier in 1792 , in November 1792 France also declared war on the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic . In the course of 1793 , the Holy Roman Empire , the kings of Portugal and Naples and the Grand - Duke of Tuscany declared war against France . Execution of Louis XVI Execution of Louis XVI in what is now the Place de la Concorde , facing the empty pedestal where the statue of his grandfather , Louis XV , had stood . Main article : Execution of Louis XVI See also : Robespierre and the Execution of Louis XVI In the Brunswick Manifesto , the Imperial and Prussian armies threatened retaliation on the French population if it were to resist their advance or the reinstatement of the monarchy . This among other things made Louis appear to be conspiring with the enemies of France . On 17 January 1793 Louis was condemned to death for `` conspiracy against the public liberty and the general safety '' by a close majority in Convention : 361 voted to execute the king , 288 voted against , and another 72 voted to execute him subject to a variety of delaying conditions .", "30": "The former Louis XVI , now simply named Citoyen Louis Capet ( Citizen Louis Capet ) was executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793 on the Place de la Révolution , former Place Louis XV , now called the Place de la Concorde . Conservatives across Europe were horrified and monarchies called for war against revolutionary France . Economy When war went badly , prices rose and the sans - culottes -- poor labourers and radical Jacobins -- rioted ; counter-revolutionary activities began in some regions . This encouraged the Jacobins to seize power through a parliamentary coup , backed up by force effected by mobilising public support against the Girondist faction , and by utilising the mob power of the Parisian sans - culottes . An alliance of Jacobin and sans - culottes elements thus became the effective centre of the new government . Policy became considerably more radical , as `` The Law of the Maximum '' set food prices and led to executions of offenders . This policy of price control was coeval with the Committee of Public Safety 's rise to power and the Reign of Terror . The Committee first attempted to set the price for only a limited number of grain products but , by September 1793 , it expanded the `` maximum '' to cover all foodstuffs and a long list of other goods . Widespread shortages and famine ensued . The Committee reacted by sending dragoons into the countryside to arrest farmers and seize crops . This temporarily solved the problem in Paris , but the rest of the country suffered . By the spring of 1794 , forced collection of food was not sufficient to feed even Paris and the days of the Committee were numbered . When Robespierre went to the guillotine in July of that year the crowd jeered , `` There goes the dirty maximum ! '' Reign of Terror Main article : Reign of Terror Queen Marie Antoinette on the way to the guillotine on 16 October 1793 ( drawing by Jacques - Louis David ) ' Reign of Terror ' is a label used by some historians for ( part of ) French history between July 1789 and July 1794 , but those historians adhere that label to different periods . The Committee of Public Safety came under the control of Maximilien Robespierre , a lawyer , and the Jacobins unleashed the Reign of Terror ( 1793 -- 94 ) .", "31": "According to archival records , at least 16,594 people died under the guillotine or otherwise after accusations of counter-revolutionary activities . As many as 40,000 accused prisoners may have been summarily executed without trial or died awaiting trial . On 2 June 1793 , Paris sections -- encouraged by the enragés ( `` enraged ones '' ) Jacques Roux and Jacques Hébert -- took over the Convention , calling for administrative and political purges , a low fixed price for bread , and a limitation of the electoral franchise to sans - culottes alone . With the backing of the National Guard , they managed to persuade the Convention to arrest 31 Girondin leaders , including Jacques Pierre Brissot . Following these arrests , the Jacobins gained control of the Committee of Public Safety on 10 June , installing the revolutionary dictatorship . On 24 June , the Convention adopted the first republican constitution of France , variously referred to as the French Constitution of 1793 or Constitution of the Year I. It was progressive and radical in several respects , in particular by establishing universal male suffrage . It was ratified by public referendum , but normal legal processes were suspended before it could take effect . On 13 July , the assassination of Jean - Paul Marat -- a Jacobin leader and journalist known for his bloodthirsty rhetoric -- by Charlotte Corday , a Girondin , resulted in further increase of Jacobin political influence . Georges Danton , the leader of the August 1792 uprising against the king , undermined by several political reversals , was removed from the Committee and Robespierre , `` the Incorruptible '' , became its most influential member as it moved to take radical measures against the Revolution 's domestic and foreign enemies . The Reign of Terror ultimately weakened the revolutionary government , while temporarily ending internal opposition . The Jacobins expanded the size of the army , and Carnot replaced many aristocratic officers with soldiers who had demonstrated their patriotism , if not their ability . The Republican army repulsed the Austrians , Prussians , British , and Spanish . At the end of 1793 , the army began to prevail and revolts were defeated with ease . The Ventôse Decrees ( February -- March 1794 ) proposed the confiscation of the goods of exiles and opponents of the Revolution , and their redistribution to the needy .", "32": "However , this policy was never fully implemented . Three approaches attempt to explain the Reign of Terror imposed by the Jacobins in 1793 -- 94 . The older Marxist interpretation argued the Terror was a necessary response to outside threats ( in terms of other countries going to war with France ) and internal threats ( of traitors inside France threatening to frustrate the Revolution ) . In this interpretation , as expressed by the Marxist historian Albert Soboul , Robespierre and the sans - culottes were heroes for defending the revolution from its enemies . François Furet has argued that foreign threats had little to do with the terror . Instead , the extreme violence was an inherent part of the intense ideological commitment of the revolutionaries -- their utopian goals required exterminating opposition . Soboul 's Marxist interpretation has been largely abandoned by most historians since the 1990s . Hanson ( 2009 ) takes a middle position , recognising the importance of the foreign enemies , and sees the terror as a contingency that was caused by the interaction of a series of complex events and the foreign threat . Hanson says the terror was not inherent in the ideology of the Revolution , but that circumstances made it necessary . Internal and external wars Further information : War in the Vendée The War in the Vendée was a royalist uprising that was suppressed by the republican forces in 1796 . Introduction of a nationwide conscription for the army in February 1793 was the spark that in March made the Vendée , already rebellious since 1790 because of the changes imposed on the Roman Catholic Church by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 1790 ) , ignite into civil ( guerrilla ) war against the French Revolutionary government in Paris . North of the Loire , similar revolts were started by the so - called Chouans ( royalist rebels ) . In March 1793 , France also declared war on Spain , the Vendée rebels won some victories against Paris , and the French army was defeated in Belgium by Austria with the French general Dumouriez defecting to the Austrians : the French Republic 's survival was now in real danger . Facing local revolts and foreign invasions in both the East and West of the country , the most urgent government business was the war .", "33": "On 6 April 1793 , to prevent the Convention from losing itself in abstract debate and to streamline government decisions , the Comité de salut public ( Committee of Public Prosperity ) was created , as executive government which was accountable to the Convention . Girondins expelled In April 1793 , the ' Girondins ' group indicted Jean - Paul Marat before the Revolutionary Tribunal for ' attempting to destroy the sovereignty of the people ' and ' preaching plunder and massacre ' , referring to his behaviour during the September 1792 Paris massacres . Marat was quickly acquitted but the incident further acerbated the ' Girondins ' versus ' Montagnards ' party strife in the Convention . Jacques Hébert , Convention member leaning to the ' Montagnards ' group , on 24 May 1793 called on the sans - culottes to rise in revolt against the `` henchmen of Capet ( the ex-king ) and Dumouriez ( the defected general ) '' . Hébert was arrested by a Convention committee . While that committee consisted only of members from la Plaine and the Girondins , the anger of the sans - culottes was directed towards the Girondins. 25 May , a delegation of la Commune ( the Paris city council ) protested against Hébert 's arrest . The Convention 's President Isnard , a Girondin , answered them : `` Members of la Commune ( ... ) If by your incessant rebellions something befalls to the representatives of the nation , I declare , in the name of France , that Paris will be totally obliterated '' . On 2 June 1793 , the Convention 's session in Tuileries Palace degenerated into chaos and pandemonium . Crowds of people swarmed in and around the palace . Incessant screaming from the public galeries suggested that all of Paris was against the Girondins . Petitions circulated , indicting and condemning 22 Girondins . Barère , member of the Comité de salut public , suggested : to end this division which is harming the Republic , the Girondin leaders should lay down their offices voluntarily . Late that night after much more tumultuous debate , indeed dozens of Girondins had resigned and left the Convention .", "34": "Abounding Civil war The assassination of Jean - Paul Marat by Girondist sympathizer Charlotte Corday on 13 July 1793 By the summer of 1793 , most French departments in one way or another opposed the central Paris government , and in many cases ' Girondins ' , fled from Paris after 2 June , led those revolts . In Brittany 's countryside , the people rejecting the Civil Constitution of the Clergy of 1790 had taken to a guerrilla warfare known as Chouannerie . But generally , the French opposition against ' Paris ' had now evolved into a plain struggle for power over the country against the ' Montagnards ' around Robespierre and Marat now dominating Paris . In June -- July 1793 , Bordeaux , Marseilles , Brittany , Caen and the rest of Normandy gathered armies to march on Paris and against ' the revolution ' . In July , Lyon guillotined the deposed ' Montagnard ' head of the city council . Barère , member of the Committee of Public Prosperity , on 1 August incited the Convention to tougher measures against the Vendée , at war with Paris since March : `` We 'll have peace only when no Vendée remains ... we 'll have to exterminate that rebellious people '' . In August , Convention troops besieged Lyon . On 17 August 1793 , the Convention voted for general conscription , the levée en masse , which mobilised all citizens to serve as soldiers or suppliers in the war effort . The consecutive successes in the French revolutionary wars earned Lazare Carnot the title ' Organizer of Victory ' . In August -- September 1793 , militants urged the Convention to do more to quell the counter-revolution . A delegation of the Commune ( Paris city council ) suggested to form revolutionary armies to arrest hoarders and conspirators . Barère , member of the Committee of Public Prosperity -- the de facto executive government -- ever since April 1793 , among others on 5 September reacted favorably , saying : let 's `` make terror the order of the day ! '' The National Convention on 9 September voted to establish sans - culottes paramilitary forces , revolutionary armies , and to force farmers to surrender grain demanded by the government .", "35": "On 17 September , the Law of Suspects was passed , which ordered the arrest of suspected counter-revolutionaries and people who had revealed themselves as `` enemies of freedom '' . This decree was one of the causes for some 17,000 legal death sentences until the end of July 1794 , an average of 370 per week -- reason for historians to label those 101⁄2 months ' the ( Reign of ) Terror ' . On 19 September the Vendée rebels again defeated a Republican Convention army . On 29 September , the Convention extended price limits from grain and bread to other household goods and established the Law of the Maximum , intended to prevent price gouging and supply food to the cities . On 1 October Barère repeated his plea to subdue the Vendée : `` refuge of fanaticism , where priests have raised their altars ... '' . In October the Convention troops captured Lyon and reinstated a Montagnard government there . Criteria for bringing someone before the Revolutionary Tribunal , created March 1793 , had always been vast and vague . By August , political disagreement seemed enough to be summoned before the Tribunal ; appeal against a Tribunal verdict was impossible . Late August 1793 , an army general had been guillotined on the accusation of choosing too timid strategies on the battlefield . Mid-October , the widowed former queen Marie Antoinette was on trial for a long list of charges such as `` teaching ( her husband ) Louis Capet the art of dissimulation '' and incest with her son , she too was guillotined . In October 1793 , 21 former ' Girondins ' Convention members who had n't left Paris after June were convicted to death and executed , on the charge of verbally supporting the preparation of an insurrection in Caen by fellow - Girondins . Suppressing and retaliating the revolts Mass shootings at Nantes in 1793 Shootings and massacres by the Infernal columns under Louis Marie Turreau 17 October 1793 , the ' blue ' Republican army near Cholet defeated the ' white ' Vendéan insubordinate army and all surviving Vendée residents , counting in tens of thousands , fled over the river Loire north into Brittany .", "36": "A Convention 's representative on mission in Nantes commissioned in October to pacify the region did so by simply drowning prisoners in the river Loire : until February 1794 he drowned at least 4,000 . Meanwhile , the instalment of the Republican Calendar on 24 October 1793 caused an anti-clerical uprising . Hébert 's and Chaumette 's atheist movement campaigned to dechristianise society . The climax was reached with the celebration of the flame of Reason in Notre Dame Cathedral on 10 November . By November 1793 , the revolts in Normandy , Bordeaux and Lyon were overcome , in December also that in Toulon . Two representatives on mission sent to punish Lyon between November 1793 and April 1794 executed 2,000 people to death by guillotine or firing - squad . The Vendéan army since October roaming through Brittany on 12 December 1793 again ran up against Republican troops and saw 10,000 of its rebels perish , meaning the end of this once threatening army . Some historians claim that after that Vendéan defeat Convention Republic armies in 1794 massacred 117,000 Vendéan civilians to obliterate the Vendéan people , but others contest that claim . Some historians consider the total civil war to have lasted until 1796 with a toll of 170,000 or 450,000 lives . Because of the extremely brutal forms that the Republican repression took in many places , historians such as Reynald Secher have called the event a `` genocide '' . Historian François Furet concluded that the repression in the Vendee `` not only revealed massacre and destruction on an unprecedented scale but also a zeal so violent that it has bestowed as its legacy much of the region 's identity . '' Profuse executions The guillotine became the tool for a string of executions . Louis XVI had already been guillotined before the start of the terror ; Queen Marie Antoinette , Barnave , Bailly , Brissot and other leading Girondins , Philippe Égalité ( despite his vote for the death of the King ) , Madame Roland and many others were executed by guillotine . The Revolutionary Tribunal summarily condemned thousands of people to death by the guillotine , while mobs beat other victims to death .", "37": "Nine emigrants go to the guillotine in 1793 At the peak of the terror , the slightest hint of counter-revolutionary thoughts or activities ( or , as in the case of Jacques Hébert , revolutionary zeal exceeding that of those in power ) could place one under suspicion , and trials did not always proceed according to contemporary standards of due process . Sometimes people died for their political opinions or actions , but many for little reason beyond mere suspicion , or because some others had a stake in getting rid of them . Most of the victims received an unceremonious trip to the guillotine in an open wooden cart ( the tumbrel ) . In the rebellious provinces , the government representatives had unlimited authority and some engaged in extreme repressions and abuses . For example , Jean - Baptiste Carrier became notorious for the Noyades ( `` drownings '' ) he organised in Nantes ; his conduct was judged unacceptable even by the Jacobin government and he was recalled . Guillotining politicians Maximilien Robespierre , since July 1793 member of the Committee of Public Prosperity , on 5 February 1794 in a speech in the Convention identified Jacques Hébert and his faction as `` internal enemies '' working toward the triumph of tyranny . After a dubious trial Hébert and some allies , charged with counter-revolutionary activities , were guillotined in March . On 5 April , again at the instigation of Robespierre , Danton , a moderate Montagnard , and 13 associated politicians , charged with counter-revolutionary activities , were executed . A week later again 19 politicians . This hushed the Convention deputies : if henceforth they disagreed with Robespierre they hardly dared to speak out . The Festival of the Supreme Being on 8 June 1794 On 7 June 1794 , Robespierre advocated a new state religion and recommended the Convention acknowledge the existence of the `` Supreme Being '' . A law enacted on 10 June 1794 ( 22 Prairial II ) further streamlined criminal procedures : if the Revolutionary Tribunal saw sufficient proof of someone being an `` enemy of the people '' a counsel for defence would not be allowed . The frequency of guillotine executions in Paris now rose from on average three a day to an average of 29 a day .", "38": "Meanwhile , France 's external wars were going well , with victories over Austrian and British troops in May and June 1794 opening up Belgium for French conquest . But cooperation within the Committee of Public Prosperity , since April 1793 the de facto executive government , started to break down . On 29 June 1794 , three colleagues of Robespierre at ' the Committee ' called him a dictator in his face -- Robespierre baffled left the meeting . This encouraged other Convention members to also defy Robespierre . On 26 July , a long and vague speech of Robespierre was n't met with thunderous applause as usual but with hostility ; some deputies yelled that Robespierre should have the courage to say which deputies he deemed necessary to be killed next , what Robespierre refused to do . In the Convention session of 27 July 1794 ( 9 Thermidor of Year II ) , Robespierre and his allies hardly managed to say a word as they were constantly interrupted by a row of critics such as Tallien , Billaud - Varenne , Vadier , Barère and acting president Thuriot . Finally , even Robespierre 's own voice failed on him : it faltered at his last attempt to beg permission to speak . The execution of Robespierre on 28 July 1794 marked the end of the Reign of Terror . A decree was adopted to arrest Robespierre , Saint - Just and Couthon. 28 July , they and 19 other leading Jacobins were beheaded. 29 July , again 70 Parisians were guillotined . Subsequently , the Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 June 1794 ) was repealed , and the ' Girondins ' expelled from the Convention in June 1793 , if not dead yet , were reinstated as Convention deputies . Disregarding the lower classes After July 1794 , the French government was dominated by ' Girondins ' , who indulged in revenge and violence and death sentences against people associated with the previous ' Jacobin ' / ' Montagnard ' governments around Robespierre and Marat , in what was known as the White Terror . The Jacobin Club was closed and banned . After July 1794 , most civilians henceforth ignored the Republican calendar and returned to the traditional seven - day weeks .", "39": "The government in a law of 21 February 1795 set steps of return to freedom of religion and reconciliation with the since 1790 refractory Catholic priests , but any religious signs outside churches or private homes , such as crosses , clerical garb , bell ringing , remained prohibited . When the people 's enthousiasm for attending church grew to unexpected levels the government backed out and in October 1795 again , like in 1790 , required all priests to swear oaths on the Republic . In the very cold winter of 1794 -- 95 , with the French army demanding more and more bread , same was getting scarce in Paris as was wood to keep houses warm , and in an echo of the October 1789 March on Versailles , on 1 April 1795 ( 12 Germinal III ) a mostly female crowd marched on the Convention calling for bread . But no Convention member sympathized , they just told the women to return home . Again in May a crowd of 20,000 men and 40,000 women invaded the Convention and even killed a deputy in the halls , but again they failed to make the Convention take notice of the needs of the lower classes . Instead , the Convention banned women from all political assemblies , and deputies who had solidarized with this insurrection were sentenced to death : such allegiance between parliament and street fighting was no longer tolerated . Late 1794 , France conquered present - day Belgium . In January 1795 they subdued the Dutch Republic with full consent and cooperation of the influential Dutch patriottenbeweging ( ' patriots movement ' ) , resulting in the Batavian Republic , a satellite and puppet state of France . In April 1795 , France concluded a peace agreement with Prussia , later that year peace was agreed with Spain . The Directory ( 1795 -- 99 ) Main article : French Directory The Convention on 22 August 1795 approved the new `` Constitution of the Year III '' . A French plebiscite ratified the document , with about 1,057,000 votes for the constitution and 49,000 against . The results of the voting were announced on 23 September 1795 , and the new constitution took effect on 27 September 1795 . The new constitution created the Directoire ( English : Directory ) with a bicameral legislature .", "40": "The first chamber was called the ' Council of 500 ' initiating the laws , the second the ' Council of Elders ' reviewing and approving or not the passed laws . Each year , one - third of the chambers was to be renewed . The executive power was in the hands of the five members of the five directors of the Directory with a five - year mandate . The early directors did not much understand the nation they were governing ; they especially had an innate inability to see Catholicism as anything else than counter-revolutionary and royalist . Local administrators had a better sense of people 's priorities , and one of them wrote to the minister of the interior : `` Give back the crosses , the church bells , the Sundays , and everyone will cry : ' vive la République ! ' '' The Directory denounced the arbitrary executions of the Reign of Terror , but itself engaged in large scale illegal repressions , as well as large - scale massacres of civilians in the Vendee uprising . The economy continued in bad condition , with the poor especially hurt by the high cost of food . State finances were in total disarray ; the government could only cover its expenses through the plunder and the tribute of foreign countries . If peace were made , the armies would return home and the directors would have to face the exasperation of the rank - and - file who had lost their livelihood , as well as the ambition of generals who could , in a moment , brush them aside . Barras and Rewbell were notoriously corrupt themselves and screened corruption in others . The patronage of the directors was ill - bestowed , and the general maladministration heightened their unpopularity . A small French force tried to invade Britain in February 1797 . This contemporary image shows troops landing near Fishguard in Wales . The troops were later forced to surrender . The constitutional party in the legislature desired toleration of the nonjuring clergy , the repeal of the laws against the relatives of the émigrés , and some merciful discrimination towards the émigrés themselves . The directors baffled all such endeavours . On the other hand , the socialist conspiracy of Babeuf was easily quelled . Little was done to improve the finances , and the assignats continued to fall in value until each note was worth less than the paper it was printed on ; debtors easily paid off their debts .", "41": "A series of financial reforms started by the Directory finally took effect after it fell from power . Evaluation Although committed to Republicanism , the Directory distrusted democracy . Historians have seldom praised the Directory ; it was a government of self - interest rather than virtue , thus losing any claim on idealism . It never had a strong base of popular support ; when elections were held , most of its candidates were defeated . Its achievements were minor . Brown stresses the turn towards dictatorship and the failure of liberal democracy under the Directory , blaming it on , `` chronic violence , ambivalent forms of justice , and repeated recourse to heavy - handed repression . '' General Napoleon and his troops crossing the bridge of Arcole in 1796 The election system was complex and designed to insulate the government from grass roots democracy . The parliament consisted of two houses : the Conseil des Cinq - Cents ( Council of the Five Hundred ) with 500 representatives , and the Conseil des Anciens ( Council of Elders ) with 250 senators . Executive power went to five `` directors , '' named annually by the Conseil des Anciens from a list submitted by the Conseil des Cinq - Cents . The universal male suffrage of 1793 was replaced by limited suffrage based on property . The voters had only a limited choice because the electoral rules required two - thirds of the seats go to members of the old Convention , no matter how few popular votes they received . Citizens of the war - weary nation wanted stability , peace , and an end to conditions that at times bordered on chaos . Nevertheless , those on the right who wished to restore the monarchy by putting Louis XVIII on the throne , and those on the left who would have renewed the Reign of Terror , tried but failed to overthrow the Directory . The earlier atrocities had made confidence or goodwill between parties impossible . The Directory régime met opposition from Jacobins on the left and royalists on the right ( the latter were secretly subsidised by the British government ) . The army suppressed riots and counter-revolutionary activities . In this way the army and in particular Napoleon gained total power . Coups d'état Parliamentary elections in the spring of 1797 , for one - third of the seats in Parliament , resulted in considerable gains for the royalists , who seemed poised to take control of the Directory in the next elections .", "42": "This frightened the republican directors and they reacted , in the Coup of 18 Fructidor V ( 4 September 1797 ) , by purging all the winners banishing 57 leaders to certain death in Guiana , removing two supposedly pro-royalist directors , and closing 42 newspapers . The new , ' corrected ' government , still strongly convinced that Catholicism and royalism were equally dangerous to the Republic , started a fresh campaign to promote the Republican calendar ( officially introduced in 1792 ) , with its ten - day week , and tried to hallow the tenth day , décadi , as substitute for the Christian Sunday . Not only citizens opposed and even mocked such decrees , also local government officials refused to enforce such laws . Napoléon Bonaparte in the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire VIII ( 9 November 1799 ) . France was still waging wars , in 1798 in Egypt , Switzerland , Rome , Ireland , Belgium and against the U.S.A. , in 1799 in Baden - Württemberg . When the elections of 1798 were again carried by the opposition , the Directory used the army to imprison and exile the opposition leaders and close their newspapers . Increasingly it depended on the Army in foreign and domestic affairs , as well as finance . In 1799 , when the French armies abroad experienced some setbacks , the newly chosen director Sieyes considered a new overhaul necessary for the Directory 's form of government because in his opinion it needed a stronger executive . Together with successful general Napoleon Bonaparte who had just returned to France , Sieyes began preparing another coup d'état , which took place on 9 -- 10 November 1799 ( 18 -- 19 Brumaire VIII ) , replacing the five directors now with three `` consuls '' : Napoleon , Sieyes , and Roger Ducos . That coup some historians consider the closing of the specifically republican phase of the French Revolution . Exporting the Revolution The Army at first was quite successful . It conquered Belgium and turned it into another province of France . It conquered the Netherlands and made it a puppet state . It conquered Switzerland and most of Italy , setting up a series of puppet states .", "43": "The result was glory for France , and an infusion of much needed money from the conquered lands , which also provided direct support to the French Army . However , the enemies of France , led by Britain and funded by the inexhaustible British Treasury , formed a Second Coalition in 1799 ( with Britain joined by Russia , the Ottoman Empire , and Austria ) . It scored a series of victories that rolled back French successes , retaking Italy , Switzerland and the Netherlands and ending the flow of payments from the conquered areas to France . The treasury was empty . Despite his publicity claiming many glorious victories , Napoleon 's army was trapped in Egypt after the British sank the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile . Napoleon escaped by himself , returned to Paris and overthrew the Directory in November , 1799 . French - Dutch victory under General Brune and General Daendels against the Russians and British in 1799 Napoleon conquered most of Italy in the name of the French Revolution in 1797 -- 99 . He consolidated old units and split up Austria 's holdings . He set up a series of new republics , complete with new codes of law and abolition of old feudal privileges . Napoleon 's Cisalpine Republic was centred on Milan . Genoa the city became a republic while its hinterland became the Ligurian Republic . The Roman Republic was formed out of the papal holdings and the pope was sent to France . The Neapolitan Republic was formed around Naples , but it lasted only five months before the enemy forces of the Coalition recaptured it . In 1805 he formed the Kingdom of Italy , with himself as king and his stepson as viceroy . In addition , France turned the Netherlands into the Batavian Republic , and Switzerland into the Helvetic Republic . All these new countries were satellites of France , and had to pay large subsidies to Paris , as well as provide military support for Napoleon 's wars . Their political and administrative systems were modernised , the metric system introduced , and trade barriers reduced . Jewish ghettos were abolished . Belgium and Piedmont became integral parts of France . Most of the new nations were abolished and returned to prewar owners in 1814 .", "44": "However , Artz emphasises the benefits the Italians gained from the French Revolution : For nearly two decades the Italians had the excellent codes of law , a fair system of taxation , a better economic situation , and more religious and intellectual toleration than they had known for centuries ... Everywhere old physical , economic , and intellectual barriers had been thrown down and the Italians had begun to be aware of a common nationality . Media and symbolism Main article : Symbolism in the French Revolution Newspapers A copy of L'Ami du peuple stained with the blood of Marat In the Old regime there were a small number of heavily censored newspapers that needed a royal licence to operate . Newspapers and pamphlets played a central role in stimulating and defining the Revolution . The meetings of the Estates - General in 1789 created an enormous demand for news , and over 130 newspapers appeared by the end of the year . Among the most significant of these newspapers in 1789 were Marat 's L'Ami du peuple and Elysée Loustallot 's Revolutions de Paris . The next decade saw 2000 newspapers founded , with 500 in Paris alone . Most lasted only a matter of weeks . Together they became the main communication medium , combined with the very large pamphlet literature . Newspapers were read aloud in taverns and clubs , and circulated hand to hand . The press saw its lofty role to be the advancement of civic republicanism based on public service , and downplayed the liberal , individualistic goal of making a profit . By 1793 the radicals were most active but at the start the royalists flooded the country with their press the `` Ami du Roi '' ( Friends of the King ) until they were suppressed . Napoleon only allowed four newspapers , all under tight control . Symbolism Symbolism was a device to distinguish the main features of the Revolution and ensure public identification and support . In order to effectively illustrate the differences between the new Republic and the old regime , the leaders needed to implement a new set of symbols to be celebrated instead of the old religious and monarchical symbolism . To this end , symbols were borrowed from historic cultures and redefined , while those of the old regime were either destroyed or reattributed acceptable characteristics .", "45": "These revised symbols were used to instil in the public a new sense of tradition and reverence for the Enlightenment and the Republic . La Marseillaise Main article : La Marseillaise Rouget de Lisle , composer of the Marseillaise , sings it for the first time in 1792 La Marseillaise The French national anthem La Marseillaise ; text in French . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` La Marseillaise '' ( French pronunciation : ( la maʁsɛjɛz ) ) became the national anthem of France . The song was written and composed in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle , and was originally titled `` Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin '' . The French National Convention adopted it as the First Republic 's anthem in 1795 . It acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille marching on the capital . The song is the first example of the `` European march '' anthemic style . The anthem 's evocative melody and lyrics have led to its widespread use as a song of revolution and its incorporation into many pieces of classical and popular music . Cerulo says , `` the design of `` La Marseillaise '' is credited to General Strasburg of France , who is said to have directed de Lisle , the composer of the anthem , to ' produce one of those hymns which conveys to the soul of the people the enthusiasm which it ( the music ) suggests . ' '' English cartoon attacking the excesses of the Revolution as symbolised by the guillotine ; between 18,000 and 40,000 people were executed during the Reign of Terror Guillotine Main article : Guillotine Hanson notes , `` The guillotine stands as the principal symbol of the Terror in the French Revolution . '' Invented by a physician during the Revolution as a quicker , more efficient and more distinctive form of execution , the guillotine became a part of popular culture and historic memory . It was celebrated on the left as the people 's avenger and cursed as the symbol of the Reign of Terror by the right . Its operation became a popular entertainment that attracted great crowds of spectators . Vendors sold programmes listing the names of those scheduled to die .", "46": "Many people came day after day and vied for the best locations from which to observe the proceedings ; knitting women ( tricoteuses ) formed a cadre of hardcore regulars , inciting the crowd . Parents often brought their children . By the end of the Terror , the crowds had thinned drastically . Repetition had staled even this most grisly of entertainments , and audiences grew bored . What it is that horrifies people changes over time . Doyle comments : Even the unique horror of the guillotine has been dwarfed by the gas chambers of the Holocaust , the organized brutality of the gulag , the mass intimidation of Mao 's cultural revolution , or the killing fields of Cambodia . Tricolore cockade Main article : tricolore cockade Cockades were widely worn by revolutionaries beginning in 1789 . They now pinned the blue - and - red cockade of Paris onto the white cockade of the Ancien Régime -- thus producing the original Tricolore cockade . Later , distinctive colours and styles of cockade would indicate the wearer 's faction -- although the meanings of the various styles were not entirely consistent , and varied somewhat by region and period . The tricolour cockade , created in July 1789 . White was added to `` nationalise '' an earlier blue and red design . The tricolour flag is derived from the cockades used in the 1790s . These were circular rosette - like emblems attached to the hat . Camille Desmoulins asked his followers to wear green cockades on 12 July 1789 . The Paris militia , formed on 13 July , adopted a blue and red cockade . Blue and red are the traditional colours of Paris , and they are used on the city 's coat of arms . Cockades with various colour schemes were used during the storming of the Bastille on 14 July . The blue and red cockade was presented to King Louis XVI at the Hôtel de Ville on 17 July . Lafayette argued for the addition of a white stripe to `` nationalise '' the design . On 27 July , a tricolour cockade was adopted as part of the uniform of the National Guard , the national police force that succeeded the militia .", "47": "Well after the revolution , by 1912 the French Third Republic had authorised the form of the tricolore cockade for use on its military aircraft by the Aeronautique Militaire as a national insignia , the first - ever in use worldwide -- it is still in use by the current Armee de l'Air of France , and directly inspired the use of similar roundel insignia by the United Kingdom and many other nations worldwide . Fasces The unofficial but common National Emblem of France is backed by a fasces , representing justice . Fasces are Roman in origin and suggest Roman Republicanism . Fasces are a bundle of birch rods containing an axe . The French Republic continued this Roman symbol to represent state power , justice , and unity . Liberty cap Early depiction of the tricolour in the hands of a sans - culotte The Liberty cap , also known as the Phrygian cap , or pileus , is a brimless , felt cap that is conical in shape with the tip pulled forward . It reflects Roman republicanism and liberty , alluding to the Roman ritual of manumission of slaves , in which a freed slave receives the bonnet as a symbol of his newfound liberty . Role of women Main articles : Women in the French Revolution and Militant feminism in the French Revolution Club of patriotic women in a church Historians since the late 20th century have debated how women shared in the French Revolution and what long - term impact it had on French women . Women had no political rights in pre-Revolutionary France ; they were considered `` passive '' citizens ; forced to rely on men to determine what was best for them . That changed dramatically in theory as there seemingly were great advances in feminism . Feminism emerged in Paris as part of a broad demand for social and political reform . The women demanded equality for men and then moved on to a demand for the end of male domination . Their chief vehicle for agitation were pamphlets and women 's clubs , but the clubs were abolished in October 1793 and their leaders were arrested . The movement was crushed . Devance explains the decision in terms of the emphasis on masculinity in a wartime situation , Marie Antoinette 's bad reputation for feminine interference in state affairs , and traditional male supremacy .", "48": "A decade later the Napoleonic Code confirmed and perpetuated women 's second - class status . When the Revolution opened , groups of women acted forcefully , making use of the volatile political climate . Women forced their way into the political sphere . They swore oaths of loyalty , `` solemn declarations of patriotic allegiance , ( and ) affirmations of the political responsibilities of citizenship . '' De Corday d'Armont is a prime example of such a woman ; engaged in the revolutionary political faction of the Girondins , she assassinated the Jacobin leader , Marat . Throughout the Revolution , other women such as Pauline Léon and her Society of Revolutionary Republican Women supported the radical Jacobins , staged demonstrations in the National Assembly and participated in the riots , often using armed force . The March to Versailles is but one example of feminist militant activism during the French Revolution . While largely left out of the thrust for increasing rights of citizens , as the question was left indeterminate in the Declaration of the Rights of Man , activists such as Pauline Léon and Théroigne de Méricourt agitated for full citizenship for women . Women were , nonetheless , `` denied political rights of ' active citizenship ' ( 1791 ) and democratic citizenship ( 1793 ) . '' On 20 June 1792 a number of armed women took part in a procession that `` passed through the halls of the Legislative Assembly , into the Tuileries Gardens , and then through the King 's residence . '' Militant women also assumed a special role in the funeral of Marat , following his murder on 13 July 1793 . As part of the funeral procession , they carried the bathtub in which Marat had been murdered ( by a counter-revolutionary woman ) as well as a shirt stained with Marat 's blood . On 20 May 1793 women were at the fore of a crowd that demanded `` bread and the Constitution of 1793 . '' When their cries went unnoticed , the women went on a rampage , `` sacking shops , seizing grain and kidnapping officials . '' Olympe de Gouges was the author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 .", "49": "The Society of Revolutionary Republican Women , a militant group on the far left , demanded a law in 1793 that would compel all women to wear the tricolour cockade to demonstrate their loyalty to the Republic . They also demanded vigorous price controls to keep bread -- the major food of the poor people -- from becoming too expensive . After the Convention passage law in September 1793 , the Revolutionary Republican Women demanded vigorous enforcement , but were counted by market women , former servants , and religious women who adamantly opposed price controls ( which would drive them out of business ) and resented attacks on the aristocracy and on religion . Fist fights broke out in the streets between the two factions of women . Meanwhile , the men who controlled the Jacobins rejected the Revolutionary Republican Women as dangerous rabble - rousers . At this point the Jacobins controlled the government ; they dissolved the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women , and decreed that all women 's clubs and associations were illegal . They sternly reminded women to stay home and tend to their families by leaving public affairs to the men . Organised women were permanently shut out of the French Revolution after October 30 , 1793 . Prominent women Olympe de Gouges wrote a number of plays , short stories , and novels . Her publications emphasised that women and men are different , but this should n't stop them from equality under the law . In her `` Declaration on the Rights of Woman '' she insisted that women deserved rights , especially in areas concerning them directly , such as divorce and recognition of illegitimate children . Madame Roland ( a.k.a. Manon or Marie Roland ) was another important female activist . Her political focus was not specifically on women or their liberation . She focused on other aspects of the government , but was a feminist by virtue of the fact that she was a woman working to influence the world . Her personal letters to leaders of the Revolution influenced policy ; in addition , she often hosted political gatherings of the Brissotins , a political group which allowed women to join . As she was led to the scaffold , Madame Roland shouted `` O liberty ! What crimes are committed in thy name ! '' Most of these activists were punished for their actions . Many of the women of the Revolution were even publicly executed for `` conspiring against the unity and the indivisibility of the Republic '' .", "50": "Counter-revolutionary women A major aspect of the French Revolution was the dechristianisation movement , a movement strongly rejected by many devout people . Especially for women living in rural areas of France , the closing of the churches meant a loss of normalcy . When these revolutionary changes to the Church were implemented , it sparked a counter-revolutionary movement among women . Although some of these women embraced the political and social amendments of the Revolution , they opposed the dissolution of the Catholic Church and the formation of revolutionary cults like the Cult of the Supreme Being . As Olwen Hufton argues , these women began to see themselves as the `` defenders of faith '' . They took it upon themselves to protect the Church from what they saw as a heretical change to their faith , enforced by revolutionaries . Counter-revolutionary women resisted what they saw as the intrusion of the state into their lives . Economically , many peasant women refused to sell their goods for assignats because this form of currency was unstable and was backed by the sale of confiscated Church property . By far the most important issue to counter-revolutionary women was the passage and the enforcement of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy in 1790 . In response to this measure , women in many areas began circulating anti-oath pamphlets and refused to attend masses held by priests who had sworn oaths of loyalty to the Republic . These women continued to adhere to traditional practices such as Christian burials and naming their children after saints in spite of revolutionary decrees to the contrary . Economic policies Early Assignat of 29 Sept , 1790 : 500 livres The value of Assignats ( 1789 -- 96 ) The French Revolution abolished many of the constraints on the economy that had slowed growth during the ancien regime . It abolished tithes owed to local churches as well as feudal dues owed to local landlords . The result hurt the tenants , who paid both higher rents and higher taxes . It nationalised all church lands , as well as lands belonging to royalist enemies who went into exile . It planned to use these seized lands to finance the government by issuing assignats . It abolished the guild system as a worthless remnant of feudalism . It also abolished the highly inefficient system of tax farming , whereby private individuals would collect taxes for a hefty fee .", "51": "The government seized the foundations that had been set up ( starting in the 13th century ) to provide an annual stream of revenue for hospitals , poor relief , and education . The state sold the lands but typically local authorities did not replace the funding and so most of the nation 's charitable and school systems were massively disrupted . The economy did poorly in 1790 -- 96 as industrial and agricultural output dropped , foreign trade plunged , and prices soared . The government decided not to repudiate the old debts . Instead it issued more and more paper money ( called `` assignat '' ) that supposedly were grounded seized lands . The result was escalating inflation . The government imposed price controls and persecuted speculators and traders in the black market . People increasingly refused to pay taxes as the annual government deficit increased from 10 % of gross national product in 1789 to 64 % in 1793 . By 1795 , after the bad harvest of 1794 and the removal of price controls , inflation had reached a level of 3500 % . The assignats were withdrawn in 1796 but the replacements also fuelled inflation . The inflation was finally ended by Napoleon in 1803 with the franc as the new currency . Napoleon after 1799 paid for his expensive wars by multiple means , starting with the modernisation of the rickety financial system . He conscripted soldiers at low wages , raised taxes , placed large - scale loans , sold lands formerly owned by the Catholic Church , sold Louisiana to the United States , plundered conquered areas and seized food supplies , and levied requisitions on countries he controlled , such as Italy . Long - term impact Main article : Influence of the French Revolution The French Revolution had a major impact on Europe and the New World , decisively changing the course of human history . It brought an end to feudalism and made a path for future advances in broadly defined individual freedoms . Otto Dann and John Dinwiddy report , `` It has long been almost a truism of European history that the French Revolution gave a great stimulus to the growth of modern nationalism . '' Nationalism was emphasised by historian Carlton J.H. Hayes as a major result of the French Revolution across Europe . The impact on French nationalism was profound .", "52": "For example , Napoleon became such a heroic symbol of the nation that the glory was easily picked up by his nephew , who was overwhelmingly elected president ( and later became Emperor Napoleon III ) . The influence was great in the hundreds of small German states and elsewhere , where it was either inspired by the French example or in reaction against it . France The changes in France were enormous ; some were widely accepted and others were bitterly contested into the late 20th century . Before the Revolution , the people had little power or voice . The kings had so thoroughly centralised the system that most nobles spent their time at Versailles , and thus played only a small direct role in their home districts . Thompson says that the kings had : ruled by virtue of their personal wealth , their patronage of the nobility , their disposal of ecclesiastical offices , their provincial governors ( intendants ) their control over the judges and magistrates , and their command of the Army . After the first year of revolution , this power had been stripped away . The king was a figurehead , the nobility had lost all their titles and most of their land , the Church lost its monasteries and farmlands , bishops , judges and magistrates were elected by the people , the army was almost helpless , with military power in the hands of the new revolutionary National Guard . The central elements of 1789 were the slogan `` Liberty , Equality and Fraternity ' and `` The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen '' , which Lefebvre calls `` the incarnation of the Revolution as a whole . '' The long - term impact on France was profound , shaping politics , society , religion and ideas , and polarising politics for more than a century . Historian François Aulard writes : From the social point of view , the Revolution consisted in the suppression of what was called the feudal system , in the emancipation of the individual , in greater division of landed property , the abolition of the privileges of noble birth , the establishment of equality , the simplification of life ... The French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national , for it aimed at benefiting all humanity . '' Religion and charity The most heated controversy was over the status of the Catholic Church .", "53": "From a dominant position in 1788 , it was almost destroyed in less than a decade , its priests and nuns turned out , its leaders dead or in exile , its property controlled by its enemies , and a strong effort underway to remove all influence of Christian religiosity , such as Sundays , holy days , saints , prayers , rituals and ceremonies . The movement to dechristianise France not only failed but aroused a furious reaction among the pious . Napoleon 's Concordat was a compromise that restored some of the Catholic Church 's traditional roles but not its power , its lands or its monasteries . Priests and bishops were given salaries as part of a department of government controlled by Paris , not Rome . Protestants and Jews gained equal rights . Battles over the role of religion in the public sphere , and closely related issues such as church - controlled schools , that were opened by the Revolution have never seen closure . They raged into the 20th century . By the 21st century , angry debates exploded over the presence of any Muslim religious symbols in schools , such as the headscarves for which Muslim girls could be expelled . J. Christopher Soper and Joel S. Fetzer explicitly link the conflict over religious symbols in public to the French Revolution , when the target was Catholic rituals and symbols . The revolutionary government seized the charitable foundations that had been set up ( starting in the 13th century ) to provide an annual stream of revenue for hospitals , poor relief , and education . The state sold the lands but typically local authorities did not replace the funding and so most of the nation 's charitable and school systems were massively disrupted . In the ancien regime , new opportunities for nuns as charitable practitioners were created by devout nobles on their own estates . The nuns provided comprehensive care for the sick poor on their patrons ' estates , not only acting as nurses , but taking on expanded roles as physicians , surgeons , and apothecaries . During the Revolution , most of the orders of nuns were shut down and there was no organised nursing care to replace them . However , the demand for their nursing services remained strong , and after 1800 the sisters reappeared and resumed their work in hospitals and on rural estates . They were tolerated by officials because they had widespread support and were the link between elite male physicians and distrustful peasants who needed help .", "54": "Economics Two thirds of France was employed in agriculture , which was transformed by the Revolution . With the breakup of large estates controlled by the Church and the nobility and worked by hired hands , rural France became more a land of small independent farms . Harvest taxes were ended , such as the tithe and seigneurial dues , much to the relief of the peasants . Primogeniture was ended both for nobles and peasants , thereby weakening the family patriarch . Because all the children had a share in the family 's property , there was a declining birth rate . Cobban says the revolution bequeathed to the nation `` a ruling class of landowners . '' In the cities , entrepreneurship on a small scale flourished , as restrictive monopolies , privileges , barriers , rules , taxes and guilds gave way . However , the British blockade virtually ended overseas and colonial trade , hurting the port cities and their supply chains . Overall , the Revolution did not greatly change the French business system , and probably helped freeze in place the horizons of the small business owner . The typical businessman owned a small store , mill or shop , with family help and a few paid employees ; large - scale industry was less common than in other industrialising nations . A 2017 National Bureau of Economic Research paper found that the emigration of more than 100,000 individuals ( predominantly supporters of the Old Regime ) during the Revolution had a significant negative impact on income per capita in the 19th century ( due to the fragmentation of agricultural holdings ) but became positive in the second half of the 20th century onward ( because it facilitated the rise in human capital investments ) . Another 2017 paper found that the redistribution of land had a positive impact on agricultural productivity , but that these gains gradually declined over the course of the 19th century . Constitutionalism The Revolution meant an end to arbitrary royal rule , and held out the promise of rule by law under a constitutional order , but it did not rule out a monarch . Napoleon as emperor set up a constitutional system ( although he remained in full control ) , and the restored Bourbons were forced to go along with one .", "55": "After the abdication of Napoleon III in 1871 , the monarchists probably had a voting majority , but they were so factionalised they could not agree on who should be king , and instead the French Third Republic was launched with a deep commitment to upholding the ideals of the Revolution . The conservative Catholic enemies of the Revolution came to power in Vichy France ( 1940 -- 44 ) , and tried with little success to undo its heritage , but they kept it a republic . Vichy denied the principle of equality and tried to replace the Revolutionary watchwords `` Liberty , Equality , Fraternity '' with `` Work , Family , and Fatherland . '' However , there were no efforts by the Bourbons , Vichy or anyone else to restore the privileges that had been stripped away from the nobility in 1789 . France permanently became a society of equals under the law . Communism The Jacobin cause was picked up by Marxists in the mid-19th century and became an element of communist thought around the world . In the Soviet Union , `` Gracchus '' Babeuf was regarded as a hero . Outside France Main article : Influence of the French Revolution According to Daron Acemoglu , Davide Cantoni , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson the French Revolution had long - term effects in Europe . They suggest that `` areas that were occupied by the French and that underwent radical institutional reform experienced more rapid urbanization and economic growth , especially after 1850 . There is no evidence of a negative effect of French invasion . '' A 2016 study in the European Economic Review found that the areas of Germany that were occupied by France in the 19th century and in which the Code Napoleon was applied have higher levels of trust and cooperation today . Britain On July 16 , 1789 , two days after the Storming of the Bastille , John Frederick Sackville , serving as ambassador to France , reported to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Francis Osborne , 5th Duke of Leeds , `` Thus , my Lord , the greatest revolution that we know anything of has been effected with , comparatively speaking -- if the magnitude of the event is considered -- the loss of very few lives .", "56": "From this moment we may consider France as a free country , the King a very limited monarch , and the nobility as reduced to a level with the rest of the nation . '' Yet Britain saw minority support while the majority , and especially the among aristocracy , strongly opposed the French Revolution . Britain led and funded the series of coalitions that fought France from 1793 to 1815 , and then restored the Bourbons . Philosophically , there was a significant debate internally , regarding the revolution , including the Revolution Controversy , a `` pamphlet war '' set off by the publication of Richard Price 's speech , A Discourse on the Love of Our Country , supporting the French Revolution ( as he had the American Revolution ) , and saying that patriotism actually centers around loving the people and principles of a nation , not its ruling class . Edmund Burke responded with his own pamphlet , Reflections on the Revolution in France , attacking the French Revolution as a threat to the aristocracy of all countries . William Coxe opposed Price 's premise that one 's country is principles and people , not the State itself . Conversely , two seminal political pieces of political history were written in Price 's favor , supporting the general right of the French people to replace their State , Rights of Man by Thomas Paine , and A Vindication of the Rights of Men by Mary Wollstonecraft , who followed this with what is sometimes described as the first feminist text , A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . In 1792 Christopher Wyvill published Defence of Dr. Price and the Reformers of England , a plea for reform and moderation . This exchange of ideas has been described as `` one of the great political debates in British history '' . Even in France , there was a varying degree of agreement during this debate , English participants generally opposing the violent means that the Revolution bent itself to for its ends . In Ireland , the effect was to transform what had been an attempt by Protestant settlers to gain some autonomy into a mass movement led by the Society of United Irishmen involving Catholics and Protestants . It stimulated the demand for further reform throughout Ireland , especially in Ulster . The upshot was a revolt in 1798 , led by Wolfe Tone , that was crushed by Britain . Germany German reaction to the Revolution swung from favourable to antagonistic .", "57": "At first it brought liberal and democratic ideas , the end of gilds , serfdom and the Jewish ghetto . It brought economic freedoms and agrarian and legal reform . Above all the antagonism helped stimulate and shape German nationalism . Switzerland Main article : Helvetic Republic The French invaded Switzerland and turned it into an ally known as the `` Helvetic Republic '' ( 1798 -- 1803 ) . The interference with localism and traditional liberties was deeply resented , although some modernising reforms took place . Belgium Main article : French period The Brabant Revolution broke out in the Austrian Netherlands in October 1789 , inspired by the revolution in neighbouring France , but had collapsed by the end of 1790 The region of modern - day Belgium was divided between two polities : the Austrian Netherlands and Prince - Bishopric of Liège . Both territories experienced revolutions in 1789 . In the Austrian Netherlands , the Brabant Revolution succeeded in expelling Austrian forces and established the new United Belgian States . The Liège Revolution expelled the tyrannical Prince - Bishop and installed a republic . Both failed to attract international support . By December 1790 , the Brabant revolution had been crushed and Liège was subdued the following year . During the Revolutionary Wars , the French invaded and occupied the region between 1794 and 1814 , a time known as the French period . The new government enforced new reforms , incorporating the region into France itself . New rulers were sent in by Paris . Belgian men were drafted into the French wars and heavily taxed . Nearly everyone was Catholic , but the Church was repressed . Resistance was strong in every sector , as Belgian nationalism emerged to oppose French rule . The French legal system , however , was adopted , with its equal legal rights , and abolition of class distinctions . Belgium now had a government bureaucracy selected by merit . Antwerp regained access to the sea and grew quickly as a major port and business centre . France promoted commerce and capitalism , paving the way for the ascent of the bourgeoisie and the rapid growth of manufacturing and mining . In economics , therefore , the nobility declined while the middle class Belgian entrepreneurs flourished because of their inclusion in a large market , paving the way for Belgium 's leadership role after 1815 in the Industrial Revolution on the Continent .", "58": "Scandinavia Main article : History of Denmark § Reforms The Kingdom of Denmark adopted liberalising reforms in line with those of the French Revolution , with no direct contact . Reform was gradual and the regime itself carried out agrarian reforms that had the effect of weakening absolutism by creating a class of independent peasant freeholders . Much of the initiative came from well - organised liberals who directed political change in the first half of the 19th century . United states The Revolution deeply polarised American politics , and this polarisation led to the creation of the First Party System . In 1793 , as war broke out in Europe , the Republican Party led by Thomas Jefferson favoured France and pointed to the 1778 treaty that was still in effect . George Washington and his unanimous cabinet , including Jefferson , decided that the treaty did not bind the United States to enter the war . Washington proclaimed neutrality instead . Under President John Adams , a Federalist , an undeclared naval war took place with France from 1798 until 1799 , often called the `` Quasi War '' . Jefferson became president in 1801 , but was hostile to Napoleon as a dictator and emperor . However , the two entered negotiations over the Louisiana Territory and agreed to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , an acquisition that substantially increased the size of the United States . Historiography Main article : Historiography of the French Revolution The French Revolution has received enormous amounts of historical attention , both from the general public and from scholars and academics . The views of historians , in particular , have been characterised as falling along ideological lines , with disagreement over the significance and the major developments of the Revolution . Alexis de Tocqueville argued that the Revolution was a manifestation of a more prosperous middle class becoming conscious of its social importance . Other thinkers , like the conservative Edmund Burke , maintained that the Revolution was the product of a few conspiratorial individuals who brainwashed the masses into subverting the old order -- a claim rooted in the belief that the revolutionaries had no legitimate complaints . Other historians , influenced by Marxist thinking , have emphasised the importance of the peasants and the urban workers in presenting the Revolution as a gigantic class struggle . In general , scholarship on the French Revolution initially studied the political ideas and developments of the era , but it has gradually shifted towards social history that analyses the impact of the Revolution on individual lives .", "59": "Historians until the late 20th century emphasised class conflicts from a largely Marxist perspective as the fundamental driving cause of the Revolution . The central theme of this argument was that the Revolution emerged from the rising bourgeoisie , with support from the sans - culottes , who fought to destroy the aristocracy . However , Western scholars largely abandoned Marxist interpretations in the 1990s . By the year 2000 many historians were saying that the field of the French Revolution was in intellectual disarray . The old model or paradigm focusing on class conflict has been discredited , and no new explanatory model had gained widespread support . Nevertheless , as Spang has shown , there persists a very widespread agreement to the effect that the French Revolution was the watershed between the premodern and modern eras of Western history . Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in history . It marks the end of the early modern period , which started around 1500 and is often seen as marking the `` dawn of the modern era '' . Within France itself , the Revolution permanently crippled the power of the aristocracy and drained the wealth of the Church , although the two institutions survived despite the damage they sustained . After the collapse of the First Empire in 1815 , the French public lost the rights and privileges earned since the Revolution , but they remembered the participatory politics that characterised the period , with one historian commenting : `` Thousands of men and even many women gained firsthand experience in the political arena : they talked , read , and listened in new ways ; they voted ; they joined new organisations ; and they marched for their political goals . Revolution became a tradition , and republicanism an enduring option . '' Some historians argue that the French people underwent a fundamental transformation in self - identity , evidenced by the elimination of privileges and their replacement by rights as well as the growing decline in social deference that highlighted the principle of equality throughout the Revolution . The Revolution represented the most significant and dramatic challenge to political absolutism up to that point in history and spread democratic ideals throughout Europe and ultimately the world . Throughout the 19th Century , the revolution was heavily analysed by economists and political scientists , who saw the class nature of the revolution as a fundamental aspect in understanding human social evolution itself .", "60": "This , combined with the egalitarian values introduced by the revolution , gave rise to a classless and co-operative model for society called `` socialism '' which profoundly influenced future revolutions in France and around the world . See also Timeline of the French Revolution Glossary of the French Revolution for definitions of technical terms List of people associated with the French Revolution History of France Paris in the 18th Century Political clubs during the French Revolution Jacobin Cordeliers Feuillant Society of the Friends of Truth Montagnards Girondin Notes Jump up ^ Livesey , James . Making Democracy in the French Revolution p. 19 The Revolution created and elaborated ... the ideal of democracy , which forms the creative tension with the notion of sovereignty that informs the functioning of modern democratic liberal states . This was the truly original contribution of the Revolution to modern political culture . ^ Jump up to : Linda S. Frey and Marsha L. Frey , The French Revolution ( 2004 ) , Foreword . ^ Jump up to : R.R. Palmer and Joel Colton , A History of the Modern World ( 5th ed. 1978 ) , p. 341 ^ Jump up to : Ferenc Fehér , The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity , ( 1990 ) pp. 117 -- 30 Jump up ^ Tombs , Robert and Isabelle . That Sweet Enemy : The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present . Random House ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4024 - 7 . p. 179 . Jump up ^ Matusitz , Jonathan Symbolism in Terrorism : Motivation , Communication , and Behavior , p. 19 Jump up ^ Palmer , R.R. & Colton , Joel A History of the Modern World pp. 393 -- 97 Jump up ^ Palmer , R.R. & Colton , Joel A History of the Modern World p. 361 Jump up ^ Dmitry Shlapentokh , The French Revolution and the Russian Anti-Democratic Tradition ( Edison , NJ : Transaction Publishers , 1997 ) , pp. 220 -- 28 Jump up ^ A. Aulard in Arthur Tilley , ed. ( 1922 ) . Modern France .", "61": "A Companion to French Studies . Cambridge UP . p. 115 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bell , David Avrom ( 2007 ) . The First Total War : Napoleon 's Europe and the birth of warfare as we know it . New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34965 - 0 . Jump up ^ Suzanne Desan et al. eds . The French Revolution in Global Perspective ( 2013 ) , pp. 3 , 8 , 10 Jump up ^ Marshall , Thomas H. Citizenship and social class . Vol. 11 . Cambridge , 1950 . Jump up ^ Lichbach , Mark Irving . `` An evaluation of ' does economic inequality breed political conflict ? ' studies '' . World Politics 41.04 ( 1989 ) : 431 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Daniel . Citizens without Sovereignty : Equality and sociability in French thought , 1670 -- 1789 . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Sargent , Thomas J. , and Francois R. Velde . `` Macroeconomic features of the French Revolution . '' Journal of Political Economy ( 1995 ) : 474 -- 518 . Jump up ^ Hardman , John . French politics 1774 -- 1789 : from the accession of Louis XVI to the fall of the Bastille . Addison - Wesley , 1995 . Jump up ^ Baker , Keith Michael . `` French political thought at the accession of Louis XVI '' . The Journal of Modern History ( 1978 ) : 279 -- 303 . Jump up ^ David P. Jordan ( 1 January 2004 ) . The King 's Trial : The French Revolution Vs. Louis XVI . University of California Press . pp. 11 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23697 - 4 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Peter Robert , ed . The origins of the French revolution . Palgrave Macmillan , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Blanning , T.C.W.", "62": "The French Revolution : Class War or Culture Clash ? , London : Macmillan , 1998 p. 26 . Jump up ^ Blanning , T.C.W. The French Revolution : Class War or Culture Clash ? , London : Macmillan , 1998 pp. 26 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Blanning , T.C.W. The French Revolution : Class War or Culture Clash ? , London : Macmillan , 1998 p. 27 . Jump up ^ Blanning , T.C.W. The French Revolution : Class War or Culture Clash ? , London : Macmillan , 1998 p. 28 . Jump up ^ Blanning , T.C.W. The French Revolution : Class War or Culture Clash ? , London : Macmillan , 1998 p. 29 . Jump up ^ Blanning , T.C.W. The French Revolution : Class War or Culture Clash ? , London : Macmillan , 1998 pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Blanning , T.C.W. The French Revolution : Class War or Culture Clash ? , London : Macmillan , 1998 pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Louise A. `` Food entitlement , famine , and conflict '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History ( 1983 ) : 333 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Hufton , Olwen . `` Social conflict and the grain supply in eighteenth - century France '' . Journal of interdisciplinary history ( 1983 ) : 303 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Cormack , William S. Revolution and Political Conflict in the French Navy 1789 -- 1794 . Cambridge University Press , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : William Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 2nd ed. 2003 ) , pp. 45 -- 49 , 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ De Tocqueville , Alexis , François Furet , and Françoise Mélonio . The Old Regime and the Revolution , Volume II : Notes on the French Revolution and Napoleon . Vol. 2 . University of Chicago Press , 2001 .", "63": "Jump up ^ Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 2003 ) , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Martin , Henri . History of the Decline and Fall of the French monarchy Volume II ( 1866 ) p. 481 Jump up ^ Frey , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` France 's Financial Crisis : 1783 -- 1788 '' . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hibbert , pp. 35 , 36 Jump up ^ Frey , p. 2 Jump up ^ Doyle , The French Revolution : A very short introduction , p. 34 Jump up ^ Doyle 2003 , p. 93 Jump up ^ William Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) p. 59 Jump up ^ Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) pp. 99 -- 101 Jump up ^ Albert Soboul , The French Revolution 1787 -- 1799 ( 1975 ) pp. 127 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Frey , pp. 4 , 5 Jump up ^ Doyle 2001 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Neely , pp. 63 , 65 Jump up ^ Neely , p. 56 Jump up ^ Furet , p. 45 Jump up ^ Hibbert , p. 54 Jump up ^ John Hall Stewart . A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution . ( 1951 ) , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 303 Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 312 Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 317 Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 331 Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 344 Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 357 Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre , The French Revolution : From its Origins to 1793 ( 1952 ) pp. 187 -- 88 .", "64": "Jump up ^ Hibbert , 93 ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Niek Pas -- De geschiedenis van Frankrijk in een notendop ( The history of France in a nutshell ) . Bert Bakker , Amsterdam , 2008 . Chapter 4 ( pages 49 -- 62 ) : Revolutie en Keizerrijk ( Revolution and Empire ) . ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 3 ( p. 95 -- 139 ) : The Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( summer 1790 -- spring 1791 ) . Jump up ^ François Furet , `` Night of August 4 , '' in François Furet , and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) pp. 107 -- 14 . Jump up ^ The buying and selling of high office . Jump up ^ Lefebvre , Georges ( 1962 ) . The French Revolution : Vol. 1 , from Its Origins To 1793 . Columbia U.P , . p. 130 . ISBN 9780231085984 . Jump up ^ Robert Forster , `` The survival of the nobility during the French Revolution '' . Past and Present ( 1967 ) : 71 -- 86 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Paul R. Hanson , The A to Z of the French Revolution ( 2013 ) pp. 293 -- 94 Jump up ^ Furet , Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution , p. 112 ^ Jump up to : J.M. Thompson , The French Revolution ( 1943 ) , pp. 90 -- 111 Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 -- 1815 . Greenwood . p. 190 . ISBN 9780313049514 . Jump up ^ Doyle 1989 , p.", "65": "121 Jump up ^ Doyle 1989 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Gemma Betros , `` The French Revolution and the Catholic Church , '' History Review ( 2010 ) Issue 68 , pp. 16 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Censer and Hunt , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution p. 4 . Jump up ^ John McManners , The French Revolution and the Church , pp. 50 , 4 . Jump up ^ National Assembly legislation cited in John McManners , The French Revolution and the Church , 27 . Jump up ^ John McManners , The French Revolution and the Church , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Censer and Hunt , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Emmet Kennedy , A Cultural History of the French Revolution , p 148 . ^ Jump up to : Censer and Hunt , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , 92 . Jump up ^ Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 3 ( p. 55 -- 87 ) : The Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( summer 1790 -- spring 1791 ) Jump up ^ Emmet Kennedy , A Cultural History of the French Revolution , ( 1989 ) p 151 . Jump up ^ Matthew Shaw , Time and the French Revolution : The Republican Calendar , 1789 -- Year XIV ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Censer and Hunt , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , pp. 92 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Jack R. Censer , `` Historians Revisit the Terror -- Again '' . Journal of Social History 48 # 2 ( 2014 ) : 383 -- 403 . Jump up ^ Censer and Hunt , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , 16 . Jump up ^ John McManners , The French Revolution and the Church , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , pp. 433 -- 34 Jump up ^ Runkle , Lucia Isabella Gilbert ( 1902 ) .", "66": "Library of the World 's Best Literature , Ancient and Modern , Volume 17 . University of California : J.A. Hill . p. 10079 . Jump up ^ William Doyle ( 2009 ) . Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution . Oxford UP . pp. 334 -- 36 . ISBN 9780191609718 . Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 449 Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 442 ^ Jump up to : Timothy Tackett , When the King Took Flight ( Harvard University Press , 2003 ) Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 481 Jump up ^ Clifford D. Conner , Jean - Paul Marat : Tribune of the French Revolution ( 2012 ) ch 4 ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 4 ( p. 141 -- 186 ) : The flight of the king and the decline of the French monarchy ( summer 1791 -- summer 1792 ) . Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 500 Jump up ^ Soboul ( 1975 ) , pp. 226 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre , p. 212 . Jump up ^ ( German ) ' Die Französische Revolution von 1789 bis 1794 ' ( The French Revolution from 1789 until 1794 ) . Glasnost archiv . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ The present - day state of Austria did not exist as such , its territory was part of the Habsburg Monarchy which also comprised the present - day states of Hungary , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Belgium , Slovenia and Croatia : that Habsburg Monarchy was usually called ' Austria ' . Jump up ^ Francis Charles Montague ( 1911 ) . The Encyclopædia Britannica . p. 158 .", "67": "Jump up ^ Martyn Lyons , France under the Directory ( 1975 ) , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 5 ( p. 187 -- 221 ) : The end of the monarchy and the September Murders ( 1792 ) . ^ Jump up to : Philip Dwyer ( 2008 ) . Napoleon : The Path to Power 1769 -- 1799 . Yale University Press . pp. 99 -- 100 . ISBN 9780300148206 . ^ Jump up to : Peter McPhee , ed. ( 2012 ) . A Companion to the French Revolution . pp. 164 -- 66 . ISBN 9781118316221 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ' French Revolutionary Wars Timeline , 1792 ' . Emerson Kent.com , `` History for the relaxed historian '' . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 5 ( p. 119 -- 142 ) : The end of the monarchy and the September Massacres ( summer -- fall 1792 ) ^ Jump up to : Leo Gershoy , The French Revolution and Napoleon pp 221 -- 26 ^ Jump up to : Timothy Tackett , `` Rumor and Revolution : The Case of the September Massacres '' , French History and Civilization ( 2011 ) Vol. 4 , pp. 54 -- 64 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 5 ( p.", "68": "187 -- 221 ) : The end of the monarchy and the September Murders ( summer -- fall 1792 ) . Jump up ^ Doyle ( 2003 ) , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 505 Jump up ^ Marcel Dorginy , The Abolition of Slavery : From L.F. Sonthonax to Victor Schoelcher , 1793 , 1794 , 1848 ( Paris : UNESCO , 2003 ) , 167 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 6 ( p. 223 -- 269 ) : The new French republic and its enemies ( fall 1792 -- summer 1793 ) . Jump up ^ Arthur William Holland -- `` The French Revolution '' . In : Encyclopædia Britannica , Eleventh Edition ( 1910 -- 1911 ) , Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Doyle 2002 , p. 196 Jump up ^ Ellis Wasson ( 2009 ) . A History of Modern Britain : 1714 to the Present . John Wiley & Sons . p. 118 . ISBN 9781405139359 . Jump up ^ William Doyle ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of the French Revolution . Oxford University Press . pp. 396 -- 97 . ISBN 9780191608292 . Jump up ^ White , E. `` The French Revolution and the Politics of Government Finance , 1770 -- 1815 . '' The Journal of Economic History 1995 , p. 244 Jump up ^ Schuettinger , Robert . `` Forty Centuries of Wage and Price Controls . '' Heritage Foundation , 2009 . p. 45 Jump up ^ Bourne , Henry . `` Maximum Prices in France . '' American Historical Review , October 1917 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Gough , Hugh ( 1998 ) .", "69": "The Terror in the French Revolution . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Doyle 1989 , p. 258 Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 616 ^ Jump up to : Schama 2004 , p. 641 Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 637 Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 689 Jump up ^ François Furet , `` A Deep - rooted Ideology as Well as Circumstance , '' in The French Revolution : Conflicting Interpretations , ed. by Frank Kafker et al. ( 2002 ) . p. 222 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Hanson , Contesting the French Revolution ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 7 ( p. 175 -- 203 ) : The federalist revolt , the Vendée , and the start of the Terror ( summer -- fall 1793 ) . ^ Jump up to : ( in Dutch ) Noah Shusterman -- De Franse Revolutie ( The French Revolution ) . Veen Media , Amsterdam , 2015 . ( Translation of : The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London / New York , 2014 . ) Chapter 7 ( p. 271 -- 312 ) : The federalist revolts , the Vendée and the beginning of the Terror ( summer -- fall 1793 ) . Jump up ^ In a Corner of France , Long Live the Old Regime , New York Times Jump up ^ McPhee , Peter Review of Reynald Secher , A French Genocide : The Vendée H - France Review Vol. 4 ( March 2004 ) , No. 26 Archived 20 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hibbert , p. 321 . ^ Jump up to : Schama 2004 , p. 646 ^ Jump up to : Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 8 ( p.", "70": "204 -- 234 ) : The Reign of Terror ( fall 1793 -- summer 1794 ) . Jump up ^ Louis R. Gottschalk , The Era of the French Revolution ( 1715 -- 1815 ) ( 1929 ) p. 281 Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . Carnot , Lazare Nicolas Marguerite . Cambridge University Press : Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed ) . pp. 376 -- 377 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Decree of 17 September 1793 ordering the arrest of Suspect People . Gallica , the digitalized Bibliothèque nationale de France . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reign of Terror '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2015 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Principal Dates and Time Line of the French Revolution '. marxists.org . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Schama 2004 , p. 658 Jump up ^ ' State and Counterrevolution in France ' -- Charles Tilly . In : The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity , edited by Ferenc Fehér . University of California Press ; Berkeley -- Los Angeles -- Oxford , 1990 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ 117,000 according to Reynald Secher , La Vendée - Vengé , le Génocide franco - français ( 1986 ) ; 200,000 -- 250,000 according to Jean - Clément Martin , La Vendée et la France , Éditions du Seuil , collection Points , 1987 ; 200,000 according to Louis - Marie Clénet , La Contre - révolution , Paris , PUF , collection Que sais - je ? , 1992 ; 170,000 according to Jacques Hussenet ( dir . ) , `` Détruisez la Vendée ! '' Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée , La Roche - sur - Yon , Centre vendéen de recherches historiques , 2007 , p. 148 .", "71": "Jump up ^ Dr Linton , Marisa . `` The Terror in the French Revolution '' ( PDF ) . Kingston University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Jacques Hussenet ( dir . ) , `` Détruisez la Vendée ! '' Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée , La Roche - sur - Yon , Centre vendéen de recherches historiques , 2007 Jump up ^ Hugh Cough , `` Genocide and the Bicentenary : the French Revolution and the Revenge of the Vendee . '' Historical Journal 30 # 4 ( 1987 ) : 977 -- 88 Jump up ^ Anthony James Joes , `` Insurgency and Genocide : La Vendée . '' Small Wars & Insurgencies 9 # 3 ( 1998 ) : 17 -- 45 . Jump up ^ The term is rejected by Michel Vovelle , `` L'historiographie de la Révolution Française à la veille du bicentenaire `` , Estudos avançados , octobre - décembre 1987 , volume 1 , n ° 1 , pp. 61 -- 72 . ( 1 ) ou ( 2 ) Jump up ^ François Furet and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , p. 175 Jump up ^ Jean - Baptiste Carrier , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Soboul ( 1975 ) , p. 384 . ^ Jump up to : Schama 2004 , p. 706 ^ Jump up to : Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 9 ( p. 235 -- 254 ) : After the Terror ( fall 1794 -- 1799 ) Jump up ^ Alfred Cobban -- A History of Modern France vol 1 . 1715 - 1799 . Penguin , 1957 . ( p. 243 ) ; Denis Woronoff -- The Thermidorean regime and the Directory .", "72": "CUP , 1972 . ( p. 23 ) ; Albert Soboul -- A short history of the French Revolution : 1789 -- 1799 . University of California Press , 1977 . ( pp. 425 -- 28 ) ; John Paxton -- Companion to the French Revolution . Facts on File Publications , 1988 . ( p. 207 ) ; Simon Schama -- Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution . Penguin , ( 1989 ) 2004 . ( p. 852 ) . Jump up ^ Soboul ( 1975 ) , pp. 425 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Schama , p. 852 . Jump up ^ William Doyle -- The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) Oxford University Press , Oxford -- New York , 1990 . ( pp. 206 -- 207 . ) Jump up ^ Simon Schama -- Patriots and Liberators . Revolution in the Netherlands 1780 -- 1813 . New York : Vintage Books , 1977 . ( pp. 178 -- 192 ) Jump up ^ J.C.H. Blom and E. Lamberts ( editors ) -- Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden ( History of the Low Countries ) ( 3rd ed . ) HB uitgevers , Baarn , ( 2001 ) 2003 . ( pp. 227 - 228 ) Jump up ^ Ernst August Richard Engels -- Friedrich Nicolais `` Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek '' und der Friede von Basel 1795 . Published : Würzburg , Buchdruckerei R. Mayr , 1936 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle ( 1989 ) , p. 320 Jump up ^ Doyle , Oxford History , pp. 322 -- 23 Jump up ^ Doyle , Oxford History ( 2003 ) pp. 322 -- 23 Jump up ^ François Furet , Revolutionary France 1770 -- 1880 ( 1995 ) p. 155 Jump up ^ Howard G. Brown ( 2007 ) . Ending the French Revolution : Violence , Justice , and Repression from the Terror to Napoleon . U. of Virginia Press . pp.", "73": "5 -- 7 . ISBN 9780813927299 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 2007 ) . Ending the French Revolution : Violence , Justice , and Repression from the Terror to Napoleon . p. 1 . ISBN 9780813927299 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Oxford History ( 2003 ) pp. 318 -- 40 Jump up ^ Doyle , Oxford History p. 331 Jump up ^ David Nicholls , Napoleon : a biographical companion ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ William Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) pp. 341 -- 68 Jump up ^ Steven T. Ross , European Diplomatic History , 1789 -- 1815 : France Against Europe ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Alexander Grab , Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe ( 2003 ) pp. 62 -- 65 , 78 -- 79 , 88 -- 96 , 115 -- 17 , 154 -- 59 Jump up ^ Frederick B. Artz , Reaction and Revolution : 1814 -- 1832 ( 1934 ) pp. 142 -- 43 Jump up ^ Harvey Chisick , `` The pamphlet literature of the French revolution : An overview . '' History of European ideas ( 1993 ) 17 # 2 -- 3 pp. 149 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Jane Chapman , `` Republican citizenship , ethics and the French revolutionary press , '' Ethical Space : The International Journal of Communication Ethics ( 2005 ) 2 # 1 pp. 7 -- 12 Jump up ^ Hugh Gough , The Newspaper Press in the French Revolution ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Popkin , Revolutionary News : The Press in France 1789 -- 1799 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy D. Popkin , `` The Press and the French revolution after two hundred years . '' French Historical Studies ( 1990 ) : 664 -- 83 in JSTOR .", "74": "Jump up ^ Harvey Chisick , `` Pamphlets and Journalism in the Early French Revolution : The Offices of the Ami du Roi of the Abbé Royou as a Center of Royalist Propaganda , '' French Historical Studies ( 1988 ) 15 # 4 623 -- 45 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Censer and Hunt , `` How to Read Images '' LEF CD - ROM Jump up ^ Karen A. Cerulo , `` Symbols and the world system : national anthems and flags . '' Sociological Forum ( 1993 ) 8 # 2 pp. 243 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Hanson ( 2007 ) . The A to Z of the French Revolution . Scarecrow Press . p. 151 . Jump up ^ R. Po - chia Hsia , Lynn Hunt , Thomas R. Martin , Barbara H. Rosenwein , and Bonnie G. Smith , The Making of the West , Peoples and Culture , A Concise History , Volume II : Since 1340 , ( 2nd ed. , 2007 ) , p. 664 . Jump up ^ R.F. Opie , Guillotine ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ William Doyle ( 2001 ) . The French Revolution : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford UP . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Crowdy , Terry , French Revolutionary Infantry 1789 -- 1802 , p. 42 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier Lafayette ( marquis de ) , Memoirs , correspondence and manuscripts of General Lafayette , vol. 2 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Dale , `` Can the Uniform Make the Citizen ? Paris , 1789 -- 1791 , '' Eighteenth - Century Studies , 2001 , p. 369 . Jump up ^ Kershaw , Andrew : The First War Planes , Friend Or Foe , National Aircraft Markings , pp. 41 -- 44 . BCP Publishing , 1971 . Jump up ^ William J. Cooper and John McCardell . `` Liberty caps and liberty trees . ''", "75": "Past and Present 146 # 1 ( 1995 ) : 66 -- 102 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Louis Devance , `` Le Féminisme pendant la Révolution Française , '' Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française ( 1977 ) 49 # 3 pp. 341 -- 76 Jump up ^ Jane Abray , `` Feminism in the French Revolution , '' American Historical Review ( 1975 ) 80 # 1 pp. 43 -- 62 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Dalton `` Madame Roland '' 262 ^ Jump up to : Rebel Daughters : Women and the French Revolution Edited by Sara E Melzer and Leslie W. Rabine p. 79 Jump up ^ Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution by Olwen W. Hufton pp. 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Rebel Daughters by Sara E Melzer and Leslie W. Rabine p. 91 Jump up ^ Hufton , `` Women and the Limits of Citizenship , '' p. 31 Jump up ^ James H. McMillan , France and women , 1789 -- 1914 : gender , society and politics ( Routledge , 2002 ) p. 24 Jump up ^ Darline Gay Levy , Harriet Branson Applewhite and Mary Durham Johnson , eds . Women in Revolutionary Paris , 1789 -- 1795 ( 1981 ) pp. 143 -- 49 Jump up ^ De Gouges `` Writings '' 564 -- 68 Jump up ^ Susan Dalton , `` Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics : The Case of Madame Roland , '' Canadian journal of history ( 2001 ) 36 # 2 pp. 262 -- 67 Jump up ^ Lisa Beckstrand , Deviant women of the French Revolution and the rise of feminism ( 2009 ) p. 20 Jump up ^ Olwen Hufton , Women and the Limits of Citizenship ( 1992 ) pp. 106 -- 07 Jump up ^ Desan p. 452 Jump up ^ Hufton , Olwen . `` In Search of Counter-Revolutionary Women . '' 1998 p. 303 Jump up ^ Hufton , Women and the Limits of Citizenship ( 1992 ) p.", "76": "104 Jump up ^ Olwen Hufton , `` In Search of Counter-Revolutionary Women . '' 1998 pp. 303 -- 04 Jump up ^ D.M.G. Sutherland , `` Peasants , Lords , and Leviathan : Winners and Losers from the Abolition of French Feudalism , 1780 -- 1820 , '' Journal of Economic History ( 2002 ) 62 # 1 pp. 1 -- 24 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Liana Vardi , `` The abolition of the guilds during the French Revolution , '' French Historical Studies ( 1988 ) 15 # 4 pp. 704 -- 17 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : R.R. Palmer , `` How Five Centuries of Educational Philanthropy Disappeared in the French Revolution , '' History of Education Quarterly ( 1986 ) 26 # 2 pp. 181 -- 97 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Elise S. Brezis and François H. Crouzet , `` The role of assignats during the French Revolution : An evil or a rescuer ? '' Journal of European economic history ( 1995 ) 24 # 1 pp. 7 -- 40 , online . Jump up ^ George Lefebvre , Napoleon From 18 Brumaire to Tilsit 1799 -- 1807 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Michael Broers ; et al. ( 2012 ) . The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 209 -- 12 . ISBN 9780230241312 . Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer , The Age of the Democratic Revolution : The Struggle , Volume II : The Struggle ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Klaits , Joseph ; Haltzel , Michael H. ; Haltzel , Michael ( 2002 ) . Global Ramifications of the French Revolution . Cambridge UP . Jump up ^ Dann , Otto ; Dinwiddy , John ( 1988 ) . Nationalism in the Age of the French Revolution . Continuum . p. 13 .", "77": "Jump up ^ Beatrice Fry Hyslop , French Nationalism in 1789 ( 1968 ) especially chap. 7 Jump up ^ Carlton J.H. Hayes , The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism ( 1931 ) , ch 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Keitner , Chimene I. ( 2007 ) . The Paradoxes of Nationalism : The French Revolution and Its Meaning for Contemporary Nation Building . SUNY Press . p. 12 . Jump up ^ John Hall Stewart , A Documentary Survey of the french revolution ( 1951 ) pp. 783 -- 94 Jump up ^ J.M. Thompson , Robespierre and the French Revolution ( 1962 ) p. 22 Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) ( 1947 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ Aulard in Arthur Tilley , ed. ( 1922 ) p. 115 Jump up ^ Emmet Kennedy , A Cultural History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) pp. 145 -- 67 Jump up ^ Kennedy , A Cultural History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) pp. 338 -- 53 Jump up ^ Furet , ed. , A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution , pp. 20 -- 32 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Ellis , ' Religion according to Napoleon ' , in Nigel Aston , ed. , Religious change in Europe , 1650 -- 1914 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ J. Christopher Soper and Joel S. Fetzer , `` Explaining the accommodation of Muslim religious practices in France , Britain , and Germany . '' French Politics ( 2003 ) 1 # 1 : 39 -- 59 ; see also Abdulkader H. Sinno ( 2009 ) . Muslims in Western Politics . Indiana UP . pp. 55 -- 56 . 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Jump up ^ Furet , ed. , A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution , pp. 479 -- 93 Jump up ^ Robert Tombs , `` Inventing politics : from Bourbon Restoration to republican monarchy , '' in Martin S. Alexander , ed. , French history since Napoleon ( 1999 ) , pp. 59 -- 79 Jump up ^ Paul R. Hanson ( 2009 ) . Contesting the French Revolution . Wiley . p. 189 . Jump up ^ Leszek Kołakowski ( 1978 ) .", "79": "Main Currents of Marxism : The Founders , the Golden Age , the Breakdown . W.W. Norton . pp. 152 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Cantoni , Davide ; Johnson , Simon ; Robinson , James A. ( 2011 ) . `` The Consequences of Radical Reform : The French Revolution '' . American Economic Review . 101 ( 7 ) : 3286 -- 3307 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 101.7. 3286 . Jump up ^ Buggle , Johannes C. ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Law and social capital : Evidence from the Code Napoleon in Germany '' . European Economic Review . 87 ( Supplement C ) : 148 -- 175 . doi : 10.1016 / j. euroecorev. 2016.05. 003 . Jump up ^ Wikisource , https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Englishmen_in_the_French_Revolution/Chapter_II Jump up ^ Emma Vincent Macleod , A War of Ideas : British Attitudes to the War against Revolutionary France , 1792 -- 1802 ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Palmer , The Age of the Democratic Revolution : The Struggle , Volume II ( 1970 ) pp. 459 -- 505 Jump up ^ Clark , J.C.D. ( 2000 ) . English Society : 1660 -- 1832 ; Religion , Ideology and Politics During the Ancient Regime . Cambridge University Press . p. 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66627 - 5 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham , pp. 297 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Ian ( 2005 ) . An Imaginative Whig : Reassessing the Life and Thought of Edmund Burke . University of Missouri Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 6419 - 0 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 .", "80": "Jump up ^ On the French reception of Price 's Discourse and the Revolution Society , see Duthille , Rémy ( 2010 ) . `` 1688 -- 1789 . Au carrefour des révolutions : les célébrations de la révolution anglaise de 1688 en Grande - Bretagne après 1789 '' . In Cottret , Bernard ; Henneton , Lauric . Du Bon Usage des commémorations : histoire , mémoire , identité , XVIe -- XVIIIe siècles ( in French ) . Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes . pp. 107 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Nick Pelling ( 2002 ) . Anglo - Irish Relations : 1798 1922 . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 10 . ISBN 9780203986554 . Jump up ^ Theodore S. Hamerow ( 1958 ) . Restoration , Revolution , Reaction : Economics and Politics in Germany , 1815 -- 1871 . Princeton UP . pp. 22 -- 24 , 44 -- 45 . ISBN 0691007551 . Jump up ^ Marc H. Lerner , `` The Helvetic Republic : An Ambivalent Reception of French Revolutionary Liberty , '' French History ( 2004 ) 18 # 1 pp. 50 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Palmer , The Age of the Democratic Revolution 2 : 394 -- 421 Jump up ^ E.H. Kossmann , The Low Countries : 1780 -- 1940 ( 1978 ) pp. 65 -- 81 , 101 -- 02 Jump up ^ Bernard A. Cook , Belgium ( 2005 ) pp. 49 -- 54 Jump up ^ Samuel Clark , `` Nobility , Bourgeoisie and the Industrial Revolution in Belgium , '' Past & Present ( 1984 ) # 105 pp. 140 -- 75 ; in JSTOR Jump up ^ Henrik Horstboll , and Uffe Ostergård , `` Reform and Revolution : The French Revolution and the Case of Denmark , '' Scandinavian Journal of History ( 1990 ) 15 # 3 pp.", "81": "155 -- 79 Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Rude pp. 12 -- 14 Jump up ^ Rude , p. 15 Jump up ^ Rude , p. 12 Jump up ^ Rude , p. 17 Jump up ^ Rude , pp. 12 -- 20 Jump up ^ Soboul , Albert . La Révolution française , pp. 45 -- 48 Jump up ^ George C. Comninel ( 1987 ) . Rethinking the French Revolution : Marxism and the Revisionist Challenge . Verso . p. 31 . ISBN 9780860918905 . Jump up ^ Rebecca L. : Spang , `` Paradigms and Paranoia : How modern Is the French Revolution ? '' American Historical Review ( 2003 ) 108 # 1 pp. 119 -- 47 . esp page 120 Jump up ^ David A. Bell , `` Class , consciousness , and the fall of the bourgeois revolution . '' Critical Review ( 2004 ) 16 # 2 -- 3 pp. 323 -- 51 Jump up ^ Rebecca L. Spang , `` Paradigms and Paranoia . '' Jump up ^ Frey , `` Preface '' Jump up ^ Hanson , p. 189 Jump up ^ Hanson , p. 191 Jump up ^ Riemer , Neal ; Simon , Douglas ( 1997 ) . The New World of Politics : An Introduction to Political Science . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 939693 - 41 - 2 . References Censer , Jack ; Lynn Hunt ( 2001 ) . Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution . Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania State University Press . Cole , Alistair ; Peter Campbell ( 1989 ) . French electoral systems and elections since 1789 . Gower . Palmer , R.R. ; Joel Colton ( 1995 ) . A History of the Modern World . New York : McGraw Hill , Inc . Doyle , William ( 1990 ) .", "82": "The Oxford history of the French Revolution ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285221 - 3 . Doyle , William ( 2001 ) . The French Revolution : A very short introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285396 - 1 . Doyle , William ( 2002 ) . The Oxford history of the French Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 925298 - X . online ; 2nd edition online Feher , Ferenc ( 1990 ) . The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity . Los Angeles : University of California Press . Frey , Linda ; Marsha Frey ( 2004 ) . The French Revolution . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32193 - 0 . Furet , F. ( 1981 ) . Interpreting the French Revolution . Cambridge UP . Furet , François ( 1995 ) . Revolutionary France , 1770 -- 1880 . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 19808 - 3 . Hampson , Norman ( 1988 ) . A Social History of the French Revolution . Routledge : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 710 - 06525 - 6 . Hanson , Paul ( 2009 ) . Contesting the French Revolution . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6083 - 4 . Hibbert , Christopher ( 1980 ) . The Days of the French Revolution . New York : Quill , William Morrow . ISBN 0 - 688 - 03704 - 6 . Hunt , Lynn ( 1984 ) . Politics , Culture , and Class in the French Revolution . Berkeley : University of California Press . Kennedy , Emmet ( 1989 ) . A Cultural History of the French Revolution . New Haven : Yale University Press . Lefebvre , Georges ( 1971 ) .", "83": "The French Revolution : From Its Origins to 1793 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08598 - 2 . Lefebvre , Georges ( 1964 ) . The Thermidorians & the Directory . New York : Random House . Lefebvre , Georges ( 1963 ) . The French Revolution : from 1793 to 1799 . vol. II . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 02519 - X . McManners , John ( 1969 ) . The French Revolution and the Church . New York : Harper and Row . Montague , Francis Charles . `` French Revolution '' ( 1911 ) . The Encyclopædia Britannica . ; this Wikipedia article was originally copied from Montague ( which is out of copyright ) , and portions still remain Neely , Sylvia ( 2008 ) . A Concise History of the French Revolution . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3411 - 1 . Rude , George ( 1991 ) . The French Revolution : Its Causes , Its History and Its Legacy After 200 Years . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3272 - 3 . Schama , Simon ( 2004 ) ( 1989 ) . Citizens . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 101727 - 9 . Shusterman , Noah ( 2014 ) . The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York . Soboul , Albert ( 1975 ) . The French Revolution 1787 -- 1799 . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 394 - 71220 - X . Soboul , Albert ( 1977 ) . A short history of the French Revolution : 1789 -- 1799 . Geoffrey Symcox . University of California Press , Ltd . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03419 - 8 . Thompson , J.M. ( 1959 ) . The French Revolution . Oxford : Basil Blackwell .", "84": "Woronoff , Denis ( 1984 ) . The Thermidorean regime and the directory : 1794 -- 1799 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 28917 - 3 . Further reading See also : Historiography of the French Revolution Surveys and reference Andress , David , ed . The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution ( Oxford University Press , 2015 ) . excerpt , 714pp ; 37 articles by experts Aulard , François - Alphonse . The French Revolution , a Political History , 1789 -- 1804 ( 4 vol. 1910 ) ; famous classic ; volume 1 1789 -- 1792 online ; Volume 2 1792 -- 95 online Azurmendi , Joxe ( 1997 ) . The democrats and the violent . Mirande 's critique of the French Revolution . Philosophical viewpoint . ( Original : Demokratak eta biolentoak , Donostia : Elkar ISBN 84 - 7917 - 744 - 6 ) . Ballard , Richard . A New Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Bosher , J.F. The French Revolution ( 1989 ) 365pp Davies , Peter . The French Revolution : A Beginner 's Guide ( 2009 ) , 192pp Frey , Linda and Frey , Marsha . The French Revolution . Westport : Greenwood Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32193 - 0 Furet , François . The French Revolution , 1770 -- 1814 ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Furet , François and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , 1120pp ; long essays by scholars ; conservative perspective ; stress on history of ideas excerpt and text search Gershoy , Leo . The French Revolution and Napoleon ( 1945 ) 585pp Gershoy , Leo . The Era of the French Revolution , 1789 -- 1799 ( 1957 ) , brief summary with some primary sources Gottschalk , Louis R .", "85": "The Era of the French Revolution ( 1929 ) , cover 1780s to 1815 Hanson , Paul R . The A to Z of the French Revolution ( 2013 ) Hanson , Paul R. Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 2004 ) Jaurès , Jean . A Socialist History of the French Revolution . Pluto Press , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 0745335001 Jones , Colin . The Longman Companion to the French Revolution ( 1989 ) Jones , Colin . The Great Nation : France from Louis XV to Napoleon ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search Lefebvre , Georges . The French Revolution : From its Origins to 1793 ( 1962 ) , famous French classic excerpt and text search v 1 Lefebvre , Georges . French Revolution from 1793 -- 1799 ( 1964 ) McPhee , Peter , ed. ( 2012 ) . A Companion to the French Revolution . Wiley . ISBN 9781118316412 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Madelin , Louis . The French Revolution ( 1916 ) ; textbook by leading French scholar . online Paxton , John . Companion to the French Revolution ( 1987 ) , 234pp ; hundreds of short entries . Popkin , Jeremy D. A Short History of the French Revolution ( 5th ed. 2009 ) 176pp Scott , Samuel F. and Barry Rothaus , eds . Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution , 1789 -- 1799 ( 2 vol 1984 ) , short essays by scholars vol 1 online ; vol 2 online Shusterman , Noah ( 2014 ) . The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York . Soboul , Albert . The French Revolution , 1787 -- 1799 : From the storming of the Bastille to Napoleon ( 1975 ) Sutherland , D.M.G. France 1789 -- 1815 . Revolution and Counter-Revolution ( 2nd ed.", "86": "2003 , 430pp excerpts and online search from Amazon.com Thompson , J.M. The French Revolution ( 1943 ) , British viewpoint European and Atlantic History Amann , Peter H. , ed . The eighteenth - century revolution : French or Western ? ( Heath , 1963 ) readings from historians Brinton , Crane . A Decade of Revolution 1789 -- 1799 ( 1934 ) the Revolution in European context Desan , Suzanne , et al. eds . The French Revolution in Global Perspective ( 2013 ) Fremont - Barnes , Gregory . ed . The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History ( ABC - CLIO : 3 vol 2006 ) Goodwin , A. , ed . The New Cambridge Modern History , Vol. 8 : The American and French Revolutions , 1763 -- 93 ( 1965 ) , 764pp Palmer , R.R. `` The World Revolution of the West : 1763 -- 1801 , '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1954 ) 69 # 1 pp. 1 -- 14 in JSTOR Palmer , Robert R . The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 . ( 2 vol 1959 ) , highly influential comparative history ; vol 1 online Rude , George F. and Harvey J. Kaye . Revolutionary Europe , 1783 -- 1815 ( 2000 ) , scholarly survey excerpt and text search Politics and wars Andress , David . The terror : Civil war in the French revolution ( 2006 ) . Baker , Keith M. ed . The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture ( Oxford , 1987 -- 94 ) vol 1 : The Political Culture of the Old Regime , ed . K.M. Baker ( 1987 ) ; vol. 2 : The Political Culture of the French Revolution , ed. C. Lucas ( 1988 ) ; vol. 3 : The Transformation of Political Culture , 1789 -- 1848 , eds . F. Furet & M. Ozouf ( 1989 ) ; vol.", "87": "4 : The Terror , ed . K.M. Baker ( 1994 ) . excerpt and text search vol 4 Blanning , T.C.W. The French Revolutionary Wars 1787 -- 1802 ( 1996 ) . Desan , Suzanne . `` Internationalizing the French Revolution , '' French Politics , Culture & Society ( 2011 ) 29 # 2 pp. 137 -- 60 . Doyle , William . Origins of the French Revolution ( 3rd ed. 1999 ) online edition Englund , Steven . Napoleon : A Political Life . ( 2004 ) . 575 pages ; emphasis on politics excerpt and text search Fremont - Barnes , Gregory . The French Revolutionary Wars ( 2013 ) , 96pp ; excerpt and text search Griffith , Paddy . The Art of War of Revolutionary France 1789 -- 1802 , ( 1998 ) ; 304 pp ; excerpt and text search Rothenberg , Gunther E. ( Spring 1988 ) . `` The Origins , Causes , and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 18 ( 4 ) : 771 -- 793 . JSTOR 204824 . Schroeder , Paul . The Transformation of European Politics , 1763 -- 1848 . 1996 ; Thorough coverage of diplomatic history ; hostile to Napoleon ; online edition Wahnich , Sophie ( 2016 ) . In Defence of the Terror : Liberty or Death in the French Revolution ( Reprint ed . ) . Verso . ISBN 978 - 1784782023 . Economy and Society Anderson , James Maxwell . Daily life during the French Revolution ( 2007 ) Andress , David . French Society in Revolution , 1789 -- 1799 ( 1999 ) Kennedy , Emmet . A Cultural History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) McPhee , Peter . `` The French Revolution , Peasants , and Capitalism , '' American Historical Review ( 1989 ) 94 # 5 pp.", "88": "1265 -- 1280 in JSTOR Tackett , Timothy , `` The French Revolution and religion to 1794 , '' and Suzanne Desan , `` The French Revolution and religion , 1795 -- 1815 , '' in Stewart J. Brown and Timothy Tackett , eds . The Cambridge History of Christianity vol. 7 ( Cambridge UP , 2006 ) . Women Dalton , Susan . `` Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics : The Case of Madame Roland . '' Canadian journal of history ( 2001 ) 36 # 2 Godineau , Dominique . The Women of Paris and Their French Revolution ( 1998 ) 440pp 1998 Hufton , Olwen . `` Women in Revolution 1789 -- 1796 '' Past & Present ( 1971 ) No. 53 pp. 90 -- 108 in JSTOR Hufton , Olwen . `` In Search of Counter-Revolutionary Women . '' The French Revolution : Recent debates and New Controversies Ed . Gary Kates. ( 1998 ) pp 302 -- 36 Kelly , Linda . Women of the French Revolution ( 1987 ) 192 pp. biographical portraits or prominent writers and activists Landes , Joan B. Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution ( Cornell University Press , 1988 ) excerpt and text search Melzer , Sara E. , and Leslie W. Rabine , eds . Rebel daughters : women and the French Revolution ( Oxford University Press , 1992 ) Proctor , Candice E. Women , Equality , and the French Revolution ( Greenwood Press , 1990 ) online Roessler , Shirley Elson . Out of the Shadows : Women and Politics in the French Revolution , 1789 -- 95 ( Peter Lang , 1998 ) online Historiography and memory Main article : Historiography of the French Revolution Andress , David . `` Interpreting the French Revolution , '' Teaching History ( 2013 ) , Issue 150 , pp. 28 -- 29 , very short summary Censer , Jack R. `` Amalgamating the Social in the French Revolution . ''", "89": "Journal of Social History 2003 37 ( 1 ) : 145 -- 50 . online Cox , Marvin R . The Place of the French Revolution in History ( 1997 ) 288pp Desan , Suzanne . `` What 's after Political Culture ? Recent French Revolutionary Historiography , '' French Historical Studies ( 2000 ) 23 # 1 pp. 163 -- 96 . Furet , François and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , 1120pp ; long essays by scholars ; strong on history of ideas and historiography ( esp pp. 881 -- 1034 excerpt and text search Furet , François . Interpreting the French revolution ( 1981 ) . Germani , Ian , and Robin Swayles . Symbols , myths and images of the French Revolution . University of Regina Publications . 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88977 - 108 - 6 Geyl , Pieter . Napoleon for and Against ( 1949 ) , 477pp ; summarizes views of major historians on controversial issues Hanson , Paul R. Contesting the French Revolution ( 2009 ) . 248 pp . Kafker , Frank A. and James M. Laux , eds . The French Revolution : Conflicting Interpretations ( 5th ed. 2002 ) , articles by scholars Kaplan , Steven Laurence . Farewell , Revolution : The Historians ' Feud , France , 1789 / 1989 ( 1996 ) , focus on historians excerpt and text search Kaplan , Steven Laurence . Farewell , Revolution : Disputed Legacies , France , 1789 / 1989 ( 1995 ) ; focus on bitter debates re 200th anniversary excerpt and text search Kates , Gary , ed . The French Revolution : Recent Debates and New Controversies ( 2nd ed. 2005 ) excerpt and text search Lewis , Gwynne . The French Revolution : Rethinking the Debate ( 1993 ) online ; 142 pp . McPhee , Peter , ed. ( 2012 ) . A Companion to the French Revolution . Wiley .", "90": "ISBN 9781118316412 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ; 540pp ; 30 essays by experts ; emphasis on historiography and memory Reichardt , Rolf : The French Revolution as a European Media Event , European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2010 , retrieved : December 17 , 2012 . Ross , Steven T. , ed . The French Revolution : conflict or continuity ? ( 1971 ) 131pp ; excerpt from historians table of contents Primary sources Wikisource has original works on the topic : French Revolution Anderson , F.M. ( 1904 ) . The constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the history of France , 1789 -- 1901 . , complete text online Burke , Edmund ( 1790 ) . Reflections on the Revolution in France . Dwyer , Philip G. and Peter McPhee , eds . The French Revolution and Napoleon : A Sourcebook ( 2002 ) 235 pp ; online Legg , L.G. Wickham , ed . Select Documents Illustrative of the History of the French Revolution ( 2 Volumes , 1905 ) 630pp vol 1 online free ; in French ( not translated ) Levy , Darline Gay , et al. eds . Women in Revolutionary Paris , 1789 -- 1795 ( 1981 ) 244pp excerpt and text search Mason , Laura , and Tracey Rizzo , eds . The French Revolution : A Document Collection ( 1998 ) 334pp excerpt and text search Stewart , John Hall , ed . A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution ( 1951 ) , 818pp Thompson , J.M. , ed . The French revolution : Documents , 1789 -- 94 ( 1948 ) , 287pp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` The French Revolution '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press .", "91": "This article incorporates text from the public domain History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 , by François Mignet ( 1824 ) , as made available by Project Gutenberg . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Revolution . Library resources about the French Revolution Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Museum of the French Revolution ( French ) Primary source documents from The Internet Modern History Sourcebook . Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , a collaborative site by the Center for History and New Media ( George Mason University ) and the American Social History Project ( City University of New York ) . Vancea , S . The Cahiers de Doleances of 1789 , Clio History Journal , 2008 . French Revolution Digital Archive a collaboration of the Stanford University Libraries and the Bibliothèque nationale de France , containing 12000 digitised images The guillotined of the French Revolution factsheets of all the sentenced to death of the French Revolution Jean - Baptiste Lingaud papers , Kislak Center for Special Collections , Rare Books and Manuscripts , University of Pennsylvania . Includes a vast number of name lists and secret surveillance records as well as arrest warrants for aristocrats and their sympathisers . Most notable in this part of the collection are letters and documents from the Revolutionary Committee and the Surveillance Committee . French Revolution Pamphlets , Division of Special Collections , University of Alabama Libraries . Over 300 digitised pamphlets , from writers including Robespierre , St. Juste , Desmoulins , and Danton . Preceded by Ancien Régime ( Old Regime ) French Revolution 1789 -- 1792 Succeeded by French First Republic French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9", "92": "Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 )", "93": "Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 )", "94": "Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797", "95": ") Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French", "96": "Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene ,", "97": "Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor ,", "98": "comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas ,", "99": "vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph ,", "100": "Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité ,", "101": "fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution France topics History Periods Timeline Prehistory Celtic Gaul Roman Gaul Kingdom of the Visigoths Francia West Francia Middle Ages Early modern era Long nineteenth century Revolutionary era Napoleonic era Belle Époque Twentieth century Regimes Absolute monarchy Ancien Régime First Republic First Empire Constitutional monarchy Bourbon Restoration July Monarchy Second Republic Second Empire Third Republic France during the Second World War Free France Vichy France Provisional Republic Fourth Republic Fifth Republic Geography Administrative divisions Cities Climate Extreme points Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Constitution Elections presidential Foreign relations Government Human rights Intersex LGBT Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties Economy Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Euro Exports Franc ( former currency ) French subdivisions by GDP Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health care People Poverty Religion Social class Welfare Culture Architecture Art Cinema ( comedy ) Cuisine Fashion Gardens Language Literature Media Music Philosophy Public holidays Sport Symbols Theatre Outline Book Portal WikiProject GND : 4018183 - 2 BNF : cb11941849g ( data ) HDS : 17216 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Revolution&oldid=818778645 '' Categories : French Revolution 1789 in France 1790s in France 18th - century rebellions 18th - century revolutions Conflicts in 1789 Conflicts in 1790 Conflicts in 1791 Conflicts in 1792 Modern history", "102": "of France Republicanism in France Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Dutch - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use British English from September 2016 Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎", "103": "भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk", "104": "Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Rumantsch Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 14 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7008352380240766023	how many episodes of touching evil are there	[ "16", "16", "16", "16", "16" ]	{ "0": "Touching Evil - wikipedia Touching Evil Jump to : navigation , search For the U.S. remake , see Touching Evil ( U.S. TV series ) . Touching Evil DVD cover Genre Crime drama Created by Paul Abbott Starring Robson Green Nicola Walker Michael Feast Adam Kotz Andrew Scarborough Shaun Dingwall Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 16 Production Running time 50 minutes Release Original network ITV Picture format 4 : 3 Original release 29 April 1997 -- 6 June 1999 Touching Evil is a British television drama serial , which began airing in 1997 . It was produced by United Productions for Anglia Television , and screened on the ITV network . The first season consists of six 50 minute ( one - hour with advertisements ) episodes . It was created by Paul Abbott , and written by Abbott with Russell T Davies . The serial was very popular , and led to two sequel serials in 1998 and 1999 , although these were not written by Abbott or Davies . The first episode aired on 29 April 1997 . The last episode of the series aired on 6 June 1999 , after 16 episodes and 3 seasons . The star of the series is Robson Green , playing a police officer D.C.I. Dave Creegan . Touching Evil III was co-produced by Green 's own independent production company Coastal Productions . Green 's co-star was Nicola Walker , playing Creegan 's colleague D.I. Susan Taylor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Episodes 2.1 Series 1 ( 1997 ) 2.2 Series 2 ( 1998 ) 2.3 Series 3 ( 1999 ) 3 References 4 External links Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Robson Green as D.C.I. Dave Creegan ( series 1 -- 3 ; 16 episodes ) Nicola Walker as D.I.", "1": "Susan Taylor ( series 1 -- 3 ; 16 episodes ) Shaun Dingwall as D.C. Mark Rivers ( series 1 -- 3 ; 14 episodes ) Michael Feast as Commander Stephen Enwright ( series 1 -- 3 ; 15 episodes ) Mary Cunningham as Police Psychologist Marion ( series 1 -- 2 ; 11 episodes ) Adam Kotz as D.C. Jonathan Kreitman ( series 1 ; 6 episodes ) Andrew Scarborough as D.C. Martin Simmons ( series 3 ; 2 episodes ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Saskia Downes as Kerry Creegan ( 7 episodes ) Antony Byrne as Barry ( 7 episodes ) Holly Earl as Louise Creegan ( 7 episodes ) Molly Moloney as Ruby Creegan ( 7 episodes ) John Duttine as Michael Hawkins ( 4 episodes ) Kenneth MacDonald as Cyril ( 4 episodes ) Sean Gilder as Steve Carroll ( 4 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) Series 1 ( 1997 ) ( edit ) Total no . Series no . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` The Lost Boys : Part 1 '' Julian Jarrold Paul Abbott 29 April 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 29 ) N / A DI Dave Creegan is paired with DI Susan Taylor on his first day to investigate the disappearance of three young schoolboys who have all been snatched in broad daylight . Creegan discovers a link with two boys who disappeared in Stuttgart some three years previously , but surveillance on his prime suspect fails to yield any information . Taylor is concerned that Creegan is putting all his eggs in one basket and efforts to investigate other lines of enquiry . `` The Lost Boys : Part 2 '' Julian Jarrold Paul Abbott 6 May 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 06 ) N / A A satellite surveillance van picks up images of the young boys held in an airtight room . Creegan realises that time is running out , and when prime suspect Ronald Hinks gives a silent interview , he realises he may have to break the rules to secure the boys ' safety .", "2": "As Taylor organises a house - to - house on an abandoned estate , Creegan kidnaps Hinks ' dog and puts him onto a scent , which leads Creegan straight to the crime scene . But is he is too late ? When first aired on PBS , these episodes were retitled `` Through the Clouds . '' `` Killing With Kindness : Part 1 '' Marc Munden Paul Abbott 13 May 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 13 ) N / A A group of patients who are all on the same ward at a local hospital die within minutes of each other . When the cause of death is found to be an overdose of drugs , and each of the victims has the tattoo ' let me go ' stenciled onto their back , Creegan and Taylor investigate the hospital cleaner , Carl Burgess , who is found in possession of items belonging to a senior doctor . Creegan is left unconscious after being attacked at home , but who is responsible ? `` Killing With Kindness : Part 2 '' Marc Munden Paul Abbott 20 May 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 20 ) N / A The investigation 's attention turns towards locum Julie Carney following the attack on Creegan . When she commits another murder in Wales , Creegan realises that he needs to set a trap to lure her home . Rivers and Krietman 's pursuit of an unstable Carl Burgess results in Burgess trying to kill a patient , and then electrocuting himself , from which he dies of his injuries . When Julie Carney resurfaces , Creegan is forced to watch on as she tries to commit suicide . 5 5 `` What Amathus Wants : Part 1 '' Julian Jarrold Russell T. Davies 27 May 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 27 ) N / A An investigation into multiple attacks on horses across the country reveals a mysterious website game called ' Amathus ' , where real life players are sucked into a violent reality where they must commit acts of violence in order to secure points and win prizes . When the next level of play results in a triple murder , Creegan realises he is running out of time .", "3": "Meanwhile , an unstable Kreitman confesses to Creegan that he was responsible for Ronald Hinks ' death . 6 6 `` What Amathus Wants : Part 2 '' Julian Jarrold Paul Abbott 3 June 1997 ( 1997 - 06 - 03 ) N / A Creegan and Taylor reel in convicted killer Justine Barber , whose crimes from some years ago mirror the exact methods used to commit the current murder . When she leads them to prime suspect Leonard Stoker , a chase ensues and Stoker is arrested . Creegan has no choice but to file a report on Kreitman . Enwright refuses to press charges on the grounds of no evidence , but leaves Kreitman without a job . Kreitman , upset at the result , goes on the rampage . When first aired on PBS , these episodes were retitled `` Deadly Web . '' Series 2 ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Total no . Series no . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 7 `` Scalping : Part 1 '' Sheree Folkson Mike Cullen 29 April 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 29 ) N / A Creegan and Taylor investigate a serial killer who is sending reports of each of his murders to a local journalist , David Laney . When Rivers tails the prime suspect to a shack in the woods , his hesitation results in the death of another victim . However , with the killer in custody , Creegan is surprised to receive another message stating another murder is about to happen . The search of a warehouse yields another body , that of a local MP . 8 `` Scalping : Part 2 '' Sheree Folkson Mike Cullen 30 April 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 30 ) N / A Creegan realises that Laney may have been the killer all along , and puts surveillance on him . However , when he slips out of sight , he confronts an innocent café owner who is later found dead , with her throat having been cut . Laney then kidnaps Taylor and takes her back to the shack in the woods .", "4": "Creegan and Rivers arrive to find a hostage situation , but the guilt over his hesitation the first time leads Rivers to jump in and shoot Laney dead . 9 `` War Relief : Part 1 '' Rachel Talalay Sian Orrells 7 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 07 ) N / A Creegan and Taylor investigate links between a number of dead bodies found in white body bags , having been delivered to the homes of the victim . The trail leads the team straight to the aftermath of the Bosnian war , where all of the victims played a part in the clean - up and salvage operation . Rivers , angered that he had the prime suspect in his clutches , attacks him when the team finally catch up with him . However , a shocking revelation blows the case wide open . 10 `` War Relief : Part 2 '' Rachel Talalay Sian Orrells 14 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 14 ) N / A Rivers goes it alone to try and track down Keller , but the killer 's one - man rampage results in two further murders and two further attacks , including his wife and partner . When a personal note is delivered to the station , and the family of one of the young murder victims participate in a press release , Keller goes on the rampage with a gun at the young boy 's funeral . During a shootout , Rivers is gunned down . Taylor wonders if she pushed him too far . 11 5 `` What Price a Child : Part 1 '' Alex Pillai Mike Cullen 21 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 21 ) N / A Creegan and Taylor investigate when a young boy is snatched from the back garden of his parents ' house . The search leads to Annie Jordan , who claims to be the boy 's biological mother -- and that she sold the boy to a dealer who internationally trades in children . As the team discover links to a paedophile ring , Creegan has to deal with personal tragedies of his own when a relative of a murder victim tries to kill his ex-wife and children by setting fire to their house .", "5": "12 6 `` What Price a Child : Part 2 '' Alex Pillai Mike Cullen 28 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 28 ) N / A Taylor heads to Romania to collect a child whilst remaining undercover , and as the ring is threatened to be blown apart , the suspects make a break for it . As baby trader Reggie Hansen agrees to give evidence in court , Creegan is left devastated when Annie Jordan is shot and murdered in the passenger seat of his car by maniac Mark Hawkins . Creegan then has to choose whether or not to get justice for Annie or do the right thing and bring Hawkins in to custody . Series 3 ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Total no . Series no . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 13 `` Innocent : Part 1 '' Bill Eagles Tony Etchells 16 May 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 16 ) 9.99 Creegan is on sick leave when a man who he helped convict for the murder of his wife and another woman is released from prison . Creegan was always unsure of the conviction , until the man made a full confession . However , when the murders start again , Taylor brings the suspect straight back into custody . Creegan then leads a one - man show to prove he was right . The suspect then commits suicide following interrogation , and a fourth victim is found shortly afterwards . 14 `` Innocent : Part 2 '' Bill Eagles Tony Etchells 23 May 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 23 ) 9.09 As Creegan continues to trail the killer , tragedy strikes as he leaves his hotel to find that the killer 's next victim is none other than Rivers . As Creegan and Taylor struggle with the loss of their friend , Rivers ' fiancé makes a plea for information as to who is responsible . Meanwhile , as the clues begin to piece themselves together , Creegan and Taylor then both come face to face with the killer and both have to restrain themselves from taking revenge for Rivers ' death .", "6": "15 `` A Fiery Death : Part 1 '' David Moore Sian Evans 30 May 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 30 ) 7.32 A serial killer who is burning the bodies of his victims to a crisp is operating in Ellendon . Meanwhile , Enwright introduces junior DC Martin Simmons to the team , much to the dismay of Creegan , who takes an instant dislike to him . As another victim of the killer turns up , Creegan realises that all of the murders are linked to a psychiatric hospital which burnt to the ground in 1989 . As Creegan tries to identify one of the victims from facial recognition alone , the brutality of the murders begins to increase . 16 `` A Fiery Death : Part 2 '' David Moore Sian Evans 6 June 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 06 ) 8.19 Creegan and Taylor come closer to identifying the killer when a fourth victim , headteacher Claire Logan , is found dead . They soon realise that victim Debbie Lewis ' best friend , Lyn Sotherby , is none other than Susan Etchells in disguise , and they soon track her down to a disused hospital in Lincolnshire , where she has another victim ready and waiting . Creegan then puts himself on the line to secure the safety of the hostage , much to Taylor 's dismay . References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Touching Evil on IMDb Touching Evil at Robson Green 's website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Touching_Evil&oldid=834468440 '' Categories : ITV television dramas 1990s British drama television series 1997 British television programme debuts 1999 British television programme endings Television series by ITV Studios English - language television programs British crime television series Television programmes produced by Anglia Television Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2016 Use British English from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 21 : 59 . 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5374385901352513063	bible verse about honor thy mother and father	[ "Exodus 20:1–21", "Deuteronomy (Dvarim) 5:1–23", "Exodus 20:1–21", "Deuteronomy (Dvarim) 5:1–23" ]	{ "0": "Honour thy father and thy mother - wikipedia Honour thy father and thy mother Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on The Ten Commandments Moses receiving the Ten commandments , folio 422v of the Paris Psalter I am the LORD thy God No other gods before me No graven images or likenesses Not take the LORD 's name in vain Remember the sabbath day Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness Thou shalt not covet Related articles Tablets of Stone Ritual Decalogue Catholic theology `` Honour thy father and thy mother '' is one of the Ten Commandments in the Hebrew Bible . The commandment is generally regarded in Protestant and Jewish sources as the fifth in both the list in Exodus 20 : 1 -- 21 , and in Deuteronomy ( Dvarim ) 5 : 1 -- 23 . Catholics count this as the fourth . These commandments were enforced as law in many jurisdictions , and are still considered enforceable law by some . Exodus 20 , 1 describes the Ten Commandments as being spoken by God , inscribed on two stone tablets by the finger of God , broken by Moses , and rewritten on replacement stones by the Lord . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hebrew Bible 2 Judaism 2.1 Historical beliefs 2.2 Precedence 2.3 Requirements 3 New Testament 4 Christian 4.1 Catholicism 4.2 Orthodox Church 4.3 Protestantism 5 Rewards for compliance 6 Consequences of disobedience 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Hebrew Bible ( edit ) Honour your father and your mother , so that you may live long in the land the LORD your God is giving you . -- Exodus 20 : 12 ( NIV ) In the Torah , keeping this commandment was associated with individual benefit and with the ability of the nation of Israel to remain in the land to which God was leading them .", "1": "Dishonouring parents by striking or cursing them was punishable by death and so the clause `` so that you may live long '' could be interpreted as `` so that you are not put to death '' . In the Talmud , the commandment to honour one 's human parents is compared to honoring God . According to the prophet Malachi , God makes the analogy himself : `` A son honours his father , and a servant his master . If I am a father , where is the honour due me ? If I am a master , where is the respect due me ? '' says the LORD Almighty . `` It is you , O priests , who show contempt for my name . But you ask , ' How have we shown contempt for your name ? ' '' -- Malachi 1 : 6 ( NIV ) Judaism ( edit ) What constitutes `` honour ? '' One must provide them with food and drink and clothing . One should bring them home and take them out , and provide them with all their needs cheerfully . -- Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 143 : 7 The commandment to honour one 's human parents is compared to honouring God , for human owes his existence to his father and his mother . ... Honor the body that bore thee , and the breasts that gave thee suck , maintain thy parents , for thy parents took part in thy creation . '' For man owes his existence to God , to his father , and to his mother , in that he receives from each of his parents five of the parts of his body , and ten from God . The bones , the veins , the nails , the brain , and the white of the eye come from the father . The mother gives him skin , flesh , blood , hair , and the pupil of the eye . God gives him the following : breath , soul , light of countenance , sight , hearing , speech , touch , sense , insight , and understanding ... but if people do not honor their parents , God say : `` It is good that I do not dwell among men , or they would have treated Me superciliously , too . '' -- Legends of the Jews Vol . III The Talmud says that since there are three partners in the creation of a person ( God and two parents ) , honour showed to parents is the same as honour shown to God .", "2": "It also compares a number of similarly constructed passages from the Torah and concludes that honour toward parents and honour toward God are intentionally equated : Our Rabbis taught : It says , ' Honour your father and your mother ' ( Exodus 20 : 12 ) , and it says , ' Honor God with your wealth ' ( Proverbs 3 : 9 ) . By using the same terminology , the Torah compares the honour you owe your father and mother to the honour you have to give to the Almighty . It also says , ' Every person must respect his mother and his father ' ( Leviticus 19 : 3 ) , and it says , ' God your Lord you shall respect , Him you shall serve ' ( Deuteronomy 10 : 20 ) . Here the same word , respect , is used . The Torah equates the respect you owe your parents with the respect you must show God . Furthermore it says , ' Whoever curses his father or mother shall be put to death ' ( Exodus 21 : 17 ) . And furthermore it says , ' Anyone that curses God shall bear his sin ' ( Leviticus 24. -- 15 ) . By using the same terms the Torah compares cursing of parents with cursing the Almighty . -- Talmud Kiddushin 31 Because honouring parents is part of honouring God , the mitzvah does not depend on the worthiness of the parent : `` Even if his father is wicked and a sinner , he must fear and revere him ... A convert to Judaism must not curse or despise his non-Jewish father . '' ( Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 143 : 13 , 25 ) It also requires honour to one 's stepparents or an older sibling who is raising one , and one 's teachers , though one has a greater obligation to honor a parent than a grandparent . The commandment is repeated eight times throughout the bible . Historical beliefs ( edit ) Keeping this commandment was associated by the Israelites with the ability of the nation of Israel to remain in the land to which God was leading them . According to the Torah , striking or cursing one 's father or mother was punishable by immediate death .", "3": "In Deuteronomy , a procedure is described for parents to bring a persistently disobedient son to the city elders for death by stoning . Honouring one 's parents is also described in the Torah as an analogue to honouring God . According to the prophet Jeremiah , God refers to himself as Father to Israel , and according to the prophet Isaiah , God refers to Israel as his sons and daughters . According to the prophet Malachi , God calls for similar honour . According to Jeremiah , God blessed the descendants of Rechab for obeying their forefather 's command to not drink wine and uses the family as a counterexample to Israel 's failure to obey his command to not worship other gods : `` Will you not learn a lesson and obey my words ? '' declares the LORD . `` Jonadab son of Recab ordered his sons not to drink wine and this command has been kept . To this day they do not drink wine , because they obey their forefather 's command . But I have spoken to you again and again , yet you have not obeyed me . Again and again I sent all my servants the prophets to you . They said , ' Each of you must turn from your wicked ways and reform your actions ; do not follow other gods to serve them . Then you will live in the land I have given to you and your fathers . ' But you have not paid attention or listened to me . The descendants of Jonadab son of Recab have carried out the command their forefather gave them , but these people have not obeyed me . '' -- Jeremiah 35 : 12 -- 16 ( NIV ) Precedence ( edit ) According to the Mishneh Torah this commandment requires one to honour both of one 's parents equally ; there is no greater weight given to either the father or the mother . While in some parts of scripture , father is stated first , in others , mother comes first . This shows that the honour due to each is equal . While Jewish teaching holds that a married woman must honour her husband , there are also guidelines for how she may continue to honour her parents : It is the duty of both men and women to honour their parents . However , a married woman , who owes devotion to her husband , is exempt from the precept of honouring her parents .", "4": "Yet , she is obliged to do for the parents , all she can , if her husband does not object . -- Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 143 : 17 Requirements ( edit ) The commandment requires one to obey one 's parents when the command given by a parent is reasonable and permissible under Jewish law . For example , if a parent asks a child to bring him / her water , he / she must obey . Because honouring God is above all mitzvot , if a parent asks a child to break a law of the Torah , s / he must refuse to obey . Everything that your father says to you , you are obliged to obey . But if he says to you : `` Let us bow down to idols '' , you must not obey him , lest you become an apostate . -- Midrash , Yalkut Shimoni , Proverbs 960 I am the Lord your God , and both you and your parents are equally bound to honour Me , therefore , you must not hearken to them to disregard My word . -- Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 143 : 15 A child is not required to obey if a parent says that s / he must marry a particular person , or must not marry a person s / he wishes to marry , provided the marriage is permissible by Jewish law . A child who is travelling has an obligation to communicate with his / her parents to let them know s / he is safe in order to prevent them from worrying . A child must continue to honour his / her parent after their deaths . This can be done by reciting kaddish for 11 months and on the yarzeit ( anniversary of the parent 's death ) , and by donating charity in the memory of the parent . The study of Torah is also considered to be reverence toward a parent , for it shows that a parent raised a worthy child . A child must never put a parent to shame , or speak arrogantly to a parent . A person who is told to do something by his / her mother for which his father does not like the result is not permitted to tell his / her father that his / her mother said to do that . This is because this could lead to his / her father cursing his / her mother .", "5": "A child is not permitted to interrupt or contradict a parent , or to disturb a parent 's sleep . New Testament ( edit ) This section uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ruth honoured her widowed mother - in - law Naomi . Simeon Solomon , 1860 . In the gospels , Jesus affirmed the importance of honouring one 's father and mother ( Matthew 15 : 1 -- 9 , Matthew 19 : 17 -- 19 , Mark 10 : 17 -- 19 , Luke 18 : 18 -- 21 ) Paul quotes the commandment in his letter to the church in Ephesus : Children , obey your parents in the Lord , for this is right . `` Honour your father and mother '' ( this is the first commandment with a promise ) , `` that it may go well with you and that you may live long in the land . '' ( Ephesians 6 : 1 -- 2 , ESV . See also Colossians 3 : 20 ) -- Ephesians 6 : 1 -- 2 ( ESV ) In his letters to the Romans and Timothy , Paul describes disobedience to parents as a serious sin ( Romans 1 : 29 -- 31 , 2 Timothy 3 : 2 ) . The words of Jesus and the teaching of Paul indicate that adult children remain obligated to honour their parents by providing for material needs . In the gospels , Jesus is portrayed as angry with some people who avoided materially providing for their parents by claiming the money they would have used was given to God ( Matthew 15 : 3 -- 8 , Mark 7 : 9 -- 12 . In these passages , Jesus quotes Isaiah 29 : 13 ) According to the Gospel of John , when Jesus was on the cross , he provided for his natural mother by giving the Apostle John the charge to care for her , which John accepted . According to the gospel of Matthew , the obligation to honour one 's parents is bounded by one 's obligation to God : `` Whoever loves father or mother more than me is not worthy of me . ''", "6": "( Matthew 10 : 37 ESV ) Such boundaries , and the primacy of the first commandment itself , lead scholars to conclude that honouring one 's parents does not include breaking God 's law ( i.e. , committing a sin ) at the behest of a parent . Paul 's instructions to Timothy regarding the physical care of widows include the following : But if a widow has children or grandchildren , these should learn first of all to put their religion into practice by caring for their own family and so repaying their parents and grandparents , for this is pleasing to God . -- 1 Timothy 5 : 4 ( NIV ) Christian ( edit ) Catholicism ( edit ) The import of honouring father and mother is based on the divine origin of the parental role : The divine fatherhood is the source of human fatherhood . ( Ephesians 3 : 14 ) This is the foundation of the honour owed to parents ... It is required by God 's commandment . ( Exodus 20 : 12 ) Respect for parents ( filial piety ) derives from gratitude toward those who , by the gift of life , their love and their work , have brought their children into the world and enabled them to grow in stature , wisdom , and grace . According to the teachings of the Catholic Church , the commandment to honour father and mother reveals God 's desired order of charity -- first God , then parents , then others . Keeping the commandment to honour father and mother brings both spiritual and temporal rewards of peace and prosperity , while failure to honor parents harms the individual as well as society . The pervasive societal effect of obedience or disobedience to this command is attributed to the status of the family as the fundamental building block of society : The family is the original cell of social life ... Authority , stability , and a life of relationships within the family constitute the foundations for freedom , security , and fraternity within society . The family is the community in which , from childhood , one can learn moral values , begin to honour God , and make good use of freedom . Family life is an initiation into life in society . The Gospel of Luke notes that , as a child , Jesus was obedient to his earthly parents . For a child in the home , the commandment to honour parents is comprehensive , excluding immoral actions .", "7": "Grown children , while not obligated to obedience in the same way , should continue to afford respect for parental wishes , advice and teaching . `` Filial respect is shown by true docility and obedience . ' My son , keep your father 's commandment , and forsake not your mother 's teaching ... When you walk , they will lead you ; when you lie down , they will watch over you ... ' '' ( Proverbs 6 : 20 -- 22 ) The Church teaches that adult children have a duty to honour their parents by providing `` material and moral support in old age and in times of illness , loneliness , or distress '' . This honour should be based on the son or daughter 's gratitude for the life , love and effort given by the parents and motivated by the desire to pay them back in some measure . The principle of the commandment is extended to the duty to honour others in direct authority , such as teachers , and employers . The commandment to honour father and mother also forms a basis for charity to others when each person is seen , ultimately , as `` a son or daughter of the One who wants to be called ' our Father ' . '' Thus , charitable actions are viewed as extensions of the honour owed to the heavenly Father . Orthodox Church ( edit ) Father Seraphim Stephens sees `` Honor '' defined as `` Love and Respect '' , and notes that this commandment is positioned between those that address one 's obligations to God and those that relate to how one treats others . `` It clearly lays the foundation of our relationship to God and to all other people . '' Richard D. Andrews points out that , `` Every time we do something good , just , pure , holy , we bring honor to our parents . '' Protestantism ( edit ) John Calvin describes the sacred origin of the role of human father ( which thus demands honour ) . The analogy between the honour of parents and the honour of God himself is further strengthened by this understanding that earthly fatherhood is derived from God 's Fatherhood . Thus the duty to honour does not depend on whether the parent is particularly worthy . However , Calvin acknowledges that some fathers are outright wicked and emphasizes there is no excuse for sin in the name of honouring a parent , calling the notion `` absurd '' .", "8": "Since , therefore , the name of Father is a sacred one , and is transferred to men by the peculiar goodness of God , the dishonouring of parents redounds to the dishonour of God Himself , nor can any one despise his father without being guilty of an offence against God , ( sacrilegium . ) If any should object that there are many ungodly and wicked fathers whom their children can not regard with honour without destroying the distinction between good and evil , the reply is easy , that the perpetual law of nature is not subverted by the sins of men ; and therefore , however unworthy of honour a father may be , that he still retains , inasmuch as he is a father , his right over his children , provided it does not in anywise derogate from the judgement of God ; for it is too absurd to think of absolving under any pretext the sins which are condemned by His Law ; nay , it would be a base profanation to misuse the name of father for the covering of sins . -- John Calvin , commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 and Deuteronomy 5 : 16 The commentary of John Wesley on the commandment to honour father and mother is consistent with the interpretation in the Catechism of the Catholic Church . He summarizes the actions that express honour as follows : 1 . An inward esteem of them , outwardly expressed , 2 . Obedience to their lawful commands ( Ephesians 6 : 1 -- 3 ) , 3 . Submission to their rebukes , instructions and corrections , 4 . Acting with consideration of parental advice , direction and consent , 5 . Giving comfort and providing for physical needs of aged parents . Like the Catechism , Wesley also teaches that the commandment includes honouring others in legitimate secular authority . He also encourages people toward honour of those in spiritual leadership with the question , `` Have ye all obeyed them that watch over your souls , and esteemed them highly in love for their work 's sake ? '' This question is reminiscent of Paul 's statements to the church in Galatia and to Timothy . Matthew Henry explains that the commandment to honour father and mother applies not only to biological parents but also to those who fulfill the role of mother or father .", "9": "He uses the example of Esther honouring her guardian and cousin Mordecai : Mordecai being Esther 's guardian or pro-parent , we are told ... How respectful she was to him . Though in relation she was his equal , yet , being in age and dependence his inferior , she honoured him as her father -- did his commandment , v. 20 . This is an example to orphans ; if they fall into the hands of those who love them and take care of them , let them make suitable returns of duty and affection . The less obliged their guardians were in duty to provide for them the more obliged they are in gratitude to honour and obey their guardians . -- Matthew Henry , commentary on Esther 2 Esther and Mordecai writing the second letter of Purim . Arent de Gelder , ca . 1685 . Oil on canvas , RISD Museum of Art , Providence RI The commandment itself encourages obedience `` so that you may enjoy long life and that it may go well with you '' . Henry , Wesley and Calvin affirm the applicability of this promise for all who keep the commandment , though each notes that for the New Testament Christian , the promise may be fulfilled as earthly rewards and / or heavenly rewards , as God sees fit in his wisdom and love for the individual . In his commentary , Calvin notes the harsh consequences required in Exodus and Leviticus for specific failures to keep the commandment . Those who struck or cursed a parent were to be sentenced to death . Persistently disobedient sons were to be brought before the city elders and stoned by the whole community if the parents ' testimony was judged to be accurate . Calvin writes that God knew capital punishment for these offences would seem harsh and be difficult to pronounce , even for those responsible for adjudicating the situation . This is why , he argues , the text specifically places responsibility for the consequences on the offender . The severity of the sentence emphasized the importance of removing such behaviour from the community and deterring others who might imitate it . Although Calvin refers mostly to fathers in his commentary on the commandment to honour father and mother , he writes near the beginning that the commandment mentions both parents on purpose .", "10": "As described above , Proverbs supports the value of guidance from both father and mother , and Paul specified that children should provide for their own widowed mothers and grandmothers , `` which is pleasing to God . '' Just as `` honor '' involves offering profound respect , the opposite of honoring someone is to trivialize him , as if of no importance . Respect is not something based solely on personal or professional qualifications , but also on the position that God has given that person . In 1 Samuel 26 David spares Saul 's life , even at the risk of losing his own , submitting to the authority God had placed over him as anointed king . Rewards for compliance ( edit ) This commandment is distinct from the others in that a promise is attached to it : `` ... so that you may live long in the land the Lord your God is giving you . '' Deuteronomy 5 : 16 amplifies this : `` ... that your days may be prolonged , and that it may be well with you , in the land which the Lord your God is giving you . '' Consequences of disobedience ( edit ) As with most terms of the covenant between God and Israel , there are consequences for disobedience as well as rewards for obedience : Just as the reward for honouring father and mother is very great , the punishment for transgressing it is very great . And the one who afflicts his parents causes the shechinah ( presence of God ) to separate from him and harsh decrees fall upon him and he is given many sufferings . And even if life smiles on him in this life , he will surely be punished in the World to Come . -- Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 143 : 4 See also ( edit ) Biblical law in Christianity Filial piety Pietas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' ' Ten Commandments , ' ' New Bible Dictionary , Second Edition , Tyndale House , 1982 pp. 1174 -- 1175 Jump up ^ Posner , Richard A. , How Judges Think , Harvard University Press , 2008 , p. 322 Jump up ^ Bromiley , Geoffrey W. , The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia , 1988 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Williams , J. Rodman .", "11": "Renewal theology : systematic theology from a charismatic perspective , 1996 p. 240 Jump up ^ Jersild , Paul T. , Making moral decisions : a Christian approach to personal and social ethics , 1991 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , § 2056 , 2003 , Doubleday Religion , ISBN 0 - 385 - 50819 - 0 Jump up ^ Matthew Henry 's Concise Commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 read online and on Ephesians 6 : 1 -- 4 read online ( both accessed 31 August 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : Commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 , The Jewish Study Bible : Tanakh Translation , Berlin , Adele ; Brettler , Marc Zvi , and Fishbane , Michael , eds . Oxford University Press . 2004 ISBN 0 - 19 - 529751 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : See also Deuteronomy 6 : 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Exodus 21 : 15 , 17 , Leviticus 20 : 9 . See also Deuteronomy 27 : 16 and Proverbs 20 : 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mishneh Torah , Shoftim , Mamrim 6 : 1 ^ Jump up to : Kitzor Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 143 : 1 Jump up ^ Ginzberg , Louis ( 1909 ) . The Legends of the Jews Vol III : The Other Commandments Revealed On Sinai ( Translated by Henrietta Szold ) Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society . Jump up ^ Talmud Kiddushin 31 Jump up ^ ( see also Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 143 : 1 and Sefer Maalot ha Middot ) Jump up ^ Mishneh Torah , Shoftim , Mamrim 6 : 17 Jump up ^ Kitzor Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 143 : 19 Jump up ^ Plaut , W. Gunther and Stein , David E. The Torah : A Modern Commentary ( p. 504 ) 2005 ( revised ) .", "12": "Union for Reformed Judaism ISBN 0 - 8074 - 0883 - 2 view on Google Books Jump up ^ Rossel , Seymour . The Torah : Portion by Portion ( p. 298 ) 2007 . Torah Aura Productions . ISBN 1 - 891662 - 94 - 5 view on Google Books Jump up ^ Isaacs , Ronald H. The Jewish Book of Etiquette ( p. 133 ) 1998 . Jason Aronson . ISBN 0 - 7657 - 5995 - 0 view on Google Books Jump up ^ Exodus 21 : 11 ; Deuteronomy 5 : 16 ; Leviticus 19 : 3 ; Jump up ^ Exodus 21 : 15 , 17 , Leviticus 20 : 9 . See also Deuteronomy 27 : 16 and Proverbs 20 : 20 . Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 21 : 18 -- 21 . Note that the reference to the son being a drunkard would suggest that he is not a small child . Jump up ^ Commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 , The Jewish Study Bible : Tanakh Translation Jump up ^ Jeremiah 31 : 9 Jump up ^ Isaiah 43 : 6 Jump up ^ Malachi 1 : 6 ( NIV ) Jump up ^ This family is first introduced in 2 Kings 10 : 15 -- 31 Jump up ^ Mishneh Torah , Shoftim , Mamrim 6 : 2 Jump up ^ Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 240 : 14 Jump up ^ Isaacs , The Jewish Book of Etiquette ( p. 132 ) Jump up ^ Donin , Hayim Halevy . To be a Jew : A Guide to Jewish Observance in Contemporary Life . ( p. 129 ) 1991 Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 08632 - 2 view on Google Books Jump up ^ Sefer Chassidim 542 in Finkel , Avraham Yaakov. 1997 Sefer Chasidim : The Book of the Pious Jason Aaronson ISBN 1 - 56821 - 920 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Donin , p. 129 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Isaacs , pp. 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ The Little Midrash Says , Volume III , The Book of Vayikra , by M. Weissman , C 1988 , page 165 ^ Jump up to : `` Honor your father and mother '' , The Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention Jump up ^ Matthew Henry 's Concise Commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 -- 17 read online ( accessed 31 August 2009 ) Jump up ^ NIV Study Bible . 1999 . Zondervan . Note on Colossians 3 : 20 with reference to Acts 5 : 29 Jump up ^ CCC § § 2214 -- 2215 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2197 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2200 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2207 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2217 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2216 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2218 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2215 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2199 . Jump up ^ CCC § 2212 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Seraphim . `` Honor thy Father and thy Mother '' , Orthodox America , 1996 Jump up ^ Andrews , Richard Demetrius . `` Honor thy Father and Mother '' , Orthodoxy Today , June 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ Calvin , John . Harmony of the Law , Part III , Commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 and Deuteronomy 5 : 16 read online ^ Jump up to : Calvin , John . Harmony of the Law , Part III . Commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 and Deuteronomy 5 : 16 read online Jump up ^ Wesley , John .", "14": "Notes on the Bible : Notes on the Second Book of Moses , commentary on Exodus 20 : 12 read online Jump up ^ see also Matthew Henry 's Commentary on the Whole Bible , comments on Exodus 20 : 12 read online Jump up ^ Galatians 6 : 6 and 1 Timothy 5 : 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Matthew Henry 's Commentary on Esther Chapter 2 read online Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 5 : 16 Jump up ^ Exodus 21 : 15 , 17 and Leviticus 20 : 9 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 21 : 18 -- 21 Jump up ^ Calvin , John . Harmony of the Law , Part III . Commentary on Exodus 21 : 15 , 17 and Leviticus 20 : 9 read online Jump up ^ Proverbs 6 : 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ 1 Timothy 5 : 4 Jump up ^ Plaut and Stein , The Torah : A Modern Commentary ( p. 504 ) Jump up ^ Kioulachoglou , Anastasios . `` Honor your father and mother '' , Journal of Bible Accuracy Further reading ( edit ) U.S. Catholic Church .", "15": "Catechism of the Catholic Church , 2003 , Doubleday Religion , ISBN 0 - 385 - 50819 - 0 ( accessed 1 September 2009 ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Laws of honoring parents in the Shulchan Aruch A compilation of Jewish theology regarding the commandment to honor father and mother ( hide ) Ten Commandments Commandments I am the Lord thy God Thou shalt have no other gods before me Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour Thou shalt not covet Modern media The Ten Commandments : The Musical K10C : Kids ' Ten Commandments Les Dix Commandements ( musical ) 2007 film 2010 film The Ten Commandments ( 2007 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1923 film ) Related articles 613 Mitzvot Alternatives Catholic theology Finger of God Ritual Decalogue Seven Laws of Noah Tablets of Stone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honour_thy_father_and_thy_mother&oldid=837578974 '' Categories : Ten Commandments Family Hebrew Bible words and phrases Biblical phrases Positive Mitzvoth Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 All articles lacking sources Articles needing more viewpoints from June 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia עברית ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 18 : 35 . 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4725834485685841519	what was the result of the revolt of 1857	[ "British victory", "Suppression of the revolt", "Formal end of the Mughal empire", "End of Company rule in India", "Transfer of rule to the British Crown", "British Indian Empire created out of former East India Company territory", "Suppression of the revolt", "Formal end of the Mughal empire", "End of Company rule in India", "Transfer of rule to the British Crown", "led to the dissolution of the East India Company, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India, through the passage of the Government of India Act 1858" ]	{ "0": "Indian rebellion of 1857 - Wikipedia Indian rebellion of 1857 Jump to : navigation , search `` Sepoy Mutiny '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sepoy Mutiny ( disambiguation ) . Indian Rebellion of 1857 A 1912 map showing the centres of the rebellion Date 10 May 1857 ( 1857 - 05 - 10 ) -- 1 November 1858 ( 1858 - 11 - 01 ) ( 1 year and 6 months ) Location India Result British victory Suppression of the revolt Formal end of the Mughal empire End of Company rule in India Transfer of rule to the British Crown Territorial changes British Indian Empire created out of former East India Company territory ( some land returned to native rulers , other land confiscated by the British crown ) Belligerents Sepoy Mutineers Mughal Empire Gwalior Factions Forces of Rani Laxmi bai , the deposed ruler of Jhansi Forces of Nana Sahib Peshwa Followers of Birjis Qadra Oudh Followers of Babu Kunwar Singh Followers of Drig Narayan Singh British Empire Kingdom of Nepal Kingdom of Tibet East India Company 21 Princely States : Ajaigarh Alwar Bharathpur Bhopal Bijawar Bikaner Bundi Hyderabad Jaipur Jaora Jodhpur Kapurthala Jammu and Kashmir Kendujhar Nabha Patiala Rampur Rewa Sirmur Sirohi Udaipur Mysore Travancore Commanders and leaders Bakht Khan † Bahadur Shah II Mirza Mughal Nana Sahib Tatya Tope Rani Lakshmibai † Begum Hazrat Mahal Nawab Mehar Polo Bahadur Birjis Qadr Babu Kunwar Singh ( d. April 1858 ) George Anson ( d .", "1": "May 1857 ) Patrick Grant Colin Campbell ( From August 1857 ) John Nicholson † Jung Bahadur Rana Casualties and losses at least 100,000 - nearly 806,000 and possibly more , both in the rebellion and in famines and epidemics of disease in its wake , by comparison of sketchy pre-existing population estimates with Indian Census of 1871 . Indian Rebellion of 1857 1st Lucknow 1st Cawnpore Badli - ki - Serai Delhi Chinhat Aong Arrah Agra Najafgarh 2nd Cawnpore 2nd Lucknow Central India Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early Medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c.", "2": "760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early Modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c.", "3": "1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major , but ultimately unsuccessful , uprising in India between 1857 -- 58 against the rule of the British East India Company , which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown . The event is known by many names , including the Sepoy Mutiny , the Indian Mutiny , the Great Rebellion , the Revolt of 1857 , the Indian Insurrection , and India 's First War of Independence . The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company 's army in the garrison town of Meerut , 40 miles northeast of Delhi ( now Old Delhi ) . It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India , though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east . The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region , and was contained only with the rebels ' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858 . On 1 November 1858 , the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder , though they did not declare the hostilities formally to have ended until 8 July 1859 . The Indian rebellion was fed by resentment that had emerged from British rule , including invasive British - style social reforms , harsh land taxes , summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes , , and broader scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule . Many Indians did rise against the British ; however , very many also fought for the British , and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule . Violence , which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty , was inflicted on both sides ; on British officers and civilians ( including women and children ) by the rebels , and on the rebels and their supporters ( sometimes including entire villages ) by British reprisals . The cities of Delhi and Lucknow were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation .", "4": "After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut , the rebels very quickly reached Delhi , whose 81 - year - old Mughal ruler , Bahadur Shah Zafar , was declared the Emperor of Hindustan . Soon , the rebels also captured large tracts of the North - Western Provinces and Awadh ( Oudh ) . The East India Company 's response came rapidly as well . With help from reinforcements , Kanpur was retaken by mid-July 1857 , and Delhi by the end of September . Even so , it then took the remainder of 1857 and the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be suppressed in Jhansi , Lucknow , and especially the Awadh countryside . Other regions of Company controlled India -- the Bengal Presidency , the Bombay Presidency and the Madras Presidency -- remained largely calm . In the Punjab , the Sikh princes crucially helped the British by providing both soldiers and support . The large princely states , Hyderabad , Mysore , Travancore , and Kashmir , as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana , did not join the rebellion , serving the British , in the Governor - General Lord Canning 's words , as `` breakwaters in a storm . '' In some regions , most notably in Awadh , the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence and power . However , the rebel leaders proclaimed no articles of faith that presaged a new political system . Even so , the rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian - and British Empire history . It led to the dissolution of the East India Company , and forced the British to reorganize the army , the financial system , and the administration in India , through the passage of the Government of India Act 1858 . India was thereafter administered directly by the British government in the new British Raj . On 1 November 1858 , Queen Victoria issued a proclamation to Indians , which while lacking the authority of a constitutional provision , promised rights similar to those of other British subjects . In the following decades , when admission to these rights was not always forthcoming , Indians were to pointedly refer to the Queen 's proclamation in growing avowals of a new nationalism .", "5": "Contents ( hide ) 1 East India Company 's expansion in India 2 Causes of the rebellion 2.1 The Enfield Rifle 2.2 Civilian disquiet 2.3 The Bengal Army 3 Onset of the Rebellion 4 Mangal Pandey 4.1 Unrest during April 1857 4.2 Meerut 4.3 Delhi 5 Supporters and opposition 6 The Revolt 6.1 Initial stages 6.2 Delhi 6.3 Cawnpore ( Kanpur ) 6.4 Lucknow 6.5 Jhansi 6.5. 1 Indore 6.6 Other regions 6.6. 1 Punjab 6.6. 2 Bihar 6.6. 3 Bengal and Tripura 6.6. 4 Gujarat 6.7 British Empire 7 Aftermath 7.1 Deathtoll and atrocities 7.2 Reaction in Britain 7.3 Reorganisation 7.4 Military reorganisation 7.5 Awards 8 Nomenclature 9 Historiography 10 150th anniversary 11 In popular culture 11.1 Films 11.2 Theatre 11.3 Literature 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Citations 15 References 15.1 Text - books and academic monographs 15.2 Articles in journals and collections 15.3 Historiography and memory 15.4 Other histories 15.5 First person accounts and classic histories 15.6 Tertiary sources 15.7 Fictional and narrative literature 16 External links East India Company 's expansion in India ( edit ) Main article : Company rule in India India in 1765 and 1805 showing East India Company - governed territories in pink . India in 1837 and 1857 showing East India Company - governed territories in pink Although the British East India Company had established a presence in India as far back as 1612 , and earlier administered the factory areas established for trading purposes , its victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the beginning of its firm foothold in eastern India .", "6": "The victory was consolidated in 1764 at the Battle of Buxar , when the East India Company army defeated Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II . After his defeat , the emperor granted the Company the right to the `` collection of Revenue '' in the provinces of Bengal , Bihar , and Odisha , known as `` Diwani '' to the Company . The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras ; later , the Anglo - Mysore Wars ( 1766 -- 1799 ) and the Anglo - Maratha Wars ( 1772 -- 1818 ) led to control of even more of India . In 1806 , the Vellore Mutiny was sparked by new uniform regulations that created resentment amongst both Hindu and Muslim sepoys . After the turn of the 19th century , Governor - General Wellesley began what became two decades of accelerated expansion of Company territories . This was achieved either by subsidiary alliances between the Company and local rulers or by direct military annexation . The subsidiary alliances created the princely states of the Hindu maharajas and the Muslim nawabs . Punjab , North - West Frontier Province , and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo - Sikh War in 1849 ; however , Kashmir was immediately sold under the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state . The border dispute between Nepal and British India , which sharpened after 1801 , had caused the Anglo - Nepalese War of 1814 -- 16 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence . In 1854 , Berar was annexed , and the state of Oudh was added two years later . For practical purposes , the Company was the government of much of India . Causes of the rebellion ( edit ) Main article : Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 occurred as the result of an accumulation of factors over time , rather than any single event . The sepoys were Indian soldiers who were recruited into the Company 's army . Just before the rebellion , there were over 300,000 sepoys in the army , compared to about 50,000 British . The forces were divided into three presidency armies : Bombay , Madras , and Bengal .", "7": "The Bengal Army recruited higher castes , such as Rajputs and Bhumihar , mostly from the Awadh and Bihar regions , and even restricted the enlistment of lower castes in 1855 . In contrast , the Madras Army and Bombay Army were `` more localized , caste - neutral armies '' that `` did not prefer high - caste men . '' The domination of higher castes in the Bengal Army has been blamed in part for initial mutinies that led to the rebellion . Two sepoy officers ; a private sepoy , 1820s In 1772 , when Warren Hastings was appointed India 's first Governor - General , one of his first undertakings was the rapid expansion of the Company 's army . Since the sepoys from Bengal -- many of whom had fought against the Company in the Battles of Plassey and Buxar -- were now suspect in British eyes , Hastings recruited farther west from the high - caste rural Rajputs and Bhumihar of Awadh and Bihar , a practice that continued for the next 75 years . However , in order to forestall any social friction , the Company also took action to adapt its military practices to the requirements of their religious rituals . Consequently , these soldiers dined in separate facilities ; in addition , overseas service , considered polluting to their caste , was not required of them , and the army soon came officially to recognise Hindu festivals . `` This encouragement of high caste ritual status , however , left the government vulnerable to protest , even mutiny , whenever the sepoys detected infringement of their prerogatives . '' Stokes argues that `` The British scrupulously avoided interference with the social structure of the village community which remained largely intact . '' After the annexation of Oudh ( Awadh ) by the East India Company in 1856 , many sepoys were disquieted both from losing their perquisites , as landed gentry , in the Oudh courts , and from the anticipation of any increased land - revenue payments that the annexation might bring about . Other historians have stressed that by 1857 , some Indian soldiers , interpreting the presence of missionaries as a sign of official intent , were convinced that the Company was masterminding mass conversions of Hindus and Muslims to Christianity .", "8": "Although earlier in the 1830s , evangelicals such as William Carey and William Wilberforce had successfully clamoured for the passage of social reform , such as the abolition of sati and allowing the remarriage of Hindu widows , there is little evidence that the sepoys ' allegiance was affected by this . However , changes in the terms of their professional service may have created resentment . As the extent of the East India Company 's jurisdiction expanded with victories in wars or annexation , the soldiers were now expected not only to serve in less familiar regions , such as in Burma , but also to make do without the `` foreign service '' remuneration that had previously been their due . A major cause of resentment that arose ten months prior to the outbreak of the rebellion was the General Service Enlistment Act of 25 July 1856 . As noted above , men of the Bengal Army had been exempted from overseas service . Specifically , they were enlisted only for service in territories to which they could march . Governor - General Lord Dalhousie saw this as an anomaly , since all sepoys of the Madras and Bombay Armies and the six `` General Service '' battalions of the Bengal Army had accepted an obligation to serve overseas if required . As a result , the burden of providing contingents for active service in Burma , readily accessible only by sea , and China had fallen disproportionately on the two smaller Presidency Armies . As signed into effect by Lord Canning , Dalhousie 's successor as Governor - General , the act required only new recruits to the Bengal Army to accept a commitment for general service . However , serving high - caste sepoys were fearful that it would be eventually extended to them , as well as preventing sons following fathers into an army with a strong tradition of family service . There were also grievances over the issue of promotions , based on seniority . This , as well as the increasing number of European officers in the battalions , made promotion slow , and many Indian officers did not reach commissioned rank until they were too old to be effective . The Enfield rifle ( edit ) The final spark was provided by the ammunition for the new Enfield P - 53 rifle . These rifles , which fired Minié balls , had a tighter fit than the earlier muskets , and used paper cartridges that came pre-greased .", "9": "To load the rifle , sepoys had to bite the cartridge open to release the powder . The grease used on these cartridges was rumoured to include tallow derived from beef , which would be offensive to Hindus , and pork , which would be offensive to Muslims . At least one Company official pointed out the difficulties this may cause : unless it be proven that the grease employed in these cartridges is not of a nature to offend or interfere with the prejudices of caste , it will be expedient not to issue them for test to Native corps . However , in August 1856 , greased cartridge production was initiated at Fort William , Calcutta , following a British design . The grease used included tallow supplied by the Indian firm of Gangadarh Banerji & Co . By January , rumours were abroad that the Enfield cartridges were greased with animal fat . Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high - caste sepoy and a low - caste labourer at Dum Dum . The labourer had taunted the sepoy that by biting the cartridge , he had himself lost caste , although at this time such cartridges had been issued only at Meerut and not at Dum Dum . There had been rumours that the British sought to destroy the religions of the Indian people , and forcing the native soldiers to break their sacred code would have certainly added to this rumour , as it apparently did . The Company was quick to reverse the effects of this policy in hopes that the unrest would be quelled . On 27 January , Colonel Richard Birch , the Military Secretary , ordered that all cartridges issued from depots were to be free from grease , and that sepoys could grease them themselves using whatever mixture `` they may prefer '' . A modification was also made to the drill for loading so that the cartridge was torn with the hands and not bitten . This however , merely caused many sepoys to be convinced that the rumours were true and that their fears were justified . Additional rumours started that the paper in the new cartridges , which was glazed and stiffer than the previously used paper , was impregnated with grease . In February , a court of inquiry was held at Barrackpore to get to the bottom of these rumours .", "10": "Native soldiers called as witnesses complained of the paper `` being stiff and like cloth in the mode of tearing '' , said that when the paper was burned it smelled of grease , and announced that the suspicion that the paper itself contained grease could not be removed from their minds . Civilian disquiet ( edit ) The civilian rebellion was more multifarious . The rebels consisted of three groups : the feudal nobility , rural landlords called taluqdars , and the peasants . The nobility , many of whom had lost titles and domains under the Doctrine of Lapse , which refused to recognise the adopted children of princes as legal heirs , felt that the Company had interfered with a traditional system of inheritance . Rebel leaders such as Nana Sahib and the Rani of Jhansi belonged to this group ; the latter , for example , was prepared to accept East India Company supremacy if her adopted son was recognised as her late husband 's heir . In other areas of central India , such as Indore and Saugar , where such loss of privilege had not occurred , the princes remained loyal to the Company , even in areas where the sepoys had rebelled . The second group , the taluqdars , had lost half their landed estates to peasant farmers as a result of the land reforms that came in the wake of annexation of Oudh . As the rebellion gained ground , the taluqdars quickly reoccupied the lands they had lost , and paradoxically , in part because of ties of kinship and feudal loyalty , did not experience significant opposition from the peasant farmers , many of whom joined the rebellion , to the great dismay of the British . It has also been suggested that heavy land - revenue assessment in some areas by the British resulted in many landowning families either losing their land or going into great debt to money lenders , and providing ultimately a reason to rebel ; money lenders , in addition to the Company , were particular objects of the rebels ' animosity . The civilian rebellion was also highly uneven in its geographic distribution , even in areas of north - central India that were no longer under British control . For example , the relatively prosperous Muzaffarnagar district , a beneficiary of a Company irrigation scheme , and next door to Meerut , where the upheaval began , stayed relatively calm throughout . Charles Canning , the Governor - General of India during the rebellion .", "11": "Lord Dalhousie , the Governor - General of India from 1848 to 1856 , who devised the Doctrine of Lapse . Lakshmibai , the Rani of Maratha - ruled Jhansi , one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the Doctrine of Lapse . Bahadur Shah Zafar the last Mughal Emperor , crowned Emperor of India , by the Indian troops , he was deposed by the British , and died in exile in Burma `` Utilitarian and evangelical - inspired social reform '' , including the abolition of sati and the legalisation of widow remarriage were considered by many -- especially the British themselves -- to have caused suspicion that Indian religious traditions were being `` interfered with '' , with the ultimate aim of conversion . Recent historians , including Chris Bayly , have preferred to frame this as a `` clash of knowledges '' , with proclamations from religious authorities before the revolt and testimony after it including on such issues as the `` insults to women '' , the rise of `` low persons under British tutelage '' , the `` pollution '' caused by Western medicine and the persecuting and ignoring of traditional astrological authorities . European - run schools were also a problem : according to recorded testimonies , anger had spread because of stories that mathematics was replacing religious instruction , stories were chosen that would `` bring contempt '' upon Indian religions , and because girl children were exposed to `` moral danger '' by education . The justice system was considered to be inherently unfair to the Indians . The official Blue Books , East India ( Torture ) 1855 -- 1857 , laid before the House of Commons during the sessions of 1856 and 1857 , revealed that Company officers were allowed an extended series of appeals if convicted or accused of brutality or crimes against Indians . The economic policies of the East India Company were also resented by many Indians . The Bengal Army ( edit ) Each of the three `` Presidencies '' into which the East India Company divided India for administrative purposes maintained their own armies . Of these , the Army of the Bengal Presidency was the largest . Unlike the other two , it recruited heavily from among high - caste Hindus and comparatively wealthy Muslims .", "12": "The Muslims formed a larger percentage of the 18 irregular cavalry units within the Bengal army , whilst Hindus were mainly to be found in the 84 regular infantry and cavalry regiments . The sepoys were therefore affected to a large degree by the concerns of the landholding and traditional members of Indian society . In the early years of Company rule , it tolerated and even encouraged the caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army , which recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Brahmins and Rajputs of the Bihar and Awadh regions . These soldiers were known as Purbiyas . By the time these customs and privileges came to be threatened by modernising regimes in Calcutta from the 1840s onwards , the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted . The sepoys also gradually became dissatisfied with various other aspects of army life . Their pay was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed , the soldiers no longer received extra pay ( batta or bhatta ) for service there , because they were no longer considered `` foreign missions '' . The junior European officers became increasingly estranged from their soldiers , in many cases treating them as their racial inferiors . In 1856 , a new Enlistment Act was introduced by the Company , which in theory made every unit in the Bengal Army liable to service overseas . Although it was intended to apply only to new recruits , the serving sepoys feared that the Act might be applied retroactively to them as well . A high - caste Hindu who travelled in the cramped conditions of a wooden troop ship could not cook his own food on his own fire , and accordingly risked losing caste through ritual pollution . Onset of the rebellion ( edit ) Indian mutiny map showing position of troops on 1 May 1857 Several months of increasing tensions coupled with various incidents preceded the actual rebellion . On 26 February 1857 the 19th Bengal Native Infantry ( BNI ) regiment became concerned that new cartridges they had been issued were wrapped in paper greased with cow and pig fat , which had to be opened by mouth thus affecting their religious sensibilities . Their Colonel confronted them supported by artillery and cavalry on the parade ground , but after some negotiation withdrew the artillery , and cancelled the next morning 's parade .", "13": "Mangal Pandey ( edit ) Main article : Mangal Pandey On 29 March 1857 at the Barrackpore parade ground , near Calcutta , 29 - year - old Mangal Pandey of the 34th BNI , angered by the recent actions of the East India Company , declared that he would rebel against his commanders . Informed about Pandey 's behaviour Sergeant - Major James Hewson went to investigate , only to have Pandey shoot at him . Hewson raised the alarm . When his adjutant Lt. Henry Baugh came out to investigate the unrest , Pandey opened fire but hit Baugh 's horse instead . General John Hearsey came out to the parade ground to investigate , and claimed later that Mangal Pandey was in some kind of `` religious frenzy '' . He ordered the Indian commander of the quarter guard Jemadar Ishwari Prasad to arrest Mangal Pandey , but the Jemadar refused . The quarter guard and other sepoys present , with the single exception of a soldier called Shaikh Paltu , drew back from restraining or arresting Mangal Pandey . Shaikh Paltu restrained Pandey from continuing his attack . After failing to incite his comrades into an open and active rebellion , Mangal Pandey tried to take his own life , by placing his musket to his chest and pulling the trigger with his toe . He managed only to wound himself . Court - martialled on 6 April , he was hanged two days later . The Jemadar Ishwari Prasad was sentenced to death and hanged on 22 April . The regiment was disbanded and stripped of its uniforms because it was felt that it harboured ill - feelings towards its superiors , particularly after this incident . Shaikh Paltu was promoted to the rank of havildar in the Bengal Army , but was murdered shortly before the 34th BNI dispersed . Sepoys in other regiments thought these punishments were harsh . The demonstration of disgrace during the formal disbanding helped foment the rebellion in view of some historians . Disgruntled ex-sepoys returned home to Awadh with a desire for revenge . Unrest during April 1857 ( edit ) During April , there was unrest and fires at Agra , Allahabad and Ambala .", "14": "At Ambala in particular , which was a large military cantonment where several units had been collected for their annual musketry practice , it was clear to General Anson , Commander - in - Chief of the Bengal Army , that some sort of rebellion over the cartridges was imminent . Despite the objections of the civilian Governor - General 's staff , he agreed to postpone the musketry practice and allow a new drill by which the soldiers tore the cartridges with their fingers rather than their teeth . However , he issued no general orders making this standard practice throughout the Bengal Army and , rather than remain at Ambala to defuse or overawe potential trouble , he then proceeded to Simla , the cool `` hill station '' where many high officials spent the summer . Although there was no open revolt at Ambala , there was widespread arson during late April . Barrack buildings ( especially those belonging to soldiers who had used the Enfield cartridges ) and European officers ' bungalows were set on fire . Meerut ( edit ) `` The Sepoy revolt at Meerut , '' from the Illustrated London News , 1857 An 1858 photograph by Felice Beato of a mosque in Meerut where some of the rebel soldiers may have prayed At Meerut , a large military cantonment , 2,357 Indian sepoys and 2,038 British soldiers were stationed along with 12 British - manned guns . The station held one of the largest concentrations of British troops in India and this was later to be cited as evidence that the original rising was a spontaneous outbreak rather than a pre-planned plot . Although the state of unrest within the Bengal Army was well known , on 24 April Lieutenant Colonel George Carmichael - Smyth , the unsympathetic commanding officer of the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry , ordered 90 of his men to parade and perform firing drills . All except five of the men on parade refused to accept their cartridges . On 9 May , the remaining 85 men were court martialled , and most were sentenced to 10 years ' imprisonment with hard labour . Eleven comparatively young soldiers were given five years ' imprisonment . The entire garrison was paraded and watched as the condemned men were stripped of their uniforms and placed in shackles . As they were marched off to jail , the condemned soldiers berated their comrades for failing to support them .", "15": "The next day was Sunday . Some Indian soldiers warned off - duty junior European officers that plans were afoot to release the imprisoned soldiers by force , but the senior officers to whom this was reported took no action . There was also unrest in the city of Meerut itself , with angry protests in the bazaar and some buildings being set on fire . In the evening , most European officers were preparing to attend church , while many of the European soldiers were off duty and had gone into canteens or into the bazaar in Meerut . The Indian troops , led by the 3rd Cavalry , broke into revolt . European junior officers who attempted to quell the first outbreaks were killed by the rebels . European officers ' and civilians ' quarters were attacked , and four civilian men , eight women and eight children were killed . Crowds in the bazaar attacked off - duty soldiers there . About 50 Indian civilians , some of them officers ' servants who tried to defend or conceal their employers , were killed by the sepoys . some under , While the action of the sepoys in freeing their 85 imprisoned comrades appears to have been spontaneous , some civilian rioting in the city was reportedly encouraged by kotwal ( local police commander ) Dhan Singh Gurjar Some sepoys ( especially from the 11th Bengal Native Infantry ) escorted trusted British officers and women and children to safety before joining the revolt . Some officers and their families escaped to Rampur , where they found refuge with the Nawab . The British historian Philip Mason notes that it was inevitable that most of the sepoys and sowars from Meerut should have made for Delhi on the night of 10 May . It was a strong walled city located only forty miles away , it was the ancient capital and present seat of the Mughal Emperor and finally there were no British troops in garrison there in contrast to Meerut . No effort was made to pursue them . Delhi ( edit ) Massacre of officers by insurgent cavalry at Delhi Early on 11 May , the first parties of the 3rd Cavalry reached Delhi . From beneath the windows of the King 's apartments in the palace , they called on him to acknowledge and lead them .", "16": "Bahadur Shah did nothing at this point , apparently treating the sepoys as ordinary petitioners , but others in the palace were quick to join the revolt . During the day , the revolt spread . European officials and dependents , Indian Christians and shop keepers within the city were killed , some by sepoys and others by crowds of rioters . The Flagstaff Tower , Delhi , where the European survivors of the rebellion gathered on 11 May 1857 ; photographed by Felice Beato There were three battalion - sized regiments of Bengal Native Infantry stationed in or near the city . Some detachments quickly joined the rebellion , while others held back but also refused to obey orders to take action against the rebels . In the afternoon , a violent explosion in the city was heard for several miles . Fearing that the arsenal , which contained large stocks of arms and ammunition , would fall intact into rebel hands , the nine British Ordnance officers there had opened fire on the sepoys , including the men of their own guard . When resistance appeared hopeless , they blew up the arsenal . Six of the nine officers survived , but the blast killed many in the streets and nearby houses and other buildings . The news of these events finally tipped the sepoys stationed around Delhi into open rebellion . The sepoys were later able to salvage at least some arms from the arsenal , and a magazine two miles ( 3 km ) outside Delhi , containing up to 3,000 barrels of gunpowder , was captured without resistance . Many fugitive European officers and civilians had congregated at the Flagstaff Tower on the ridge north of Delhi , where telegraph operators were sending news of the events to other British stations . When it became clear that the help expected from Meerut was not coming , they made their way in carriages to Karnal . Those who became separated from the main body or who could not reach the Flagstaff Tower also set out for Karnal on foot . Some were helped by villagers on the way ; others were killed . The next day , Bahadur Shah held his first formal court for many years . It was attended by many excited sepoys . The King was alarmed by the turn events had taken , but eventually accepted the sepoys ' allegiance and agreed to give his countenance to the rebellion .", "17": "On 16 May , up to 50 Europeans who had been held prisoner in the palace or had been discovered hiding in the city were killed by some of the King 's servants under a peepul tree in a courtyard outside the palace . Supporters and opposition ( edit ) Troops of the Native Allies by George Francklin Atkinson , 1859 . States during the rebellion The news of the events at Delhi spread rapidly , provoking uprisings among sepoys and disturbances in many districts . In many cases , it was the behaviour of British military and civilian authorities themselves which precipitated disorder . Learning of the fall of Delhi by telegraph , many Company administrators hastened to remove themselves , their families and servants to places of safety . At Agra , 160 miles ( 260 km ) from Delhi , no less than 6,000 assorted non-combatants converged on the Fort . The haste with which many civilians left their posts encouraged rebellions in the areas they left , although others remained at their posts until it was clearly impossible to maintain any sort of order . Several were murdered by rebels . The military authorities also reacted in disjointed manner . Some officers trusted their sepoys , but others tried to disarm them to forestall potential uprisings . At Benares and Allahabad , the disarmings were bungled , also leading to local revolts . Although rebellion became widespread , there was little unity among the rebels . While Bahadur Shah Zafar was restored to the imperial throne , there was a faction that wanted the Maratha rulers to be enthroned also , and the Awadhis wanted to retain the powers that their Nawab used to have . There were calls for jihad by Muslim leaders like Maulana Fazl - e-Haq Khairabadi and the millenarian Ahmadullah Shah , which were taken up by Muslims , particularly artisans , which caused the British to think that the Muslims were the main force behind this event . The Mughal emperor , Bahadur Shah , resisted these calls for jihad because , it has been suggested , he feared outbreaks of communal violence . In Awadh , Sunni Muslims did not want to see a return to Shiite rule , so they often refused to join what they perceived to be a Shia rebellion . However , some Muslims , like the Aga Khan I , supported the British .", "18": "The British rewarded him by formally recognising his title . Although most of the mutinous sepoys in Delhi were Hindus , a significant proportion of the insurgents were Muslims . The proportion of ghazis grew to be about a quarter of the local fighting force by the end of the siege and included a regiment of suicide ghazis from Gwalior who had vowed never to eat again and to fight until they met certain death at the hands of British troops . In Thana Bhawan , the Sunnis declared Haji Imdadullah their Ameer . In May 1857 , the Battle of Shamli took place between the forces of Haji Imdadullah and the British . The Sikhs and Pathans of the Punjab and North - West Frontier Province supported the British and helped in the recapture of Delhi . Historian John Harris has asserted that the Sikhs wanted to avenge the annexation of the Sikh Empire eight years earlier by the Company with the help of Purbiyas ( ' Easterners ' ) , Biharis and those from the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh who had formed part of the East India Company 's armies in the First and Second Anglo - Sikh Wars . He has also suggested that Sikhs felt insulted by the attitude of sepoys who , in their view , had beaten the Khalsa only with British help ; they resented and despised them far more than they did the British . The Sikhs feared reinstatement of Mughal rule in northern India because they had been persecuted heavily in the past by the Mughal dynasty . Sikh Troops Dividing the Spoil Taken from Mutineers , circa 1860 . Sikh support for the British resulted from grievances surrounding sepoys ' perceived conduct during and after the Anglo - Sikh Wars . Firstly , many Sikhs resented that Hindustanis / Purbiyas in service of the Sikh state had been foremost in urging the wars , which lost them their independence . Sikh soldiers also recalled that the bloodiest battles of the war , Chillianwala and Ferozeshah , were won by British troops , and they believed that the Hindustani sepoys had refused to meet them in battle .", "19": "These feelings were compounded when Hindustani sepoys were assigned a very visible role as garrison troops in Punjab and awarded profit - making civil posts in Punjab . In 1857 , the Bengal Army had 86,000 men , of which 12,000 were European , 16,000 Sikh and 1,500 Gurkha . There were 311,000 native soldiers in India altogether , 40,160 European soldiers and 5,362 officers . Fifty - four of the Bengal Army 's 74 regular Native Infantry Regiments mutinied , but some were immediately destroyed or broke up , with their sepoys drifting away to their homes . A number of the remaining 20 regiments were disarmed or disbanded to prevent or forestall mutiny . In total , only twelve of the original Bengal Native Infantry regiments survived to pass into the new Indian Army . All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments mutinied . The Bengal Army also consisted of 29 irregular cavalry and 42 irregular infantry regiments . Of these , there was a substantial contingent from the recently annexed state of Awadh , which mutinied en masse . Another large contingent from Gwalior also mutinied , even though that state 's ruler supported the British . The remainder of the irregular units were raised from a wide variety of sources and were less affected by the concerns of mainstream Indian society . Some irregular units actively supported the Company : three Gurkha and five of six Sikh infantry units , and the six infantry and six cavalry units of the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force . On 1 April 1858 , the number of Indian soldiers in the Bengal army loyal to the Company was 80,053 . However large numbers were hastily raised in the Punjab and North - West Frontier after the outbreak of the Rebellion . The Bombay army had three mutinies in its 29 regiments , whilst the Madras army had none at all , although elements of one of its 52 regiments refused to volunteer for service in Bengal . Nonetheless , most of southern India remained passive , with only intermittent outbreaks of violence . Many parts of the region were ruled by the Nizams or the Mysore royalty , and were thus not directly under British rule .", "20": "The revolt ( edit ) Initial stages ( edit ) Fugitive British officers and their families attacked by mutineers . An etching of Nynee Tal ( today Nainital ) and accompanying story in the Illustrated London News , August 15 , 1857 , describing how the resort town in the Himalayas served as a refuge for British families escaping from the rebellion of 1857 in Delhi and Meerut . Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed the Emperor of the whole of India . Most contemporary and modern accounts suggest that he was coerced by the sepoys and his courtiers to sign the proclamation against his will . In spite of the significant loss of power that the Mughal dynasty had suffered in the preceding centuries , their name still carried great prestige across northern India . Civilians , nobility and other dignitaries took an oath of allegiance . The emperor issued coins in his name , one of the oldest ways of asserting imperial status . The adhesion of the Mughal emperor , however , turned the Sikhs of the Punjab away from the rebellion , as they did not want to return to Islamic rule , having fought many wars against the Mughal rulers . The province of Bengal was largely quiet throughout the entire period . The British , who had long ceased to take the authority of the Mughal Emperor seriously , were astonished at how the ordinary people responded to Zafar 's call for war . Initially , the Indian rebels were able to push back Company forces , and captured several important towns in Haryana , Bihar , the Central Provinces and the United Provinces . When European troops were reinforced and began to counterattack , the mutineers were especially handicapped by their lack of centralized command and control . Although the rebels produced some natural leaders such as Bakht Khan , whom the Emperor later nominated as commander - in - chief after his son Mirza Mughal proved ineffectual , for the most part they were forced to look for leadership to rajahs and princes . Some of these were to prove dedicated leaders , but others were self - interested or inept . In the countryside around Meerut , a general Gurjar uprising posed the largest threat to the British . In Parikshitgarh near Meerut , Gurjars declared Choudhari Kadam Singh ( Kuddum Singh ) their leader , and expelled Company police .", "21": "Kadam Singh Gurjar led a large force , estimates varying from 2,000 to 10,000 . Bulandshahr and Bijnor also came under the control of Gurjars under Walidad Khan and Maho Singh respectively . Contemporary sources report that nearly all the Gurjar villages between Meerut and Delhi participated in the revolt , in some cases with support from Jullundur , and it was not until late July that , with the help of local Jats , the British managed to regain control of the area . Attack of the mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow , 30 July 1857 The Imperial Gazetteer of India states that throughout the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , Gurjars and Ranghars ( Muslim rajpoots ) proved the `` most irreconcilable enemies '' of the British in the Bulandshahr area . Mufti Nizamuddin , a renowned scholar of Lahore , issued a Fatwa against the British forces and called upon the local population to support the forces of Rao Tula Ram . Casualties were high at the subsequent engagement at Narnaul ( Nasibpur ) . After the defeat of Rao Tula Ram on 16 November 1857 , Mufti Nizamuddin was arrested , and his brother Mufti Yaqinuddin and brother - in - law Abdur Rahman ( alias Nabi Baksh ) were arrested in Tijara . They were taken to Delhi and hanged . Having lost the fight at Nasibpur , Rao Tula Ram and Pran Sukh Yadav requested arms from Russia , which had just been engaged against Britain in the Crimean War . Delhi ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Delhi The British were slow to strike back at first . It took time for troops stationed in Britain to make their way to India by sea , although some regiments moved overland through Persia from the Crimean War , and some regiments already en route for China were diverted to India . It took time to organise the European troops already in India into field forces , but eventually two columns left Meerut and Simla . They proceeded slowly towards Delhi and fought , killed , and hanged numerous Indians along the way . Two months after the first outbreak of rebellion at Meerut , the two forces met near Karnal .", "22": "The combined force including two Gurkha units serving in the Bengal Army under contract from the Kingdom of Nepal , fought the main army of the rebels at Badli - ke - Serai and drove them back to Delhi . Assault of Delhi and capture of the Cashmere Gate , 14 September 1857 The Company established a base on the Delhi ridge to the north of the city and the Siege of Delhi began . The siege lasted roughly from 1 July to 21 September . However , the encirclement was hardly complete , and for much of the siege the Company forces were outnumbered and it often seemed that it was the Company forces and not Delhi that were under siege , as the rebels could easily receive resources and reinforcements . For several weeks , it seemed likely that disease , exhaustion and continuous sorties by rebels from Delhi would force the Company forces to withdraw , but the outbreaks of rebellion in the Punjab were forestalled or suppressed , allowing the Punjab Movable Column of British , Sikh and Pakhtun soldiers under John Nicholson to reinforce the besiegers on the Ridge on 14 August . On 30 August the rebels offered terms , which were refused . The Jantar Mantar observatory in Delhi in 1858 , damaged in the fighting Mortar damage to Kashmiri Gate , Delhi , 1858 Hindu Rao 's house in Delhi , now a hospital , was extensively damaged in the fighting Bank of Delhi was attacked by mortar and gunfire An eagerly awaited heavy siege train joined the besieging force , and from 7 September , the siege guns battered breaches in the walls and silenced the rebels ' artillery . An attempt to storm the city through the breaches and the Kashmiri Gate was launched on 14 September . The attackers gained a foothold within the city but suffered heavy casualties , including John Nicholson . The British commander wished to withdraw , but was persuaded to hold on by his junior officers . After a week of street fighting , the British reached the Red Fort . Bahadur Shah Zafar had already fled to Humayun 's tomb . The British had retaken the city . Capture of Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson at Humayun 's tomb on 20 September 1857 The troops of the besieging force proceeded to loot and pillage the city .", "23": "A large number of the citizens were killed in retaliation for the Europeans and Indian civilians that had been slaughtered by the rebels . During the street fighting , artillery was set up city 's main mosque , neighbourhoods within range were bombarded ; the homes of the Muslim nobility that contained innumerable cultural , artistic , literary and monetary riches destroyed . The British soon arrested Bahadur Shah , and the next day the British agent William Hodson had his sons Mirza Mughal , Mirza Khazir Sultan , and grandson Mirza Abu Bakr shot under his own authority at the Khooni Darwaza ( the bloody gate ) near Delhi Gate . On hearing the news Zafar reacted with shocked silence while his wife Zinat Mahal was content as she believed her son was now Zafar 's heir . Shortly after the fall of Delhi , the victorious attackers organised a column that relieved another besieged Company force in Agra , and then pressed on to Cawnpore , which had also recently been retaken . This gave the Company forces a continuous , although still tenuous , line of communication from the east to west of India . Cawnpore ( Kanpur ) ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Cawnpore Tatya Tope 's Soldiery A memorial erected ( circa 1860 ) by the British after the Mutiny at the Bibighar Well . After India 's Independence the statue was moved to the All Souls Memorial Church , Cawnpore . Albumen silver print by Samuel Bourne , 1860 In June , sepoys under General Wheeler in Cawnpore ( now Kanpur ) rebelled and besieged the European entrenchment . Wheeler was not only a veteran and respected soldier but also married to a high - caste Indian lady . He had relied on his own prestige , and his cordial relations with the Nana Sahib to thwart rebellion , and took comparatively few measures to prepare fortifications and lay in supplies and ammunition . The besieged endured three weeks of the Siege of Cawnpore with little water or food , suffering continuous casualties to men , women and children . On 25 June Nana Sahib made an offer of safe passage to Allahabad .", "24": "With barely three days ' food rations remaining , the British agreed provided they could keep their small arms and that the evacuation should take place in daylight on the morning of the 27th ( the Nana Sahib wanted the evacuation to take place on the night of the 26th ) . Early in the morning of 27 June , the European party left their entrenchment and made their way to the river where boats provided by the Nana Sahib were waiting to take them to Allahabad . Several sepoys who had stayed loyal to the Company were removed by the mutineers and killed , either because of their loyalty or because `` they had become Christian . '' A few injured British officers trailing the column were also apparently hacked to death by angry sepoys . After the European party had largely arrived at the dock , which was surrounded by sepoys positioned on both banks of the Ganges , with clear lines of fire , firing broke out and the boats were abandoned by their crew , and caught or were set on fire using pieces of red hot charcoal . The British party tried to push the boats off but all except three remained stuck . One boat with over a dozen wounded men initially escaped , but later grounded , was caught by mutineers and pushed back down the river towards the carnage at Cawnpore . Towards the end rebel cavalry rode into the water to finish off any survivors . After the firing ceased the survivors were rounded up and the men shot . By the time the massacre was over , most of the male members of the party were dead while the surviving women and children were removed and held hostage to be later killed in The Bibighar massacre . Only four men eventually escaped alive from Cawnpore on one of the boats : two private soldiers , a lieutenant , and Captain Mowbray Thomson , who wrote a first - hand account of his experiences entitled The Story of Cawnpore ( London , 1859 ) . During his trial , Tatya Tope denied the existence of any such plan and described the incident in the following terms : the Europeans had already boarded the boats and Tatya Tope raised his right hand to signal their departure . That very moment someone from the crowd blew a loud bugle , which created disorder and in the ongoing bewilderment , the boatmen jumped off the boats . The rebels started shooting indiscriminately .", "25": "Nana Sahib , who was staying in Savada Kothi ( Bungalow ) nearby , was informed about what was happening and immediately came to stop it . Some British histories allow that it might well have been the result of accident or error ; someone accidentally or maliciously fired a shot , the panic - stricken British opened fire , and it became impossible to stop the massacre . The surviving women and children were taken to the Nana Sahib and then confined first to the Savada Kothi and then to the home of the local magistrate 's clerk ( The Bibigarh ) where they were joined by refugees from Fatehgarh . Overall five men and two hundred and six women and children were confined in The Bibigarh for about two weeks . In one week 25 were brought out dead , from dysentery and cholera . Meanwhile , a Company relief force that had advanced from Allahabad defeated the Indians and by 15 July it was clear that the Nana Sahib would not be able to hold Cawnpore and a decision was made by the Nana Sahib and other leading rebels that the hostages must be killed . After the sepoys refused to carry out this order , two Muslim butchers , two Hindu peasants and one of Nana 's bodyguards went into The Bibigarh . Armed with knives and hatchets they murdered the women and children . After the massacre the walls were covered in bloody hand prints , and the floor littered with fragments of human limbs . The dead and the dying were thrown down a nearby well . When the 50 - foot ( 15 m ) deep well was filled with remains to within 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of the top , the remainder were thrown into the Ganges . Historians have given many reasons for this act of cruelty . With Company forces approaching Cawnpore and some believing that they would not advance if there were no hostages to save , their murders were ordered . Or perhaps it was to ensure that no information was leaked after the fall of Cawnpore . Other historians have suggested that the killings were an attempt to undermine Nana Sahib 's relationship with the British . Perhaps it was due to fear , the fear of being recognised by some of the prisoners for having taken part in the earlier firings .", "26": "Photograph entitled , `` The Hospital in General Wheeler 's entrenchment , Cawnpore . '' ( 1858 ) The hospital was the site of the first major loss of European lives in Cawnpore 1858 picture of Sati Chaura Ghat on the banks of the Ganges River , where on 27 June 1857 many British men lost their lives and the surviving women and children were taken prisoner by the rebels . Bibigarh house where European women and children were killed and the well where their bodies were found , 1858 . The Bibighar Well site where a memorial had been built . Samuel Bourne , 1860 . A contemporary image of the massacre at the Satichaura Ghat The killing of the women and children hardened British attitudes against the sepoys . The British public was aghast and the anti-Imperial and pro-Indian proponents lost all their support . Cawnpore became a war cry for the British and their allies for the rest of the conflict . Nana Sahib disappeared near the end of the Rebellion and it is not known what happened to him . Other British accounts state that indiscriminate punitive measures were taken in early June , two weeks before the murders at the Bibighar ( but after those at both Meerut and Delhi ) , specifically by Lieutenant Colonel James George Smith Neill of the Madras Fusiliers , commanding at Allahabad while moving towards Cawnpore . At the nearby town of Fatehpur , a mob had attacked and murdered the local European population . On this pretext , Neill ordered all villages beside the Grand Trunk Road to be burned and their inhabitants to be killed by hanging . Neill 's methods were `` ruthless and horrible '' and far from intimidating the population , may well have induced previously undecided sepoys and communities to revolt . Neill was killed in action at Lucknow on 26 September and was never called to account for his punitive measures , though contemporary British sources lionised him and his `` gallant blue caps '' . When the British retook Cawnpore , the soldiers took their sepoy prisoners to the Bibighar and forced them to lick the bloodstains from the walls and floor .", "27": "They then hanged or `` blew from the cannon '' , the traditional Mughal punishment for mutiny , the majority of the sepoy prisoners . Although some claimed the sepoys took no actual part in the killings themselves , they did not act to stop it and this was acknowledged by Captain Thompson after the British departed Cawnpore for a second time . Lucknow ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Lucknow The interior of the Secundra Bagh , several months after its storming during the second relief of Lucknow . Albumen silver print by Felice Beato , 1858 Very soon after the events in Meerut , rebellion erupted in the state of Awadh ( also known as Oudh , in modern - day Uttar Pradesh ) , which had been annexed barely a year before . The British Commissioner resident at Lucknow , Sir Henry Lawrence , had enough time to fortify his position inside the Residency compound . The Company forces numbered some 1700 men , including loyal sepoys . The rebels ' assaults were unsuccessful , and so they began a barrage of artillery and musket fire into the compound . Lawrence was one of the first casualties . The rebels tried to breach the walls with explosives and bypass them via underground tunnels that led to underground close combat . After 90 days of siege , defended by John Eardley Inglis , numbers of Company forces were reduced to 300 loyal sepoys , 350 British soldiers and 550 non-combatants . On 25 September , a relief column under the command of Sir Henry Havelock and accompanied by Sir James Outram ( who in theory was his superior ) fought its way from Cawnpore to Lucknow in a brief campaign , in which the numerically small column defeated rebel forces in a series of increasingly large battles . This became known as ' The First Relief of Lucknow ' , as this force was not strong enough to break the siege or extricate themselves , and so was forced to join the garrison . In October another , larger , army under the new Commander - in - Chief , Sir Colin Campbell , was finally able to relieve the garrison and on 18 November , they evacuated the defended enclave within the city , the women and children leaving first .", "28": "They then conducted an orderly withdrawal , firstly to Alambagh 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north where a force of 4,000 were left to construct a fort , then to Cawnpore , where they defeated an attempt by Tatya Tope to recapture the city in the Second Battle of Cawnpore . In March 1858 , Campbell once again advanced on Lucknow with a large army , meeting up with the force at Alambagh , this time seeking to suppress the rebellion in Awadh . He was aided by a large Nepalese contingent advancing from the north under Jang Bahadur . Campbell 's advance was slow and methodical , with a force under General Outram crossing the river on cask bridges on 4 March to enable them to fire artillery in flank , the forces drove the large but disorganised rebel army from Lucknow with the final fighting shooting on 21 March , there were few casualties to his own troops . This nevertheless allowed large numbers of the rebels to disperse into Awadh , and Campbell was forced to spend the summer and autumn dealing with scattered pockets of resistance while losing men to heat , disease and guerrilla actions . Jhansi ( edit ) Main article : Central India Campaign ( 1858 ) Jhansi Fort , which was taken over by rebel forces , and subsequently defended against British recapture by the Rani of Jhansi Jhansi was a Maratha - ruled princely state in Bundelkhand . When the Raja of Jhansi died without a biological male heir in 1853 , it was annexed to the British Raj by the Governor - General of India under the doctrine of lapse . His widow , Rani Lakshmi Bai , the Rani of Jhansi protested against the denial of rights of their adopted son . When war broke out , Jhansi quickly became a centre of the rebellion . A small group of Company officials and their families took refuge in Jhansi Fort , and the Rani negotiated their evacuation . However , when they left the fort they were massacred by the rebels over whom the Rani had no control ; the Europeans suspected the Rani of complicity , despite her repeated denials . By the end of June 1857 , the Company had lost control of much of Bundelkhand and eastern Rajasthan .", "29": "The Bengal Army units in the area , having rebelled , marched to take part in the battles for Delhi and Cawnpore . The many princely states that made up this area began warring amongst themselves . In September and October 1857 , the Rani led the successful defence of Jhansi against the invading armies of the neighbouring rajas of Datia and Orchha . On 3 February , Sir Hugh Rose broke the 3 - month siege of Saugor . Thousands of local villagers welcomed him as a liberator , freeing them from rebel occupation . In March 1858 , the Central India Field Force , led by Sir Hugh Rose , advanced on and laid siege to Jhansi . The Company forces captured the city , but the Rani fled in disguise . After being driven from Jhansi and Kalpi , on 1 June 1858 Rani Lakshmi Bai and a group of Maratha rebels captured the fortress city of Gwalior from the Scindia rulers , who were British allies . This might have reinvigorated the rebellion but the Central India Field Force very quickly advanced against the city . The Rani died on 17 June , the second day of the Battle of Gwalior , probably killed by a carbine shot from the 8th King 's Royal Irish Hussars according to the account of three independent Indian representatives . The Company forces recaptured Gwalior within the next three days . In descriptions of the scene of her last battle , she was compared to Joan of Arc by some commentators . Indore ( edit ) Colonel Henry Marion Durand , the then - Company resident at Indore , had brushed away any possibility of uprising in Indore . However , on 1 July , sepoys in Holkar 's army revolted and opened fire on the pickets of Bhopal Cavalry . When Colonel Travers rode forward to charge , Bhopal Cavalry refused to follow . The Bhopal Infantry also refused orders and instead levelled their guns at European sergeants and officers . Since all possibility of mounting an effective deterrent was lost , Durand decided to gather up all the European residents and escape , although 39 European residents of Indore were killed .", "30": "Other regions ( edit ) Punjab ( edit ) Execution of mutineers at Peshawur What was then referred to by the British as the Punjab was a very large administrative division , centered on Lahore . It included not only the present - day Indian and Pakistani Punjabi regions but also the North West Frontier districts bordering Afghanistan Much of the region had been the Sikh Empire , ruled by Ranjit Singh until his death in 1839 . The kingdom had then fallen into disorder , with court factions and the Khalsa ( the Sikh army ) contending for power at the Lahore Durbar ( court ) . After two Anglo - Sikh Wars , the entire region was annexed by the East India Company in 1849 . In 1857 , the region still contained the highest numbers of both European and Indian troops . The inhabitants of the Punjab were not as sympathetic to the sepoys as they were elsewhere in India , which limited many of the outbreaks in the Punjab to disjointed uprisings by regiments of sepoys isolated from each other . In some garrisons , notably Ferozepore , indecision on the part of the senior European officers allowed the sepoys to rebel , but the sepoys then left the area , mostly heading for Delhi . At the most important garrison , that of Peshawar close to the Afghan frontier , many comparatively junior officers ignored their nominal commander ( the elderly General Reed ) and took decisive action . They intercepted the sepoys ' mail , thus preventing their coordinating an uprising , and formed a force known as the `` Punjab Movable Column '' to move rapidly to suppress any revolts as they occurred . When it became clear from the intercepted correspondence that some of the sepoys at Peshawar were on the point of open revolt , the four most disaffected Bengal Native regiments were disarmed by the two British infantry regiments in the cantonment , backed by artillery , on 22 May . This decisive act induced many local chieftains to side with the British . Marble Lectern in memory of 35 British soldiers in Jhelum Jhelum in Punjab saw a mutiny of native troops against the British . Here 35 British soldiers of Her Majesty 's 24th Regiment of Foot ( South Wales Borderers ) were killed by mutineers on 7 July 1857 .", "31": "Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring , the eldest son of Colonel William Spring . To commemorate this event St. John 's Church Jhelum was built and the names of those 35 British soldiers are carved on a marble lectern present in that church . The final large - scale military uprising in the Punjab took place on 9 July , when most of a brigade of sepoys at Sialkot rebelled and began to move to Delhi . They were intercepted by John Nicholson with an equal British force as they tried to cross the Ravi River . After fighting steadily but unsuccessfully for several hours , the sepoys tried to fall back across the river but became trapped on an island . Three days later , Nicholson annihilated the 1,100 trapped sepoys in the Battle of Trimmu Ghat . The British had been recruiting irregular units from Sikh and Pakhtun communities even before the first unrest among the Bengal units , and the numbers of these were greatly increased during the Rebellion , 34,000 fresh levies eventually being raised . At one stage , faced with the need to send troops to reinforce the besiegers of Delhi , the Commissioner of the Punjab ( Sir John Lawrence ) suggested handing the coveted prize of Peshawar to Dost Mohammed Khan of Afghanistan in return for a pledge of friendship . The British Agents in Peshawar and the adjacent districts were horrified . Referring to the massacre of a retreating British army in 1842 , Herbert Edwardes wrote , `` Dost Mahomed would not be a mortal Afghan ... if he did not assume our day to be gone in India and follow after us as an enemy . Europeans can not retreat -- Kabul would come again . '' In the event Lord Canning insisted on Peshawar being held , and Dost Mohammed , whose relations with Britain had been equivocal for over 20 years , remained neutral . Lieutenant William Alexander Kerr , 24th Bombay Native Infantry , near Kolapore , July 1857 In September 1858 Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal , head of the Khurrul tribe , led an insurrection in the Neeli Bar district , between the Sutlej , Ravi and Chenab rivers .", "32": "The rebels held the jungles of Gogaira and had some initial successes against the British forces in the area , besieging Major Crawford Chamberlain at Chichawatni . A squadron of Punjabi cavalry sent by Sir John Lawrence raised the siege . Ahmed Khan was killed but the insurgents found a new leader in Mahr Bahawal Fatyana , who maintained the uprising for three months until Government forces penetrated the jungle and scattered the rebel tribesmen . Bihar ( edit ) See also : Siege of Arrah Kunwar Singh , the 80 - year - old Rajput Zamindar of Jagdispur , whose estate was in the process of being sequestrated by the Revenue Board , instigated and assumed the leadership of revolt in Bihar . On 25 July , mutiny erupted in the garrisons of Dinapur . Mutinying sepoys from the 7th , 8th and 40th regiments of Bengal Native Infantry quickly moved towards the city of Arrah and were joined by Kunwar Singh and his men . Mr. Boyle , a British railway engineer in Arrah , had already prepared an outbuilding on his property for defence against such attacks . As the rebels approached Arrah , all European residents took refuge at Mr. Boyle 's house . A siege soon ensued -- eighteen civilians and 50 loyal sepoys from the Bengal Military Police Battalion under the command of Herwald Wake , the local magistrate , defended the house against artillery and musketry fire from an estimated 2000 to 3000 mutineers and rebels . On 29 July 400 men were sent out from Dinapore to relieve Arrah , but this force was ambushed by the rebels around a mile away from the siege house , severely defeated , and driven back . On 30 July , Major Vincent Eyre , who was going up the river with his troops and guns , reached Buxar and heard about the siege . He immediately disembarked his guns and troops ( the 5th Fusiliers ) and started marching towards Arrah , disregarding direct orders not to do so . On 2 August , some 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) short of Arrah , the Major was ambushed by the mutineers and rebels .", "33": "After an intense fight , the 5th Fusiliers charged and stormed the rebel positions successfully . On 3 August , Major Eyre and his men reached the siege house and successfully ended the siege . After receiving reinforcements Major Eyre pursued Kunwar Singh to his palace in Jagdispur , however Singh had left by the time Eyre 's forces arrived . Eyre then proceeded to destroy the palace and the homes of Singh 's brothers . Bengal and tripura ( edit ) In September 1857 , sepoys took control of the treasury in Chittagong . The treasury remained under rebel control for several days . Further mutinies on 18 November saw the 2nd , 3rd and 4th companies of the 34th Bengal Infantry Regiment storming the Chittagong Jail and releasing all prisoners . The mutineers were eventually suppressed by the Gurkha regiments . The mutiny also spread to Dacca , the former Mughal capital of Bengal . Residents in the city 's Lalbagh area were kept awake at night by the rebellion . Sepoys joined hands with the common populace in Jalpaiguri to take control of the city 's cantonment . In January 1858 , many sepoys received shelter from the royal family of the princely state of Hill Tippera . The interior areas of Bengal proper were already experiencing growing resistance to Company rule due to the Muslim Faraizi movement . Gujarat ( edit ) In central and north Gujarat , the rebellion was sustained by land owner Jagirdars , Talukdars and Thakors with the support of armed communities of Bhil , Koli , Pathans and Arabs , unlike the mutiny by sepoys in north India . Their main opposition of British was due to Inam commission . The Bet Dwarka island , along with Okhamandal region of Kathiawar peninsula which was under Gaekwad of Baroda State , saw a revolt by the Vaghers in January 1858 who , by July 1859 , controlled that region . In October 1859 , a joint offensive by British , Gaekwad and other princely states troops ousted the rebels and recaptured the region .", "34": "British Empire ( edit ) The authorities in British colonies with an Indian population , sepoy or civilian , took measures to secure themselves against copycat uprisings . In the Straits Settlements , and Trinidad the annual Hosay processions were banned , riots broke out in penal settlements in Burma , and the Settlements , in Penang the loss of a musket provoked a near riot , and security was boosted especially in locations with an Indian convict population . Aftermath ( edit ) `` The Relief of Lucknow '' by Thomas Jones Barker Deathtoll and atrocities ( edit ) The war and its aftermath resulted in the deaths of at least 800,000 people during the rebellion and its aftermath including those resulting from famine and disease . Both combatant sides committed huge numbers of atrocities against civilians . In Oudh alone , 150,000 Indians were estimated to have died during the war , with 100,000 of them being civilians . Places such as Delhi , Allahabad , Kanpur and Lucknow were all met with general massacre after they were recaptured by British forces . Another notable atrocity was carried out by General Neill who massacred thousands of Indian mutineers and Indian civilians suspected of supporting the rebellion . The rebels ' murder of women , children and wounded British soldiers at Cawnpore , and the subsequent printing of the events in the British papers , left many British soldiers seeking revenge . As well as hanging mutineers , the British had some `` blown from cannon , '' ( an old Mughal punishment adopted many years before in India ) , in which sentenced rebels were tied over the mouths of cannons and blown to pieces when the cannons were fired . Most of the British press , outraged by the stories of rape and the killings of civilians and wounded British soldiers , did not advocate clemency of any kind . Governor General Canning ordered moderation in dealing with native sensibilities and earned the scornful sobriquet `` Clemency Canning '' from the press and later parts of the British public . In terms of sheer numbers , the casualties were much higher on the Indian side .", "35": "A letter published after the fall of Delhi in the `` Bombay Telegraph '' and reproduced in the British press testified to the scale of the Indian casualties : ... All the city 's people found within the walls of the city of Delhi when our troops entered were bayoneted on the spot , and the number was considerable , as you may suppose , when I tell you that in some houses forty and fifty people were hiding . These were not mutineers but residents of the city , who trusted to our well - known mild rule for pardon . I am glad to say they were disappointed . British soldiers looting Qaisar Bagh , Lucknow , after its recapture ( steel engraving , late 1850s ) From the end of 1857 , the British had begun to gain ground again . Lucknow was retaken in March 1858 . On 8 July 1858 , a peace treaty was signed and the rebellion ended . The last rebels were defeated in Gwalior on 20 June 1858 . By 1859 , rebel leaders Bakht Khan and Nana Sahib had either been slain or had fled . Edward Vibart , a 19 - year - old officer whose parents , younger brothers , and two of his sisters had died in the Cawnpore massacre , recorded his experience : The orders went out to shoot every soul ... It was literally murder ... I have seen many bloody and awful sights lately but such a one as I witnessed yesterday I pray I never see again . The women were all spared but their screams on seeing their husbands and sons butchered , were most painful ... Heaven knows I feel no pity , but when some old grey bearded man is brought and shot before your very eyes , hard must be that man 's heart I think who can look on with indifference ... Blowing from a gun , 8 September 1857 Some British troops adopted a policy of `` no prisoners '' . One officer , Thomas Lowe , remembered how on one occasion his unit had taken 76 prisoners -- they were just too tired to carry on killing and needed a rest , he recalled . Later , after a quick trial , the prisoners were lined up with a British soldier standing a couple of yards in front of them . On the order `` fire '' , they were all simultaneously shot , `` swept ... from their earthly existence '' .", "36": "The aftermath of the rebellion has been the focus of new work using Indian sources and population studies . In The Last Mughal , historian William Dalrymple examines the effects on the Muslim population of Delhi after the city was retaken by the British and finds that intellectual and economic control of the city shifted from Muslim to Hindu hands because the British , at that time , saw an Islamic hand behind the mutiny . Reaction in Britain ( edit ) Justice , a print by Sir John Tenniel in a September 1857 issue of Punch The scale of the punishments handed out by the British `` Army of Retribution '' were considered largely appropriate and justified in a Britain shocked by embellished reports of atrocities carried out against British and European civilians by the rebels . Accounts of the time frequently reach the `` hyperbolic register '' , according to Christopher Herbert , especially in the often - repeated claim that the `` Red Year '' of 1857 marked `` a terrible break '' in British experience . Such was the atmosphere -- a national `` mood of retribution and despair '' that led to `` almost universal approval '' of the measures taken to pacify the revolt . Incidents of rape allegedly committed by Indian rebels against European women and girls appalled the British public . These atrocities were often used to justify the British reaction to the rebellion . British newspapers printed various eyewitness accounts of the rape of English women and girls . One such account was published by The Times , regarding an incident where 48 English girls as young as 10 had been raped by Indian rebels in Delhi . Karl Marx criticized this story as false propaganda , and pointed out that the story was written by a clergyman in Bangalore , far from the events of the rebellion , with no evidence to support his allegation . Individual incidents captured the public 's interest and were heavily reported by the press . One such incident was that of General Wheeler 's daughter Margaret being forced to live as her captor 's concubine , though this was reported to the Victorian public as Margaret killing her rapist then herself . Another version of the story suggested that Margaret had been killed after her abductor had argued with his wife over her . During the aftermath of the rebellion , a series of exhaustive investigations were carried out by British police and intelligence officials into reports that British women prisoners had been `` dishonored '' at the Bibighar and elsewhere .", "37": "One such detailed enquiry was at the direction of Lord Canning . The consensus was that there was no convincing evidence of such crimes having been committed , although numbers of European women and children had been killed outright . Long after the political recovery was done , women were the focal point and symbol of any distrust the British had in India . Women 's `` fragile female bodies '' were violated by the mutiny 's incidents of rape and Britain immediately reacted in `` vicious ... reprisals against the local population . '' However , Indian women at the time are still undocumented from the `` official male sources . '' Further research could lend insight to both sides of the situation during the rebellion of 1857 . The term ' Sepoy ' or ' Sepoyism ' became a derogatory term for nationalists , especially in Ireland . Reorganisation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bahadur Shah Zafar ( the last Mughal emperor ) in Delhi , awaiting trial by the British for his role in the Uprising . Photograph by Robert Tytler and Charles Shepherd , May 1858 The proclamation to the `` Princes , Chiefs , and People of India , '' issued by Queen Victoria on November 1 , 1858 . `` We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects . '' ( p. 2 ) Bahadur Shah was tried for treason by a military commission assembled at Delhi , and exiled to Rangoon where he died in 1862 , bringing the Mughal dynasty to an end . In 1877 Queen Victoria took the title of Empress of India on the advice of Prime Minister , Benjamin Disraeli . The rebellion saw the end of the East India Company 's rule in India . In August , by the Government of India Act 1858 , the company was formally dissolved and its ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown . A new British government department , the India Office , was created to handle the governance of India , and its head , the Secretary of State for India , was entrusted with formulating Indian policy .", "38": "The Governor - General of India gained a new title , Viceroy of India , and implemented the policies devised by the India Office . Some former East India Company territories , such as the Straits Settlements , became colonies in their own right . The British colonial administration embarked on a program of reform , trying to integrate Indian higher castes and rulers into the government and abolishing attempts at Westernization . The Viceroy stopped land grabs , decreed religious tolerance and admitted Indians into civil service , albeit mainly as subordinates . Essentially the old East India Company bureaucracy remained , though there was a major shift in attitudes . In looking for the causes of the Rebellion the authorities alighted on two things : religion and the economy . On religion it was felt that there had been too much interference with indigenous traditions , both Hindu and Muslim . On the economy it was now believed that the previous attempts by the Company to introduce free market competition had undermined traditional power structures and bonds of loyalty placing the peasantry at the mercy of merchants and money - lenders . In consequence the new British Raj was constructed in part around a conservative agenda , based on a preservation of tradition and hierarchy . On a political level it was also felt that the previous lack of consultation between rulers and ruled had been another significant factor in contributing to the uprising . In consequence , Indians were drawn into government at a local level . Though this was on a limited scale a crucial precedent had been set , with the creation of a new ' white collar ' Indian elite , further stimulated by the opening of universities at Calcutta , Bombay and Madras , a result of the Indian Universities Act . So , alongside the values of traditional and ancient India , a new professional middle class was starting to arise , in no way bound by the values of the past . Their ambition can only have been stimulated by Queen Victoria 's Proclamation of November 1858 , in which it is expressly stated , `` We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligations of duty which bind us to our other subjects ... it is our further will that ... our subjects of whatever race or creed , be freely and impartially admitted to offices in our service , the duties of which they may be qualified by their education , ability and integrity , duly to discharge . ''", "39": "Acting on these sentiments , Lord Ripon , viceroy from 1880 to 1885 , extended the powers of local self - government and sought to remove racial practices in the law courts by the Ilbert Bill . But a policy at once liberal and progressive at one turn was reactionary and backward at the next , creating new elites and confirming old attitudes . The Ilbert Bill had the effect only of causing a white mutiny and the end of the prospect of perfect equality before the law . In 1886 measures were adopted to restrict Indian entry into the civil service . Military reorganisation ( edit ) See also : Pattern 1853 Enfield Captain C Scott of the Gen. Sir . Hope Grant 's Column , Madras Regiment , who fell on the attack of Fort of Kohlee , 1858 . Memorial at the St. Mary 's Church , Madras Memorial inside the York Minster The Bengal army dominated the Indian army before 1857 and a direct result after the rebellion was the scaling back of the size of the Bengali contingent in the army . The Brahmin presence in the Bengal Army was reduced because of their perceived primary role as mutineers . The British looked for increased recruitment in the Punjab for the Bengal army as a result of the apparent discontent that resulted in the Sepoy conflict . The rebellion transformed both the native and European armies of British India . Of the 74 regular Bengal Native Infantry regiments in existence at the beginning of 1857 , only twelve escaped mutiny or disbandment . All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments were lost . The old Bengal Army had accordingly almost completely vanished from the order of battle . These troops were replaced by new units recruited from castes hitherto under - utilised by the British and from the minority so - called `` Martial Races '' , such as the Sikhs and the Gurkhas . The inefficiencies of the old organisation , which had estranged sepoys from their British officers , were addressed , and the post-1857 units were mainly organised on the `` irregular '' system . From 1797 until the rebellion of 1857 , each regular Bengal Native Infantry regiment had had 22 or 23 British officers , who held every position of authority down to the second - in - command of each company .", "40": "In irregular units there were fewer European officers , but they associated themselves far more closely with their soldiers , while more responsibility was given to the Indian officers . The British increased the ratio of British to Indian soldiers within India . From 1861 Indian artillery was replaced by British units , except for a few mountain batteries . The post-rebellion changes formed the basis of the military organisation of British India until the early 20th century . Awards ( edit ) Victoria Cross Medals were awarded to members of the British Armed Forces and the British Indian Army during the rebellion . The one hundred and eighty two recipients of the Victoria Cross are listed here . Indian Mutiny Medal 290,000 Indian Mutiny Medals were awarded . Clasps were awarded for the siege of Delhi and the siege and relief of Lucknow . Indian Order of Merit A military and civilian decoration of British India , the Indian Order of Merit was first introduced by the East India Company in 1837 , and was taken over by the Crown in 1858 , following the Indian Mutiny of 1857 . The Indian Order of Merit was the only gallantry medal available to Native soldiers between 1837 and 1907 . Nomenclature ( edit ) See also : First War of Indian Independence ( term ) There is no universally agreed name for the events of this period . In India and Pakistan it has been termed as the `` War of Independence of 1857 '' or `` First War of Indian Independence '' but it is not uncommon to use terms such as the `` Revolt of 1857 '' . The classification of the Rebellion being `` First War of Independence '' is not without its critics in India . The use of the term `` Indian Mutiny '' is considered by some Indian politicians as belittling the importance of what happened and therefore reflecting an imperialistic attitude . Others dispute this interpretation . In the UK and parts of the Commonwealth it is commonly called the `` Indian Mutiny '' , but terms such as `` Great Indian Mutiny '' , the `` Sepoy Mutiny '' , the `` Sepoy Rebellion '' , the `` Sepoy War '' , the `` Great Mutiny '' , the `` Rebellion of 1857 '' , `` the Uprising '' , the `` Mahomedan Rebellion '' , and the `` Revolt of 1857 '' have also been used .", "41": "`` The Indian Insurrection '' was a name used in the press of the UK and British colonies at the time . Historiography ( edit ) The Mutiny Memorial in Delhi , a monument to those killed on the British side during the fighting . Adas ( 1971 ) examines the historiography with emphasis on the four major approaches : the Indian nationalist view ; the Marxist analysis ; the view of the Rebellion as a traditionalist rebellion ; and intensive studies of local uprisings . Many of the key primary and secondary sources appear in Biswamoy Pati , ed. 1857 Rebellion . Execution of mutineers by blowing from a gun . Thomas Metcalf has stressed the importance of the work by Cambridge professor Eric Stokes ( 1924 -- 1981 ) , especially Stokes ' The Peasant and the Raj : Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India ( 1978 ) . Metcalf says Stokes undermines the assumption that 1857 was a response to general causes emanating from entire classes of people . Instead , Stokes argues that 1 ) those Indians who suffered the greatest relative deprivation rebelled and that 2 ) the decisive factor in precipitating a revolt was the presence of prosperous magnates who supported British rule . Stokes also explores issues of economic development , the nature of privileged landholding , the role of moneylenders , the usefulness of classical rent theory , and , especially , the notion of the `` rich peasant . '' Professor Kim Wagner has the most recent survey of the historiography , and stresses the importance of William Dalrymple 's The Last Mughal : The Fall of a Dynasty , Delhi 1857 . Dalrymple was assisted by Mahmood Farooqui , who translated key Urdu and Shikastah sources and published a selection in Besieged : Voices from Delhi 1857 . Dalrymple emphasized the role of religion , and explored in detail the internal divisions and politico - religious discord amongst the rebels . He did not discover much in the way of proto - nationalism or any of the roots of modern India in the rebellion . Sabbaq Ahmed has looked at the ways in which ideologies of royalism , militarism , and Jihad influenced the behaviour of contending Muslim factions .", "42": "Almost from the moment the first sepoys mutinied in Meerut , the nature and the scope of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 has been contested and argued over . Speaking in the House of Commons in July 1857 , Benjamin Disraeli labelled it a ' national revolt ' while Lord Palmerston , the Prime Minister , tried to downplay the scope and the significance of the event as a ' mere military mutiny ' . Reflecting this debate , an early historian of the rebellion , Charles Ball , used the word mutiny in his title , but labelled it a ' struggle for liberty and independence as a people ' in the text . Historians remain divided on whether the rebellion can properly be considered a war of Indian independence or not , although it is popularly considered to be one in India . Arguments against include : A united India did not exist at that time in political , cultural , or ethnic terms ; The rebellion was put down with the help of other Indian soldiers drawn from the Madras Army , the Bombay Army and the Sikh regiments ; 80 % of the East India Company forces were Indian ; Many of the local rulers fought amongst themselves rather than uniting against the British ; Many rebel Sepoy regiments disbanded and went home rather than fight ; Not all of the rebels accepted the return of the Mughals ; The King of Delhi had no real control over the mutineers ; The revolt was largely limited to north and central India . Whilst risings occurred elsewhere they had little impact because of their limited nature ; A number of revolts occurred in areas not under British rule , and against native rulers , often as a result of local internal politics ; The revolt was fractured along religious , ethnic and regional lines . The hanging of two participants in the Indian Rebellion , Sepoys of the 31st Native Infantry . Albumen silver print by Felice Beato , 1857 A second school of thought while acknowledging the validity of the above - mentioned arguments opines that this rebellion may indeed be called a war of India 's independence .", "43": "The reasons advanced are : Even though the rebellion had various causes , most of the rebel sepoys who were able to do so , made their way to Delhi to revive the old Mughal empire that signified national unity for even the Hindus amongst them ; There was a widespread popular revolt in many areas such as Awadh , Bundelkhand and Rohilkhand . The rebellion was therefore more than just a military rebellion , and it spanned more than one region ; The sepoys did not seek to revive small kingdoms in their regions , instead they repeatedly proclaimed a `` country - wide rule '' of the Mughals and vowed to drive out the British from `` India '' , as they knew it then . ( The sepoys ignored local princes and proclaimed in cities they took over : Khalq Khuda Ki , Mulk Badshah Ka , Hukm Subahdar Sipahi Bahadur Ka -- `` the people belong to God , the country to the Emperor and authority to the Sepoy Commandant '' ) . The objective of driving out `` foreigners '' from not only one 's own area but from their conception of the entirety of `` India '' , signifies a nationalist sentiment ; The mutineers , although some were recruited from outside Oudah , displayed a common purpose . 150th anniversary ( edit ) The Government of India celebrated the year 2007 as the 150th anniversary of `` India 's First War of Independence '' . Several books written by Indian authors were released in the anniversary year including Amresh Mishra 's `` War of Civilizations '' , a controversial history of the Rebellion of 1857 , and `` Recalcitrance '' by Anurag Kumar , one of the few novels written in English by an Indian based on the events of 1857 . In 2007 , a group of retired British soldiers and civilians , some of them descendants of British soldiers who died in the conflict , attempted to visit the site of the Siege of Lucknow . However , fears of violence by Indian demonstrators , supported by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party , prevented the British visitors from visiting the site . Despite the protests , Sir Mark Havelock was able to make his way past police to visit the grave of his ancestor , General Henry Havelock .", "44": "In popular Culture ( edit ) Henry Nelson O'Neil 's 1857 painting Eastward Ho ! depicting British soldiers say farewell to their loved ones as they embark on a deployment to India . Films ( edit ) Bengal Brigade -- A 1954 film : at the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny . A British officer , Captain Claybourne ( Hudson ) , is cashiered from his regiment over a charge of disobeying orders , but finds that his duty to his men is far from over Shatranj Ke Khilari -- A 1977 Indian film directed by Satyajit Ray , chronicling the events just before the onset of the Revolt of 1857 . The focus is on the British annexation of Oudh , and the detachment of the nobility from the political sphere in 19th - century India . Junoon ( 1978 film ) -- Directed by Shyam Benegal , it is a critically acclaimed film about the love affair between a Pathan feudal chief and a British girl sheltered by his family during the revolt . Mangal Pandey : The Rising ( 2005 ) -- Ketan Mehta 's Hindi film chronicles the life of Mangal Pandey . The Charge of the Light Brigade ( 1936 ) features a sequence inspired by the massacre at Cawnpore . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom -- During the dinner scene at the fictional Pankot Palace , Indiana Jones mentions that Captain Blumburtt was telling him about the role which the palace played in `` the mutiny '' and Chattar Lal complains , `` It seems the British never forget the Mutiny of 1857 '' . The Last Cartridge , an Incident of the Sepoy Rebellion in India ( 1908 ) -- A fictionalized account of a British fort besieged during the Rebellion . Theatre ( edit ) 1857 : Ek Safarnama -- A play by Javed Siddiqui , set during the Rebellion of 1857 and staged at Purana Qila , Delhi . Literature ( edit ) Malcolm X 's autobiography The Autobiography of Malcolm X details his first encounters with atrocities in the non-European world and his reaction to the rebellion and massacres in 1857 .", "45": "John Masters 's novel Nightrunners of Bengal , first published by Michael Joseph in 1951 and dedicated to the Sepoy of India , is a fictionalised account of the Rebellion as seen through the eyes of a British Captain in the Bengal Native Infantry who was based in Bhowani , itself a fictionalised version of the town of Jhansi . Captain Savage and his turbulent relationship with the Rani of Kishanpur form an analogous interrelationship of the Indian people and the British and sepoy regiments at that time . J.G. Farrell 's 1973 novel The Siege of Krishnapur details the siege of the fictional Indian town of Krishnapur during the Rebellion . George MacDonald Fraser 's 1975 novel Flashman in the Great Game deals with the events leading up to and during the Rebellion . Two of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes stories , The Sign of the Four and `` The Adventure of the Crooked Man , '' feature events that took place during the Rebellion . Michael Crichton 's 1975 novel The Great Train Robbery mentions the Rebellion and briefly details the events of the Siege of Cawnpore , as the Rebellion was happening in tandem with the trial of Edward Pierce . The majority of M.M. Kaye 's novel Shadow of the Moon is set between 1856 -- 58 , and the Rebellion is shown to greatly affect the lives of the main characters , who were inhabitants of the Residency at Lunjore ( a fictional town in north India ) . The early chapters of her novel The Far Pavilions take place during the Rebellion , which leads to the protagonist , a child of British ancestry , being raised as a Hindu . Indian writer Ruskin Bond 's fictional novella A Flight of Pigeons is set around the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . It is from this story that the film Junoon was later adapted in 1978 by Shyam Benegal . The 1880 novel The Steam House by Jules Verne takes place in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Jules Verne 's famous character Captain Nemo , originally an Indian prince , fought on the side of the rebels during the rebellion ( as stated in Verne 's later novel The Mysterious Island ) . E.M.", "46": "Forster 's 1924 novel A Passage to India alludes several times to the Mutiny . Flora Annie Steel 's novel On the Face of the Waters ( 1896 ) describes incidents of the Mutiny . The plot of H. Beam Piper 's science fiction novel Uller Uprising is based on the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Rujub , the juggler and In Times of Peril : A tale of India by G.A. Henty are each based on the Indian Rebellion of 1857 See also ( edit ) India portal Vellore Mutiny Political warfare in British colonial India Bengal Native Infantry Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824 Shahzada Muhammad Hidayat Afshar , Ilahi Bakhsh Bahadur Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The events of 1857 -- 58 in India ( are ) known variously as a mutiny , a revolt , a rebellion and the first war of independence ( the debates over which only confirm just how contested imperial history can become ) ... ( page 63 ) '' Jump up ^ `` '' The 1857 rebellion was by and large confined to northern Indian Gangetic Plain and central India . '' Jump up ^ `` The revolt was confined to the northern Gangetic plain and central India . '' Jump up ^ Although the majority of the violence occurred in the northern Indian Gangetic plain and central India , recent scholarship has suggested that the rebellion also reached parts of the east and north . '' Jump up ^ `` What distinguished the events of 1857 was their scale and the fact that for a short time they posed a military threat to British dominance in the Ganges Plain . '' Jump up ^ `` Indian soldiers and the rural population over a large part of northern India showed their mistrust of their rulers and their alienation from them ... For all their talk of improvement , the new rulers were as yet able to offer very little in the way of positive inducements for Indians to acquiesce in the rule . '' Jump up ^ `` Many Indians took up arms against the British , if for very diverse reasons . Explanations have therefore to concentrate on the motives of those who actually rebelled . '' Jump up ^ The cost of the rebellion in terms of human suffering was immense .", "47": "Two great cities , Delhi and Lucknow , were devastated by fighting and by the plundering of the victorious British . Where the countryside resisted , as in parts of Awadh , villages were burnt . Mutineers and their supporters were often killed out of hand . British civilians , including women and children , were murdered as well as the British officers of the sepoy regiments . '' Jump up ^ `` The south , Bengal , and the Punjab remained unscathed , ... '' Jump up ^ `` ... it was the support from the Sikhs , carefully cultivated by the British since the end of the Anglo - Sikh wars , and the disinclination of the Bengali intelligentsia to throw in their lot with what they considered a backward Zamindar revolt , that proved decisive in the course of the struggle . Jump up ^ `` ( they ) generated no coherent ideology or programme on which to build a new order . '' Jump up ^ `` The events of 1857 -- 58 in India , ... marked a major watershed not only in the history of British India but also of British imperialism as a whole . '' Jump up ^ `` Queen Victoria 's Proclamation of 1858 laid the foundation for Indian secularism and established the semi-legal framework that would govern the politics of religion in colonial India for the next century ... It promised civil equality for Indians regardless of their religious affiliation , and state non-interference in Indians ' religious affairs . Although the Proclamation lacked the legal authority of a constitution , generations of Indians cited the Queen 's proclamation in order to claim , and to defend , their right to religious freedom . '' ( page 23 ) Jump up ^ The proclamation to the `` Princes , Chiefs , and People of India , '' issued by Queen Victoria on November 1 , 1858 . `` We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects . '' ( p. 2 ) Jump up ^ `` When the governance of India was transferred from the East India Company to the Crown in 1858 , she ( Queen Victoria ) and Prince Albert intervened in an unprecedented fashion to turn the proclamation of the transfer of power into a document of tolerance and clemency ... they ... insisted on the clause that stated that the people of India would enjoy the same protection as all subjects of Britain .", "48": "Over time , this royal intervention led to the Proclamation of 1858 becoming known in the Indian subcontinent as ' the Magna Carta of Indian liberties ' , a phrase which Indian nationalists such as Gandhi later took up as they sought to test equality under imperial law '' ( pages 38 -- 39 ) Jump up ^ `` In purely legal terms , ( the proclamation ) kept faith with the principles of liberal imperialism and appeared to hold out the promise that British rule would benefit Indians and Britons alike . But as is too often the case with noble statements of faith , reality fell far short of theory , and the failure on the part of the British to live up to the wording of the proclamation would later be used by Indian nationalists as proof of the hollowness of imperial principles . ( page 76 ) '' Jump up ^ `` Ignoring ... the conciliatory proclamation of Queen Victoria in 1858 , Britishers in India saw little reason to grant Indians a greater control over their own affairs . Under these circumstances , it was not long before the seed - idea of nationalism implanted by their reading of Western books began to take root in the minds of intelligent and energetic Indians . '' Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Gurkhas by W. Brook Northey , John Morris . ISBN 81 - 206 - 1577 - 8 . Page 58 ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , The Last Moghul , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Peers 2013 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Marshall 2007 , p. 197 Jump up ^ David 2003 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Williams , Chris ( 2006 ) , A Companion to 19th - Century Britain , John Wiley & Sons , p. 63 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 5679 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Bose & Jalal 2003 , pp. 88 -- 103 ^ Jump up to : Marriott , John ( 2013 ) , The other empire : Metropolis , India and progress in the colonial imagination , Manchester University Press , p. 195 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 061 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Bender , Jill C.", "49": "( 2016 ) , The 1857 Indian Uprising and the British Empire , Cambridge University Press , p. 3 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 48345 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Bayly 1990 , p. 170 ^ Jump up to : Bandyopadhyay 2004 , pp. 169 -- 172 , Brown 1994 , pp. 85 -- 87 , and Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , pp. 100 -- 106 Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , pp. 100 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Brown 1994 , pp. 85 -- 86 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , P.J. ( 2001 ) , `` 1783 -- 1870 : An expanding empire '' , in P.J. Marshall ( ed ) , The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire , Cambridge University Press , p. 50 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00254 - 7 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Spear 1990 , pp. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Bandyopadhyay 2004 , p. 177 , Bayly 2000 , p. 357 ^ Jump up to : Brown 1994 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Bandyopadhyay 2004 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Bayly 1990 , pp. 194 -- 197 ^ Jump up to : Adcock , C.S. ( 2013 ) , The Limits of Tolerance : Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom , Oxford University Press , pp. 23 -- 25 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 999543 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Miles ( 2016 ) , `` The British royal family and the colonial empire from the Georgians to Prince George '' , in Aldrish , Robert ; McCreery , Cindy ( ed ) , Crowns and Colonies : European Monarchies and Overseas Empires , Manchester University Press , pp.", "50": "38 -- 39 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5261 - 0088 - 7 CS1 maint : Multiple names : editors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Peers , Douglas M. ( 2013 ) , India Under Colonial Rule : 1700 -- 1885 , Routledge , p. 76 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 88286 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Embree , Ainslie Thomas ; Hay , Stephen N. ; Bary , William Theodore De ( 1988 ) , `` Nationalism Takes Root : The Moderates '' , Sources of Indian Tradition : Modern India and Pakistan , Columbia University Press , p. 85 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 06414 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Internet History Sourcebooks Project '' . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1 May 1994 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0025611696 . Jump up ^ Markovitz , Claude . A History of Modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . Anthem Press . p. 271 . Jump up ^ `` When the Vellore sepoys rebelled '' . 6 August 2006 -- via The Hindu . Jump up ^ Ludden 2002 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Ludden , David . India and South Asia : A Short History . OneWorld . Jump up ^ to Mazumder , Rajit K. ( 2003 ) , The Indian Army and the Making of the Punjab , Delhi : Permanent Black , pp. 7 -- 8 , ISBN 81 - 7824 - 059 - 9 Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Eric Stokes ( February 1973 ) . `` The first century of British colonial rule in India : social revolution or social stagnation ? '' . Past & Present . Oxford University Press . 58 : 136 -- 160 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 58.1. 136 . JSTOR 650259 .", "51": "^ Jump up to : Brown 1994 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Metcalf 1990 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Bandyopadhyay 2004 , p. 171 , Bose & Jalal 2003 , p. 90 Jump up ^ A Matter of Honour -- an Account of the Indian Army , its Officers and Men , Philip Mason , ISBN 0 - 333 - 41837 - 9 , page 261 Jump up ^ Essential histories , The Indian Rebellion 1857 -- 1858 , Gregory Fremont - Barnes , Osprey 2007 , page 25 Jump up ^ From Sepoy to Subedar -- Being the Life and Adventures of Subedar Sita Ram , a Native Officer of the Bengal Army , edited by James Lunt , ISBN 0 - 333 - 45672 - 6 , page 172 Jump up ^ `` The Indian Mutiny '' . Jump up ^ Hyam , R ( 2002 ) Britain 's Imperial Century , 1815 -- 1914 Third Edition , Palgrave Macmillan , Basingstoke P135 Jump up ^ Headrick , Daniel R . `` The Tools of Empire : Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century '' . Oxford University Press , 1981 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Kim A. Wagner ( 2010 ) , The great fear of 1857 : rumours , conspiracies and the making of the Indian Mutiny , Peter Lang , ISBN 9781906165277 The only troops to be armed with the Enfield rifle , and hence the greased cartridges , were the British HM 60th Rifles stationed at Meerut Jump up ^ Sir John William Kaye ; George Bruce Malleson ( 1888 ) , Kaye 's and Malleson 's history of the Indian mutiny of 1857 -- 8 , London : W.H. Allen & Co , p. 381 Jump up ^ Hibbert 1980 , p. 63 Jump up ^ David 2003 , p. 53 Jump up ^ David 2007 , p. 292 Jump up ^ M. Edwardes , Red Year : The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( London : Cardinal , 1975 ) , p.", "52": "23 Jump up ^ David 2003 , p. 54 Jump up ^ David 2007 , p. 293 Jump up ^ G.W. Forrest , Selections from the letters , despatches and other state papers preserved in the Military department of the government of India , 1857 -- 58 ( 1893 ) , pp. 8 -- 12 , available at archive.org Jump up ^ Bandyopadhyay 2004 , p. 172 , Bose & Jalal 2003 , p. 91 , Brown 1994 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Bandyopadhyay 2004 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Bose & Jalal 2003 , p. 91 , Metcalf 1991 , Bandyopadhyay 2004 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Brown 1994 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Susanne Hoeber Rudolph , Lloyd I Rudolph . `` Living with Difference in India '' , The Political Quarterly : 71 ( s1 ) ( 2000 ) , 20 -- 38 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 923X. 71. s1. 4 Jump up ^ Pionke , Albert D. ( 2004 ) , Plots of opportunity : representing conspiracy in Victorian England , Columbus : Ohio State University Press , p. 82 , ISBN 0 - 8142 - 0948 - 3 Jump up ^ Rudolph , L.I. ; Rudolph , S.H. ( 1997 ) , `` Occidentalism and Orientalism : Perspectives on Legal Pluralism '' , Cultures of Scholarship ^ Jump up to : Embree , Ainslie ( 1992 ) , Helmstadter , Richard J. ; Webb , R.K. ; Davis , Richard , eds. , Religion and irreligion in Victorian society : essays in honor of R.K. Webb , New York : Routledge , p.", "53": "152 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 07625 - 0 Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , The Indian Mutiny 1857 -- 58 ( Essential Histories ) , Reading : Osprey Publishing , p. 9 , ISBN 1 - 84603 - 209 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Bayly , C.A. ( 1996 ) , Empire and information : intelligence gathering and social communication in India , 1780 -- 1870 , Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , p. 331 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 66360 - 1 Jump up ^ '' Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 Postcolonial Studies @ Emory . English.emory.edu ( 23 March 1998 ) . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Mollo , Boris ( 1981 ) . The Indian Army . Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0713710748 . 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Daily Mail , 27 August 2005 Jump up ^ essential histories , the Indian Mutiny 1857 -- 58 , Gregory Fremont - Barnes , Osprey 2007 , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Jump up ^ Dalrymple 2006 , p. 400 Jump up ^ The story of Cawnpore : The Indian Mutiny 1857 , Capt . Mowbray Thomson , Brighton , Tom Donovan , 1859 , pp. 148 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Essential Histories , the Indian Mutiny 1857 -- 58 , Gregory Fremont - Barnes , Osprey 2007 , page 49 ^ Jump up to : S&T magazine No. 121 ( September 1998 ) , page 56 ^ Jump up to : Hibbert 1980 , p. 191 ^ Jump up to : A History of the Indian Mutiny by G.W. Forrest , London , William Blackwood , 1904 Jump up ^ Kaye 's and Malleson 's History of the Indian Mutiny . Longman 's , London , 1896 . Footnote , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Edwardes , Battles of the Indian Mutiny , p. 56 Jump up ^ David 2003 , p. 250 Jump up ^ Harris 2001 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Harris 2001 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Essential Histories , the Indian Mutiny 1857 -- 58 , Gregory Fremont - Barnes , Osprey 2007 , page 53 Jump up ^ S&T magazine No. 121 ( September 1998 ) , page 58 Jump up ^ John Harris , The Indian mutiny , Wordsworth military library 2001 , page 92 , Jump up ^ J.W. Sherer , Daily Life during the Indian Mutiny , 1858 , p.", "57": "56 Jump up ^ Andrew Ward , Our bones are scattered -- The Cawnpore massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 , John Murray , 1996 Jump up ^ Ramson , Martin & Ramson , Edward , The Indian Empire , 1858 Jump up ^ Michael Edwardes , Battles of the Indian Mutiny , Pan , 1963 ISBN 0 - 330 - 02524 - 4 Jump up ^ Units of the Army of the Madras Presidency wore blue rather than black shakoes or forage caps Jump up ^ Raugh , Harold E. ( 2004 ) , The Victorians at War , 1815 -- 1914 : An Encyclopaedia of British Military , Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , p. 89 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 925 - 6 , OCLC 54778450 Jump up ^ Hibbert 1980 , p. 358,428 Jump up ^ Essential Histories , the Indian Mutiny 1857 -- 58 , Gregory Fremont - Barnes , Osprey 2007 , page 79 Jump up ^ Lachmi Bai Rani of Jhansi , the Jeanne d'Arc of India ( 1901 ) , White , Michael ( Michael Alfred Edwin ) , 1866 , New York : J.F. Taylor & Company , 1901 Jump up ^ `` Biographies '' . Jump up ^ A history of the Sepoy war in India , 1857 -- 1858 -- John William Kaye ( sir . ) -- Google Books , Books.google.com , 1876 , retrieved 17 September 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Project Gutenberg '' . Jump up ^ Charles Allen , Soldier Sahibs , p. 276 Jump up ^ Charles Allen , Soldier Sahibs , pp. 290 -- 293 Jump up ^ Hibbert , The Great Mutiny , p. 163 Jump up ^ Charles Allen , Soldier Sahibs , p. 283 Jump up ^ Dr Surendra Nath Sen , pages 343 -- 344 Eighteen Fifty - Seven , Ministry of Information , Government of India 1957 Jump up ^ The revolt in Hindustan 1857 -- 59 -- Evelyn Wood , Sir Evelyn i.e.", "58": "Henry Evelyn Wood -- Google Boeken , Books.google.com , 1908 , retrieved 17 September 2012 Jump up ^ Boyle , Robert Vicars ( 1858 ) . Indian Mutiny . Brief Narrative of the Defence of the Arrah Garrison . London : W. Thacker & Co . Jump up ^ John Sergeant 's Tracks of Empire , BBC4 programme . Jump up ^ Halls , John James ( 1860 ) . Two months in Arrah in 1857 . London : Longman , Green , Longman and Roberts . ^ Jump up to : `` Supplement to The London Gazette , October 13 , 1857 '' ( 22050 ) . 13 October 1857 . pp. 3418 -- 3422 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Sieveking , Isabel Giberne ( 1910 ) . A turning point in the Indian mutiny . London : David Nutt . Jump up ^ The Sepoy Revolt . A Critical Narrative -- Google Books , Books.google.com , ISBN 9781402173066 , retrieved 17 September 2012 Jump up ^ John Cassell 's Illustrated history of England -- William Howitt , John Cassell -- Google Boeken , Books.google.com , 1864 , retrieved 17 September 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Rare 1857 reports on Bengal uprisings -- Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Chittagong City -- Banglapedia '' . Jump up ^ `` Revisiting the Great Rebellion of 1857 '' . 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Ramanlal Kakalbhai Dharaiya ( 1970 ) . Gujarat in 1857 . Gujarat University . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Achyut Yagnik ( 24 August 2005 ) . Shaping Of Modern Gujarat . Penguin Books Limited . pp. 105 -- 109 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8475 - 185 - 7 . Jump up ^ Campbell , James Macnabb ( 1896 ) . James Macnabb Campbell , ed . History of Gujarát . Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency .", "59": "Volume I. Part II . GUJARÁT DISTURBANCES , 1857 -- 1859 . The Government Central Press . pp. 447 -- 449 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , CM ' Convicts in the Straits Settlements 1826 -- 1827 ' in Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society , 1970 , 43 , 1 , P100 Jump up ^ Straits Times , 23 August 1857 Jump up ^ Arnold , D ( 1983 ) ' White colonization and labour in nineteenth - century India ' , Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , 11 , P144 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Chopra , P.N. ( 2003 ) . A Comprehensive History of India . 3 . Sterling Publishers . p. 118 . ISBN 9788120725065 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Heather Streets ( 2004 ) . Martial Races : The Military , Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture , 1857 -- 1914 . Manchester University Press . pp. 39 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6962 - 8 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Sahib : The British Soldier in India 1750 -- 1914 Richard Holmes HarperCollins 2005 Jump up ^ Punch , 24 October 1857 ^ Jump up to : Herbert , C. ( 2008 ) , War of No Pity : The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma , Princeton University Press Jump up ^ Dalrymple , The Last Moghul , pp. 374 Jump up ^ Dalrymple 2006 Jump up ^ Chakravarty , G. ( 2004 ) , The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Judd , D. ( 2005 ) , The Lion and the Tiger : The Rise and Fall of the British Raj , 1600 -- 1947 , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Beckman , Karen Redrobe ( 2003 ) , Vanishing Women : Magic , Film , and Feminism , Duke University Press , pp.", "60": "33 -- 4 , ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3074 - 1 Jump up ^ David 2003 , pp. 220 -- 222 Jump up ^ The Friend of India reprinted in South Australian Advertiser , 2 October 1860 Jump up ^ David , Saul . The Indian Mutiny . pp. 257 -- 258 . ISBN 0 - 141 - 00554 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tuson , Penelope ( May -- June 1998 ) . `` Mutiny narratives and the imperial feminine : European women 's accounts of the rebellion in India in 1857 '' . Women 's Studies International Forum . Elsevier . 21 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 303 . doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 5395 ( 98 ) 00023 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bender , J.C. , `` Mutiny or freedom fight '' , in Potter , S.J. , Newspapers and empire in Ireland and Britain , Dublin : Four Courts Press , pp. 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ `` Official , India '' . World Digital Library . 1890 -- 1923 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rajit K. Mazumder , The Indian Army and the Making of the Punjab . ( Delhi , Permanent Black , 2003 ) , 11 . Jump up ^ Bickers , Robert A. ; R.G. Tiedemann ( 2007 ) , The Boxers , China , and the World , Rowman & Littlefield , p. 231 ( at p. 63 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5395 - 8 Jump up ^ W.Y.", "61": "Carman , page 107 Indian Army Uniforms -- Infantry , Morgan - Grampian London 1969 Jump up ^ Philip Mason , page 238 `` A Matter of Honour '' , ISBN 0 - 333 - 41837 - 9 Jump up ^ Philip Mason , page 319 `` A Matter of Honour '' , ISBN 0 - 333 - 41837 - 9 Jump up ^ Authorisation contained in General Order 363 of 1858 and General Order 733 of 1859 Jump up ^ `` Calcutta Monthly Journal and General Register 1837 '' . p. 60 . Jump up ^ First Indian War of Independence 8 January 1998 Jump up ^ A number of dispossessed dynasts , both Hindu and Muslim , exploited the well - founded caste - suspicions of the sepoys and made these simple folk their cat 's paw in gamble for recovering their thrones . The last scions of the Delhi Mughals or the Oudh Nawabs and the Peshwa , can by no ingenuity be called fighters for Indian freedom Hindusthan Standard , Puja Annual , 195 p. 22 referenced in the Truth about the Indian mutiny article by Dr Ganda Singh Jump up ^ In the light of the available evidence , we are forced to the conclusion that the uprising of 1857 was not the result of careful planning , nor were there any master - minds behind it . As I read about the events of 1857 , I am forced to the conclusion that the Indian national character had sunk very low . The leaders of the revolt could never agree . They were mutually jealous and continually intrigued against one another ... In fact these personal jealousies and intrigues were largely responsible for the Indian defeat. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Surendranath Sen : Eighteen Fifty - seven ( Appx . X & Appx . XV ) Jump up ^ > Hasan 1998 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Nanda 1965 , p. 701 Jump up ^ `` The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha '' . Jump up ^ `` Indian History -- British Period -- First war of Independence '' . Jump up ^ `` Il ya cent cinquante ans , la révolte des cipayes '' . 1 August 2007 .", "62": "Jump up ^ German National Geographic article Jump up ^ The Empire , Sydney , Australia , 11 July 1857 , or Taranaki Herald , New Zealand , 29 August 1857 Jump up ^ Michael Adas , `` Twentieth Century Approaches to the Indian Mutiny of 1857 -- 58 , '' Journal of Asian History , 1971 , Vol. 5 Issue 1 , pp 1 -- 19 Jump up ^ It includes essays by historians Eric Stokes , Christopher Bayly , Rudrangshu Mukherjee , Tapti Roy , Rajat K. Ray and others . Biswamoy Pati ( 2010 ) , The 1857 Rebellion , Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780198069133 Jump up ^ For the latest research see Crispin Bates , ed. , Mutiny at the Margins : New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857 : Volume I : Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Thomas R. Metcalf , `` Rural society and British rule in nineteenth century India . '' Journal of Asian Studies 39 # 1 ( 1979 ) : 111 -- 119 . Jump up ^ M. Farooqui , trans ( 2010 ) Besieged : voices from Delhi 1857 Penguin Books Jump up ^ Kim A. Wagner , `` The Marginal Mutiny : The New Historiography of the Indian Uprising of 1857 , '' History Compass 9 / 10 ( 2011 ) : 760 -- 766 , quote p 760 doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2011. 00799. x Jump up ^ See also Kim A. Wagner ( 2010 ) , The Great Fear Of 1857 : Rumours , Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising , Peter Lang , p. 26 , ISBN 9781906165277 Jump up ^ Sabbaq Ahmed , `` Ideology and Muslim militancy in India : Selected case studies of the 1857 Indian rebellion . '' ( PhD Dissertation , Victoria University of Wellington ( NZ ) , 2015 ) .", "63": "online Jump up ^ The Indian Mutiny and Victorian Trauma by Christopher Herbert , Princeton University Press , Princeton 2007 Jump up ^ The History of the Indian Mutiny : Giving a detailed account of the sepoy insurrection in India by Charles Ball , The London Printing and Publishing Company , London , 1860 Jump up ^ V.D. Savarkar argues that the rebellion was a war of Indian independence . The Indian War of Independence : 1857 ( Bombay : 1947 ( 1909 ) ) . Most historians have seen his arguments as discredited , with one venturing so far as to say , ' It was neither first , nor national , nor a war of independence . ' Eric Stokes has argued that the rebellion was actually a variety of movements , not one movement . The Peasant Armed ( Oxford : 1980 ) . See also S.B. Chaudhuri , Civil Rebellion in the Indian Mutinies 1857 -- 1859 ( Calcutta : 1957 ) Jump up ^ The Indian Mutiny , Spilsbury Julian , Orion , 2007 Jump up ^ S&T magazine issue 121 ( September 1988 ) , page 20 Jump up ^ The communal hatred led to ugly communal riots in many parts of U.P. The green flag was hoisted and Muslims in Bareilly , Bijnor , Moradabad , and other places the Muslims shouted for the revival of Muslim kingdom . '' R.C. Majumdar : Sepoy Mutiny and Revolt of 1857 ( page 2303 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Sitaram Yechury . The Empire Strikes Back Archived 8 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Hindustan Times . January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UK India Mutiny ceremony blocked '' . BBC News . 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Tripathi , Ram Dutt ( 26 September 2007 ) . `` Briton visits India Mutiny grave '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` A little peek into history '' . The Hindu . India . 2 May 2008 . Jump up ^ The Great Train Robbery ( 1st ed . ) . Ballantine Books . 1975 . pp.", "64": "272 -- 275 , 278 , 280 . References ( edit ) Text - Books and Academic monographs ( edit ) Alavi , Seema ( 1996 ) , The Sepoys and the Company : Tradition and Transition 1770 -- 1830 , Oxford University Press , p. 340 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 563484 - 5 . Anderson , Clare ( 2007 ) , Indian Uprising of 1857 -- 8 : Prisons , Prisoners and Rebellion , New York : Anthem Press , p. 217 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 249 - 9 . Bandyopadhyay , Sekhara ( 2004 ) , From Plassey to Partition : A History of Modern India , New Delhi : Orient Longman , p. 523 , ISBN 81 - 250 - 2596 - 0 . Bayly , Christopher Alan ( 1988 ) , Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire , Cambridge University Press , p. 230 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 25092 - 7 . Bayly , Christopher Alan ( 2000 ) , Empire and Information : Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India , c 1780 -- 1870 , Cambridge University Press , p. 412 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 57085 - 9 . Bose , Sugata ; Jalal , Ayesha ( 2004 ) , Modern South Asia : History , Culture , Political Economy ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Routledge , p. 253 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 30787 - 2 . Brown , Judith M. ( 1994 ) , Modern India : The Origins of an Asian Democracy ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 480 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 873113 - 2 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) , Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde , UK : History Press , p. 496 , ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harris , John ( 2001 ) , The Indian Mutiny , Ware : Wordsworth Editions , p.", "65": "205 , ISBN 1 - 84022 - 232 - 8 . Hibbert , Christopher ( 1980 ) , The Great Mutiny : India 1857 , London : Allen Lane , p. 472 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 004752 - 2 . Jain , Meenakshi ( 2010 ) , Parallel Pathways : Essays On Hindu - Muslim Relations ( 1707 - 1857 ) , Delhi : Konark , ISBN 978 - 8122007831 . Judd , Denis ( 2004 ) , The Lion and the Tiger : The Rise and Fall of the British Raj , 1600 -- 1947 , Oxford University Press , xiii , 280 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 280358 - 1 . Keene , Henry George ( 1883 ) , Fifty - Seven . Some account of the administration of Indian Districts during the revolt of the Bengal Army , London : W.H. Allen , p. 145 . Kulke , Hermann ; Rothermund , Dietmar ( 2004 ) , A History of India ( 4th ed . ) , London : Routledge , xii , 448 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 32920 - 5 . Leasor , James ( 1956 ) , The Red Fort , London : W. Lawrie , p. 377 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 034200 - 4 . Ludden , David ( 2002 ) , India And South Asia : A Short History , Oxford : Oneworld , xii , 306 , ISBN 1 - 85168 - 237 - 6 . Majumdar , R.C. ; Raychaudhuri , H.C. ; Datta , Kalikinkar ( 1967 ) , An Advanced History of India ( 3rd ed . ) , London : Macmillan , p. 1126 . Markovits , Claude , ed. ( 2004 ) , A History of Modern India 1480 -- 1950 , London : Anthem , p. 607 , ISBN 1 - 84331 - 152 - 6 . Marshall , P.J.", "66": "( 2007 ) , The Making and Unmaking of Empires : Britain , India , and America c. 1750 -- 1783 , Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . Pp. 400 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 922666 - 0 Metcalf , Barbara D. ; Metcalf , Thomas R. ( 2006 ) , A Concise History of Modern India ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , p. 337 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 68225 - 8 . Metcalf , Thomas R. ( 1990 ) , The Aftermath of Revolt : India , 1857 -- 1870 , New Delhi : Manohar , p. 352 , ISBN 81 - 85054 - 99 - 1 . Metcalf , Thomas R. ( 1997 ) , Ideologies of the Raj , Cambridge University Press , p. 256 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 58937 - 1 . Mukherjee , Rudrangshu ( 2002 ) , Awadh in Revolt 1857 -- 1858 : A Study of Popular Resistance ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Anthem , ISBN 1 - 84331 - 075 - 9 . Palmer , Julian A.B. ( 1966 ) , The Mutiny Outbreak at Meerut in 1857 , Cambridge University Press , p. 175 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 05901 - 1 . Peers , Douglas M. ( 2013 ) , India Under Colonial Rule : 1700 -- 1885 , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 88286 - 2 Ray , Rajat Kanta ( 2002 ) , The Felt Community : Commonality and Mentality before the Emergence of Indian Nationalism , Oxford University Press , p. 596 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 565863 - 9 . Robb , Peter ( 2002 ) , A History of India , Basingstoke : Palgrave , p. 344 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 69129 - 6 .", "67": "Roy , Tapti ( 1994 ) , The politics of a popular uprising : Bundelkhand 1857 , Delhi : Oxford University Press , p. 291 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 563612 - 0 . Spear , Percival ( 1990 ) ( First published 1965 ) , A History of India , Volume 2 , New Delhi and London : Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013836 - 8 . Stanley , Peter ( 1998 ) , White Mutiny : British Military Culture in India , 1825 -- 1875 , London : Hurst , p. 314 , ISBN 1 - 85065 - 330 - 5 . Stein , Burton ( 2001 ) , A History of India , New Delhi : Oxford University Press , p. 432 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 565446 - 3 . Stokes , Eric ( 1980 ) , The Peasant and the Raj : Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India , Cambridge University Press , p. 316 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29770 - 2 . Stokes , Eric ; Bayly , C.A. ( ed . ) ( 1986 ) , The Peasant Armed : The Indian Revolt of 1857 , Oxford : Clarendon , p. 280 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 821570 - 3 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . Taylor , P.J.O. ( 1997 ) , What really happened during the mutiny : a day - by - day account of the major events of 1857 -- 1859 in India , Delhi : Oxford University Press , p. 323 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 564182 - 5 . Wolpert , Stanley ( 2004 ) , A New History of India ( 7th ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 530 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 516678 - 7 .", "68": "Articles in journals and collections ( edit ) Alam Khan , Iqtidar ( May -- June 2013 ) , `` The Wahabis in the 1857 Revolt : A Brief Reappraisal of Their Role '' , Social Scientist , 41 ( 5 / 6 ) : 15 -- 23 , JSTOR 23611115 Alavi , Seema ( February 1993 ) , `` The Company Army and Rural Society : The Invalid Thanah 1780 -- 1830 '' , Modern Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , 27 ( 1 ) : 147 -- 178 , doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00016097 , JSTOR 312880 Baker , David ( 1991 ) , `` Colonial Beginnings and the Indian Response : The Revolt of 1857 -- 58 in Madhya Pradesh '' , Modern Asian Studies , 25 ( 3 ) : 511 -- 543 , doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00013913 , JSTOR 312615 Blunt , Alison ( July 2000 ) , `` Embodying war : British women and domestic defilement in the Indian `` Mutiny '' , 1857 -- 8 `` , Journal of Historical Geography , 26 ( 3 ) : 403 -- 428 , doi : 10.1006 / jhge. 2000.0236 English , Barbara ( February 1994 ) , `` The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857 '' , Past & Present , Oxford University Press , 142 : 169 -- 178 , doi : 10.1093 / past / 142.1.", "69": "169 , JSTOR 651200 Hasan , Farhat ; Roy , Tapti ( 1998 ) , `` Review of Tapti Roy , The Politics of a Popular Uprising , OUP , 1994 '' , Social Scientist , 26 ( 1 ) : 148 -- 151 , doi : 10.2307 / 3517586 Klein , Ira ( July 2000 ) , `` Materialism , Mutiny and Modernization in British India '' , Modern Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , 34 ( 3 ) : 545 -- 580 , JSTOR 313141 Lahiri , Nayanjot ( June 2003 ) , `` Commemorating and Remembering 1857 : The Revolt in Delhi and Its Afterlife '' , World Archaeology , Taylor & Francis , 35 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 60 , doi : 10.1080 / 0043824032000078072 , JSTOR 3560211 Mukherjee , Rudrangshu ( August 1990 ) , `` ' Satan Let Loose upon Earth ' : The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857 '' , Past & Present , Oxford University Press , 128 : 92 -- 116 , doi : 10.1093 / past / 128.1. 92 , JSTOR 651010 Mukherjee , Rudrangshu ( February 1994 ) , `` The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857 : Reply '' , Past & Present , Oxford University Press , 142 : 178 -- 189 , doi : 10.1093 / past / 142.1. 178 , JSTOR 651201 Nanda , Krishan ( September 1965 ) , The Western Political Quarterly , 18 ( 3 ) , University of Utah on behalf of the Western Political Science Association , pp. 700 -- 701 .", "70": "Roy , Tapti ( February 1993 ) , `` Visions of the Rebels : A Study of 1857 in Bundelkhand '' , Modern Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , 27 ( 1 ) : 205 -- 228 ( Special Issue : How Social , Political and Cultural Information Is Collected , Defined , Used and Analyzed ) , doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00016115 , JSTOR 312882 Stokes , Eric ( December 1969 ) , `` Rural Revolt in the Great Rebellion of 1857 in India : A Study of the Saharanpur and Muzaffarnagar Districts '' , The Historical Journal , Cambridge University Press , 12 ( 4 ) : 606 -- 627 , doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x00010554 , JSTOR 2638016 Washbrook , D.A. ( 2001 ) , `` India , 1818 -- 1860 : The Two Faces of Colonialism '' , in Porter , Andrew , Oxford History of the British Empire : The Nineteenth Century , Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 395 -- 421 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924678 - 5 Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman ( 2008 ) , `` 1857 ki Jung - e Azadi main Khandan ka hissa '' , Hayat Karam Husain ( 2nd ed . ) , Aligarh / India : Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences , pp. 253 -- 258 , OCLC 852404214 Historiography and memory ( edit ) Bates , Crispin , ed . Mutiny at the Margins : New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857 ( 5 vol . SAGE Publications India , 2013 -- 14 ) . online guide ; With illustrations , maps , selected text and more . Chakravarty , Gautam . The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination ( Cambridge University Press , 2005 ) . Deshpande , Prachi . `` The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive : Lakshmibai , Jhansi , and 1857 . ''", "71": "journal of Asian studies 67 # 3 ( 2008 ) : 855 -- 879 . Erll , Astrid . `` Re-writing as re-visioning : Modes of representing the ' Indian Mutiny'in British novels , 1857 to 2000 . '' European Journal of English Studies 10.2 ( 2006 ) : 163 -- 185 . online Frykenberg , Robert E. ( 2001 ) , `` India to 1858 '' , in Winks , Robin , Oxford History of the British Empire : Historiography , Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 194 -- 213 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924680 - 7 Pati , Biswamoy ( 12 -- 18 May 2007 ) . `` Historians and Historiography : Situating 1857 '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 42 ( 19 ) : 1686 -- 1691 . JSTOR 4419570 . Perusek , Darshan ( Spring 1992 ) . `` Subaltern Consciousness and the Historiography of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 '' . NOVEL : A Forum on Fiction . Duke University Press . 25 ( 3 ) : 286 -- 301 . doi : 10.2307 / 1345889 . JSTOR 1345889 . Wagner , Kim A. ( October 2011 ) . `` The Marginal Mutiny : The New Historiography of the Indian Uprising of 1857 '' . History Compass. 9 ( 10 ) : 760 -- 766 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2011. 00799. x . Other histories ( edit ) Dalrymple , William ( 2006 ) , The Last Mughal , Viking Penguin , ISBN 0 - 670 - 99925 - 3 David , Saul ( 2003 ) , The Indian Mutiny : 1857 , London : Penguin Books , Pp.", "72": "528 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 100554 - 8 David , Saul ( 2007 ) , Victoria 's Wars , London : Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 00555 - 3 Mishra , Amaresh. 2007 . War of Civilisations : The Long Revolution ( India AD 1857 , 2 Vols . ) , ISBN 978 - 81 - 291 - 1282 - 8 Ward , Andrew . Our Bones Are Scattered . New York : Holt & Co. , 1996 . First person accounts and classic histories ( edit ) Anderson , Clare . The Indian Uprising of 1857 -- 8 : Prisons , Prisoners , and Rebellion . London , 2007 . Barter , Captain Richard The Siege of Delhi . Mutiny memories of an old officer , London , The Folio Society , 1984 . Campbell , Sir Colin . Narrative of the Indian Revolt . London : George Vickers , 1858 . Collier , Richard . The Great Indian Mutiny . New York : Dutton , 1964 . Forrest , George W. A History of the Indian Mutiny , William Blackwood and Sons , London , 1904 . ( 4 vols ) Fitchett , W.H. , B.A. , LL. D. , A Tale of the Great Mutiny , Smith , Elder & Co. , London , 1911 . Inglis , Julia Selina , Lady , 1833 -- 1904 , The Siege of Lucknow : a Diary , London : James R. Osgood , McIlvaine & Co. , 1892 . Online at A Celebration of Women Writers . Innes , Lt. General McLeod : The Sepoy Revolt , A.D. Innes & Co. , London , 1897 . Kaye , John William . A History of the Sepoy War In India ( 3 vols ) . London : W.H. Allen & Co. , 1878 . Kaye , Sir John & Malleson , G.B. : The Indian Mutiny of 1857 , Rupa & Co.", "73": ", Delhi , ( 1st edition 1890 ) reprint 2005 . Khan , Syed Ahmed ( 1859 ) , Asbab - e Baghawat - e Hind , Translated as The Causes of the Indian Revolt , Allahabad , 1873 Malleson , Colonel G.B. The Indian Mutiny of 1857 . New York : Scribner & Sons , 1891 . Marx , Karl & Freidrich Engels . The First Indian War of Independence 1857 -- 1859 . Moscow : Foreign Languages Publishing House , 1959 . Pandey , Sita Ram , From Sepoy to Subedar , Being the Life and Adventures of Subedar Sita Ram , a Native Officer of the Bengal Native Army , Written and Related by Himself , trans . Lt. Col. Norgate , ( Lahore : Bengal Staff Corps , 1873 ) , ed . James Lunt , ( Delhi : Vikas Publications , 1970 ) . Raikes , Charles : Notes on the Revolt in the North - Western Provinces of India , Longman , London , 1858 . Roberts , Field Marshal Lord , Forty - one Years in India , Richard Bentley , London , 1897 Forty - one years in India at Project Gutenberg Russell , William Howard , My Diary in India in the years 1858 - 9 , Routledge , London , 1860 , ( 2 vols . ) Sen , Surendra Nath , Eighteen fifty - seven , ( with a foreword by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad ) , Indian Ministry of Information & Broadcasting , Delhi , 1957 . Thomson , Mowbray ( Capt . ) , The Story of Cawnpore , Richard Bentley , London , 1859 . Trevelyan , Sir George Otto , Cawnpore , Indus , Delhi , ( first edition 1865 ) , reprint 2002 .", "74": "Wilberforce , Reginald G , An Unrecorded Chapter of the Indian Mutiny , Being the Personal Reminiscences of Reginald G. WIlberforce , Late 52nd Infantry , Compiled from a Diary and Letters Written on the Spot London : John Murray 1884 , facsimile reprint : Gurgaon : The Academic Press , 1976 . Tertiary sources ( edit ) `` Indian Mutiny . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Online . http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g?DocF=micro/342/91.html . 23 March 1998 . `` Lee - Enfield Rifle . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 23 March 1998 . Fictional and Narrative literature ( edit ) Conan Doyle , Arthur . The Sign of the Four , featuring Sherlock Holmes , originally appearing in Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine 1890 . Farrell , J.G. The Siege of Krishnapur . New York : Carroll & Graf , 1985 ( orig. 1973 ; Booker Prize winner ) . Fenn , Clive Robert . For the Old Flag : A Tale of the Mutiny . London : Sampson Low , 1899 . Fraser , George MacDonald . Flashman in the Great Game . London : Barrie & Jenkins , 1975 . Grant , James . First Love and Last Love : A Tale of the Mutiny . New York : G. Routledge & Sons , 1869 . Kaye , Mary Margaret . Shadow of the Moon . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1979 . Kilworth , Garry Douglas . Brothers of the Blade : Constable & Robinson , 2004 . Leasor , James . Follow the Drum . London : Heinemann , 1972 , reissued James Leasor Ltd , 2011 . Masters , John . Nightrunners of Bengal . New York : Viking Press , 1951 . Raikes , William Stephen . 12 Years of a Soldier 's Life In India . Boston : Ticknor and Fields , 1860 . Julian Rathbone , The Mutiny . Rossetti , Christina Georgina .", "75": "`` In the Round Tower at Jhansi , 8 June 1857 . '' Goblin Market and Other Poems. 1862 . Anurag Kumar . Recalcitrance : a novel based on events of 1857 -- 58 in Lucknow . Lucknow : AIP Books , Lucknow 2008 . Stuart , V.A. The Alexander Sheridan Series : # 2 : 1964 . The Sepoy Mutiny ; # 3 : 1974 . Massacre at Cawnpore ; # 4 : 1974 . The Cannons of Lucknow ; 1975 . # 5 : The Heroic Garrison . Reprinted 2003 by McBooks Press . ( Note : # 1 -- Victors & Lords deals with the Crimean War . ) Valerie Fitzgerald `` Zemindar '' : 1981 Bodley Head . historic novel . Frédéric Cathala , 1857 , KDP , 2017 , historical novel . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Library resources about Indian Rebellion of 1857 Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Detailed Map : The revolt of 1857 -- 1859 , Historical Atlas of South Asia , Digital South Asia Library , hosted by the University of Chicago Development of Situation - January to July 1857 -- Maj ( Retd ) AGHA HUMAYUN AMIN from WASHINGTON DC defencejounal.com The Indian Mutiny BritishEmpire.co.uk Karl Marx , New York Tribune , 1853 -- 1858 , The Revolt in India marxists.", "76": "org Preceded by Second Anglo - Sikh War Indo - British conflicts Succeeded by Hindu German Conspiracy Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident ,", "77": "1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V.", "78": "Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N.", "79": "Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. 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century military history of the United Kingdom Resistance to the British Empire 19th - century rebellions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : editors list Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4461484002255201500	who sang the song a white sports coat and a pink carnation	[ "Marty Robbins", "Marty Robbins", "Marty Robbins", "Marty Robbins" ]	{ "0": "A White Sport Coat - Wikipedia A White Sport Coat Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` A White Sport Coat '' Single by Marty Robbins B - side `` Grown - Up Tears '' Released April 20 , 1957 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Genre Country Label Columbia 40864 Songwriter ( s ) Marty Robbins Producer ( s ) Mitch Miller `` A White Sport Coat ( and a Pink Carnation ) '' is a 1957 country and western song with words and music both written by Marty Robbins . It was recorded on January 25 , 1957 , and released on the Columbia Records label , over a month later , on March 4 . The arranger and recording session conductor was Ray Conniff , an in - house conductor / arranger at Columbia . Robbins had demanded to have Conniff oversee the recording after his earlier hit , `` Singing the Blues '' , had been quickly eclipsed on the charts by Guy Mitchell 's cover version scored and conducted by Conniff in October , 1956 . Robbins recalled writing the song in approximately twenty minutes while being transported in a standard automobile . He is said to have had the inspiration for the song while driving from a motel to a venue in Ohio where he was due to perform that evening . During the course of the journey , he passed a local high school , where its students were dressed ready for their prom . The song reached No. 1 on the U.S. country chart becoming Marty Robbins ' third No. 1 record , the song reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart in the U.S. and No. 1 in the Australian music charts in 1957 . A version by Johnny Desmond received some play also , peaking at No. 62 on the U.S. pop charts . In UK the song was a notable hit for the English Rock'n'Roll singer Terry Dene , and also for The King Brothers .", "1": "The Terry Dene version reached # 18 in the UK Charts , while The King Brothers ' recording peaked at # 6 , both in early summer 1957 . Jimmy Buffett 's 1973 album A White Sport Coat and a Pink Crustacean spoofs the title of the song . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thoenicke , Manfred . The Ray Conniff Recordings : The Columbia Years , Part 1 : The Backings and New York * Recordings . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Marty Robbins interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 293 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 532 .", "2": "External links ( edit ) AllMusic Preceded by `` Gone '' by Ferlin Husky Billboard C&W Best Sellers in Stores number - one single May 20 , 1957 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Bye Bye Love '' by The Everly Brothers Marty Robbins Albums Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs Today The Performer Notable singles `` I 'll Go On Alone '' `` I Could n't Keep from Crying '' `` That 's All Right '' `` Maybellene '' `` Singing the Blues '' `` Knee Deep in the Blues '' `` A White Sport Coat '' `` The Story of My Life '' `` Just Married '' `` The Hanging Tree '' `` El Paso '' `` Big Iron '' `` Do n't Worry '' `` Devil Woman '' `` Ruby Ann '' `` Begging to You '' `` Ribbon of Darkness '' `` Tonight Carmen '' `` I Walk Alone '' `` It 's a Sin '' `` My Woman , My Woman , My Wife '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` El Paso City '' `` Among My Souvenirs '' `` I Do n't Know Why ( I Just Do ) '' `` Return to Me '' `` Some Memories Just Wo n't Die '' `` Tie Your Dream to Mine '' Related articles Discography Jeanne Pruett Book : Marty Robbins This 1950s single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_White_Sport_Coat&oldid=803679918 '' Categories : 1957 singles Marty Robbins songs Number - one singles in Australia Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Marty Robbins Columbia Records singles Song recordings produced by Mitch Miller 1957 songs 1950s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 23 : 50 . 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204388505903466611	cast of the have and have nots play	[ "Palmer Williams Jr. as Floyd", "Patrice Lovely as Hattie", "Tony Hightower as Frank", "Alexis Jones as Diane", "Maurice Lauchner as Lewis", "Jeffery Lewis as Wallie", "Kislyck Halsey as Rose", "Palmer Williams Jr. as Floyd", "Patrice Lovely as Hattie", "Tony Hightower as Frank", "Alexis Jones as Diane", "Maurice Lauchner as Lewis", "Jeffery Lewis as Wallie", "Kislyck Halsey as Rose" ]	{ "0": "The Haves and the have Nots ( play ) - wikipedia The Haves and the have Nots ( play ) Jump to : navigation , search This article has no lead section . Please help by adding an introductory section to this article . For more information , see the layout guide , and Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines to ensure the section will be inclusive of all the essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 TV series adaptation 4 Home media 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The story follows the life of a wealthy family that has everything they need and most of what they want . The characters are often preoccupied with superficial things , until they are forced to become involved with their housekeeper . When the poverty - stricken maid is forced to ask for help , the family gets a chance to see how the other half lives . While coming to the rescue of the needy , it soon becomes painfully clear , who is really in need of saving . Our story opens very early on a Monday morning , at the home of Grandma Hattie Mae . Hattie has allowed her daughter and son in law to move into her home with their son Wallie . The morning silence is broken by the ring of the telephone . Hattie is afraid to answer . The bank has given her three days to pay up the mortgage , or the struggling family will be evicted . Tensions are rising for Frank who feels responsible as the man of the house . Frank has been out of work for months , causing the family to be supported by the sole income of Rose who works as a maid for a wealthy real estate giant , Louis Willis . After months of avoiding phone calls from the bank , Frank finally gets a break when Louis hires him to be a handyman at the Willis estate . Rose is elated that her prayers have finally been answered . Frank is cautiously optimistic , but excitedly prepares for his new job as a handyman . That morning at the Willis home , Floyd , played by Palmer Williams Jr. , is hilariously negative about Rose allowing Frank to work for the wealthy couple .", "1": "Floyd is convinced that Louis ' much younger wife , Diane , will snatch Frank right from under Rose 's nose . It soon becomes painfully clear that Floyd 's madness was not craziness at all . Diane goes after Frank the moment she sees him . Rose is completely unaware of the depths to which her boss Diane will stoop when trying to satisfy her insatiable appetite for strapping young men . While Rose and Frank consume themselves with saving the home that Hattie has lived in for over thirty years , Wallie has been deeply affected by the fears of being homeless . Only Hattie is aware that Wallie has been running the streets at night . It is not until Wallie is arrested for shoplifting that Rose discovers that her honor - roll son has decided to walk a different path . Frank and Wallie finally face off when Frank overhears his son lashing out about how Frank is a sorry husband and father . Wallie has learned on the streets that all men have a side hustle , and are always able to support their families . It is a bitter pill to swallow when Frank realizes that his son has lost respect for him , and blames him for the family 's impending doom . It is under these circumstances that the struggling family will have to pray for a miracle when their worlds begin to spiral out of control . Hattie , an old woman who has survived a mountain of challenges , finds herself more afraid than she has ever been . Rose , the strong and virtuous matriarch of her family , stands firmly on her faith when she tells Hattie that she has to meet God for the first time . At the end of her rope , Hattie lifts her arms in a miraculous and desperate show of faith and power . It will take both of the women to battle the principalities coming against their family unit . Meanwhile , Frank is put in a treacherous situation when Diane maligns Rose with lies and deceit , while offering to write a check to Frank in exchange for sexual favors . Frank is tested like never before when he is presented by an opportunity to save his family by betraying the sacred relationship he has with his wife . Frank 's impeccable character lifts him out of the situation in time to discover that Wallie has become a money making drug dealer .", "2": "When Frank finally discovers the stacks of cash and drugs , he is ready to give everything he has to fight for his son 's life . Wallie has been so brainwashed by the streets that it will take the strength and love of a tough father to win the heart of his son back to the principles he was raised with . It almost appears that Diane may have been successful in breaking up a happy home when Louis finally sees his young wife for what she is . Troubled by the truth , Louis must make the hardest decision he has ever had to make . Seeing the love that Frank and Rose have for one another , Louis intervenes to help the couple who are about to lose everything they have . In doing so , Louis experiences firsthand the power and the beauty of a family 's love . Cast ( edit ) Palmer Williams Jr. as Floyd Patrice Lovely as Hattie Tony Hightower as Frank Alexis Jones as Diane Maurice Lauchner as Lewis Jeffery Lewis as Wallie Kislyck Halsey as Rose Tv series adaptation ( edit ) The play was very loosely adapted into a television series on the Oprah Winfrey Network . Apart from featuring the lives of a wealthy family and poor - class one , the series is significantly different from the play featuring entirely new characters and situations . It premiered on May 28 , 2013 . Home media ( edit ) The Haves and the Have Nots released on DVD July 9 , 2013 along with Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor . External links ( edit ) Tyler Perry Official website The Haves and the Have Nots page ( hide ) Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong !", "3": "The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony The List Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Haves_and_the_Have_Nots_(play)&oldid=797236411 '' Categories : 2011 plays Plays by Tyler Perry African - American plays Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2017 All pages needing cleanup Pages missing lead section Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 19 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4103271350467608333	who wrote shes always a woman to me	[ "Billy Joel", "Joel", "Billy Joel", "Billy Joel", "Billy Joel" ]	{ "0": "She 's Always a Woman - wikipedia She 's Always a Woman Jump to : navigation , search `` She 's Always a Woman '' A-side label of U.S. vinyl single Single by Billy Joel from the album The Stranger B - side `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' Released 1977 Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single Recorded A & R Recording Inc. , New York City , 1977 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 21 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Billy Joel Producer ( s ) Phil Ramone Billy Joel singles chronology `` Only the Good Die Young '' ( 1977 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( 1977 ) `` The Stranger '' ( 1978 ) `` Only the Good Die Young '' ( 1977 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' / `` Vienna '' ( 1977 ) `` The Stranger '' ( 1978 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' is a song from Billy Joel 's 1977 album The Stranger . It is a love song about a modern woman , with whom he falls in love for her quirks as well as her flaws . The single peaked at # 17 in the U.S. in 1977 , and at # 53 in the UK in 1986 , when it was released as a double A-side with `` Just the Way You Are '' . It re-entered the UK chart in 2010 , reaching # 29 . A Muzak version of the track by Frank Chacksfield Orchestra is known to be one of the last songs played over the former World Trade Center complex before its collapse . The song is played in the compound time signature of 6 / 8 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and meaning 2 Track listing 2.1 7 '' single ( 1977 ) 2.2 Single ( CBS ) 2.3 Japanese 7 '' single ( CBS 06SP 248 ) 3 Chart history 4 Fyfe Dangerfield cover 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Chart performance 5 Other covers 6 References 7 External links Origin and meaning ( edit ) The song was released in 1977 , following several other hits from The Stranger including `` Just the Way You Are '' , `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' and `` Only the Good Die Young '' . Musically , Joel has said that he was influenced by Gordon Lightfoot and his mellow acoustic guitar ballads . It is a love song that Joel wrote for his then wife , Elizabeth Weber . Elizabeth had taken over management of Joel 's career , and was able to put his financial affairs in order after Joel had signed some bad deals and contracts . She was a tough and savvy negotiator who could `` wound with her eyes '' or `` steal like a thief '' , but would `` never give in '' . Because of her tough - as - nails negotiating style , many business adversaries thought she was `` unfeminine , '' but to Joel , she was always a woman . The two eventually divorced in 1982 . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single ( 1977 ) ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Vienna '' Single ( CBS ) ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' Japanese 7 '' single ( CBS 06SP 248 ) ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Only The Good Die Young '' Chart history ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 17 U.S.", "2": "Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 28 Canadian Singles Chart 12 Dutch Top 40 15 Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Irish Singles Chart 22 UK Singles Chart 53 Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Italian Singles Chart 56 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 29 Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Austrian Singles Chart 37 Fyfe Dangerfield cover ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' Single by Fyfe Dangerfield from the album Fly Yellow Moon Released May 10 , 2010 Format Digital download Length 3 : 14 Label Fantastic Plastic , Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Billy Joel Fyfe Dangerfield singles chronology `` Faster Than the Setting Sun '' ( 2010 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( 2010 ) `` Barricades '' ( 2010 ) `` Faster Than the Setting Sun '' ( 2010 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( 2010 ) `` Barricades '' ( 2010 ) Fyfe Dangerfield , lead singer of the band Guillemots , recorded a version of this song in 2010 which was used in an advertisement for the British department store John Lewis . Subsequently , the Billy Joel original re-entered the UK singles chart at number 29 on May 1 , 2010 . On May 1 , 2010 , a new version of the advert aired ; which shows more of the song cover . In the annual ITV poll for 2010 advert of the year ; `` John Lewis - She 's always a Woman '' ranked fourth . The advert has been viewed on YouTube over 570,000 times ( collectively from the top 3 results ) since it aired on TV . Track listing ( edit ) Digital Download `` She 's Always a Woman '' - 3 : 14 Chart performance ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' debuted on the UK Singles Chart on May 2 , 2010 at # 99 .", "3": "On its second week in the chart , the single climbed 85 places to # 14 , marking Dangerfield 's most successful single to date . On May 16 , 2010 , the single climbed 7 places to a current peak of # 7 before falling to # 9 in its second week within the Top 10 . Chart ( 2010 ) Peak Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Other covers ( edit ) Lynda Carter covered the song on her 1978 album Portrait . In 1984 , Des O'Connor covered the song on his album `` Des O'Connor Now '' In 2004 , Zorán made a Hungarian cover `` A nő '' , on his maxi single `` A körben '' . In 2012 , Celtic Thunder covered the song on their album Voyage with Neil Byrne on vocals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` She 's Always a Woman to Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Song : `` She 's Always a Woman '' September 11th 2001 `` . YouTube . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel 's many songs about his many wives '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel - She 's Always A Woman '' . Ultratop.be . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijst 1978 '' . Members.chello.ml . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : J '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Billy Joel - She 's Always A Woman '' . Austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 .", "4": "Jump up ^ `` John Lewis Ad 2010 - Fyfe Dangerfield ' She 's Always A Woman ' '' . YouTube . 2010 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` She 's Always A Woman ( Bonus Track ) : Fyfe Dangerfield : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Fyfe Dangerfield : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` She 's Always a Woman '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A körben '' ( in Hungarian ) . Zoran.hu . December 3 , 2004 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Billy Joel Studio albums Cold Spring Harbor Piano Man Streetlife Serenade Turnstiles The Stranger 52nd Street Glass Houses The Nylon Curtain An Innocent Man The Bridge Storm Front River of Dreams Fantasies & Delusions Live albums Songs in the Attic KOHЦEPT 2000 Years : The Millennium Concert 12 Gardens Live Live at Shea Stadium : The Concert Compilations Greatest Hits , Vol.", "5": "1 -- 3 Souvenir : The Ultimate Collection The Ultimate Collection The Essential Billy Joel Piano Man : The Very Best of Billy Joel My Lives The Hits Singles `` She 's Got a Way '' `` Piano Man '' `` You 're My Home '' `` Worse Comes to Worst '' `` Travelin ' Prayer '' `` The Ballad of Billy the Kid '' `` The Entertainer '' `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' `` Only the Good Die Young '' `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Vienna '' `` The Stranger '' `` My Life '' `` Big Shot '' `` Honesty '' `` Until the Night '' `` All for Leyna '' `` You May Be Right '' `` It 's Still Rock and Roll to Me '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' `` Say Goodbye to Hollywood '' ( Live ) `` She 's Got a Way '' ( Live ) `` Pressure '' `` Allentown '' `` Goodnight Saigon '' `` Tell Her About It '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` An Innocent Man '' `` The Longest Time '' `` Leave a Tender Moment Alone '' `` This Night '' `` Keeping the Faith '' `` You 're Only Human ( Second Wind ) '' `` The Night Is Still Young '' `` Modern Woman '' `` A Matter of Trust '' `` This Is the Time '' `` Baby Grand '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' ( Live ) `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' `` Leningrad '' `` I Go to Extremes '' `` The Downeaster ' Alexa ' '' `` That 's Not Her Style '' `` And So It Goes '' `` Shameless '' `` All Shook Up '' `` The River of Dreams '' `` All About Soul '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` Lullabye ( Goodnight ,", "6": "My Angel ) '' `` To Make You Feel My Love '' `` Hey Girl '' `` All My Life '' `` Christmas in Fallujah '' Other songs `` Everybody Loves You Now '' `` Captain Jack '' `` Los Angelenos '' `` Root Beer Rag '' `` New York State of Mind '' `` Prelude / Angry Young Man '' `` Miami 2017 ( Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway ) '' `` Scenes from an Italian Restaurant '' `` Zanzibar '' `` Laura '' `` Scandinavian Skies '' `` Big Man on Mulberry Street '' Tours An Innocent Man Tour Face to Face 1994 Face to Face 1995 Face to Face 1998 Face to Face 2001 Face to Face 2003 Face to Face 2009 Face to Face 2010 Billy Joel in Concert Film Oliver & Company The Last Play at Shea See also Discography Movin ' Out Billy Joel Band The Hassles Attila Alexa Ray Joel Christie Brinkley Katie Lee `` Movin ' Out '' ( Glee episode ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She%27s_Always_a_Woman&oldid=815609687 '' Categories : 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1978 singles Billy Joel songs Songs written by Billy Joel Song recordings produced by Phil Ramone Columbia Records singles Songs about women 1978 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) Use mdy dates from June 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 22 : 21 . 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-6977583364271191243	what is the largest city in the united states per square mile	[ "Sitka", "Sitka" ]	{ "0": "List of United States cities by area - wikipedia List of United States cities by area Jump to : navigation , search Population tables of U.S. cities Cities Population Area Density Ethnic identity Foreign - born Income Spanish speakers By decade Urban areas Populous cities and metropolitan areas Metropolitan areas 574 Primary Statistical Areas 169 Combined Statistical Areas 929 Core Based Statistical Areas 388 Metropolitan Statistical Areas 540 Micropolitan Statistical Areas Megaregions See also North American metro areas World cities This list ranks U.S. cities by land area . Total areas including water are also given , but note that , when ranked by total area , a number of coastal cities appear disproportionately larger . San Francisco is an extreme example : water makes up nearly 80 % of its total area of 232 square miles ( 601 km2 ) . Note also that in many cases a city may be geographically large primarily because its municipal government has merged with the government of the surrounding county . In some cases the county no longer exists , while in others the arrangement has formed a consolidated city -- county ( or city - borough in Alaska , or city - parish in Louisiana ) ; these are shown in bold . Cities that are not consolidated with or part of any county are independent cities , indicated with two asterisks ( * * ) . All data is from the 2010 United States Census . Rank City State Land area ( sq mi ) Land area ( km2 ) Water area ( sq mi ) Water area ( km2 ) Total area ( sq mi ) Total area ( km2 ) Population ( 2010 ) Sitka Alaska 2,870.3 7,434 1,941.0 5,027 4,811.4 12,461 8,881 Juneau Alaska 2,701.9 6,998 552.0 1,430 3,253.9 8,428 31,275 Wrangell Alaska 2,541.5 6,582 920.6 2,384 3,462.1 8,967 2,369 Anchorage Alaska 1,", "1": "704.7 4,415 256.3 664 1,961.0 5,079 291,826 Jacksonville Florida 747.0 1,935 127.6 330 874.6 2,265 821,784 6 Anaconda Montana 736.5 1,908 4.7 12 741.2 1,920 9,298 7 Butte Montana 716.2 1,855 0.6 1.6 716.8 1,857 33,525 8 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 606.4 1,571 14.4 37 620.8 1,608 579,999 9 Houston Texas 599.6 1,553 27.9 72 627.5 1,625 2,099,451 10 Phoenix Arizona 516.7 1,338 1.2 3.1 517.9 1,341 1,445,632 11 Nashville Tennessee 475.1 1,231 21.7 56 496.8 1,287 601,222 12 Los Angeles California 468.7 1,214 34.0 88 502.7 1,302 3,792,621 13 San Antonio Texas 460.9 1,194 5.8 15 466.7 1,209 1,327,407 14 Suffolk * * Virginia 400.2 1,037 28.9 75 429.1 1,111 84,585 15 Buckeye Arizona 375.3 972 0.1 0.26 375.4 972 50,876 16 Indianapolis Indiana 361.", "2": "4 936 6.6 17 368.0 953 820,445 17 Chesapeake * * Virginia 340.8 883 10.1 26 350.9 909 222,209 18 Dallas Texas 340.5 882 45.3 117 385.8 999 1,197,816 19 Fort Worth Texas 339.8 880 8.0 21 347.9 901 741,206 20 Louisville Kentucky 325.2 842 17.0 44 342.2 886 597,337 21 San Diego California 325.2 842 47.2 122 372.4 965 1,307,402 22 Memphis Tennessee 315.1 816 8.9 23 324.0 839 646,889 23 Kansas City Missouri 315.0 816 4.1 11 319.0 826 459,787 24 New York City New York 302.6 784 165.8 429 468.5 1,213 8,175,133 25 Augusta Georgia 302.5 783 4.2 11 306.7 794 195,844 26 Austin Texas 297.9 772 7.2 19 305.1 790 790,390 27 Charlotte North Carolina 297.7 771 2.0 5.2 299.7 776 731,424 28 Lexington Kentucky 283.6 735 1.9 4.9 285.6 740 295,803 29 El Paso Texas 255.2 661 1.", "3": "0 2.6 256.3 664 649,121 30 Virginia Beach * * Virginia 249.0 645 248.3 643 497.3 1,288 437,994 31 Cusseta Georgia 248.7 644 2.4 6.2 251.2 651 11,267 32 Chicago Illinois 227.6 589 6.5 17 234.1 606 2,695,598 33 Tucson Arizona 226.7 587 0.3 0.78 227.0 588 520,116 34 Columbus Ohio 217.2 563 5.9 15 223.1 578 787,033 35 Columbus Georgia 216.4 560 4.6 12 221.0 572 189,885 36 Valdez Alaska 216.2 560 59.6 154 275.9 715 3,976 37 Preston Georgia 209.1 542 1.1 2.8 210.3 545 2,799 38 Huntsville Alabama 209.1 542 1.3 3.4 210.4 545 180,105 39 Boulder City Nevada 208.5 540 0.0 0 208.6 540 15,023 40 California City California 203.5 527 0.1 0.26 203.6 527 14,120 41 Tulsa Oklahoma 196.8 510 4.2 11 201.0 521 391,906 42 Colorado Springs Colorado 194.5 504 0.4 1.", "4": "0 194.9 505 416,427 43 Goodyear Arizona 191.5 496 0.0 0 191.5 496 65,275 44 Albuquerque New Mexico 187.7 486 1.8 4.7 189.5 491 545,852 45 Scottsdale Arizona 183.9 476 0.5 1.3 184.4 478 217,385 46 Hibbing Minnesota 181.8 471 4.6 12 186.4 483 16,361 47 Norman Oklahoma 178.8 463 10.7 28 189.4 491 110,925 48 San Jose California 176.5 457 3.4 8.8 180.0 466 945,942 49 Peoria Arizona 174.4 452 3.6 9.3 178.0 461 154,065 50 New Orleans Louisiana 169.4 439 180.8 468 350.2 907 343,829 51 Corpus Christi Texas 160.6 416 329.0 852 489.6 1,268 305,215 52 Montgomery Alabama 159.6 413 2.4 6.2 161.9 419 205,764 53 Wichita Kansas 159.3 413 4.3 11 163.6 424 382,368 54 Aurora Colorado 154.7 401 0.7 1.8 155.4 402 325,078 55 Denver Colorado 153.0 396 1.6 4.1 154.", "5": "6 400 600,158 56 Sierra Vista Arizona 152.3 394 0.3 0.78 152.5 395 43,888 57 Georgetown Georgia 151.2 392 9.3 24 160.6 416 2,513 58 Birmingham Alabama 146.1 378 2.5 6.5 148.6 385 212,237 59 Fayetteville North Carolina 145.8 378 1.9 4.9 147.7 383 200,564 60 Carson City * * Nevada 144.7 375 12.6 33 157.2 407 55,274 61 Raleigh North Carolina 142.9 370 1.1 2.8 144.0 373 403,892 62 Bakersfield California 142.2 368 1.4 3.6 143.6 372 347,483 63 Mobile Alabama 139.1 360 40.7 105 179.8 466 195,111 64 Detroit Michigan 138.8 359 4.1 11 142.9 370 713,777 65 Bunnell Florida 137.5 356 1.1 2.8 138.6 359 2,676 66 Chattanooga Tennessee 137.2 355 7.4 19 144.5 374 167,674 67 Mesa Arizona 136.5 354 0.6 1.6 137.1 355 439,041 68 Las Vegas Nevada 135.8 352 0.1 0.26 135.", "6": "9 352 583,756 69 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 134.1 347 8.6 22 142.7 370 1,526,006 70 Portland Oregon 133.4 346 11.7 30 145.1 376 583,776 71 Atlanta Georgia 133.2 345 0.9 2.3 134.0 347 420,003 72 Winston - Salem North Carolina 132.4 343 1.2 3.1 133.7 346 229,617 73 Brownsville Texas 132.3 343 14.0 36 146.3 379 175,023 74 Columbia South Carolina 132.2 342 2.7 7.0 134.9 349 129,272 75 Lynchburg Tennessee 129.2 335 1.2 3.1 130.4 338 6,362 76 Omaha Nebraska 127.1 329 3.5 9.1 130.6 338 408,958 77 Greensboro North Carolina 126.5 328 5.3 14 131.8 341 269,666 78 Kansas City Kansas 124.8 323 3.6 9.3 128.4 333 145,786 79 Lubbock Texas 122.4 317 1.1 2.8 123.6 320 229,573 80 Fernley Nevada 122.1 316 6.7 17 128.9 334 19,368 81 Marana Arizona 121.5 315 0.7 1.8 122.", "7": "2 316 34,961 82 Yuma Arizona 120.3 312 0.1 0.26 120.4 312 93,064 83 Little Rock Arkansas 119.2 309 1.8 4.7 121.0 313 193,524 84 Athens Georgia 116.4 301 1.8 4.7 118.2 306 115,452 85 Hartsville Tennessee 114.2 296 2.4 6.2 116.6 302 7,870 86 Port St. Lucie Florida 114.0 295 1.3 3.4 115.2 298 164,603 87 Tampa Florida 113.4 294 61.8 160 175.2 454 335,709 88 Fresno California 112.0 290 0.4 1.0 112.3 291 494,665 89 Unalaska Alaska 111.8 290 100.9 261 212.7 551 4,376 90 Eloy Arizona 111.5 289 0.1 0.26 111.6 289 16,631 91 Salt Lake City Utah 111.1 288 0.6 1.6 111.7 289 186,440 92 Jackson Mississippi 111.0 287 2.2 5.7 113.2 293 173,514 93 Fort Wayne Indiana 110.6 286 0.2 0.52 110.8 287 253,691 94 Casa Grande Arizona 109.7 284 0.", "8": "0 0 109.7 284 48,571 95 Charleston South Carolina 109.0 282 18.5 48 127.5 330 120,083 96 Henderson Nevada 107.7 279 0.0 0 107.7 279 257,729 97 Durham North Carolina 107.4 278 0.9 2.3 108.3 280 228,330 98 Abilene Texas 106.8 277 5.4 14 112.2 291 117,063 99 Palmdale California 106.0 275 0.3 0.78 106.2 275 152,750 100 Babbitt Minnesota 105.9 274 0.8 2.1 106.7 276 1,475 101 Surprise Arizona 105.7 274 0.1 0.26 105.9 274 117,517 102 Cape Coral Florida 105.7 274 14.9 39 120.6 312 154,305 103 Shreveport Louisiana 105.4 273 15.5 40 120.8 313 199,311 104 Rio Rancho New Mexico 103.4 268 0.3 0.78 103.7 269 87,521 105 Savannah Georgia 103.2 267 5.6 15 108.7 282 136,286 106 Reno Nevada 103.0 267 2.9 7.5 105.9 274 225,221 107 Orlando Florida 102.4 265 8.", "9": "3 21 110.7 287 238,300 108 North Las Vegas Nevada 101.3 262 0.0 0 101.4 263 216,961 109 Tallahassee Florida 100.2 260 3.2 8.3 103.5 268 181,376 110 North Port Florida 99.6 258 4.6 12 104.2 270 57,357 111 Amarillo Texas 99.5 258 1.7 4.4 101.2 262 190,695 112 St. Marys Pennsylvania 99.3 257 0.2 0.52 99.5 258 13,070 113 Knoxville Tennessee 98.5 255 5.6 15 104.2 270 178,874 114 Sacramento California 97.9 254 2.2 5.7 100.1 259 466,488 115 Clarksville Tennessee 97.6 253 0.7 1.8 98.3 255 132,929 116 Nightmute Alaska 96.9 251 4.0 10 100.9 261 280 117 Milwaukee Wisconsin 96.1 249 0.7 1.8 96.8 251 594,833 118 Arlington Texas 95.9 248 3.7 9.6 99.6 258 365,438 119 Lancaster California 94.3 244 0.3 0.78 94.5 245 156,633 120 Palm Springs California 94.1 244 0.9 2.", "10": "3 95.0 246 44,552 121 Palm Coast Florida 89.9 233 1.0 2.6 90.8 235 75,180 122 Dothan Alabama 89.4 232 0.3 0.78 89.7 232 65,496 123 Lincoln Nebraska 89.1 231 1.2 3.1 90.4 234 258,379 124 Waco Texas 89.0 231 12.3 32 101.3 262 124,805 125 Laredo Texas 88.9 230 1.4 3.6 90.4 234 236,091 126 Denton Texas 88.0 228 1.4 3.6 89.3 231 113,383 127 Oak Ridge Tennessee 85.3 221 4.7 12 90.0 233 29,330 128 Edmond Oklahoma 84.7 219 3.2 8.3 87.9 228 81,405 129 Seattle Washington 83.9 217 58.7 152 142.7 370 608,660 130 Beaumont Texas 82.8 214 3.0 7.8 85.8 222 118,296 131 Springfield Missouri 81.7 212 0.6 1.6 82.3 213 159,498 132 Riverside California 81.1 210 0.3 0.78 81.4 211 303,871 133 Lawton Oklahoma 81.0 210 0.", "11": "0 0 81.0 210 96,867 134 Baltimore * * Maryland 80.9 210 11.1 29 92.1 239 620,961 135 Des Moines Iowa 80.9 210 1.7 4.4 82.6 214 203,433 136 Toledo Ohio 80.7 209 3.4 8.8 84.1 218 287,208 137 Jonesboro Arkansas 79.9 207 0.6 1.6 80.4 208 67,263 138 Boise Idaho 79.4 206 0.7 1.8 80.0 207 205,671 139 Ellsworth Maine 79.3 205 14.6 38 93.9 243 7,741 140 Caribou Maine 79.3 205 0.8 2.1 80.1 207 8,189 141 El Reno Oklahoma 79.2 205 0.6 1.6 79.8 207 16,749 142 Cincinnati Ohio 77.9 202 1.6 4.1 79.5 206 296,943 143 Cleveland Ohio 77.7 201 4.8 12 82.5 214 396,815 144 Independence Missouri 77.6 201 0.7 1.8 78.2 203 116,830 145 Fremont California 77.5 201 10.2 26 87.6 227 214,089 146 Baton Rouge Louisiana 76.9 199 2.2 5.", "12": "7 79.1 205 229,493 147 Port Arthur Texas 76.9 199 67.1 174 144.0 373 53,818 148 Madison Wisconsin 76.8 199 17.2 45 94.0 243 233,209 149 Las Cruces New Mexico 76.5 198 0.1 0.26 76.6 198 97,618 150 Presque Isle Maine 75.8 196 1.8 4.7 77.6 201 9,692 Gallery ( edit ) 2 - Juneau , Alaska 3 - Wrangell , Alaska 4 - Anchorage , Alaska 5 - Jacksonville , Florida 6 - Anaconda , Montana 7 - Butte , Montana 8 - Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 9 - Houston , Texas 10 - Phoenix , Arizona 11 - Nashville , Tennessee 12 - Los Angeles , California 13 - San Antonio , Texas 14 - Suffolk , Virginia 15 - Buckeye , Arizona 16 - Indianapolis , Indiana 17 - Chesapeake , Virginia 18 - Dallas , Texas 19 - Fort Worth , Texas 20 - Louisville , Kentucky 21 - San Diego , California 22 - Memphis , Tennessee 23 - Kansas City , Missouri 24 - New York City , New York 25 - Augusta , Georgia See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal United States of America Outline of the United States Index of United States - related articles Book : United States United States Census Bureau Demographics of the United States Urbanization in the United States List of US states and territories by population List of US cities by population Lists of US cities and metropolitan areas United States Office of Management and Budget United States statistical area The 1067 US statistical areas comprise 366 MSAs , 576 μSAs ,", "13": "and 125 CSAs United States primary statistical area List of the 718 US PSAs United States combined statistical area List of the 125 US CSAs United States core based statistical area List of the 942 US CBSAs United States metropolitan statistical area List of the 366 US MSAs List of the 366 US MSAs by GDP United States micropolitan statistical area List of the 576 US μSAs Largest cities in the United States by population by decade List of cities proper by population ( most populous cities in the World ) List of lists of settlements in the United States List of United States cities by population density List of United States urban areas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2010 Census Gazetteer Files Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_cities_by_area&oldid=814976017 '' Categories : Lists of cities in the United States Lists by area Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Gaeilge اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 00 : 23 . 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-8679439398721195447	when was the last time the vikings made the superbowl	[ "in the 1970s" ]	{ "0": "Minnesota Vikings - wikipedia Minnesota Vikings Jump to : navigation , search Minnesota Vikings Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( January 28 , 1960 ) First season : 1961 Play in U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota Headquartered at TCO Performance Center Eagan , Minnesota Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1961 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Central Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC Central ( 1970 -- 2001 ) NFC North ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Purple , Gold , White Fight song Skol , Vikings Mascot Viktor the Viking Personnel Owner ( s ) Zygi Wilf Chairman Zygi Wilf President Mark Wilf General manager Rick Spielman Head coach Mike Zimmer Team history Minnesota Vikings ( 1961 -- present ) Team nicknames The Vikes The Purple People Eaters The Purple and Gold Championships League championships ( 0 † ) NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 1 ) 1969 Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Western : 1969 NFC : 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Division championships ( 20 ) NFL Central : 1968 , 1969 NFC Central : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1989 , 1992 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 NFC North : 2008 , 2009 , 2015 , 2017 † -- Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships before the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger Playoff appearances ( 29 ) NFL : 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1987 ,", "1": "1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 Home fields Metropolitan Stadium ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Mall of America Field at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( 1982 -- 2013 ) TCF Bank Stadium ( 2014 -- 2015 ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( 2016 -- present ) The Minnesota Vikings are a professional American football team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The Vikings joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as an expansion team in 1960 , and first took the field for the 1961 season . The team competes in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The Vikings played in four Super Bowl games in the 1970s , but lost all four . During the 1960s , the Vikings ' record was typical for an expansion franchise , but improved over the course of the decade , resulting in a Central Division title in 1968 . In 1969 , their dominant defense led to the Vikings ' league championship in 1969 , the last NFL championship prior to the merger of the NFL with the AFL . The team plays its home games at U.S. Bank Stadium in the Downtown East section of Minneapolis . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.4. 1 1998 1.4. 2 1999 1.5 2000s 1.5. 1 2000 1.5. 2 2001 -- 2005 1.5. 3 2006 -- 2008 1.5. 4 2009 -- 2010 1.5. 5 2011 -- 2013 1.5.", "2": "6 2014 -- present 2 Logo and uniforms 2.1 All purple uniforms 3 Mascots 3.1 Current mascot 3.2 Historic mascots 4 Traditions 4.1 Fight song 4.2 Rivals 4.2. 1 Chicago Bears 4.2. 2 Detroit Lions 4.2. 3 Green Bay Packers 4.3 Helga hats 4.4 Vikings horn 5 Players 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Retired numbers 5.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 5.4 Ring of Honor 5.5 25th Anniversary Team ( 1985 ) 5.6 40th Anniversary Team ( 2000 ) 5.7 50 Greatest Vikings ( 2010 ) 5.8 All Metrodome Team ( 2013 ) 6 Coaches 6.1 Head coaches 6.2 Current staff 7 Radio and television 7.1 Radio affiliates 7.1. 1 Minnesota 7.1. 2 Iowa 7.1. 3 North Dakota 7.1. 4 South Dakota 7.1. 5 Wisconsin 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History Main article : History of the Minnesota Vikings See also : List of Minnesota Vikings seasons Professional football in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul area ( the `` Twin Cities '' ) began with the Minneapolis Marines / Red Jackets , an NFL team that played intermittently in the 1920s and 1930s . However , a new professional team in the area did not surface again until August 1959 , when Minneapolis businessmen Bill Boyer , H.P. Skoglund , and Max Winter were awarded a franchise in the new American Football League ( AFL ) . Five months later , in January 1960 , after significant pressure from the NFL , the ownership group , along with Bernard H. Ridder Jr. , reneged on its agreement with the AFL and then was awarded the National Football League 's 14th franchise , with play to begin in 1961 .", "3": "Ole Haugsrud was added to the NFL team ownership because , in the 1920s , when he sold his Duluth Eskimos team back to the league , the agreement allowed him 10 percent of any future Minnesota team . Coincidentally or not , the teams from Ole Haugsrud 's high school , Central High School in Superior , Wisconsin , were also called the Vikings and also had a similar purple - and - yellow uniform design and color scheme . From the team 's first season in 1961 to 1981 , the team called Metropolitan Stadium in suburban Bloomington home . The Vikings conducted summer training camp at Bemidji State University from 1961 to 1965 . In 1966 , the team moved to their training camp to Minnesota State University in Mankato . The training camp at Minnesota State was one of the longest continuously running training camp events in the NFL and is remembered as part of the golden era history of the team . The Vikings played their home games at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis from 1982 to 2013 . The Vikings played their last game at the Metrodome on December 29 , 2013 , defeating the Detroit Lions 14 -- 13 to end the season . Since the team 's first season in 1961 , the Vikings have had one of the highest winning percentages in the NFL . As of 2017 , they have won at least three games in every season except in 1962 , and are one of only six NFL teams to win at least 15 games in a regular season . The Vikings have won one NFL Championship , in 1969 , before the league 's merger with the American Football League ( AFL ) . Since the league merger in 1970 , they have qualified for the playoffs 27 times , third-most in the league . The team has played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI , though failing to win any of them . In addition , they have lost in their last six NFC Championship Game appearances since 1978 . The team currently has 14 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . 1960s The team was officially named the Minnesota Vikings on September 27 , 1960 ; the name is partly meant to reflect Minnesota 's place as a center of Scandinavian American culture .", "4": "From the start , the Vikings embraced an energetic marketing program that produced first - year season ticket sales of nearly 26,000 and an average home attendance of 34,586 , about 85 percent of Metropolitan Stadium 's capacity of 40,800 . Eventually , the capacity of Met Stadium was increased to 47,900 . Bert Rose , former public relations director for the Los Angeles Rams , was appointed the team 's first general manager . The search for the first head coach saw the team court then - Northwestern University head coach Ara Parseghian , who , according to Minneapolis Star writer Jim Klobuchar -- the Vikings ' first beat reporter for that newspaper -- visited team management in the Twin Cities under the condition that his visit was to be kept secret from his current employer . His cover was blown by local columnist Sid Hartman , who reported the visit and forced Parseghian to issue denials . Philadelphia Eagles assistant Nick Skorich and a man with Minnesota ties who was working in the CFL , Bud Grant , were also candidates until a different Eagle , quarterback Norm Van Brocklin , was hired on January 18 , 1961 . Van Brocklin had just finished his career as a player on a high note , having defeated the Green Bay Packers in the 1960 NFL Championship Game . Head Coach Bud Grant ( 1967 -- 1983 and 1985 ) The Vikings were upset by the Chiefs 23 -- 7 in Super Bowl IV . As a new franchise , the Vikings had the first overall selection in the 1961 NFL Draft , and they picked running back Tommy Mason of Tulane . They also took a young quarterback from the University of Georgia named Fran Tarkenton in the third round . Notable veterans acquired in the offseason were George Shaw and Hugh McElhenny . The Vikings won their first regular season game , defeating the Chicago Bears 37 -- 13 on Opening Day 1961 ; Tarkenton came off the bench to throw four touchdown passes and run for another to lead the upset . Reality set in as the expansion team lost its next seven games on their way to a 3 -- 11 record .", "5": "The losing continued throughout much of the 1960s as the Vikings had a combined record of 32 wins , 59 losses , and 7 ties in their first seven seasons with only one winning season ( 8 -- 5 -- 1 in 1964 ) . On March 7 , 1967 , quarterback Fran Tarkenton was traded to the New York Giants for a first - round and second - round draft choice in 1967 , a first - round choice in 1968 and a second - round choice in 1969 . With the picks , Minnesota selected Clinton Jones and Bob Grim in 1967 , Ron Yary in 1968 and Ed White in 1969 . On March 10 , 1967 the Vikings hired new head coach Bud Grant to replace Van Brocklin , who had resigned on February 11 , 1967 . Grant came to the Vikings from the Canadian Football League as head coach for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , whom he led to four Grey Cup Championships in 10 years . Replacing Tarkenton at quarterback was eight - year CFL veteran and Grey Cup champion Joe Kapp . During the late 1960s , the Vikings built a powerful defense known as the Purple People Eaters , led by Alan Page , Carl Eller , Gary Larsen , and Jim Marshall . In 1968 , that stingy defense earned the Vikings their first Central Division title and their first playoff berth . In 1969 , the Vikings secured a 12 -- 2 record . The team had 12 straight regular - season victories after a season - opening loss to the New York Giants , which was the longest single - season winning streak in 35 years . The Vikings defeated the Cleveland Browns 27 -- 7 in the last pre-merger NFL Championship Game on January 4 , 1970 , at Metropolitan Stadium . The Vikings became the first modern NFL expansion team to win an NFL Championship Game , and earned a berth in Super Bowl IV ; however , the heavily favored Vikings lost that game to the Kansas City Chiefs , 23 -- 7 . The team MVP that season was Joe Kapp , who threw for seven touchdowns against the Baltimore Colts -- still an all - time NFL record ; however , Kapp refused to accept the award , stating , `` There is not one most valuable Viking ... there are 40 most valuable Vikings ! ''", "6": "1970s The team continued to dominate in 1970 and 1971 , reaching the playoffs behind the stubborn `` Purple People Eaters '' defensive line . In 1971 , Alan Page won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award given by the Associated Press . He was the first defensive player to win the award . Hall of Fame defensive end Carl Eller , a member of the `` Purple People Eaters '' . On January 27 , 1972 , the Vikings traded Norm Snead , Bob Grim , Vince Clements and first - round draft picks in 1972 and 1973 to the New York Giants to reacquire the popular Fran Tarkenton . While the acquisitions of Tarkenton and wide receiver John Gilliam improved the passing attack , the running game was inconsistent and the Vikings finished with a disappointing 7 -- 7 record . The Vikings addressed the problem by drafting running back Chuck Foreman with their first pick in the 1973 Draft . Co-owner Bill Boyer died on February 19 , 1973 and was replaced on the team 's board of directors by his son - in - law Jack Steele . The Vikings won their first nine games of 1973 and finished the season with a 12 -- 2 record . They then advanced to their second Super Bowl in franchise history , Super Bowl VIII , against the Miami Dolphins at Rice Stadium in Houston , Texas ; however , the Dolphins prevailed , 24 -- 7 . The Vikings won the Central Division again in 1974 with a 10 -- 4 record . In the playoffs they built on their cold weather reputation , defeating both the St. Louis Cardinals 30 -- 14 and the Los Angeles Rams 14 -- 10 in frozen Metropolitan Stadium . The Vikings played in their second straight Super Bowl , Super Bowl IX ( 3rd overall ) , losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers , 16 -- 6 , at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans on January 12 , 1975 . Led by Tarkenton and running back Chuck Foreman , the 1975 Vikings got off to a 10 -- 0 start and easily won another division title . However , the Vikings lost to the Dallas Cowboys in the playoffs , 17 -- 14 , on a controversial touchdown pass from the Cowboys ' quarterback Roger Staubach to wide receiver Drew Pearson that became known as the Hail Mary .", "7": "The touchdown was controversial because many felt that Pearson pushed off on Vikings defensive back Nate Wright , committing pass interference . As the Metropolitan Stadium crowd was stunned to learn that no penalty was called , debris was thrown on the field for several minutes . A Corby 's Whiskey bottle struck game official Armen Terzian , rendering him unconscious . The Vikings played in Super Bowl XI , their third Super Bowl ( fourth overall ) in four years , against the Oakland Raiders at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California , on January 9 , 1977 . The Vikings , however , lost 32 -- 14 . In 1977 , the Vikings again won the Central Division with a 9 -- 5 record and advanced to their 4th NFC Championship Game in 5 years , but were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl Champion Cowboys , 23 -- 6 , at Texas Stadium . By 1978 , age was taking its toll on the Vikings , but they still made the playoffs with an 8 -- 7 -- 1 record . There was no more playoff magic as the Rams finally defeated the Vikings , 34 -- 10 in Los Angeles after having lost in their previous four playoff matchups ( in 1969 , ' 74 , ' 76 and ' 77 ) . Quarterback Fran Tarkenton retired following the season holding league passer records in attempts ( 6,467 ) , completions ( 3,686 ) , yards ( 47,003 ) , and touchdowns ( 342 ) . In December 1979 , ground was broken for construction of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in downtown Minneapolis . 1980s On May 15 , 1981 , the Vikings moved into a new facility in suburban Eden Prairie that houses the team 's offices , locker room and practice fields . The complex was named `` Winter Park '' after Max Winter , one of the Vikings ' founders , who served as the team 's president from 1965 to 1987 . The Vikings played their final game at Metropolitan Stadium on December 20 to conclude the 1981 NFL season by losing to the Kansas City Chiefs , 10 -- 6 .", "8": "`` Two - minute '' Tommy Kramer ( 1977 -- 1989 ) The Vikings played their first game at the Metrodome in a preseason matchup against the Seattle Seahawks on August 21 , 1982 in a game Minnesota won , 7 -- 3 . The first touchdown in the new facility was scored by Joe Senser on an 11 - yard pass from Tommy Kramer . The first regular - season game in the Metrodome was the 1982 opener on September 12 , when the Vikings defeated Tampa Bay , 17 -- 10 . Rickey Young scored the first regular - season touchdown in the facility on a 3 - yard run in the 2nd quarter . That year the defense led by Joey Browner began a dominant 10 - year run as a premier NFL defense . The Vikings beat the St. Louis Cardinals 28 - 10 on August 6 , 1983 at Wembley Stadium in London in the very first international game in the NFL . On January 27 , 1984 , Bud Grant retired as head coach of the Vikings . With a career regular - season record of 151 -- 87 -- 5 (. 632 ) in 17 seasons with Minnesota , Grant led the franchise to 12 playoff appearances , 11 division titles , and four Super Bowls . Les Steckel , who was an offensive assistant with the Vikings for 5 seasons , was then named the 3rd head coach in franchise history . Steckel , who came to the Vikings in 1979 after working as an assistant with the 49ers , was the youngest head coach in the NFL in 1984 at age 38 . However , the Vikings lost a franchise - worst 13 games . After the season Steckel was fired , and on December 18 , 1984 , Bud Grant came out of retirement and was rehired as the head coach of the Vikings . On January 6 , 1986 , following the 1985 season , Bud Grant re-retired , this time permanently , as head coach of the Vikings . At the time of his retirement he was the 6th winningest coach in NFL history with 168 career wins , including playoffs . In 18 seasons , he led the Vikings to a 158 -- 96 -- 5 regular season record .", "9": "Longtime Vikings assistant coach Jerry Burns was named the fourth head coach in team history on January 7 , 1986 . He served as the Vikings ' offensive coordinator from 1968 to 1985 , when the team won 11 division titles and played in four Super Bowls . In his first season , the Vikings , led by the NFL Comeback Player of the Year Tommy Kramer , went 9 -- 7 , their first winning record in four years . On August 2 , 1986 , Fran Tarkenton was the first player who played the majority of his career with the Vikings to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Following the strike - shortened 1987 season , the 8 -- 7 Vikings , who had finished 8 -- 4 in regular games but 0 -- 3 using strike - replacement players , pulled two upsets in the playoffs . They defeated the 12 -- 3 New Orleans Saints 44 -- 10 at the Louisiana Superdome in the Wild Card game . The following week , in the Divisional Playoff game , they beat the 13 -- 2 San Francisco 49ers 36 -- 24 at Candlestick Park . During that game , Anthony Carter set the all - time record for most receiving yards in a playoff game with 227 yards . The Vikings played the Washington Redskins in the NFC Championship Game on January 17 , 1988 , at RFK Stadium . Trailing 17 -- 10 , the Vikings drove to the Redskins ' 6 - yard line with a little over a minute left in the game , but failed to get the ball into the end zone . The Vikings ' hopes of a Super Bowl ended when Darrin Nelson dropped a pass from Wade Wilson on fourth down at the goal line . On October 12 , 1989 , the Vikings acquired Herschel Walker from Dallas . The final result of the trade gave the Vikings Walker , third - round choice Mike Jones , fifth - round choice Reggie Thornton and 10th - round choice Pat Newman in 1990 and a third - round choice Jake Reed in 1991 .", "10": "Dallas received Issiac Holt , David Howard , Darrin Nelson , Jesse Solomon , Alex Stewart , a first - , second - and a sixth - round choice in 1990 , first - and second - round choices in 1991 and a first - , second - and third - round choice in 1992 . Two of those selections turned into Emmitt Smith and Darren Woodson . Walker 's performance fell short of expectations in his three seasons with the Vikings , while the Cowboys rode their draft picks to three Super Bowl victories in the early - to - mid-1990s . 1990s Cris Carter 's Hall of Fame display . Carter was a Viking from 1990 -- 2001 . On December 3 , 1991 , Jerry Burns announced his retirement effective at the end of the 1991 season . In six seasons as Head Coach of the Vikings , Burns compiled a career record of 52 -- 43 (. 547 ) . He also led Minnesota to three playoff appearances , including a division title and an NFC Championship Game . Dennis Green was later named the fifth head coach in team history , after turning around a struggling Stanford University football program as head coach from 1989 to 1991 . In his 10 seasons as the coach of the Vikings , Green won four NFC Central division titles , had eight playoff appearances , two NFC Championship Game appearances and an all - time record of 97 -- 62 . The Vikings therefore had the fifth highest winning percentage among all NFL teams during the regular season in the 1990s . 1998 Main article : 1998 Minnesota Vikings season 1998 was a year to remember for the franchise . With a spectacular offense led by quarterback Randall Cunningham ( who replaced an injured Brad Johnson ) , running back Robert Smith , veteran wide receiver Cris Carter , and explosive rookie Randy Moss , the Vikings set a then - NFL record by scoring a total of 556 points , never scoring fewer than 24 in a game . The Vikings finished the season 15 -- 1 , their only loss was to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 27 -- 24 in Week 9 . In the playoffs , the Vikings rolled past the Arizona Cardinals 41 -- 21 , and came into the Metrodome heavily favored for their NFC title showdown with the Atlanta Falcons , who had gone 14 -- 2 in the regular season .", "11": "After kicker Gary Anderson , who had just completed the first perfect regular season in NFL history ( not missing a single extra point or field goal attempt the entire year ) , missed a 38 - yard field goal attempt with just over 2 minutes remaining , the Falcons ' ensuing drive tied the game . This led to a controversial decision by head coach Dennis Green to run out the clock and let the game go to overtime . Though the Vikings won the coin toss , Atlanta went on to win it 30 -- 27 in overtime on Morten Andersen 's 38 - yard field goal . The Vikings became the first 15 -- 1 team to fail to reach the Super Bowl . The Falcons lost Super Bowl XXXIII to John Elway and the Denver Broncos . 1999 Randy Moss ( 1998 -- 2004 and 2010 ) Main article : 1999 Minnesota Vikings season Cunningham resumed duties again in 1999 , but after a lukewarm 2 -- 4 start , Jeff George replaced him as starting quarterback . He finished the season with an 8 -- 2 record , and led the Vikings into the postseason once again , with an overall team record of 10 -- 6 . Minnesota beat Dallas in the Wild Card game 27 -- 10 , and faced playoff newcomer Kurt Warner and the St. Louis Rams in the Divisional matchup . The game was a shootout that Minnesota led 17 -- 14 at halftime , but the Rams outscored Minnesota 35 -- 20 in the second half to win 49 -- 37 . St. Louis would go on to win Super Bowl XXXIV . 2000s The Vikings entered the decade by winning the divisional championship and an appearance in the NFC Championship game , where they were defeated 41 - 0 by the New York Giants . The following season , they struggled by posting a 5 -- 11 record in 2001 . The team would make the playoffs again in 2004 , but would not win a divisional title again until 2008 . Since the merger , the 2000s became the decade with the fewest playoff berths for the franchise . 2000 Main article : 2000 Minnesota Vikings season In 2000 , the Vikings went 11 -- 5 .", "12": "The Vikings were 11 -- 2 after 14 weeks , but slumped briefly , losing their last three to the Rams , Packers and Colts while starting quarterback Daunte Culpepper was hampered by injury . Nonetheless , the Vikings made the playoffs for the fifth straight year . After easily beating the Saints in the Divisional game 34 -- 16 , they traveled to New York City to face the Giants in the NFC Championship Game . Though they were the road team , the Vikings were favored to win the game ( since most considered their 11 -- 2 record with Culpepper more indicative than their 0 -- 3 record when he was out ) ; instead , the Vikings were defeated 41 -- 0 , their worst defeat in playoff history . Robert Smith , who ran for 1,521 yards that season , retired at the end of the year after only playing eight NFL seasons . 2001 -- 2005 In 2001 , after a disappointing 5 -- 11 season , the Vikings bought out the contract of Dennis Green , despite his successful coaching tenure with the team . Mike Tice coached the final game of 2001 , losing to the Ravens 19 -- 3 . Tice was named the permanent coach after the season , but he would not lead the Vikings back to the playoffs until 2004 . During the 2003 season , the Vikings came close to getting into the playoffs . However , the Arizona Cardinals completed a game - winning touchdown on 4th - and - 28 with 0 : 00 left , knocking the Vikings out of the playoffs . The moment of Arizona 's touchdown was actually the first moment the entire season in which the Vikings had n't led their division . The Vikings became the second team in football history to miss the playoffs after getting off to a 6 -- 0 start , following the 1978 Washington Redskins . In 2004 , Daunte Culpepper amassed MVP - like statistics , throwing for 4,717 passing yards ( leading the NFL ) , 39 passing touchdowns ( a Viking record ) , and 5,123 total yards ( an NFL record ) . In the wild card game , the Vikings defeated the rival Green Bay Packers in their first - ever playoff meeting , 31 -- 17 . In doing so , the Vikings became the second team in NFL history to have a .", "13": "500 record ( 8 -- 8 ) in the regular season and win a playoff game ( The St. Louis Rams did the same thing only a day earlier ) . In the divisional round , the Vikings were defeated by the eventual NFC champion Philadelphia Eagles . On March 2 , 2005 , Vikings wide receiver Randy Moss was traded to the Oakland Raiders for linebacker Napoleon Harris and the Raiders ' first round draft pick . After struggling to a disappointing 2 -- 5 start to the 2005 season , Vikings lost quarterback Daunte Culpepper to a season - ending knee injury . This injury was a very significant part to this Minnesota Vikings team due to the fact they also lost Moss . The dynamic duo from years earlier were now gone and a new leader would eventually emerge . The Vikings finished the 2005 season with a 9 -- 7 record . However , this season would be more notable for off - the - field events . In October , 17 team members were part of a party of about 90 that went out on a pleasure cruise on local Lake Minnetonka . The incident erupted into scandal when media reported that a number of the players had performed sex acts and that prostitutes had been flown in . Four players were ultimately charged with misdemeanors related to the party . Mike Tice was let go after the 2005 season and was replaced by Brad Childress . This was one of many significant front office moves made by the new ownership team , led by Zygi Wilf . 2006 -- 2008 All - Pro running back Adrian Peterson was selected 7th overall by the Vikings in the 2007 NFL Draft . Minnesota began the 2006 season 4 -- 2 ( with Childress becoming the first Vikings coach to start his career 2 -- 0 ) , but would finish the year at 6 -- 10 , receiving the 7th pick in the NFL Draft ; with it , the Vikings selected Adrian Peterson out of the University of Oklahoma . Peterson 's first career touchdown was a 60 - yard screen pass against the Atlanta Falcons in his first career game . When the Vikings played the Chicago Bears in Week 6 , Peterson broke the record for single game All - Purpose ( rushing , receiving , kick returning ) yards ( 361 total yards , 224 rushing ) .", "14": "In Week 9 , Peterson broke the NFL single game rushing record set by Jamal Lewis in 2003 by rushing for 296 yards against the San Diego Chargers . Despite a strong push in the middle of the season , winning five straight games , the Vikings lost their final two games to finish the season at 8 -- 8 and missed the playoffs . In Week 13 of the 2008 season against the Bears , Gus Frerotte hooked up with Bernard Berrian and set the record for longest play in franchise history with a 99 - yard touchdown pass . In the 2009 season , Adrian Peterson led the NFL with 1760 rushing yards , breaking the franchise record . The Vikings clinched the NFC North championship for the first time after defeating the New York Giants 20 -- 19 in Week 17 , when kicker Ryan Longwell made the game - winning field goal . Peterson had 19 carries for 109 yards and added a touchdown during the game . On January 4 , 2009 , the Vikings hosted the Philadelphia Eagles for the Wild Card round , their first home playoff game in eight years . The Eagles led the Viking 16 -- 14 at halftime and , coming off a 44 -- 6 victory over the Dallas Cowboys , went on to defeat the Vikings 26 -- 14 . The Eagles would go on to defeat the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants in the Divisional round , only to lose to the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship Game . Since 2006 , the Vikings have been known especially for their strong run defense ( # 1 in the NFL in 2006 , 2007 , and 2008 ; they are the first NFL team to accomplish this since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 ) , anchored by the Williams Wall consisting of defensive tackle Kevin Williams and nose tackle Pat Williams ( no relation ) . With the addition of sack - leader Jared Allen in 2008 , the dominant front four began being called by several nicknames , including `` Thunder and Plunder '' and `` Shock and AWE '' ( an acronym of their surname initials ) . 2009 -- 2010 Brett Favre played for the Vikings in 2009 and 2010 .", "15": "On August 18 , 2009 , after months of speculation and negotiations , twice - retired veteran quarterback Brett Favre , who until 2007 had played 16 years for division archrival Green Bay Packers , signed a two - year , $25 million deal with the Vikings . On October 5 , 2009 , the Vikings hosted the Green Bay Packers as Favre played his former team for the first time . With a 30 -- 23 victory on Monday Night Football , the Vikings moved to a 4 -- 0 record . Favre became the first quarterback in NFL history to defeat all 32 current teams as a starter . Over 21.8 million viewers tuned in to watch the game , beating the previous record for a cable television program set by a game between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Dallas Cowboys in 2008 ( 18.6 million viewers ) . The Vikings beat the New York Giants , 44 -- 7 , in Week 17 to help the team clinch the second seed in the conference and a first round - bye with an Eagles loss later that same day . The Vikings ended the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record , their best record since 2000 and the first 11 - plus win season since their record - setting 1998 campaign . The Vikings played the Dallas Cowboys in the divisional round on January 17 , 2010 , and won the game by a score of 34 -- 3 , advancing the Vikings to the NFC Championship game , the ninth in franchise history . This would also be the first NFC Championship game for the team since the 2000 season . Minnesota would travel to New Orleans the following week to face the top - seeded Saints in the first conference championship game held at the Superdome . Despite out - gaining the Saints on offense by nearly a twofold margin , the Vikings were severely hindered by five turnovers , including a Favre interception in the final minute of the fourth quarter in Saints territory . They were ousted in overtime , 31 -- 28 , as the Saints won the coin toss and kicked a 40 - yard field goal on the first possession of overtime . Minnesota Vikings 50th Anniversary logo : 2010 In the first week of the 2010 NFL regular season , the Vikings played the defending Super Bowl champions , the New Orleans Saints .", "16": "The Vikings lost 14 -- 9 . In Week 2 , the Vikings played the Miami Dolphins and lost 14 -- 10 . The Vikings defeated the Detroit Lions 24 -- 10 in the third week of the season . After a week four bye - week , the Vikings received star wide receiver Randy Moss in a trade with the New England Patriots . Even with the addition of Moss , the Vikings lost to the New York Jets 29 -- 20 in Week 5 . The Vikings won a crucial victory against another struggling team in the form of the Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 21 , but in Week 7 the Vikings lost to the arch - rival Green Bay Packers 28 -- 24 . In Week 9 , the Vikings played the Arizona Cardinals at home and won 27 -- 24 in overtime , coming back from a 24 -- 10 deficit in the final four minutes of regulation . Favre threw for a career - high 446 passing yards . The Vikings then went on to face the Chicago Bears , but were defeated , and then went on to be blown out 31 -- 3 at home by the Packers the following game . Head coach Brad Childress was fired the following Monday . With Leslie Frazier filling in for the fired Childress , the Vikings won two games in a row . One against the Washington Redskins on the road , and a blowout win over the Buffalo Bills at home . Jared Allen played for the Vikings from 2008 to 2013 . After a winter storm dropped nearly 17 inches of snow in the Minneapolis / St Paul area the Saturday before the Vikings December 12 home game versus the New York Giants and 30 mph gusts drove snow removers off the dome 's roof overnight , several panels were damaged as the weight of the snow caused the roof to collapse . After viewing the damage , Vikings management and the NFL decided to move the game to Monday and play it at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan . Because of on - going repairs to the roof of the Metrodome , the Vikings played their December 20 game versus the Chicago Bears at TCF Bank Stadium . Favre threw the final touchdown pass of his career ( to Percy Harvin ) in this game . The game was played 29 years to the day after the last outdoor game at old Met Stadium .", "17": "On December 26 , the NFL announced that the game versus the Philadelphia Eagles was being postponed to Tuesday , December 28 , 2010 because of blizzard conditions . This marks the third consecutive venue or date change for a Vikings game and was the first NFL game played on a Tuesday since 1964 . The Vikings proceeded to upset the dynamic Eagles offense , led by a resurgent Michael Vick , 24 -- 14 with rookie Joe Webb at the helm . The Vikings finished the season 6 -- 10 with a 20 -- 13 loss against the Detroit Lions . 2011 -- 2013 The 2010 -- 11 season was a step down for the Minnesota Vikings . After coming within a few plays of Super Bowl XLIV , Minnesota ended the 2010 season with a 6 -- 10 record and a last place finish in the NFC North for the first time since 1990 . During the season , the Vikings had many distractions , including trading for Randy Moss and then waiving him only a month later , Brett Favre 's NFL investigation for allegedly sending inappropriate text messages to Jets ' employee Jenn Sterger while he was with the team in 2008 , the Metrodome 's collapse and resulting venue changes , and finally head coach Brad Childress ' firing on November 22 following a 31 -- 3 loss at the hands of the rival Green Bay Packers . After serving as the interim head coach for the final six games of the season ( finishing with a 3 -- 3 record ) , defensive coordinator Leslie Frazier was officially named the head coach on January 3 , 2011 , after signing a three - year contract . On January 17 , Brett Favre retired for the third , and officially last , time , leaving the team in search for a long term replacement at the quarterback position . Wasting no time after being appointed head coach , Frazier began to restructure the team 's coaching staff , including letting go of offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and hiring Mike Singletary as linebackers coach and Bill Musgrave as the new offensive coordinator . Their first round draft pick was Christian Ponder , a quarterback from Florida State University . The team finished with a 3 -- 13 record , tied with the 1984 Vikings for the second worst record in franchise history .", "18": "In 2012 , Adrian Peterson rushed for 2,097 yards -- 8 less than Eric Dickerson 's single - season record . During the 2012 NFL Draft , the team selected USC lineman Matt Kalil with the 4th overall pick after a trade with the Cleveland Browns , and Notre Dame safety Harrison Smith in the first round . Both players were instrumental in helping the Vikings reach the playoffs for the 27th time in franchise history , as was fellow draftee , sixth - round selection Blair Walsh . After beating the Packers in the final game of 2012 to reach the playoffs as the NFC 's sixth seed , the Vikings lost 24 -- 10 to the Packers in the rematch at Lambeau Field in the Wild Card round . The team was forced to play backup Joe Webb during the game after Ponder was sidelined due to an arm injury sustained from the previous week . Peterson was later named the league 's MVP , after rushing for 2,097 yards , the second most rushing yards in a season in NFL history . In the 2013 season , the Vikings finished with five wins , ten losses , and one tie , with no road wins . Notable moments include acquired free agent Matt Cassel outplaying Christian Ponder at the quarterback position and the defense allowing a league - worst 480 points , coming within four points of matching the franchise 's worst set in 1984 . This was also the last season played at the Metrodome as a new stadium deal was reached . Leslie Frazier was fired after the regular season ended . 2014 -- present The Vikings moved to U.S. Bank Stadium in 2016 The team hired former Cincinnati Bengals defensive coordinator Mike Zimmer to replace Leslie Frazier as head coach on January 16 , 2014 . Former Cleveland Browns offensive coordinator Norv Turner replaced Bill Musgrave , and George Edwards replaced Alan Williams as defensive coordinator . In the 2014 NFL Draft , the Vikings selected Anthony Barr , a linebacker out of UCLA , and Teddy Bridgewater , a quarterback out of the University of Louisville . Bridgewater would later lose the starting job to Matt Cassel only to become the starter for the Vikings when Cassel was lost to a season - ending foot injury in week 3 .", "19": "Star running back Adrian Peterson only played in one regular season game due to his ongoing child abuse trial , with NFL commissioner Roger Goodell placing Peterson on the Commissioner 's Exempt List indefinitely . On April 16 , 2015 , the league released a statement issuing Peterson 's reinstatement to occur on April 17 , 2015 . The Vikings concluded their season with seven wins and nine losses , winning only one game against a divisional opponent , although Bridgewater set a franchise record for wins by a rookie starting quarterback . On January 3 , 2016 , the Vikings beat divisional rival Green Bay 20 -- 13 to win the NFC North for the first time since 2009 . The Vikings , led by their top 5 defense , ended the 2015 season with an 11 -- 5 record , and a # 3 seed in the playoffs . However , they lost to the Seattle Seahawks 10 -- 9 after Blair Walsh missed a 27 - yard field goal in the third coldest game in NFL playoff history . The Vikings were responsible for a historic milestone in the late rounds of the 2016 NFL draft . Their sixth - round selection , German wide receiver Moritz Böhringer , was the first European player ever to be drafted by an NFL team without having previously played at any level in North America . After Teddy Bridgewater went down with a knee injury in the preseason of 2016 , the Vikings traded their 2017 first round pick and a conditional fourth round pick to the Philadelphia Eagles for quarterback Sam Bradford , who threw for 20 touchdowns , 5 interceptions , 3,877 yards , and led the Vikings to an 8 - 8 season . Following the knee injury , the Vikings declined to pick up the 5th year option for Teddy Bridgewater . Running back Adrian Peterson went down to injury in Week 2 against the Green Bay Packers with a torn meniscus and was placed on the Injured Reserve until Week 15 . On February 28 , 2017 , the Vikings announced they would not exercise Peterson 's 2017 contract option which made him a free agent . Had they exercised the option , Peterson would be owed $18 million for the 2017 season .", "20": "On April 25 , 2017 , the New Orleans Saints signed Peterson to a 2 - year , $7 million contract , ending his tenure with the Vikings since his debut in 2007 as a rookie . He holds several Vikings records including most career rushing touchdowns , career rushing yards , and most rushing yards in a season . In the summer of 2017 , the Vikings ownership announced they would end the 52 - year annual tradition of summer training camp in Mankato , Minnesota at Minnesota State University , Mankato as they built a large new headquarters , training facility and area property development in Eagan , Minnesota on the site of the former Northwest Airlines offices to be completed in the spring of 2018 in time for the 2018 summer training camp . The Minneapolis Miracle was the final play of the 2017 / 18 Divisional Round game against the New Orleans Saints . The Vikings were trailing by one point and needed a field goal or touchdown to secure a trip to the NFC Championship Game . With less than ten seconds remaining in the game quarterback Case Keenum lobbed the ball to wide receiver Stefon Diggs , which became the game - winning touchdown . This also happens to be the very first walk - off victory in NFL playoff history . On KFAN 100.3 , radio announcer , Paul Allen dubbed the play the ' Minneapolis Miracle ' . They would go on to the NFC Championship for the opportunity to be playing in the Super Bowl within their own stadium . This would end up not happening as the Vikings would lose to the eventual Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles 38 - 7 . Logo and uniforms The Vikings ' trademark horned helmet and purple - and - gold uniforms were designed by Los Angeles Examiner cartoonist Karl Hubenthal . Bert Rose and Norm Van Brocklin both knew Hubenthal from their days with the Los Angeles Rams organization . Hubenthal also designed the original Norseman logo . From the team 's debut in 1961 to 1995 , the Vikings ' logos and uniforms essentially remained the same . Reflecting Minnesota 's Scandinavian cultural heritage , one of the team 's two primary logos consists of a profile of a blond norseman , while the other consists of a white Viking horn . Minnesota Vikings wordmark ( 1982 -- 2003 ) The team 's helmet is purple with a Viking horn logo on each side .", "21": "Each horn is outlined in gold . The horn logo was slightly revised in 2006 . The original uniform design consisted of white pants , gold trim , and either purple or white jerseys . From 1962 to 1964 , the Vikings wore purple pants with their white jerseys ( The Vikings , with their new uniform , still wear , on occasion , purple pants with yellow and white trim ) . In a design that was unique among American football teams , the white jerseys had a completely different stripe pattern , which was over the shoulders , than the purple ones , which was around the sleeve cuff . These unique shoulder stripes on the white jerseys did not appear until 1969 , the year they went to their first Super Bowl . There have also been minor changes to the uniform design throughout the years , such as changing the color of the facemask from gray to white ( 1980 ) , and then to purple ( 1985 ) ; and adding the Norseman logo to the sleeves ( 1996 ) . The Vikings continued to wear black shoes until Les Steckel became head coach in 1984 . In 2006 , the team returned to black shoes for first time since the 1983 season . The Vikings tweaked their Norseman logo , which involved updating the shading , altering the shape and base of the horns , thickening the mustache and face , making the gold tones brighter , and shortening the braid . The new logo was unveiled on February 14 , 2013 . On March 28 , the team reported that new uniforms will be unveiled on April 25 . On April 25 , 2013 , the Minnesota Vikings unveiled the club 's new uniforms during its annual NFL Draft party . From 1969 through 1973 , the Vikings had an alternate purple jersey without stripes for warm - weather games . The team 's uniforms were redesigned in 2006 , the first significant change in the franchise 's 46 - year history . Although the team colors remained the same , trim lines were added to the outside shoulders and sleeves , and the sides of the jerseys and pants . In addition the horn on the helmet was slightly more defined . Included in the new design are both white and purple pants , the purple pants have not been regularly used since 2007 , but resurfaced twice in 2010 .", "22": "The team wore black armbands for the last four games in 1978 in memory of Jack `` Jocko '' Nelson , an assistant coach who died during the season . In 1985 the team wore a 25 years patch on their jerseys . In 1989 , they wore a `` 40 for 60 '' patch honoring the 1969 NFL championship team . They wore a 35 years patch in 1995 , 40 years in 2000 and 45 years in 2005 . They also wore patches in 1999 for assistant coach Chip Myers who died in the offseason and in 2001 for Korey Stringer . The Vikings , like other teams , wore NFL 50th and 75th anniversary patches in 1969 and 1994 . All purple uniforms In the 1960s the Vikings wore purple pants with road white jerseys . On October 11 , 1964 the Vikings played the Detroit Lions at Metropolitan Stadium and the Lions mistakenly only brought their white jerseys to Minnesota . Both teams started the game in white , but by the second quarter the Vikings were able to obtain their purple tops . The Vikings changed jerseys on the sidelines during the 2nd quarter , finishing the game in purple jerseys and purple pants . It was n't until 43 years later , on December 17 , 2007 ( a Monday Night Football game versus the Chicago Bears ) that the Vikings again donned both purple jerseys and purple pants -- the first time the Vikings wore all - purple intentionally . Three years later , the Vikings played the November 7 , 2010 home game against the Arizona Cardinals in the all - purple uniform . The NFL added new Color Rush uniforms for all 32 teams during the 2016 - 17 season , specifically for Thursday Night Football games . The Vikings showed off an all purple look with gold numbers and stripes on the pants , debuting their own Color Rush uniform on December 1 versus the Dallas Cowboys at U.S. Bank Stadium . Mascots Current mascot After several failed attempts at developing an official team - owned mascot , the Vikings finally introduced Viktor the Viking during the 2007 Vikings ' season . Team officials had long indicated that they were after a mascot concept that would primarily appeal to the team 's younger fan base .", "23": "Viktor the Viking , a muscle - bound , blond - haired and mustachioed character , wears a Vikings ' # 1 jersey and an oversized Vikings helmet with protruding horns and a small yellow nose guard . Historic mascots From 1970 to 1992 , Hub Meeds dressed as a Viking and served as the team mascot . Meeds asked to become the mascot after being accidentally let onto the field by security during Super Bowl IV . From 1994 to 2015 , the team mascot was Ragnar ( played by Joseph Juranitch ) and was based on the legendary Viking Ragnar Lodbrok . Juranitch admits to being somewhat of an eccentric -- he holds the current world record for fastest time shaving a beard with an axe , but has n't shaved his beard since he won the Ragnar job among 3,000 applicants . Ragnar drove onto the field at the beginning of a game dressed in Viking garb , on a motorcycle , while a cheerleader used to ride a snowmobile . Although never one to shy away from confrontations with opposing players , notably Chad `` Ochocinco '' Johnson , he had a soft spot for Brett Favre while the quarterback started for the rival Green Bay Packers . In 2015 , the Vikings announced that they were not able to reach a new contract agreement with Juranitch which he wanted $20,000 per game , and released him . Another mascot associated with the Vikings was `` Vikadontis Rex '' , a purple foam dinosaur . Vikadontis was the official mascot of the Minnesota Vikings Children 's Fund and took part in the 1995 Celebrity Mascot Olympics . Vikadontis was retired starting with the 2000 season . The team also had an NFL Huddles mascot in the mid-1980s , ( somewhat similar to Viktor the Viking ) . Krazy George was also employed as a cheerleader from 1982 to 1985 . Traditions Fight song Further information : Skol , Vikings `` Skol , Vikings '' is the fight song of the Minnesota Vikings . It was introduced around the time the team was founded in 1961 . It is always played whenever the team scores a touchdown , field goal or safety , and at the end of each half .", "24": "The song `` Purple and Gold '' was recorded in 2010 by Prince to be used as a fight song for the Minnesota Vikings . Rivals Due to geographic and cultural proximity , the Vikings ' foremost rival is the Green Bay Packers . Some sources cite this rivalry as the biggest overall in the NFC North apart from the Packers - Bears rivalry ( which dates back several more decades , i.e. to 1920 ) . Chicago Bears Further information : Bears -- Vikings rivalry Detroit Lions Further information : Lions -- Vikings rivalry Green Bay Packers Further information : Packers -- Vikings rivalry Helga hats Vikings fans are known to dress up in `` Helga hats '' , purple hats with white horns and blonde braids , mimicking the helmets popularly believed to have been worn by Viking warriors . The original Helga Hats are still hand assembled in the Twin Cities area . Vikings horn During home games , the Vikings ' Gjallarhorn is loudly played and sounds often after the team has made a big play , gets a first down , or scores a touchdown . The team often also uses the horn during its pre-game ceremonies . In addition , a flash cannon fires upon Vikings touchdowns . Players See also : Minnesota Vikings all - time statistical leaders Current roster Minnesota Vikings roster view talk Quarterbacks 8 Kirk Cousins 3 Trevor Siemian 1 Kyle Sloter Running backs 31 Mack Brown 33 Dalvin Cook 30 C.J.", "25": "Ham FB 25 Latavius Murray Wide receivers 13 Stacy Coley 14 Stefon Diggs 16 Cayleb Jones 12 Tavarres King 19 Adam Thielen 11 Laquon Treadwell 17 Kendall Wright 15 Brandon Zylstra Tight ends 81 Blake Bell 89 David Morgan II 87 Josiah Price 82 Kyle Rudolph Offensive linemen 64 Josh Andrews G 76 Aviante Collins T 79 Tom Compton G 62 Nick Easton G 67 Cornelius Edison C 65 Pat Elflein C 69 Rashod Hill T 63 Danny Isidora G 78 Dieugot Joseph T 68 Cedrick Lang T 72 Storm Norton T 71 Riley Reiff T 74 Mike Remmers T Defensive linemen 90 Tashawn Bower DE 92 Dylan Bradley DT 97 Everson Griffen DE 99 Danielle Hunter DE 94 Jaleel Johnson DT 98 Linval Joseph DT 66 Caushaud Lyons DT 95 Ifeadi Odenigbo DE 93 Sheldon Richardson DT 96 Brian Robison DE 91 Stephen Weatherly DE Linebackers 55 Anthony Barr OLB 40 Kentrell Brothers MLB 43 Reshard Cliett OLB 42 Ben Gedeon OLB 54 Eric Kendricks MLB 56 Antwione Williams OLB 50 Eric Wilson OLB Defensive backs 20 Mackensie Alexander CB 41 Anthony Harris FS -- Mike Hughes CB 27 Jayron Kearse SS 29 Xavier Rhodes CB 38 Horace Richardson CB 34 Andrew Sendejo SS 35 Marcus Sherels CB 22 Harrison Smith FS 39 Jack Tocho S 26 Trae Waynes CB Special teams 48 Nick Dooley LS 2 Kai Forbath K 47 Kevin McDermott LS 4 Ryan Quigley P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 16 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 64 Active ,", "26": "0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers Minnesota Vikings retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 53 Mick Tingelhoff 1962 -- 1978 70 Jim Marshall DE 1961 -- 1979 77 Korey Stringer OT 1995 -- 2000 80 Cris Carter WR 1990 -- 2001 88 Alan Page DT 1967 -- 1978 posthumous Pro Football Hall of Famers Minnesota Vikings Hall of Famers Players No .", "27": "Name Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted Warren Moon QB 1994 -- 1996 2006 Jan Stenerud 1984 -- 1985 1991 Brett Favre QB 2009 -- 2010 2016 7 Morten Andersen 2017 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 1986 22 Paul Krause 1968 -- 1979 1998 39 Hugh McElhenny RB 1961 -- 1962 1970 44 Dave Casper TE 2002 53 Mick Tingelhoff 1962 -- 1978 2015 56 Chris Doleman DE 1985 -- 1993 , 1999 2012 58 Jim Langer 1980 -- 1981 64 Randall McDaniel 1988 -- 1999 2009 65 Gary Zimmerman OT 1986 -- 1992 2008 73 Ron Yary OT 1968 -- 1981 2001 80 Cris Carter WR 1990 -- 2001 2013 81 Carl Eller DE 1964 -- 1978 84 Randy Moss WR 1998 -- 2004 , 2010 2018 88 Alan Page DT 1967 -- 1978 1988 93 John Randle DT 1990 -- 2000 Coaches and Executives Name Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted Jim Finks General manager 1964 -- 1973 1995 Bud Grant Head coach 1967 -- 1983 , 1985 1994 italics = played only a minor portion of their career with the Vikings , and are recognized primarily based upon achievements with other teams Ring of Honor Minnesota Vikings Ring of Honor No .", "28": "Player Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 000000001998 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1998 22 Paul Krause 1968 -- 1979 000000001998 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1998 28 Ahmad Rashad WR 1976 -- 1982 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2017 30 Bill Brown RB 1962 -- 1974 000000002004 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2004 44 Chuck Foreman RB 1973 -- 1979 000000002007 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2007 47 Joey Browner 1983 -- 1991 000000002013 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2013 53 Mick Tingelhoff 1962 -- 1978 000000002001 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2001 55 Scott Studwell LB 1977 -- 1990 000000002009 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2009 56 Chris Doleman DE 1985 -- 1993 , 1999 000000002011 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2011 59 Matt Blair LB 1974 -- 1985 000000002012 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2012 64 Randall McDaniel 1988 -- 1999 000000002006 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2006 70 Jim Marshall DE 1961 -- 1979 000000001999 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 ,", "29": "1999 73 Ron Yary OT 1968 -- 1981 000000002001 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2001 77 Korey Stringer OT 1995 -- 2000 000000002001 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2001 80 Cris Carter WR 1990 -- 2001 000000002003 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2003 81 Carl Eller DE 1964 -- 1978 000000002002 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2002 84 Randy Moss WR 1998 -- 2004 , 2010 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2017 88 Alan Page DT 1967 -- 1978 000000001998 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1998 93 John Randle DT 1990 -- 2000 000000002008 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2008 -- Jerry Burns Head coach 1986 -- 1991 000000002005 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2005 -- Jim Finks General manager 1964 -- 1973 000000001998 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1998 -- Bud Grant Head coach 1967 -- 1983 , 1985 000000001998 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1998 -- Fred Zamberletti Medical adviser 1961 -- 2011 000000001998 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1998 25th Anniversary Team ( 1985 ) Fran Tarkenton QB , # 10 Bill Brown RB , # 30 Chuck Foreman RB , # 44 Ahmad Rashād WR ,", "30": "# 28 Sammy White WR , # 85 Stu Voigt TE , # 83 Ron Yary T , # 73 Grady Alderman T , # 67 Ed White G , # 62 Milt Sunde G , # 64 Mick Tingelhoff C , # 53 Jim Marshall DE , # 70 Alan Page DT , # 88 Gary Larsen DT , # 77 Carl Eller DE , # 81 Matt Blair OLB , # 59 Scott Studwell ILB , # 55 Jeff Siemon ILB , # 50 Roy Winston OLB , # 60 Bobby Bryant CB , # 20 Ed Sharockman CB , # 45 Paul Krause S , # 22 Karl Kassulke S , # 29 Fred Cox K , # 14 Greg Coleman P , # 8 Bud Grant HC 40th Anniversary Team ( 2000 ) Fran Tarkenton QB , # 10 Chuck Foreman RB , # 44 Robert Smith RB , # 26 Ahmad Rashād WR , # 28 Cris Carter WR , # 80 Steve Jordan TE , # 83 Ron Yary OT , # 73 Randall McDaniel OG , # 64 Mick Tingelhoff C , # 53 Ed White OG , # 62 Tim Irwin OT , # 76 Jim Marshall DE , # 70 Alan Page DT , # 88 John Randle DT , # 93 Carl Eller DE , # 81 Matt Blair LB , # 59 Scott Studwell LB , # 55 Jeff Siemon LB , # 50 Bobby Bryant CB , # 20 Carl Lee CB , # 39 Paul Krause S , # 22 Joey Browner S , # 47 Greg Coleman P , # 8 Fred Cox K , # 14 Darrin Nelson KR , # 20 Bill Brown ST , # 30 50 Greatest Vikings ( 2010 ) In connection with the team 's 50th anniversary , the Vikings announced a group of 50 top players on December 19 , 2010 . Grady Alderman OT , # 67 Jared Allen DE ,", "31": "# 69 Matt Birk C , # 75 / 78 Matt Blair LB , # 59 Bill Brown RB , # 30 Joey Browner S , # 47 Bobby Bryant CB , # 20 Anthony Carter WR , # 81 Cris Carter WR , # 80 Fred Cox K , # 14 Daunte Culpepper QB , # 11 Chris Doleman DE / LB , # 56 Carl Eller DE , # 81 Chuck Foreman RB , # 44 John Gilliam WR , # 42 Bud Grant Coach Wally Hilgenberg LB , # 58 Steve Hutchinson G # 76 Tim Irwin OT , # 76 Steve Jordan TE , # 83 Tommy Kramer QB , # 9 Paul Krause S , # 22 Gary Larsen DT , # 77 Carl Lee CB , # 39 Jim Marshall DE , # 70 Randall McDaniel G , # 64 Keith Millard DT , # 75 Randy Moss WR , # 84 Dave Osborn RB , # 41 Alan Page DT , # 88 Adrian Peterson RB , # 28 John Randle DT , # 93 Ahmad Rashād WR , # 28 Ed Sharockman CB , # 45 Jeff Siemon LB , # 50 Robert Smith RB , # 20 / 26 Scott Studwell LB , # 55 Doug Sutherland DT , # 69 Fran Tarkenton QB , # 10 Henry Thomas DT , # 97 Mick Tingelhoff C , # 53 Stu Voigt TE , # 83 Gene Washington WR , # 84 Ed White G , # 62 Sammy White WR , # 85 Kevin Williams DT , # 93 Antoine Winfield CB , # 26 Roy Winston LB , # 60 Ron Yary OT , # 73 Gary Zimmerman OT , # 65 All Metrodome Team ( 2013 ) Offense QB -- # 11 Daunte Culpepper , 1999 -- 2005 RB -- # 28 Adrian Peterson , 2007 -- 2013 RB -- # 26 Robert Smith , 1993 -- 2000 WR -- # 81 Anthony Carter ,", "32": "1985 -- 1993 WR -- # 80 Cris Carter , 1990 -- 2001 WR -- # 84 Randy Moss , 1998 -- 2004 , 2010 TE -- # 83 Steve Jordan , 1982 -- 1994 OT -- # 76 Tim Irwin , 1981 -- 1993 OT -- # 65 Gary Zimmerman , 1986 -- 1992 OG -- # 76 Steve Hutchinson , 2006 -- 2011 OG -- # 64 Randall McDaniel , 1988 -- 1999 C -- # 78 Matt Birk , 1998 -- 2008 Defense DE -- # 69 Jared Allen , 2008 -- 2013 DE -- # 56 Chris Doleman , 1985 -- 1993 , 1999 DT -- # 93 John Randle , 1990 -- 2000 DT -- # 93 Kevin Williams , 2003 -- 2013 LB -- # 52 Chad Greenway , 2006 -- 2013 LB -- # 58 Ed McDaniel , 1992 -- 2001 LB -- # 55 Scott Studwell , 1977 -- 1990 CB -- # 39 Carl Lee , 1983 -- 1993 CB -- # 26 Antoine Winfield , 2004 -- 2012 S -- # 24 Robert Griffith , 1994 -- 2001 S -- # 47 Joey Browner , 1983 -- 1991 Special teams K -- # 8 Ryan Longwell , 2006 -- 2011 P -- # 5 / # 4 Chris Kluwe , 2005 -- 2012 KR -- # 12 Percy Harvin ( WR ) , 2009 -- 2012 ST -- # 81 Chris Walsh ( WR ) , 1994 -- 2002 Head Coach HC -- Dennis Green , 1992 -- 2001 Coaches Head coaches Main article : List of Minnesota Vikings head coaches Name Years Won Lost Ties Winning % Postseason Norm Van Brocklin 1961 -- 1966 29 51 .", "33": "345 -- Bud Grant 1967 -- 1983 151 87 5 . 621 1968 -- 71 , 1973 -- 78 , 1980 , 1982 Les Steckel 1984 13 0 . 188 -- Bud Grant 1985 7 9 0 . 438 -- Jerry Burns 1986 -- 1991 52 43 0 . 547 1987 -- 89 Dennis Green 1992 -- 2001 97 62 0 . 610 1992 -- 94 , 1996 -- 2000 Mike Tice 2001 -- 2005 32 33 0 . 492 Brad Childress 2006 -- 2010 39 35 0 . 527 2008 , 2009 Leslie Frazier 2010 -- 2013 21 32 . 398 2012 Mike Zimmer 2014 -- present 39 24 0 . 619 2015 , 2017 Total 470 390 10 . 546 29 Current staff Minnesota Vikings staff Front Office Owner / Chairman -- Zygi Wilf Owner / President -- Mark Wilf Owner / Vice Chairman -- Leonard Wilf General Manager -- Rick Spielman Assistant General Manager -- George Paton Executive Vice President -- Public Affairs -- Lester Bagley Executive Vice President -- Football Operations -- Rob Brzezinski Executive Vice President -- Strategic Planning and Business Initiatives -- Jonathan Wilf Executive Vice President / Chief Marketing Officer -- Steve LaCroix Executive Vice President / Chief Financial Officer -- Steve Poppen Chief Operating Officer -- Kevin Warren Project Executive -- Don Becker Consultant -- Bud Grant Consultant -- Team Historian -- Fred Zamberletti Director of Real Estate Development -- Grant Till Director of College Scouting --", "34": "Jamaal Stephenson Director of Pro Scouting -- Ryan Monnens Director of Analytics / Pro Scout -- Scott Kuhn Head Coaches Head Coach -- Mike Zimmer Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- John DeFilippo Senior Offensive Assistant -- Todd Downing Quarterbacks -- Kevin Stefanski Running Backs -- Kennedy Polamalu Wide Receivers -- Darrell Hazell Assistant Wide Receivers -- Drew Petzing Tight Ends -- Clancy Barone Offensive Line -- Tony Sparano Assistant Offensive Line -- Andrew Janocko Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- George Edwards Defensive Line -- Andre Patterson Assistant Defensive Line -- Robert Rodriguez Linebackers -- Adam Zimmer Defensive Backs -- Jerry Gray Defensive Assistant -- Jeff Howard Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Mike Priefer Assistant Special Teams -- Ryan Ficken Strength and Conditioning Head Athletic Trainer -- Eric Sugarman Assistant Athletic Trainer -- Rob Roche Assistant Athletic Trainer -- Albert Padilla Assistant Athletic Trainer / Physical Therapist -- David Jantzi Head Strength and Conditioning -- Mark Uyeyama Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Derik Keyes Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Reshard Langford Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Chaz Mahle Equipment Equipment Manager -- Dennis Ryan Assistant Equipment Manager -- Aaron Neumann Assistant Equipment Manager -- Adam Groene Equipment Assistant -- Terrell Barnes → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West", "35": "ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Map of radio affiliates The Vikings ' flagship radio station is KFXN - FM ( 100.3 ) , which uses the branding `` KFAN '' based on its former calls on 1130 AM before a format flip between the AM and FM stations before the 2011 season ; 1130 AM also continues to broadcast game play - by - play as KTLK . The games are also heard on the `` KFAN Radio Network '' in Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , South Dakota , and North Dakota , as well as many other outlets . Paul Allen has been the play - by - play announcer since the 2002 NFL season with Pete Bercich filling in as analyst , who began his first season in 2007 . Telecasts of preseason games not shown on national networks are aired on KMSP ( Channel 9 ) in the Twin Cities with a simulcast of KFAN 's radio broadcast while Fox Sports North shows a tape delay later .", "36": "Radio affiliates Minnesota City Call sign Frequency Aitkin KKIN - FM 94.3 FM Albert Lea KQPR - FM 96.1 FM Alexandria KIKV - FM 100.7 FM Bemidji KBUN 1450 AM Bemidji KBHP - FM 101.1 FM Benson KSCR - FM 93.5 FM Blue Earth KBEW - FM 98.1 FM Brainerd KBLB - FM 93.3 FM Crookston KROX - AM 1260 AM Dassel KARP - FM 106.9 FM Detroit Lakes KBOT - FM 104.1 FM Detroit Lakes KDLM - AM 1340 AM Duluth KJOQ 1490 AM Duluth KQDS - FM 94.9 FM Ely WELY - AM 1450 AM Ely WELY - FM 94.5 FM Eveleth KRBT - AM 1340 AM Fergus Falls KBRF - AM 1250 AM Frazee KDLB 94.5 FM Grand Rapids KMFY - FM 96.9 FM Grand Marais WVVE 95.3 FM Hibbing WNMT - AM 650 AM International Falls KSDM - FM 104.1 FM Jackson KRAQ - FM 105.7 FM Mankato KFSP 1230 AM Mankato KNUJ - FM 105.9 FM Mankato KXLP - FM 94.1 FM Marshall KARL - FM 105.1 FM Morris KKOK - FM 95.7 FM New Ulm KNUJ - FM 107.3 FM Pine City WCMP - FM 100.9 FM Rochester KFAN - AM 1270 AM Rochester KRCH - FM 101.7 FM Roseau KCAJ - FM 102.1 FM St.", "37": "Cloud WJON - AM 1240 AM Spring Grove KQYB - FM 98.3 FM Thief River Falls KTRF - AM 1230 AM Twin Cities KFXN - FM 100.3 FM Twin Cities KTLK 1130 AM Wadena KSKK 1070 AM Waseca KOWZ 1170 AM Willmar KWLM - AM 1340 AM Willmar K242CF - FM 96.3 FM Winona KWNO 1230 AM Worthington KWOA - AM 730 AM Iowa City Call sign Frequency Des Moines KXNO - AM 1460 AM Sioux City KMNS - AM 620 AM Spencer KICD - AM 1240 AM Spencer K252EX - FM 98.3 FM Mason City KLKK - FM 103.7 FM North Dakota City Call sign Frequency Bismarck KXMR - AM 710 AM Carrington KDAK - AM 1600 AM Devils Lake KDLR - AM 1240 AM Dickinson KLTC - AM 1460 AM Fargo KFGO 790 AM Fargo KRWK - FM 101.9 FM Grand Forks KKXL - AM 1440 AM Jamestown KQDJ - AM 1400 AM Jamestown K246AM - FM 97.1 FM Minot KRRZ - AM 1390 AM Oakes KDDR - AM 1220 AM Oakes K240CJ - FM 95.9 FM Valley City KOVC - AM 1490 AM Williston KEYZ - AM 660 AM South Dakota City Call sign Frequency Aberdeen KGIM - AM 1420 AM Aberdeen K296FW - FM 107.1 FM Milbank KMSD - AM 1510 AM Milbank K252FB - FM 98.", "38": "3 FM Mobridge KMLO - FM 100.7 FM Pierre KPLO - FM 94.5 FM Sioux Falls KWSN - AM 1230 AM Sioux Falls K251BH - FM 98.1 FM Sisseton KBWS - FM 102.9 FM Watertown KPHR - FM 106.3 FM Yankton WNAX - AM 570 AM Yankton K260BO - FM 99.9 FM Wisconsin City Call sign Frequency Amery WLMX - FM 104.9 FM Eau Claire WMEQ - AM 880 AM Hayward WHSM - FM 101.1 FM Rice Lake WKFX - FM 99.1 FM Source : See also Pro Football Hall of Fame List of Minnesota Vikings seasons List of Minnesota Vikings starting quarterbacks List of Minnesota Vikings head coaches List of Minnesota Vikings first - round draft picks Minnesota Vikings draft history List of Minnesota Vikings broadcasters Notes Jump up ^ Due in part to this outcome , during the subsequent off - season the NFL rules committee adjusted the overtime rules for the 2010 postseason , and in 2011 for both regular season and postseason games . The new rules state that unless the first possession of overtime ends in a touchdown or safety , both teams must have the opportunity to possess the ball . Under the new rules , the Vikings would have had an opportunity to possess the ball after the Saints kicked a field goal on the overtime 's first possession in the NFC Championship ) . References ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline '' . Minnesota Vikings . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team '' Minnesota Vikings `` . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Encyclopedias '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 .", "39": "Jump up ^ Quirk , Jim ( 1998 ) . `` The Minneapolis Marines : Minnesota 's Forgotten NFL Team '' . footballresearch.com . Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2007 . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ole Haugsrud Remembers Archived August 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1959 SUPERIOR CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL YEAR BOOK SUPERIOR WISCONSIN - eBay '' . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Training Camp Info '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team Encyclopedias and Records '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Franchise '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Hall of Fame Still Sinking In For Doleman '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Vikings '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Minnesota Vikings '' . Jt-sw.com . December 30 , 2002 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Purple People Eaters '' . Viking Update . July 19 , 2001 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl IV ( DVD ) . Super Bowl I-X Collector 's Set . NFL Productions . 2003 .", "40": "Jump up ^ `` All - Time Super Bowl Odds '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chicharito Channels Joe Kapp '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Football Statistics , Draft , Awards , and History '' . databaseFootball.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers '' ALAN PAGE `` . Profootballhof.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Hail Mary Pass '' . Viking Update . July 20 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` Armen Terzian -- NFC North Blog -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fran tarkenton '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bud Grant '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Minnesota Vikings '' . Jt-sw.com . December 30 , 2002 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at New Orleans Saints -- January 3rd , 1988 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at San Francisco 49ers -- January 9th , 1988 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Carter and the receiving record '' . StarTribune.com . StarTribune . November 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Green vs. Vikes in ' 87 -- The Myth Persists '' . NBC Sports Washington .", "41": "2005 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Scout.com : History : Walker Trade '' . Scout.com . Microsoft . July 20 , 2001 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Burns NFL Coaching Record '' . databaseFootball.com . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Burns Record , Statistics , and Category Ranks '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports : Stanford Hires NFL 's Dennis Green as 1st Black Head Coach in Pac - 10 '' . Los Angeles Times . January 3 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Coaches -- Dennis Green '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Vikings Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at Tampa Bay Buccaneers -- November 1st , 1998 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . November 1 , 1998 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals at Minnesota Vikings -- January 10th , 1999 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . January 10 , 1999 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Original sin '' . CNNSI.com . CNN / SI . January 17 , 1999 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History 1990 -- 1999 '' . Super Bowl History . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Minnesota Vikings '' . Jt-sw.com . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys at Minnesota Vikings -- January 9th , 2000 '' .", "42": "Pro-Football-Reference.com . January 9 , 2000 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Scoreboard : Recap : St. Louis 49 , Minnesota 37 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . January 16 , 2000 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Winners List '' . Super-Bowl-History.us. 2006 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Vikings Season Schedule '' . Vikings.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Smith NFL Football Statistics '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings RB Smith runs into retirement '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Green , Vikings agree to buyout '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 4 , 2002 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Coaches -- Mike Tice '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Players : Daunte Culpepper '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles outplay self - destructing Vikings '' . ESPN . January 16 , 2005 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Wilf delivers profanity - laced address to Vikings -- NFL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . October 19 , 2005 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tice out : Vikings fire head coach after 9 -- 7 campaign -- NFL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com .", "43": "January 2 , 2006 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Minnesota Vikings Schedule & Results -- The Football Database '' . Footballdb.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Peterson '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers at Minnesota Vikings -- November 4th , 2007 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . November 4 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants at Minnesota Vikings -- December 28th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles at Minnesota Vikings -- January 4 , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . January 4 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings Home '' . m.vikings.com . Jump up ^ `` NFL Now or Never : 10 Players Who Need a Good Week 5 '' . Bleacher Report . October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fox goes light on Favre fawning '' . CNN . November 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ reference.com/boxscores/201011070min.htm Jump up ^ `` Brad Childress Fired '' . ESPN Sports Center .", "44": "November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Brennan ( December 5 , 2010 ) . `` Bills Get Reality Check in Minnesota '' . BuffaLowDown . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm . `` Giants - Vikings game moved to Monday '' , ESPN New York , December 12 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metrodome unfit for Vikings - Bears '' , Associated Press , December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : Minnesota Vikings at Philadelphia Eagles -- 2010 Week 16 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maaddi , Rob . `` Vikings - Eagles snowed out ; moved to Tuesday night '' Archived 2010 - 12 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , AP via Yahoo ! Sports , December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kercheval , Nancy ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` Joe Webb Leads Vikings to 24 -- 14 Defeat of Eagles in His First NFL Start '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings History -- The Football Database '' . Footballdb.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings decide to waive receiver Randy Moss -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre - Jenn Sterger ( PICTURES ) : NFL Looking at Photos Too ? '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Time - lapse video of new Metrodome roof inflating 1500 ESPN Twin Cities -- Minnesota Sports News & Opinion ( Twins , Vikings , Wolves , Wild , Gophers ) '' . 1500espn.com . July 13 , 2011 .", "45": "Archived from the original on July 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott Shaw / The Plain Dealer . `` Mike Holmgren disputes that Cleveland Browns got duped into Vikings trade , says he urged deal '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spielman says Minnesota Vikings had other offers for No. 3 pick '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings sign first round pick Harrison Smith to four - year deal -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nasty Harrison Smith brings fear factor to Vikings ' secondary '' . 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Vikings vs. Packers - Game Recap - January 5 , 2013 - ESPN '' . Jump up ^ `` Christian Ponder : Missing Vikings ' loss hurts the most '' . Jump up ^ `` Peterson edges out Peyton for NFL MVP award '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Yards Leaders - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Jump up ^ `` North Videos - FOX Sports '' . Jump up ^ `` Source : Turner agrees to join Vikes as OC '' . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NFL Draft Results by Team - National Football League - ESPN '' . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings ' Adrian Peterson reinstated by NFL '' . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Moritz Boehringer first draft pick who never played in North America '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Vikings trade for QB Sam Bradford '' . SB Nation . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings Will Not Exercise 2017 Option on Adrian Peterson 's Contract '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 .", "46": "Jump up ^ `` Saints Agree to Terms with RB Adrian Peterson on a Two - Year Contract '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings Career Rushing Leaders Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle . `` Minnesota Vikings , Mankato part ways after one final training camp - beginning next week '' . Startribune . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben . `` Vikings to end 52 - year camp affiliation with Minnesota State '' . ESPN News . ESPN . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What ' Minneapolis Miracle ' means for Vikings , NFL playoff history '' . Sporting News . 2018 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Faces of a Walk - Off Miracle Win '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Vikings ' radio call of Stefon Diggs ' ' Minneapolis Miracle ' was perfect '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Paul Lukas , `` The Untold History of Minnesota 's Uniforms , '' ESPN.com , retrieved 11 / 23 / 2017 Jump up ^ `` NFL Logos -- National Football League Logos -- Chris Creamer 's Sports Logos Page '' . SportsLogos.Net . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Sillcox , Scott ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` Minnesota Vikings Uniform and Team History Heritage Uniforms and Jerseys '' . Blog.heritagesportsart.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of NFL Uniforms -- Minnesota Vikings '' . Iml.jou.ufl.edu . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 .", "47": "Jump up ^ `` Vikings Enhance Norseman Logo '' . Minnesota Vikings . February 14 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Minnesota Vikings give Norseman logo facelift for 2013 '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Vikings unveiling new uniforms on April 25 '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings and Nike Unveil New Uniforms During Team 's Annual Draft Party '' . Minnesota Vikings. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willabee & Ward Official NFL Anniversary Patches '' . Store.teampatch.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings Jerseys Support Your Team Articles & Tutorials '' . Articles.pubarticles.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Purple Jerseys '' . Viking Jersey Blog . August 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peters , Craig ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Purple Dominates Vikings Color Rush Uniforms '' . Minnesota Vikings . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viktor '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OP firm develops NFL 's Vikings mascot '' . Kansas City Business Journal . American City Business Journals . September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Happy 50th Anniversary Hub Meeds '' . Purplepride.org . February 10 , 2006 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lakeland Ledger - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings -- Minnesota Vikings Pictures '' . Ragnar The Viking .", "48": "Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football mascot leads teams out on a bike -- Motorbike reviews Latest Bike Videos MCN '' . Motorcyclenews.com . May 1 , 2003 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Craig , Mark ( September 29 , 2007 ) . `` Even Ragnar has soft spot for Favre '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ochocinco targets ... Ragnar ? '' . Foxsportsnorth.com . December 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ochocinco scores , Ragnar 's horn remains silent ProFootballTalk '' . Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Dave ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Fittingly , Favre approaches TD and INT records at the Metrodome '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ragnar 's ride as Vikings mascot ends with bold play '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ragnar no longer Vikings mascot after contract dispute '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goot , Alex ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Ragnar is n't the only greedy party in Vikings ' contract negotiations '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.wearevikingsfans.com/UserImages/2523_3-8-2008%203;53;40%20pm.jpg Jump up ^ My Teams Jump up ^ `` NFL Fight Songs - National Football League Fight Songs '' . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prince penned ' Purple and Gold ' fight song for Vikings in 2010 '' . ESPN .", "49": "Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pollin , Tom ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Bitter Rivals : Which NFL Division Harbors The Most Hate ? '' . FootballNation.com . 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-4966275942482530330	where does new crust come from in sea floor spreading	[ "volcanic activity", "volcanic activity", "basaltic magma", "volcanic activity" ]	{ "0": "Seafloor spreading - wikipedia Seafloor spreading Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Age of oceanic lithosphere ; youngest ( red ) is along spreading centers . Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges , where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge . Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics . When oceanic plates diverge , tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere. The motivating force for seafloor spreading ridges is tectonic plate pull rather than magma pressure , although there is typically significant magma activity at spreading ridges . At a spreading center basaltic magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new seabed . Hydrothermal vents are common at spreading centers . Older rocks will be found farther away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be found nearer to the spreading zone . Additionally spreading rates determine if the ridge is a fast , intermediate , or slow . As a general rule , fast ridges see spreading rate of more than 9 cm / year . Intermediate ridges have a spreading rate of 4 -- 9 cm / year while slow spreading ridges have a rate less than 4 cm / year . Earlier theories ( e.g. by Alfred Wegener and Alexander du Toit ) of continental drift postulated that continents `` ploughed '' through the sea . The idea that the seafloor itself moves ( and also carries the continents with it ) as it expands from a central axis was proposed by Harry Hess from Princeton University in the 1960s . The theory is well accepted now , and the phenomenon is known to be caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere , which is ductile , or plastic , and the brittle lithosphere .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Incipient spreading 2 Continued spreading and subduction 3 Debate and search for mechanism 4 Sea floor global topography : half - space model 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Incipient spreading ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Plates in the crust of the earth , according to the plate tectonics theory In the general case , sea floor spreading starts as a rift in a continental land mass , similar to the Red Sea - East Africa Rift System today . The process starts with heating at the base of the continental crust which causes it to become more plastic and less dense . Because less dense objects rise in relation to denser objects , the area being heated becomes a broad dome ( see isostasy ) . As the crust bows upward , fractures occur that gradually grow into rifts . The typical rift system consists of three rift arms at approximately 120 degree angles . These areas are named triple junctions and can be found in several places across the world today . The separated margins of the continents evolve to form passive margins . Hess ' theory was that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge . If spreading continues past the incipient stage described above , two of the rift arms will open while the third arm stops opening and becomes a ' failed rift ' . As the two active rifts continue to open , eventually the continental crust is attenuated as far as it will stretch . At this point basaltic oceanic crust begins to form between the separating continental fragments . When one of the rifts opens into the existing ocean , the rift system is flooded with seawater and becomes a new sea . The Red Sea is an example of a new arm of the sea . The East African rift was thought to be a `` failed '' arm that was opening somewhat more slowly than the other two arms , but in 2005 the Ethiopian Afar Geophysical Lithospheric Experiment reported that in the Afar region last September , a 60 km fissure opened as wide as eight meters .", "2": "During this period of initial flooding the new sea is sensitive to changes in climate and eustasy . As a result , the new sea will evaporate ( partially or completely ) several times before the elevation of the rift valley has been lowered to the point that the sea becomes stable . During this period of evaporation large evaporite deposits will be made in the rift valley . Later these deposits have the potential to become hydrocarbon seals and are of particular interest to petroleum geologists . Sea floor spreading can stop during the process , but if it continues to the point that the continent is completely severed , then a new ocean basin is created . The Red Sea has not yet completely split Arabia from Africa , but a similar feature can be found on the other side of Africa that has broken completely free . South America once fit into the area of the Niger Delta . The Niger River has formed in the failed rift arm of the triple junction . Continued spreading and subduction ( edit ) Spreading at a mid-ocean ridge As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time . Older seafloor is therefore colder than new seafloor , and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy . If the diameter of the earth remains relatively constant despite the production of new crust , a mechanism must exist by which crust is also destroyed . The destruction of oceanic crust occurs at subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced under either continental crust or oceanic crust . Today , the Atlantic basin is actively spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . Only a small portion of the oceanic crust produced in the Atlantic is subducted . However , the plates making up the Pacific Ocean are experiencing subduction along many of their boundaries which causes the volcanic activity in what has been termed the Ring of Fire of the Pacific Ocean . The Pacific is also home to one of the world 's most active spreading centres ( the East Pacific Rise ) with spreading rates of up to 13 cm / yr . The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a `` textbook '' slow - spreading centre , while the East Pacific Rise is used as an example of fast spreading . The differences in spreading rates affect not only the geometries of the ridges but also the geochemistry of the basalts that are produced .", "3": "Since the new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins , the total capacity of the world 's ocean basins decreases during times of active sea floor spreading . During the opening of the Atlantic Ocean , sea level was so high that a Western Interior Seaway formed across North America from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean . Debate and search for mechanism ( edit ) At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( and in other areas ) , material from the upper mantle rises through the faults between oceanic plates to form new crust as the plates move away from each other , a phenomenon first observed as continental drift . When Alfred Wegener first presented a hypothesis of continental drift in 1912 , he suggested that continents ploughed through the ocean crust . This was impossible : oceanic crust is both more dense and more rigid than continental crust . Accordingly , Wegener 's theory was n't taken very seriously , especially in the United States . Since then , it has been shown that the motion of the continents is linked to seafloor spreading . In the 1960s , the past record of geomagnetic reversals was noticed by observing the magnetic stripe `` anomalies '' on the ocean floor . This results in broadly evident `` stripes '' from which the past magnetic field polarity can be inferred by looking at the data gathered from simply towing a magnetometer on the sea surface or from an aircraft . The stripes on one side of the mid-ocean ridge were the mirror image of those on the other side . The seafloor must have originated on the Earth 's great fiery welts , like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise . The driver for seafloor spreading in plates with active margins is the weight of the cool , dense , subducting slabs that pull them along . The magmatism at the ridge is considered to be `` passive upswelling '' , which is caused by the plates being pulled apart under the weight of their own slabs . This can be thought of as analogous to a rug on a table with little friction : when part of the rug is off of the table , its weight pulls the rest of the rug down with it . Sea floor global topography : half - space model ( edit ) To first approximation , sea floor global topography in areas without significant subduction can be estimated by the half - space model .", "4": "In this model , the seabed height is determined by the oceanic lithosphere temperature , due to thermal expansion . Oceanic lithosphere is continuously formed at a constant rate at the mid-ocean ridges . The source of the lithosphere has a half - plane shape ( x = 0 , z < 0 ) and a constant temperature T. Due to its continuous creation , the lithosphere at x > 0 is moving away from the ridge at a constant velocity v , which is assumed large compared to other typical scales in the problem . The temperature at the upper boundary of the lithosphere ( z = 0 ) is a constant T = 0 . Thus at x = 0 the temperature is the Heaviside step function T 1 ⋅ Θ ( − z ) ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( 1 ) \\ cdot \\ Theta ( - z ) ) . Finally , we assume the system is at a quasi-steady state , so that the temperature distribution is constant in time , i.e. T = T ( x , z ) . By calculating in the frame of reference of the moving lithosphere ( velocity v ) , which have spatial coordinate x ' = x-vt , we may write T = T ( x ' , z , t ) and use the heat equation : ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∇ 2 T = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z + κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 x ′ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial T ) ( \\ partial t ) ) = \\ kappa \\ nabla ^ ( 2 ) T = \\ kappa ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) z ) ) + \\ kappa ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) x ' ) ) ) where κ ( \\ displaystyle \\ kappa ) is the thermal diffusivity of the mantle lithosphere .", "5": "Since T depends on x ' and t only through the combination x = x ′ + v t ( \\ displaystyle x = x'+ vt ) , we have : ∂ T ∂ x ′ = 1 v ⋅ ∂ T ∂ t ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial T ) ( \\ partial x ' ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( v ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ frac ( \\ partial T ) ( \\ partial t ) ) ) Thus : ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∇ 2 T = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z + κ v 2 ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 t ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial T ) ( \\ partial t ) ) = \\ kappa \\ nabla ^ ( 2 ) T = \\ kappa ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) z ) ) + ( \\ frac ( \\ kappa ) ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) t ) ) ) We now use the assumption that v ( \\ displaystyle v ) is large compared to other scales in the problem ; we therefore neglect the last term in the equation , and get a 1 - dimensional diffusion equation : ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial T ) ( \\ partial t ) ) = \\ kappa ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) z ) ) ) with the initial conditions T ( t = 0 ) = T 1 ⋅ Θ ( − z ) ( \\ displaystyle T ( t = 0 ) = T_ ( 1 ) \\ cdot \\ Theta ( - z ) ) .", "6": "The solution for z ≤ 0 ( \\ displaystyle z \\ leq 0 ) is given by the error function erf ( \\ displaystyle \\ operatorname ( erf ) ) : T ( x ′ , z , t ) = T 1 ⋅ erf ⁡ ( z 2 κ t ) ( \\ displaystyle T ( x ' , z , t ) = T_ ( 1 ) \\ cdot \\ operatorname ( erf ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( z ) ( 2 ( \\ sqrt ( \\ kappa t ) ) ) ) \\ right ) ) . Due to the large velocity , the temperature dependence on the horizontal direction is negligible , and the height at time t ( i.e. of sea floor of age t ) can be calculated by integrating the thermal expansion over z : h ( t ) = h 0 + α e f f ∫ 0 ∞ ( T ( z ) − T 1 ) d z = h 0 − 2 π α e f f T 1 κ t ( \\ displaystyle h ( t ) = h_ ( 0 ) + \\ alpha _ ( \\ mathrm ( eff ) ) \\ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \\ infty ) ( T ( z ) - T_ ( 1 ) ) dz = h_ ( 0 ) - ( \\ frac ( 2 ) ( \\ sqrt ( \\ pi ) ) ) \\ alpha _ ( \\ mathrm ( eff ) ) T_ ( 1 ) ( \\ sqrt ( \\ kappa t ) ) ) where α e f f ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha _ ( \\ mathrm ( eff ) ) ) is the effective volumetric thermal expansion coefficient , and h is the mid-ocean ridge height ( compared to some reference ) . Note that the assumption the v is relatively large is equivalently to the assumption that the thermal diffusivity κ ( \\ displaystyle \\ kappa ) is small compared to L 2 / T ( \\ displaystyle L ^ ( 2 ) / T ) , where L is the acean width ( from mid-ocean ridges to continental shelf ) and T is its age .", "7": "The effective thermal expansion coefficient α e f f ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha _ ( \\ mathrm ( eff ) ) ) is different from the usual thermal expansion coefficient α ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha ) due to isostasic effect of the change in water column height above the lithosphere as it expands or retracts . Both coefficients are related by : α e f f = α ⋅ ρ ρ − ρ w ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha _ ( \\ mathrm ( eff ) ) = \\ alpha \\ cdot ( \\ frac ( \\ rho ) ( \\ rho - \\ rho _ ( w ) ) ) ) where ρ ∼ 3.3 g / c m 3 ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho \\ sim 3.3 g / cm ^ ( 3 ) ) is the rock density and ρ 0 = 1 g / c m 3 ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho _ ( 0 ) = 1g / cm ^ ( 3 ) ) is the density of water . By substituting the parameters by their rough estimates : κ ∼ 8 ⋅ 10 − 7 ( \\ displaystyle \\ kappa \\ sim 8 \\ cdot 10 ^ ( - 7 ) ) m / s , α ∼ 4 ⋅ 10 − 5 ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha \\ sim 4 \\ cdot 10 ^ ( - 5 ) ) ° C and T ~ 1220 ° C ( for the Atlantic and Indian oceans ) or ~ 1120 ° C ( for the eastern Pacific ) , we have : h ( t ) ∼ h 0 − 350 t ( \\ displaystyle h ( t ) \\ sim h_ ( 0 ) - 350 ( \\ sqrt ( t ) ) ) for the eastern Pacific Ocean , and : h ( t ) ∼ h 0 − 390 t ( \\ displaystyle h ( t ) \\ sim h_ ( 0 ) - 390 ( \\ sqrt ( t ) ) ) for the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean , where the height is in meters and time is in millions of years . To get the dependence on x , one must substitute t = x / v ~ Tx / L , where L is the distance between the ridge to the continental shelf ( roughly half the ocean width ) , and T is the ocean age .", "8": "See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seafloor spreading . Divergent boundary Mid-ocean ridge Morley - Vine - Matthews hypothesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tan , Yen Joe ; Tolstoy , Maya ; Waldhauser , Felix ; Wilcock , William S.D. `` Dynamics of a seafloor - spreading episode at the East Pacific Rise '' . Nature . 540 ( 7632 ) : 261 -- 265 . doi : 10.1038 / nature20116 . Jump up ^ Tan , Yen Joe ; Tolstoy , Maya ; Waldhauser , Felix ; Wilcock , William S.D. `` Dynamics of a seafloor - spreading episode at the East Pacific Rise '' . Nature . 540 ( 7632 ) : 261 -- 265 . doi : 10.1038 / nature20116 . Jump up ^ Hess , H.H. ( November 1962 ) . `` History of Ocean Basins '' ( PDF ) . In A.E.J. Engel ; Harold L. James ; B.F. Leonard . Petrologic studies : a volume to honor A.F. Buddington . Boulder , CO : Geological Society of America . pp. 599 -- 620 . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Elsasser , Walter M. ( 1971 ) . `` Sea - Floor Spreading as Thermal Convection '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 76 : 1101 . Bibcode : 1971JGR ... 76.1101 E . doi : 10.1029 / JB076i005p01101 . Jump up ^ Makris , J. ; Ginzburg , A. ( 1987 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Sedimentary basins within the Dead Sea and other rift zones The Afar Depression : transition between continental rifting and sea - floor spreading '' . Tectonophysics. 141 ( 1 ) : 199 -- 214 . doi : 10.1016 / 0040 - 1951 ( 87 ) 90186 - 7 .", "9": "Jump up ^ Bastow , Ian D. ; Keir , Derek ; Daly , Eve ( 2011 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The Ethiopia Afar Geoscientific Lithospheric Experiment ( EAGLE ) : Probing the transition from continental rifting to incipient seafloor spreading '' . Geological Society of America Special Papers. 478 : 51 -- 76 . ISSN 0072 - 1077 . doi : 10.1130 / 2011.2478 ( 04 ) . Jump up ^ Bhagwat , S.B. ( 2009 ) . Foundation of Geology Vol 1 . Global Vision Publishing House . p. 83 . ISBN 9788182202764 . Jump up ^ Vine , F.J. ; Matthews , D.H. ( 1963 ) . `` Magnetic Anomalies Over Oceanic Ridges '' . Nature . 199 : 947 -- 949 . doi : 10.1038 / 199947a0 . Jump up ^ Patriat , Philippe ; Achache , José ( 1984 ) . `` India -- Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates '' . Nature . 311 ( 5987 ) : 615 . Bibcode : 1984Natur. 311 ... 615P . doi : 10.1038 / 311615a0 . Jump up ^ Davis , E.E ; Lister , C.R.B. ( 1974 ) . `` Fundamentals of Ridge Crest Topography '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . North - Holland Publishing Company . 21 : 405 -- 413 . Bibcode : 1974E&PSL ... 21 ... 405D . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 74 ) 90180 - 0 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Seafloor spreading Animation of a mid-ocean ridge ( hide ) Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine", "10": "scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton Ocean Model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide", "11": "Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin", "12": "Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seafloor_spreading&oldid=806113101 '' Categories : Geological processes Plate tectonics Oceanographical terminology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Қазақша Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "13": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2918354452051217435	where was the first high level language operating system created	[ "at IBM" ]	{ "0": "History of programming languages - wikipedia History of programming languages Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( February 2018 ) For a detailed timeline of events , see Timeline of programming languages . History of computing Hardware Hardware before 1960 Hardware 1960s to present Software Software Unix Free software and open - source software Computer science Artificial intelligence Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems Programming languages Prominent pioneers Software engineering Modern concepts General - purpose CPUs Graphical user interface Internet Laptops Personal computers Video games World Wide Web By country Bulgaria Poland Romania Soviet Bloc Soviet Union Yugoslavia Timeline of computing before 1950 1950 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 more timelines ... Category The first high - level programming language was Plankalkül , created by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945 . The first high - level language to have an associated compiler , was created by Corrado Böhm in 1951 , for his PhD thesis . The first commercially available language was FORTRAN ( FORmula TRANslation ) ; developed in 1956 ( first manual appeared in 1956 , but first developed in 1954 ) by John Backus , a worker at IBM . When FORTRAN was first introduced it was treated with suspicion because of the belief that programs compiled from high - level language would be less efficient than those written directly in machine code . FORTRAN became popular because it provided a means of porting existing code to new computers , in a hardware market that was rapidly evolving . FORTRAN eventually became known for its efficiency . Over the years , FORTRAN had been updated , with standards released for FORTRAN - 66 , FORTRAN - 77 and FORTRAN - 92 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 First programming languages 3 Establishing fundamental paradigms 4 1980s : consolidation , modules , performance 5 1990s : the Internet age 6 Current trends 7 Prominent people 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Early History ( edit ) During a nine - month period in 1842 -- 1843 , Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea about Charles Babbage 's newest proposed machine , the analytical engine . With the article she appended a set of notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the engine , recognized by some historians as the world 's first computer program . The first computer codes were specialized for their applications . In the first decades of the 20th century , numerical calculations were based on decimal numbers . Eventually it was realized that logic could be represented with numbers , not only with words . For example , Alonzo Church was able to express the lambda calculus in a formulatic way . The Turing machine was an abstraction of the operation of a tape - marking machine , for example , in use at the telephone companies . Turing machines set the basis for storage of programs as data in the von Neumann architecture of computers by representing a machine through a finite number . However , unlike the lambda calculus , Turing 's code does not serve well as a basis for higher - level languages -- its principal use is in rigorous analyses of algorithmic complexity . To some people , what was the first modern programming language depends on how much power and human - readability is required before the status of `` programming language '' is granted . Jacquard Looms and Charles Babbage 's Difference Engine both had simple , extremely limited languages for describing the actions that these machines should perform . First programming languages ( edit ) In the 1940s , the first recognizably modern electrically powered computers were created . The limited speed and memory capacity forced programmers to write hand tuned assembly language programs . It was eventually realized that programming in assembly language required a great deal of intellectual effort . The first programming languages designed to communicate instructions to a computer were written in the 1950s .", "2": "An early high - level programming language to be designed for a computer was Plankalkül , developed by the Germans for Z1 by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945 . However , it was not implemented until 1998 and 2000 . John Mauchly 's Short Code , proposed in 1949 , was one of the first high - level languages ever developed for an electronic computer . Unlike machine code , Short Code statements represented mathematical expressions in understandable form . However , the program had to be translated into machine code every time it ran , making the process much slower than running the equivalent machine code . At the University of Manchester , Alick Glennie developed Autocode in the early 1950s , with the second iteration developed for the Mark 1 by R.A. Brooker in 1954 , known as the `` Mark 1 Autocode '' . Brooker also developed an autocode for the Ferranti Mercury in the 1950s in conjunction with the University of Manchester . The version for the EDSAC 2 was devised by D.F. Hartley of University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in 1961 . Known as EDSAC 2 Autocode , it was a straight development from Mercury Autocode adapted for local circumstances , and was noted for its object code optimisation and source - language diagnostics which were advanced for the time . A contemporary but separate thread of development , Atlas Autocode was developed for the University of Manchester Atlas 1 machine . In 1954 , language FORTRAN was invented at IBM by a team led by John Backus ; it was the first widely used high level general purpose programming language to have a functional implementation , as opposed to just a design on paper . It is still a popular language for high - performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world 's fastest supercomputers . Another early programming language was devised by Grace Hopper in the US , called FLOW - MATIC . It was developed for the UNIVAC I at Remington Rand during the period from 1955 until 1959 . Hopper found that business data processing customers were uncomfortable with mathematical notation , and in early 1955 , she and her team wrote a specification for an English programming language and implemented a prototype .", "3": "The FLOW - MATIC compiler became publicly available in early 1958 and was substantially complete in 1959 . Flow - Matic was a major influence in the design of COBOL , since only it and its direct descendent AIMACO were in actual use at the time . Other languages still in use today include LISP ( 1958 ) , invented by John McCarthy and COBOL ( 1959 ) , created by the Short Range Committee . Another milestone in the late 1950s was the publication , by a committee of American and European computer scientists , of `` a new language for algorithms '' ; the ALGOL 60 Report ( the `` ALGOrithmic Language '' ) . This report consolidated many ideas circulating at the time and featured three key language innovations : nested block structure : code sequences and associated declarations could be grouped into blocks without having to be turned into separate , explicitly named procedures ; lexical scoping : a block could have its own private variables , procedures and functions , invisible to code outside that block , that is , information hiding . Another innovation , related to this , was in how the language was described : a mathematically exact notation , Backus -- Naur form ( BNF ) , was used to describe the language 's syntax . Nearly all subsequent programming languages have used a variant of BNF to describe the context - free portion of their syntax . Algol 60 was particularly influential in the design of later languages , some of which soon became more popular . The Burroughs large systems were designed to be programmed in an extended subset of Algol . Algol 's key ideas were continued , producing ALGOL 68 : syntax and semantics became even more orthogonal , with anonymous routines , a recursive typing system with higher - order functions , etc. ; not only the context - free part , but the full language syntax and semantics were defined formally , in terms of Van Wijngaarden grammar , a formalism designed specifically for this purpose . Algol 68 's many little - used language features ( for example , concurrent and parallel blocks ) and its complex system of syntactic shortcuts and automatic type coercions made it unpopular with implementers and gained it a reputation of being difficult . Niklaus Wirth actually walked out of the design committee to create the simpler Pascal language .", "4": "Fortran Some notable languages that were developed in this period include : 1951 -- Regional Assembly Language 1952 -- Autocode 1954 -- IPL ( forerunner to LISP ) 1955 -- FLOW - MATIC ( led to COBOL ) 1957 -- FORTRAN ( First compiler ) 1957 -- COMTRAN ( precursor to COBOL ) 1958 -- LISP 1958 -- ALGOL 58 1959 -- FACT ( forerunner to COBOL ) 1959 -- COBOL 1959 -- RPG 1962 -- APL 1962 -- Simula 1962 -- SNOBOL 1963 -- CPL ( forerunner to C ) 1964 -- Speakeasy ( computational environment ) 1964 -- BASIC 1964 -- PL / I 1966 -- JOSS 1967 -- BCPL ( forerunner to C ) Establishing fundamental paradigms ( edit ) Smalltalk Scheme The period from the late 1960s to the late 1970s brought a major flowering of programming languages . Most of the major language paradigms now in use were invented in this period : Speakeasy ( computational environment ) , developed in 1964 at Argonne National Laboratory ( ANL ) by Stanley Cohen , is an OOPS ( object - oriented programming , much like the later MATLAB , IDL ( programming language ) and Mathematica ) numerical package . Speakeasy has a clear Fortran foundation syntax . It first addressed efficient physics computation internally at ANL , was modified for research use ( as `` Modeleasy '' ) for the Federal Reserve Board in the early 1970s and then was made available commercially ; Speakeasy and Modeleasy are still in use currently . Simula , invented in the late 1960s by Nygaard and Dahl as a superset of Algol 60 , was the first language designed to support object - oriented programming . C , an early systems programming language , was developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs between 1969 and 1973 . Smalltalk ( mid-1970s ) provided a complete ground - up design of an object - oriented language .", "5": "Prolog , designed in 1972 by Colmerauer , Roussel , and Kowalski , was the first logic programming language . ML built a polymorphic type system ( invented by Robin Milner in 1973 ) on top of Lisp , pioneering statically typed functional programming languages . Each of these languages spawned an entire family of descendants , and most modern languages count at least one of them in their ancestry . The 1960s and 1970s also saw considerable debate over the merits of `` structured programming '' , which essentially meant programming without the use of `` goto '' . A significant fraction of programmers believed that , even in languages that provide `` goto '' , it is bad programming style to use it except in rare circumstances . This debate was closely related to language design : some languages did not include a `` goto '' at all , which forced structured programming on the programmer . To provide even faster compile times , some languages were structured for `` one - pass compilers '' which expect subordinate routines to be defined first , as with Pascal , where the main routine , or driver function , is the final section of the program listing . Some notable languages that were developed in this period include : 1968 -- Logo 1969 -- B ( forerunner to C ) 1970 -- Pascal 1970 -- Forth 1972 -- C 1972 -- Smalltalk 1972 -- Prolog 1973 -- ML 1975 -- Scheme 1978 -- SQL ( a query language , later extended ) 1980s : consolidation , modules , performance ( edit ) MATLAB Erlang Tcl The 1980s were years of relative consolidation in imperative languages . Rather than inventing new paradigms , all of these movements elaborated upon the ideas invented in the previous decade . C++ combined object - oriented and systems programming . The United States government standardized Ada , a systems programming language intended for use by defense contractors . In Japan and elsewhere , vast sums were spent investigating so - called fifth - generation programming languages that incorporated logic programming constructs . The functional languages community moved to standardize ML and Lisp . Research in Miranda , a functional language with lazy evaluation , began to take hold in this decade .", "6": "One important new trend in language design was an increased focus on programming for large - scale systems through the use of modules , or large - scale organizational units of code . Modula , Ada , and ML all developed notable module systems in the 1980s . Module systems were often wedded to generic programming constructs -- - generics being , in essence , parametrized modules ( see also polymorphism in object - oriented programming ) . Although major new paradigms for imperative programming languages did not appear , many researchers expanded on the ideas of prior languages and adapted them to new contexts . For example , the languages of the Argus and Emerald systems adapted object - oriented programming to distributed systems . The 1980s also brought advances in programming language implementation . The RISC movement in computer architecture postulated that hardware should be designed for compilers rather than for human assembly programmers . Aided by processor speed improvements that enabled increasingly aggressive compilation techniques , the RISC movement sparked greater interest in compilation technology for high - level languages . Language technology continued along these lines well into the 1990s . Some notable languages that were developed in this period include : 1980 -- C++ ( as C with classes , renamed in 1983 ) 1983 -- Ada 1984 -- Common Lisp 1984 -- MATLAB 1984 - dBase III , dBase III Plus ( Clipper and FoxPro as FoxBASE , later developing into Visual FoxPro 1985 -- Eiffel 1986 -- Objective - C 1986 -- LabVIEW ( Visual Programming Language ) 1986 -- Erlang 1987 -- Perl 1988 -- Tcl 1988 -- Wolfram Language ( as part of Mathematica , only got a separate name in June 2013 ) 1989 -- FL ( Backus ) 1990s : the Internet age ( edit ) Haskell Lua PHP Rebol The rapid growth of the Internet in the mid-1990s was the next major historic event in programming languages . By opening up a radically new platform for computer systems , the Internet created an opportunity for new languages to be adopted . In particular , the JavaScript programming language rose to popularity because of its early integration with the Netscape Navigator web browser . Various other scripting languages achieved widespread use in developing customized applications for web servers such as PHP .", "7": "The 1990s saw no fundamental novelty in imperative languages , but much recombination and maturation of old ideas . This era began the spread of functional languages . A big driving philosophy was programmer productivity . Many `` rapid application development '' ( RAD ) languages emerged , which usually came with an IDE , garbage collection , and were descendants of older languages . All such languages were object - oriented . These included Object Pascal , Visual Basic , and Java . Java in particular received much attention . More radical and innovative than the RAD languages were the new scripting languages . These did not directly descend from other languages and featured new syntaxes and more liberal incorporation of features . Many consider these scripting languages to be more productive than even the RAD languages , but often because of choices that make small programs simpler but large programs more difficult to write and maintain . Nevertheless , scripting languages came to be the most prominent ones used in connection with the Web . Some notable languages that were developed in this period include : 1990 -- Haskell 1991 -- Python 1991 -- Visual Basic 1993 -- Lua 1993 -- R 1994 -- CLOS ( part of ANSI Common Lisp ) 1995 -- Ruby 1995 -- Ada 95 1995 -- Java 1995 -- Delphi ( Object Pascal ) 1995 -- JavaScript 1995 -- PHP 1997 -- Rebol Current trends ( edit ) Programming language evolution continues , in both industry and research . Some of the recent trends have included : D Programming Language Groovy Rust Scratch Swift Increasing support for functional programming in mainstream languages used commercially , including pure functional programming for making code easier to reason about and easier to parallelise ( at both micro - and macro - levels ) Constructs to support concurrent and distributed programming . Mechanisms for adding security and reliability verification to the language : extended static checking , dependent typing , information flow control , static thread safety . Alternative mechanisms for composability and modularity : mixins , traits , delegates , aspects . Component - oriented software development .", "8": "Metaprogramming , reflection or access to the abstract syntax tree AOP or Aspect Oriented Programming allowing developers to insert code in another module or class at `` join points '' Domain specific languages and code generation XML for graphical interface ( XUL , XAML ) Increased interest in distribution and mobility . Integration with databases , including XML and relational databases . Open source as a developmental philosophy for languages , including the GNU Compiler Collection and languages such as Python , Ruby , and Scala . Massively parallel languages for coding 2000 processor GPU graphics processing units and supercomputer arrays including OpenCL Early research into ( as - yet - unimplementable ) quantum computing programming languages More interest in visual programming languages like Scratch Some notable languages developed during this period include : 2000 -- ActionScript 2001 -- C# 2001 -- D 2002 -- Scratch 2003 -- Groovy 2003 -- Scala 2005 -- F# 2006 -- PowerShell 2007 -- Clojure 2009 -- Go 2010 -- Rust 2011 -- Dart 2011 -- Kotlin 2011 -- Red 2011 - Elixir 2012 -- Julia 2014 -- Swift 2016 -- Ring Prominent people ( edit ) Anders Hejlsberg Yukihiro Matsumoto Grace M. Hopper Bjarne Stroustrup Niklaus Wirth Some key people who helped develop programming languages : Alan Cooper , developer of Visual Basic . Alan Kay , pioneering work on object - oriented programming , and originator of Smalltalk . Anders Hejlsberg , developer of Turbo Pascal , Delphi , C# , and TypeScript . Bertrand Meyer , inventor of Eiffel . Bjarne Stroustrup , developer of C++ . Brian Kernighan , co-author of the first book on the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie , coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages . Chris Lattner , creator of Swift and LLVM . Dennis Ritchie , inventor of C. Unix Operating System , Plan 9 Operating System . Grace Hopper , first to use the term compiler and developer of Flow - Matic , influenced development of COBOL . Popularized machine - independent programming languages and the term `` debugging '' .", "9": "Guido van Rossum , creator of Python . James Gosling , lead developer of Java and its precursor , Oak . Jean Ichbiah , chief designer of Ada , Ada 83 . Jean - Yves Girard , co-inventor of the polymorphic lambda calculus ( System F ) . Jeff Bezanson , main designer , and one of the core developers of Julia . Joe Armstrong , creator of Erlang . John Backus , inventor of Fortran and cooperated in the design of ALGOL 58 and ALGOL 60 . John C. Reynolds , co-inventor of the polymorphic lambda calculus ( System F ) . John McCarthy , inventor of LISP . John von Neumann , originator of the operating system concept . Graydon Hoare , inventor of Rust . Ken Thompson , inventor of B , Go Programming Language , Inferno Programming Language , and Unix Operating System co-author . Kenneth E. Iverson , developer of APL , and co-developer of J along with Roger Hui . Konrad Zuse , designed the first high - level programming language , Plankalkül ( which influenced ALGOL 58 ) . Kristen Nygaard , pioneered object - oriented programming , co-invented Simula . Larry Wall , creator of the Perl programming language ( see Perl and Perl 6 ) . Martin Odersky , creator of Scala , and previously a contributor to the design of Java . Nathaniel Rochester , inventor of first assembler ( IBM 701 ) . Niklaus Wirth , inventor of Pascal , Modula and Oberon . Ole - Johan Dahl , pioneered object - oriented programming , co-invented Simula . Rasmus Lerdorf , creator of PHP Rich Hickey , creator of Clojure . Robin Milner , inventor of ML , and sharing credit for Hindley -- Milner polymorphic type inference . Stephen Wolfram , creator of Mathematica . Tom Love and Brad Cox , creator of Objective - C . Walter Bright , creator of D . Yukihiro Matsumoto , creator of Ruby .", "10": "See also ( edit ) ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference History of compiler writing History of computing hardware Programming language Timeline of computing Timeline of programming languages List of programming languages List of programmers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knuth , Donald E. ; Pardo , Luis Trabb . `` Early development of programming languages '' . Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology . Marcel Dekker. 7 : 419 -- 493 . Jump up ^ J. Fuegi and J. Francis ( October -- December 2003 ) , `` Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 ' notes ' '' , Annals of the History of Computing , 25 ( 4 ) : 16 , 19 , 25 , doi : 10.1109 / MAHC. 2003.1253887 Jump up ^ Rojas , Raúl , et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Plankalkül : The First High - Level Programming Language and its Implementation '' . Institut frame Informatik , Freie Universität Berlin , Technical Report B - 3 / 2000 . ( full text ) Jump up ^ Sebesta , W.S. ( 2006 ) . Concepts of Programming Languages . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 33025 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Fortran creator John Backus dies - Tech and gadgets - msnbc.com '' . MSNBC. 2007 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` CSC - 302 99S : Class 02 : A Brief History of Programming Languages '' . Math.grin.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Eugene Loh ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` The Ideal HPC Programming Language '' . Queue . Association of Computing Machines . 8 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ `` HPL - A Portable Implementation of the High - Performance Linpack Benchmark for Distributed - Memory Computers '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hopper ( 1978 ) p. 16 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Sammet ( 1969 ) p. 316 Jump up ^ Sammet ( 1978 ) p. 204 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael J.C. ( 1996 ) . `` From LCF to HOL : a short history '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . Edinburgh LCF , including the ML interpreter , was implemented in Lisp . Jump up ^ Rubin Liu ( 28 February 2018 ) . `` The evolution of the Ring programming language , Ring in Top 50 programming languages according to TIOBE Index '' . codeproject.com . Code_Project . Jump up ^ TIOBE ( 2 March 2018 ) . `` TIOBE Index , Ring in Top 50 programming languages according to TIOBE Index '' . www.tiobe.com . TIOBE_index . Jump up ^ Rojas , Raúl ; Hashagen , Ulf ( 2002 ) . The First Computers : History and Architectures . MIT Press . p. 292 . ISBN 978 - 0262681377 . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Rosen , Saul , ( editor ) , Programming Systems and Languages , McGraw - Hill , 1967 . Sammet , Jean E. , Programming Languages : History and Fundamentals , Prentice - Hall , 1969 . Sammet , Jean E. ( July 1972 ) . `` Programming Languages : History and Future '' . Communications of the ACM. 15 ( 7 ) : 601 -- 610 . doi : 10.1145 / 361454.361485 . Richard L. Wexelblat ( ed . ) : History of Programming Languages , Academic Press 1981 . Thomas J. Bergin and Richard G. Gibson ( eds . ) : History of Programming Languages , Addison Wesley , 1996 .", "12": "External links ( edit ) History and evolution of programming languages Graph of programming language history ( hide ) Programming languages Comparison Timeline History APL Assembly BASIC C++ C# COBOL Fortran Go Groovy Haskell Java JavaScript ( JS ) Lisp Lua Objective - C Pascal Perl PHP Python Ruby Shell Smalltalk Swift Visual Basic . NET ( VB.NET ) more ... 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7640959384571480586	how much did disneyland paris cost to build	[ "a construction budget of US$2.3 billion", "a construction budget of US$2.3 billion" ]	{ "0": "Disneyland Paris - wikipedia Disneyland Paris Jump to : navigation , search `` Euro Disney '' redirects here . For the wholly owned subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company that is responsible for Disneyland Paris , see Euro Disney S.C.A. This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Disneyland Paris Location Marne - la - Vallée , France Coordinates 48 ° 52 ′ 7.39 '' N 2 ° 46 ′ 54.48 '' E / 48.8687194 ° N 2.7818000 ° E / 48.8687194 ; 2.7818000 Coordinates : 48 ° 52 ′ 7.39 '' N 2 ° 46 ′ 54.48 '' E / 48.8687194 ° N 2.7818000 ° E / 48.8687194 ; 2.7818000 Opened 12 April 1992 ; 25 years ago ( 1992 - 04 - 12 ) Visitors per annum 13.4 million ( 2016 ) Area 19.425 km ( 4,800 acres ) Website www.disneylandparis.com/en-us/ Disneyland Paris Theme parks Disneyland Park Walt Disney Studios Park Resort hotels Disneyland Hotel Disney 's Hotel New York Disney 's Newport Bay Club Disney 's Sequoia Lodge Disney 's Hotel Cheyenne Disney 's Hotel Santa Fe Disney 's Davy Crockett Ranch Related Disney Village Golf Disneyland Euro Disney S.C.A. Val d'Europe Disneyland Paris , originally Euro Disney Resort , is an entertainment resort in Marne - la - Vallée , a new town located 32 km ( 20 mi ) east of the centre of Paris , and is the most visited theme park in all of Europe . It is owned by The Walt Disney Company through subsidiary Euro Disney S.C.A.", "1": "The resort covers 4,800 acres ( 19 km ) and encompasses two theme parks , many resort hotels , a shopping , dining , and entertainment complex , and a golf course , in addition to several additional recreational and entertainment venues . Disneyland Park is the original theme park of the complex , opening with the resort on 12 April 1992 . A second theme park , Walt Disney Studios Park , opened in 2002 . The resort is the second Disney park to open outside the United States following the opening of the Tokyo Disney Resort in 1983 . Until June 2017 , Disney only held a majority stake in the resort , when they bought the remaining shares . In 2017 The Walt Disney Company offered an informal takeover of Euro Disney S.C.A. , buying 9 % of the company from Kingdom Holding and an open offer of 2 Euro per share for the remaining stock . This brought The Walt Disney Company 's total ownership to 85.7 % . The Walt Disney company will also invest an additional 1.5 Billion Euro to strengthen the company . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Seeking a location for a European resort 1.2 Design and construction 1.3 Recruitment / employment 1.4 Controversies 1.5 Opening day and early years 1.6 Financial , attendance and employment struggles 1.7 1995 turnaround 1.8 2000 onwards 1.9 Name changes 1.9. 1 Resort Names 2 The complex 2.1 Parks 2.2 Shopping , dining and entertainment 2.3 Other recreation 2.4 Rides and attractions 2.5 Hotels 2.6 Transport 2.7 Backstage Disney 2.8 Attendance 3 Incidents and accidents 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) ' Disneyland Hotel ' in Disneyland Park , Paris , France . Through the hotel is the entrance ticket hall to the Park . Seeking a location for a European resort ( edit ) Following the success of Disneyland in California and Walt Disney World in Florida , plans to build a similar theme park in Europe emerged in 1972 .", "2": "Under the leadership of E. Cardon Walker , Tokyo Disneyland opened in 1983 in Japan with instant success , forming a catalyst for international expansion . In late 1984 the heads of Disney 's theme park division , Dick Nunis and Jim Cora , presented a list of approximately 1,200 possible European locations for the park . By March 1985 , the number of possible locations for the park had been reduced to four ; two in France and two in Spain . Both nations saw the potential economic advantages of a Disney theme park and offered competing financing deals to Disney . Both Spanish sites were located near the Mediterranean and offered a subtropical climate similar to Disney 's parks in California and Florida . Disney had also shown interest in a site near Toulon in southern France , not far from Marseille . The pleasing landscape of that region , as well as its climate , made the location a top competitor for what would be called Euro Disneyland . However , shallow bedrock was encountered beneath the site , which would have rendered construction too difficult . Finally , a site in the rural town of Marne - la - Vallée was chosen because of its proximity to Paris and its central location in Western Europe . This location was estimated to be no more than a four - hour drive for 68 million people and no more than a two - hour flight for a further 300 million . Michael Eisner , Disney 's CEO at the time , signed the first letter of agreement with the French government for the 20 - square - kilometre ( 4,940 - acre ) site on 18 December 1985 , and the first financial contracts were drawn up during the following spring . The final contract was signed by the leaders of the Walt Disney Company and the French government and territorial collectivities on 24 March 1987 . Construction began in August 1988 , and in December 1990 , an information centre named `` Espace Euro Disney '' was opened to show the public what was being constructed . Plans for a theme park next to Euro Disneyland based on the entertainment industry , Disney - MGM Studios Europe , quickly went into development , scheduled to open in 1996 with a construction budget of US $2.3 billion . The construction manager was Bovis .", "3": "Design and construction ( edit ) In order to provide lodging to patrons , it was decided that 5,200 Disney - owned hotel rooms would be built within the complex . In March 1988 , Disney and a council of architects ( Frank Gehry , Michael Graves , Robert A.M. Stern , Stanley Tigerman and Robert Venturi ) decided on an exclusively American theme in which each hotel would depict a region of the United States . At the time of the opening in April 1992 , seven hotels collectively housing 5,800 rooms had been built . An entertainment , shopping and dining complex based on Walt Disney World 's Downtown Disney was designed by Frank Gehry . With its towers of oxidised silver and bronze - coloured stainless steel under a canopy of lights , it opened as Festival Disney . For a projected daily attendance of 55,000 , Euro Disney planned to serve an estimated 14,000 people per hour inside the Euro Disneyland park . In order to accomplish this , 29 restaurants were built inside the park ( with a further 11 restaurants built at the Euro Disney resort hotels and five at Festival Disney ) . Menus and prices were varied with an American flavour predominant and Disney 's precedent of serving alcoholic beverages was continued in the park . 2,300 patio seats ( 30 % of park seating ) were installed to satisfy Europeans ' expected preference of eating outdoors in good weather . In test kitchens at Walt Disney World , recipes were adapted for European tastes . Walter Meyer , executive chef for menu development at Euro Disney and executive chef of food projects development at Walt Disney World noted , `` A few things we did need to change , but most of the time people kept telling us , ' Do your own thing . Do what 's American ' . '' Recruitment / employment ( edit ) Unlike Disney 's American theme parks , Euro Disney aimed for permanent employees ( an estimated requirement of 12,000 for the theme park itself ) , as opposed to seasonal and temporary part - time employees . Casting centres were set up in Paris , London and Amsterdam . However , it was understood by the French government and Disney that `` a concentrated effort would be made to tap into the local French labour market '' . Disney sought workers with sufficient communication skills , who spoke two European languages ( French and one other ) , and were socially outgoing .", "4": "Following precedent , Euro Disney set up its own Disney University to train workers . 24,000 people had applied by November 1991 . Controversies ( edit ) The prospect of a Disney park in France was a subject of debate and controversy . Critics , who included prominent French intellectuals , denounced what they considered to be the cultural imperialism of Euro Disney and felt it would encourage an unhealthy American type of consumerism in France . For others , Euro Disney became a symbol of America within France . On 28 June 1992 , a group of French farmers blockaded Euro Disney in protest of farm policies supported at the time by the United States . A journalist at the centre - right French newspaper Le Figaro wrote , `` I wish with all my heart that the rebels would set fire to ( Euro ) Disneyland . '' Ariane Mnouchkine , a Parisian stage director , named the concept a `` cultural Chernobyl '' , a phrase which would be echoed in the media during Euro Disney 's initial years . In response , French philosopher Michel Serres noted , `` It is not America that is invading us . It is we who adore it , who adopt its fashions and above all , its words . '' Euro Disney S.C.A. 's then - chairman Robert Fitzpatrick responded , `` We did n't come in and say O.K. , we 're going to put a beret and a baguette on Mickey Mouse . We are who we are . '' Topics of controversy also included Disney 's American managers requiring English to be spoken at all meetings and Disney 's appearance code for members of staff , which listed regulations and limitations for the use of makeup , facial hair , tattoos , jewellery and more . French labour unions mounted protests against the appearance code , which they saw as `` an attack on individual liberty '' . Others criticised Disney as being insensitive to French culture , individualism and privacy , because restrictions on individual or collective liberties were illegal under French law , unless it could be demonstrated that the restrictions are requisite to the job and do not exceed what is necessary . Disney countered by saying that a ruling that barred them from imposing such an employment standard could threaten the image and long - term success of the park . `` For us , the appearance code has a great effect from a product identification standpoint , '' said Thor Degelmann , Euro Disney 's personnel director .", "5": "`` Without it we could n't be presenting the Disney product that people would be expecting . '' Opening day and early years ( edit ) Euro Disney opened for employee preview and testing in March 1992 . During this time visitors were mostly park employees and their family members , who tested facilities and operations . The press were able to visit the day before the park 's opening day on 12 April . On 12 April 1992 , Euro Disney Resort and its theme park , Euro Disneyland , officially opened , on the same date that Mediaset 's La Cinq ( unrelated to the resort ) ceased transmissions . Visitors were warned of chaos on the roads . A government survey indicated that half a million people carried by 90,000 cars might attempt to enter the complex . French radio warned traffic to avoid the area . By midday , the car park was approximately half full , suggesting an attendance level below 25,000 . Explanations of the lower - than - expected turnout included speculation that people heeded the advice to stay away and that the one - day strike that cut the direct RER railway connection to Euro Disney from the centre of Paris made the park inaccessible . Due to the European recession that August , the park faced financial difficulties as there were a lack of things to do and an overabundance of hotels , leading to underperformance . A new Indiana Jones roller - coaster ride was opened at Euro Disney in the summer the next year , 1993 . However , a few weeks after the ride opened there were problems with the emergency brakes which resulted in guest injuries . The ride was shut down for a short time so that safety investigations could be conducted . In 1994 the company was still having financial difficulties . There were rumours that Euro Disney was getting close to having to declare bankruptcy . The banks and the backers had meetings to work out some of the financial problems facing Euro Disney . It was in March 1994 that Team Disney went into negotiations with the banks so that they could get some help for their debt . As a last resort , the Walt Disney Company threatened to close the Disneyland Paris park , leaving the banks with the land .", "6": "Financial , attendance and employment struggles ( edit ) Disney 's Newport Bay Club In May 1992 , entertainment magazine The Hollywood Reporter reported that about 25 % of Euro Disney 's workforce -- approximately 3,000 people -- had resigned from their jobs because of unacceptable working conditions . It also reported that the park 's attendance was far behind expectations . The disappointing attendance can be at least partly explained by the recession and increased unemployment , which was affecting France and most of the rest of the developed world at this time ; when construction of the resort began , the economy was still on an upswing . Euro Disney S.C.A. responded in an interview with The Wall Street Journal , in which Robert Fitzpatrick claimed only 1,000 people had left their jobs . In response to the financial situation , Fitzpatrick ordered that the Disney - MGM Studios Europe project would be put on hiatus until a further decision could be made . Prices at the hotels were reduced . Despite these efforts in May 1992 , park attendance was around 25,000 ( some reports give a figure of 30,000 ) instead of the predicted 60,000 . The Euro Disney Company stock price spiralled downwards and on 23 July 1992 , Euro Disney announced an expected net loss in its first year of operation of approximately 300 million French francs . During Euro Disney 's first winter , hotel occupancy was so low that it was decided to close the Newport Bay Club hotel during the season . Initial hopes were that each visitor would spend around US $33 per day , but near the end of 1992 , analysts found spending to be around 12 % lower . Efforts to improve attendance included serving alcoholic beverages with meals inside the Euro Disneyland park , in response to a presumed European demand , which began 12 June 1993 . In January 1994 , Sanford Litvack , an attorney from New York City and former U.S. Assistant Attorney General , was assigned to be Disney 's lead negotiator regarding Euro Disney 's future . On 28 February Litvack made an offer ( without the consent of Eisner or Frank Wells ) to split the debts between Euro Disney 's creditors and Disney . After the banks showed interest , Litvack informed Eisner and Wells .", "7": "On 14 March , the day before the annual shareholders meeting , the banks capitulated to Disney 's demands . The creditor banks bought US $500 million worth of Euro Disney shares , forgave 18 months of interest and deferred interest payments for three years . Disney invested US $750 million into Euro Disney and granted a five - year suspension of royalty payments . In June that same year , Saudi Arabian Prince Al - Waleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud cut a deal whereby the Walt Disney Company bought 51 % of a new US $1.1 billion share is existing shareholders at below - market rates , with the Prince buying any that were not taken up by existing shareholders ( up to a 24.5 % holding ) . 1995 turnaround ( edit ) On 31 May 1995 , a new attraction opened at the theme park . Space Mountain : De la Terre à la Lune had been planned since the inception of Euro Disneyland under the name Discovery Mountain , but was reserved for a revival of public interest . With a redesign of the attraction ( which had premiered as Space Mountain at the Walt Disney World Resort 's Magic Kingdom in 1975 ) including a `` cannon launch '' system , inversions , and an on - ride soundtrack , the US $100 million attraction was dedicated in a ceremony attended by celebrities such as Elton John , Claudia Schiffer and Buzz Aldrin . On 25 July 1995 , Euro Disney S.C.A. reported its first ever quarterly profit of US $35.3 million . On 15 November 1995 , the results for the fiscal year ending 30 September 1995 , were released ; in one year the theme park 's attendance had climbed from 8.8 million to 10.7 million -- an increase of 21 % . Hotel occupancy had also climbed from 60 to 68.5 % . After debt payments , Disneyland Paris ended the year with a net profit of US $22.8 million . 2000 onwards ( edit ) As of March 2002 , Disneyland Paris underwent a name change to Disneyland Resort Paris . In 2002 , Euro Disney S.C.A. and the Walt Disney Company announced another annual profit for Disneyland Paris . However , it then incurred a net loss in the three years following .", "8": "By March 2004 , the Walt Disney Company had agreed to write off all debt that Euro Disney S.C.A. owed to the Walt Disney Company . On 1 December 2003 , Euro Disney S.C.A launched the ' Need Magic ' campaign , which lasted until March 2006 to bring new , first - time European visitors to the resort . And by 2005 , having been open fewer than fifteen years , Disneyland Paris had become the number one tourist destination for Europe , outselling the Louvre and the Eiffel Tower . In March 2006 , Disneyland Resort Paris launched the advertising campaign , `` believe in your dreams '' and paired with the TGV East European Line to encourage European family attendance to the resort . Shortly after announcing a 12 % increase in revenues for the fiscal year of 2007 , Euro Disney S.C.A. implemented a `` reverse split '' consolidation of shares of 100 to 1 . August 2008 brought the resort 's 200 millionth visitor , and made for the third consecutive year of growth in revenues for the resort as well as record a record of 15.3 million visitors in attendance . In 2009 , the resort demonstrated dedication to the recruitment of new employment positions , especially for the Christmas and summer seasons , which continued in 2010 and 2011 when 2,000 and 3,000 employment contracts being offered , respectively . The 2009 fiscal year saw a decrease in revenues by 7 % and a net loss of 63 million followed by stable revenues at 1.2 billion in fiscal 2010 . Euro Disney S.C.A. refinanced their debt to Walt Disney Company again for 1.3 billion euros in September 2012 . A study done by the Inter-ministerial Delegation reviewing Disneyland Paris ' contribution to the French economy was released in time for the Resort 's 20th anniversary in March 2012 . It found that despite the resort 's financial hardships , it has generated `` 37 billion euros in tourism - related revenues over twenty years , '' supports on average 55,000 jobs in France annually , and that one job at Disneyland Paris generates nearly three jobs elsewhere in France .", "9": "For the first time in the resort 's history , both the Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park closed from 14 to 17 November 2015 , as part of France 's national days of mourning following the November 2015 Paris attacks . On 19 June 2017 , the resort 's operating company , Euro Disney S.C.A , was acquired by The Walt Disney Company , in the process , giving them full control of the resort . Name changes ( edit ) Disneyland Paris and its assets have been subject to a number of name changes , initially an effort to overcome the negative publicity that followed the inception of Euro Disney . Euro Disney was renamed Disneyland Paris in order to help locate the theme park more easily on the map . In 2002 , Disney 's CEO noted , As Americans , the word ' Euro ' is believed to mean glamorous or exciting . For Europeans it turned out to be a term they associated with business , currency and commerce . Renaming the park ' Disneyland Paris ' was a way of identifying it with one of the most romantic and exciting cities in the world . -- Michael Eisner Resort Names ( edit ) April 12th 1992 -- May 31st 1994 : Euro Disney Resort June 1st - September 30th 1994 : Euro Disney Resort Paris October 1st 1994 -- March 15th 2002 : Disneyland Paris March 16th 2002 -- April 3rd 2009 : Disneyland Resort Paris April 4th 2009 -- present : Disneyland Paris The complex ( edit ) Disneyland Paris encompasses 4,800 acres ( 19 km ) and contains 2 theme parks , 7 resort hotels , 7 associated hotels , a golf course , railway station , a large outlet centre ( la vallée village ) and a large shopping mall : Val d'Europe . Parks ( edit ) Disneyland Park , opened with the resort on 12 April 1992 and is based on the original Disneyland in California . Walt Disney Studios Park , opened on 16 March 2002 celebrating showbusiness , films and behind - the - scenes Shopping , dining and entertainment ( edit ) Disney Village , an entertainment district containing a variety of restaurants , entertainment venues and shops .", "10": "Val d'Europe , a shopping centre including a variety of outlet shops and large department stores with a huge Disney Store . Other recreation ( edit ) Golf Disneyland features 9 - hole and 18 - hole courses . Rides and attractions ( edit ) According to the Disneyland Paris website the theme park 's top five attractions are It 's a Small World , Space Mountain : Mission 2 , Big Thunder Mountain , Pirates of the Caribbean and Buzz Lightyear 's Astro Blasters . It 's a Small World , located in Fantasyland , takes visitors on a musical tour of world attractions ; Space Mountain : Mission 2 is a roller coaster in Discoveryland ; Big Thunder Mountain is a mine train roller coaster in Frontierland ; Pirates of the Caribbean is located in Adventureland ; and Buzz Lightyear 's Astro Blasters , located in Discoveryland , was inspired by the Disney / Pixar film Toy Story 2 and features people shooting lasers at targets to earn points . The park is approximately 4,800 acres ( 1,942 ha ) , and is divided into two main parks that each hold separate attraction areas within them . The park receives around twelve million visitors a year which makes it the most visited place in Europe . Hotels ( edit ) The complex features seven Disneyland Paris hotels . The Disneyland Hotel is located over the entrance of the Disneyland Park and is marketed as the most prestigious hotel on property . A body of water known as Lake Disney is surrounded by Disney 's Hotel New York , Disney 's Newport Bay Club and Disney 's Sequoia Lodge . Disney 's Hotel Cheyenne and Disney 's Hotel Santa Fe are located near Lake Disney , Disney 's Davy Crockett Ranch is located in a woodland area outside the resort perimeter . Name Theme Architect Number of Rooms Opening Date Price Rating Disneyland Hotel American - Victorian Walt Disney Imagineering & Wimberly , Allison , Tong & Goo 496 12 April 1992 € € € 5 * Disney 's Hotel New York New York City Michael Graves 565 12 April 1992 € € 5 * Disney 's Newport Bay Club New England Robert A.M.", "11": "Stern Architects 1098 12 April 1992 € € 4 * Disney 's Sequoia Lodge American National Park Lodge Antoine Grumbach 1011 12 April 1992 € € 3 * Disney 's Hotel Cheyenne American Old West Robert A.M. Stern Architects 1000 12 April 1992 € 2 * Disney 's Hotel Santa Fe American Southwest Antoine Predock 1000 12 April 1992 € 2 * Disney 's Davy Crockett Ranch Wilderness 595 12 April 1992 € 3 * Disneyland Paris includes six on - site partner hotels which are not managed by Euro Disney S.C.A. but provide free shuttle buses to the parks : B&B Hotel , Algonquin 's Explorers Hotel , Vienna House Dream Castle Hotel , Vienna House Magic Circus Hotel , Kyriad Hotel and Radisson Blu Hotel . There are also 2 associated hotels located in Val d'Europe : Adagio Marne - la - Vallée Val d'Europe and Hôtel l'Élysée Val d'Europe . Transport ( edit ) Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy station , view to the platform area A railway station , Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy , is located between the theme parks and Disney Village . It opened on 1 April 1992 with a connection to the suburban RER network 's line A . A connection to the TGV high - speed rail network opened on 29 May 1994 with the Interconnexion Est line . Thalys no longer operates from the station , but there are daily services from London St Pancras on the Eurostar . On 10 June 2007 , a new high - speed line , LGV Est , began service between Paris Gare de l'Est and Strasbourg . Free shuttle buses provide transport to all Disney hotels ( except Disney 's Davy Crockett Ranch ) and Associated Hotels . The yellow shuttle buses go to the main Disney hotels while the pink shuttle buses go to the other hotels further away but still in the Disneyland area .", "12": "Backstage Disney ( edit ) Disneyland Paris has strict rules designed to prevent visitors from seeing backstage areas of the park . Photography and filming are strictly forbidden in backstage areas . The edges of the parks are lined with ride buildings and foliage to hide areas that are not for the public to see . Numerous gates allow entrance into the park for cast members , parade cars etc . When gates around the park are open , anything that can be seen through them is considered part of the Disney magic . Therefore , from the second the gates are open , all of the crew must be in character and in place to ' perform ' . As the complex is so big , shuttle buses take cast members to different parts of the park via roads behind the parks . Many attractions are housed in large , soundstage - like buildings , some of which are partially or completely disguised by external theming . Generally , these buildings are painted a dull green colour in areas not seen by guests ; this choice helps to disguise the buildings among the foliage and make them less visually obtrusive . Walt Disney Imagineering has termed this colour `` Go Away Green . '' Most of them have off - white flat roofs that support HVAC units and footpaths for cast members . Inside are the rides , as well as hidden walkways , service areas , control rooms and other behind - the - scenes operations . Attendance ( edit ) 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 15,400,690 15,158,000 15,700,000 16,000,000 14,900,000 14,200,000 14,800,000 13,400,000 Incidents and accidents ( edit ) Main article : Incidents at Disneyland Paris See also ( edit ) Disney portal Amusement parks portal Trains portal Trams portal Paris portal Euro Disney S.C.A. Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2009 Theme Index . The Global Attractions Attendance Report , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's $1.7 Billion French Birthday Gift '' . Time .", "13": "19 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney Co DIS ( NYSE ) , Reuters.com '' . Stocks.us.reuters.com . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Company takes full ownership of Disneyland Paris Resort '' . We Love Orlando . 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times , 5 February 1991 '' COMPANY NEWS ; Euro Disney Park `` '' . New York Times . 4 September 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Outdoor Theatre : A spectacle in Progress Daily Press , 11 May 2005 Archived 4 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland Resort Paris in Figures '' . Corporate.disneylandparis.com . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ RICHARD CORLISS MARNE - LA - VALLEE Monday , 20 April 1992 ( 20 April 1992 ) . `` Voila ! Disney Invades Europe . Will the French Resist ? -- Time , 20 April 1992 '' . Time.com . Archived from the original on 1 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Magic Spreads Across the Atlantic ; Popular US Theme Park Prepares for Opening of Euro Disneyland Resort Near Paris in April 1992 , '' Nation 's Restaurant News ( 28 October 1991 ) , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Robert ( 1993 ) . Euro Disney : The First 100 Days . Harvard Business School . ASIN B0006R2N8Y - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thunderbird Case Studies ; ' EuroDisneyland ' '' ( PDF ) . www.thunderbird.edu . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 August 2006 . Retrieved 5 March 2007 .", "14": "Jump up ^ JEFF CHU / Marne - La - Vallee Monday , 18 March 2002 ( 18 March 2002 ) . `` Happily Ever After ? -- Time , March 18 , 2002 '' . Time.com . Archived from the original on 16 November 2005 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Anne Ferguson , Maximising the Mouse . Management Today , September 1989 , pp. 60 . Jump up ^ 19 / 20 FR3 du 12 avril 1992 -- Fin de La 5 et ouverture d'Eurodisney Archive INA on YouTube ^ Jump up to : Solarius . `` Disneyland Paris Brief History '' . Solarius . Archived from the original on 11 February 2013 . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland Paris - Adventureland Part 3 - Indiana Jones and the Pirates of the Caribbean '' . R.Y.I. Enterprises . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` FACTBOX : Who 's next ? Countries at risk of recession '' . Reuters. 4 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland Paris ( Euro Disney ) Frequently Asked Questions -- 1996 , Andre Willey / Tom Drynda '' . Faqs.org . Archived from the original on 22 September 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Disney Adding Alcohol '' . The New York Times . 12 June 1993 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Euro Disney S.C.A. `` January 11 , 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Euro Disney S.C.A. `` Reports Annual Results for Fiscal Year 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 .", "15": "^ Jump up to : Euro Disney S.C.A. `` Disneyland Resort Paris Partners with the TGV East European Line '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Euro Disney S.C.A. `` Disneyland Resort Paris Launches New European Advertising Campaign : `` Believe in Your Dreams '' '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Euro Disney S.C.A. `` Reports Annual Results for Fiscal Year 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Euro Disney S.C.A. `` Effective launch of share consolidation '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Disneyland Resort Paris . `` Disneyland Resort Paris Celebrates Its 200 millionth Visit '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Euro Disney S.C.A. `` Announces Net Profit in Fiscal Year 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Disneyland Paris . `` Come and Join Disneyland Paris ! : The Search for Recruits continues around the UK '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Disneyland Paris .", "16": "`` European Recruitment Tour : launching the new season at Diseyland Paris '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Disneyland Paris . `` Disneyland Paris Launches a Unique `` Pop - up '' Office Concept for its European Recruitment Drive '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Euro Disney S.C.A. `` Reports Fiscal Year 2009 Results '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 September 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Euro Disney S.C.A. `` Reports Fiscal Year 2010 Results '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Euro Disney S.C.A. `` Euro Disney group improves its debt profile with the 1.3 billion refinancing of the group 's debt by The Walt Disney Company '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Euro Disney S.C.A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Inter-Ministerial Delegation for the Euro Disney Project . `` Inter-Ministerial Delegation for the Euro Disney Project '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland Paris : Corporate . Inter-Ministerial Delegation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom Batchelor . `` Paris terror attacks -- Disneyland Paris to stay closed on Saturday after terror attacks -- World -- News -- Daily Express '' . Express.co.uk . Jump up ^ Matusitz , Jonathan ( 1 June 2010 ) . `` Disneyland Paris : a case analysis demonstrating how glocalization works '' .", "17": "Journal of Strategic Marketing . 18 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 237 . doi : 10.1080 / 09652540903537014 . ISSN 0965 - 254X . Jump up ^ daniels . `` Individual Term Paper International Marketing , Dan Snyder 30 April 2002 '' ( PDF ) . google.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 November 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Telegraph Media Group . `` Disneyland Paris Top Attractions . '' The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited , 13 May 2011 . Web . 28 February 2013 . Top Attractions Jump up ^ Disneyland . `` Our Top Five Attractions '' . Disneyland . Jump up ^ The Good Life France . `` Disneyland Paris -- the Main Rides and Attractions . '' The Good Life France . The Good Life France , 2013 . Web . 27 March 2013 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Good Life France . `` Disneyland Paris -- the Main Rides and Attractions . '' The Good Life France . The Good Life France , 2013 . Web . 27 March 2013 . Thegoodlifefrance.com Archived 2 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Joce , Will . `` 5 Fun Facts About Disneyland Paris . '' Venere Travel Blog . Venere.com , 10 January 2011 . Web . 27 March 2013 . Venere.com Jump up ^ Theme and Museum Index AECOM Archived 2 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Euro Disney Jump up ^ Euro Disney S.C.A `` Announcement of Full Year Results for Fiscal Year 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Disneyland Paris .", "18": "Disneyland Paris ( official site ) Disneyland Resort Paris travel guide from Wikivoyage Euro Disney S.C.A. -- Operating company of Disneyland Paris ( official site ) Disneyland Paris Theme parks Disneyland Park Walt Disney Studios Park ( attractions ) Hotels Disneyland Hotel Disney 's Hotel New York Disney 's Newport Bay Club Disney 's Sequoia Lodge Disney 's Hotel Cheyenne Disney 's Hotel Santa Fe Disney 's Davy Crockett Ranch Resort area Disney Village Golf Disneyland People Michael Eisner Roy E. Disney Marty Sklar Tony Baxter Philippe Gas Events Happiest Homecoming on Earth Disneyland Resort Paris 15th Anniversary Other Incidents Fastpass Related articles Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Euro Disney S.C.A. Walt Disney Imagineering Paris , France Team Disney Paris Marne - la - Vallée Communes Sector I ( Porte de Paris ) Noisy - le - Grand Bry - sur - Marne Villiers - sur - Marne Sector II ( Val Maubuée ) Champs - sur - Marne Croissy - Beaubourg Émerainville Lognes Noisiel Torcy Sector III ( Val de Bussy ) Bussy - Saint - Georges Bussy - Saint - Martin Chanteloup - en - Brie Collégien Conches - sur - Gondoire Ferrières - en - Brie Gouvernes Guermantes Jossigny Lagny - sur - Marne Montévrain Saint - Thibault - des - Vignes Sector IV ( Val d'Europe ) Bailly - Romainvilliers Chessy Coupvray Magny - le - Hongre Serris Lycées Lycée polyvalent de", "19": "l'Arche - Guédon ( Torcy ) Emilie Brontë ( Lognes ) Françoise - Cabrini ( Noisy - le - Grand ) René Cassin ( Noisiel ) Émilie du Châtelet ( Serris ) René Descartes ( Champs - sur - Marne ) Évariste - Galois ( Noisy - le - Grand ) Martin Luther King ( Bussy - Saint - Georges ) Lycée Jean - Moulin ( Torcy ) Lycée Maurice - Rondeau ( Bussy - Saint - Georges ) Flora - Tristan ( Noisy - le - Grand ) Van Dongen ( Lagny - sur - Marne ) Colleges and universities University of Marne - la - Vallée École des ponts ParisTech ESIEE Paris École nationale des finances publiques Campus Descartes Transport Paris RER stations Bry - sur - Marne Lognes Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy Noisiel Noisy -- Champs Noisy - le - Grand -- Mont d'Est Torcy Val d'Europe Villiers - sur - Marne -- Le Plessis - Trévise Les Yvris -- Noisy - le - Grand Émerainville -- Pontault - Combault Transilien stations Lagny -- Thorigny in Thorigny - sur - Marne Airports Lognes - Émerainville Airport Landmarks Disneyland Paris Château de Champs - sur - Marne Arènes de Picasso Espaces d'Abraxas Centre hospitalier de Marne - la - Vallée Religion Église Saint - Sulpice Église Sainte - Thérèse - des - Richardets Église Notre - Dame -", "20": "de-Lourdes Église Saint - Martin - du - Champy Église Saint - Paul - des - Nations Église Saint - Martin - des - Gaules Église Saint - Furcy de Lagny - sur - Marne This list is incomplete . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Disneyland Resort Disneyland Disney California Adventure Downtown Disney Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom Epcot Disney 's Hollywood Studios Disney 's Animal Kingdom Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon Disney 's Blizzard Beach ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Disney Springs Tokyo Disney Resort ( Oriental Land Co. licensee ) Tokyo Disneyland Tokyo DisneySea Disneyland Paris ( Euro Disney ) Disneyland Park Walt Disney Studios Park Disney Village Hong Kong Disneyland Resort Hong Kong Disneyland Inspiration Lake Shanghai Disney Resort Shanghai Disneyland Park Disneytown Disney Cruise Line Castaway Cay Disney Magic Disney Wonder Disney Dream Disney Fantasy Disney Vacation Club Animal Kingdom Villas Aulani Bay Lake Tower Beach Club Villas BoardWalk Villas Hilton Head Island Resort Old Key West Resort Polynesian Villas & Bungalows Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa Vero Beach Resort The Villas at Disney 's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa The Villas at Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa The Villas at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge Other Adventures by Disney Disney Regional Entertainment Club Disney DisneyQuest ESPN Zone Disney dollar Disney 's Fairy Tale Weddings & Honeymoons Rail transport runDisney Team Disney Walt Disney Imagineering Walt Disney Creative Entertainment World of Disney Cancelled and former parks Discovery Island Disney 's America Pleasure Island Port Disney DisneySea River Country Walt Disney 's Riverfront Square WestCOT The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company Company timeline Retlaw Enterprises Criticism Company officials Founders Walter Elias Disney Roy Oliver Disney Executives Bob Iger ( CEO ) Alan N. 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Denis Porte Saint - Martin Sorbonne Tour Montparnasse Museums Bibliothèque nationale Carnavalet Centre Pompidou / Beaubourg Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie Jeu de Paume Louis Vuitton Foundation Musée des Arts Décoratifs Musée des Arts et Métiers Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris Musée Cognacq - Jay Musée Grévin Musée Guimet Maison de Victor Hugo Musée Jacquemart - André Musée du Louvre Musée Marmottan Monet Musée de Montmartre Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée national Eugène Delacroix Musée national Gustave Moreau Musée national des Monuments Français Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Musée national du Moyen Âge Musée de l'Orangerie Musée d'Orsay Musée Pasteur Musée Picasso Musée du quai Branly Musée Rodin Palais de la Légion d'Honneur Musée de la Légion d'honneur Musée de la Vie Romantique Religious buildings Alexander Nevsky Cathedral American Cathedral American Church Chapelle expiatoire Grand Mosque Grand Synagogue La Madeleine Notre - Dame de Paris Notre - Dame - de-Bonne - Nouvelle Notre - Dame - de-Lorette Notre - Dame - des - Victoires Sacré - Cœur Saint Ambroise Saint - Augustin Saint - Étienne - du - Mont Saint", "23": "- Eustache Saint - François - Xavier Saint - Germain - des - Prés Saint - Germain l'Auxerrois Saint - Gervais - Saint - Protais Saint - Jacques Tower Saint - Jean - de-Montmartre Saint - Paul - Saint - Louis Saint - Pierre de Montmartre Saint - Roch Saint - Sulpice Saint - Vincent - de-Paul Sainte - Chapelle Sainte - Clotilde Sainte - Trinité Temple du Marais Val - de-Grâce Hôtels particuliers and palaces Élysée Palace Hôtel de Beauvais Hôtel de Charost Hôtel de Crillon Hôtel d'Estrées Hôtel de la Païva Hôtel de Pontalba Hôtel de Sens Hôtel de Soubise Hôtel de Sully Hôtel de Ville Hôtel Lambert Hôtel Matignon Luxembourg Palace ( Petit Luxembourg ) Palais Bourbon Palais de Justice Palais - Royal Areas , bridges , streets and squares Avenue Foch Avenue George V Champ de Mars Champs - Élysées Covered passages Latin Quarter Le Marais Montmartre Montparnasse Place Dauphine Place de la Bastille Place de la Concorde Place de la Nation Place de la République Place Denfert - Rochereau Place des États - Unis Place des Pyramides Place des Victoires Place des Vosges Place du Carrousel Place du Châtelet Place du Tertre Place Saint - Michel Place Vendôme Pont Alexandre III Pont d'Iéna Pont de Bir - Hakeim Pont des Arts Pont Neuf Rive Gauche Rue de Rivoli Rue du", "24": "Faubourg Saint - Honoré Trocadéro Parks and gardens Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes Jardin d'Acclimatation Jardin du Luxembourg Parc des Buttes Chaumont Parc Montsouris Tuileries Garden Cemeteries Montmartre Cemetery Montparnasse Cemetery Passy Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery Picpus Cemetery Région parisienne Chantilly La Défense Grande Arche Disneyland Paris Écouen Fontainebleau France Miniature Malmaison Musée de l'air et de l'espace Musée Fragonard d'Alfort Parc Astérix Provins Rambouillet La Roche - Guyon Basilica of St Denis Saint - Germain - en - Laye Sceaux Stade de France U Arena Vaux - le - Vicomte Palace and Gardens of Versailles Vincennes Events and traditions Bastille Day military parade Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Paris Air Show Paris - 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-2440461470906841040	who played shaggy in the new scooby doo movie	[ "Matthew Lyn Lillard", "Matthew Lyn Lillard", "Matthew Lyn Lillard" ]	{ "0": "Matthew Lillard - wikipedia Matthew Lillard Jump to : navigation , search Matthew Lillard Lillard at the 84th Academy Awards in 2012 Matthew Lyn Lillard ( 1970 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1970 ( age 48 ) Lansing , Michigan , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , voice actor , director , producer Years active 1990 -- present Spouse ( s ) Heather Helm ( m . 2000 ) Children Matthew Lyn Lillard ( born January 24 , 1970 ) is an American actor , voice actor , director , and producer . He is best known for portraying Chip in Serial Mom ( 1994 ) , Stu in Scream ( 1996 ) , Stevo in SLC Punk ! ( 1998 ) , Jerry Conlaine in Without a Paddle ( 2004 ) and Shaggy Rogers in both Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) and Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) . In animation , he has been the current voice of Shaggy since veteran actor Casey Kasem retired from the role . While much of his work is comedic in nature , Lillard has given dramatic performances in The Descendants ( 2011 ) , Trouble with the Curve ( 2012 ) and Match ( 2014 ) . He made his directorial debut with the coming - of - age drama Fat Kid Rules the World ( 2012 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Lillard was born in Lansing , Michigan , the son of Paula and Jeffrey Lillard , and grew up in Tustin , California . He has a younger sister , Amy , and attended Foothill High School in Santa Ana , California . He later attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Pasadena , California , with fellow actor Paul Rudd . He also attended Circle in the Square in New York City .", "1": "Career ( edit ) Lillard at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con While still in high school , Lillard was co-host of a short - lived TV show titled SK8 - TV . After high school , he was hired as an extra in Ghoulies 3 : Ghoulies Go to College ( 1991 ) and then played in the black comedy Serial Mom in 1994 . In 1995 he was cast in five films , including Hackers , which featured a group of high school kids who thwart a multimillion - dollar corporate extortion conspiracy . In 1996 , he was cast as Stu Macher in the horror film Scream . He also played Stevo in the independent film SLC Punk ! , and supporting character Dennis Rafkin in Thirteen Ghosts . Lillard was cast as Shaggy Rogers in the 2002 live - action Scooby - Doo film , a role he later reprised in the 2004 sequel Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed . When Casey Kasem , who had voiced the character from the show 's debut in 1969 , retired due to declining health in 2009 , Lillard was chosen as his replacement and voiced Shaggy in the two subsequent animated series , Mystery Incorporated and Be Cool Scooby - Doo ! . In 2011 , Lillard guest starred on the Fox series House . In 2011 , he produced and directed his first feature film , Fat Kid Rules the World , based on the K.L. Going book of the same name . Later that year , he appeared in the comedy - drama film The Descendants . Lillard will also reprise the voice role of Shaggy in the crossover episode in the television series Supernatural in 2018 . In 2012 , Lillard guest starred in the Criminal Minds episode `` The Apprenticeship '' . The following year , he played the role of Daniel Frye on the American TV series The Bridge . In 2014 , Lillard starred as Peter in the animated film Under Wraps , alongside Brooke Shields and Drake Bell . In 2017 , Lillard was featured in Twin Peaks in a pivotal role . Personal life ( edit ) On August 12 , 2000 , Lillard married Heather Helm , with whom he has three children .", "2": "They live in Los Angeles . In October 2005 , he participated in a Dungeons & Dragons tournament , against members of the Quest Club Gaming Organization , at the Magic Castle in Hollywood , California . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 Ghoulies III : Ghoulies Go to College Stork Credited as Matthew Lynn 1994 Serial Mom Chip Sutphin 1995 Animal Room Doug Van Housen Ride for Your Life Nash Mad Love Eric Webber Hackers Emmanuel `` Cereal Killer '' Goldstein Tarantella Matt Reynolds If These Walls Could Talk Abortion Protester Segment : `` 1996 '' Scream Stuart `` Stu '' Macher 1997 Scream 2 Guy at Party Uncredited 1998 The Curve Tim Jackson Senseless Tim LaFlour Telling You Adam Ginesberg Without Limits Roscoe Devine SLC Punk ! Steven `` Stevo '' Levy Mar del Plata Film Festival -- Best Actor 1999 Spanish Judges Jack Fisher She 's All That Brock Hudson Wing Commander Lt.", "3": "Todd `` Maniac '' Marshall 2000 Love 's Labour 's Lost Longaville Dish Dogs Jason Finder 's Fee Fishman Triangle Square Snake Eater Summer Catch Billy Brubaker Thirteen Ghosts Dennis Rafkin 2002 Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers 2003 Looney Tunes : Back in Action Himself Cameo The Perfect Score Larry Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed Shaggy Rogers Wicker Park Luke Without a Paddle Jerry Conlaine 2005 Karas : The Prophecy Eko Voice 2006 Bickford Shmeckler 's Cool Ideas Spaceman The Groomsmen Dez Howard 2007 In the Name of the King : A Dungeon Siege Tale Duke Fallow What Love Is Sal One of Our Own Bob Also co-producer Karas : The Revelation Eko Voice 2008 Spooner Herman Spooner Also co-producer 2009 Messages Deleted Joel Brandt Osh Kosh B'Gosh : Under the Overall Lloyd B'Gosh Short film All 's Faire in Love Crocket Endless Bummer Mike Mooney Extreme Movie Himself Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo Shaggy Rogers Voice Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare 2011 Larger than Life Jack Scream 4 Guy at Stab - a-thon Uncredited Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur Shaggy Rogers / Shaky Joe Voice The Descendants Brian Speer The Pool Boys Roger 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire Shaggy Rogers Voice Home Run Showdown Joey Trouble with the Curve Philip Big Top Scooby - Doo !", "4": "Shaggy Rogers Voice Deep Dark Canyon Jack Cavanaugh Fat Kid Rules the World Guidance counselor Also director Dear Dracula Mailman Gus Voice Abominable Christmas Dogcatcher 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon Shaggy Rogers Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map Return to Nim 's Island Jack Rusoe Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright Shaggy Rogers Voice The Naughty List Tinsel National Lampoon Presents Surf Party Mooney 2014 Match Mike Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery Shaggy Rogers Voice Axel : The Biggest Little Hero Lizard King Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy Shaggy Rogers Under Wraps Peter 2015 Bloodsucking Bastards Phallicyte Executive Uncredited Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness Shaggy Rogers Voice Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery 2016 Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon 6 Love Stories Alan Mackey 2017 Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown Shaggy Rogers Voice Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash 2018 Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes SK8 - TV Himself ( host ) 13 Episodes 1994 Vanishing Son IV Dawson Television film 1997 The Devil 's Child Tim Television film 1997 Nash Bridges Brian Van Pelt Episode : `` Gun Play '' 2002 It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie Luc Fromage Television film 2005 American Dad !", "5": "Bruce Voice Episode : `` Homeland Insecurity '' 2005 , 2007 2012 , 2018 Robot Chicken Shaggy Rogers / Various Voice 5 episodes 2006 The Replacements Trevor Bodie Voice 2 episodes 2006 13 Graves Matthew McQueen Television film 2006 Eloise : The Animated Series Monsieur Ducat Voice Episode : `` Little Miss Christmas '' 2007 Area 57 Col. Steven Isaac Pilot 2008 Gary Unmarried Taylor Episode : `` Gary 's Ex-Brother - In - Law '' 2009 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Chet Episode : `` Ballerina '' 2009 Married Not Dead Rob Pilot 2010 -- 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Shaggy Rogers Voice 52 episodes 2011 House Jack Episode : `` Larger Than Life '' 2011 Generator Rex Surge Voice Episode : `` Waste Land '' 2011 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Shaggy Rogers Voice Episode : `` Bat - Mite Presents : Batman 's Strangest Cases ! '' 2011 , 2013 MAD Shaggy Rogers Voice 2 episodes 2012 Samurai ! Daycare Ned Voice 9 episodes 2012 Leverage Gabe Erickson Episode : `` The Real Fake Car Job '' 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2012 Criminal Minds David Roy Turner Episode : `` The Apprenticeship '' 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2013 I Am Victor Elliot Moe Pilot 2013 -- 2014 The Bridge Daniel Frye 24 episodes 2013 Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2013 Scooby - Doo !", "6": "Mecha Mutt Menace Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2013 -- 2014 Beware the Batman Dr. Jason Burr Voice 4 episodes 2014 Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2014 , 2016 The Good Wife Rowby 2 episodes 2015 State of Affairs CIA Director DD Banks 3 episodes 2015 Problem Child Ed Pilot 2015 Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2015 Scooby - Doo ! Lego Shorts Shaggy Rogers Voice Television shorts 2015 -- 2018 Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy Rogers Voice 52 episodes 2015 Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2016 Bosch Luke ' Lucky ' Rykov 5 episodes 2016 Halt and Catch Fire Ken Diebold 4 episodes 2017 All Hail King Julien Ned Voice 2 episodes 2017 Twin Peaks Bill Hastings 4 episodes 2017 Ben 10 Zack Voice 2018 Good Girls Dean Boland 2018 Supernatural Shaggy Rogers Voice Episode : `` Scoobynatural '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed -- The Video Game Shaggy Rogers Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Swamp 2014 Scooby - Doo & Looney Tunes Cartoon Universe : Adventure 2015 My Friend Scooby - Doo ! 2015 Lego Dimensions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dilworth Jr. , Joseph . `` Matthew Lillard Talks Shaggy Rogers And ' Scooby - Doo ' '' . WhatJoeWrites.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca . `` Matthew Lillard on Why ' Fat Kid Rules the World ' Is n't About Being Fat ( Q&A ) '' .", "7": "The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Outdoor Movies Take Place at Gig Harbor Film Festival in Washington '' . Open Air Cinema . October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mineral Hosts Third Annual Independent Film Festival '' . The Chronicle . Centralia , Washington . June 15 , 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lillard Biography ( 1970 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Matthew Lillard Puts His Improv Chops on Display '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kaseko , Baraka . `` Matthew Lillard teaches us how to do the voice of Shaggy from Scooby - Doo '' . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lillard : ' I 'm proud of Scooby - Doo movies now ' '' . October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Matthew Lillard Checks in to House '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fat Kid Rules the World on IMDb Jump up ^ `` ' The Descendants ' ( 2011 ) : Acting Credits '' . The New York Times . Baseline / All Media Guide . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Check Out 27 Images From ' Scoobynatural ' -- The ' Supernatural ' / ' Scooby - Doo ' Crossover Event '' . sciencefiction.com . Jump up ^ `` Mattew Lillard Biography '' . Biography.com . A&E . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madler , Mark R. ( October 26 , 2005 ) . `` Here there be dragons '' . Burbank Leader .", "8": "Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lillard Plays Dungeons & Dragons '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matthew Lillard . Matthew Lillard on IMDb `` Episode # 5177 : Matthew Lillard , Thetoiletonline.com , LAN Party '' . Attack of the Show . Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . VIAF : 100861230 LCCN : no98014507 ISNI : 0000 0001 1453 5186 GND : 141222247 SUDOC : 077719824 BNF : cb144483120 ( data ) NKC : xx0102161 BNE : XX1689778 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Lillard&oldid=838548420 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni American male stage actors American film directors American male film actors American male video game actors American male voice actors Circle in the Square Theatre School alumni Fullerton College alumni Male actors from Lansing , Michigan Male actors from Orange County , California People from Tustin ,", "9": "California Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 18 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3568942573258999273	what is the ultimate objective of financial management	[ "Profit maximization", "accomplish the objectives of the organization" ]	{ "0": "Financial management - wikipedia Financial management Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "1": "( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Business administration Management of a business Accounting ( show ) Management accounting Financial accounting Financial audit Business entities ( show ) Cooperative Corporation Limited liability company Partnership Sole proprietorship State - owned enterprise Corporate governance ( show ) Annual general meeting Board of directors Supervisory board Advisory board Audit committee Corporate law ( show ) Commercial law Constitutional documents Contract Corporate crime Corporate liability Insolvency law International trade law Mergers and acquisitions Economics ( show ) Commodity Public economics Labour economics Development economics International economics Mixed economy Planned economy Econometrics Environmental economics Open economy Market economy Knowledge economy Microeconomics Macroeconomics Economic development Economic statistics Finance ( show ) Financial statement Insurance Factoring Cash conversion cycle Insider dealing Capital budgeting Commercial bank Derivative Financial statement analysis Financial risk Public finance Corporate finance Managerial finance International finance Liquidation Stock market Financial market Tax Financial institution Working capital Venture capital Marketing ( show ) Marketing Marketing research Public relations Sales Types of management ( show ) Asset Brand Business intelligence Business development Capacity Change innovation Commercial marketing Communications Conflict Content Customer relationship Distributed Earned value Electronic business Enterprise resource planning management information system Financial Human resource development Incident Integrated Knowledge Materials Network administrator Office Operations services Performance Power Problem Process Product life - cycle Product Project Quality Records Resource Risk crisis Sales Security Service Strategic Supply chain Systems administrator Talent Technology Organization ( show ) Architecture Behavior Communication Culture Conflict Development Engineering Hierarchy Patterns Space Structure Trade ( show ) Business analysis Business ethics Business plan Business judgment rule Consumer behaviour Business operations International business Business model International trade Business process Business statistics Business and economics portal Financial management refers to the efficient and effective management of money ( funds ) in such a manner as to accomplish the objectives of the organization . It is the specialized function directly associated with the top management .", "2": "The significance of this function is not seen in the ' Line ' but also in the capacity of the ' Staff ' in overall of a company . It has been defined differently by different experts in the field . The term typically applies to an organization or company 's financial strategy , while personal finance or financial life management refers to an individual 's management strategy . It includes how to raise the capital and how to allocate capital , i.e. capital budgeting . Not only for long term budgeting , but also how to allocate the short term resources like current liabilities . It also deals with the dividend policies of the share holders . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions of Financial Management 2 Objectives of Financial Management 3 Scope of Financial Management 4 Financial Management for Start Up 5 See also 6 References Definitions of financial management ( edit ) `` Planning is an inextricable dimension of financial management . The term financial management can notes that funds flows are directed according to some plan . '' By James Van Horne `` Financial management is that activity of management which is concerned with the planning , procuring and controlling of the firm 's financial resources . '' By Deepika &Maya Rani `` Financial Management is the Operational Activity of a business that is responsible for obtaining and effectively utilizing the funds necessary for efficient operation . '' By Joseph Massie `` Business finance deals primarily with rising administering and disbursing funds by privately owned business units operating in non-financial fields of industry . '' -- By Kuldeep Roy `` Financial Management is an area of financial decision making , harmonizing individual motives and enterprise goals . '' - By Weston and Brigham `` Financial management is the area of business management devoted to a judicious use of capital and a careful selection of sources of capital in order to enable a business firm to move in the direction of reaching its goals . '' -- by J.F. Bradlery `` Financial management is the application of the planning and control function to the finance function . '' -- by K.D. Willson `` Financial management may be defined as that area or set of administrative function in an organization which relate with arrangement of cash and credit so that organization may have the means to carry out its objective as satisfactorily as possible . '' - by Howard & Opton .", "3": "Business finance can be broadly defined as the activity concerned with planning , raising , controlling and administering of funds and in the business . `` by H.G Gathman & H.E Dougall Financial management is a body of business concerned with the efficient and effective use of either equity capital , borrowed cash or any other business funds as well as taking the right decision for profit maximization and value addition of an entity. - Kepher Petra ; Kisii University . `` Financial management refers to the proper and efficient use of money and it plays a significant role in analyzing to invest in profitable business enterprise . Return on Investment must be greater than the invested amount . '' `` Financial management refers to the effective and efficient management of money and it is also process of planning , controlling , leading , directing of a firm 's financial resources . '' Objectives of financial management ( edit ) Profit maximization happens when marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue . This is the main objective of Financial Management . Wealth maximization means maximization of shareholders ' wealth . It is an advanced goal compared to profit maximization . Survival of company is an important consideration when the financial manager makes any financial decisions . One incorrect decision may lead company to be bankrupt . Maintaining proper cash flow is a short run objective of financial management . It is necessary for operations to pay the day - to - day expenses e.g. raw material , electricity bills , wages , rent etc . A good cash flow ensures the survival of company . Minimization on capital cost in financial management can help operations gain more profit . It is vague : - There are several types of profits before interest , depreciation and taxes , profit before taxes , profit after taxes , cash profit etc Scope of financial management ( edit ) Estimating the Requirement of Funds : Businesses make forecast on funds needed in both short run and long run , hence , they can improve the efficiency of funding . The estimation is based on the budget e.g. sales budget , production budget . Determining the Capital Structure : Capital structure is how a firm finances its overall operations and growth by using different sources of funds . Once the requirement of funds has estimated , the financial manager should decide the mix of debt and equity and also types of debt . Investment Fund : A good investment plan can bring businesses huge returns .", "4": "Financial management for start up ( edit ) For new enterprises , it is important to make a good estimation on costs , sales . Consideration on appropriate length sources of finances can help businesses avoid the cash flow problems even the failure of setting up . There are fixed and current sides of assets balance sheet . Fixed assets refers to assets that can not be converted into cash easily , like plant , property , equipment etc . A current asset is an item on an entity 's balance sheet that is either cash , a cash equivalent , or which can be converted into cash within one year . It is not easy for start ups to forecast the current asset , because there are changes in receivables and payables . See also ( edit ) Managerial finance , a branch of finance concerned with the managerial significance of financial techniques . Corporate finance , a branch of finance concerned with monetary resource allocations made by corporations Financial management for IT services , financial management of IT assets and resources Financial Planning Association , an organization for finance and economics students and professionals Financial Management Service , a bureau of the U.S. Treasury which provides financial services for the government Financial planner Finance References ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Financial management Jump up ^ `` Business Finance and Financial Management '' . UpFina . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Wealth Maximization '' . eFinanceManagement . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Structure Definition Investopedia '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nobanee , Haitham ; Abraham , Jaya ( 2015 ) . `` Current assets management of small enterprises '' . Journal of Economic Studie . Jump up ^ `` What are fixed assets ? The e-conomic Accounting Glossary '' . www.e-conomic.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Current Asset Definition - AccountingTools '' . www.accountingtools.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 4 Cash Flow Forecasting Mistakes '' . Entrepreneur . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ faustin.", "5": "G. karamage Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial_management&oldid=837876984 '' Categories : Corporate finance Financial management Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Português Русский Slovenčina தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 15 : 44 . 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179878424839453416	how many times have real madrid won the champions league in a row	[ "five", "five", "five", "five times" ]	{ "0": "List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals - wikipedia List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals Jump to : navigation , search List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals European Cup / Champions League trophy Founded 1955 Region Europe ( UEFA ) Number of teams 32 ( group stage ) 2 ( finalists ) Current champions Real Madrid ( 12th title ) Most successful club ( s ) Real Madrid ( 12 titles ) 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League The UEFA Champions League is a seasonal association football competition established in 1955 . The UEFA Champions League is open to the league champions of all UEFA ( Union of European Football Associations ) member associations ( except Liechtenstein , which has no league competition ) , as well as to the clubs finishing from second to fourth position in the strongest leagues . Prior to the 1992 -- 93 season , the tournament was named the European Cup . Originally , only the champions of their respective national league and the defending champion of the competition were allowed to participate . However , this was changed in 1997 to allow the runners - up of the stronger leagues to compete as well . The defending champion of the competition did not automatically qualify until the rules were changed in 2005 to allow title holders Liverpool to enter the competition . Teams that have won the UEFA Champions League three times in a row , or five times overall , receive a multiple - winner badge . Six teams have earned this privilege : Real Madrid , Ajax , Bayern Munich , Milan , Liverpool and Barcelona . Until 2009 , clubs that had earned that badge were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs ' Cup and a new one was commissioned ; since 2009 , the winning team each year has received a full - size replica of the trophy , while the original is retained by UEFA . A total of 22 clubs have won the Champions League / European Cup . Real Madrid hold the record for the most victories , having won the competition 12 times , including the inaugural competition . They have also won the competition the most times in a row , winning it five times from 1956 to 1960 . Juventus have been runners - up the most times , losing seven finals .", "1": "Atlético Madrid is the only team to reach three finals without having won the trophy while Stade de Reims and Valencia have finished as runners - up twice without winning . Spain has provided the most champions , with 17 wins from two clubs . Italy have produced 12 winners from three clubs and England have produced 12 winners from five clubs . English teams were banned from the competition for five years following the Heysel disaster in 1985 . The current champions are Real Madrid , who beat Juventus in the 2017 final . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of finals 2 Performances 2.1 By club 2.2 By nation 3 Venues 4 Notes 5 References List of finals ( edit ) Key Match was won during extra time * Match was won on a penalty shoot - out & Match was won after a replay The `` Season '' column refers to the season the competition was held , and wikilinks to the article about that season . The wikilinks in the `` Score '' column point to the article about that season 's final game . List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals Season Nation Winners Score Runners - up Nation Venue Attendance 1955 -- 56 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 3 Stade de Reims France Parc des Princes , Paris 38,239 1956 -- 57 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Fiorentina Italy Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 124,000 1957 -- 58 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Milan Italy Heysel Stadium , Brussels 67,000 1958 -- 59 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Stade de Reims France Neckarstadion , Stuttgart 72,000 1959 -- 60 Spain Real Madrid 7 -- 3 Eintracht Frankfurt West Germany Hampden Park , Glasgow 127,621 1960 -- 61 Portugal Benfica 3 -- 2 Barcelona Spain Wankdorf Stadium , Bern 26,", "2": "732 1961 -- 62 Portugal Benfica 5 -- 3 Real Madrid Spain Olympisch Stadion , Amsterdam 61,257 1962 -- 63 Italy Milan 2 -- 1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium , London 45,715 1963 -- 64 Italy Internazionale 3 -- 1 Real Madrid Spain Prater Stadium , Vienna 71,333 1964 -- 65 Italy Internazionale 1 -- 0 Benfica Portugal San Siro , Milan 89,000 1965 -- 66 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Partizan Yugoslavia Heysel Stadium , Brussels 46,745 1966 -- 67 Scotland Celtic 2 -- 1 Internazionale Italy Estádio Nacional , Lisbon 45,000 1967 -- 68 England Manchester United 4 -- 1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium , London 92,225 1968 -- 69 Italy Milan 4 -- 1 Ajax Netherlands Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 31,782 1969 -- 70 Netherlands Feyenoord 2 -- 1 Celtic Scotland San Siro , Milan 53,187 1970 -- 71 Netherlands Ajax 2 -- 0 Panathinaikos Greece Wembley Stadium , London 83,179 1971 -- 72 Netherlands Ajax 2 -- 0 Internazionale Italy De Kuip , Rotterdam 61,354 1972 -- 73 Netherlands Ajax 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Red Star Stadium , Belgrade 89,484 1973 -- 74 West Germany Bayern Munich 4 -- 0 Atlético Madrid Spain Heysel Stadium , Brussels 72,047 1974 -- 75 West Germany Bayern Munich 2 -- 0 Leeds United England Parc des Princes , Paris 48,", "3": "374 1975 -- 76 West Germany Bayern Munich 1 -- 0 Saint - Étienne France Hampden Park , Glasgow 54,864 1976 -- 77 England Liverpool 3 -- 1 Borussia Mönchengladbach West Germany Stadio Olimpico , Rome 52,078 1977 -- 78 England Liverpool 1 -- 0 Club Brugge Belgium Wembley Stadium , London 92,500 1978 -- 79 England Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 Malmö FF Sweden Olympiastadion , Munich 57,500 1979 -- 80 England Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 Hamburg West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 51,000 1980 -- 81 England Liverpool 1 -- 0 Real Madrid Spain Parc des Princes , Paris 48,360 1981 -- 82 England Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich West Germany De Kuip , Rotterdam 46,000 1982 -- 83 West Germany Hamburg 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Olympic Stadium , Athens 73,500 1983 -- 84 England Liverpool 1 -- 1 * Roma Italy Stadio Olimpico , Rome 69,693 1984 -- 85 Italy Juventus 1 -- 0 Liverpool England Heysel Stadium , Brussels 58,000 1985 -- 86 Romania Steaua București 0 -- 0 * Barcelona Spain Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville 70,000 1986 -- 87 Portugal Porto 2 -- 1 Bayern Munich West Germany Prater Stadium , Vienna 57,500 1987 -- 88 Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 * Benfica Portugal Neckarstadion , Stuttgart 68,", "4": "000 1988 -- 89 Italy Milan 4 -- 0 Steaua București Romania Camp Nou , Barcelona 97,000 1989 -- 90 Italy Milan 1 -- 0 Benfica Portugal Prater Stadium , Vienna 57,558 1990 -- 91 Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 0 -- 0 * Marseille France Stadio San Nicola , Bari 56,000 1991 -- 92 Spain Barcelona 1 -- 0 Sampdoria Italy Wembley Stadium , London 70,827 1992 -- 93 France Marseille 1 -- 0 Milan Italy Olympiastadion , Munich 64,400 1993 -- 94 Italy Milan 4 -- 0 Barcelona Spain Olympic Stadium , Athens 70,000 1994 -- 95 Netherlands Ajax 1 -- 0 Milan Italy Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna 49,730 1995 -- 96 Italy Juventus 1 -- 1 * Ajax Netherlands Stadio Olimpico , Rome 70,000 1996 -- 97 Germany Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion , Munich 59,000 1997 -- 98 Spain Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Amsterdam Arena , Amsterdam 48,500 1998 -- 99 England Manchester United 2 -- 1 Bayern Munich Germany Camp Nou , Barcelona 90,245 1999 -- 2000 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Valencia Spain Stade de France , Saint - Denis 80,000 2000 -- 01 Germany Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 * Valencia Spain San Siro , Milan 71,500 2001 -- 02 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Bayer Leverkusen Germany Hampden Park , Glasgow 50,", "5": "499 2002 -- 03 Italy Milan 0 -- 0 * Juventus Italy Old Trafford , Manchester 62,315 2003 -- 04 Portugal Porto 3 -- 0 Monaco France Arena AufSchalke , Gelsenkirchen 53,053 2004 -- 05 England Liverpool 3 -- 3 * Milan Italy Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul 69,000 2005 -- 06 Spain Barcelona 2 -- 1 Arsenal England Stade de France , Saint - Denis 79,610 2006 -- 07 Italy Milan 2 -- 1 Liverpool England Olympic Stadium , Athens 63,000 2007 -- 08 England Manchester United 1 -- 1 * Chelsea England Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow 67,310 2008 -- 09 Spain Barcelona 2 -- 0 Manchester United England Stadio Olimpico , Rome 62,467 2009 -- 10 Italy Internazionale 2 -- 0 Bayern Munich Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 73,490 2010 -- 11 Spain Barcelona 3 -- 1 Manchester United England Wembley Stadium , London 87,695 2011 -- 12 England Chelsea 1 -- 1 * Bayern Munich Germany Allianz Arena , Munich 62,500 2012 -- 13 Germany Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 Borussia Dortmund Germany Wembley Stadium , London 86,298 2013 -- 14 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Atlético Madrid Spain Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 60,976 2014 -- 15 Spain Barcelona 3 -- 1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion , Berlin 70,442 2015 -- 16 Spain Real Madrid 1 -- 1 * Atlético Madrid Spain San Siro , Milan 71,", "6": "942 2016 -- 17 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Juventus Italy Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 65,842 Upcoming finals Season Nation Finalist Match Finalist Nation Venue 2017 -- 18 -- NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev 2018 -- 19 -- Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid Performances ( edit ) See also : European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics § General performances By club ( edit ) Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club Club Winners Runners - up Years won Years runner - up Real Madrid 12 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 1962 , 1964 , 1981 Milan 7 1963 , 1969 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 , 2007 1958 , 1993 , 1995 , 2005 Bayern Munich 5 5 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 2001 , 2013 1982 , 1987 , 1999 , 2010 , 2012 Barcelona 5 1992 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 1961 , 1986 , 1994 Liverpool 5 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 2005 1985 , 2007 Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1995 1969 , 1996 Internazionale 1964 , 1965 , 2010 1967 , 1972 Manchester United 1968 , 1999 , 2008 2009 , 2011 Juventus 7 1985 , 1996 1973 , 1983 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003 , 2015 ,", "7": "2017 Benfica 5 1961 , 1962 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1988 , 1990 Nottingham Forest 0 1979 , 1980 -- Porto 0 1987 , 2004 -- Celtic 1967 1970 Hamburg 1980 Steaua București 1986 1989 Marseille 1993 1991 Borussia Dortmund 1997 2013 Chelsea 2012 2008 Feyenoord 0 1970 -- Aston Villa 0 1982 -- PSV Eindhoven 0 1988 -- Red Star Belgrade 0 1991 -- Atlético Madrid 0 -- 1974 , 2014 , 2016 Reims 0 -- 1956 , 1959 Valencia 0 -- 2000 ,", "8": "2001 Fiorentina 0 -- 1957 Eintracht Frankfurt 0 -- 1960 Partizan 0 -- 1966 Panathinaikos 0 -- 1971 Leeds United 0 -- Saint - Étienne 0 -- 1976 Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 -- 1977 Club Brugge 0 -- 1978 Malmö FF 0 -- 1979 Roma 0 -- 1984 Sampdoria 0 -- 1992 Bayer Leverkusen 0 -- 2002 Monaco 0 -- Arsenal 0 -- 2006 By nation ( edit ) Performance by nation Nation Winners Runners - up Spain 17 11 Italy 12 16 England 12 7 Germany 7 10 Netherlands 6 Portugal 5 France 5 Romania Scotland Yugoslavia Belgium Greece Sweden 0 Venues ( edit ) European Cup and UEFA Champions League final venues Ground Hosts Years Wembley Stadium , London 7 1963 , 1968 , 1971 , 1978 , 1992 , 2011 , 2013 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 1957 , 1969 , 1980 , 2010 King Baudouin Stadium , Brussels 1958 , 1966 , 1974 , 1985 Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna 1964 , 1987 , 1990 , 1995 San Siro , Milan 1965 , 1970 , 2001 , 2016 Stadio Olimpico , Rome 1977 , 1984 , 1996 , 2009 Parc des Princes , Paris 1956 , 1975 , 1981 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1960 , 1976 , 2002 Olympiastadion , Munich 1979 , 1993 ,", "9": "1997 Olympic Stadium , Athens 1983 , 1994 , 2007 Mercedes - Benz Arena , Stuttgart 1959 , 1988 De Kuip , Rotterdam 1972 , 1982 Camp Nou , Barcelona 1989 , 1999 Stade de France , Saint - Denis 2000 , 2006 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern 1961 Olympisch Stadion , Amsterdam 1962 Estádio Nacional , Lisbon 1967 Red Star Stadium , Belgrade 1973 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville 1986 Stadio San Nicola , Bari 1991 Amsterdam Arena , Amsterdam 1998 Old Trafford , Manchester 2003 Veltins - Arena , Gelsenkirchen Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul 2005 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow 2008 Allianz Arena , Munich 2012 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 2014 Olympiastadion , Berlin 2015 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 2017 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev 2018 Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid 2019 Notes ( edit ) A . The first final , played two days earlier , ended 1 -- 1 after extra time . B. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Liverpool won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 2 . C. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Steaua București won the penalty shoot - out 2 -- 0 . D. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . PSV Eindhoven won the penalty shoot - out 6 -- 5 . E. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Red Star Belgrade won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 3 . F. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Juventus won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 2 .", "10": "G. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Bayern Munich won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 4 . H. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Milan won the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 . I. Score was 3 -- 3 after 90 minutes and extra time . Liverpool won the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 . J. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Manchester United won the penalty shoot - out 6 -- 5 . K. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Chelsea won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 3 . L. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Real Madrid won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 3 . References ( edit ) General `` European Champions ' Cup '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . `` European Champion Clubs ' Cup -- History '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 64 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Football 's top club competition '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 / 98 : Seventh heaven for Madrid '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool get in Champions League '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 10 June 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Museum '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 10 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Vieli , André , ed . ( October 2005 ) . `` A brand - new trophy '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Direct . Union of European Football Associations ( 42 ) : 8 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2007 / 08 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions ' League 2009 / 10 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Andrew ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Spain savour European pre-eminence '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 : English teams banned after Heysel '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 31 May 1985 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League -- Statistics Handbook 2012 / 13 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 141 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 / 74 : Muller ends Bayern wait '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 15 May 1974 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 / 84 : Kennedy spot on for Liverpool '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 30 May 1984 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 / 86 : Steaua stun Barcelona '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 7 May 1986 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 / 88 : PSV prosper from Oranje boom '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 1988 .", "12": "Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 / 91 : Crvena Zvezda spot on '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 29 May 1991 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 / 96 : Juve hold their nerve '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 22 May 1996 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 / 01 : Kahn saves day for Bayern '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 23 May 2001 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 / 03 : Shevchenko spot on for Milan '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2003 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 / 05 : Liverpool belief defies Milan '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 / 08 : Fate favours triumphant United '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot - out win ends Chelsea 's long wait for glory '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spot - on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . UEFA club competitions winners Men 's Champions League Cup Winners ' Cup Europa League Intertoto Cup Super Cup Intercontinental Cup Women 's Champions League European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners European Cup 1950s 1955 --", "13": "56 : Real Madrid 1956 -- 57 : Real Madrid 1957 -- 58 : Real Madrid 1958 -- 59 : Real Madrid 1959 -- 60 : Real Madrid 1960s 1960 -- 61 : Benfica 1961 -- 62 : Benfica 1962 -- 63 : Milan 1963 -- 64 : Internazionale 1964 -- 65 : Internazionale 1965 -- 66 : Real Madrid 1966 -- 67 : Celtic 1967 -- 68 : Manchester United 1968 -- 69 : Milan 1969 -- 70 : Feyenoord 1970s 1970 -- 71 : Ajax 1971 -- 72 : Ajax 1972 -- 73 : Ajax 1973 -- 74 : Bayern Munich 1974 -- 75 : Bayern Munich 1975 -- 76 : Bayern Munich 1976 -- 77 : Liverpool 1977 -- 78 : Liverpool 1978 -- 79 : Nottingham Forest 1979 -- 80 : Nottingham Forest 1980s 1980 -- 81 : Liverpool 1981 -- 82 : Aston Villa 1982 -- 83 : Hamburg 1983 -- 84 : Liverpool 1984 -- 85 : Juventus 1985 -- 86 : Steaua București 1986 -- 87 : Porto 1987 -- 88 : PSV 1988 -- 89 : Milan 1989 -- 90 : Milan 1990s 1990 -- 91 : Red Star Belgrade 1991 -- 92 : Barcelona UEFA Champions League 1990s 1992 -- 93 : Marseille 1993 -- 94 : Milan 1994 -- 95 : Ajax", "14": "1995 -- 96 : Juventus 1996 -- 97 : Borussia Dortmund 1997 -- 98 : Real Madrid 1998 -- 99 : Manchester United 1999 -- 2000 : Real Madrid 2000s 2000 -- 01 : Bayern Munich 2001 -- 02 : Real Madrid 2002 -- 03 : Milan 2003 -- 04 : Porto 2004 -- 05 : Liverpool 2005 -- 06 : Barcelona 2006 -- 07 : Milan 2007 -- 08 : Manchester United 2008 -- 09 : Barcelona 2009 -- 10 : Internazionale 2010s 2010 -- 11 : Barcelona 2011 -- 12 : Chelsea 2012 -- 13 : Bayern Munich 2013 -- 14 : Real Madrid 2014 -- 15 : Barcelona 2015 -- 16 : Real Madrid 2016 -- 17 : Real Madrid Finals Winning managers Winning players European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era ,", "15": "1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 UEFA Champions League era ,", "16": "1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Finals 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Appearances Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "17": "php?title=List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_finals&oldid=838071110 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Finals UEFA Champions League European Champion Clubs ' Cup Lists of association football matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 18 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6705627704423938484	which animal on earth has the longest life span	[ "tortoise" ]	{ "0": "List of longest - living organisms - wikipedia List of longest - living organisms Jump to : navigation , search For Oldest life forms , see Earliest known life forms . Hanako , a Japanese Koi that lived for 226 years ( 1751 -- 1977 ) . This is a list of the longest - living organisms ; that is , the individuals ( in some instances , clones ) of a species . This may be , for a given species : Oldest known individuals that are currently living Record holders , such as the most long - lived human , Jeanne Calment , or the most long - lived domestic cat , Creme Puff . Ordinarily , this does not consider the age of the species itself , comparing species by the range of age - span of their individuals , or the time between first appearance ( speciation ) and extinction of the species . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biological immortality 2 Revived into activity after stasis 3 Clonal plant and fungal colonies 4 Individual microorganisms 5 Individual plant specimens 6 Humans 7 Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals 8 Aquatic animals 9 See also 10 Further reading 11 References 12 External links Biological immortality ( edit ) Hydras may not grow old . Main article : Biological immortality If the mortality rate of a species does not increase after maturity , the species does not age and is said to be biologically immortal . Many examples exist of plants and animals for which the mortality rate actually decreases with age , for all or part of the lifecycle . If the mortality rate remains constant , the rate determines the mean lifespan . The lifespan can be long or short , though the species technically `` does not age '' . Hydra species were observed for four years without any increase in mortality rate . Other species have been observed to regress to a larval state and regrow into adults multiple times . The hydrozoan species Turritopsis dohrnii ( formerly Turritopsis nutricula ) is capable of cycling from a mature adult stage to an immature polyp stage and back again . This means no natural limit to its lifespan is known . However , no single specimen has been observed for any extended period , and estimating the age of a specimen is impossible .", "1": "At least one hydrozoan ( Laodicea undulata ) and one scyphozoan ( Aurelia sp. 1 ) can also revert from medusa stage into polyp stage . The larvae of skin beetles undergo a degree of `` reversed development '' when starved , and later grow back to the previously attained level of maturity . The cycle can be repeated many times . Revived into activity after stasis ( edit ) This Judean Date Palm sprouted from a 2,000 - year - old seed . Various claims have been made about reviving bacterial spores to active metabolism after millions of years . Claims have been made of spores from amber being revived after 40 million years , and spores from salt deposits in New Mexico being revived after 240 million years , the longest living organisms in history . In a related find , a scientist was able to coax 34,000 - year - old salt - captured bacteria to reproduce . His results were duplicated at a separate independent laboratory facility . A seed from the previously extinct Judean date palm was revived and managed to sprout after nearly 2,000 years . Silene stenophylla was grown from fruit found in an ancient squirrel 's cache . The germinated plants bore viable seeds . The fruit was dated to be 31,800 years old ± 300 years . In 1994 , a seed from a sacred lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ) , dated at roughly 1,300 years old ± 270 years , was successfully germinated . During the 1990s , Raul Cano , a microbiologist at California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , revived yeast trapped in amber for 25 million years . Cano went on to found a brewery and crafted an `` amber ale '' with a 45 - million - year - old variant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Around 1992 , working among others with entomologist George Poinar , Cano sequenced the DNA of a fossil weevil trapped in amber ; Poinar was the author of a 1982 paper on conservation of specimens in amber which influenced Michael Crichton to write his award - winning Jurassic Park .", "2": "Clonal plant and fungal colonies ( edit ) Pando is a clonal colony of quaking aspens that is at least 80,000 years old . As with all long - lived plant and fungal species , no individual part of a clonal colony is alive ( in the sense of active metabolism ) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire colony . Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems , while most are not actually interconnected , but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction . Ages for clonal colonies , often based on current growth rates , are estimates . Pando is a Populus tremuloides ( quaking aspen ) tree or clonal colony that has been estimated at 80,000 years old . Unlike many other clonal `` colonies '' , the above - ground trunks remain connected to each other by a single massive subterranean root system . The Jurupa Oak colony is estimated to be at least 13,000 years old , with other estimates ranging from 5,000 to 30,000 years old . A huge colony of the sea grass Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea is estimated to be between 12,000 and 200,000 years old . The maximum age is theoretical , as the region it occupies was above water at some point between 10,000 and 80,000 years ago . Lomatia tasmanica in Tasmania : the sole surviving clonal colony of this species is estimated to be at least 43,600 years old . Eucalyptus recurva : clones in Australia are claimed to be 13,000 years old . King Clone is a creosote bush ( Larrea tridentata ) in the Mojave Desert estimated at 11,700 years old . Another creosote bush has been said to be 12,150 years old , but this is as yet unconfirmed . A Huon pine colony on Mount Read , Tasmania , is estimated at 10,000 years old , with individual specimens living over 3,000 years . Old Tjikko , a Norway spruce in Sweden , is a tree on top of roots that have been carbon dated to 9,550 years old . The tree is part of a clonal colony that was established at the end of the last ice age .", "3": "Discovered by Professor Leif Kullman , at Umeå University , the tree is located in the county of Dalarna in Sweden . Old Tjikko is small , only 5 m ( 16 ft ) in height . A box huckleberry bush in Pennsylvania is thought to be around 13,000 years old . `` Humongous Fungus '' , an individual of the fungal species Armillaria solidipes in the Malheur National Forest , is thought to be between 2,000 and 8,500 years old . It is thought to be the world 's largest organism by area , at 2,384 acres ( 965 hectares ) . Individual microorganisms ( edit ) Some endoliths have extremely long lives . In August 2013 , researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor , perhaps millions of years old , with a generation time of 10 millennia . These are slowly metabolizing , not in a dormant state . Individual plant specimens ( edit ) The Llangernyw Yew may be the oldest tree in Europe . A Great Basin bristlecone pine ( Pinus longaeva ) is measured by ring count to be 5067 years old . This is the oldest known tree in North America , and the oldest known living individual nonclonal tree in the world . The Cypress of Abarkuh is estimated to be between 4000 to 5000 years and is likely the second - oldest living being in Asia ( or the oldest according to Russian scientist Alexander Rouf ) . Llangernyw Yew may be the oldest individual tree in Europe and second - or third - oldest individual tree in the world . Believed to be aged between 4,000 years and 5,000 years old , this ancient yew ( Taxus baccata ) is in the churchyard of the village of Llangernyw in North Wales . Fortingall Yew , an ancient yew ( Taxus baccata ) in the churchyard of the village of Fortingall in Perthshire , Scotland , is one of the oldest known individual trees in Europe . Various estimates have put its age between 2,000 and 5,000 years , although now believed to be at the lower end of this range .", "4": "Fitzroya cupressoides is the species with the second - oldest verified age , a specimen in Chile being measured by ring count as 3,622 years old . The President , located in Sequoia National Park , California , is the oldest known living giant sequoia at approximately 3,200 years of age . A sacred fig ( Ficus religiosa ) , the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi in Anuradhapura , Sri Lanka , is 2,300 years old ( planted in 288 BC ) . It is the oldest known living to date human - planted tree in the world . A specimen of Lagarostrobos franklinii in Tasmania is thought to be about 2,000 years old . Numerous olive trees are purported to be 2,000 years old or older . An olive tree in Ano Vouves , Crete , claiming such longevity , has been confirmed on the basis of tree ring analysis . Jōmon Sugi , the cryptomeria naturally grown in Yakushima Island , Kagoshima , Japan , is 2,170 to 7,200 years old . Great sugi of Kayano , the cryptomeria deemed planted by humans in Kaga , Ishikawa , Japan , had an estimated age of 2,300 years in 1928 . Welwitschia is a monotypic genus of gymnosperm plant , composed solely of the distinct Welwitschia mirabilis . The plant is considered a living fossil . Radiocarbon dating has confirmed many individuals have lived longer than 1,000 years , and some are suspected to be older than 2,000 years . Yareta is a tiny flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to South America , occurring in the Puna grasslands of the Andes in Peru , Bolivia , the north of Chile , and the west of Argentina between 3,200 and 4,500 m altitude . Some yaretas could be up to 3,000 years old .", "5": "Humans ( edit ) Main articles : List of the verified oldest people and List of oldest living people > 80 77.5 -- 80 75 -- 77.5 72.5 -- 75 70 -- 72.5 67.5 -- 70 65 -- 67.5 60 -- 65 55 -- 60 50 -- 55 45 -- 50 40 -- 45 < 40 Life expectancy by region Jeanne Calment lived to the age of 122 years , 164 days , becoming the oldest recorded human who ever lived . She died on August 4 , 1997 . The longest - living person who is still living and known is Chiyo Miyako . ( born 2 May 1901 ) . These are single examples ; for a broader view , see Life expectancy ( includes humans ) . Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals ( edit ) Adwaita , an Aldabra giant tortoise , died at an estimated age of 255 in March 2006 in Alipore Zoo , Kolkata , India . If verified , it will have been the oldest terrestrial animal in the world . Tu'i Malila , a radiated tortoise , died at an age of 188 years in May 1965 , at the time the oldest verified vertebrate . Jonathan , a Seychelles giant tortoise living on the island of Saint Helena , is reported to be about 186 years old , and may , therefore , be the oldest currently living terrestrial animal if the claim is true . Harriet , a Galápagos tortoise , died at the age of 175 years in June 2006 . Timothy , a spur - thighed tortoise , born in Turkey died at an age of 165 years in 3 April 2004 in the UK . Nonja , a Sumatran orangutan , died at the age of 55 years in December 2007 . She was claimed to be the oldest - living orangutan of her species . The tuatara , a lizard - like reptile native to New Zealand , can live well above 100 years .", "6": "Henry , a tuatara at the Southland Museum in New Zealand , mated for the first time at the estimated age of 111 years in 2009 with an 80 - year - old female and fathered 11 baby tuatara . Muja , the world 's oldest alligator Muja , an American alligator from Belgrade Zoo , is considered to be the oldest alligator in the world . Muja is more than 80 years old . A female blue - and - yellow macaw named Charlie was reportedly hatched in 1899 , which would make her 117 years old , as of 2016 . Her age has not been independently confirmed and the claim may not be reliable . She is claimed to have formerly belonged to Winston Churchill , but Churchill 's daughter denies the claim . Lin Wang , an Asian elephant , was the oldest elephant in the Taipei Zoo . He was born in January 18 , 1917 , and died in February 26 , 2003 , at 86 years , surpassing the previous record of 84 . Normally , elephants live up to 50 years , while their maximum lifespan is generally estimated at 70 . A greater flamingo named Greater died at Adelaide Zoo in January 2014 at the age of at least 83 . Thaao , an Andean condor , died at the age of 80 . Cookie , ( hatched June 30 , 1933 ) an Australian - born Major Mitchell 's cockatoo resident at Brookfield Zoo , Illinois , was the oldest member of his species in captivity , and died in August 2016 at a verified age of 83 . A female Laysan albatross named Wisdom successfully laid an egg at Midway Atoll in December 2016 , at the age of 66 . As of 2017 , she is the oldest known wild bird in the world . The oldest living horse on record was named Ol ' Billy . Bill was allegedly born in the year 1760 in London , England . Bill died in 1822 at the age of 62 years . Henry Harrison , an occupant of London during the time , had also allegedly known Ol ' Billy for 59 years until Bill 's death .", "7": "Creme Puff , a cat owned by Jake Perry of Austin , Texas , was born August 3 , 1967 , and died three days after her 38th birthday on August 6 , 2005 . The oldest bear on record was Andreas , a European brown bear , living in the ARCTUROS bear sanctuary in northern Greece . He was at least 50 years old at the time of his death . Debby , the polar bear , an inhabitant of the Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg , Canada , was the oldest polar bear and third - oldest bear species on record when she died in 2008 , at the age of 42 years . A wild - born black rhino named Elly was the oldest in North America at an estimated 45 years of age , and resided in California 's San Francisco Zoo from April 1974 until passing in May 2017 . Yoda was named as the oldest mouse in 2004 at age 4 . The oldest bat recorded , a Brandt 's bat , is at least 41 years old . Aquatic animals ( edit ) Giant barrel sponges can live more than 2,000 years . Glass sponges found in the East China Sea and Southern Ocean have been found over 10,000 years old . Specimens of the black coral genus Leiopathes , such as Leiopathes glaberrima , are among the oldest continuously living organisms on the planet : around 4,265 years old . The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is one of the longest - lived animals , with the largest specimens in the Caribbean estimated to be in excess of 2,300 years old . The black coral Antipatharia in the Gulf of Mexico may live more than 2,000 years . The Antarctic sponge Cinachyra antarctica has an extremely slow growth rate in the low temperatures of the Southern Ocean . One specimen has been estimated to be 1,550 years old . A specimen , `` Ming '' of the Icelandic cyprine Arctica islandica ( also known as an ocean quahog ) , a mollusk , was found to have lived 507 years . Another specimen had a recorded lifespan of 374 years .", "8": "Many sub-families of the Oreosomatidae , including the Allocyttus , Neocyttus , and Pseudocyttus ( collectively referred to as the Oreos ) have been reported to live up to 170 years , based on otolith - increment estimates and radiometric dating Greenland shark had been estimated to live to about 200 years , but a study published in 2016 found that a 5.02 m ( 16.5 ft ) specimen was 392 ± 120 years old , resulting in a minimum age of 272 and a maximum of 512 . That makes the Greenland shark the longest - lived vertebrate . Some koi fish have reportedly lived more than 200 years , the oldest being Hanako , which died at an age of 226 years on July 7 , 1977 . Rougheye rockfish -- 205 years old . Orange roughy , also known as deep sea perch , can live up to 149 years . Some confirmed sources estimate bowhead whales to have lived at least to 211 years of age , making them the oldest mammals . The maximum life - span of the freshwater pearl mussel ( Margaritifera margaritifera ) may be 210 -- 250 years . Specimens of the Red Sea urchin , Strongylocentrotus franciscanus , have been found to be over 200 years old . The deepsea hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi ( Annelida , Polychaeta ) lives for more than 170 years . Tardigrades , capable of cryptobiosis , have been shown to survive nearly 120 years in a dry state . Geoduck , a species of saltwater clam native to the Puget Sound , have been known to live more than 160 years . George the lobster was estimated to be about 140 years old by PETA in January 2009 . In 2012 , a sturgeon was caught in a Wisconsin river that was estimated to be 125 years old . A killer whale of the `` Southern Resident Community '' identified as J2 or Granny was estimated by some researchers to have been approximately 105 years old at her death in 2017 ; however , other dating methods estimated her age as 65 -- 80 .", "9": "A Swedish man claimed that a European eel named Ale was 155 years old when it died in 2014 . If correct , it would have been the world 's oldest , having been hatched in 1859 . See also ( edit ) Biological immortality Earliest known life forms Immortality Largest organism Life timeline List of oldest dogs List of oldest trees Lists of organisms by population Longevity Maximum life span Nature timeline Oldest people and List of oldest people Regeneration Further reading ( edit ) Rachel Sussman ( 2014 ) . The Oldest Living Things in the World . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226057507 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ainsworth , C ; Lepage , M ( 2007 ) . `` Evolution 's greatest mistakes '' . New Scientist. 195 ( 2616 ) : 36 -- 39 . doi : 10.1016 / S0262 - 4079 ( 07 ) 62033 - 8 . Jump up ^ Martínez , Daniel E. ( 1998 ) . `` Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in Hydra '' . Experimental Gerontology . Elsevier Science Inc. 33 ( 3 ) : 217 -- 225 . doi : 10.1016 / S0531 - 5565 ( 97 ) 00113 - 7 . PMID 9615920 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F. ( 2010 ) . `` The Immortal Life Cycle of Turritopsis '' . Developmental Biology ( 9th ed . ) . Sinauer Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 878 - 93384 - 6 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ De Vito ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Evidence of reverse development in Leptomedusae ( Cnidaria , Hydrozoa ) : the case of Laodicea undulata ( Forbes and Goodsir 1851 ) '' . Marine Biology . 149 ( 2 ) : 339 -- 346 .", "10": "doi : 10.1007 / s00227 - 005 - 0182 - 3 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ He ; et al. ( 2015 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Life Cycle Reversal in Aurelia sp. 1 ( Cnidaria , Scyphozoa ) '' . PLoS ONE . 10 ( 12 ) : e0145314 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0145314 . PMC 4687044 . PMID 26690755 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Beck , SD ; Bharadwaj , RK ( 1972 ) . `` Reversed development and cellular aging in an insect '' . Science . 178 ( 4066 ) : 1210 -- 1211 . Bibcode : 1972Sci ... 178.1210 B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 178.4066. 1210 . PMID 4637808 . Jump up ^ Cano , RJ ; Borucki , MK ( 19 May 1995 ) . `` Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25 - to 40 - million - year - old Dominican amber '' . Science . 268 ( 5213 ) : 1060 -- 1064 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 268.1060 C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7538699 . PMID 7538699 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest Living Thing '' . Extremescience.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Permian Bacterium that Is n't '' . Oxford Journals. 2001 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 34,000 Year Old Organisms Found Buried Alive ! '' . Yahoo News . January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Erlanger , Steven ( June 12 , 2005 ) .", "11": "`` After 2,000 years , a seed from ancient Judea sprouts '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Yashina , S. ; Gubin , S. ; Maksimovich , S. ; Yashina , A. ; Gakhova , E. ; Gilichinsky , D. ( 2012 ) . `` Regeneration of whole fertile plants from 30,000 - y - old fruit tissue buried in Siberian permafrost '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 ( 10 ) : 4008 -- 13 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1118386109 . PMC 3309767 . PMID 22355102 . Jump up ^ Shen - Miller ; Mudgett , M.B. ; William Schopf , J. ; Clarke , S. ; Berger , R. ( 1995 ) . `` Exceptional seed longevity and robust growth : Ancient sacred lotus from China '' . American Journal of Botany. 82 ( 11 ) : 1367 -- 1380 . doi : 10.2307 / 2445863 . JSTOR 2445863 . Jump up ^ Shen - Miller ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Long - living lotus : germination and soil gamma - irradiation of centuries - old fruits , and cultivation , growth , and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring '' . American Journal of Botany . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . Sacred lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ) has been cultivated as a crop in Asia for thousands of years . A ( roughly 1300 - year - old ) lotus fruit , recovered from an originally cultivated but now dry lakebed in northeastern China , is the oldest germinated and directly 14C - dated fruit known . In 1996 , we traveled to the dry lake at Xipaozi Village , China , the source of the old viable fruits . Jump up ^ Nick Wilson ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` Poly professor brews beer with 45 - million - year - old yeast '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 .", "12": "Jump up ^ Erin Biba ( July 20 , 2009 ) . `` Amber Ale : Brewing Beer From 45 - Million - Year - Old Yeast '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cano , R. ; Poinar , H. ; Pieniazek , N. ; Acra , A. ; Poinar , G. ( 1993 ) . `` Amplification and sequencing of DNA from a 120 -- 135 - million - year - old weevil '' . Nature . Nature . 363 . doi : 10.1038 / 363536a0 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Poinar , G. ; Hess , R. ( 1982 ) . `` Ultrastructure of 40 - Million - Year - Old Insect Tissue '' . Science . Science . 215 : 1241 -- 1242 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 215.4537. 1241 . PMID 17757541 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nathan Gilles . `` The Amber Sarcophagus '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gymnosperm Database ( 2 January 2007 ) . `` How Old Is That Tree ? '' . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Quaking Aspen '' . Bryce Canyon . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Michael Reilly ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` Ancient tree ( almost ) older than dirt '' . Discovery News . Retrieved Jan 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ibiza Spotlight ( 28 May 2006 ) . `` Ibiza 's Monster Marine Plant '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Jonathan ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) . `` ' Oldest living thing on earth ' discovered '' . The Daily Telegraph . London .", "13": "Jump up ^ Arnaud - Haond , Sophie ; Duarte , Carlos M. ; Diaz - Almela , Elena ; Marbà , Núria ; Sintes , Tomas ; Serrão , Ester A. ( February 1 , 2012 ) . Bruun , Hans Henrik , ed . `` Implications of Extreme Life Span in Clonal Organisms : Millenary Clones in Meadows of the Threatened Seagrass Posidonia oceanica '' . PLoS ONE . Public Library of Science . 7 ( 2 ) : e30454 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 730454A . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0030454 . PMC 3270012 . PMID 22312426 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Discovery Channel ( 21 October 1996 ) . `` Tasmanian bush could be oldest living organism '' . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest Living Organism : Ancient Bacteria '' . Extreme Science . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Plant Hall of Fame '' . Fact Monster . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Native Conifers of Tasmania '' . Paks and Wildlife Service , Tasmania . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Press release from Umeå University '' . Info.umu.se . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish spruce may be world 's oldest living tree '' . Reuters. April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden '' . News.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest living tree discovered in Sweden '' . Swedish Research Council . 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ McMillen , Nathan D. ( Fall 2010 ) . `` Pennsylvania 's Oldest Citizen '' .", "14": "Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Humongous Fungus A New Kind Of Individual '' . Science Daily . March 25 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Strange but True : The Largest Organism on Earth Is a Fungus '' . Scientific American . October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bob Yirka Aug 29 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Quammen , David ( December 2012 ) . `` Forest Giant '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Shanika SRIYANANDA ( 2011 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Caring for the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi `` . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Coming of the Bodhi Tree to Lanka '' . Jump up ^ `` Botanical Record Breakers : Amazing Trivia About Plants '' . Waynesword.palomar.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Rackham , Oliver ; Moody , J ( 1996 ) . The Making of the Cretan Landscape . Jump up ^ Riley , FR ( 2002 ) . `` Olive Oil Production on Bronze Age Crete : Nutritional properties , Processing methods , and Storage life of Minoan olive oil '' . Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 21 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0092.00149 . Jump up ^ Ralph , Carol Pearson ( March 1978 ) . `` Observations on Azorella compacta ( Umbelliferae ) , a Tropical Andean Cushion Plant '' . Biotropica. 10 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 2388107 . JSTOR 2388107 .", "15": "( subscription required ) Jump up ^ The Guinness Book of Records , 1999 edition , p. 102 , ISBN 0 - 85112 - 070 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` GRG World Supercentenarian Rankings List '' . Validated Living . Missing or empty url = ( help ) . Jump up ^ BBC News -- South Asia ( 2006 - 03 - 23 ) . `` ' Clive of India 's ' tortoise dies '' . BBC News . BBC Online . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Week In Science : 6 / 23 -- 6 / 29 '' . Seed . Jump up ^ `` Meet Jonathan , St Helena 's 182 - year - old giant tortoise '' . BBC News . 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harriet the Tortoise dies at 175 '' . BBC News . 23 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Timmy the tortoise dies aged 160 '' . BBC News . April 7 , 2004 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . 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Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Fears , Darryl . `` Wisdom the albatross , the oldest known wild bird , just laid an egg at age 66 '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 3 Feb 2017 . Jump up ^ Meier , Allison ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Morbid Monday : The Split Head of Old Billy , the World 's Oldest Horse '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2010 . Bantam ; Reprint edition . 2010 . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 59337 - 2 . The oldest cat ever was Creme Puff , who was born on August 3 , 1967 and lived until August 6 , 2005 -- 38 years and 3 days in total . Jump up ^ Bear Sanctuary Jump up ^ Tributes pour in after oldest polar bear dies in Winnipeg from CBC.ca ; published November 18 , 2008 ; retrieved September 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Oldest black rhinoceros in North America turns 45 '' , by Janie Har , Associated Press Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest mouse reaches milestone birthday '' . www.ur.umich.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . 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Marine Biology . 155 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 171 . doi : 10.1007 / s00227 - 008 - 1014 - z . Jump up ^ `` 2,000 Year - old Deep - sea Black Corals call Gulf of Mexico Home '' . U.S. Geological Survey . March 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AnAge entry for Cinachyra antarctica '' . Genomics.senescence.info . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Butler , Paul ; AD Wanamaker ; JD Scourse ; CA Richardson ; DJ Reynolds ( 2012 ) . `` Variability of marine climate on the North Icelandic Shelf in a 1357 - year proxy archive based on growth increments in the bivalve Arctica islandica '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 373 : 141 -- 151 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2012.01. 016 . Jump up ^ Schöne ; Fiebig , J ; Pfeiffer , M ; Gleb , R ; Hickson , J ; Johnson , A ; Dreyer , W ; Oschmann , W ( 2005 ) . `` Climate records from a bivalved Methuselah '' .", "18": "Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 228 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 130 -- 148 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2005.03. 049 . Jump up ^ `` Allocyttus verrucosus '' . The Moirai -- Aging Research . 2016 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Pseudocyttus maculatus '' . The Moirai -- Aging Research . 2016 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Neocyttus rhomboidalis '' . The Moirai -- Aging Research . 2016 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Pennisi , Elizabeth ( 11 August 2016 ) . `` Greenland shark may live 400 years , smashing longevity record '' . Science . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen , Julius ; Hedeholm , Rasmus B. ; Heinemeier , Jan ; Bushnell , Peter G. ; Christiansen , Jørgen S. ; Olsen , Jesper ; Ramsey , Christopher Bronk ; Brill , Richard W. ; Simon , Malene ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Eye lens radiocarbon reveals centuries of longevity in the Greenland shark ( Somniosus microcephalus ) '' . Science . 353 ( 6300 ) : 702 -- 704 . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaf1703 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 27516602 . Jump up ^ Varandani , Suman ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` 512 - Year - Old Shark , Believed To Be Oldest Living Verbrate , Found In North Atlantic '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Koshihara , Komei ( 1966 ) . `` The Story of Hanako '' . NHK .", "19": "Archived from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barton , Laura ( 2007 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Laura Barton on the lifespan of pets '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Cailliet , G.M. , Andrews , A.H. , Burton , E.J. , Watters , D.L. , Kline , D.E. , Ferry - Graham , L.A. ( 2001 ) . Age determination and validation studies of marine fishes : do deep - dwellers live longer ? . Exp . Gerontol. 36 ( 4 -- 6 ) : 739 -- 764 . doi : 10.1016 / S0531 - 5565 ( 00 ) 00239 - 4 . PMID 11295512 . Jump up ^ Fenton , G.E ; Short , S.A. ; Ritz , D.A. ( June 1991 ) . `` Age determination of orange roughy , Hoplostethus atlanticus ( Pisces : Trachichthyidae ) using 210 Pb : 226 Ra disequilibria '' . Marine Biology . Berlin / Heidelberg : Springer . 109 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 202 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01319387 . ISSN 0025 - 3162 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Alaska Science Forum ( 15 February 2001 ) . `` Bowhead Whales May Be the World 's Oldest Mammals '' . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ziuganov , V. , San Miguel , E. , Neves , R.J. , Longa , A. , Fernandez , C. , Amaro , R. , Beletsky , V. , Popkovitch , E. , Kaliuzhin , S. , Johnson , T. ( 2000 ) . `` Life span variation of the freshwater pearlshell : a model species for testing longevity mechanisms in animals '' . Ambio .", "20": "ХХIX ( 2 ) : 102 -- 105 . doi : 10.1579 / 0044 - 7447 - 29.2. 102 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Зюганов В. В. ( 2004 ) . `` Арктические долгоживущие и южные короткоживущие моллюски жемчужницы как модель для изучения основ долголетия '' . Успехи геронтол. 14 : 21 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Helama S. ; Valovirta I. ( 2008 ) . `` The oldest recorded animal in Finland : ontogenetic age and growth in Margaritifera margaritifera ( L. 1758 ) based on internal shell increments '' ( PDF ) . Memoranda Soc . Fauna Flora Fennica. 84 : 20 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Ebert , TA ; Southon , JR ( 2003 ) . `` Red sea urchins can live over 100 years : confirmation with A-bomb 14carbon -- Strongylocentrotus franciscanus '' . Fishery Bulletin . 101 ( 4 ) : 915 -- 922 . Jump up ^ Sharmishtha , D. ; Miles , L.L. ; Barnabei , M.S. ; Fisher , C.R. ( 2006 ) . `` The hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi primarily eliminates sulfate and hydrogen ions across its roots to conserve energy and ensure sulfide supply '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 209 : 3795 -- 3805 . Jump up ^ Guidetti , R. & Jönsson , K.I. ( 2002 ) . `` Long - term anhydrobiotic survival in semi-terrestrial micrometazoans '' . Journal of Zoology. 257 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 187 . doi : 10.1017 / S095283690200078X . Jump up ^ `` Geoduck '' .", "21": "BC Seafood Online . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Colin ( August 21 , 2004 ) . `` Cashing in on geoducks -- once chowder fodder , the giant clam can fetch up to $24 a pop '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 11 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` George the giant lobster liberated from restaurant '' . CNN . January 10 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . 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External links ( edit ) Rachel Sussman : The world 's oldest living things - TED Talk Longevity Terminology Centenarian Super Cognitive epidemiology Elderly Life expectancy Life extension Maximum life span Old age Immortality Ageless Biological immortality Digital immortality Eternal youth Issues Anti-aging movement Longevity claims Longevity escape velocity Longevity insurance Longevity myths Longevity risk Living and notable centenarians ( over age 100 ) By career Activists , non-profit leaders , and philanthropists Actors , filmmakers , and entertainers Artists , painters and sculptors Authors , poets , and journalists Businesspeople Educators , school administrators , social scientists , and linguists Explorers Jurists and practitioners of law Medical professionals Military commanders and soldiers Musicians , composers ,", "22": "and music patrons Philosophers and theologians Politicians and civil servants Religious figures Royalty and nobility Scientists and mathematicians Sportspeople Miscellaneous Supercentenarians ( over age 110 ) By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America By country Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States Oldest people List of oldest living people List of the verified oldest people men women Miscellaneous Last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars European American Canadian Last surviving World War I veterans by country Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War List of notable surviving veterans of World War II Last survivors of historic events Oldest twins Longest marriages List of longest - reigning monarchs See also Ageing Biodemography of human longevity Earliest known life forms FOXO3 longevity gene Gerontology Immortality in fiction Life extension - related topics Senescence Senescence ( biology of ageing ) Senescence Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis Catabiosis DNA damage theory of aging Evolution of ageing Free - radical theory of aging Hayflick limit Immunosenescence Negligible senescence Negligibly senescent organism Network theory of aging Plant senescence Programmed cell death Reliability theory of aging and longevity Selection shadow Stem cell theory of aging Related topics Adaptive mutation Ageing Biological immortality CGK733 fraud Death DNA repair Indefinite lifespan Life extension List of longest - living organisms Maximum life span Regeneration ( biology ) Rejuvenation ( aging ) Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence Ecology portal Evolutionary biology portal Pasleontology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "23": "php?title=List_of_longest-living_organisms&oldid=837921791 '' Categories : Ageing Biology - related lists Biological records Lists of superlatives Organisms by adaptation Negligibly senescent organisms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1560261279486353160	where do you get a cashiers check from	[ "a bank", "a bank", "a bank", "bank", "guaranteed by a bank, drawn on the bank's own funds and signed by a cashier" ]	{ "0": "Cashier 's check - wikipedia Cashier 's check Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A cashier 's check or cheque is a cheque guaranteed by a bank , drawn on the bank 's own funds and signed by a cashier . Cashier 's checks are treated as guaranteed funds because the bank , rather than the purchaser , is responsible for paying the amount . They are commonly required for real estate and brokerage transactions . Cashier 's checks deposited into a bank account are usually cleared the next day . The customer can request `` next - day availability '' when depositing a cashier 's check in person . However , cashier 's checks are often forged in fraud schemes . The recipient of the check can deposit the check in his or her account , withdraw funds under next - day availability , and assume that the check is good . The check can take weeks to clear the banks . So the bank can discover that a check is fraudulent weeks after the customer has withdrawn the funds , and the customer is then legally liable for the cash already withdrawn . A customer asks a bank for a cashier 's check , and the bank debits the amount from the customer 's account immediately , and assumes the responsibility for covering the cashier 's check . That is in contrast with a personal check , in which the bank does not debit the amount from the customer 's account until the check is deposited or cashed by the recipient . A cashier 's check is not the same as a teller 's check , also known as a banker 's draft , which is a check provided to a customer of a bank or acquired from a bank for remittance purposes and drawn by the bank , and drawn on another bank or payable through or at a bank . A cashier 's check is also different from a certified check , which is a personal check written by the customer and drawn on the customer 's account , on which the bank certifies that the signature is genuine and that the customer has sufficient funds in the account to cover the check .", "1": "Also , it should not be confused with a counter check , which is a non-personalized check provided by the bank for the convenience of a customer in making withdrawals or payments but is not guaranteed and is functionally equivalent to a personal check . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Legal definition 3 Alternatives and risks 4 See also 5 References Characteristics ( edit ) Cashier 's checks feature the name of the issuing bank in a prominent location , usually the upper left - hand corner or upper centre of the check . In addition , they are generally produced with enhanced security features , including watermarks , security thread , color - shifting ink , and special bond paper . These are designed to decrease the vulnerability to counterfeit items . To be recognized as a cashier 's check , words to that effect must be included in a prominent place on the front of the item . The payee 's name , the written and numeric amount to be tendered , the remitter 's information , and other tracking information ( such as the branch of issue ) , are printed on the front of the check . The check is generally signed by one or two bank employees or officers ; however , some banks issue cashier 's checks featuring a facsimile signature of the bank 's chief executive officer or other senior official . Some banks contract out the maintenance of their cashier 's check accounts and check issuing . One leading contractor is Integrated Payment Systems , which issues cashier 's checks and coordinates redemption of the items for many banks , in addition to issuing money orders and other payment instruments . In theory , checks issued by a financial institution but drawn on another institution , as is often the case with credit unions , are teller 's checks . Due to an increase in fraudulent activities , starting in 2006 many banks insist upon waiting for a cashier 's check to clear the originating institution before making funds available for withdrawal . Personal checks will thus have the same utility in such transactions . Legal definition ( edit ) In the United States , under Article 3 of the Uniform Commercial Code , a cashier 's check is effective as a note of the issuing bank .", "2": "Also , according to Regulation CC ( Reg CC ) of the Federal Reserve , cashier 's checks are recognized as `` guaranteed funds '' and amounts under $5,000 are not subject to deposit hold , except in the case of new accounts . The length of a hold varies ( 2 days to 2 weeks ) depending on the bank . It is not clear what length of time may pass before a bank can be held responsible for accepting a bad cashier 's check . In Canada , bank drafts do not carry any different legal weight as opposed to a standard check , but are provided as a service to clients as a payment instrument with guaranteed funds . Drafts ( or money orders depending on the issuing institution ) usually have better security features than standard checks , and as such are often preferred when the receiver is concerned about receiving fraudulent payment instruments . However , bank drafts can also be subject to counterfeiting , and as such can be held or verified by depositing institutions in accordance with their hold funds policy , prior to providing access to the funds . The term money order is used non-uniformly in Canada , with some institutions offering both money orders and bank drafts depending on the amount , with others only offering one or the other for any amount . Generally , both bank drafts and money orders are treated the same in regards to guaranteed funds and hold policies . Alternatives and risks ( edit ) In many nations Money orders are a popular alternative to cashier 's checks and are considered safer than personal bank checks . However , in the United States , they are generally not recognized as `` guaranteed funds '' under Reg CC and are limited to a specified maximum amount ( $1,000 or less under U.S. law for domestic postal money orders ) . Because of US regulatory requirements associated with the Patriot Act and the Bank Secrecy Act due to updated concerns over money laundering , most insurance and brokerage firms will no longer accept money orders as payment for insurance premiums or as deposits into brokerage accounts . Counterfeit money orders and cashier 's checks have been used in certain scams to steal from those who sell their goods online on sites such as eBay and Craigslist . The counterfeit cashier 's check scam is a scheme where the victim is sent a cashier 's check or money order for payment on an item for sale on the Internet .", "3": "When the money order is taken to the bank it may not be detected as counterfeit for 10 business days or more , but the bank will deposit the money into the account and state that it has been `` verified '' or is `` clear '' in about 24 hours . This gives the victim a false feeling of security that the money order was real , so they proceed with the transaction . When the bank eventually discovers that the money order is counterfeit and reverses the account credit many days later , the customer will usually have already mailed the item . In many cases the `` check '' or `` money order '' is for more than the amount owed , and the victim is asked to refund the difference in cash . See also ( edit ) Certified check Demand draft Money order Traveler 's cheque References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cashier 's check '' . Merriam - Webster Online . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Avoiding Cashier 's Check Fraud , Consumer Advisory CA 2007 - 1 , Comptroller of the Currency , Washington , DC , January 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ 12 C.F.R. § 229.2 ( gg ) . Jump up ^ `` Certified Check or Cashier 's Check -- Which Is Better for You ? '' . Credit Today . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Counter check '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mosch S. Our story . Scam Victims United , Accessed 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Regulation CC '' . Jump up ^ `` Fake check scams '' . Internet Fraud Watch . National Consumers League . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 .", "4": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cashier%27s_check&oldid=835318786 '' Categories : Cheques Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Norsk Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 23 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4601136200073872325	how many episodes in great british bake off 2017	[ "10", "10", "10" ]	{ "0": "The Great British Bake Off - wikipedia The Great British Bake Off Jump to : navigation , search `` GBBO '' redirects here . For the ornithological organisation , see Great Basin Bird Observatory . For the current series , see The Great British Bake Off ( series 8 ) . The Great British Bake Off Genre Baking Directed by Andy Devonshire ( 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- ) Scott Tankard ( 2012 -- 13 ) Presented by Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Sandi Toksvig Noel Fielding Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Prue Leith Theme music composer Tom Howe Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 8 No.", "1": "of episodes 65 ( excluding 28 specials ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Anna Beattie ( 2010 -- ) Richard McKerrow ( 2010 ) Kieran Smith ( 2012 ) Producer ( s ) Samantha Beddoes ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Amanda Westwood ( 2012 ) Location ( s ) Cotswolds , Scone Palace , Sandwich , Bakewell , Mousehole , Fulham Palace ( all 2010 ) Valentines Mansion ( 2011 ) Harptree Court ( 2012 -- 13 ) Welford Park ( 2014 -- ) Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Distributor Channel 4 Release Original network BBC Two ( 2010 -- 13 ) BBC One ( 2014 -- 16 ) Channel 4 ( 2017 -- ) Picture format 16 : 9 Audio format Stereo Original release 17 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 17 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Great British Sewing Bee Bake Off : Crème de la Crème The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice The Great Pottery Throw Down Junior Bake Off The Big Family Cooking Showdown External links Website www.channel4.com/programmes/the-great-british-bake-off Production website thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk The Great British Bake Off , often referred to as Bake Off or GBBO , is a British television baking competition produced by Love Productions , in which a group of amateur bakers compete against each other in a series of rounds , attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills , with a contestant being eliminated in each round , with the winner being selected from the remaining contestants that make it to the finals . The show 's first episode was aired on 17 August 2010 , with its first four series broadcast on BBC Two , until its growing popularity led the BBC to move it to BBC One for the next three series . After its seventh series , Love Productions signed a three - year deal with Channel 4 to produce the show for the broadcaster . The programme is currently presented by Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig , with Paul Hollywood and Prue Leith on the judging panel .", "2": "The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with reinvigorating interest in baking throughout the United Kingdom , with many of its participants , including winners , having gone on to start a career based on bakery , while the BAFTA award - winning programme has spawned a number of specials and spin - off shows -- a celebrity charity series in aid of Sport Relief or Comic Relief ; Junior Bake Off for young children ( broadcast on the CBBC channel ) ; after - show series An Extra Slice ; and Bake Off : Crème de la Crème for teams of professional pastry chefs . The show 's format was used as the basis for two BBC Two series , The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down , and , in addition to the show being shown in other countries ( in the United States and Canada , the show is referred to as The Great British Baking Show ) , the format has also been sold to many countries around the world where local versions of the show are produced .", "3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Series overview 2.1 Series 1 ( 2010 ) 2.2 Series 2 ( 2011 ) 2.3 Series 3 ( 2012 ) 2.4 Series 4 ( 2013 ) 2.5 Series 5 ( 2014 ) 2.6 Series 6 ( 2015 ) 2.7 Series 7 ( 2016 ) 2.8 Series 8 ( 2017 ) 3 Incomplete bakes and other incidents 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Cultural impact 4.3 TV ratings 5 Controversies 5.1 Product placement sanction 5.2 Favouritism 5.3 Baked Alaska controversy ( `` Bingate '' ) 5.4 Use of innuendo 5.5 Clones , legal challenges and move to Channel 4 6 Awards and nominations 7 International broadcast and versions 7.1 International versions 8 The Great Sport Relief Bake Off 8.1 Series 1 ( 2012 ) 8.2 Series 2 ( 2014 ) 8.3 Series 3 ( 2016 ) 9 The Great Comic Relief Bake Off 9.1 Series 1 ( 2013 ) 9.2 Series 2 ( 2015 ) 10 References 11 External links Format ( edit ) The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all - around baker from the contestants , who are all amateurs . The applicants to the show are assessed by a researcher , followed by an audition in London with two of their bakes . They then undergo a screen test and an interview with a producer . A second audition involves the applicants baking two recipes for the judges in front of the cameras . Ten contestants were chosen for the first series , twelve for the following two series , thirteen for the fourth , and back to twelve from series five onwards . In each episode , the amateur bakers are given three challenges : a signature bake , a technical challenge , and a show - stopper .", "4": "The three challenges take place over two days , and the filming takes up to 16 hours a day . The contestants are assessed by the judges who then choose a `` Star Baker '' for the week ( introduced in series 2 ) , and a contestant is also eliminated . In the final round , three bakers are left and a winner is chosen from the three . Signature Challenge This challenge is for the amateur bakers to show off their tried - and - tested recipes for bakes they might make for their friends and family . Technical Challenge This challenge requires enough technical knowledge and experience to produce a certain finished product when given only limited -- or even minimal -- instructions . The bakers are all given the same recipe and are not told beforehand what the challenge will be . The finished products are judged blind and ranked from worst to best . Showstopper Challenge This challenge is for the bakers to show off their skills and talent . The judges favour a bake that is both of a professional appearance but is also outstanding in taste . In the first series , the location of the cast and crew moves from town to town each week , but starting from the second series , the competition is held in one location in a specially constructed marquee . Interspersed in the programme are the background of the contestants as well as video vignettes on the history of baking . What each baker intends to bake during a particular challenge is illustrated using animated graphics . These graphics have been created by illustrator Tom Hovey since the show 's inception in 2010 .", "5": "Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Premiere Finale Winner Runners - up Average UK viewers ( millions ) Timeslot Channel 6 17 August 2010 21 September 2010 Edd Kimber Miranda Gore Browne 2.77 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm BBC Two Ruth Clemens 8 14 August 2011 4 October 2011 Joanne Wheatley Holly Bell 4.00 Mary - Anne Boermans 10 14 August 2012 16 October 2012 John Whaite Brendan Lynch 5.00 James Morton 10 20 August 2013 22 October 2013 Frances Quinn Kimberley Wilson 7.35 Ruby Tandoh 5 10 6 August 2014 8 October 2014 Nancy Birtwhistle Luis Troyano 10.04 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm BBC One Richard Burr 6 10 5 August 2015 7 October 2015 Nadiya Hussain Ian Cumming 12.50 Tamal Ray 7 10 24 August 2016 26 October 2016 Candice Brown Andrew Smyth 13.85 Jane Beedle 8 10 29 August 2017 31 October 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Channel 4 Series 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 1 ) Series 1 of The Great British Bake Off saw ten home bakers take part in a bake - off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off 's best amateur baker . Each week the nationwide tour saw the bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline . The rounds took place in various locations across the UK , with the final round being held at Fulham Palace , London . The three finalists were Ruth Clemens , Miranda Gore Browne , and Edd Kimber . On 21 September 2010 , Edd Kimber was crowned the best amateur baker .", "6": "Series 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 2 ) The number of amateur baker contestants increased to twelve for the second series . Unlike Series 1 , this year The Great British Bake Off stayed in one location -- Valentines Mansion , a 17th - century mansion house in Redbridge , London . All the Series 2 finalists were female : Holly Bell , Mary - Anne Boermans , and the winning contestant Joanne Wheatley . Series 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 3 ) A third series of The Great British Bake Off began on 14 August 2012 . The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . In contrast to Season 2 , there was an all - male final . The finalists were Brendan Lynch , James Morton and John Whaite , who won the final in a surprise result . Series 4 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off started on 20 August 2013 on BBC Two . The series was again filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . The all - female final was won by Frances Quinn , with Ruby Tandoh and Kimberley Wilson as runners up . Series 5 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 5 ) The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 6 August 2014 on BBC One . This series was filmed at Welford Park in Berkshire . There were twelve bakers taking part . Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges , whilst Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc continued to present the series . Richard Burr was awarded the largest number of star baker designations of any series so far , but was beaten by Nancy Birtwhistle in the final . A spin - off show The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice , hosted by comedian Jo Brand on BBC Two , was also launched as a companion series this year . Each episode was broadcast two days after the main show but later moved to the same night . The show includes interviews with eliminated contestants .", "7": "Series 6 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 6 ) The sixth series began on 5 August 2015 on BBC One , again from Welford Park in Berkshire . Spin - off show The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice returned for a second series , with Jo Brand as host . This series was won by Nadiya Hussain , with Ian Cumming and Tamal Ray as runners up . Series 7 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) The seventh series began on 24 August 2016 on BBC One , once again from Welford Park in Berkshire , a later than usual start following the BBC 's coverage of the Olympic Games . This series was won by Candice Brown , with Jane Beedle and Andrew Smyth as runners up . Series 8 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 8 ) The eighth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 29 August 2017 . This is the first series of The Great British Bake Off to be broadcast on Channel 4 following its move from the BBC . The series features new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig , and new judge Prue Leith along with returning judge Paul Hollywood . Incomplete bakes and other incidents ( edit ) As of the sixth series , there have been four incomplete bakes . In Series 2 , Robert Billington accidentally dropped his tiered showstopper while applying finishing touches to the cake . Both judges and presenters came to his aid to salvage the bottom tier of his cake . He was able to present the incomplete showstopper as a single - tiered cake . In Series 3 , John Whaite was unable to complete his bake after he suffered a severe cut to his finger on the food processor . He tried to continue working on his strudel wearing a rubber glove , but the bleeding required medical attention and he therefore had to abandon the last bake . As a result , no one was eliminated that week . In Series 4 , contestant Deborah accidentally used Howard 's custard instead of her own .", "8": "As a result , Howard was forced to use Deborah 's custard , and this was taken into account by the judges . In Series 5 , during the Baked Alaska challenge , Iain Watters ' ice cream melted for reasons that were not entirely clear , although the editing of the show suggested that it had been caused by another contestant 's actions . He threw his ice cream into the bin in frustration and left the tent . He returned shortly after , and as he had no cake for judging ( he produced his bin instead , and the incident was labelled `` bingate '' ) , he was eliminated from the competition . The event that led to his departure provoked some anger from the viewers . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The early reviews for the first series were mixed . Lucy Mangan of The Guardian wondered if `` competitive baking ( is ) a contradiction in terms '' and found the proceedings humourless . Iain Hollingshead of The Daily Telegraph was scathing , describing the presenters as `` annoying '' , the judge Paul Hollywood as looking `` sinister without being interesting '' , and that the audience would be so bored that they `` could certainly forgive the cameraman if he were to commit hara - kiri in a giant pool of egg and flour . '' However , reviews from the later series were more positive . Andrew Collins of The Guardian called it `` the nicest show on television '' and judged it the best TV programme of 2012 . Rachel Ward of The Daily Telegraph thought the programme `` had just the right consistency of mouth - watering morsels , good humour , and fascinating history '' , while Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent considered the contest `` perfectly baked '' . Bake Off was moved to Channel 4 in 2017 , and reviews of the programme on the channel were largely positive , although a few felt that it did not compare well to the BBC version . Mark Lawson of The Guardian described the programme on Channel 4 as `` both exactly the same but also just subtly different enough '' , and that `` only someone desperate to dislike the re-plated show could argued that ( it ) has soured , spoiled or binned its recipe '' . Michael Hogan of The Telegraph thought that while `` Mary , Mel and Sue might be gone but the show 's recipe remains as winning as ever .", "9": "The four Cs -- chemistry , camaraderie , comedy , cakes -- were all present and correct . '' Anna Leszkiewicz of the New Statesman however considered that while the format had been left largely unchanged and the contestants `` irresistibly likeable '' , `` every single change to the show has been for the worse '' . Cultural impact ( edit ) The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with spurring an interest in home baking , with supermarkets and department stores in the UK reporting sharp rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories . It was also credited with reviving the Women 's Institute , whose membership reached its highest level since the 1970s . The show also boosted the sales of bakery books and the number of baking clubs , and independent bakeries also showed an increase . According to one analyst , more than three - fifths of adults have baked at home at least once in 2013 compared with only a third in 2011 . TV ratings ( edit ) The first series of The Great British Bake Off premiered in August 2010 with moderate ratings of just over 2 million viewers for its first episode . This was enough to place it in BBC Two 's top ten for that week , and over the series the audience grew to over three million , with the semi-final and final both achieving first place in BBC Two 's weekly ratings . During the second series , the ratings gradually increased , and it became a surprise hit with nearly 4 million watching each episode . Week two was the last time that the show was out - rated by another BBC Two programme in the same week ( it came second to the drama Page Eight ) ; from then until the show 's move to BBC One , every competition episode would be the channel 's number one rated programme of the week . By its final episode it had averaged 4.56 million viewers , peaking at 5.1 million in its last 15 minutes . The ratings continued to strengthen in the third series , and the show began to beat its competition in its timeslot . The final of the series where John Whaite was crowned the winner saw its highest rating yet , with an average of 6.5 million viewers that peaked at 7.2 million , which made it the second highest - rated BBC Two - originated show after Top Gear since at least 2006 .", "10": "The fourth series achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two . The viewer count for its premiere episode was more than two million higher than that of the previous series , while the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak , more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV . The final episode is the most - watched show on BBC Two since the present ratings system was introduced in 2002 , beating the previous record set by Top Gear . As a result of its high ratings , the show was moved to BBC One . After its move to BBC One , the opening episode was watched by over 7 million viewers according to overnight figures , beating the figure of 5.6 million for the opening episode of the previous year . A `` sabotage '' controversy surrounding episode four helped the show gain its biggest ever audience of 10.3 million viewers , with 2 million people who watched it on BBC iPlayer . The final of the show gained an overnight viewing figure of 12.29 million , then the highest viewing figure of the year for a non-sporting event on UK TV . In the following year , the top ten ratings for 2015 was also dominated by The Great British Bake Off , with seven of the year 's ten most - watched television programmes being episodes of the show , topped by the final episode with 15.05 million viewers . In the last series on the BBC in 2016 , nine of the top ten most - watched programmes of the year were episodes of the show , with 16.03 million viewers watching the finale . The first series broadcast by Channel 4 opened with average viewing figures of 5.8 million , rising to 6.5 million to include those watching on Channel 4 + 1 . Although this was the lowest figure for an opening episode since 2013 , it was Channel 4 's biggest overnight audience since the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics . The 7 - day rating for the episode was 9.46 million . Controversies ( edit ) Product placement sanction ( edit ) In September 2012 , production company Love Productions was sanctioned by the BBC for product placement of Smeg fridges . The issue came to light after a viewer wrote to the Radio Times complaining of `` blatant product promotion '' .", "11": "After an investigation , the BBC said Love Production 's loan agreement with Smeg did not meet editorial guidelines and was being revised for the third series , and that appropriate retrospective hire payments would be made . The BBC asked Smeg to remove a notice from its website promoting its association with the show , which it has since done . Favouritism ( edit ) During the fourth series , there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show ; however , similar claims were not made the previous year over the all - male final , or even the year before , when there was also an all - female quarter - final . The fourth series also suffered allegations of Paul Hollywood 's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh , and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc . Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation . Baked Alaska controversy ( `` bingate '' ) ( edit ) In the fourth episode of the fifth series , there was controversy around the elimination of contestant Iain Watters . During the final showstopper round contestants were tasked with producing a Baked Alaska . Iain 's ice cream was shown as having not set and in a show of frustration he threw his bake in the bin . The editing of the show suggested that another contestant , Diana Beard , had caused the failure by removing the ice cream from a freezer , and the perceived `` sabotage '' resulted in a furore on social media networks . However , unseen footage broadcast in the accompanying programme An Extra Slice shows Luis holding the large floor freezer that contained Iain 's ice cream open as he piped the sides of his own baked Alaska , while Mel warns him to pipe quickly and close the freezer . Later in the episode , when Iain removes his ice cream to begin the next step of his dish , it is still quite soft , indicating it went into the freezer he shared with Diana without being completely frozen . Various members of the cast posted comments in support of Diana and a BBC spokesman later issued a statement that `` Diana removing Iain 's ice cream from the freezer for less than a minute was in no way responsible for Iain 's departure . '' More than 800 complaints were lodged with the BBC over the incident and some also complained to the communication watchdog Ofcom .", "12": "Use of innuendo ( edit ) A number of viewers complained to the BBC feedback show Points of View in the fifth series about the `` constant smutty remarks '' from the presenters Mel and Sue . This series was seen as having more innuendos than previous ones ; some reviewers noted the `` extra pinch of saucy spice '' and `` the increasingly filthy - minded hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins '' , while the Daily Mail argued that the `` smutty '' innuendos made the show no longer fit for family entertainment . The series 3 winner John Whaite however argued that innuendo is part of what made the show a success , whilst judge Paul Hollywood described the innuendos as banter in the spirit of the Carry On films and is a part of British culture , a view shared by others . Clones , legal challenges and move to Channel 4 ( edit ) The success of The Great British Bake Off led to the BBC commissioning many other series closely following the format from Love Productions for example The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down . However the 2014 series Hair using the same format was produced in house by the BBC , Love Productions responded by making preparations to sue the BBC for infringing their copyright . Although the matter was kept quiet , with the BBC settling out of court and compensating Love Productions , the matter soured relations between the BBC and Love Productions . In September 2016 , it was announced that the BBC had lost the broadcast rights of the show to Channel 4 . Channel 4 offered £ 25 million for the show outbidding the £ 15 million offered by the BBC . In January 2017 the BBC waived its rights to keep the program off the air until 2018 , and wished the programme `` well for the future '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Great British Bake Off was nominated for a Rose d'Or in the Lifestyle section of the 2012 competition and won . The programme has been nominated a number of times in various categories for the BAFTA awards and won in 2012 , 2013 , and 2016 . It also won two 2015 National Television Award for Skills Challenge Show . Year Award Recipient Results Ref .", "13": "2012 Rose d'Or Lifestyle The Great British Bake Off Won BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans , Richard McKerrow Won YouTube Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2013 Features Anna Beattie , Kieran Smith , Amanda Westwood , Scott Tankard Won Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment Nominated 2014 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Amanda Westwood , Samantha Beddoes , Simon Evans Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2015 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Samantha Beddoes , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans Nominated Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Skills Challenge Show Won 2016 National Television Award Challenge Show Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Won Radio Times audience award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2017 National Television Award Challenge Show The Great British Bake Off Nominated TV judge Mary Berry Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Nominated International broadcast and versions ( edit ) The UK version of The Great British Bake Off is broadcast in many countries and it has been sold to 196 territories as of 2015 . The format has also been sold to 20 territories by 2015 , making it the third most successful BBC format after Dancing with the Stars ( Strictly Come Dancing ) and The Weakest Link . Many of these shows have been successful . The Junior Bake Off format has also been sold to Thailand . Beginning in 2014 , the US broadcaster PBS has aired several series of the show under the name The Great British Baking Show . The change of name was necessary due to the fact that `` Bake - Off '' is a registered trademark of Pillsbury in the United States .", "14": "The fifth series was broadcast as Season 1 in Winter 2014 -- 2015 ; the fourth series was then broadcast as Season 2 in Fall 2015 , and the sixth series was broadcast as Season 3 in Summer 2016 . The CBC began broadcasting The Great British Bake Off in Canada in August 2017 , starting with the seventh series and also with the Great British Baking Show title . International versions ( edit ) Current and upcoming versions include : Legend : Airing or in production No longer airing Country Local title Host ( s ) Judges Channel Premiere Australia The Great Australian Bake Off Shane Jacobson Anna Gare Dan Lepard Kerry Vincent Nine Network 9 July 2013 Claire Hooper Mel Buttle Maggie Beer Matt Moran LifeStyle Food 13 October 2015 Belgium De MeesterBakker ( The Master Baker ) Rani De Coninck Sofie Dumont Bernard Proot vtm 4 April 2012 Brazil Bake Off Brasil Carolina Fiorentino ( 2017 -- ) Ticiana Villas Boas ( 2015 -- 16 ) Fabrizio Fasano Jr .", "15": "Beca Milano ( 2017 -- ) Carolina Fiorentino ( 2015 -- 16 ) SBT 26 July 2015 Bulgaria Bake Off : Най - сладкото състезание ( Bake Off : The Sweetest Competition ) Aleksandra Raeva Raffi Bohosyan Julia Pandzherova Yuri Baltaliyski Nova TV 15 November 2016 Canada The Great Canadian Baking Show Dan Levy Julia Taylor Ross Bruno Feldeisen Rochelle Adonis CBC 1 November 2017 Denmark Den Store Bagedyst ( The Great Baking Contest ) Timm Vladimir Mette Blomsterberg Jan Friis - Mikkelsen DR1 28 August 2012 Estonia Eesti parim pagar Kristjan Rabi ( 2015 ) Indrek Vaheoja ( 2015 ) Alari Kivisaar Angeelika Kang Ants Uustalu TV3 31 August 2015 Finland Koko Suomi leipoo ( The whole of Finland bakes ) Anne Kukkohovi Mika Parviainen Sami Granroth MTV3 24 September 2013 France Le Meilleur Pâtissier ( The Best Baker ) Julia Vignali Cyril Lignac Jacqueline Mercorelli M6 RTL - TVI ( Belgium ) 26 November 2012 Germany Das große Backen ( The great Bake ) Britt Hagedorn ( 2013 ) Meltem Kaptan ( 2013 ) Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Annika Lau ( 2017 ) Christian Hümbs Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2013 ) Andrea Schirmaier - Huber ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Betty Schliephake - Burchardt ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Sat.", "16": "1 1 December 2013 Ireland The Great Irish Bake Off Anna Nolan Biddy White Lennon Paul Kelly TV3 19 September 2013 Italy Bake Off Italia -- Dolci in forno ( Bake Off Italy -- Sweets in the oven ) Benedetta Parodi Ernst Knam Clelia d'Onofrio Real Time November 2013 Israel בייק אוף ישראל ( Bake Off Israel ) Paula Rosenberg Aya Kremerman Ran Shmueli Oded Brenner Carine Goren Channel 2 9 April 2016 Netherlands Heel Holland Bakt ( All of Holland bakes ) Martine Bijl ( 2013 -- 15 ) André van Duin ( 2016 -- present ) Robèrt van Beckhoven Janny van der Heijden MAX ( NPO 1 ) 5 June 2013 Norway Hele Norge Baker ( All of Norway Bakes ) Line Verndal Pascal Dupuy Øyvind Lofthus TV3 10 March 2013 Poland Bake Off -- Ale Ciacho ! ( Bake Off -- What A Cake ! )", "17": "Anna Gacek Paulina Mikuła Krzysztof Ilnicki Gosia Molska TVP2 5 September 2016 Portugal Best Bakery -- A Melhor Pastelaria de Portugal ( Best Bakery -- The Best Pastry in Portugal ) Ana Guiomar Luca Arguelles Telmo Moutinho SIC 3 October 2016 Romania Bake Off Romania Nicolle Stanese Alex Stan Simona Pope Tudor Constantinescu Pro TV 29 February 2016 South Africa The Great South African Bake Off Anne Hirsch Lentswe Bhengu Shirley Guy Tjaart Walraven BBC Lifestyle 8 October 2015 Sweden Hela Sverige bakar ( All of Sweden Bakes ) Tilde de Paula Johan Sörberg Birgitta Rasmussen TV4 ( Sjuan ) 20 September 2012 Hela kändis - Sverige bakar ( Celebrity All of Sweden Bakes ) 11 November 2014 Turkey Ver Fırına Burcu Esmersoy Arda Türkmen Emel Başdoğan TV8 20 October 2014 Ukraine Великий пекарський турнір ( Great Bakers Tournament ) Yuri Gorbunov Serge Markovic Catherine Ahronik Olga Ganushchak 1 + 1 1 September 2013 United States The American Baking Competition Jeff Foxworthy Marcela Valladolid Paul Hollywood CBS 29 May 2013 United States The Great American Baking Show Ayesha Curry Anthony Adams Mary Berry Johnny Iuzzini ABC 30 November 2015 ( as The Great Holiday Baking Show ) The Great Sport Relief Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Sport Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc Jennifer Saunders ( 2016 ) Ed Byrne ( 2014 ,", "18": "2016 ) Sarah Millican ( 2016 ) Sue Perkins ( 2014 ) Jo Brand ( 2014 ) Omid Djalili ( 2014 ) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 12 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 2012 -- 2013 ) BBC One ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) -- 23 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) Website thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk Episode viewing figures from BARB . Series 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Finalist Winner Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Traybake Wholemeal Cheese Scones Meringue Dessert Angela Griffin 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) 3.52 James Wong Joe Swift Sarah Hadland Savoury Flan Banana & Chocolate Chip Loaves Layered Cake Arlene Phillips 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 2.79 Fi Glover Gus Casely - Hayford Saira Khan Classic Crumble Coffee & Walnut Cake 24 Miniature Tarts Alex Deakin 12 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 2.56 Alex Langlands Anita Rani Pearl Lowe Trio of Baked Biscuits 6 Sausage Rolls Covered Tiered Occasion Cake Angela Griffin 13 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) 3.43 Anita Rani Fi Glover Series 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No .", "19": "Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Sue Perkins 12 Sandwich Biscuits Tarte Tatin 3D Novelty Cake Bonnie Wright 13 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 4.37 Johnny Vaughan Michael Vaughan Samantha Bond Jo Brand 12 Gingerbread Biscuits Banoffee Pie Chocolate Cake Greg Rutherford 14 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 5.07 Jane Horrocks Jason Gardiner Kirsty Young Omid Djalili Traybake Iced Ring Dougnuts Layered Cakes Emma Freud 15 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 5.02 Jamelia Michael Ball Victoria Pendleton Ed Byrne Pizzas Eccles Cakes Tiered Cakes Alistair McGowan 16 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ) 4.94 Doon Mackichan Helen Skelton Rochelle Humes Series 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No .", "20": "Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Mel Giedroyc Canapés Paris -- Brest Trophy Cake David James 27 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 6.03 Jason Manford Maddy Hill Samantha Cameron Jennifer Saunders American Muffins Football Pie Tiered Cake Chris Kamara 3 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 7.44 Ed Balls Kimberley Walsh Victoria Coren Mitchell Ed Byrne Savoury tarts Chocolate and Beetroot Tray Bake 3D Biscuits Geri Horner 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 7.12 Jermaine Jenas John Simpson Louise Redknapp Sarah Millican Open - top Pie Salmon Roulade Cupcakes Ade Edmondson 24 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 6.74 Alison Steadman Morgana Robinson Will Young The Great Comic Relief Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Comic Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc ( 2013 , 2015 ) Sue Perkins ( 2015 ) Jo Brand ( 2015 ) Ed Byrne ( 2015 ) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 2013 ) BBC One ( 2015 ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) -- 4 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) Website thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk Series 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No .", "21": "Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Shortbread Custard Slices Portrait Cake Jo Brand 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) 4.17 Stephen K. Amos Lorna Watson Ingrid Oliver Iced Biscuits Bakewell Tart Gateaux Warwick Davis 22 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 4.44 Duncan Bannatyne Simon Reeve Andy Akinwolere Scones Chocolate Eclairs Novelty Cake Ellie Simmonds 23 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 4.34 Kirsty Wark Julia Bradbury Bob Mortimer Chocolate Biscuits Lemon Meringue Pie Comic Relief Birthday Cake Claudia Winkleman 24 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 4.39 Ed Byrne Martha Kearney Helen Glover Series 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No .", "22": "Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Sue Perkins Giant Cookie or Biscuit 12 Mini Fruit Tarts Tiered Chocolate Cake Dame Edna Everage 11 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 7.75 Joanna Lumley Jennifer Saunders Lulu Mel Giedroyc 24 cupcakes 20 profiteroles Marble `` Building '' Cake Jonathan Ross 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 8.39 Zoe Sugg Gok Wan Abbey Clancy Jo Brand 24 Shortbread 6 Mini Pork Pies Triple - tiered Pavlova Sarah Brown 25 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 7.92 David Mitchell Michael Sheen Jameela Jamil Ed Byrne Tray Bake 12 Crumpets Vegetable Self Portrait Cake Alexa Chung 4 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 8.21 Victoria Wood Chris Moyles Kayvan Novak References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halls , Andy ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off to move from BBC to Channel 4 after ' exhaustive ' talks break down '' . The Sun . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` BBC loses Great British Bake Off , as Channel 4 swoops for corporation 's biggest show '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2017 : Noel Fielding to co-host the new Channel 4 series '' . The Independent . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Saffron Alexander ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Everything you need to know about Bake Off : Creme de la Creme '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Stephens ( 14 August 2012 ) .", "23": "`` Behind the scenes at the Great British Bake - Off '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Liv Siddall ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Illustration : We interview the artist behind the Great British Bake Off , Tom Hovey '' . It 's Nice That . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hovey '' . Jump up ^ Rachel Moss ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off moves to BBC1 '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Stephen Price ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` BBC1 rises to the challenge '' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ Sarah Rainey ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` Edd Kimber : the great British baker '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` Young grandmother who honed cooking skills making cakes for sons crowned Great British Bake - Off winner '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Food on BBC Two '' . 26 April 2012 Jump up ^ Emily Hill ( 13 October 2012 ) . `` The fabulous Bake Off boys ... as definitely NOT seen on TV ! '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Vicky Frost ( 16 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : John Whaite is surprise winner '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Bake off is back in August '' . Paul Hollywood ( Twitter ) . 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's easy as pie for Frances ! Viewers ' shock as outsider whisks her way to Bake Off victory with a rainbow picnic pie and wedding cake inspired by Shakespeare '' . dailymail.co.uk. 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : 10 things you need to know '' . The Telegraph . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrick Munn ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` BBC Two Orders ' Great British Bake Off ' Companion Series Fronted By Jo Brand '' . TV Wise .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` When is The Great British Bake Off on ? '' . Telegraph . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The genius of The Great British Bake Off '' . Guardian . 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 start date : BBC One show delayed thanks to the Rio Olympics '' . The Independent . 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : BBC moves rival cooking show in scheduling spat '' . BBC News . 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sillito , David ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Why did The Great British Bake Off move to Channel 4 ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` Bloodbath at the Bake Off ! Star of BBC2 show slices his finger during strudel round '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Stephanie Weaver ( 4 September 2013 ) . `` Deborah 's desserts fail to impress on Great British Bake Off '' . Northamptonshire Telegraph . Jump up ^ Hannah Ellis - Petersen ( 28 August 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Iain Watters speaks out as Diana Beard quits '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Lucy Mangan ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` TV review : The Great British Bake - Off , The Making of King Arthur and Ideal '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Iain Hollingshead ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off , BBC Two , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Andrew Collins ( 24 August 2012 ) . `` The Week in TV : The Great British Bake - Off , Red or Black ? and The Last Weekend -- video '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Andrew Collins ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` Why The Great British Bake Off is the best TV programme of 2012 -- video '' . The Guardian .", "25": "Jump up ^ Rachel Ward ( 17 August 2011 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off , BBC Two , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Tom Sutcliffe ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Last Night : The Great British Bake Off , BBC2 '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off review round - up : Critics praise Channel 4 show and Noel Fielding '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : Leszkiewicz , Anna ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Despite glowing reviews , The Great British Bake Off is definitely worse '' . New Statesman . Jump up ^ Harrison , Phil ( 26 August 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : could do with a bit more time in the oven '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Lawson , Mark ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Bake Off first - look review -- exceedingly good , despite switch to Channel 4 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off , review : in its new home , episode 1 rose to the challenge '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Roya Nikkhah ( 9 September 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off sees sales of baking goods soar '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 6 October 2011 ) . `` Warning , may contain nuts ! Great British Bake Off viewers shocked by ' explicit ' image of male squirrel '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ Laura Cox ( 9 February 2013 ) . `` The Mary Berry effect : How the Great British Bake Off revived the Women 's Institute '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Sarah Rainey ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` How the Great British Bake Off changed Britain '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` TV ratings : 2 m like the taste of The Great British Bake Off '' . The Guardian .", "26": "Jump up ^ Vicky Frost ( 3 October 2011 ) , `` The Great British Bake Off gives BBC ratings a big rise '' , The Guardian Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off final leaves sweet taste for 5 m viewers '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jason Deans ( 10 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off beats Holby City with best - ever ratings '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Seven million watch The Great British Bake Off '' . The Daily Telegraph . 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jake Kanter ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off finale peaks with 7.2 m '' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off is a ratings hit on its return '' . BBC . 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final : 9 m watch Frances Quinn win '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Georg Szalai . `` BBC 's ' Great British Bake Off ' Ends Series 4 With Record Ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` ' Great British Bake Off ' moving to BBC One for series five '' . Digital Spy. 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off opener beats last year 's ratings '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Nicola Methven ( 5 September 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off draws highest ever ratings as 10.3 million viewers tune in '' . Mirror . Jump up ^ Ben Lee ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final is most - watched non-sporting TV event of year '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Patrick Foster ( 17 December 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off dominates list of most - watched shows of 2015 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 21 December 2016 ) .", "27": "`` Great British Bake Off hands BBC clean sweep of top 10 most - viewed shows of 2016 -- but how will the corporation cope next year ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off is ratings success for Channel 4 '' . BBC News . 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/weekly-top-30/ Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off breaks BBC branding rules '' . BBC News . 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Exceedingly Good Great British Bake Off Facts '' . Heart Britain . 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie and Laura Cox ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bloke Off ! Show accused of favouritism towards female contestants after last man left is eliminated '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Emma Lowe ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` Is Paul sweet on Bake Off model Ruby ? Viewers suggest that TV host , 47 , is flirting on screen with 21 - year - old contestant '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Paul Hollywood shocks Bake Off fans by setting them straight on train '' . What 's on TV . 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Liam O'Brien ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` Raymond Blanc rows with Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh on Twitter '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : why did our show attract so much vitriol ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sarah Ditum ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake - Off : Ruby Tandoh does n't deserve this hostility '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Daisy Wyatt ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Paul Hollywood denies favouring Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh : ' I think Kimberley 's far prettier ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Carl Greenwood ( 14 October 2013 ) .", "28": "`` Great British Bake Off beauty Ruby Tandoh definitely does NOT fancy silver fox Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off rocked by Baked Alaska ' sabotage ' scandal '' . independent.co.uk. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Paul Hollywood and Sue Perkins speak out on ' bingate ' '' . guardian.com. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : BBC receives over 500 ' bingate ' complaints while # justiceforiain dominates Twitter '' . metro.co.uk. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason Deans ( 29 August 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Ofcom rules out investigation despite complaints '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jess Denham ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : Viewers complain about ' smutty ' innuendos '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Matilda Battersby ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off innuendos : we pick our favourites '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Andy McFarlane ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` Boris Johnson 's ' Commons comeback ' , Bake Off ' smut ' and who is James Corden ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Andrew Billen ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` TV Review : The Great British Bake Off '' . Jump up ^ Peter Dyke ( 27 May 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Turning up the heat -- new series promises to be smuttiest yet '' . The Daily Star . Jump up ^ Jeanette Kupfermann ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Smut : The ingredient that 's made Bake Off a turn - off . JEANETTE KUPFERMANN says the hit show is no longer family entertainment '' . Daily Mail .", "29": "Jump up ^ John Whaite ( 23 September 2014 ) , `` Soggy bottoms and hot buns : why the Bake Off thrives on innuendo '' , The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ Anita Singh ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off smut ? It 's just a bit of banter , says Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Martin Rowson ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` Why the Great British Bake Off needs a sprinkling of smut '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Harry Mount ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off smut : Ooh , Matron ! Why innuendo comes so easily for the British '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Kanter , Jeff ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` How a secret legal dispute damaged the BBC 's effort to keep ' Great British Bake Off ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Addley , Esther ( 14 September 2017 ) . `` ' Three years of bad blood ' : how the Bake Off producers and the BBC fell out of love '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis - Peterson , Hannah ; Conlan , Tara ; Martinson , Jane ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off moves to Channel 4 as BBC negotiations collapse over fee '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , Kevin ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off to return to TV screens in 2017 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rose d'Or -- Wettbewerbskategorien '' . Rose d'Or . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Dinner and Charlie Brooker 's Black Mirror triumph at Rose d'Or Festival '' . Radio Times . 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` BAFTA Awards Search '' . BAFTA .", "30": "Jump up ^ `` Arqiva British Academy Television Awards in 2013 Winners Announced '' . British Academy of Film and Television Art . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2015 : full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Dinner and Charlie Brooker 's Black Mirror triumph at Rose d'Or Festival '' . Radio Times . 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Television Awards Winners Announced '' . British Academy of Film and Television Art . ^ Jump up to : `` Bafta Television Awards 2013 : full list of winners and nominees '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` National TV Awards 2013 : The winners ' list in full '' . Digital Spy. 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV awards 2014 : Winners in full '' . BBC . 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2014 winners in full -- Ant & Dec , more '' . Digital Spy. 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hannah Furness ( 10 May 2015 ) . `` BBC 's star shows are eclipsed at the Bafta Television awards 2015 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV awards 2015 : Winners in full '' . BBC . 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners '' . National Television Awards . ^ Jump up to : `` Bafta TV awards 2016 : full list of winners '' . Guardian . 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( 3 January 2017 ) . `` From The Great British Bake Off to EastEnders : Full list of nominations for National Television Awards 2017 '' . Metro . Jump up ^ Press Association ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` National Television Awards 2017 : Mary Berry triumphs and Casualty wins over Game of Thrones , plus full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV Awards 2017 : All the winners and nominees '' . BBC . 14 May 2017 .", "31": "Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : new contestants poised to serve up sixth series '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Tara Conlan ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off recipe has proved a sweet success for BBC Worldwide '' . Guardian . Jump up ^ Josie Ensor ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off proves it has the recipe for success as show goes global '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Mark Cook ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off goes global : from Sweden to Australia the show is flourishing '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` BBC Worldwide sells very first Junior Bake Off format to Thailand '' . BBC . 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Kerry . `` Finally ! ' The Great British Bake Off ' Has Arrived in America '' . Yahoo ! Food . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Baking Show : Season 1 Episodes -- PBS Food '' . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 Episodes -- Great British Baking Show -- PBS Food '' . 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to Watch The Great British Baking Show in Canada '' . CBC . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Europe whips up Bake Off adaptations '' . c21media.net. 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ David Knox ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` Shane Jacobson , Anna Gare to host The Great Australian Bake Off . '' . tvtonight.com.au . Jump up ^ Clive Whittingham ( 30 July 2012 ) . `` Bake Off rises in Poland , Oz '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ Stewart Clarke ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Bake Off hits Australia '' . TBI Vision . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Den Store Bagedyst '' .", "32": "Jump up ^ `` Eesti parim pagar '' . Jump up ^ `` Koko Suomi leipoo '' . Jump up ^ Clive Whittingham ( 21 January 2013 ) . `` Netherlands , Finland set for Bake Off '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ `` Le Meilleur Pâtissier ( M6 ) : Une émission gourmande avec Cyril Lignac -- news télé '' . Programme-tv.net . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC bosses sell The Great British Bake - Off 's smash - hit format to thirteen countries Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ed Waller ( 7 October 2012 ) . `` French Bake Off in the works '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ `` The Great Irish Bake Off '' . Jump up ^ `` Paul Kelly to be judge on Great Irish Bake Off '' . Songway Films. 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off Italia su Real Time : Benedetta Parodi giudice assieme a Ernst Knam e Clelia d'Onofrio '' . Realityshow.blogosfere.it. 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italy says ' Si ! ' to The Great Bake Off '' . BBC Media Centre . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British ' Bake Off ' brings sweet secrets to Israel '' . The Times of Israel . 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heel Holland Bakt '' . Omroep MAX . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Laughlin ( January 2013 ) . `` ' Great British Bake Off ' serves up global hit for BBC '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` All Norway baker -- new concept on TV3 '' . TV3. 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 .", "33": "Jump up ^ `` Norway cooks up Bake Off '' . 26 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Villa Perlesukker '' . Villaperlesukker.no. 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROWADZĄCE '' . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JURORZY '' . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off -- Ale Ciacho ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off Romania incepe , in curand , la PROTV '' . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Bake Off `` , emisiunea culinara care a cucerit intreaga lume , vine la ProTV ! Gazda emisiunii va fi Nicolle Stanese '' . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Imagini din culisele Bake Off Romania ! Premiera , astazi , de la 20 : 30 , numai la ProTV '' . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Applications for Great South African Bake Off open '' . Northglen News . 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hela Sverige bakar '' . Jump up ^ `` Hela kändis - Sverige bakar '' . Jump up ^ `` Turkey set for Bake Off News '' . C21Media. 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ver Fırına '' . TV8. 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baking tournament will surprise the audience wonders of confectionary art 1 + 1 '' . ru.tsn.ua. 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Кастинги -- Великий пекарський турнір -- Кастинги '' . 1plus1.ua . Retrieved 20 August 2014 .", "34": "Jump up ^ `` British BBC format The Great Bake Off will be broadcast at Ukrainian TV channel 1 + 1 '' . Kiev Media Week . 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Josie Ensor ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off proves it has the recipe for success as show goes global '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Baking Show '' . Jump up ^ Kate Goodacre ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` ' The Great British Bake Off ' to be remade for US audiences by CBS '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Tim Surette ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` Premiere date info '' . tv.com . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ABC 's Baking Show will return with Mary Berry , and a new name '' . Relity Blurred . Jump up ^ Harry Fletcher . `` Mary Berry is remaking The Great British Bake Off in the US for ABC '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( 20 October 2015 ) . `` UK Reality Hit ' Great British Bake Off ' Getting Holiday - Themed Remake on ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Ayesha Curry lands another big TV gig -- this time with ABC '' . The Mercury News . Bay Area News Group . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Jump up ^ `` Sport Relief Bake Off -- tonight 's photos '' . 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website `` The Great British Bake Off '' . BBC Programmes . `` The Great British Wedding Cake '' . BBC Programmes . `` The Great Sport Relief Bake Off '' . BBC Programmes . `` The Great Comic Relief Bake Off '' . BBC Programmes .", "35": "The Great British Bake Off at UKGameshows.com The Great British Bake Off on IMDb The Great Sport Relief Bake Off on IMDb ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : Crème de la Crème International versions Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off&oldid=807352226 '' Categories : 2010 British television programme debuts 2010s British reality television series BBC Television programmes British cooking television programmes Channel 4 television programmes English - language television programs The Great British Bake Off Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use British English from September 2016 Use dmy dates from April 2017 BBC programme ID same as Wikidata BBC programme ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Eesti Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Scots Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 12 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7163132803738849961	who played guitar on my guitar gently weeps	[ "George Harrison", "Eric Clapton", "Eric Clapton", "George Harrison", "Eric Clapton", "George Harrison" ]	{ "0": "While My Guitar Gently Weeps - wikipedia While My Guitar Gently Weeps Jump to : navigation , search `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' Cover of the Apple Publishing sheet music Song by the Beatles from the album The Beatles Published Harrisongs Released 22 November 1968 ( 1968 - 11 - 22 ) Recorded 5 -- 6 September 1968 Studio EMI Studios , London Genre Heavy rock , blues Length 4 : 46 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) George Harrison Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles ( also known as `` the White Album '' ) . It was written by George Harrison , the band 's lead guitarist . The song serves as a comment on the disharmony within the Beatles following their return from studying Transcendental Meditation in India in early 1968 . This lack of camaraderie was reflected in the band 's initial apathy towards the composition , which Harrison countered by inviting his friend and occasional collaborator , Eric Clapton , to contribute to the recording . Clapton overdubbed a lead guitar part , although he was not formally credited for his contribution . Harrison wrote `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' as an exercise in randomness inspired by the Chinese I Ching . The song conveys his dismay at the world 's unrealised potential for universal love , which he refers to as `` the love there that 's sleeping '' . Harrison first recorded it with a sparse backing of acoustic guitar and harmonium -- a version that appeared on the 1996 Anthology 3 outtakes compilation and , with the addition of a string arrangement by George Martin , on the Love soundtrack album in 2006 . The full group recording was made in September 1968 , at which point the song 's folk - based musical arrangement was replaced by a production in the heavy rock style . The recording was one of several collaborations between Harrison and Clapton during the late 1960s and was followed by the pair co-writing the song `` Badge '' for Clapton 's group Cream .", "1": "On release , the song received praise from several music critics , and it has since been recognised as an example of Harrison 's continued maturity as a songwriter beside his Beatles bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney . Rolling Stone ranked `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' 136th on its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , seventh on the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' , and at number 10 on its list of `` The Beatles 100 Greatest Songs '' . Clapton 's performance was ranked 42nd in Guitar World 's 2008 list of the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos '' . Harrison and Clapton often performed the song together live , during which they shared the lead guitarist 's role over the closing section . Live versions featuring the pair were included on the Concert for Bangladesh album in 1971 and Live in Japan in 1992 . Backed by a band that included McCartney and Ringo Starr , Clapton performed the song at the Concert for George in November 2002 , a year after Harrison 's death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and inspiration 2 Composition 2.1 Music 2.2 Lyrics 3 Recording 3.1 Early attempts and basic track 3.2 Overdubs 3.3 Mixing 4 Release and reception 5 Harrison live performances 6 Cover versions 7 2016 music video 8 Personnel 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources 12 External links Background and inspiration ( edit ) The Eastern concept is that whatever happens is all meant to be ... every little item that 's going down has a purpose . `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was a simple study based on that theory ... I picked up a book at random , opened it , saw `` gently weeps '' , then laid the book down again and started the song . -- George Harrison George Harrison wrote `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' after his return from India , where the Beatles had been studying Transcendental Meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi during the spring of 1968 .", "2": "The visit had allowed Harrison to re-engage with the guitar as his primary instrument , after focusing on the Indian sitar for the previous two years , and also marked the start of a prolific period for him as a songwriter . Inspiration for the song came to him when he was visiting his parents in Warrington , Cheshire , and he began reading the I Ching , or `` The Book of Changes '' . As Harrison put it , `` ( the book ) seemed to me to be based on the Eastern concept that everything is relative to everything else , as opposed to the Western view that things are merely coincidental . '' Embracing this idea of relativism , he committed to writing a song based on the first words he saw upon opening a book , which happened to be `` gently weeps '' . Harrison continued to work on the lyrics after this initial writing session . The song reflects the disharmonious atmosphere within the Beatles following their return from India . Harrison had led the band in their highly publicised endorsement of Transcendental Meditation and viewed this spiritual pursuit as superior in importance to their career momentum . When discussing another song he wrote at this time , `` Not Guilty '' , Harrison said it referred to `` the grief I was catching '' from John Lennon and Paul McCartney for leading them to Rishikesh and supposedly hindering the group 's career and the launch of their Apple record label . Eric Clapton , with whom Harrison collaborated on several recordings throughout 1968 as a distraction from the Beatles , said that `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' conveyed Harrison 's spiritual isolation within the group . A demo that Harrison recorded at his home in Esher includes an unused verse : `` I look at the trouble and see that it 's raging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I 'm sitting here , doing nothing but ageing ... '' This version also includes the line `` The problems you sow are the troubles you 're reaping '' , which he similarly discarded .", "3": "An early acoustic guitar and harmonium performance of the song features a slightly different third verse : `` I look from the wings at the play you are staging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I 'm sitting here , doing nothing but ageing ... '' This version was released on the 1996 compilation Anthology 3 and was used as the basis of the 2006 Love remix , with a string arrangement by George Martin . Composition ( edit ) Music ( edit ) `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was one of the few Beatles compositions from early 1968 that changed markedly from demo form to the official recording . Harrison 's demos suggest the influence of folk music , yet the Beatles ' version is in the heavy rock style typical of much of the band 's late 1960s work . While noting the importance of Harrison 's return to the guitar during this period , Beatles biographer Jonathan Gould describes the song as `` virtually a declaration of his recommitment to rock '' . The song as originally issued by the Beatles is in the key of A minor , changing to A major over the bridges . Aside from the intro , the composition is structured into two rounds of verse and bridge , with an instrumental passage extending the second of these verse sections , followed by a final verse and a long instrumental passage that fades out on the released recording . All the sections consist of an even sixteen bars or measures , which are divided into four phrases . The chord progression over the verses includes a shift to a ♭ 7 ( Am / G ) on `` all '' ( bass note G ) and a 6 ( D9 ( major 3rd F ♯ ) ) after `` love '' ( bass note F ♯ ) to a ♭ 6 ( Fmaj7 ) on `` sleeping '' ( bass note F ) . According to musicologist Dominic Pedler , the 8 -- ♭ 7 -- 6 -- ♭ 6 progression represents a hybrid of the Aeolian and Dorian modes . The change to the parallel major key is heralded by a C chord as the verse 's penultimate chord ( replacing the D used in the second phrase of each verse ) before the E that leads into the bridge .", "4": "Musicologist Alan Pollack views this combination of C and E as representing a sense of `` arrival '' , after which the bridge contains `` upward ( harmonic ) gestures '' that contrast with the bass descents that dominate the verse . Such contrasts are limited by the inclusion of minor triads ( III , VI and II ) played over the E chord that ends the bridge 's second and fourth phrases . Lyrics ( edit ) In his lyrics to `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , Harrison revisits the theme of universal love and the philosophical concerns that were evident in his overtly Indian - influenced compositions , particularly `` Within You Without You '' . The song is a lament for how a universal love for humankind is latent in all individuals yet remains unrealised . In the description of theologian Dale Allison , the song `` conveys spiritual angst and an urgent religious point of view without being explicitly theological '' . Harrison sings of surveying `` you all '' and seeing `` the love there that 's sleeping '' . Musicologist Walter Everett comments that the change from the minor - mode verse to the parallel major might express hope that `` unrealized potential '' described in the lyrics is to be `` fulfilled '' , but the continued minor triads `` seem to express a strong dismay that love is not to be unfolded '' . During the bridges , Harrison adopts a repetitive rhyming scheme in the style of Bob Dylan to convey how humankind has become distracted from its ability to manifest this love . He sings of people that have been `` inverted '' and `` perverted '' from their natural perspective . According to Harrison biographer Joshua Greene , the song 's message reflects the pessimism encouraged by world events throughout 1968 , such as the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy in the United States , and the Soviet Russian oppression of Czechoslovakia . Allison writes that the lyrics represent the `` antithesis of spiritual triumphalism '' , in which Harrison `` mourns because love has not conquered all '' . Recording ( edit ) Early attempts and basic track ( edit ) The Beatles recorded `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' several times during the sessions for their self - titled double album , also known as `` the White Album '' .", "5": "The recording sessions , which began in late May 1968 , were characterised by a lack of cooperation among the four band members , and by what Lennon 's bandmates regarded as the overly intrusive presence of his new romantic partner , Yoko Ono . In this atmosphere , Harrison had initially been reluctant to present his new compositions to the group . Take 1 on 25 July -- the version later issued on Anthology 3 -- was a solo performance by Harrison , playing his Gibson J - 200 acoustic guitar , with an overdubbed harmonium part . Sessions on 16 August and 5 September produced full band recordings of the song . In the case of the 16 August version , an overdubbing session on 3 September marked the first time that the Beatles had used eight - track recording at EMI Studios . At the same session , Harrison overdubbed a backwards ( or `` backmasked '' ) guitar solo , as he had done two years before on `` I 'm Only Sleeping '' , on the Revolver album , but he was not satisfied with the results . The Beatles then remade the basic track on 5 September -- a session that marked Ringo Starr 's return to the group after he had walked out on 22 August , upset at the unpleasant atmosphere . While Harrison led the band in welcoming back their drummer , by installing a large flower display all over Starr 's drum kit , he continued to think that his bandmates were not giving their best to the song . Overdubs ( edit ) Clapton had given Harrison his red Gibson Les Paul shortly before the session and subsequently used it on the song . On 6 September , during a ride from Surrey into London , Harrison asked Clapton to play guitar on the track . Clapton , who recognised Harrison 's talent as a songwriter , and considered that his abilities had long been held back by Lennon and McCartney , was nevertheless reluctant to participate ; he later recalled that his initial response was : `` I ca n't do that . Nobody ever plays on Beatles records . '' Harrison convinced him , and Clapton 's lead guitar part , played on Harrison 's Gibson Les Paul electric guitar `` Lucy '' ( a recent gift from Clapton ) , was overdubbed that evening .", "6": "Recalling the session in his 2007 autobiography , Clapton says that , while Lennon and McCartney were `` fairly non-committal '' , he thought the track `` sounded fantastic '' , adding : `` I knew George was happy , because he listened to it over and over in the control room . '' Harrison recalled that Clapton 's presence also ensured that his bandmates `` tr ( ied ) a bit harder '' and `` were all on their best behaviour '' . The Beatles carried out the remaining overdubs , which included an ascending piano motif , played by McCartney , over the introduction , Hammond organ by Harrison , and further percussion by Starr . McCartney also added a second bass part , played on his Fender Jazz Bass rather than on either of his preferred Hofner or Rickenbacker models . Mixing ( edit ) Still wary that his contribution might present too much of a departure from the band 's sound , Clapton requested that Harrison give the lead guitar track a more `` Beatley '' sound when mixing the song . During final mixing for the White Album , on 14 October , the guitar part was run through an ADT circuit with `` varispeed '' , with engineer Chris Thomas manipulating the oscillator to achieve the desired `` wobbly '' effect . According to Everett , Lennon 's tremolo - rich guitar part , recorded on 5 September , was retained only in the song 's coda . Clapton 's guitar contribution has been described as making this a `` monumental '' track . As particularly notable features , Everett highlights the increasing lengths of thrice - heard first scale degrees ( 0 : 17 -- 0 : 19 ) , the restraint shown by rests in many bars then unexpected appearances ( as at 0 : 28 -- 0 : 29 ) , commanding turnaround phrases ( 0 : 31 -- 0 : 33 ) , expressive string bends marking modal changes from C to C ♯ ( 0 : 47 -- 0 : 53 ) , power retransition ( 1 : 21 -- 1 : 24 ) , emotive vibrato ( 2 : 01 -- 2 : 07 ) , and a solo ( 1 : 55 -- 2 : 31 ) with a `` measured rise in intensity , rhythmic activity , tonal drive and registral climb '' .", "7": "In October 1968 , Harrison reciprocated by co-writing `` Badge '' with Clapton and playing on Cream 's recording of the track . Released on Cream 's final album , Goodbye , `` Badge '' reflected Harrison 's pop sensibilities and helped Clapton transition from the heavy blues style and its reliance on extended soloing , and onto the more song - based approach that he and Harrison admired in the Band 's 1968 album Music from Big Pink . Release and reception ( edit ) Apple Records released The Beatles on 22 November 1968 . One of four Harrison compositions on the double album , `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was sequenced as the penultimate track on side one in the LP format , between Lennon 's `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' and `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' . The song was issued as the B - side of `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' , a McCartney - written song that had also tested the Beatles ' patience during the White Album sessions . This single was an international hit , topping charts in Australia , Austria , Switzerland and West Germany , but was not released in Britain or the United States . LP cover of The Beatles . Some music critics have recognised `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' as a highlight of the Beatles ' 1968 double album . According to music critic Tim Riley , Harrison 's writing contributions `` regain ( ed ) the promise '' evident in his three songs on the Beatles ' 1966 album Revolver . Recalling the release in his 1977 book The Beatles Forever , Nicholas Schaffner said that , in returning to pop / rock songwriting after his excursions into the Indian classical style , Harrison 's four White Album songs `` firmly established him as a contender '' beside Lennon and McCartney . In Schaffner 's description , `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was the most instantly popular of `` a quartet of more conventionally accessible pop songs ( written by Harrison ) that many felt were among the finest on the album '' .", "8": "Among contemporary reviews , Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone said that `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was `` one of George Harrison 's very best songs '' , and likened it to `` Blue Jay Way '' in that it `` recalls California , the simple Baja California beat , the dreamy words of the Los Angeles haze , the organic pace lapping around every room as if in invisible waves '' . Wenner found the lyrics `` slightly self - righteous and preaching '' , representing `` a general set of incidents , a message , like a sermon , impersonally directed to everyone '' , and concluded : `` I am willing to bet something substantial that the lead guitarist on this cut is Eric Clapton , yet another involution of the circular logic on which this song ( is ) so superbly constructed as a musical piece . '' In his review for the International Times , Barry Miles said the song was a `` great tune '' with `` nice hi - hats '' but a `` lifeless '' guitar part , while Alan Smith of the NME wrote : `` the words are evocative and the melody line is creeping into my mind to stay . '' Geoffrey Cannon wrote in The Guardian : `` George Harrison has seen the truth , and is anxious that we should see our truth . He 's a preacher , man of fire . When his songs speak of ' you , ' the address is direct . He achieves his character in ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' , which , with Phil Ochs 's ' Tape from California ' , is the first track I know that succeeds in making magnanimous love serious and touching . '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' became a staple of US rock radio during the early 1970s , on a par with songs such as `` Layla '' by Clapton 's short - lived band Derek and the Dominos , Led Zeppelin 's `` Stairway to Heaven '' and the Who 's `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again '' . In 1973 , it appeared on the Beatles ' double album compilation 1967 -- 1970 , as one of only three tracks representing the White Album .", "9": "Capitol Records included it on The Best of George Harrison in 1976 ; a year before this , Harrison released a sequel to the song , titled `` This Guitar ( Ca n't Keep from Crying ) '' , which also served as the final single issued by Apple in its original incarnation . The Beatles ' recording also appeared on the soundtrack to Withnail and I , a 1987 comedy film set in late - 1960s London and produced by Harrison 's company HandMade Films . Despite his reluctance to record `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , McCartney later identified it as one of his favourite selections on the 1995 -- 96 Anthology outtakes series , and he grouped the song with `` Something '' and `` Here Comes the Sun '' as candidates for Harrison 's `` greatest track '' . Starr paired it with `` Something '' as `` Two of the finest love songs ever written '' , adding : `` they 're really on a par with what John and Paul or anyone else of that time wrote . '' In their written tributes to Harrison following his death in November 2001 , Mick Jagger and Keith Richards each expressed their admiration for the song . Jagger said : `` It 's lovely , plaintive . Only a guitar player could write that ... '' Harrison Live performances ( edit ) Harrison and Clapton performing `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' at the 1987 Prince 's Trust Concert in London Harrison played `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' at every one of his comparatively rare concerts as a solo artist . Writing for Mojo in 2003 , Ashley Kahn attributed the track 's `` classic '' status to its evocation of `` a band falling out of harmony '' and , with regard to the enduring musical bond between Harrison and Clapton , its standing as `` their song '' . At Harrison 's Concert for Bangladesh , held at Madison Square Garden in New York on 1 August 1971 , Clapton performed the song on a Gibson Byrdland , a hollow - body guitar more suited to jazz or country music than rock . He later said that this was a poor decision and , as with his substandard playing at the event , one indicative of his descent into heroin addiction .", "10": "The version performed by Harrison during his set at the 1987 Prince 's Trust Concert reunited him with Starr and Clapton , and features an extended coda with the guitars of Harrison and Clapton interweaving . On their 1991 tour of Japan , Harrison and Clapton performed `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' with additional background vocals . An edit combining parts of the 14 December and 17 December Tokyo Dome performances of the song was included on Harrison 's 1992 double album Live in Japan . Harrison also featured the song in the set list for his only other tour as a solo artist , a series of North American concerts over November -- December 1974 with Ravi Shankar . Harrison shared the lead guitarist 's role with Robben Ford , often extending the piece to eight minutes . While it was a popular inclusion in a set list that barely acknowledged Harrison 's past as a former Beatle , his alteration of some of the lyrics -- so that his guitar `` gently smiles '' and `` tries to smile '' -- disappointed many concert - goers and reviewers . Author Simon Leng comments that on Harrison 's return to Madison Square Garden towards the end of the tour , his playing on the song nevertheless received a standing ovation . Cover versions ( edit ) Canadian guitarist Jeff Healey covered `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' on his 1990 album Hell to Pay . Harrison participated in the recording , contributing on acoustic guitar and backing vocals . Also issued as a single , Healey 's version peaked at number 27 in Canada , number 85 in the UK and number 25 in New Zealand . During the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II concert at Buckingham Palace Garden on 3 June 2002 , McCartney performed the song with Clapton , as a tribute to Harrison . The performance appears on the DVD release Party at the Palace . On 29 November the same year , Clapton , McCartney , Starr , Dhani Harrison , Jeff Lynne and Marc Mann performed `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' at the Concert for George in memory of Harrison . This version showcased Clapton singing the lead vocal while McCartney provided background vocals and piano ; Mann played Clapton 's original fills and the mid-song solo .", "11": "Author Ian Inglis writes that while Clapton was already `` permanently associated '' with `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' due to his presence on the White Album recording and the Concert for Bangladesh and Live in Japan versions , Clapton 's long , closing solo at the Concert for George contained `` perhaps the most expressive '' playing of all these versions . American musician Todd Rundgren covered `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' for the 2003 album Songs from the Material World : A Tribute to George Harrison . Rundgren said of his contribution to the multi-artist tribute : `` ( Before the Beatles ) , I 'd never heard the term ' lead guitarist . ' George created the job description for my first paying gig , the vocation that I 'm still lucky enough to practice today ... '' Johnny Loftus of AllMusic views the recording as one of the collection 's highlights , saying that Rundgren `` effortlessly replicates the grandeur '' of the Beatles ' track . As his personal tribute to Harrison , Peter Frampton released a version of the song on his 2003 album Now . In 2004 , when Harrison was inducted posthumously into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist , `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was played in tribute by a large band that included Tom Petty , Lynne , Steve Winwood , Marc Mann and Dhani Harrison . The performance concluded with an extended guitar solo by Prince , who was also being inducted into the Hall of Fame . Among other cover versions , the song has also been recorded by guitarists such as Marc Ribot , Phish and Charlie Byrd , and on ukulele by Jake Shimabukuro . Toto did a cover version for their album Through the Looking Glass and in a live performance in Live in Amsterdam . Santana did a cover for his twentieth album Guitar Heaven : The Greatest Guitar Classics of All Time , in 2010 , featuring singer India Arie and cellist Yo - Yo Ma . Released as a single , it charted on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary . In 2016 , Regina Spektor performed the song for the soundtrack to the film Kubo and the Two Strings , accompanied by Kevin Kmetz on a shamisen .", "12": "2016 music video ( edit ) In June 2016 , Apple Corps and Cirque du Soleil released a music video for `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . The video was created for the tenth anniversary re-staging of Cirque du Soleil 's Love theatrical production . The video was directed by Dandypunk , André Kasten and Leah Moyer . Ryan Reed , describing the clip for rollingstone.com , wrote that `` Dandypunk 's hand - drawn illustrations depict Harrison 's lyrics falling off the page into the air , transporting LOVE performer Eira Glover into a series of fantastical locations . Projection mapping -- and no CGI -- was used to create the clip . '' Personnel ( edit ) According to Ian MacDonald , Walter Everett and John Winn : White Album version George Harrison -- double - tracked vocals , backing vocal , acoustic guitar , Hammond organ John Lennon -- electric guitar with tremolo Paul McCartney -- harmony vocal , piano , bass guitar Ringo Starr -- drums , tambourine , castanets Eric Clapton -- lead guitar Anthology 3 version George Harrison -- vocals , acoustic guitar Paul McCartney -- organ Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Having contributed to `` Ski - ing '' on Harrison 's debut solo album , Wonderwall Music , in January 1968 , Clapton played on `` Sour Milk Sea '' , a song that Harrison wrote and produced for his Apple Records signing Jackie Lomax . Another Harrison composition from 1968 , `` Savoy Truffle '' , was inspired by Clapton 's love of chocolate . Jump up ^ Greene comments that `` Wilting Flowers '' was the title of Time magazine 's article summarising the year . By contrast , at the start of 1968 , Life had declared it `` the Year of the Guru '' , partly as a result of the Beatles ' championing of Eastern religion , and had featured the Maharishi on the cover of the magazine . Jump up ^ This version remained in EMI 's archives through the 1980s . It was first presented for public hearing when Abbey Road Studios ( formerly EMI Studios ) hosted The Beatles at Abbey Road in 1983 , at which point EMI reported that Harrison was keen that the song be released `` as soon as possible '' .", "13": "When remixing the recording for inclusion on the planned Sessions compilation album in 1984 , however ( and as later heard on Anthology 3 ) , Geoff Emerick chose to loop and repeat Harrison 's concluding guitar phrase into a fadeout , and increased the volume of the harmonium . Jump up ^ In Ken Scott 's recollection , the need to manually work the ADT oscillation was a result of the Beatles ' impatience to use EMI 's new eight - track recording equipment . The company 's technical engineers had yet to carry out the conversion necessary to allow the effect to be applied automatically . Jump up ^ `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was listed with `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' , as a double A-side , when the single topped Australia 's Go - Set National Top 40 chart . Jump up ^ This 1971 performance of the song was included on Harrison 's 2009 compilation album Let It Roll . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 153 -- 54 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Riley 2002 , p. 268 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 2005 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 9 December 2004 . Retrieved 10 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Ten Beatles Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs : 10 . While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Guitar World Staff ( 30 October 2008 ) . `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos '' . guitarworld.com . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Beatles 2000 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 34 , 36 .", "14": "Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Quantick 2002 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2002 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , pp. 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Ingham 2006 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Rabey , Steve ( 9 October 2011 ) . `` George Harrison , ' Living In The Material World ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 2006 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2003 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Huntley 2006 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , pp. 305 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Scorsese , Martin ( dir . ) ( 2011 ) . George Harrison : Living in the Material World ( 2 DVDs ) . Roadshow Entertainment / Grove Street Productions . R - 112294 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Harrison 2002 , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 297 , 300 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 523 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 498 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Alan W. ( 2001 ) . `` Notes on ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' '' . Soundscapes . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedler 2003 , pp. 435 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Inglis 2010 , pp. 12 , 26 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Greene 2006 , pp. 110 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Allison 2006 , p. 158 . ^ Jump up to : Tillery 2011 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Allison 2006 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 2006 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2003 , pp. 106 -- 07 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 238 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 2005 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Badman 2001 , pp. 318 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 78 , 153 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 151 , 153 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 252 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Winn 2009 , pp. 209 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Nigel ( February 2002 ) . `` Only a Northern Song : The songs George Harrison wrote for The Beatles '' . Uncut . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Harris , John ( July 2001 ) . `` A Quiet Storm '' . Mojo . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Winn 2009 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Clapton 2007 , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 2005 , p. 162 .", "16": "Jump up ^ Ingham 2006 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Womack 2007 , pp. 225 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Buskin , Richard ( June 2012 ) . `` The Beatles ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' '' . Sound on Sound . Archived from the original on 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , pp. 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 163 , 200 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 317 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer 2003 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Womack 2007 , pp. 223 -- 24 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , p. 684 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles -- Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts -- 23 April 1969 '' . poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riley 2002 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Wenner , Jann S. ( 21 December 1968 ) . `` Review : The Beatles ' ' White Album ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Miles , Barry ( 29 November 1968 ) . `` Multi-Purpose Beatles Music '' . International Times .", "17": "p. 10 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alan ( 30 November 1968 ) . `` The Beatles '' The Beatles ( The White Album ) `` . NME . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Cannon , Geoffrey ( 26 November 1968 ) . `` Back to Spring : The Beatles : The Beatles ( White Album ) ( Apple ) '' . The Guardian . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2010 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , pp. 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2003 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , pp. 188 , 209 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2010 , pp. 280 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Womack 2007 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Pirnia , Garin ( 19 March 2016 ) . `` 13 Loaded Facts About Withnail and I '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Tillery 2011 , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : The Beatles 2000 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , pp. 227 , 229 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Khan , Ashley ( 2003 ) . `` Gun for Hire '' . Mojo Special Limited Edition : 1000 Days of Revolution ( The Beatles ' Final Years -- Jan 1 , 1968 to Sept 27 , 1970 ) . London : Emap . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2010 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited with George Harrison and Friends , DVD , 2005 . Jump up ^ Clapton 2007 , pp. 146 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Badman 2001 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000 , p.", "18": "483 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez 2010 , pp. 59 , 60 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 167 , 170 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks -- November 3 , 1990 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jeff Healey Band -- While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2014 , p. 990 . Jump up ^ Party at the Palace -- The Queen 's Concerts , Buckingham Palace ( booklet ) . Various Artists . Opus Arte. 2002 . OA 0845 D . Jump up ^ Inglis 2010 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Billboard staff ( 11 December 2002 ) . `` Rock Vets Fete Harrison On Tribute Disc '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Johnny . `` Various Artists Songs From The Material World : A Tribute To George Harrison '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Frampton '' . interviewsofrecordingartists.com . Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Hal . `` Peter Frampton Now '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Prince , an Artist Who Defied Genre , Is Dead at 57 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Phull , Hardeep ( 21 April 2016 ) .", "19": "`` Prince was so good , he made his own competition '' . New York Post . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DaveO ( 11 October 2011 ) . `` Cover Wars : While My Guitar Gently Weeps ( The Beatles ) - Glide Magazine '' . Glide Magazine . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Byrd 's Guitar Weeps -- Due to Late 60s Social Tumult '' . Zero to 180 - Three Minute Magic. 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Santana Covers Classics on ' Guitar Heaven ' '' . Billboard. 2010 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 2010 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Santana , Michael Buble , Kings Of Leon Preview New Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Renner Brown , Eric ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Cirque du Soleil 's Beatles music video : Show debuts clip for ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' '' . ew.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Watch the Beatles ' Hypnotic ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' Video '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 300 -- 01 . Sources ( edit ) Allison , Dale C. , Jr. ( 2006 ) . The Love There That 's Sleeping : The Art and Spirituality of George Harrison . New York , NY : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1917 - 0 . Badman , Keith ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 2 : After the Break - Up 1970 -- 2001 . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 6 . The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology .", "20": "San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Clapton , Eric ( 2007 ) . Eric Clapton : The Autobiography . London : Century . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84605 - 309 - 2 . The Editors of Rolling Stone ( 2002 ) . Harrison . New York , NY : Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 5 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Gould , Jonathan ( 2007 ) . Ca n't Buy Me Love : The Beatles , Britain and America . London : Piatkus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7499 - 2988 - 6 . Greene , Joshua M. ( 2006 ) . Here Comes the Sun : The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12780 - 3 . Harrison , George ( 2002 ) . I , Me , Mine . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5900 - 4 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1996 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 . Huntley , Elliot J. ( 2006 ) . Mystical One : George Harrison -- After the Break - up of the Beatles . Toronto , ON : Guernica Editions .", "21": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 55071 - 197 - 4 . Ingham , Chris ( 2006 ) . The Rough Guide to the Beatles ( 2nd edn ) . London : Rough Guides . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 720 - 5 . Inglis , Ian ( 2010 ) . The Words and Music of George Harrison . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37532 - 3 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 2005 ) ( 1988 ) . The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions : The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962 -- 1970 . London : Bounty Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7537 - 2545 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 2nd rev . edn ) . Chicago , IL : Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 733 - 3 . Madinger , Chip ; Easter , Mark ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . Pedler , Dominic ( 2003 ) . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8167 - 6 . Quantick , David ( 2002 ) . Revolution : The Making of the Beatles ' White Album . Chicago , IL : A Cappella Books . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 470 - 6 .", "22": "Riley , Tim ( 2002 ) ( 1988 ) . Tell Me Why : A Beatles Commentary . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81120 - 3 . Riley , Tim ( 2011 ) . Lennon : The Man , the Myth , the Music -- The Definitive Life . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 4020 - 6 . Rodriguez , Robert ( 2010 ) . Fab Four FAQ 2.0 : The Beatles ' Solo Years , 1970 -- 1980 . Milwaukee , WI : Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Spizer , Bruce ( 2003 ) . The Beatles on Apple Records . New Orleans , LA : 498 Productions . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 4 - 0 . Tillery , Gary ( 2011 ) . Working Class Mystic : A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison . Wheaton , IL : Quest Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8356 - 0900 - 5 . Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 -- 1970 . New York , NY : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2007 ) . Long and Winding Roads : The Evolving Artistry of the Beatles . New York , NY : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1746 - 6 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39171 - 2 .", "23": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Beatles ( album ) Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles ' official website The Beatles ( White Album ) Songs Side one `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' `` Dear Prudence '' `` Glass Onion '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' `` Wild Honey Pie '' `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' Side two `` Martha My Dear '' `` I 'm So Tired '' `` Blackbird '' `` Piggies '' `` Rocky Raccoon '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' `` I Will '' `` Julia '' Side three `` Birthday '' `` Yer Blues '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' `` Sexy Sadie '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Long , Long , Long '' Side four `` Revolution 1 '' `` Honey Pie '' `` Savoy Truffle '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Revolution 9 '' `` Good Night '' Non-album single `` Hey Jude Revolution '' Outtakes `` A Beginning '' `` Across the Universe '' `` Hey Bulldog '' `` Child of Nature '' `` Circles '' `` Etcetera '' `` Junk '' `` Not Guilty '' `` Sour Milk Sea '' `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles in India Mother Nature 's Son The Grey Album Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt .", "24": "Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S.", "25": "I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S.", "26": "I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt .", "27": "Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Jeff Healey Jeff Healey Band albums See the Light ( 1988 ) Hell to Pay ( 1990 ) Feel This ( 1992 ) Cover to Cover ( 1995 ) Get Me Some ( 2000 ) Solo albums Mess of Blues ( 2008 ) Songs From The Road ( 2009 ) Jeff Healey Band songs `` Angel Eyes '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps&oldid=820114430 '' Categories : 1968 songs The Beatles songs Songs written by George Harrison Song recordings produced by George Martin Music published by Harrisongs Apple Records singles George Harrison songs Eric Clapton songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Use British English from August 2010 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 03 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8519168409080529801	what state does rick and morty take place in	[ "Washington", "Washington", "the U.S. state of Washington", "Washington" ]	{ "0": "Rick and Morty - Wikipedia Rick and Morty Jump to : navigation , search Rick and Morty Genre Animated sitcom Science fiction Dark comedy Created by Justin Roiland Dan Harmon Voices of Justin Roiland Chris Parnell Spencer Grammer Sarah Chalke Composer ( s ) Ryan Elder Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 31 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Harmon Justin Roiland James A. Fino ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Joe Russo II ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Producer ( s ) J. Michael Mendel Kenny Micka ( pilot ) Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Justin Roiland 's Solo Vanity Card Productions Harmonious Claptrap Starburns Industries ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Williams Street Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Adult Swim Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) -- present External links Website www.adultswim.com/videos/rick-and-morty/ Rick and Morty is an American adult animated science - fiction sitcom created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Cartoon Network 's late - night programming block Adult Swim . The series follows the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick Sanchez and his fretful , easily influenced grandson Morty Smith , who split their time between domestic life and interdimensional adventures . The series premiered on December 2 , 2013 , and the third season concluded on October 1 , 2017 . A fourth season has been mentioned , first by Harmon in a September 2017 interview , and later in the post-credits scene of the third season 's finale . Roiland voices the eponymous characters , with Chris Parnell , Spencer Grammer , and Sarah Chalke voicing the rest of the family .", "1": "The series originated from an animated short parody film of Back to the Future , The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti , created by Roiland for Channel 101 , a short film festival co-founded by Harmon . When Adult Swim approached Harmon for television show ideas , he and Roiland decided to develop a program based on the short . The series has received universal acclaim for its originality , creativity and humor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Writing 2.3 Animation and voice recording 2.4 Future 3 Themes and analysis 4 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 Impact on popular culture 7 Other media and products 7.1 Comics 7.2 Video games 7.3 Tabletop games 7.4 Other 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Premise See also : List of Rick and Morty characters File : Rick and Morty characters. jpg The members of the Smith household . From the left : Jerry Smith , Beth Smith , Summer Smith , Morty Smith and Rick Sanchez . The show revolves around the adventures of the members of the Smith household , which consists of parents Jerry and Beth , their kids Summer and Morty , and Beth 's father , Rick Sanchez , who lives with them as a guest . According to Justin Roiland , the family lives outside of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington . The adventures of Rick and Morty , however , take place across an infinite number of realities , with the characters travelling to other planets and dimensions through portals and Rick 's flying car . Rick is an eccentric and alcoholic mad scientist , who eschews many ordinary conventions such as school , marriage , love , and family . He frequently goes on adventures with his 14 - year - old grandson , Morty , a kind but easily distressed boy , whose naive but grounded moral compass plays counterpoint to Rick 's Machiavellian ego . Morty 's 17 - year - old sister , Summer , is a more conventional teenager , who worries about improving her status among her peers and sometimes follows Rick and Morty on their adventures .", "2": "The kids ' mother , Beth , is a generally level - headed person and assertive force in the household , though self - conscious about her professional role as a horse doctor . She is dissatisfied with her marriage with Jerry , a simple - minded and insecure person , who disapproves of Rick 's influence over his family . Different versions of the characters inhabit other dimensions throughout the multiverse and their personal characteristics can vary from one reality to another . The show 's original Rick identifies himself as `` Rick Sanchez of Earth Dimension C - 137 '' , in reference to his original universe , but this does n't necessarily apply to every other member of the Smith household . For instance , in the first - season episode `` Rick Potion # 9 '' , after turning the entire world population into monsters , Rick and Morty move to a different dimension , leaving Summer , Beth and Jerry behind . Production Development Creators Dan Harmon ( left ) and Justin Roiland Rick and Morty was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon . The duo first met at Channel 101 , a non-profit monthly short film festival in Los Angeles co-founded by Harmon . At Channel 101 , participants submit a short film in the format of a pilot , and a live audience decides which pilots continue as a series . Roiland , then a producer on reality programming , began submitting content to the festival a year after its launch , in 2004 . His pilots typically consisted of shock value -- `` sick and twisted '' elements that received a confused reaction from the audience . Nevertheless , Harmon took a liking to his humor and the two began collaborating . In 2006 , Roiland was fired from working on a television series he regarded as intensely creatively stifling , and funneled his creative energies into creating a webisode for Channel 101 . The result was The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti , an animated short starring parodies of Doc Brown and Marty McFly , characters from the Back to the Future film trilogy . In the short , which Harmon would dub `` a bastardization , a pornographic vandalization '' , Doc Smith urges Mharti that the solution to all of his problems is to give him oral sex . The audience reacted to it wildly , and Roiland began creating more shorts involving the characters , which soon evolved beyond his original intentions and their obvious origin within the film from which it was culled .", "3": "Harmon would later create and produce Community , an NBC sitcom , while Roiland would work primarily in voice acting for Disney 's Fish Hooks and Cartoon Network 's Adventure Time . In 2012 , Harmon was briefly fired from Community . Adult Swim , searching for a more prime - time , `` hit '' show , approached Harmon shortly afterward , who initially viewed the channel as unfit for his style . He also was unfamiliar with animation , and his process for creating television focuses more heavily on dialogue , characters , and story . Instead , he phoned Roiland to inquire if he had any ideas for an animated series . Roiland immediately brought up the idea of using the Doc and Mharti characters , renamed Rick and Morty . Roiland initially wanted the show 's run time to consist of one eleven - minute segment , but Adult Swim pushed for a half - hour program . Harmon felt the best way to extend the voices into a program would be to build a family around the characters , while Adult Swim development executive Nick Weidenfeld suggested that Rick be Morty 's grandfather . Having pitched multiple television programs that did not get off the ground , Roiland was initially very unreceptive to others attempting to give notes on his pitch . Prior to developing Rick and Morty , he had created three failed animated pilots for Fox , and he had begun to feel `` burned out '' with developing television . The first draft was completed in six hours on the Paramount Pictures lot in Dan Harmon 's unfurnished Community office . The duo had broken the story that day , sold the pilot , and then sat down to write . Roiland , while acknowledging a tendency for procrastination , encouraged Harmon to stay and write the entire first draft . `` We were sitting on the floor , cross-legged with laptops and I was about to get up and go home and he said , ' Wait , if you go home , it might take us three months to write this thing . Stay here right now and we can write it in six hours . ' He just had a premonition about that , '' recalled Harmon . Adult Swim was initially unsure of Roiland doing both voices , partially due to the undeveloped nature of the character of Morty . Harmon wrote four short premises in which Morty took a more assertive role and sent it to Mike Lazzo .", "4": "Adult Swim placed a tamer TV - 14 rating on the program , which initially was met with reluctance from the show 's staff . The network 's reason behind the rating was that it would soon begin broadcasting in prime - time , competing with major programs . The main theme for Rick and Morty by Ryan Elder was originally used in a rejected Cartoon Network pilot Roiland made called `` Dog World '' , which was referenced in the episode `` Lawnmower Dog '' . Writing The general formula of Rick and Morty consists of the juxtaposition of two conflicting scenarios : an extremely selfish , alcoholic grandfather dragging his grandson along for intergalactic and / or interdimensional adventures , intercut with domestic family drama . This has led Harmon to describe the series as a cross between Matt Groening 's two shows The Simpsons and Futurama , balancing family life with heavy science fiction . The series is inspired by British - style storytelling , as opposed to traditional American family TV stories . Roiland has stated his and Harmon 's intentions for the series to lack traditional continuity , opting for discontinuous storylines `` not bound by rules '' . In producing the series ' first season , episodes were occasionally written out of order . For example , `` Rick Potion # 9 '' was the second episode written for the series , but was instructed to be animated as the fifth , as it would make more sense within the series ' continuity . Many episodes are structured with use of a story circle , a Harmon creation based largely on Joseph Campbell 's monomyth , or The Hero 's Journey . Its two - act structure places the act break at an odd location in the stages of the monomyth : after The Meeting with the Goddess , instead of Atonement with the Father . Harmon has stated that his inspiration behind much of the concept and humor for the series comes from various British television series , such as The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy and Doctor Who . He figures that the audience will only understand developments from Morty 's point of view , but stated `` we do n't want to be the companions . We want to hang out with the Doctor , we idolize the Doctor , but we do n't think like him , and that 's really interesting , Rick is diseased , he 's mentally ill , he 's an absolute lunatic because he lives on this larger scale . ''", "5": "Harmon has noted that the writers room at the show 's studio bears a striking resemblance to the one used for Community . In comparing the two , he noted that the writing staff of Rick and Morty was significantly smaller , and more `` rough and tumble verbally '' . The first season writing staff consisted of Roiland , Harmon , Tom Kauffman , Ryan Ridley , Wade Randolph , and Eric Acosta , while writer 's assistant Mike McMahan was also given writing credit . Described as a `` very , very tiny little writers ' room with a lot of heavy lifting from everybody , '' the show 's writing staff , like many Adult Swim productions , is not unionized with the Writers ' Guild of America . The writing staff first meets and discusses ideas , which evolve into a story . Discussions often include anecdotes from personal life as well as thoughts on the science fiction genre . After breaking the story -- which consists of developing its consistency and logical beginning , middle , and conclusion -- a writer is assigned to create an outline . Roiland and Harmon do a `` pass '' on the outline , and from there the episode undergoes several more drafts . The final draft of the script is last approved by either of the co-creators . Harmon has admitted that his perfectionism can some times be disruptive and cause writing schedule delays . For the most part , this was the reason why the third season of the show consisted of only ten episodes instead of fourteen , as was initially intended . Animation and voice recording Animation for the show is done using Toon Boom Harmony , post-production work is done in Adobe After Effects , and background art is done in Adobe Photoshop . Production of animation is handled by Bardel Entertainment in Canada . Roiland 's cartooning style is heavily indebted to The Simpsons , a factor he acknowledged in a 2013 interview , while also comparing his style to that of Pendleton Ward ( Adventure Time ) and J.G. Quintel ( Regular Show ) : `` You 'll notice mouths are kind of similar and teeth are similar , but I think that 's also a stylistic thing that ... all of us are kind of the same age , and we 're all inspired by The Simpsons and all these other shows we 're kind of subconsciously tapping into . ''", "6": "John Kricfalusi 's The Ren & Stimpy Show was another strong influence for Rick and Morty , which is why , according to Roiland , the small `` w - shaped mouths '' that the characters occasionally make is a reference to a similar expression that Ren frequently makes . When recording dialogue , Roiland does a considerable amount of improvisation , in order to make the characters feel more natural . Future Although there has not been an official renewal announcement by Adult Swim , Dan Harmon talked about the possibility of creating more than ten episodes per season , in a September 2017 interview , where he stated `` I 'm about to do season 4 of Rick and Morty and want to prove that I 've grown . '' On October 1 , 2017 , similarly to the second - season finale , the animated character Mr. Poopybutthole re-appeared in the post-credits scene of the third - season finale and said that it will be a long wait until the fourth season of the show . Writer Ryan Ridley , in a December 2017 interview with The Detroit Cast , said that he `` highly doubts '' there will not be a fourth season , but he does not expect it to air any sooner than late 2019 . In January 2018 , Adult Swim told Variety that `` there is no timing to share on premiere or status of production . '' Themes and analysis Nobody exists on purpose , nobody belongs anywhere , everybody 's gon na die . Come watch TV . `` '' Morty Smith , `` Rixty Minutes '' Rick and Morty has been described as `` a never - ending fart joke wrapped around a studied look into nihilism . '' The series addresses the insignificance of human existence as compared to the size of the universe , with no recognizable divine presence , as described by Lovecraft 's philosophy of cosmicism . The characters of the show find ways to deal with cosmic horror and existential dread , either by asserting the utility of science over magic or by choosing a life in ignorant bliss . Co-creator Dan Harmon , talking about the philosophy guiding the show and Rick 's nihilistic apathy , stated that `` the knowledge that nothing matters , while accurate , gets you nowhere . ''", "7": "To find a sense of purpose and live a better life , one needs to focus on human relationships and experiences , as the other members of the Smith household are trying to do , and not preoccupy our minds with unanswerable questions . Other philosophies that have been referenced in the characters ' behavior and observations include : existentialism , anarchism , absurdism , and the work of Friedrich Nietzsche . Home media The complete first season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 7 , 2014 , containing uncensored audio tracks . The complete second season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on June 7 , 2016 . Adult Swim has also made uncensored versions of the show available to purchase on various digital platforms , including iTunes and Amazon , with the digital releases of each season containing bonus material . The digital release of the first season includes the 2013 Rick and Morty Comic - Con panel , the digital release of the second season includes the 2015 ATX Television Festival panel , and the digital release of the third season includes commentary on every episode , as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland . The first two seasons of the show are available to stream on Hulu . The first season was made available on May 1 , 2015 , and the second season was made available on June 26 , 2016 . The show is also available to watch on Netflix , in a number of countries outside the United States , including the United Kingdom . Following the conclusion of the show 's third season , Adult Swim has made a livestream marathon of Rick and Morty available to watch on its official website in select regions , hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams . Reception Critical reception Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 100 % ( 5 reviews ) 85 ( 8 reviews ) 95 % ( 9 reviews ) N / A 97 % ( 13 reviews ) N / A Rick and Morty has received universal critical acclaim , holding a 97 % approval rating by critics on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes . Additionally , the first season of Rick and Morty holds a Metacritic score of 85 based on eight reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' .", "8": "David Weigand of San Francisco Chronicle described it as `` offbeat and occasionally coarse ... the take - away here is that it works '' . He praised the animation direction by James McDermott for being `` fresh , colorful and as wacky as the script '' , and states that the series possesses `` shades of Futurama , South Park and even Beetlejuice '' , ultimately opining that its humor felt `` entirely original '' . Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times praised the series and stated that it was `` Grandparenting at its unhinged finest . '' Todd Spangler of Variety gave the series a lukewarm review ; while he found the series was passable , he contrasted it with other Adult Swim series as `` often seems overly reliant on simply being frenetic at the expense of being witty '' and enjoyed it as `` a welcome attempt to dream just a little bigger '' . David Sims of The A.V. Club gave the series an `` A − '' . In reviewing the first two episodes , he complimented the animation for its `` clean , simple style '' . He stated that while the series has `` a dark , sick sensibility '' , he praised its `` effort to give each character a little bit of depth '' , further applauding Roiland 's voice talent for the eponymous characters . The third season of Rick and Morty was the highest rated comedy show on television with adults , delivering the highest ratings in Adult Swim 's history . Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 Annie Award Best General Audience Animated TV / Broadcast Production Rick and Morty Nominated 2016 Gold Derby Awards Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Animated TV Show Rick and Morty Nominated 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Pending 2018 Annie Award Best General Audience Animated TV / Broadcast Production Rick and Morty Pending Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Ryan Ridley , Dan Guterman Pending Impact on popular culture This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture .", "9": "Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) On May 17 , 2015 , the finale of the twenty - sixth season of the animated sitcom , The Simpsons , opened with an elaborate couch gag featuring Rick and Morty , written by Harmon and Roiland . Matt Groening , creator of The Simpsons , described it as `` probably the most ambitious and lengthy couch gag '' on The Simpsons to date . On November 30 , 2015 , the fast food restaurant chain Carl 's Jr. and Hardee 's released a television commercial , in which Rick brings several sentient burgers into a sleeping Morty 's room . The burgers run amok and steal objects . On May 13 , 2017 , in a promotional short film for the 2017 film Alien : Covenant , Rick and Morty land on an Engineer 's ship in the Alien dimension in response to a distress signal , wherein a facehugger attaches itself to Rick 's face and dies from the toxicity of the drugs and alcohol in Rick 's body . On October 7 , 2017 , McDonald 's served Szechuan sauce , months after it was referenced several times in the Season 3 premiere , `` The Rickshank Redemption '' . Google Assistant is programmed to recognize and reply accordingly to various catchphrases from the show . For example , if the user says `` Wubba lubba dub dub '' , Assistant will reply either `` Sorry , I do n't speak Birdperson '' or `` Are you in pain ? How can I help ? '' , in reference to the first - season episode `` Ricksy Business '' , where Birdperson explains to Morty that Rick 's catchphrase means `` I am in great pain , please help me . '' Another example is the command `` Get Schwifty '' , to which Assistant replies `` Ohhhh yeah , you got ta get Schwifty ! '' , which are lyrics from the song `` Get Schwifty '' that was sung by Rick and Morty in the titular episode of the second season .", "10": "Other media and products Comics At New York Comic Con 2014 , editor - in - chief of Oni Press , James Lucas Jones , announced that a Rick and Morty comic book adaptation would be released in early 2015 . On April 1 , 2015 , the series debuted with its first monthly issue , entitled `` BAM ! '' The series is written by Zac Gorman and illustrated by CJ Cannon . Artist Tom Fowler wrote a multi-issue story arc that began in March , 2016 . Using the television series ' established premise of alternate timelines , the comic book expressly features the Rick and Morty ( and supporting cast ) of a different timeline , allowing the comics to tell stories without conflicting with the canon of the show . Video games In 2014 , Rick and Morty 's Rushed Licensed Adventure , a Flash point - and - click adventure game , was released on the Adult Swim website . In December 2014 , Rick and Morty : Jerry 's Game was released for iOS and Android . The game consists of the player popping balloons and air filled condoms endlessly . Characters show up from time to time . The amount of balloons popped is counted and used as currency for unlocking special balloons , backdrops , and features . The game is based on a game Jerry was seen playing in an episode . The game includes micro-transactions . On August 10 , 2015 , a Rick and Morty - themed announcer pack was released for the competitive multiplayer video game Dota 2 . The announcer pack can be purchased by players and replaces the Default announcer and Mega-Kills announcer with characters from Rick and Morty , voiced by Justin Roiland . Pocket Mortys is a Pokémon parody game set in the `` Rick and Morty Rickstaverse '' , released on iOS and Android as a free - to - play game from Adult Swim Games , released early on January 13 , 2016 . Coinciding with the many - worlds interpretation , the game follows versions of Rick and Morty that belong to an alternate timeline , rather than the duo followed in the show . The game uses a style and concept similar to the Pokémon games , with catching various `` wild '' Mortys , battling them with a variety of Aliens , Ricks , and Jerrys . The game features voice acting from Roiland and Harmon .", "11": "Rick and Morty : Virtual Rick - ality , announced on July 15 , 2016 and released on April 20 , 2017 , is a VR game for HTC Vive VR and Oculus Rift developed by Owlchemy Labs , the developers of Job Simulator . Tabletop games On June 22 , 2016 , Cryptozoic Entertainment released Total Rickall , a co-operative strategy card game based on the plot of the second - season episode of the same name , where players must determine which characters are real or parasites . On August 3 , 2016 , Cryptozoic Entertainment released Mr. Meeseeks ' Box o ' Fun , a game combining elements of dice games and truth or dare featuring the popular Mr. Meeseeks character from the first - season episode `` Meeseeks and Destroy '' . On July 12 , 2017 , Cryptozoic Entertainment released Anatomy Park -- The Game , a co-operative tile - placing strategy game based on the plot of the first - season episode of the same name , where players score points by placing park tiles into the best spots within the body . Other On May 11 , 2017 , the Rickmobile , a traveling shop with exclusive merchandise , made its first stop in Atlanta for the Rick and Morty Do n't Even Trip Road Trip . See also Animation portal Cartoon portal Cartoon Network portal Television portal 2010s portal References Jump up ^ Justin Roiland ( @ JustinRoiland ) ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Washington state - outside of Seattle '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Ivan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland on Rick and Morty , How Community Is Like Star Trek , and Puberty '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Czajkowski , Elise ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Dan Harmon 's Rick and Morty Premieres on Adult Swim on Dec. 2 '' . Splitsider . The Awl . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( March 24 , 2014 ) .", "12": "`` Mega Dan Harmon interview , part 3 : ' Rick and Morty ' '' . HitFix . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Villarreal , Yvonne ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Dan Harmon , Justin Roiland talk bringing absurd to ' Rick and Morty ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Dan Harmon & Justin Roiland on ' Rick and Morty ' '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Harmon , Dan ( 2014 ) . Commentary for the episode `` Pilot '' . Rick and Morty season 1 ( Blu - ray Disc ) . Warner Bros. Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Roiland , Justin ( 2014 ) . Commentary for the episode `` Pilot '' . Rick and Morty season 1 ( Blu - ray Disc ) . Warner Bros. Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Ryan Elder ( August 1 , 2017 ) . How One Guy Scored `` Rick and Morty '' , TV 's Weirdest Cartoon ( YouTube ) . Great Big Story . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Bradford ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Talking to Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland About Their New Adult Swim Show , ' Rick and Morty ' '' . Splitsider . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abarca , Justin ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` 8 Fun Facts About Dan Harmon 's New Animated Show `` Rick And Morty '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dan Harmon : Rick and Morty will be the Doctor Who of Adult Swim cartoons '' . From Inside the Box . Zap2it . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( February 7 , 2017 ) .", "13": "`` Rick and Morty Creators Give Season 3 Update : They 're Drawing It '' . The Interrobang . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cabin , Chris ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Season 3 : Dan Harmon Explains Delay '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burke , Mathew ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Rickdiculous Rick and Morty facts '' . Factinate . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Villegas , Jackie ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick And Morty ' Season 3 : Release Date Was Never A Mystery , Series Writer Says '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin Roiland ( July 31 , 2014 ) . Rick and Morty Panel SDCC 2014 ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . Event occurs at 20 : 43 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lai , Kristin ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` How Much of Frantic ' Rick & Morty , ' Does Creator Justin Roiland Improv ? '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty breaks Adult Swim record , including 11 million viewers on April Fools ' '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Co-Creator Answers Our Burning Season 3 Questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty addresses the season 4 release date '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 .", "14": "Jump up ^ Staff ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Detroit Cast # 955 '' . The Detroit Cast . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Writer Says Season 4 May Not Premiere Until Late 2019 '' . Collider . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Adult Swim Addresses ' Rick and Morty ' Season 4 Status '' . Variety . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Kayla ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick And Morty ' Is Better When It Embraces Its Strong Women '' . Decider . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Eric ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Existential Hokiness of Rick & Morty '' . newrepublic.com . The New Republic . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty season 3 finale review : hitting the reset button '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Harmon ( June 23 , 2017 ) . The Search For Meaning ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bulger , Matthew ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Sad and Silly World of Rick and Morty '' . TheHumanist.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Amelia ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` The classic philosophical theory that nails why 2016 sucked so much '' . Quartz . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearl , Mike ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A Very Psychedelic Conversation with the Creators of ' Rick and Morty ' '' . VICE . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Heijndermans , Joachim ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Meaning ( or Lack Thereof ) of Life with `` Rick and Morty '' `` . Geeks . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olivieri , Chris ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Media Collective , Wisecrack , Explains the Philosophy of Rick and Morty '' . Dog and Pony Show . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Rick and Morty - ' The Complete 1st Season ' on DVD , Blu - ray : Date , Cost , Extras '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Justin Roiland ( @ JustinRoiland ) ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Rick and Morty DVD and Blu - Ray will be uncensored ! In case anyone wanted to know '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty : The Complete Second Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plante , Corey ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When ' Rick and Morty ' Is Probably Coming to Netflix '' . Inverse . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty , Season 1 ( Uncensored ) on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty , Season 2 ( Uncensored ) on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty , Season 3 ( Uncensored ) on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Hulu snags Cartoon Network and Adult Swim shows in exclusive deal '' . The Verge . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 .", "16": "Jump up ^ Whalen , Andrew ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rick And Morty ' Season 2 Hulu Release Date : Hang Up On Taddy Mason And Get Your Purge On This June '' . Player. One . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim Streams - Rick and Morty '' . Adult Swim . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Adult Swim 's Rick and Morty marathon calls out illegal YouTube livestreams '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Rick and Morty ' Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weigand , David ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Rick and Morty review : Funny and edgy '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` A Warm and Fuzzy Grandpa ? Well , Not Exactly : ' Rick and Morty ' on Adult Swim '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` TV Review : Rick and Morty '' . Variety . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( December 2 , 2013 ) .", "17": "`` Dan Harmon 's new series is a warped take on the Doc Brown / Marty McFly dynamic '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty ; Season Three : Animated Series Sets Ratings Records for Adult Swim '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` 42nd annual Annie Awards categories and nominees '' . annieawards.org . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners , ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Complete List of Movie and TV Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Awards - Best General Audience Animated Television / Broadcast Production '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Awards - Outstanding Achievement For Writing In An Animated Television Broadcast Production '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Dennis ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Simpsons : `` Mathlete 's Feat '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' : Couch Gag With ' Rick and Morty ' Turns Deadly '' . The Hollywood Reporter .", "18": "Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLean , Tom ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Rick and Morty Plug Carl 's Jr. and Hardee 's in Custom Ads '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew Liptak ( May 13 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Rick & Morty cross over with Alien '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan MacRae ( May 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick And Morty ' Prove They Should Just Promote Every Movie In This Crossover With ' Alien : Covenant ' '' . Uproxx . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty fans , McDonald 's is bringing back Szechuan sauce '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Das , Abhilekh ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` 32 Funny Google Assistant Commands That Will Crack You Up '' . Fossbytes . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Matt D. ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Oni Brings ' Rick And Morty ' To The Universe Of Comics ( NYCC ) Read More : Oni Brings ' Rick And Morty ' To The Universe Of Comics ( NYCC ) '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty ( 2015 ) - # 1 '' . Comicbookdb . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinbeiser , Andrew ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Rick and Morty Comic Book Preview Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Barry ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Incoming Rick and Morty Comic Writer Tom Fowler Takes Series to Sad , Absurd Extremes '' .", "19": "Paste . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heintz , Cody ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` Flash Game of the Week : Rick and Morty 's Rushed Licensed Adventure '' . Leviathyn . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' mobile game lets you pop balloons all day like Jerry '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty Announcer Pack '' . Valve Corporation . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mufson , Beckett ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Wubba Lubba Dub Dub ! ' Rick and Morty ' Becomes a Pokémon - Style Game '' . The Creators Project . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Derrick ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : POCKET MORTYS Is A Funny & Somewhat Deep Ode to POKEMON '' . Nerdist . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Watch the stunning first trailer for the Rick and Morty VR game '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Devore , Jordan ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` The HTC Vive is getting an official Rick and Morty simulator '' . Destructoid . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty `` Total Rickall '' Cooperative Card Game `` . Cryptozoic Entertainment . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty Mr. Meeseeks Box ' o Fun : Game of Dice & Dares '' . Cryptozoic Entertainment . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty : Anatomy Park -- The Game '' . Cryptozoic Entertainment . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 .", "20": "Jump up ^ Wheeler , Dekan ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty : Anatomy Park - The Game -- Gameplay Basics , Part 1 : Theme and Actions '' . Cryptozoic Entertainment . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty 's Do n't Even Trip Road Trip '' . Adult Swim . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Page , Justin ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty Is Touring America in a ' Rickmobile ' Merch Truck Shaped Like Rick Sanchez '' . Laughing Squid . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . External links Quotations related to Rick and Morty at Wikiquote Media related to Rick and Morty at Wikimedia Commons Official website Rick and Morty on IMDb ( hide ) Rick and Morty Characters Rick Sanchez Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Lawnmower Dog '' `` Meeseeks and Destroy '' `` Rick Potion # 9 '' `` Rixty Minutes '' Season 2 `` A Rickle in Time '' `` The Ricks Must Be Crazy '' `` The Wedding Squanchers '' Season 3 `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' `` Pickle Rick '' Video games Pocket Mortys Rick and Morty : Virtual Rick - ality Related `` Mathlete 's Feat '' ( The Simpsons episode ) `` Terryfold '' Category Dan Harmon TV Heat Vision and Jack ( 1999 ) The Sarah Silverman Program ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Acceptable.TV ( 2007 ) Community ( 2009 -- 2015 ) Rick and Morty ( 2013 -- present ) Great Minds with Dan Harmon ( 2016 ) HarmonQuest ( 2016 -- present ) Film Monster House ( 2006 ) Related Channel 101 Harmontown Adult Swim original programming Former 2000s debuts 12 oz .", "21": "Mouse ( 2005 -- 06 ) Aqua Teen Hunger Force ( alternative titles ) ( 2001 -- 15 ) Assy McGee ( 2006 -- 08 ) The Boondocks ( 2005 -- 14 ) The Brak Show ( 2001 -- 03 ) Delocated ( 2009 -- 13 ) The Drinky Crow Show ( 2008 -- 09 ) Fat Guy Stuck in Internet ( 2008 ) Frisky Dingo ( 2006 -- 08 ) Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law ( 2001 -- 07 ) Home Movies ( 2001 -- 04 ) Lucy , the Daughter of the Devil ( 2007 ) Metalocalypse ( 2006 -- 13 ) Minoriteam ( 2005 -- 06 ) Moral Orel ( 2005 -- 08 ; 2012 ) Perfect Hair Forever ( 2004 -- 07 ; 2014 ) The Rising Son ( 2009 ) Saul of the Mole Men ( 2007 ) Sealab 2021 ( 2001 -- 05 ) Space Ghost Coast to Coast ( 2001 -- 04 ) Stroker and Hoop ( 2004 -- 05 ) Superjail ! 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( since 2004 ) Your Pretty Face Is Going to Hell ( since 2013 ) Upcoming FLCL ( 2018 ) Hot Streets ( 2018 ) Mostly 4 Millennials ( TBA ) See also : Adult Swim pilots and specials Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "24": "php?title=Rick_and_Morty&oldid=819019405 '' Categories : Rick and Morty 2010s American adult animated television series 2010s American comedy television series 2010s American science fiction television series 2013 American television series debuts Adult Swim original programs Alcohol abuse in television American adult animated television series American black comedy television programs Animated duos Cartoons animated with Adobe After Effects Comic science fiction English - language television programs Existentialist works Philosophical fiction Metafictional television series Parallel universes in fiction Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by Williams Street Television series created by Dan Harmon Television shows set in Washington ( state ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from August 2015 Wikipedia articles scheduled for update tagging Articles with trivia sections from December 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 23 : 04 . 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-1535821556179322605	where does the phrase jumping the shark come from	[ "a scene in a fifth-season episode of the sitcom Happy Days in which the character Fonzie jumps over a shark while on water-skis", "a scene in a fifth-season episode of the sitcom Happy Days in which the character Fonzie jumps over a shark while on water-skis", "a scene in a fifth-season episode of the sitcom Happy Days in which the character Fonzie jumps over a shark while on water-skis" ]	{ "0": "Jumping the shark - wikipedia Jumping the shark Jump to : navigation , search `` Jump the shark '' redirects here . For the X-Files episode , see Jump the Shark ( The X-Files ) . Fonzie on water skis , in a scene from the Happy Days episode `` Hollywood , Part 3 '' , after jumping over a shark Jumping the shark is crossing the point where something that was once popular no longer warrants the attention it has previously received , particularly when attempts at publicity only serve to highlight its irrelevance . This is especially applicable to television series or other entertainment outlets . The idiom `` jumping the shark '' is pejorative , most commonly used in reference to unsuccessful gimmicks for promoting something . It is similar to `` past its peak '' but more specifically suggests an unwillingness to acknowledge the failing . Originally the phrase was used to describe an episode of a television comedy with a gimmick or unlikely occurrence desperately attempting to keep viewers ' interest . Moments labelled as `` jumping the shark '' are considered indications that writers have exhausted their focus ; that the show has strayed irretrievably from an older and better formula ; or that the series as a whole is declining in quality . Popularized by radio personality Jon Hein in the 1990s and early 2000s , the phrase derives from a scene in a fifth - season episode of the sitcom Happy Days in which the character Fonzie jumps over a shark while on water - skis . This was deemed a ratings ploy , for it was outside the original thrust of the sitcom . The usage of `` jump the shark '' has subsequently broadened beyond television , indicating the moment when a brand , design , franchise , or creative effort 's evolution declines , or when it changes notably in style into something unwelcome . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Broader usage 2.1 Examples 3 Nuke the fridge 4 References History ( edit ) The phrase jump the shark is based on a scene in the fifth season premiere episode of the American TV series Happy Days titled `` Hollywood : Part 3 , '' written by Fred Fox , Jr. , which aired on September 20 , 1977 .", "1": "In the episode , the central characters visit Los Angeles , where a water - skiing Fonzie ( Henry Winkler ) answers a challenge to his bravery by wearing swim trunks and his trademark leather jacket , and jumping over a confined shark . The stunt was created as a way to showcase Winkler 's real - life water ski skills . However , the scene also was criticized as betraying Fonzie 's character development , since in an earlier landmark episode , Fonzie jumped his motorcycle over fourteen barrels in a televised stunt ; the stunt left Fonzie seriously injured , and he confessed that he was stupid to have taken such a dangerous risk just to prove his courage . For a show that in its early seasons depicted universally relatable adolescent and family experiences against a backdrop of 1950s nostalgia , this incident marked a thematic change . The lionization of an increasingly superhuman Fonzie , who was initially a supporting character in the series , became the focus of Happy Days . The series continued for seven years after Fonzie 's shark - jumping stunt , with a number of changes in cast and situations . On Marc Maron 's WTF podcast , Ron Howard talked about the first time the phrase was used by Happy Days co-star Donny Most : `` Donny 's reading it and he kinda looks down , then says ' what do you think of the script ? ' and I shrugged and replied ' people like the show , it 's hard to argue with being number one ' and he looked up and said , ' he 's jumping a shark now ? ' . That was the first time I saw that phrase bracketed , before it was even done , you 've got to give props to Donny Most . '' The phrase `` jumping the shark '' was coined in 1985 by Jon Hein 's roommate at the University of Michigan , Sean Connolly , when they were talking about favorite television shows that had gone downhill , and the two began identifying other shows where a similar `` jump the shark '' moment had occurred . Hein described the term as `` A defining moment when you know from now on ... it 's all downhill ... it will never be the same . '' In 1997 , Hein created a website to publish his current list of approximately 200 television shows and his opinions of the moments each `` jumped the shark '' ; the site became popular and grew with additional user - contributed examples .", "2": "Hein subsequently authored two `` Jump The Shark '' books and later became a regular on The Howard Stern Show around the time he sold his website to Gemstar ( owners of TV Guide ) . In a 2010 Los Angeles Times article , former Happy Days writer Fred Fox , Jr. , who wrote the episode that later spawned the phrase , said , `` Was the ( shark jump ) episode of Happy Days deserving of its fate ? No , it was n't . All successful shows eventually start to decline , but this was not Happy Days ' time . '' Fox also points not only to the success of that episode ( `` a huge hit '' with over 30 million viewers ) , but also to the continued popularity of the series . Fonzie was not the first character to jump a shark . In the P.G. Wodehouse 1922 novel Right Ho , Jeeves , Bertie Wooster 's cousin Angela jumps a shark while water - skiing on the French Riviera . The event did not become a cultural reference , but was a major plot point in the novel , leading to , among other things , a broken engagement , a hunger strike and many midnight assignations in the garden . Broader usage ( edit ) The idiom has been used to describe a wide variety of situations , such as the state of advertising in the digital video recorder era and views on rural education policy , the anomalous pursuit of a company acquisition , and the decline of republics into degraded democracy and empire . Examples ( edit ) Automotive journalist Dan Neil used the expression to describe the Mini Countryman , a much larger evolution of the previously small cars marketed by Mini . In March 2011 , in a review titled `` What Part of ' Mini ' Did You Not Grasp , BMW ? '' . Neil said the bigger car abandoned the company 's design ethos and that `` with the Countryman , tiny sharks have been jumped '' .", "3": "Similar to the example above , automotive blog The Truth About Cars used the expression in a 2010 retrospective piece to describe the Cadillac Cimarron , a rebadged Chevrolet Cavalier the Cadillac luxury car division sold in the 1980s that ended up being a commercial failure which did major damage to the brand 's image ; `` Yes , as if there was ever any doubt , GM truly jumped the shark with the Cimarron , and it led the way for what was GM 's most disastrous decade ever , the eighties . Only GM could have such utterly outsized hubris to think it could get away with dressing up a Cavalier and pawning it off as a BMW - fighter , without even touching the engine , among other sins . '' In September 2011 , after Republican presidential candidate Michele Bachmann repeated an anecdote shared with her claiming that the HPV vaccine causes `` intellectual disability '' , radio commentator Rush Limbaugh said , `` Michele Bachmann , she might have blown it today . Well , not blown it -- she might have jumped the shark today . '' In August 2014 , the City Manager of Black Rock City , Nevada described Burning Man , an annual event at nearby Black Rock Desert , as having `` jumped the shark '' , when the 2014 event -- which had been previously noted for core values of radical self - expression and self - reliance -- featured incongruously posh VIP lounges , cell phone towers , private jets , and `` glamping '' . Nuke the fridge ( edit ) In 2008 , Time magazine identified a term modeled after `` jump the shark '' : `` nuke the fridge '' . Specifically applicable to film , the magazine defined the term : `` to exhaust a Hollywood franchise with disappointing sequels '' . The phrase derives from a scene in the fourth Indiana Jones film , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , in which Indiana Jones survives an atomic bomb detonation by fitting himself into a lead - lined refrigerator . The explosion annihilates its surroundings but sends the refrigerator flying sufficiently distant for the protagonist to escape unhurt . The scene was criticized scientifically . Within two days of the film 's premiere , the phrase `` nuke the fridge '' had gone viral , describing film scenes that similarly stretched credulity .", "4": "Director Steven Spielberg later said the scene was `` my silly idea '' and was glad to have been part of the pop - culture phrase , while the film 's executive producer George Lucas took similar credit believing that Jones would have had an even chance of surviving the blast . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lenderman , Max . Experience the Message : How Experiential Marketing Is Changing the Brand World . p. 267 . ISBN 9781551991696 . Lubans Jr. , John ( 2010 ) . `` Leading from the Middle , '' and Other Contrarian Essays on Library Leadership . Libraries Unlimited . p. 76 . Perlow , Bob ; Cummins , Richard John ( 2016 ) . The Warmup Guy . Random House . p. 30 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( July 25 , 2003 ) . `` A Few Pixels Short of a Personality '' . Washington Post . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hollows , Joanne ; Moseley , Rachel ( 2006 ) . Feminism in Popular Culture . Berg Publishers . ISBN 1845202236 . Jump up ^ McFedries , Paul ( 2008 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Weird Word Origins . Alpha Books . ISBN 1592577814 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , Jr. , Fred ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` First Person : In defense of ' Happy Days ' ' Jump the Shark ' episode '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Happy Days Writer Defends ' Jump the Shark ' Moment '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ TV Tropes : Jumping the Shark Jump up ^ `` Episode 754 - Ron Howard '' . 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` When TV Shows Go an Episode Too Far '' . Good Morning America . ABC News . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Chris ( March 20 , 2002 ) .", "5": "`` When shows ` jumped the shark ' they lost their bite '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wodehouse , P.G. ( 2011 ) . Right Ho , Jeeves ( Reprint ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . Jump up ^ Lenderman , Max ( 2009 ) . Experience the Message . Basic Books . p. 275 . ISBN 9780786734856 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Michael L. ( 2005 ) . `` Jump the Shark : A Rejoinder to Howley , Theobald , and Howley '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Research in Rural Education . Center on Rural Education and Communities. 20 ( 20 ) . Jump up ^ Sipley , Richard ( 2010 ) . Market Indicators : The Best - Kept Secret to More Effective Trading and Investing . John Wiley & Sons . p. 142 . ISBN 9780470883433 . Jump up ^ `` ' Live at Wiseacres : America Has Jumped the Shark ' videotaped performance By Doug Stanhope '' . YouTube.com . July 31 , 2008 ( uploaded ) . Jump up ^ Neil , Dan ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` What Part of ' Mini ' Did You Not Grasp , BMW ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Paul Niedermeyer . `` Curbside Classic : GM 's Deadly Sin # 10 -- Cadillac Cimarron -- The Truth About Cars '' . The Truth About Cars . Jump up ^ Adams , Richard ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Michele Bachmann , the HPV vaccine and the Republican landscape '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Buhr , Sarah ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` Burning Man Founders Admit The Festival Has Jumped The Shark But That 's Okay '' . TechCrunch . Jump up ^ Cloud , John ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Buzzwords - The Top 10 Everything of 2008 '' . Time . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 .", "6": "^ Jump up to : Curtis , Bryan ( January 22 , 2012 ) . `` George Lucas Is Ready to Roll the Credits '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Indiana Jones ' ' Nuke the Fridge ' Plot Is , Shockingly , Scientifically Impossible '' . Time . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jump the Shark , '' Meet `` Nuke the Fridge '' `` . Newsweek . June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Spielberg : More Indy & Jurassic Park ? '' . Empire . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Look up jump the shark in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jumping_the_shark&oldid=836446289 '' Categories : Happy Days Television terminology Pop - culture neologisms Metaphors referring to animals Words coined in the 1980s Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from March 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 21 : 37 . 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4635679717008137897	seven union territories of india and their capital	[ "Andaman and Nicobar Islands — Port Blair", "Chandigarh — Chandigarh", "Dadra and Nagar Haveli— Silvassa", "Daman and Diu — Daman", "Lakshwadweep — Kavaratti", "National Capital Territory — New Delhi", "Puducherry — Pondicherry", "Andaman and Nicobar Islands — Port Blair", "Chandigarh — Chandigarh", "Dadra and Nagar Haveli— Silvassa", "Daman and Diu — Daman", "Lakshwadweep — Kavaratti", "National Capital Territory — New Delhi", "Puducherry — Pondicherry", "Andaman and Nicobar Islands — Port Blair", "Chandigarh — Chandigarh", "Dadra and Nagar Haveli— Silvassa", "Daman and Diu — Daman", "Lakshwadweep — Kavaratti", "National Capital Territory — New Delhi", "Puducherry — Pondicherry" ]	{ "0": "Category : indian Union Territory capitals - wikipedia Help Category : indian Union Territory capitals Jump to : navigation , search The 7 Union Territories of India and their capitals is : Andaman and Nicobar Islands -- Port Blair Chandigarh -- Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli -- Silvassa Daman and Diu -- Daman Lakshwadweep -- Kavaratti National Capital Territory -- New Delhi Puducherry -- Pondicherry State and Union Territory capitals of India Agartala Aizawl Amaravati ( de facto ) Bangalore Bhopal Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Chennai Daman Dehradun ( interim ) New Delhi Dispur Gandhinagar Gangtok Hyderabad Imphal Itanagar Jaipur Jammu ( in winter ) Kavaratti Kohima Kolkata Lucknow Mumbai Panaji Patna Pondicherry Port Blair Raipur Ranchi Shillong Shimla Silvassa Srinagar ( in summer ) Thiruvananthapuram States and union territories of India States Arunachal Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Capitals in India Proposed states and territories Historical Regions British Provinces This category has the following 7 subcategories , out of 7 total .", "1": "► Chandigarh ‎ ( 18 C , 7 P ) ► Daman , Daman and Diu ‎ ( 3 P ) ► Kavaratti ‎ ( 1 P ) ► New Delhi ‎ ( 6 C , 85 P ) ► Pondicherry ( city ) ‎ ( 3 C , 3 P ) ► Port Blair ‎ ( 1 C , 12 P ) ► Silvassa ‎ ( 1 C , 2 P ) Pages in category `` indian Union Territory capitals '' The following 7 pages are in this category , out of 7 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . Chandigarh Daman , Daman and Diu Kavaratti New Delhi Pondicherry Port Blair Silvassa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Indian_Union_Territory_capitals&oldid=836071111 '' Categories : Indian capital cities Union Territories of India Cities and towns in India Talk Help About Wikipedia বাংলা मैथिली മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 14 : 33 . 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8049569980651777380	when does nathan get in a car accident	[ "\"The Show Must Go On\"", "The Show Must Go On", "The Show Must Go On" ]	{ "0": "One Tree Hill ( season 3 ) - wikipedia One Tree Hill ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search One Tree Hill ( season 3 ) One Tree Hill Season 3 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The WB Original release October 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 05 ) -- May 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 03 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of One Tree Hill episodes The third season of One Tree Hill , an American teen drama television series , began airing on October 5 , 2005 . The season concluded on May 3 , 2006 , after 22 episodes . It is the final season that aired on The WB television network . Season three dipped in ratings , averaging 2.8 million viewers weekly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest Cast 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 DVD release 6 References Overview ( edit ) This season focuses on the first half of senior year at Tree Hill High School . Starting three months after the second season finale , Haley returns to Tree Hill and tries to save her marriage with Nathan . Peyton gets to know her birth mother . Lucas and Brooke begin a relationship . Keith and Karen get engaged . Nathan patches things up with Lucas , while Mouth begins a complicated relationship with newcomer Rachel , who also spreads a lot of drama through the core characters . After a shooting at the school things between Lucas and Peyton heat up despite Peyton 's proposal to Jake .", "1": "Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill characters Regular ( edit ) Chad Michael Murray as Lucas Scott ( 22 episodes ) James Lafferty as Nathan Scott ( 22 episodes ) Hilarie Burton as Peyton Sawyer ( 22 episodes ) Bethany Joy Galeotti as Haley James Scott ( 22 episodes ) Paul Johansson as Dan Scott ( 20 episodes ) Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis ( 22 episodes ) Barbara Alyn Woods as Deb Scott ( 13 episodes ) Lee Norris as Mouth McFadden ( 18 episodes ) Barry Corbin as Whitey Durham ( 12 episodes ) Craig Sheffer as Keith Scott ( 13 episodes ) Moira Kelly as Karen Roe ( 20 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Danneel Harris as Rachel Gatina ( 19 episodes ) Bevin Prince as Bevin Mirskey ( 16 episodes ) Tyler Hilton as Chris Keller ( 12 episodes ) Sheryl Lee as Ellie Harp ( 8 episodes ) Vaughn Wilson as Fergie Thompson ( 7 episodes ) Antwon Tanner as Antwon `` Skills '' Taylor ( 7 episodes ) Cullen Moss as Junk Moretti ( 6 episodes ) Kevin Kilner as Larry Sawyer ( 6 episodes ) Brett Claywell as Tim Smith ( 5 episodes ) Kelsey Chow as Gigi Silveri ( 5 episodes ) Shawn Shepard as Principal Turner ( 4 episodes ) Guest Cast ( edit ) Michael Trucco as Cooper Lee ( 3 episodes ) Bryan Greenberg as Jake Jagielski ( 3 episodes Colin Fickes as Jimmy Edwards ( 2 episodes ) Amber Wallace as Glenda Farrell ( 1 episode ) Allison Scagliotti as Abigail `` Abby '' Brown ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "2": "viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Like You Like an Arsonist '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn October 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 05 ) 2T6151 3.46 In the third season premiere , we finally discover Dan 's fate after the fire . In addition to the situation with his father , Nathan also has to deal with Haley 's reappearance in Tree Hill and the future of their relationship . Peyton tries to find the truth about the mysterious woman claiming to be her mother . Lucas looks forward to Brooke 's return after a summer apart . This episode is named after a song by Paris , Texas . 47 `` From the Edge of the Deep Green Sea '' Kevin Dowling Mark Schwahn October 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 12 ) 2T6152 3.12 Brooke has an end of the summer party on the beach . Nathan is home from basketball camp . Lucas deals with Brooke 's rules for non-exclusive dating . Brooke ends up having a ball with many guys whereas Lucas spends the night alone and then tells Brooke that he is the one for her , which marks the beginning of his mission to become exclusive . Peyton deals with family issues , by confronting her mom about her drug problem , after Lucas witnesses her buying . Haley tries to tell Nathan how she feels , however he is not ready for a relationship yet and is still angry with her . This episode is named after a song by The Cure . 48 `` First Day on a Brand New Planet '' Billy Dickson Terrence Coli October 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 19 ) 2T6153 3.12 It 's the first day of senior year for the Tree Hill gang . Lucas tells Dan he saved his life . Peyton discovers Ellie 's secret . Nathan tells Haley he 's considering a divorce . Dan accuses several people of starting the dealership fire and tries to get Whitey replaced as Ravens coach . This episode is named after a song by the band Jesse James .", "3": "49 `` An Attempt to Tip the Scales '' Janice Cooke Stacy Rukeyser October 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 26 ) 2T6154 3.36 It 's Halloween in Tree Hill and everybody 's celebrating at TRIC , with special guest band Fall Out Boy . The masquerade ball gives Haley the chance to win Nathan back , while Lucas keeps trying to convince Brooke to be exclusive . Peyton decides to face her new mother and get to know her . Dan tries to use blackmail to become mayor but things do n't turn out the way he thought they would when Deb gets in his way . This episode is named after a song by Bright Eyes . 50 5 `` A Multitude of Casualties '' Thomas J. Wright R. Lee Fleming , Jr November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) 2T6155 3.03 The Ravens begin basketball practice . New team captain Nathan clashes with Lucas over Haley , and a new cheerleader named Rachel Gatina sets her sights on Lucas . Dan 's mayoral bid takes a surprising turn when an unlikely opponent emerges in Karen . This episode is named after a song by The Hold Steady . 51 6 `` Locked Hearts & Hand Grenades '' Marita Grabiak James Stoteraux and Chad Fiveash November 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 09 ) 2T6156 3.42 Brooke starts a `` Fantasy Boy Draft '' , after the cheerleaders start fighting over the same guys . Haley and Peyton continue to argue about Nathan . Dan butts heads with Karen as the election draws nearer . Lucas tries to keep up with the fast pace of basketball . This episode is named after a song by Plan A Project . 52 7 `` Champagne for My Real Friends , Real Pain for My Sham Friends '' Paul Johansson Mark Schwahn November 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 16 ) 2T6157 3.52 The fantasy draft dates begin , Lucas finds himself with Rachel and a very familiar setting .", "4": "Brooke is on a double date with a surprising person and a surprising couple . Skills goes to Bevin 's house for the night , but is n't quite interested in what she has in mind . Mouth and Peyton hang out . Karen and Deb take the campaigning for mayor to a new level , to bring down Dan . Nathan gets mad when Chris gets close to Haley . This episode is named after a song by Fall Out Boy . 53 8 `` The Worst Day Since Yesterday '' John Asher Mike Herro & David Strauss November 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 30 ) 2T6158 3.41 As the town readies for the Ravens ' first basketball game , Lucas worries that his head and heart are n't in it . Nathan accuses Lucas of being the Ravens ' weak link . Peyton and Haley mend fences to support Brooke in her time of need . When the mayoral race tightens , Dan resorts to a smear campaign . This episode is named after a song by Flogging Molly . 54 9 `` How a Resurrection Really Feels '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn December 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 07 ) 2T6159 3.33 It is revealed that Lucas knows who tried to kill Dan and he confronts the guilty party . Brooke , Peyton and Haley find themselves behind bars . Peyton is annoyed by the presence of her guilty conscience . Chris Keller convinces Nathan to be his wingman at a cash poker game . The residents of Tree Hill finally choose a mayor . This episode is named after a song by The Hold Steady . 55 10 `` Brave New World '' John Asher John A. Norris January 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 11 ) 2T6160 3.23 Lucas and Peyton take a road trip together to find Ellie . While out of town , Lucas reconnects with a friend from the past . Brooke , Haley and Mouth successfully launch the Clothes Over Bro 's website , only to find that demand far exceeds supply . Deb reveals to Nathan that she tried to kill Dan .", "5": "Nathan and Haley finally get back together . This episode is named after a song by Iron Maiden from the album of the same name . 56 11 `` Return of the Future '' Bethany Rooney Terrence Coli January 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 18 ) 2T6161 2.67 The Ravens lose their second game in a row , Whitey decides to teach them a tough lesson . Peyton and Ellie look for support for their album and hope to attract Nada Surf to the project . Both Dan and Haley upset Nathan , while Brooke plans a romantic thank - you for Lucas . This episode is named after a song by Scooter . 57 12 `` I 've Got Dreams to Remember '' Stuart Gillard Mike Herro & David Strauss January 25 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 25 ) 2T6162 2.70 As the students meet with the school counselor to plan for the future , Nathan and Haley realize they want to attend colleges across the country from one another . Brooke discovers Rachel 's reasons for submitting her designs to Rogue Vogue . Meanwhile , Ellie and Peyton bond as they finish the benefit album . This episode is named after a song by Otis Redding . 58 13 `` The Wind That Blew My Heart Away '' David Jackson Stacy Rukeyser February 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 01 ) 2T6163 3.01 A violent rainstorm knocks out the power in Tree Hill , leading Haley to Nathan 's doorstep and Brooke out into the downpour for a dramatic confrontation with Lucas . Peyton finally confronts the truth about Ellie 's illness . Mouth is tempted by his new friend , Rachel . Before morning , secrets are revealed , relationships are tested and romance heats up . This episode is named after a song by Fruit Bats .", "6": "59 14 `` All Tomorrow 's Parties '' David Paymer Anna Lotto February 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 08 ) 2T6164 2.89 Brooke is forced to grow up in a hurry when her trip to a New York City fashion show prevents her from attending an annual cheerleading tournament . Nathan and Lucas are influenced by the father of a friend . Skills tells Bevin he ca n't swim to trick her into giving him a swimming lesson . Struggling with her birth mother 's cancer , Peyton joins Rachel for a night of blowing off steam . Haley and Nathan use their hotel room as the honeymoon suite they never had . This episode is named after a song by The Velvet Underground and Nico . 60 15 `` Just Watch the Fireworks '' Billy Dickson James Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash February 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) 2T6165 2.85 When someone unleashes the students ' time capsule on Tree Hill High , Lucas and Mouth must confront a person from their past . Brooke deals with the revelation that secrets are n't the only things she exposed in the time capsule . Dan tries to forgive Keith . Haley is forced to reconcile the man Nathan was before with the man he has become . Peyton 's Breast Cancer Benefit Concert at TRIC features performances by Haley and Jack 's Mannequin and the return of Fall Out Boy . This episode is named after a song by Jimmy Eat World . 61 16 `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn March 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 01 ) 2T6166 3.36 In the aftermath of the release of the time capsule , chaos breaks out , Jimmy Edwards holds students of Tree Hill High School hostage with a gun . While lives hang in the balance , Nathan and Lucas put themselves at risk to protect their friends and loved ones . Young lives are shattered and two will end . Dan takes revenge on a close relative . This episode is named after a song by Explosions in the Sky .", "7": "62 17 `` Who Will Survive , and What Will Be Left of Them '' John Asher Mark Schwahn March 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 29 ) 2T6167 2.82 The aftermath of the school shooting and the death of Jimmy Edwards force everyone in Tree Hill to examine their lives . Nathan reassesses his relationship with Haley , while Brooke and Rachel join forces to heal the student body . Dan must deal with the ramifications of killing Keith . Lucas and Peyton consider the implications of their kiss in the library . This episode is named after an album by Murder by Death . The title is also the tagline of the 1974 horror movie The Texas Chain Saw Massacre . 63 18 `` When It Is n't Like It Should Be '' Paul Johansson R. Lee Fleming , Jr . April 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 05 ) 2T6168 2.93 Rachel invites the gang for a weekend getaway at her family 's cabin . Craziness will ensue , including a game of `` I Never '' which will cause people to do things they normally would n't . A nasty little issue Mouth has been harboring toward Rachel will surface . Meanwhile , Karen confronts Dan about Keith 's death . This episode is named after a song by Saves the Day . 64 19 `` I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me '' Moira Kelly William H. Brown April 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 12 ) 2T6169 2.76 Lucas attempts to play in the first game after Keith 's death , but he can not bring himself to do it . After seeing Lucas 's pain , Nathan asks Whitey to forfeit the game . Lucas finally tells Whitey , Nathan , and Karen about his heart condition ( HCM ) after Deb convinces him to be there for Karen after Keith 's death . Nathan and Haley prepare to renew their vows . Mouth tries to get closer to Rachel . Peyton gets an invitation to go to Chicago , from Pete .", "8": "Brooke gets revenge on Rachael , by making posters of Rachael who got multiple surgeries to become attractive , because she was obese when she was 14 . This episode is named after a song by Fall Out Boy . 65 20 `` Everyday Is a Sunday Evening '' Billy Dickson Mark Schwahn April 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 19 ) 2T6170 2.67 Nathan deals with a player who is a rival both on and off the court . Dan is given a restraining order from Deb and Nathan . Brooke and Mouth look to get even with Rachel , who has tricked Cooper into thinking she is 26 and a model . Dan has a run - in with Cooper . Peyton makes a major decision and goes to see Jake and Jenny who are in Savannah . At the end of the episode Peyton asks Jake to marry her . This episode is named after an album by The Blackouts . 66 21 `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' Thomas J. Wright Mark Schwahn April 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 26 ) 2T6171 2.87 Haley argues with Brooke about her wedding dress . Brooke plans an engagement party for Nathan and Haley . Karen and Lucas get back in town . Peyton is surprised by her own feelings when she mumble she loves Lucas in her sleep and Jake overhears . This episode is named after a song by Led Zeppelin and another by Gary Moore which was covered by Nightwish . 67 22 `` The Show Must Go On '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn May 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 03 ) 2T6172 3.06 Nathan worries about Haley as they prepare to renew their vows . Deb confesses to Dan about the fire . Peyton and Brooke 's friendship becomes strained when Peyton confesses she still loves Lucas . Nathan , Cooper and Rachel 's lives hang in the balance after a car accident . Someone might be pregnant . This episode is named after a song by Queen .", "9": "Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 3rd Wednesday 8 / 7C October 5 , 2005 May 3 , 2006 2005 -- 2006 # 137 2.8 DVD release ( edit ) The DVD release of season three was released after the season has completed broadcast on television . It has been released in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast , deleted scenes , gag reels and behind - the - scenes featurettes .", "10": "The Complete Third Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 937 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 968 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 900 minutes ( Region 4 ) 6 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) Subtitles : Spanish and French ( Region 1 ) English , Danish , Finnish , Portuguese , Norwegian , Swedish , English for the Hearing Impaired ( Regions 2 and 4 ) Audio commentaries : `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' - with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn , executive producer Joe Davola , actors Colin Fickes , Sophia Bush , Lee Norris and music supervisor Lindsey Wolfington `` The Show Must Go On '' - with creator / executive producer / writer / director Mark Schwahn , executive producer Joe Davola , actors Sophia Bush and Lee Norris Deleted scenes : Episodes : 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 9 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 20 & 22 `` Anatomy of an Episode : A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Creation of `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' Gag reel Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia September 26 , 2006 October 23 , 2006 July 4 , 2007 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Reporter : 2005 - 06 primetime wrap '' . Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2004 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Like You Like an Arsonist '' . One Tree Hill . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 42 minutes in . The WB .", "11": "Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Jump up ^ ( 12 ) Jump up ^ ( 13 ) Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( March 2 , 2006 ) . `` Super sweeps sesh '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 14 ) Jump up ^ ( 15 ) Jump up ^ ( 16 ) Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ ( 18 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill - The Complete Third Season ( 2006 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - Series 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill ; Complete Season 3 : M15 ( DVD ) '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 .", "12": "( hide ) One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Brooke Davis Mouth McFadden Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Tree_Hill_(season_3)&oldid=828346803 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) episodes 2005 American television seasons 2006 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Italiano Русский Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 00 : 56 . 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1608609734415271187	who has the most subscribers in faze clan	[ "FaZe Rug", "FaZe Rug", "FaZe Rug", "FaZe Rug", "FaZe Rug" ]	{ "0": "FaZe Clan - wikipedia FaZe Clan Jump to : navigation , search This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) FaZe Clan Nickname FaZe Games Call of Duty Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Overwatch PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege EA Sports FIFA Fortnite Battle Royale Founded May 30 , 2010 ( 7 years , 332 days old ) Colors Red , yellow , blue Owners Thomas `` Temperrr '' Oliveira Yousef `` Apex '' Abdelfattah Richard `` Banks '' Bengtson Nordan `` Rain '' Shat Manager Thomas Oliveira ( CEO ) Partners GFuel Energy Scuf Gaming Website Official website FaZe Clan 's Youtube channel FaZe Clan is an American eSports organization that competes in Call of Duty , Counter-Strike : Global Offensive , Overwatch , PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds , Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege , FIFA and Fortnite Battle Royale tournaments . The team was founded as a gaming clan on YouTube by players known as FaZe Housecat ( later renamed Timid ) , FaZe ClipZ , and FaZe Resistance in the year 2010 who all created `` trickshot '' videos for the video game Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 . These types of montages are still produced by various members . In 2012 , with the release of Call of Duty : Black Ops II , the organization decided to expand into competitive play . In 2016 , a new era for FaZe began when the organization bought a Counter-Strike : Global Offensive ( CS : GO ) professional team . This moment marked the beginning of FaZe Clan expanding into various esports . This movement is referred to as `` FaZe 2.0 '' by FaZe members and fans alike . The FaZe CS : GO team went on to become the 2nd most successful roster for the 2017 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 YouTube 1.1 Current members 1.2 Former members 2 Call of Duty 2.1 FaZe Clan 2.1. 1 History 2.1.", "1": "1.1 The Beginning of FaZe 2.1. 1.2 Call of Duty : Ghosts 2.1. 1.2. 1 Roster troubles 2.1. 1.3 Advanced Warfare 2.1. 1.3. 1 New squad and new success 2.1. 1.4 Black Ops 3 2.1. 1.4. 1 2016 CWL Championship 2.1. 1.5 Infinite Warfare 2.1. 2 Roster 2.1. 2.1 Active Squad 2.1. 2.2 Former Players 2.1. 3 Results 2.2 FaZe Black 2.2. 1 History 2.2. 1.1 Ghosts 2.2. 1.2 Advanced Warfare 2.2. 2 Roster 2.2. 2.1 Former Players 2.2. 3 Results 2.3 FaZe France 2.3. 1 Roster 2.3. 1.1 Former Players 2.3. 2 Results 2.4 FaZe Red 2.4. 1 History 2.4. 1.1 Ghosts 2.4. 1.2 Advanced Warfare 2.4. 2 Roster 2.4. 2.1 Former Players 2.4. 3 Results 3 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive 3.1 History 3.1. 1 FaZe Clan comes to CS : GO 3.1. 2 A CS Legend turned coach 3.1. 3 The MLG Columbus Major 3.1. 4 A French change 3.1. 5 A Bosnian beast joins 3.1. 6 Signing Stars 3.2 Roster 3.2. 1 Active Squad 3.2. 2 Inactive Players 3.2. 3 Former Players 3.3 Results 4 FIFA 4.1 History 4.1.", "2": "1 FaZe Clan enters FIFA 4.2 Roster 4.2. 1 Active Squad 5 Fortnite Battle Royale 5.1 History 5.2 Roster 5.2. 1 Active Squad 6 Overwatch 6.1 History 6.2 Roster 6.2. 1 Former Players 6.3 Results 7 PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds 7.1 History 7.2 Roster 7.2. 1 Active Squad 7.2. 2 Former Players 7.3 Results 7.3. 1 Squads 7.3. 2 Solo 8 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege 8.1 History 8.2 Roster 8.2. 1 Active Squad 8.3 Results 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links YouTube ( edit ) The FaZe Clan began its existence through YouTube in 2010 . FaZe started as a clan that would perform trick shots in Call of Duty and post clips and montages on YouTube . As the members ' personalities and audience preferences changed , so did the video content . The FaZe YouTubers -- including FaZe Banks , FaZe Apex , FaZe Blaze , FaZe Rug , FaZe Adapt , FaZe Censor , and FaZe Rain -- started to vlog and do creative skits to further develop their channels . Although the FaZe YouTubers are the more famous FaZe Clan members , they do not compete in any competitive gaming for FaZe . These YouTubers strictly make YouTube videos in order to extend the FaZe Clan brand and entertain their fans . Currently , each major FaZe member has over 1 million subscribers on YouTube , with some having between three and five million subscribers . The official FaZe Clan YouTube channel has 4.8 million subscribers , while FaZe Rug has the most subscribers out of all the FaZe Members with 8 million subscribers . Within the last few years , the Call Of Duty community has been frustrated with the way FaZe Clan has been / not been involved in the game in which it was founded . As of August 2017 , Spratt has left FaZe Clan .", "3": "Following this , Carl has also left to join ' Red Reserve . ' FaZe Apex notes that both Spratt and Carl were on good terms with the clan and that Spratt has considered leaving for ' a while now ' . Carl said the reason he left FaZe Clan is because he still wanted to make Call of Duty videos , as most other FaZe members changed their video topics and mostly do vlog videos . This sparked FaZe Clan to organize the highly successful `` FaZe Bootcamp '' at the release of Call of Duty : WWII . Trickshotters known as FaZe Kitty , FaZe Dirty , FaZe Bloo , FaZe GwidT and FaZe Replays were brought in to all contribute to a week dedicated to creating Call of Duty content . Current members ( edit ) Clan Nickname YouTube Channel Name Total YouTube Subscribers Total YouTube Views Job in Clan Extra Info show Join date - FaZe Clan 4.8 million+ 494 million+ - Official channel - - FaZe Fitness 179 thousand+ 7.4 million+ - Fitness channel run by FaZe Sensei and FaZe JzpR - FaZe ClipZ cilipz 93 thousand+ 2.5 million+ Founder / Creative Director 2010 - 05 - 30 FaZe CBass FaZe CBass 330 thousand+ 0 Manager 2010 - 06 - 01 FaZe Temperrr FaZe Temperrr 1.5 million+ 42.6 million+ Personality / Owner Formerly known as ' iiTeMpeR ' 2010 - 08 - 02 FaZe Fakie FaZe Fakie 525 thousand+ 25.5 million+ Personality / Trickshotter Formerly known as ' Whos Magic ' / Alternate YouTube channel : FaZeFakie 2011 - 01 - 21 FaZe Apex FaZe Apex 4.7 million+ 881 million+ Owner / Personality / Trickshotter 2011 - 03 - 06 FaZe Jinx FaZe Jinx 405 thousand+ 31.", "4": "8 million+ Trickshotter 2011 - 05 - 18 FaZe HugZ FaZe HugZ 202 thousand+ 3.8 million+ Trickshotter 2011 - 06 - 23 FaZe Force Forceisdown 87 thousand+ 1.1 million+ Trickshotter 2011 - 07 - 13 FaZe PryZee FaZe PryZee 379 thousand+ 15.7 million+ Trickshotter 2011 - 08 - 29 FaZe ObJay FaZe ObJay 94 thousand+ 308 thousand+ Personality 2012 - 02 - 11 FaZe Swan FaZe Swan 723 thousand+ 60.4 million+ Trickshotter 2012 - 06 - 13 FaZe Rain FaZe Rain 5.2 million+ 967 million+ Owner / Trickshotter / Personality 2012 - 10 - 12 FaZe Rug FaZe Rug 8.3 million + 1.6 billion+ Personality / Director Most subscribed and most viewed in FaZe Clan 2012 - 11 - 24 FaZe Banks FaZe Banks 4.4 million+ 270 million+ Owner / Personality Also known for being a part of YouTube personality Ricegum 's squad known as `` Clout Gang '' . 2013 - 03 - 24 FaZe Linkzy FaZe Linkzy 653 thousand+ 64 million+ Trickshotter / Personality Alternate YouTube channel : LinkzyPlays 2013 - 07 - 04 FaZe Adapt FaZe Adapt 4.7 million+ 946 million+ Trickshotter / Personality 2013 - 11 - 08 FaZe Barker FaZe Barker 144 thousand+ 3.9 million+ Lead Video Editor 2013 - 11 - 10 FaZe Mancat KittyzAndSatan 116 thousand+ 4.", "5": "7 million+ Trickshotter / Video editor 2013 - 11 - 20 FaZe ZiiMeR ZiiMeR 130 thousand+ 5.7 million+ Trickshotter / Personality 2013 - 12 - 24 FaZe Kay FaZe Kay 1.3 million+ 149 million+ Personality 2014 - 01 - 21 FaZe Bloo FaZe Bloo 661 thousand+ 4 million+ Trickshotter / Personality Alternate YouTube channel : FaZe Bloo2 2014 - 01 - 24 FaZe Jev FaZe Jev 2.7 million+ 778 million+ Trickshotter / Personality 2014 - 03 - 14 FaZe Censor FaZe Censor 2.5 million+ 413 million+ Professional CoD Player / Personality 2014 - 04 - 05 FaZe Nikan FaZe Nikan 944 thousand+ 56.8 million+ Graphics Designer / Video Editor / Personality 2014 - 04 - 23 FaZe Coan FaZe Coan 29 thousand+ 397 thousand+ Graphics Designer 2014 - 04 - 23 FaZe Ali 0 0 Graphics Designer 2014 - 04 - 23 FaZe Dirty FaZe Dirty 323 thousand+ 25.3 million+ Trickshotter / Personality 2014 - 06 - 12 FaZe Agony FaZe Agony 1.1 million+ 128 million+ Trickshotter / Personality Alternate YouTube channel : Agony 2014 - 06 - 16 FaZe Kitty FaZe Kitty 336 thousand+ 17.", "6": "2 million+ Trickshotter / Personality 2014 - 06 - 19 FaZe Zaibot FaZe Zaibot 7 thousand+ 72 thousand+ Head of FaZe Studio / Illustrator / Designer 2014 - 07 - 18 FaZe PRlDE Pride 24 thousand+ 516 thousand+ Montage Editor 2014 - 09 - 18 FaZe Teeqo FAZE TEEQO \\ JAKOB 1.8 million+ 214 million+ Personality 2014 - 10 - 30 FaZe Sensei FaZe Sensei 531 thousand+ 35.8 million+ Personality / Fitness trainer 2014 - 11 - 25 FaZe Magic FaZe Magic 4 hundred+ 2.6 thousand+ Graphics Artist Not to be confused with trickshotter in 2010 , FaZe Magic 2015 FaZe Replays FaZe Replays 346 thousand+ 31.5 million+ Trickshotter / Personality Not to be confused with the professional CoD player , FaZe Replays 2015 - 01 - 03 FaZe Blaze FaZe Blaze 2.9 million+ 407 million+ Trickshotter / Personality Formerly known as ' FaZe Blaziken ' 2015 - 02 - 01 FaZe PenG Jacob Klassen 7 thousand+ 123 thousand+ Montage Editor / Photographer 2015 - 03 - 17 FaZe Hazz FaZe Hazz 371 thousand+ 27.5 million+ Personality 2015 - 03 - 22 FaZe Mito FaZe Mito 23 thousand+ 927 thousand+ Creative Director / Editor 2017 - 02 - 25 FaZe Unchained FaZe Unchained 11 thousand+ 518 thousand+ Montage Editor 2017 - 03 - 04 FaZe Hoppin FaZe Hoppin 93 thousand+ 7.", "7": "8 million+ CS : GO Player / CS : GO Director 2017 - 03 - 14 FaZe JzpR FaZe JzpR 48 thousand+ 3.2 million+ Fitness trainer / Personality 2017 - 05 - 28 FaZe Yachty LilYachtyVEVO 1.3 million+ 317 million+ Rapper / Personality Lil Yachty is a popular rapper / Alternate YouTube channel : lil Boat 2017 - 11 - 06 FaZe GwidT FaZe GwidT 56 thousand+ 1.2 million+ Trickshotter / Personality 2017 - 11 - 26 FaZe JuJu JuJu Smith - Schuster 482 thousand+ 14 million+ Professional NFL Player / Personality JuJu is a professional player of NFL / Also known as ' FaZe JuJu ' 2017 - 11 - 30 FaZe Testy FaZe Testy 156 thousand+ 5.5 million+ Trickshotter / Personality 2017 - 12 - 25 FaZe OSN Oprah Sideverson 2.2 million+ 754 million+ Personality Alternate YouTube Channel : OprahSide 2018 - 02 - 08 FaZe Cizzorz Cizzorz 1.6 million+ 174 million+ Personality 2018 - 03 - 13 FaZe Cheo FaZe Cheo 18 thousand+ 87 thousand+ Chef / Personality - Total 59.4 million+ Total 9 billion+ - - Former members ( edit ) Clan Nickname YouTube Channel Name Job in clan Extra Info Join date show Leave date FaZe Alpaca OpTic Alpaca Graphics Designer 2014 - 04 - 22 FaZe Spratt OpTic Spratt Trickshotter Left due to disconnect with sniping community . 2011 - 05 - 21 2017 - 08 - 20 FaZe Carl Red Carl Trickshotter Left due to disconnect with sniping community and conflicts with content being produced . 2013", "8": "- 11 - 19 2017 - 08 - 20 FaZe Mojo MojoOnPC Personality 2016 - 01 - 11 2017 FaZe JPEX FaZe JPEX Graphics Designer 2014 - 09 2016 - 08 FaZe Ruler Ruler Trickshotter Alternate YouTube channel : Ruler 2015 - 05 - 24 2016 - 05 - 25 FaZe Iced Iced Trickshotter 2015 - 01 - 14 2016 - 05 - 25 FaZe Dyn Dyn Trickshotter / Personality 2013 - 07 - 07 2016 - 05 - 25 FaZe Zeimzy FaZe Zeimzy Trickshotter 2014 - 11 - 01 2016 - 03 - 27 FaZe zejiM zejiM Trickshotter 2014 - 10 - 19 2015 - 01 - 19 FaZe Ramos FaZe Ramos Trickshotter 2011 - 09 - 19 2015 - 01 FaZe Macau ItsMacau Trickshotter 2014 - 08 - 06 2014 - 12 - 22 FaZe Benji FaZe Benji Trickshotter 2012 - 02 - 12 2014 - 12 - 18 FaZe Sullys xSuhlly Trickshotter 2013 - 08 - 15 2014 - 11 - 30 FaZe NiQs GamingWithNiQs Trickshotter / Personality", "9": "2014 - 06 - 15 2014 - 11 - 18 FaZe Rockst4r Rockst4r Trickshotter 2013 - 05 - 03 2014 - 11 - 17 FaZe Brio Brioh Trickshotter 2014 - 06 - 13 2014 - 11 - 14 FaZe GwidT FaZe GwidT Trickshotter 2014 - 06 - 11 2014 - 10 FaZe Wally Wally Trickshotter 2014 - 02 - 06 2014 - 08 - 29 FaZe Bazi Oli Trickshotter / Personality 2013 - 06 - 07 2014 - 07 - 19 FaZe Kayos FaZe Kayos Trickshotter 2013 - 11 - 09 2014 - 07 - 18 FaZe Flushd FLUSH Trickshotter 2014 - 01 - 24 2014 - 07 - 17 FaZe Rebirthh Rebirth Trickshotter 2013 - 03 - 06 2014 - 04 - 08 FaZe Aquas Aqua Trickshotter 2013 - 03 - 03 2014 - 04 - 08 FaZe Qualityy HeyImQuality Trickshotter 2012 - 09 - 22 2014 - 04 - 08 FaZe zejiM zejiM Trickshotter 2012 - 04 - 18 2014 - 04 - 08 FaZe Slasher EscapeTheSlasher", "10": "Trickshotter Alternate YouTube channel : AslSlash 2010 - 09 - 03 2014 - 04 - 08 FaZe Ferox Ferox Graphics Designer Made the logo 2011 - 02 2014 - 05 - 07 FaZe Pamaj OpTic Pamaj Trickshotter 2012 - 03 - 07 2013 - 09 - 20 FaZe DEHIZ Trickshotter 2013 - 08 - 11 2013 - 09 FaZe GwidT FaZe GwidT Trickshotter 2013 - 06 - 06 2013 - 09 FaZe Poko Merpoko Trickshotter 2011 - 09 - 02 2013 - 09 FaZe ZiiMeR ZiiMeR Trickshotter / Personality 2012 - 07 - 27 2013 - 07 - 14 FaZe Jedi FaZe Jedi Graphic Designer Formerly known as ' Jive ' 2011 - 07 2013 - 02 - 01 FaZe Naturall Natural Trickshotter 2012 - 08 - 16 2013 FaZe AJAIIX AJAIIX1 Trickshotter 2012 - 03 - 30 2013 FaZe DNag Donagni Trickshotter 2012 - 03 2012 - 12 FaZe Teeqo FAZE TEEQO \\ JAKOB Trickshotter 2011 - 04 summer of 2012 FaZe Timid TimidHouseCat Trickshotter", "11": "Founding member / Formerly known as ' FaZe Housecat ' 2010 - 12 - 22 2012 - 01 - 22 FaZe GuTLess Trickshotter / Video Editor GuTLess ' YouTube channel got terminated 2010 - 10 - 20 2011 FaZe Raichu FaZe Raichu Trickshotter 2011 FaZe Resistance nvmResistance Trickshotter Founding member 2011 EvolutionHD Nyqxill . Video Editor 2010 - 09 - 09 2010 - 12 - 10 FaZe RecoN HitmarkerHD Trickshotter 2010 - 08 - 02 2010 - 11 - 29 FaZe JCakes Trickshotter JCakes ' YouTube channel got terminated 2010 - 06 - 02 FaZe Resistance nvmResistance Trickshotter Founding member 2010 - 05 - 30 FaZe Timid TimidHouseCat Trickshotter Founding member / Formerly known as ' FaZe Housecat ' 2010 - 05 - 30 FaZe Magic Trickshotter Not to be confused with the graphics artist , FaZe Magic Call of Duty ( edit ) FaZe Clan ( edit ) History ( edit ) The beginning of FaZe ( edit ) Their first roster -- consisting of Heist , Folsom , Secretly , and Sham -- was created to compete at the 2013 MLG Winter Championship . Their next roster -- consisting of Heist , Methodz , Replays , and MBoZe -- competed at the 2013 MLG Spring Championship , where they finished a respectable 5th place . Despite this , the roster got a complete reshuffle going into UMG Atlanta 2013 , as only and Replays remained , with new members Slacked , Huhdle , and SpaceLy being added . This team struggled to gain any momentum , finishing in a very disappointing 9th place .", "12": "Despite this poor placing , the team decided to stick with the same roster going into the MLG PAX Prime Invitational 2013 . The team was able to make the semifinals of the 8 team invitational ; however , they were ultimately eliminated by the eventual runners - up . To close out Black Ops 2 , the team attended the 4 team MLG Fall Invitational 2013 . Deciding to remain with the same roster , they were unable to break the slump as they finished in 4th place . Call of Duty : Ghosts ( edit ) With the launch of Ghosts they decided to replace Slacked with Classic , hoping to have a strong showing in the MLG Fall Championship 2013 , but came 24th in the event . Following this result , the team decided to remove SpaceLy and Huhdle for JKap and Methodz . This swap was followed by a respectable showing in UMG Philadelphia 2014 , where they placed 7th . However , when Call of Duty Championship 2014 was announced and revealed that all players had to be over 18 years old , they had no choice but to drop Methodz . FaZe picked up NameLeSs , but dropped him for ProoFy shortly after . FaZe finished in the online qualifiers for the Call of Duty Championship 2014 : US Regionals , where they last finished 4th , securing their spot at the Call of Duty Championship 2014 . At the Championship , the team was upset by the Australian team Trident T1 Dotters in the group stage but were able to advance to bracket play with two big wins over SK Gaming and Aztek Gaming . They secured the 2nd seed in their group and set a match with the other Australian team , Team Immunity . They avoided another upset by defeating them 3 - 0 along with one of the top European teams , Epsilon eSports . They then won again to set up a match against the favorite team , compLexity , in which FaZe lost 1 - 3 . Subsequently , the team lost their next match in the losers bracket against Strictly Business , 0 - 3 . The team finished 6th place and walked away with $50,000 . After the event , the organization decided to make some major roster adjustments .", "13": "They announced that ProoFy would be starting his own team with the creation of FaZe Black . Theory would then fill his vacant spot on the team which would now be known as FaZe Red . To complete the FaZe Black roster , ProoFy was joined by 2 members of the previous team , Censor and Saints , along with FormaL . Unfortunately , ProoFy left the team for OpTic Gaming , and Dedo filled his spot . With the rosters finally settled , the teams began practicing for UGC Niagara . Unfortunately , Saints was n't attending the event , so FaZe Black was forced to find a replacement : Saint . FaZe Red ended 5 - 6th and FaZe Black 9 - 12th . Roster troubles ( edit ) Much later into the life cycle of Ghosts , FaZe saw yet another roster change ; however , this change is a result of personal issues between Parasite and his teammates . Parasite subsequently got benched , but shortly after a very professional ordeal coming out of Censor , his actions were quickly undone as Dedo was traded to Evil Geniuses in exchange for a temporary loan of Karma , and Parasite returned to the active roster . Advanced Warfare ( edit ) With the release of Advanced Warfare , Impact , Censor and Apathy were looking for two players . They recruited SlasheR and ACHES and attended MLG Columbus Open 2014 . Matches were going well until ACHES severely cut his hand . He was still determined to play , but struggled and ended up causing the team to lose 0 - 3 to Prophecy . However , FaZe bounced back incredibly , beating both Denial Esports and Team Kaliber to face OpTic Gaming in the finals , where they beat them in two best of five series to win MLG Columbus and $10,000 . FaZe later attended UMG Orlando 2015 where they placed poorly , 13 - 16th . New squad and new success ( edit ) As Advanced Warfare continued to move along , a deal was struck upon between FaZe and Denial Esports . FaZe reportedly found that Huke and Slasher were unsettled at FaZe and were seeking other teams .", "14": "As a result , the organization and key members , ZooMaa and Enable , traded Huke and Slasher for Denial COD Champions James `` Clayster '' Eubanks and Dillon `` Attach '' Price . The deal established FaZe as a top three team , and the new squad made strong showings in the Pro League , as well as multiple LAN wins , their first of which being the UMG Dallas 2015 event , where they beat OpTic 3 - 0 . Soon after , the squad traveled to Europe to try and win the Gfinity Summer Championship 2015 . FaZe ran through the tournament with ease and were pitted , once again , against OpTic gaming in the finals . OpTic picked up a 3 - 0 lead in the best of seven ; however , FaZe completed the near impossible yet again and made the 4 - 3 comeback to win the LAN event . Doubts resurfaced about the FaZe team after a poor showing at UMG Washington DC 2015 , but they did n't continue for long after they won MLG Pro League CoD AW Season 3 Playoffs . At the MLG World Finals 2015 , FaZe would finish pool play with a 4 - 0 record , placing them against Elevate , who they lost to 4 - 1 , sending FaZe down to the losers bracket . Where they won the matches 3 - 2 and 3 - 1 respectively . FaZe then played against Denial eSports , where they would fall 3 - 1 , placing 5th - 6th at the event . Black Ops 3 ( edit ) FaZe kept their roster and were invited to Totino 's Invitational . FaZe lost 2 - 0 in the first round , eliminating them from the tournament with a 5th - 8th finish . Unfortunately , this set a precedent for the rest of Black Ops 3 for FaZe . Next , they were invited to the Invitational CWL Stage 1 Qualifier . FaZe won both their matches against Happy Hour and compLexity Gaming , granting them a spot in the upcoming CWL Stage 1 NA Online League .", "15": "Mid-way through Stage 1 , FaZe attended UMG South Carolina 2016 , where they fell victim losing to a determined Team Liquid in the quarterfinals , giving FaZe another disappointing finish . FaZe completed Stage 1 with a 15 - 7 record , securing the # 3 seed for the Stage 1 Playoffs . In the first round , they came up against compLexity yet again , sweeping them 4 - 0 . However , FaZe 's victory was short lived , after their match up against a strong Rise Nation , where they lost 4 - 0 , placing 3rd - 4th . The FaZe Clan then travelled to Paris to compete at ESWC 2016 . They finished the group stage with a flawless record . However , as they had experienced numerously already throughout the season , they fell short in the first round , losing 0 - 3 against a strong Splyce roster , placing 5th - 8th . At MLG Anaheim Open 2016 , FaZe exited pool play with a disappointing 1 - 2 record , sending them to the losers bracket , where they began an almost legendary losers bracket run . First defeating Echo Fox3 - 1 , then pulling off the reverse sweep against two of the best European teams at the time , Splyce and Team Infused . The outlook was positive for FaZe , but they lost 3 - 1 to Rise for a 4th place finish . FaZe completed Stage 2 with a 13 - 9 record , securing the third seed to face Dream Team at the Stage 2 Playoffs . However , FaZe yet again lost to Dream Team in Game 7 , for another 5th - 8th finish . At MLG Orlando Open 2016 FaZe finished pool play with another flawless 3 - 0 record . However , they were beaten into the losers bracket again , where they progressed until facing the in form Team EnVyUs , taking yet another 4th place finish . 2016 CWL Championship ( edit ) The FaZe Clan qualified for the 2016 Call of Duty World League Championship - the biggest tournament ever played at that time . FaZe performed excellently in pool play , not dropping a single map going into the winners bracket .", "16": "Their performances continued in bracket play , defeating Team Infused 3 - 0 in the first round . The team had high expectations going into Day 3 , however they were sent into the losers bracket , again by eventual winners Team EnVyUs . FaZe came up against Millenium , and won the series 3 - 1 , to set up a match against Splyce once more . The match went to an intense Game 5 Search and Destroy , which FaZe lost 6 - 2 . FaZe finished the championship event in 7th - 8th , netting them $50,000 in prize money . Infinite Warfare ( edit ) FaZe started the season well , winning the PlayStation Experience Invitational . At the first major event of the year , CWL Las Vegas 2017 , the team beat OpTic and Splyce 3 - 1 , to reach the semi-final against Rise Nation . FaZe lost the match 3 - 1 , placing them in losers bracket . They defeated Allegiance 3 - 1 , before ultimately falling 3 - 2 to Cloud9 in a close match , placing FaZe 3rd at the event . At CWL Atlanta , FaZe only managed to get a 5 - 6th finish . The team fared better at CWL Paris 2017 , reaching the final . The match got off to a false start , with technical issues forcing a stop to the first Hardpoint , while FaZe were up 42 - 13 . However after the restart , OpTic won the match with a convincing 3 - 0 scoreline , consigning FaZe to 2nd place . A month later , FaZe attended CWL Dallas 2017 , labelled as favourites to win . They performed to this expectation , facing off against OpTic Gaming in the Winners Final . But OpTic defeated FaZe with a 3 - 0 blowout . FaZe once again met eUnited , this time in the Loser 's Final , where they lost 3 - 1 to take home 3rd place . The end of CWL Dallas marked the beginning of the Global Pro League . In Stage 1 , FaZe were placed into Group Blue , alongside Fnatic , Rise Nation , and Evil Geniuses .", "17": "Following a close series against Rise Nation , FaZe barely managed to qualify for Stage 1 Playoffs . Their first matchup was OpTic Gaming . FaZe managed to upset the OpTic , winning the series 3 - 1 . FaZe continued their way through the bracket , however would place 3rd in Playoffs , losing to Splyce 3 - 1 in the Winners bracket and Luminosity 3 - 1 in the Losers bracket . Roster ( edit ) Active Squad ( edit ) ID Name Primary Role hide Join date ZooMaa Thomas Paparatto Flex 2015 - 04 Attach Dillon Price SMG Slayer 2015 - 06 - 16 Replays James Crowder OBJ 2017 - 11 - 02 Priestahh Preston Greiner AR Slayer 2017 - 11 - 02 Former Players ( edit ) ID Name Join date Leave date show New team Gunless Peirce Hillman 2017 - 06 - 23 2017 - 10 - 25 Echo Fox Enable Ian Wyatt 2015 - 04 2017 - 09 - 21 Evil Geniuses Clayster James Eubanks 2015 - 06 - 15 2017 - 06 - 23 eUnited Huke Cuyler Garland 2015 - 04 2015 - 06 - 15 Denial Esports SlasheR Austin Liddicoat 2015 - 04 2015 - 06 - 15 Denial Esports Parasite Chris Duarte 2015 - 01 - 21 2015 - 02 FaZe Red Enable Ian Wyatt 2015 - 01 - 21", "18": "2015 - 02 FaZe Red SlasheR Austin Liddicoat 2014 - 11 - 17 2015 - 02 FaZe Red ACHES Patrick Price 2014 - 11 - 14 2015 - 02 FaZe Red Apathy Bryan Zhelyazkov 2014 - 07 2015 - 01 - 21 Team JusTus Censor Doug Martin 2014 - 07 2015 - 01 - 21 Team JusTus Karma Damon Barlow 2014 - 09 - 05 2014 - 10 - 30 OpTic Nation Parasite Chris Duarte 2014 - 06 - 23 2014 - 10 - 26 Team JusTus Dedo Kenneth Dedo 2014 - 06 - 23 2014 - 09 - 05 Evil Geniuses ProoFy Jordan Cannon 2014 - 01 2014 - 04 - 05 FaZe Black JKap Jordan Kaplan 2013 - 12 2014 - 04 - 05 FaZe Red Replays Chris Crowder 2013 - 05 2014 - 04 - 05 FaZe Red Classic Nick DiCostanzo 2011 - 05 2014 - 04 - 05 Methodz Anthony Zinni 2013 - 12 2014 - 01 Curse Youth SpaceLy Michael Schmale 2013 - 08 2013 - 11 JuKeD Huhdle Joshua Piha 2013 -", "19": "08 2013 - 11 Fearless Under Fire Slacked Josiah Berry 2013 - 08 2013 - 10 SoaR Gaming Methodz Anthony Zinni 2013 - 06 2013 - 07 SoaR Gaming MBoZe Marcus Blanks 2013 - 06 2013 - 07 UNiTE Gaming Heist Garrett Mercure 2013 - 03 2013 - 07 SoaR Gaming Sham 2013 - 03 2013 - 03 Quatro Secretly 2013 - 03 2013 - 03 Folsom Freddy Gerard 2013 - 03 2013 - 03 Quatro NAMELESS Anthony Wheeler 2012 - 10 2012 - 10 Quantic Gaming LyaR Ray Loftus 2012 - 10 2012 - 10 Quantic Gaming Dedo Kenneth Dedo 2012 - 10 2012 - 10 IcoNs Black Parasite Chris Duarte 2012 - 10 2012 - 10 RoughNeX NAMELESS Anthony Wheeler 2012 - 10 2012 - 10 Quantic Gaming Proshot 2012 - 04 2012 SNOWHARE James Wagner 2012 - 03 2012 JuKeD Solo Michael Lim 2012 - 03 2012 Twisted Method Ricky Richard Stacy 2012 - 03 2012 - 04", "20": "apeX eSports NA Results ( edit ) Game Date Placement Tournament show Prize 2018 WWII 2018 - 04 - 22 9 - 12th 2018 CWL Seattle Open $0 WWII 2018 - 04 - 08 1st 2018 CWL Pro League Stage 1 $212,500 WWII 2018 - 04 - 01 9 - 12th 2018 CWL Birmingham Open $0 WWII 2018 - 03 - 19 2nd MLG GameBattles Pro League Challenge 2018 - 03 - 18 $500 WWII 2018 - 03 - 11 9 - 12th 2018 CWL Atlanta Open $0 WWII 2018 - 03 - 04 1st 2018 Canadian Championship Series Showmatch $0 WWII 2018 - 02 - 12 1st MLG GameBattles Pro League Challenge 2018 - 02 - 11 $1,500 WWII 2018 - 02 - 02 2nd UMG Online Prime $2000 4v4 S&D 2018 - 02 - 02 $400 WWII 2018 - 01 - 14 7 - 8th 2018 CWL New Orleans Open $4,000 WWII 2018 - 01 - 08 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2018 - 01 - 07 $0 WWII 2018 - 01 - 01 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 12 - 30 $0 2017 WWII 2017 - 12 - 17 3rd 2018 CWL Northern Arena Showdown $5,000 WWII 2017 - 12 - 10 4th 2018 CWL Dallas Open $16,", "21": "000 WWII 2017 - 12 - 04 17 - 32nd MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 12 - 03 $0 WWII 2017 - 12 - 01 5 - 8th UMG Online Prime $2000 4v4 Variant 2017 - 12 - 01 $0 WWII 2017 - 11 - 27 17 - 32nd MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 11 - 26 $0 WWII 2017 - 11 - 20 17 - 32nd MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 11 - 19 $0 WWII 2017 - 11 - 12 17 - 32nd MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 11 - 12 $0 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 08 - 13 5 - 6th 2017 Call of Duty World League Championship $55,000 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 07 - 30 5 - 6th 2017 CWL Global Pro League Stage 2 $32,500 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 06 - 25 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 06 - 25 $0 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 06 - 18 13 - 16th 2017 CWL Anaheim Open $0 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 05 - 28 3rd 2017 CWL Global Pro League Stage 1 $92,500 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 04 - 09 1st MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 04 - 09 $2,", "22": "000 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 03 - 26 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 03 - 26 $0 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 03 - 19 3rd 2017 CWL Dallas Open $32,000 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 03 - 05 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 03 - 05 $0 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 02 - 26 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 02 - 26 $0 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 02 - 19 2nd 2017 CWL Paris Open $24,000 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 02 - 12 5 - 6th 2017 CWL Atlanta Open $8,000 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 02 - 04 2nd MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 02 - 04 $1,000 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 01 - 29 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 01 - 29 $0 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 01 - 22 2nd MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 01 - 22 $0 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 01 - 15 2nd MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 01 - 15 $0 Infinite Warfare 2017 - 01 - 08 1st MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2017 - 01 - 08 $0 2016 Infinite Warfare 2016 - 12 - 18 3rd 2017 CWL Las Vegas Open $16,", "23": "000 Infinite Warfare 2016 - 12 - 11 17 - 32nd MLG GameBattles 2K Series NA 2016 - 12 - 11 $0 Infinite Warfare 2016 - 12 - 04 1st PlayStation Experience Invitational $8,000 Black Ops III 2016 - 09 - 04 7 - 8th 2016 Call of Duty World League Championship $50,000 Black Ops III 2016 - 08 - 07 4th MLG Orlando Open 2016 $8,000 Black Ops III 2016 - 07 - 17 5 - 8th 2016 NA CWL Stage 2 Playoffs $16,000 Black Ops III 2016 - 07 - 10 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 500 Series NA 2016 - 07 - 10 $0 Black Ops III 2016 - 07 - 07 3rd 2016 NA CWL Stage 2 Regular Season $0 Black Ops III 2016 - 06 - 12 4th MLG Anaheim Open 2016 $8,000 Black Ops III 2016 - 05 - 08 7 - 8th ESWC 2016 $2,500 Black Ops III 2016 - 04 - 03 3 - 4th 2016 NA CWL Stage 1 Playoffs $24,000 Black Ops III 2016 - 03 - 23 3rd 2016 NA CWL Stage 1 Regular Season $0 Black Ops III 2016 - 03 - 13 5 - 8th 2016 NA CWL Challenge Division ESL Event # 2 $1,250 Black Ops III 2016 - 03 - 06 1st 2016 NA CWL Challenge Division ESL Event # 1 $10,000 Black Ops III 2016 - 02 - 28 3rd UMG CWL $25 K Challenge Variant # 2 $2,", "24": "500 Black Ops III 2016 - 02 - 21 3rd UMG CWL $25 K Challenge Variant # 1 $2,500 Black Ops III 2016 - 02 - 14 5 - 8th UMG South Carolina 2016 Champion Tournament $3,500 2015 Black Ops III 2015 - 12 - 06 Q 2016 NA CWL Stage 1 Qualifying Invitational Tournament $0 Black Ops III 2015 - 11 - 14 5 - 8th Totino 's Invitational $4,000 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 10 - 18 5 - 6th MLG World Finals 2015 $10,000 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 10 - 11 2nd MLG GameBattles 10K Series 2015 - 10 - 11 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 10 - 04 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 10 - 04 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 09 - 20 1st MLG Pro League AW Season 3 Playoffs $40,", "25": "000 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 09 - 14 3rd MLG Pro League AW Season 3 Regular Season $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 09 - 13 2nd MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 09 - 13 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 09 - 06 7 - 8th UMG Washington DC 2015 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 08 - 30 9 - 16th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 08 - 30 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 08 - 29 1st UMG Online 5K Series 2015 - 08 - 29 $800 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 08 - 16 2nd MLG GameBattles 10K Series 2015 - 08 - 16 $980 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 08 - 09 9 - 16th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 08 - 09 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 08 - 02 1st Gfinity Summer Championship $50,000 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 07 - 25 2nd UMG Online 2K Series 2015 - 07 - 25 $338 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 07 - 19 1st MLG GameBattles 10K Series 2015 - 07 - 19 $3,370 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 07 - 12 1st UMG Dallas 2015 $20,000 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 07 - 05 1st MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 07 - 05 $2,940 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 06 - 21 1st MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 06 - 21 $1,", "26": "520 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 06 - 07 2nd MLG Pro League AW Season 2 Playoffs $15,000 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 05 - 31 2nd MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 05 - 31 $1,035 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 05 - 23 2nd UMG Online 2K Series 2015 - 05 - 23 $370 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 05 - 17 2nd UMG California 2015 $10,000 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 05 - 10 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 05 - 10 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 05 - 03 2nd MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 05 - 03 $940 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 05 - 02 2nd UMG Online 5K Series 2015 - 05 - 02 $1,050 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 04 - 26 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 04 - 26 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 04 - 19 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 10K Series NA 2015 - 04 - 19 $930 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 04 - 12 2nd MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 04 - 12 $980 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 02 - 22 4th MLG Pro League AW Season 1 Playoffs $6,000 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 02 - 06 4th MLG Pro League AW Season 1 Regular Season $8,", "27": "000 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 01 - 17 3 - 4th UMG Online 2K Series 2015 - 01 - 17 $315 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 01 - 11 1st MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 01 - 11 $2,490 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 01 - 04 13 - 16th UMG Orlando 2015 $0 2014 Advanced Warfare 2014 - 12 - 21 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2014 - 12 - 21 $0 Advanced Warfare 2014 - 12 - 20 3 - 4th UMG Online 2K Series 2014 - 12 - 20 $300 Advanced Warfare 2014 - 12 - 14 9 - 16th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2014 - 12 - 14 $0 Advanced Warfare 2014 - 12 - 13 3 - 4th UMG Online 2K Series 2014 - 12 - 13 $305 Advanced Warfare 2014 - 12 - 07 9 - 16th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2014 - 12 - 07 $0 Advanced Warfare 2014 - 12 - 06 3 - 4th UMG Online 2K Series 2014 - 12 - 06 $375 Advanced Warfare 2014 - 11 - 30 1st MLG Columbus Open 2014 $10,", "28": "000 Advanced Warfare 2014 - 11 - 23 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 10K Series 2014 - 11 - 23 $530 Advanced Warfare 2014 - 11 - 22 2nd UMG Online 2K Series 2014 - 11 - 22 $960 Advanced Warfare 2014 - 11 - 16 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2014 - 11 - 16 $400 Advanced Warfare 2014 - 11 - 09 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2014 - 11 - 09 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 10 - 26 7 - 8th MLG CoD League Season 3 Playoffs $3,000 Ghosts 2014 - 10 - 12 1st UMG Nashville 2014 $15,000 Ghosts 2014 - 10 - 08 5th MLG CoD League Season 3 Regular Season $0 Ghosts 2014 - 08 - 24 9 - 12th UMG Dallas 2014 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 08 - 03 3rd Gfinity 3 $5,000 Ghosts 2014 - 07 - 27 3rd AEL Dallas $1,000 Ghosts 2014 - 07 - 06 1st MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2014 - 07 - 06 $1,260 Ghosts 2014 - 04 - 13 5 - 6th MLG CoD League Season 1 Playoffs $0 Ghosts 2014 - 03 - 30 6th Call of Duty Championship 2014 $50,000 Ghosts 2014 - 03 - 26 1st MLG CoD League Season 1 Regular Season $0 Ghosts 2014 - 03", "29": "- 23 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2014 - 03 - 23 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 03 - 16 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2014 - 03 - 16 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 03 - 09 4th Call of Duty Championship 2014 : US Regional Final $0 Ghosts 2014 - 03 - 02 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2014 - 03 - 02 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 02 - 23 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2014 - 02 - 23 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 02 - 16 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2014 - 02 - 16 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 02 - 09 2nd MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2014 - 02 - 09 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 02 - 07 7th Call of Duty Winter Invitational $0 Ghosts 2014 - 02 - 01 Q Call of Duty Championship 2014 : US Online Qualifier 1 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 01 - 19 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2014 - 01 - 19 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 01 - 05 7 - 8th UMG Philadelphia 2014 $0 2013 Ghosts 2013 - 12 - 29", "30": "5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2013 - 12 - 29 $0 Ghosts 2013 - 12 - 22 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2013 - 12 - 22 $0 Ghosts 2013 - 12 - 08 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2013 - 12 - 08 $0 Ghosts 2013 - 11 - 24 17 - 24th MLG Fall Championship 2013 $0 Ghosts 2013 - 11 - 10 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2013 - 11 - 10 $0 Black Ops II 2013 - 10 - 19 4th MLG Fall Invitational 2013 $0 Black Ops II 2013 - 10 - 27 9 - 15th MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2013 - 10 - 27 $0 Black Ops II 2013 - 10 - 06 9th MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2013 - 10 - 06 $0 Black Ops II 2013 - 09 - 14 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2013 - 09 - 14 $0 Black Ops II 2013 - 09 - 02 3 - 4th MLG PAX Prime Invitational 2013 $1,", "31": "250 Black Ops II 2013 - 08 - 25 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2013 - 08 - 25 $0 Black Ops II 2013 - 08 - 11 13 - 16th UMG Atlanta 2013 $0 Black Ops II 2013 - 08 - 04 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2013 - 08 - 04 $0 Black Ops II 2013 - 06 - 30 5 - 6th MLG Spring Championship 2013 $2,300 Black Ops II 2013 - 05 - 22 5 - 8th MLG Spring Championship 2013 Qualifier 3 $0 Black Ops II 2013 - 03 - 17 13 - 16th MLG Winter Championship 2013 $0 Black Ops II 2013 - 03 - 08 17 - 24th MLG Winter Championship 2013 Online Qualifier $0 2012 Modern Warfare 3 2012 - 10 - 29 2nd 360icons MW3 Farewell $400 Modern Warfare 3 2012 - 04 - 29 4th UMG Classic $0 Modern Warfare 3 2012 - 03 - 18 1st Iowa Pro Gaming Challenge 2012 $0 FaZe Black ( edit ) History ( edit ) Ghosts ( edit ) FaZe Black was initially formed after the Call of Duty Championship 2014 after ProoFy was given his own team after leaving the main FaZe roster . ProoFy was to be the captain of the team and he picked up Saints , FormaL and Censor to make up the remainder of the team . They were called a ' God Squad ' and were predicted to be a team that would be able to take down compLexity . However , after MBoZe left the OpTic Gaming team , ProoFy left FaZe Black to join OpTic Gaming .", "32": "As a result , Censor became captain of the team and picked up Dedo , who had teamed with Censor and Saints under Strictly Business . The team 's first event was UGC Niagara 2014 where they finished in 5th place , taking home $1,000 . Sadly , Saints was n't able to make it to the event , using Saint as a substitute . Going into one of the biggest events of the year , MLG X Games Invitational 2014 , the team failed to accumulate enough pro points and they were not one of the eight teams to attend the event . After finishing Season 2 of the MLG Pro League in 4th place , they earned themselves the # 4 going into MLG Anaheim 2014 . At the event , they took advanced to play in the Winner 's Bracket semi-final . They lost the match 3 - 0 and fell to the Loser 's Bracket . There , they were eliminated from the tournament after falling to a 3 - 2 loss . Following the event , the FaZe Black became the only roster for the FaZe Clan organization after the entire FaZe Red roster was dropped . Advanced Warfare ( edit ) With the 2015 Call of Duty Championship around the corner , FaZe Clan decided it was time once again to split into two teams . The new FaZe Black roster would feature Censor , Apathy , ProoFy , and StuDyy . They would easily pass through the online qualifiers to find themselves at the Call of Duty Championship NA Regional Finals 2015 , where they would place 7 - 8th after forfeiting their final match . FaZe Black would start off with a strong performance at the Call of Duty Championship 2015 finishing 3 - 0 in Group G , but they would end up under - performing in Winner 's bracket losing 2 - 3 and 2 - 3 in Loser 's Bracket , finishing with a disappointing 13 - 16th placement . FaZe Black would disband again , leaving only FaZe Red for the second time Roster ( edit ) Former Players ( edit ) ID Name Join date Leave date show New team ProoFy Jordan Cannon 2015 - 02 - 01 2015 - 04 - ? ?", "33": "Team EnVyUs StuDyy Jeremy Astacio 2015 - 02 - 01 2015 - 03 - 30 Team JusTus Apathy Bryan Zhelyazkov 2015 - 02 - 01 2015 - 03 - 30 Prophecy NA Censor Douglas Martin 2015 - 02 - 01 2015 - 03 - 30 Prophecy NA Dedo Kenneth Dedo 2014 - 04 - 15 2014 - 06 - ? ? FaZe Clan Saints Renato Forza 2014 - 04 - 05 2014 - 06 - ? ? Denial Esports FormaL Matthew Piper 2014 - 04 - 05 2014 - 06 - ? ? Team EnVyUs Censor Douglas Martin 2014 - 04 - 05 2014 - 06 - ? ?", "34": "FaZe Clan ProoFy Jordan Cannon 2014 - 04 - 05 2014 - 04 - 15 OpTic Gaming Results ( edit ) Game Date Placement Tournament show Prize 2015 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 05 - 24 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 05 - 24 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 03 - 29 13 - 16th Call of Duty Championship 2015 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 03 - 08 7 - 8th Call of Duty Championship 2015 North America Regional Final $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 03 - 01 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 03 - 01 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 02 - 28 2nd UMG Online 2K Series 2015 - 02 - 28 $400 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 02 - 15 2nd MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 02 - 15 $1,035 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 02 - 12 5 - 6th MLG Pro League AW Season 2 Relegation Pro Qualifier $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 02 - 10 3rd MLG Pro League AW Season 2 Relegation Open Qualifier $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 02 - 07 9 - 16th Call of Duty Championship 2015 United States Qualifier 1 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 01 - 18 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 01 - 18 $0 2014 Ghosts 2014 - 06 - 22 5 - 8th MLG Anaheim 2014 International Playoffs $4,", "35": "000 Ghosts 2014 - 06 - 15 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2014 - 06 - 15 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 06 - 14 4rd MLG CoD League Season 2 Regular Season $0 Ghosts 2014 - 06 - 01 1st MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2014 - 06 - 01 $1,780 Ghosts 2014 - 05 - 11 5 - 8th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2014 - 05 - 11 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 05 - 04 5th UGC Niagara 2014 $1,000 Ghosts 2014 - 04 - 20 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2014 - 04 - 20 $0 FaZe France ( edit ) Roster ( edit ) Former Players ( edit ) ID Name Join date Leave date show New team ZylewR Julien Louis 2015 2015 Supremacy Malls Eddy Maillard 2015 2015 Supremacy Vortex Brandon Gomes 2015 2015 Supremacy Zeroo Valentin Langlet 2015 2015 Supremacy Results ( edit ) Game Date Placement Tournament show Prize 2015 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 05 - 03 5 - 8th ESWC 2015 $2,000 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 04 - 19 1st Meltdown Paris $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 04 - 05 4th Gamers Assembly 2015 $540.2 FaZe Red ( edit ) History ( edit ) Ghosts ( edit ) On April 5th , 2014 , FaZe Clan announced their acquisition of an additional roster , dividing the two teams into FaZe Red and FaZe Black .", "36": "Replays , Classic , and JKap were transferred from the main roster , and Theory joined them . This roster found mediocre results , placing 9 - 12th at UGC Niagara 2014 , 5 - 8th at the eight team MLG X Games Invitational 2014 , and 9 - 11th at MLG Anaheim 2014 . FaZe Red had yet to outplace their FaZe Black counter-part at any event they both attended , and the FaZe organization dropped the FaZe Red roster , leaving only their FaZe Black roster . Advanced Warfare ( edit ) The 2015 Call of Duty Championship marked the return of FaZe Red and FaZe Black . ACHES , SlasheR , Parasite , and Enable were transferred over from the main FaZe roster to FaZe Red . This time around , FaZe Red was much more successful , securing 3rd place at the 2015 North America Qualifier and at 2015 Call of Duty Championship . Following these placings , SlasheR and Enable were transferred back to the main roster , while ACHES and Parasite parted ways with the organization . FaZe Red had disbanded for good . Roster ( edit ) Former Players ( edit ) ID Name Join date Leave date show New team ACHES Patrick Price 2015 - 02 - 01 2015 - 04 - 08 Prophecy NA Parasite Chris Duarte 2015 - 02 - 01 2015 - 04 - 07 Team Kaliber SlasheR Austin Liddicoat 2015 - 02 - 01 2015 - 04 - ? ? FaZe Clan Enable Ian Wyatt 2015 - 02 - 01 2015 - 04 - ? ? FaZe Clan Classic Nick DiCostanzo 2014 - 04 - 05 2014 - 07 - ? ? Radius Gaming JKap Jordan Kaplan 2014 - 04 - 05 2014 - 06 - 25 Team EnVyUs Theory Dylan McGee 2014 - 04 - 05 2014 - 06 - ? ?", "37": "Team Kaliber Replays Chris Crowder 2014 - 04 - 05 2014 - 06 - ? ? Denial Esports Results ( edit ) Game Date Placement Tournament show Prize 2015 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 05 - 22 2nd MLG Pro League AW Season 2 Regular Season $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 03 - 29 3rd Call of Duty Championship 2015 $120,000 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 03 - 22 9 - 16th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 03 - 22 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 03 - 21 2nd UMG Online 2K Series 2015 - 03 - 21 $455 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 03 - 15 9 - 16th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 03 - 15 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 03 - 08 3rd Call of Duty Championship 2015 North America Regional Final $1,500 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 03 - 01 9 - 16th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 03 - 01 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 02 - 28 3 - 4th UMG Online 2K Series 2015 - 02 - 28 $200 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 02 - 15 9 - 16th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 02 - 15 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 02 - 07 9 - 16th Call of Duty Championship 2015 United States Qualifier 1 $0 Advanced Warfare 2015 - 01 - 18 2nd MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2015 - 01 - 18 $1,", "38": "155 2014 Ghosts 2014 - 06 - 22 9 - 11th MLG Anaheim 2014 International Playoffs $3,000 Ghosts 2014 - 06 - 14 6th MLG CoD League Season 2 Regular Season $0 Ghosts 2014 - 06 - 08 5 - 8th MLG X Games Invitational 2014 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 05 - 11 3 - 4th MLG GameBattles 5K Series 2014 - 05 - 11 $500 Ghosts 2014 - 05 - 04 9 - 12th UGC Niagara 2014 $0 Ghosts 2014 - 04 - 20 2nd MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2014 - 04 - 20 $720 Ghosts 2014 - 04 - 06 2nd MLG GameBattles 2K Series 2014 - 04 - 06 $400 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive ( edit ) History ( edit ) FaZe Clan comes to CS : GO ( edit ) FaZe Clan first came into the scene with the acquisition of the roster of G2 Esports ( Mikail `` Maikelele '' Bill , Håvard `` rain '' Nygaard , Ricardo `` fox '' Pacheco , Joakim `` jkaem '' Myrbostad , Philip `` aizy '' Aistrup ) . The team 's first tournament under FaZe would be at DreamHack Leipzig 2016 , where they would start in Group A up against Luminosity Gaming in a best - of - one . Their first match of the tournament would go well for the Europeans , with a 16 - 9 victory . The next match for the team would be against Natus Vincere , who were the favorites of Group A . This match - up would not go as well for FaZe , as the team would be completely shut out and would end the match 9 - 16 .", "39": "After losing their previous match , the deciding factor between moving on and going home would lie within a rematch with Luminosity Gaming , this time in a best - of - three - The first map would go poorly for FaZe , bombing out 7 - 16 and 5 - 16 . This would mark a 5 - 6th group stage finish and an earning of $3,000 . A CS legend turned coach ( edit ) On February 9th , 2016 , FaZe Clan added Robert `` RobbaN '' Dahlström as a coach . Formerly , he was widely regard as one of the best in Counter-Strike , where he and his team placed highly in many events . With more experience on FaZe 's side , the first tournament that was to be attended with this new coach would be the Intel Extreme Masters X - World Championship , which gave the team a month of preparation . The first match of Group B would be against E-Frag.net Esports Club , whom they took down 16 - 5 in a best - of - one . The next match for FaZe would be against Tempo Storm . This match - up would prove to be quite a struggle , where the match would be taken into overtime after a 10 - 5 deficit for FaZe . However , the Norwegian duo would help pull in the win for FaZe , ending the match with a score of 19 - 16 . The next match - up would mark the third match of the day for and they would be going against Team EnVyUs , which were in a slump at the time . Despite this , FaZe would be taken down by the opposing French side 12 - 16 , which would be their first loss in the group . The next match would be against Astralis . FaZe would continue their losing spree here as well , being easily taken down by Astralis , ending the battle 5 - 1 . The final match - up of the group would decide whether FaZe Clan or Virtus.pro , who like were also considered to be in a slump at the time , would be going home . The final match would prove to be a close game , with the first half ending 8 - 7 .", "40": "However , FaZe continued to slip and would lose the match 13 - 16 , marking an earning of $7,000 as well as another group stage exit for the team . The MLG Columbus Major ( edit ) Going into the first major of 2016 , MLG Major Championship : Columbus , FaZe would play their first match of Group B against Team Liquid . The match - up would not start well , ending the first half with a 3 - 12 scoreline . Though they would later gain 8 more rounds , they would eventually fall into the lower bracket , being defeated with an 11 - 16 score . In the lower bracket , the Europeans would be going up against Splyce . The match went well for FaZe and they manage to win 16 - 3 on Inferno with aizy top - fragging with an impressive HLTV rating of 1.83 . In the loser final FaZe would be against Fnatic in a best - of - three . The first map was Mirage and Fnatic took the first half ending 10 - 5 and eventaully win 16 - 10 . On the next map , Cobblestone , Fnatic was still dominant and won the first half with 10 - 5 . Faze never got a got a chance to come back and lost the second map 16 - 6 and they were out of the tournament . After the major captain Mikail `` Maikelele '' Bill was replaced by Fabien `` kioShiMa '' Fiey . A French change ( edit ) After Maikelele stepped down FaZe started to search for a replacement and only three days before DreamHack Masters Malmö FaZe acquired the French player Fabien `` kioShiMa '' Fiey from Team EnVyUs . At DreamHack Masters Malmö they would start in Group D with teams Virtus.pro , Tempo Storm , and Team EnVyUs . FaZe would play their first match against Virtus.pro . FaZe lost the first match 16 - 8 on Train and were heading to a match with Team EnVyUs .", "41": "The match was very close on Cache and FaZe managed to win the first half 9 - 6 , but in the second half FaZe started to struggle and Team EnVyUs managed to win the match 12 - 16 , marking an earning of $2,000 as well as another group stage exit for the team . A Bosnian beast joins ( edit ) After aizy 's departure to North , FaZe were able to strengthen their team even more by buying out one of the biggest stars in CS : GO -- Nikola `` NiKo '' Kovač from mousesports . The implementation of the Bosnian star proved to be successful , as FaZe were able to reach the finals of IEM Katowice 2017 and win the StarSeries Season 3 finals . Signing stars ( edit ) Despite having a consistent streak of top placings following StarSeries at IEM Sydney , ECS Season 3 Finals and ESL One : Cologne 2017 , FaZe bombed out of 2017 's 2nd Major , PGL Major Kraków 2017 , in 15th - 16th place without winning a single game . Following the team 's stunning elimination at the Major , the team bought out the contract of Ladislav `` GuardiaN '' Kovács from Natus Vincere to replace Aleksi `` allu '' Jalli as their new AWPer . Also following the major , kioShiMa was replaced by the 2015 world number one , Olof `` olofmeister '' Kajbjer .", "42": "Roster ( edit ) Active Squad ( edit ) Alias Name Role hide Join date rain Håvard Nygaard Rifler ( entry fragger ) 2016 - 01 - 20 karrigan Finn Andersen In - game leader 2016 - 10 - 19 NiKo Nikola Kovač Rifler ( lurker ) / AWPer 2017 - 02 - 09 GuardiaN Ladislav Kovács AWPer 2017 - 08 - 03 Xizt ( Substitute ) Richard Landström Rifler ( support ) 2018 - 04 - 01 RobbaN Robert Dahlström Coach 2016 - 02 - 09 Inactive Players ( edit ) Alias Name Role Join date hide Inactive date olofmeister Olof Kajbjer Gustafsson Rifler ( lurker ) / AWPer 2017 - 08 - 20 2018 - 04 - 01 Former Players ( edit ) ID Name Join date Leave date show New team kioShiMa Fabien Fiey 2016 - 11 - 09 2017 - 08 - 03 Team EnVyUs allu Aleksi Jalli 2016 - 08 - 16 2017 - 08 - 21 OpTic Gaming jkaem Joakim Myrbostad 2016 - 01 - 20 2017 - 03 - 20 Team Dignitas aizy Philip Aistrup 2016 - 01 - 20 2017 - 02 - 08 North Maikelele Mikail Bill 2016 - 01 - 20 2016 - 09 - ? ? qwerty fox Ricardo Pacheco 2016 - 01 - 20 2016 - 08 - 16 Team Dignitas Results ( edit ) Bold denotes a CS : GO Major sponsored by Valve .", "43": "Date Placement Tier Tournament Result show Prize 2018 2018 - 04 - 26 4th Premier ESL Pro League Season 7 - Europe 15 / 11 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Grp . S. ( W / L ) $0 2018 - 04 - 21 5 - 8th Premier DreamHack Masters Marseille 2018 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Astralis $10,000 2018 - 03 - 25 3rd - 4th Major V4 Future Sports Festival - Budapest 2018 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Virtus.pro $61,790.35 2018 - 03 - 04 2nd Premier Intel Extreme Masters Season XII - World Championship 2 : 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Fnatic $102,000 2018 - 02 - 25 4th Premier StarLadder & i - League StarSeries Season 4 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Team Liquid $15,000 2018 - 01 - 28 2nd Premier ELEAGUE Major : Boston 2018 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Cloud9 $150,", "44": "000 2017 2017 - 12 - 17 1st Premier Esports Championship Series Season 4 - Finals 2 : 1 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ mousesports $250,000 2017 - 12 - 10 2nd Premier ESL Pro League Season 6 : Finals 1 : 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ SK Gaming $100,000 2017 - 11 - 25 3rd Major BLAST Pro Series : Copenhagen 2017 2 / 1 / 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Grp . S. ( W / D / L ) $25,000 2017 - 11 - 25 Showm . BLAST Pro Series : Copenhagen 2017 - Pro Standoff 3 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ North $20,000 2017 - 11 - 23 2nd Major Esports Championship Series Season 4 - Europe 13 / 5 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Grp . S. ( W / L ) $0 2017 - 11 - 19 2nd Premier Intel Extreme Masters Season XII - Oakland 2 : 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Ninjas in Pyjamas $54,000 2017 - 11 - 11 3rd Premier ESL Pro League Season 6 - Europe 15 / 11 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Grp . S.", "45": "( W / L ) $0 2017 - 10 - 26 5 - 6th Premier EPICENTER 2017 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Virtus.pro $15,000 2017 - 10 - 23 1st - 2nd Qualifier EPICENTER 2017 - Wildcard 2 : 0 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ TyLoo $0 2017 - 10 - 13 1st Premier ELEAGUE CS : GO Premier 2017 2 : 0 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Astralis $500,000 2017 - 10 - 08 1st Qualifier EPICENTER 2017 - Europe Closed Qualifier 2 : 0 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Ninjas in Pyjamas $0 2017 - 09 - 17 1st Premier ESL One : New York 2017 2 : 0 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Team Liquid $125,000 2017 - 09 - 01 9 - 12th Premier DreamHack Masters Malmö 2017 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Gambit Esports $2,000 2017 - 07 - 18 15 - 16th Premier PGL Major Kraków 2017 10 - 16 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ FlipSid3 Tactics $8,", "46": "750 2017 - 07 - 08 3rd - 4th Premier ESL One : Cologne 2017 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ SK Gaming $20,000 2017 - 06 - 25 2nd Premier Esports Championship Series Season 3 - Finals 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ SK Gaming $120,000 2017 - 06 - 08 1st Major Esports Championship Series Season 3 - Europe 14 / 4 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Grp . S. ( W / L ) $0 2017 - 05 - 11 7th Premier ESL Pro League Season 5 - Europe 14 / 12 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Grp . S. ( W / L ) $27,000 2017 - 05 - 07 2nd Premier Intel Extreme Masters Season XII - Sydney 1 : 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ SK Gaming $40,000 2017 - 04 - 09 1st Premier StarLadder i - League StarSeries Season 3 2 : 1 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Astralis $125,000 2017 - 03 - 05 2nd Premier Intel Extreme Masters Season XI World Championship 1 : 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Astralis $44,", "47": "000 2017 - 02 - 17 9 - 12th Premier DreamHack Masters Las Vegas 2017 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Natus Vincere $5,000 2017 - 01 - 28 5 - 8th Premier ELEAGUE Major : Atlanta 2017 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ SK Gaming $35,000 2017 - 01 - 09 1st - 4th Qualifier DreamHack Masters Las Vegas 2017 - European Qualifier 2 : 1 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ FlipSid3 Tactics $0 2016 2016 - 12 - 17 1st - 2nd Qualifier ELEAGUE Major : Atlanta 2017 - Offline Qualifier 16 - 11 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Immortals $0 2016 - 12 - 10 5 - 6th Premier Esports Championship Series Season 2 - Finals 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ OpTic Gaming $45,000 2016 - 12 - 02 3rd - 4th Premier ELEAGUE Season 2 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ OpTic Gaming $60,000 2016 - 11 - 27 3rd Major Esports Championship Series Season 2 - Europe 11 / 7 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Grp . S.", "48": "( W / L ) $0 2016 - 11 - 20 3rd - 4th Premier Intel Extreme Masters Season XI Oakland 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Ninjas in Pyjamas $30,000 2016 - 11 - 13 3rd - 4th Major iBUYPOWER Masters 2016 2 : 1 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Renegades $12,500 2016 - 10 - 28 7 - 8th Premier ESL Pro League Season 4 : Finals 2 / 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Grp . S. ( W / L ) $30,000 2016 - 10 - 13 4th Premier ESL Pro League Season 4 - Europe 18 / 8 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Grp . S. ( W / L ) $0 2016 - 10 - 12 5 - 8th Major World Cyber Arena 2016 - European Qualifier 2 : 0 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Gambit Esports $1,306.45 2016 - 09 - 20 3rd - 4th Minor EPICENTER 2016 - Europe Closed Qualifier 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ GODSENT $0 2016 - 09 - 17 5 - 6th Premier DreamHack Open Bucharest 2016 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Team Dignitas $3,", "49": "000 2016 - 09 - 09 9 - 12th Premier StarLadder i - League StarSeries Season 2 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ FlipSid3 Tactics $4,500 2016 - 09 - 08 1st - 4th Qualifier ELEAGUE Season 2 - Europe Preliminary Rounds 2 : 0 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ HellRaisers $0 2016 - 09 - 04 2nd Qualifier ESL One : New York 2016 - Europe Qualifier 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Astralis $0 2016 - 08 - 17 5 - 8th Qualifier StarLadder i - League StarSeries Season 2 - Europe Qualifier 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Team X $0 2016 - 07 - 15 9 - 10th Premier ELEAGUE Season 1 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ mousesports $40,000 2016 - 07 - 07 9 - 12th Premier ESL One : Cologne 2016 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Fnatic $8,", "50": "750 2016 - 06 - 11 1st - 2nd Qualifier ESL One : Cologne 2016 - Offline Qualifier 16 - 11 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Gambit Esports $0 2016 - 05 - 26 6th Major Esports Championship Series Season 1 - Europe 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Ninjas in Pyjamas $20,000 2016 - 04 - 26 7th Premier ESL Pro League Season 3 - Europe 10 / 12 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Grp . S. ( W / L ) $20,000 2016 - 04 - 13 13 - 16th Premier DreamHack Masters Malmö 2016 12 - 16 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Team EnVyUs $2,000 2016 - 03 - 31 9 - 12th Premier MLG Major Championship : Columbus 2016 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Fnatic $8,750 2016 - 03 - 03 7 - 8th Premier Intel Extreme Masters Season X World Championship 2 / - / 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Grp . S.", "51": "( W / D / L ) $7,000 2016 - 01 - 23 5 - 6th Premier DreamHack Open Leipzig 2016 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Luminosity Gaming $3,000 2016 - 01 - 21 9 - 12th Qualifier Global eSports Cup - Season 1 - EU Group Stage # 2 FF : W ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ALTERNATE aTTaX $0 FIFA ( edit ) History ( edit ) FaZe Clan enters FIFA ( edit ) On January 24th 2018 , FaZe Clan makes their way into FIFA after their signing the former Team Dignitas and Hashtag United F.C player Tass . His first tournament under the organization was the FIFA eWorld Cup in Barcelona , from January 26th 2018 . Roster ( edit ) Active Squad ( edit ) ID Name hide Join date Tass Tassal Rushan 2018 - 01 - 25 Fortnite Battle Royale ( edit ) History ( edit ) On the March 3rd , 2018 , FaZe announced the roster of their Fortnite Battle Royale team . Roster ( edit ) Active Squad ( edit ) ID Name hide Join date SpaceLyon Thang Phan 2018 - 03 - 03 72hrs Thomas Mulligan 2018 - 03 - 03 Cloak Dennis Lepore 2018 - 03 - 03 Jaomock Brendan O'Brien 2018 - 03 - 03 Overwatch ( edit ) History ( edit ) FaZe Clan acquired an Overwatch roster on June 23th , 2016 . After 1 year of acquiring the team , the organisation disbanded their team . The last remaining active member , FCTFCTN , left the roster on February 16th , 2018 marking the end of the FaZe Overwatch roster . No official announcements have been made about the situation but the community believes that the lack of events in the game was what made FaZe leave the Overwatch scene .", "52": "Roster ( edit ) Former Players ( edit ) ID Name Join date Leave date show New team FCTFCTN Russell Campbell 2016 - 08 - 20 2018 - 02 - 16 Houston Outlaws NamedHwi ( coach ) Se - Hwi Go 2017 - 11 - 04 Philadelphia Fusion ( coach ) ShaDowBurn George Gushcha 2016 - 08 - 20 2017 - 11 - 03 Philadelphia Fusion Joemeister Joe Gramano 2017 - 05 - ? ? 2017 - 11 - 03 Philadelphia Fusion Carpe Lee Jae - Hyeok 2017 - 08 - 15 2017 - 11 - 03 Philadelphia Fusion SPREE Alexandre Vanhomwegen 2017 - 05 - ? ? 2017 - 10 - 31 Houston Outlaws Rawkus Shane Flaherty 2016 - 08 - 20 2017 - 10 - 31 Houston Outlaws Forsak3n Viktors Bernevs 2016 - 08 - 20 2018 - 02 - 01 Bazooka Puppiez Lui Lui Olivares 2017 - 05 - ? ? 2017 - ? ? - ? ? OWL Midseason Pickups iuKeEe ( coach ) Luke Dainton 2017 - ? ? - ? ?", "53": "zombs Jared Gitlin 2016 - 08 - 20 2017 - 08 - 17 Simplicity TwoEasy Eric van Hoorn 2016 - 08 - 20 2017 - 02 - 04 Bench Boys ClampOK Sabian Hayblum 2016 - 06 - 23 2017 - 04 - 03 Wonderfuls Kevin Nguyen 2016 - 06 - 23 2017 - 04 - 03 Grizzlys Esports Mendokusaii Lucas Hakansson 2016 - 06 - 23 2016 - ? ? - ? ? Cloud9 Veineless Marcel Lehmann 2016 - 06 - 23 2016 - 07 - 22 Ninjas With Attitude evokje Elvinas Padegimas 2016 - 06 - 23 2016 - 07 - 22 Ninjas With Attitude fRod Daniel Montaner 2016 - 06 - 23 2016 - 07 - 22 Results ( edit ) Date Placement Tier Tournament Result show Prize 2017 2017 - 10 - 08 2nd Major Overwatch Contenders 2017 Season 1 : North America 0 : 4 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Team EnVyUs $15,000 2017 - 07 - 02 5 - 6th Major Overwatch Contenders 2017 Season Zero : North America 3 : 0 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Luminosity Gaming Evil $2,", "54": "500 2017 - 06 - 03 1st Qualifier Overwatch Contenders 2017 Season Zero : North America Open Qualifier 1 2 : 0 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Luminosity Gaming Evil $0 2017 - 05 - 06 5 - 8th Minor CyberPowerPC 2017 Extreme Gaming Series Spring Invitational 1 : 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Rise Nation $0 2017 - 04 - 12 5 - 6th Major Overwatch PIT Championship - North America Season 1 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Counter Logic Gaming $0 2017 - 03 - 23 5 - 8th Minor Agents Duel $0 2017 - 03 - 23 9 - 16th Minor Agents Duel $0 2017 - 03 - 19 5 - 6th Monthly Alienware Monthly Melee : March 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Luminosity Gaming Evil $0 2017 - 02 - 26 5 - 6th Monthly Alienware Monthly Melee : February 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Hammers Esports $0 2017 - 01 - 22 5 - 6th Monthly Alienware Monthly Melee : January 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Spicy Boys $0 2017 - 01 - 13 7th Major Overwatch Winter Premiere 2 / - / 5 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Grp . S. ( W / D / L ) $3,", "55": "000 2016 2016 - 12 - 18 2nd Major Major League Gaming Vegas 2016 0 : 4 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Team EnVyUs $20,000 2016 - 12 - 11 5 - 8th Qualifier Overwatch Winter Premiere Qualifier # 2 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ compLexity Gaming $0 2016 - 12 - 10 3rd Qualifier Overwatch Winter Premiere Qualifier # 1 2 : 0 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ compLexity Gaming $0 2016 - 12 - 02 4th Monthly Alienware Monthly Melee : December 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ compLexity Gaming $0 2016 - 11 - 19 5 - 8th Monthly Carbon Masters November 2016 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Cloud9 $0 2016 - 11 - 18 2nd Monthly Alienware Monthly Melee : Europe November 0 : 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Ninjas in Pyjamas $2,000 2016 - 11 - 13 2nd Minor Route 66 Cup 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Cloud9 $1,", "56": "500 2016 - 10 - 23 5 - 8th Monthly Carbon Masters October 2016 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ H2K $0 2016 - 10 - 21 1st Monthly Alienware Monthly Melee : October # 2 3 : 1 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Cloud9 $3,000 2016 - 10 - 15 3rd - 4th Qualifier Masters Gaming Arena 2016 : Americas Regional 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Team Liquid $0 2016 - 10 - 13 3rd Qualifier DreamHack Winter 2016 : North American Qualifier 2 : 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ compLexity Gaming $0 2016 - 10 - 07 4th Monthly Alienware Monthly Melee : October 1 : 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ compLexity Gaming $0 2016 - 10 - 05 1 - 8th Qualifier Masters Gaming Arena 2016 : Americas Open Qualifier 2 : 0 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ TheProfessionals $0 2016 - 09 - 29 5 - 8th Premier Overwatch Open 2 : 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Rogue $18,", "57": "000 2016 - 09 - 13 2nd Weekly King of the Hill # 6 - : W ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Cloud9 $0 2016 - 09 - 11 4th Weekly GosuGamers Overwatch Weekly NA # 19 0 : 1 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Tempo Storm $0 2016 - 09 - 10 2nd Weekly GosuGamers Overwatch Weekly EU # 19 0 : 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Ninjas in Pyjamas $334 2016 - 09 - 06 1st Weekly King of the Hill # 5 3 : 1 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Tempo Storm $1,000 2016 - 09 - 03 3rd Weekly GosuGamers Overwatch Weekly EU # 18 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Rogue $100 2016 - 09 - 01 2nd Monthôy Alienware Monthly Melee : August 2 : 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Cloud9 $2,000 2016 - 08 - 30 1st Weekly King of the Hill # 4 3 : 0 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ TeamOFsnow $1,", "58": "000 2016 - 08 - 28 1 - 4th Qualifier Overwatch Open : Europe Regional 2 : 1 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Rogue $0 2016 - 08 - 23 1st Weekly King of the Hill # 3 3 : 1 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ compLexity Gaming $1,000 2016 - 07 - 21 17 - 32nd Qualifier 2016 ESL Overwatch Atlantic Showdown - Gamescom NA Qualifier # 3 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Ohno $0 2016 - 07 - 06 9 - 16th Qualifier 2016 ESL Overwatch Atlantic Showdown - Gamescom NA Qualifier # 1 2 : 3 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Selfless Gaming $0 2016 - 06 - 25 7 - 8th Major OG Invitational 0 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Northern Gaming Red $0 PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds ( edit ) History ( edit ) The announcement of FaZe buying Gorilla Core 's PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds ( PUBG ) team was made on November 11th , 2017 .", "59": "Roster ( edit ) Active Squad ( edit ) ID Name hide Join Date Haxete Adrian Blom 2017 - 11 - 10 mxey Anssi Pekkonen 2017 - 11 - 10 Jembty Jere Kauppinen 2017 - 11 - 10 Fuzzface David Tillberg Persson 2017 - 11 - 10 Zephyr ( Coach ) Ramon Perez 2017 - 11 - 10 Former Players ( edit ) ID Name Join Date Leave date show New team MeToR Maximilian Lion 2017 - 11 - 10 2018 - 01 - 25 Alliance Results ( edit ) Squads ( edit ) Date Placement Tier Tournament show Prize 2018 2018 - 04 - 22 5th Major Global Loot League Season 1 $3,000 2018 - 04 - 16 5th Weekly PUBGOnline Season 1 EU Split 2 Showdown Series Week 3 $0 2018 - 04 - 09 10th Weekly PUBGOnline Season 1 EU Split 2 Showdown Series Week 2 $0 2018 - 04 - 02 3rd Weekly PUBGOnline Season 1 EU Split 2 Showdown Series Week 1 $0 2018 - 03 - 30 2nd Weekly Stream.me PUBG Invitational Europe Week 3 $0 2018 - 03 - 27 1st Weekly PUBGOnline Season 1 EU Split 1 Week 6 $0 2018 - 03 - 27 2nd Weekly PUBGOnline Season 1 EU Split 1 $1,500 2018 - 03 - 25 3rd Premier PGL - PUBG Spring Invitational 2018 $9,", "60": "000 2018 - 03 - 22 1st Weekly Auzom PL Season 2 EU Round 7 $0 2018 - 03 - 20 9th Weekly PUBGOnline Season 1 EU Split 1 Week 5 $0 2018 - 03 - 16 1st Weekly Stream.me PUBG Invitational Europe Week 2 $0 2018 - 03 - 15 1st Weekly Auzom PL Season 2 EU Round 6 $0 2018 - 03 - 14 12th Qualifier Global Loot League Season 1 - Alpha Division Week 5 $0 2018 - 03 - 13 3rd Weekly PUBGOnline Season 1 EU Split 1 Week 4 $0 2018 - 03 - 09 2nd Weekly Stream.me PUBG Invitational Europe Week 1 $0 2018 - 03 - 08 1st Weekly Auzom PL Season 2 EU Round 5 $0 2018 - 03 - 07 1st Qualifier Global Loot League Season 1 - Alpha Division Week 4 $0 2018 - 03 - 06 1st Qualifier Global Loot League Season 1 - Alpha Division Week 3 $0 2018 - 03 - 04 1st Major StarLadder i - League Invitational Season 1 $50,000 2018 - 02 - 25 4th Major Intel Extreme Masters Season XII - World Championship $5,", "61": "000 2018 - 02 - 21 7th Qualifier Global Loot League Season 1 - Alpha Division Week 2 $0 2018 - 02 - 20 5th Weekly PUBGOnline Season 1 EU Split 1 Week 3 $0 2018 - 02 - 15 3rd Weekly Auzom PL Season 2 EU Round 4 $0 2018 - 02 - 14 2nd Qualifier Global Loot League Season 1 - Alpha Division Week 1 $0 2018 - 02 - 11 2nd Major PUBG Survival Series 2018 - Beta Season $13,829.46 2018 - 02 - 08 15 - 16th Weekly Auzom PL Season 2 EU Round 3 $0 2018 - 02 - 06 11th Weekly PUBGOnline Season 1 EU Split 1 Week 1 $0 2018 - 01 - 29 1st Weekly Auzom PL Season 2 EU Round 2 $0 2018 - 01 - 24 5th Monthly January 2018 Curse Trials Qualifier Group A $0 2018 - 01 - 22 3rd Weekly Auzom PL Season 2 EU Round 1 $0 2017 2017 - 12 - 16 2nd Monthly December 2017 Curse Trials Finals $0 2017 - 12 - 15 Q Monthly December 2017 Curse Trials Qualifier Group C $0 2017 - 12 - 14 2nd Minor 2017 Europe PUBGOnline Year End Tournament Yellow Tracksuit Top 2017 - 12 - 14 2nd Minor 2017 PUBGOnline EU Showdown Championship Finals $0 2017 - 12 - 10 9th Minor GLL Pre-Season Grand Final $0 2017 - 11 - 19 4th Major Intel Extreme Masters Season XII Oakland $20,", "62": "000 2017 - 11 - 12 1st Major Auzom Premier League Season 1 $0 2017 - 11 - 11 6th Monthly November 2017 Curse Trials Finals $0 Solo ( edit ) Date Placement Tournament Prize show Player 2018 2018 - 02 - 09 1st PUBG Survival Series 2018 - Solo $9,234.72 Fuzzface Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege ( edit ) History ( edit ) The announcement FaZe Clan expanding into Rainbow Six Siege was made on January 1 , 2018 . The roster has participated in Six Invitationals in Montreal from February 13th , 2018 to February 18th , 2018 . Roster ( edit ) Active Squad ( edit ) ID Name hide Join Date gohaN Guilherme Alf 2018 - 01 - 18 Astro Leonardo Luis 2018 - 01 - 18 cameram4n Gabriel Hespanhol 2018 - 01 - 18 HSnamuringa João Deam 2018 - 01 - 18 mav Rafael Freitas 2018 - 01 - 18 Results ( edit ) Date Placement Tier Tournament Result show Prize 2018 2018 - 04 - 25 1st Major Pro League Season 7 - Latin America 2 : 0 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Team Liquid $0 2018 - 02 - 16 5 - 8th Premier Six Invitational 2018 1 : 2 ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ ⠀ Evil Geniuses $20,000 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Olofmeister went inactive due to personal problems outside of the game . Jump up ^ Premier Tournaments offer an outstanding prize pool , are almost exclusively played offline , and feature the best teams from all over the world . They are commonly held by well - established organizers and are considered especially prestigious amongst the community .", "63": "Major Tournaments feature a large prize pool and a good number of top - tier teams . They are events which take place offline , online or online with an offline playoff . ( Not Valve sponsored Majors ) Minor Tournaments offer a smaller prize pool and less prestige than Major Tournaments but still draw a high level of competition . ^ Jump up to : Premier Tournaments offer an outstanding prize pool , are almost exclusively played offline , and feature the best teams from all over the world . They are commonly held by well - established organizers and are considered especially prestigious amongst the community . Major Tournaments feature a large prize pool and a good number of top - tier teams . They are events which take place offline , online or online with an offline playoff . Minor Tournaments offer a smaller prize pool and less prestige than Major Tournaments but still draw a high level of competition . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FaZe Clan on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe Clan acquire a CS : GO line up '' . www.twitlonger.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2.0 tweet by FaZeClan on Twitter '' . @ FaZeClan. 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` fazeclan YouTube Stats , Channel Statistics - Socialblade.com '' . socialblade.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` oRugrat YouTube Stats , Channel Statistics - Socialblade.com '' . socialblade.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 .", "64": "Jump up ^ Spratt ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) , Why I Left FaZe Clan , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 Jump up ^ Red Carl ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) , Why I Am Leaving FaZeClan For Red , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 Jump up ^ FaZe Apex ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) , Response to Members Leaving FaZe , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2010 - 08 - 02 ) , Introducing FaZe Temperrr , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2011 - 01 - 21 ) , Introducing FaZe Fakie , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ `` FaZe Apex on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) , Introducing FaZe Jinx , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2011 - 06 - 23 ) , Introducing FaZe HugZ , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2011 - 07 - 13 ) , Introducing FaZe Force , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2011 - 08 - 29 ) , Introducing FaZe PryZee , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ `` FaZe ObJay '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2012 - 06 - 20 ) , Introducing FaZe ObJay , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 20 Jump up ^ FaZe Swan ( 2012 - 06 - 13 ) , Joined FaZe !", "65": "- Controller Recruitment , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2012 - 10 - 12 ) , Introducing FaZe Rain , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Rug ( 2012 - 11 - 24 ) , FaZe Rug : Joined FaZe ! FaZe Rug , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) , Introducing FaZe Rug , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ FaZe Banks ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) , FaZe Banks - Joined FaZe , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Linkzy ( 2013 - 07 - 04 ) , Joined FaZe ! FaZe Linkzy , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2013 - 09 - 05 ) , Introducing FaZe Linkzy , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ FaZe Apex ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) , How Adapt Got Recruited to FaZe + His Reaction ! , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) , Introducing FaZe Adapt by FaZe Ninja , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ FaZe Barker ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) , FaZe Barker Joined FaZe ! + Thanks for 12k ( Ghosts Mini Edit ) , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ KittyzAndSatan ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) , FaZe Mancaat : Joined FaZe !", "66": ", retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2013 - 12 - 22 ) , Introducing FaZe Mancat , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ ZiiMeR ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) , FaZe ZiiMeR : Joined back FaZe - First clip + Sick fail , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) , Introducing FaZe Kay , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Bloo ( 2014 - 01 - 24 ) , FaZe Bloo - Joined FaZe VLOG , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 02 - 20 ) , Introducing FaZe Bloo by FaZe Barker , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Jev ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) , Joined FaZe , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 05 - 24 ) , Introducing FaZe Jev by FaZe Barker ( BO2 ) , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 ^ Jump up to : `` FaZe Clan on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 .", "67": "Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ) , # FAZE5 Winner : Introducing FaZe Dirty by SLP , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) , # FAZE5 Winner : Introducing FaZe Agony , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Kitty ( 2014 - 07 - 19 ) , JOINED FAZE , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) , Introducing FaZe Kitty : RECOVERY 4 - A Multi-CoD Montage , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ FaZe Zaibot ( 2014 - 07 - 18 ) , `` FaZe Banks '' - by @ FaZeZaibot ( JOINED FAZE ! ! ) , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Banks ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) , How Pride got recruited to FaZe w / Reaction , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) , Re-Introducing FaZe Teeqo : A MW2 FFA Montage , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Sensei ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) , Introducing FaZe Sensei ! , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ `` FaZe Magic on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe Replays '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 .", "68": "Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) , Introducing FaZe Replays , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) , Introducing FaZe Blaziken , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ Jacob Klassen ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) , Red ( Joined FaZe ) , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Hazz ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) , Joined FaZe , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Mito ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) , JOINED FAZE ! ! by FaZe Mito , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Unchained ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) , JOINED FAZE ! - FaZe Unchained , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2016 - 05 - 14 ) , Introducing FaZe Hoppin : CSGO Fragmovie by FaZe Barker , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ `` FaZe Jasper on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe Clan on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) , Re-Re - Introducing FaZe GwidT , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ `` JuJu Smith - Schuster on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 .", "69": "Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) , Introducing FaZe Testy , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) , NEW ROOMMATES at FaZe House Hollywood , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) , Introducing FaZe Cizzorz , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ OpTic Alpaca ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) , Joining @ FaZeClan and leaving @ TeamEnvyus , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2011 - 06 - 21 ) , Introducing FaZe Spratt , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ OpTic Spratt ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) , Why I Left FaZe Clan , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ `` Red Carl '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2013 - 12 - 30 ) , Introducing FaZe Carl by Meek , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ Red Carl ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) , Why I Am Leaving FaZeClan For Red , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ MojoOnPC ( 2016 - 01 - 11 ) , FaZe Mojo ? ! , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 Jump up ^ MojoOnPC ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) , Leaving FaZe ? ! ( Q&A ) , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 Jump up ^ Ruler ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) , I JOINED FAZE ! ( WON # FAZE1 ) , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 Jump up ^ Ruler ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) , I got kicked from FaZeClan.", "70": ", retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 Jump up ^ Iced ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) , Joined FaZe ! , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) , Introducing FaZe Iced , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 Jump up ^ `` Iced on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dyn ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) , The Day I Joined FaZe ! - BO2 HIGHLIGHTS ! , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2013 - 08 - 13 ) , Introducing FaZe Dyn , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ Dyn ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) , The Reason I was KICKED from FaZeClan ! , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 11 - 01 ) , Introducing FaZe Zeimzy , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Zeimzy ( 2016 - 03 - 27 ) , Goodbye. , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) , Re-Introducing FaZe zejiM ( BO1 ) , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ `` zejiM on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 .", "71": "Jump up ^ FaZe Ramos ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) , FaZe Ramos @ Underpass , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) , Introducing FaZe Ramos , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) , Macau 's First Day in FaZe ( Stream Highlights ) , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ ItsMacau ( 2015 - 08 - 19 ) , Kicked from FaZe , Left RED . What happened ? , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Benji ( 2012 - 02 - 12 ) , Joined FaZe ! ( First game in FaZe ! ) , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2012 - 02 - 28 ) , Introducing FaZe Benji , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 Jump up ^ `` Ben on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ GravHitsBills ( 2013 - 08 - 15 ) , Sully 's Reaction to Joining FaZe , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2013 - 10 - 19 ) , Introducing FaZe Sullys , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ xSuhlly ( 2014 - 11 - 30 ) , Red Sullyy Joined Red ! , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) , # FAZE5 Winner : Introducing FaZe NiQs by Xero / Furran , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ `` FaZe Clan on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 .", "72": "Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) , The # FAZE5 Challenge - Introducing FaZe Rockst4r by SLP , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ Rockst4r ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) , No Longer in FaZe ? ! ... Joined Red ! , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 06 - 13 ) , # FAZE5 Winner : Introducing FaZe Brio by FaZe Ninja , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ Brioh ( 2014 - 11 - 14 ) , Brioh : Left FaZeClan. , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) , # FAZE5 Winner : Re-Introducing FaZe GwidT by Gumi , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 02 - 06 ) , Introducing FaZe Wally , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ Wally ( 2014 - 08 - 29 ) , Kicked From FaZe ! , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2013 - 06 - 07 ) , The # FAZE5 Challenge - Introducing FaZe Bazi by FaZe Ninja , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ Oli ( 2014 - 07 - 19 ) , Kicked from FaZe , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ `` FaZe Kayos '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2013 - 12 - 27 ) , Introducing FaZe Kayos , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Kayos ( 2014 - 07 - 18 ) , Kicked From FaZe !", "73": ", retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2014 - 01 - 24 ) , Introducing FaZe Flushd by FaZe Mancat , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FLUSH ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) , Flushed / / Last shot in FaZe , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2013 - 03 - 06 ) , Introducing FaZe Rebirthh , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) , Introducing FaZe Aquas by Gumi , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2012 - 09 - 22 ) , Introducing FaZe Qualityy , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ zejiM ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) , Joined FaZe !", "74": ", retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2012 - 05 - 02 ) , Introducing FaZe zejiM , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2010 - 09 - 03 ) , Introducing FaZe Slasher , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ Ferox ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) , Why I was Kicked from FaZe , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2012 - 03 - 07 ) , Introducing FaZe Pamaj , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ FaZe Agony ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) , Pamaj left FaZe ... , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ OpTic Pamaj ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) , Why I Left FaZe , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) , Introducing FaZe DEHIZ , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2013 - 06 - 06 ) , The # FAZE5 Challenge - Introducing FaZe GwidT by Furran , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2011 - 09 - 02 ) , Introducing FaZe Poko , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2012 - 06 - 27 ) , Introducing FaZe ZiiMeR , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Jedi ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) , FaZe Jedi : Quit , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 Jump up ^ `` FaZe Natural '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 .", "75": "Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2012 - 09 - 08 ) , FaZe Naturall : Super Natural - Episode 12 by Meek , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ AJAIIX1 ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) , I joined FaZe ! , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2012 - 04 - 30 ) , Introducing FaZe AJAIIX , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 ^ Jump up to : Donagni ( 2013 - 05 - 29 ) , It 's been a while , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 20 ^ Jump up to : FAZE TEEQO \\ JAKOB ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) , DRAW MY LIFE ! - FaZe Teeqo , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2010 - 12 - 22 ) , Re-Introducing FaZe Timid , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ `` FaZe Clan on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) , Introducing FaZe GuTLess , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 ^ Jump up to : nvmResistance ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) , Why I left FaZe Resistance , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2010 - 09 - 09 ) , FaZe Deezeh SnD Mini-Tage , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2010 - 08 - 02 ) , Introducing FaZe RecoN , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ; Perkin , Ben ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` Call of Duty championships 2015 : Optic Gaming drops out on day of upsets '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lingle , Samuel ( June 17 , 2015 ) .", "76": "`` Final two members of CoD Championship winners leave team , join FaZe '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Duwe , Scott ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` FaZe Defeats OpTic in Gfinity Summer Championships '' . Red Bull eSports . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe Clan Wins Call of Duty Summer Championship ! '' . Gfinity . August 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe wins third season of MLG Pro League , setting the stage for the World Finals '' . Dot Esports . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` G2 's Counter-Strike team acquired by FaZe Clan '' . G2 Esports . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DreamHack ZOWIE Open Leipzig 2016 '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` IEM Katowice 2016 '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` MLG Columbus 2016 '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` FaZe Clan '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` DreamHack Masters Malmö 2016 '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Astralis beat FaZe ; win IEM Katowice '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe win StarSeries Season 3 Finals '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` SK beat FaZe to win IEM Sydney '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ECS Season 3 Finals '' .", "77": "HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ESL One Cologne 2017 '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` PGL Major Krakow 2017 '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe Clan Acquire GuardiaN '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe Clan acquire Olofmeister '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` G2 's Counter-Strike team acquired by FaZe Clan '' . G2 Esports . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` karrigan joins FaZe '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Clan , FaZe ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` FAZE CS : GO TRANSFER NEWS : FaZe Clan have purchased @ mouzNiKo from @ mousesports . # FaZeUp '' . @ FaZeClan . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe Clan Acquire GuardiaN '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` FaZe Clan on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe Clan '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe Clan acquire Olofmeister '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` kioShiMa joins up with FaZe '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` kioShiMa returns to FaZe roster '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 .", "78": "Jump up ^ `` Official : kioShiMa joins EnVyUs '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe CS : GO Acquires allu '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gaming TM , OpTic ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Excited to finally and officially announce our new , # OpTicCSGO roster . Welcome Allu , Magisk , and Friberg ! '' . @ OpTicGaming . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` dignitas unveil new roster '' . HLTV.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome aizy ! '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bill , Maikel ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) . `` I have to thank @ FaZeClan for giving me this @ justinbieber tickets as a gift for part ways '' . @ maikelele . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pacheco , Ricardo ( 21 October 2016 ) . `` no '' . @ foxgringoCS . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Counter-Strike Majors - Liquipedia Counter-Strike Wiki '' . liquipedia.net . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 .", "79": "Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , Introducing FaZe Tass ( FIFA ) , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , Introducing FaZe Tass ( FIFA ) , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 Jump up ^ FaZe Clan ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) , Introducing FaZe Fortnite , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 ^ Jump up to : FaZe Clan ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) , Introducing FaZe Fortnite , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 ^ Jump up to : `` FaZe eSports : Overwatch Upgrade '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Outlaws , Houston ( 16 February 2018 ) . `` From team USA , Help us welcome the newest member to the Houston Outlaws ( pending Blizzard approval ) , @ FCTFCTN ! # GreenWall # UpTheAnte '' . @ OutlawsOW . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fusion , Philadelphia ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Put me in coach ! Head Coach : @ followkirby Assistant Coach : @ NamedHwi Assistant Coach : @ Hayez Senior Analyst : @ Beezy1515 '' . @ PHL_Fusion . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe replace Lui with Carpe , add Surefour on bench , and head to bootcamp for Contenders - over.gg '' . over.gg . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` INTRODUCING THE HOUSTON OUTLAWS - OpTic Gaming '' . optic.tv . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Puppiez , Bazooka ( 1 February 2018 ) .", "80": "`` We are happy to announce that @ FORSAK3Now and @ fragon_ow ( coach ) have joined the team ! '' . @ BazookaPuppiez . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ zombs ( 17 August 2017 ) . `` F / A LFT OWL 1 like = 1 prayer '' . @ zombsOW . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ TwoEasy ( 4 February 2017 ) . `` Bench Boys is born . I 'll be teaming with @ LG_Kryw @ Kyb_b @ AvalloneHal @ GreyyOW and a soon TBA main tank . Keep an eye out for us ! '' . @ TwoEasyOW . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` FaZe Clan Announce Overwatch Team Esports News & Videos Dexerto '' . Dexerto . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` FaZe Clan to Acquire `` Gorilla Core '' and Enter PUBG `` . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` FaZe Clan to Acquire `` Gorilla Core '' and Enter PUBG `` . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Alliance '' . thealliance.gg . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` We 're pleased to announce the best Rainbow 6 lineup in Brazil is now part of the FaZe Clan family . Welcome ! '' . 18 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Clan , FaZe ( 18 January 2018 ) . `` We 're pleased to announce the best Rainbow 6 lineup in Brazil is now part of the FaZe Clan family . Welcome ! Galera , Gostariamos de dar boas vindas aos atuais campeoes brasileiros de Rainbow Six e novos integrantes da nossa familia . Sejam bem vindos Guerreiros ! # FaZeUp '' . @ FaZeClan .", "81": "Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official website Professional Call of Duty competition Tournaments and leagues Call of Duty Championship 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Call of Duty Pro League 2017 2018 Call of Duty World League Electronic Sports World Cup Major League Gaming X Games Notable teams Cloud9 compLexity Gaming Counter Logic Gaming Denial eSports Evil Geniuses FaZe Clan G2 Esports H2k - Gaming Luminosity Gaming OpTic Gaming Team EnVyUs Defunct / inactive squads and teams Shoot to Kill SK Gaming Str8 Rippin Team Curse Notable players Patrick `` ACHES '' Price Dillon `` Attach '' Price Damon `` Karma '' Barlow James `` Clayster '' Eubanks Matt `` Nadeshot '' Haag Seth `` Scump '' Abner Professional Counter-Strike competition Games Counter-Strike Condition Zero Source Global Offensive Tournaments DreamHack ELEAGUE ESL ESL Pro League IEM World Championships Electronic Sports World Cup ESEA League International e-Sports Federation World Electronic Sports Games X Games CS : GO Majors Winter 2013 Katowice 2014 Cologne 2014 Winter 2014 Katowice 2015 Cologne 2015 Cluj - Napoca 2015 Columbus 2016 Cologne 2016 Atlanta 2017 Kraków 2017 Boston 2018 London 2018 Defunct Championship Gaming Series Cyberathlete Professional League World Cyber Games World e-Sports Games World Series of Video Games Notable teams Europe Alternate aTTaX Astralis Epsilon eSports FaZe Clan Flipside Tactics Fnatic G2 Esports Godsent mousesports Natus Vincere Ninjas in Pyjamas OpTic Gaming Team EnVyUs Team LDLC.com Virtus.", "82": "pro North America Cloud9 Counter Logic Gaming compLexity Gaming Denial eSports NRG eSports Splyce Team Dignitas Team Liquid South America Luminosity Gaming SK Gaming Asia / Oceania Gambit Esports MiTH Renegades Defunct / Inactive 100 Thieves Copenhagen Wolves Echo Fox EFGaming Evil Geniuses Immortals Jax Money Crew mibr Misfits Gaming Selfless Gaming Team 3D Team Curse Team NoA Team Secret Team SoloMid Tempo Storm Titan WeMade FOX Winterfox Notable commentators Anders Blume Toby `` TobiWan '' Dawson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FaZe_Clan&oldid=838544574 '' Categories : 2010 establishments Call of Duty teams Counter-Strike teams ESports teams based in the United States FaZe Clan Overwatch ( video game ) teams Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from September 2017 All articles needing copy edit Use mdy dates from April 2016 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 17 : 53 . 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7417695142066327706	the removal of temperature in fire fighting method is known as	[ "cooling", "penciling" ]	{ "0": "Firefighting - wikipedia Firefighting Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with a firefight , which is a battle with firearms . Firefighters at a major fire involving an abandoned convent in Canada , 2006 Firefighting in Jyväskylä , Finland Firefighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and extinguish significant unwanted fires in buildings , vehicles , woodlands , etc . A firefighter suppresses and extinguishes fires to protect lives , property and the environment . Firefighters may provide other services to their communities . Firefighters typically undergo a high degree of technical training . This involves both general firefighting techniques and developing specialist expertise in particular fire operations , such as aircraft firefighting and wildland firefighting In the U.S. the national level of certifications are called Firefighter I / II . One of the major hazards associated with firefighting operations is the toxic environment created by combustible materials . The four major risks are smoke , oxygen deficiency , elevated temperatures , and poisonous atmospheres . Additional hazards include falls and structural collapse that can exacerbate the problems entailed in a toxic environment . To combat some of these risks , firefighters carry self - contained breathing equipment . The first step in a firefighting operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire and to identify the specific risks . Fires can be extinguished by water , fuel or oxidant removal , or chemical flame inhibition .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Historic tactics and tools 1.2 Ancient Rome 1.3 United Kingdom 1.4 United States 2 Firefighter duties 2.1 Firefighter skills 2.2 Specialized skills 2.3 Shift hours 2.4 Fire wardens 3 Hazards caused by fire 4 Reconnaissance and `` reading '' the fire 5 Science of extinguishment 6 Use of water 6.1 Open air fire 6.2 Closed volume fire 7 Asphyxiating a fire 8 Tactical ventilation or isolation of the fire 9 Categorizing fires in the US 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Bulgarian firefighters in action , 1930s Ottawa Fire Department motor pump , Ottawa , Ontario , taken by the Topley Studio , May 1915 . The earliest known firefighters were in the city of Rome . In 60 A.D. , emperor Nero established a Corps of Vigils ( Vigiles ) to protect Rome after a disastrous fire . It consisted of 7,000 people equipped with buckets and axes , and they fought fires and served as police . Historic tactics and tools ( edit ) In the 4th century B.C. , an Alexandrian Greek named Ctesibius made a double force pump called a siphona . As water rose in the chamber , it compressed the air inside , which forced the water to eject in a steady stream through a pipe and nozzle . In the 16th century , syringes were also used as firefighting tools , the larger ones being mounted on wheels . Another traditional method that survived was the bucket brigade , involving two lines of people formed between the water source and the fire . Typically , men in one of the lines would pass along the full buckets of water toward the fire while in the other line women and children would pass back the empty buckets to be refilled . In the 17th century , ' fire engines ' were made , notably in Amsterdam .", "2": "In 1721 , the English inventor Richard Newsham made a popular fire engine that was essentially a rectangular box on wheels filled using a bucket brigade to provide a reservoir while hand - powered pumps supplied sufficient water pressure to douse fires at a distance . Ancient Rome ( edit ) Ancient Rome did not have municipal firefighters . Instead , private individuals relied on their slaves or supporters to take action . They would not only form bucket brigades or attempt to smother smaller fires , but would also demolish or raze nearby buildings to slow the spread of the fire . However , there is no mention of fires being extinguished , rather they were contained and burned themselves out . Ancient Rome did not have an organized firefighting force until the Vigiles were formed in the reign of Augustus . United kingdom ( edit ) Prior to the Great Fire of London in 1666 , some parishes in the UK had begun to organize rudimentary firefighting . After the Great Fire , Nicholas Barbon introduced the first fire insurance . In order to reduce insurance costs , Barbon also formed his own fire brigade , and other companies followed suit . By the start of the 1800s , insured buildings were identified with a badge or mark indicating that they were eligible for a company 's firefighting services . Buildings not insured with a particular company were left by its firefighters to burn , unless they happened to be adjacent to an insured building , in which case it was often in the company 's interest to prevent the fire from spreading . In 1833 fire insurance companies in London merged to form The London Fire Company Establishment . Steam - powered apparatuses were first introduced in the 1850s , allowing a greater quantity of water to be directed onto a fire ; in the early 1930s they were superseded by versions powered by an internal combustion engine . In World War II the Auxiliary Fire Service , and later the National Fire Service , were established to supplement local fire services . At that time , there was no countrywide standard for firefighting terms , procedures , ranks , or equipment ( such as hose couplings ) . These were standardized after the war . United States ( edit ) In January 1608 , a fire destroyed many of the colonists ' provisions and lodgings in Jamestown , Virginia .", "3": "Boston , New York City , and Philadelphia were all plagued by fires , and volunteer fire brigades formed soon after such disasters . In 1736 , Benjamin Franklin founded the Union Fire Company in Philadelphia , which became the standard for volunteer fire organizations . These firefighters had two critical tools : salvage bags and so - called bed keys . Salvage bags were used to quickly collect and save valuables , and bed keys were used to separate the wooden frame of a bed into pieces for safe and rapid removal from the fire . The first American attempt at fire insurance failed after a large fire in Charlestown , Massachusetts in 1736 . Later in 1740 , Benjamin Franklin organized the Philadelphia Contributionship to provide fire insurance , which was more successful . The Contributionship adopted `` fire marks '' to easily identify insured buildings . Firefighting started to become formalized with rules for providing buckets , ladders , and hooks , and with the formation of volunteer companies . A chain of command was also established . Firefighter duties ( edit ) Play media Aerial video of Firefighting A firefighter 's goals are to save lives , property , and the environment . A fire can rapidly spread and endanger many lives , but with modern firefighting techniques , catastrophe can often be avoided . To prevent fires from starting , a firefighter 's duties may include public education about fire safety and conducting fire inspections of locations to verify their adherence to local fire codes . Firefighter skills ( edit ) A firefighter doing a ladder slide , which is used to quickly escape from a window Firefighting requires skills in combating , extinguishing , and preventing fires , responding to emergency calls , operating and maintaining fire department equipment and quarters , and extensive training in performing firefighting and rescue activities . Firefighters must also have , or be able to acquire , knowledge of department organizations , operations , and procedures , and the district or city street system they will have to negotiate in order to perform their duties . They must meet minimum physical fitness standards and learn various firefighting and rescue duties within a reasonable period Examples are : Structural Firefighting Wildland Firefighting Specialized skills ( edit ) Specialized areas of fire operations may require subject - specific training .", "4": "A hose team training to fight an aircraft fire aboard a US aircraft carrier , 2006 Examples are : Aircraft Firefighting Maritime Firefighting Aerial Firefighting Shift hours ( edit ) Firefighters typically follow a 24 - hour shift schedule , although some fire departments work eight or 12 hour shifts . Australian firefighters work a 10 / 14 shift , in which the day shift works ten hours and the night shift works 14 hours . Firefighting personnel are split up into alternating shifts . Usually , the 24 hour shifts are followed by two days off . The shift personnel arrive for roll call at a specified time , ready to complete a regular tour of duty . While on shift , the firefighter remains at the fire station unless relieved or assigned other duties . Fire Wardens ( edit ) A fire warden poster , circa 1940s . In fire fighting , there are also people designated as fire wardens , also known as the chief officer . Their duties vary , some may ensure evacuation of that part of the building for which they are responsible ; others may be responsible for fire control in a particular area , direct a crew in the suppression of forest fires , or function as fire patrolmen in a logging area . The chief officer is in charge of his firefighters during fires or emergencies , and he is expected to command and control the overall situation while effectively combating a fire or other emergency . Chief officers must be able to evaluate their firefighters , use sound judgement when deciding when it is time to withdraw firefighters from a fire , and react calmly in emergency situations . The chief officer must direct the activities of a fire department and supervise all firefighting activities . In addition , he must have extensive knowledge of the city , the location of streets , fire hydrants and fire alarm boxes , and the principal buildings . Also he must have knowledge of explosives , hazardous chemicals , and the combustion qualities of materials in buildings , homes , and industrial plants . In certain jurisdictions , civilians can get certified to be a Fire Warden , and some cities require certain types of buildings , such as high rises , to have a certain number of Fire Wardens . For example , the City of Houston , Texas , requires every tenant in a high - rise to have at least one Fire Warden for every 7500 sq. ft. occupied , and a minimum of two Fire Wardens per floor .", "5": "In this example , their duties include investigating any fire alarms ( see if there really is a fire and if so , its nature ) , ensuring the fire department is contacted , directing the evacuation of the facility , activating or delaying activation of fire suppression equipment such as halon and sprinklers ( delayed in case of a false alarm ) , meeting the fire department and taking them to the location of the alarm or to the fire past any security or locked doors , and , if necessary , fighting the fire until the fire department arrives . Hazards caused by fire ( edit ) Structure fire in Grand Rapids , Michigan , US One of the major hazards associated with firefighting operations is the toxic environment created by combusting materials . The four major hazards are : Smoke , which is becoming increasingly dangerous due to the increased variety and amount of synthetic household materials . Oxygen deficient atmosphere , 21 % O is normal , 19.5 % O is considered oxygen deficient . Elevated temperatures Toxic atmospheres To deal with such hazards , firefighters carry a self - contained breathing apparatus ( SCBA ; an open - circuit positive pressure system ) to prevent smoke inhalation . These are not oxygen tanks ( oxygen as a powerful fire accelerant would represent a grave risk when combined with virtually anything combustible in the presence of fire ) but use compressed air in a similar manner to SCUBA diving gear . A firefighter 's SCBA usually hold 30 to 45 minutes of air , depending on the size of the tank and the rate of consumption during strenuous activities . While this gear helps to eliminate the risks , firefighters are still exposed to smoke , toxic dust and fumes that have contributed to firefighters being 14 % more likely to develop cancer . Obvious risks associated with the immense heat generated by a fire , even without direct contact with the flames ( direct flame impingement ) , such as conductive heat and radiant heat , can cause serious burns even from great distances . There are a number of comparably serious heat - related risks , such as burns from hot gases ( e.g. , air ) , steam , and hot and / or toxic smoke . Accordingly , firefighters are equipped with personal protective equipment ( PPE ) that includes fire - resistant clothing such as Nomex or polybenzimidazole fiber ( PBI ) and helmets that limit the transmission of heat towards the body .", "6": "No PPE , however , can completely protect the user from the effects of all possible fire conditions . Heat can cause flammable liquid contained in tanks to explode violently , producing what is called a BLEVE ( boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion ) . Some chemical products such as ammonium nitrate fertilizers can also explode , potentially causing physical trauma from blast or shrapnel injuries . Sufficient heat causes human flesh to burn as fuel , or the water within to boil , leading to potentially severe medical problems . Depending on the heat of the fire , burns can occur in a fraction of a second . Main article : Burn Additional risks of fire are the obscuring of vision due to smoke , potentially causing a fall or disorientation ; becoming trapped in a fire ; and structural collapse . `` Three hours of fighting a fire stiffens arteries and impairs cardiac function in firefighters '' according to a new study by Bo Fernhall , a professor in the department of kinesiology and community health in the College of Applied Health Sciences , and Gavin Horn , director of research at the Illinois Fire Service Institute . The conditions ( observed in healthy male firefighters ) are `` also apparent found in weightlifters and endurance athletes ... '' Reconnaissance and `` reading '' the fire ( edit ) The first step in a firefighting operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire ( which may not be obvious for an indoor fire , especially if there are no witnesses ) , to identify any specific risks , and to detect possible casualties . An outdoor fire may not require reconnaissance , but a fire in a cellar or an underground car park with only a few centimeters of visibility may require long reconnaissance to identify the source of the fire . The `` reading '' of a fire is the analysis by firefighters of indications of thermal events such as flashover , backdraft or smoke explosion . It is performed during reconnaissance and fire suppression maneuvers . The main signs are : Hot zones , which can be detected with a gloved hand , for example by touching a door before opening it ; Soot on windows , which usually means that combustion is incomplete , and thus , a lack of air in the room ; Smoke pulsing in and out around a door frame , as if the fire were breathing , which usually also means a lack of air to support combustion . Spraying water on the ceiling in short pulses of a diffused spray ( e.g.", "7": ", a cone with an opening angle of 60 ° ) can be undertaken to test the heat of smoke : If the temperature is moderate , the water falls down in drops with a sound like rain ; if the temperature is high , the water vaporizes with a hiss -- the sign of a potentially extremely dangerous impending flashover . Ideally , part of reconnaissance is consulting a plan for the building that provides information about structures , firefighter hazards , and in some cases the most appropriate strategies and tactics for fighting a fire in that context . Science of extinguishment ( edit ) See also : Fire Chemistry and Physical properties of wildfires A fire helicopter is used to fight a wildfire There are four elements needed to start and sustain a fire and / or flame . These are a reducing agent ( fuel ) , Heat , an oxidizing agent ( oxygen ) , and a chemical reaction . A fire can be extinguished by taking away any of the four components . The fuel is the substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process . The most common fuels contain carbon along with combinations of hydrogen and oxygen . Heat is the energy component of a fire . When it comes into contact with a fuel , it provides the energy necessary for ignition , causes the continuous production and ignition of fuel vapors or gases so that the combustion reaction can continue , and causes the vaporization of solid and liquid fuels . The resulting self - sustained chemical chain reaction is complex and requires fuel , an oxidizer , and heat energy to come together in a very specific way . An oxidizing agent is a material or substance that will release gases , including oxygen , when the proper conditions exist . It is crucial to the sustainment of a flame or fire . Using water is one common method to extinguish a fire . Water extinguishes a fire by cooling , which removes heat because of water 's ability to absorb massive amounts of heat as it converts to water vapor . Without heat , the fuel can not keep the oxidizer from reducing the fuel in order to sustain the fire . Water also extinguishes a fire by smothering it . When water is heated to its boiling point , it converts to water vapor . When this conversion takes place , it dilutes the oxygen in the air above the fire , thus removing one of the elements that the fire requires to burn . This can also be done with foam .", "8": "Another way to extinguish a fire is fuel removal . This can be accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel , by removing solid fuel in the path of a fire , or by allowing the fire to burn until all the fuel is consumed , at which point the fire will self - extinguish . One final extinguishing method is chemical flame inhibition . This can be accomplished by applying dry chemical or halogenated agents that interrupt the chemical chain reaction and stop flaming . This method is effective on gas and liquid fuel ; because , they must have flame to burn . Sound waves have been successfully used in a device fabricated by two George Mason University senior engineering students , Viet Tran and Seth Robertson , but the procedure is still awaiting a patent ( 2015 ) . Use of water ( edit ) USMC firefighters neutralize a fire during a training exercise A firefighting aircraft dumping water on a forest fire in South Africa . One common way to extinguish a fire is to spray it with water . The water has two roles : It vaporizes when it comes in contact with fire , and this vapor displaces the oxygen ( the volume of water vapor is 1,700 times greater than liquid water , at 1,000 ° F ( 538 ° C ) it expands over 4,000 times ) . This leaves the fire without enough of the combustive agent , and it dies out . The vaporization of water also absorbs heat ; it thereby cools the smoke , air , walls , and objects that could act as further fuel , and thus prevents one of the means by which fires grow , which is by `` jumping '' to nearby heat / fuel sources to start new fires , which then combine . Water extinguishment is thus a combination of `` asphyxia '' ( cutting off the oxygen supply ) and cooling . The flame itself is suppressed by asphyxia , but the cooling is the most important element in mastering a fire in a closed area . Water may be accessed from a pressurized fire hydrant , pumped from water sources such as lakes or rivers , delivered by tanker truck , or dropped from water bombers , which are aircraft adapted as tankers for fighting forest fires . An armored vehicle ( firefighting tank ) may be used where access to the area is difficult .", "9": "Open air fire ( edit ) For outdoor fires , the seat of the fire is sprayed with a straight spray : the cooling effect immediately follows the `` asphyxia '' caused by vaporization and reduces the further amount of water required . A straight spray is used so the water arrives massively to the seat of the fire before it vaporizes . A strong spray may also have a mechanical effect ; it can disperse the combustible product and thus prevent the fire from starting again . Spray is always aimed at a surface or an object . For this reason , the strategy is sometimes called a two - dimensional or 2D attack . An outdoor fire is always fed with air , and the risk to people is limited as they can move away from it , except in the case of wildfires or bushfires where they risk being easily surrounded by the flames . It might , however , be necessary to protect specific objects like houses or gas tanks against infrared radiation , and thus to use a diffused spray between the fire and the object . Breathing apparatus is often required as there is still the risk of inhaling smoke or poisonous gases . Closed volume fire ( edit ) Iranian firefighters had to extinguish the fire at Bistoon Petrochemicals Powerhouse Until the 1970s , fires were usually attacked while they declined , using the same strategy as for open air fires . Now fires are attacked in their development phase because firefighters arrive sooner at the site of a fire and because of changes in building construction . The increasing use of thermal insulation confines the heat , and modern materials , especially polymers , produce much more heat than do traditional materials like wood , plaster , stone , and bricks . Under these conditions , there is a greater risk of backdraft and flashover . Directly spraying the seat of the fire in enclosed areas can have unfortunate consequences : the force of water pushes air in front of it , which supplies the fire with extra oxygen before the water . The most important issue is not combating the flames , but controlling the fire ; for example , cooling the smoke so that it can not spread and start fires further away , and endanger the lives of people , including the firefighters . When a fire spreads beyond the building of its origin and spreads throughout the neighborhood , it is called a `` conflagration . '' Today , a conflagration is a large fire that is beyond the capability of the fire service to contain .", "10": "The volume of the fire must be cooled before its seat is attacked . This strategy , originally of Swedish origin ( Mats Rosander & Krister Giselsson ) , was adapted by London Fire Officer Paul Grimwood following a decade of operational use in the busy West End of London between 1984 and 1994 and termed the three - dimensional or 3D attack . Use of a diffuse spray was first proposed by Chief Lloyd Layman of the Parkersburg Fire Department , at the 1950 Fire Department Instructors Conference ( FDIC ) held in Memphis . Using Grimwood 's modified 3D attack strategy , the ceiling is first sprayed with short pulses of a diffuse spray . This cools the smoke which is then less likely to start a fire when it moves away . As gas cools it becomes denser ( Charles 's law ) ; thus , it also reduces the mobility of the smoke and avoids a `` backfire '' of water vapor . Also , the diffuse spray creates an inert `` water vapor sky '' , which prevents `` roll - over '' ( rolls of flames on the ceiling created by hot burning gases ) . Only short pulses of water need to be sprayed , otherwise the spraying modifies the equilibrium , and the gases mix instead of remaining stratified : the hot gases ( initially at the ceiling ) move around the room , and the temperature rises at the ground , which is dangerous for firefighters . An alternative is to cool all the atmosphere by spraying the whole atmosphere as if drawing letters in the air ( `` penciling '' ) . Modern methods for extinguishing an urban fire dictate the use of a massive initial water flow , e.g. 500 L / min for each fire hose . The aim is to absorb as much heat as possible at the beginning to stop the expansion of the fire and to reduce the smoke . If the flow is too low , the cooling is insufficient , and the steam that is produced can burn firefighters ( the drop of pressure is too small and the vapor is pushed back in their direction ) . Although it may seem paradoxical , the use of a strong flow with an efficient fire hose and an efficient strategy ( diffuse spray , small droplets ) requires a smaller amount of water . This is because once the temperature is lowered , only a limited amount of water is necessary to suppress the fire seat with a straight spray .", "11": "For a living room of 50 m ( 60 sq yd ) , the required amount of water is estimated as 60 L ( 15 gal ) . French firefighters used an alternative method in the 1970s : spraying water on the hot walls to create a water vapor atmosphere and asphyxiate the fire . This method is no longer used because it turned out to be risky ; the pressure created pushed the hot gases and vapor towards the firefighters , causing severe burns , and pushed the hot gases into other rooms where they could start other fires . Asphyxiating a fire ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In some cases , the use of water is undesirable . This is because some chemical products react with water to produce poisonous gases , or they may even burn when they come into contact with water ( e.g. , sodium ) . Another problem is that some products float on water , such as hydrocarbons ( gasoline , oil , and alcohol , etc . ) ; a burning layer can then be spread by the fire . If a pressurized fuel tank is endangered by fire it is necessary to avoid heat shocks that may damage the tank if it is sprayed with cooling water ; the resulting decompression might produce a BLEVE ( boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion ) . Electrical fires can not be extinguished with water since the water could act as a conductor . In such cases , it is necessary to asphyxiate the fire . This can be done in a variety of ways . Chemical products which react with the fuel can be used to stop the combustion . A layer of water - based fire retardant foam can be applied by the fire hose in order to separate the oxygen in the air from the fuel . carbon dioxide , halon , or sodium bicarbonate can be used . In the case of very small fires and in the absence of other extinguishing agents , covering the flame with a fire blanket can eliminate oxygen flow to the fire . A simple and usually effective way to put out a fire in a stove - top pan is to put a lid on the pan and leave it there .", "12": "Tactical ventilation or isolation of the fire ( edit ) One of the main risks of a fire is the smoke ; because , it carries heat and poisonous gases , and obscures vision . In the case of a fire in a closed location ( building ) , the following two different strategies may be used : isolation of the fire or ventilation . Paul Grimwood introduced the concept of tactical ventilation in the 1980s to encourage a better thought - out approach to this aspect of firefighting . Following work with Warrington Fire Research Consultants ( FRDG 6 / 94 ) his terminology and concepts were adopted officially by the UK fire services , and are now referred to throughout revised Home Office training manuals ( 1996 -- 97 ) . Grimwood 's original definition of his 1991 unified strategy stated that , `` tactical ventilation is either the venting , or containment ( isolation ) actions by on - scene firefighters , used to take control from the outset of a fire 's burning regime , in an effort to gain tactical advantage during interior structural firefighting operations . '' When properly used , ventilation improves life safety , fire extinguishment , and property conservation by ' pulling ' fire away from trapped occupants and objects . In most cases of structural firefighting , a 4x4 foot opening is cut into the roof directly over the fire room . This allows hot smoke and gases to escape through the opening , returning the conditions inside the room to normal . It is important to coordinate the ventilation with an interior fire attack since the opening of a ventilation hole supplies more air , and thus oxygen , to the fire . Ventilation may also `` limit fire spread by channeling fire toward nearby openings and allows fire fighters to safely attack the fire '' as well as limit smoke , heat , and water damage . Positive pressure ventilation ( PPV ) consists of using a fan to create excess pressure in a part of the building . This pressure pushes the smoke and heat out of the building , and thus facilitates rescue and fire fighting operations . It is necessary to have an exit for the smoke , to know the building layout well to predict where the smoke will go , and to ensure that the doors ensuring the ventilation remain open by wedging or propping them . The main risk of this method is that it may accelerate the fire , or even create a flash - over ; for example , if the smoke and the heat accumulate in a dead end .", "13": "Hydraulic ventilation is the process of directing a stream of water from the inside of a structure out the window using a fog pattern . This will effectively pull smoke out of room . Smoke ejectors may also be used for this purpose . Categorizing fires in the US ( edit ) Main article : Multiple - alarm fire In the US , fires are sometimes categorized as `` one alarm '' , `` all hands '' , `` two alarm '' , `` three alarm '' ( or higher ) fires . There is no standard definition for what this means quantifiably ; though , it always refers to the level of response by the local authorities . In some cities , the numeric rating refers to the number of fire stations that have been summoned to the fire . In others , it reflects the number of `` dispatches '' requesting additional personnel and equipment . Alarms levels are generally used to define the tiers of the response as to what resources are to be used . For example , a structure fire response draws the following equipment : four engine / pumper companies , one truck / ladder / aerial / quint company , and one battalion chief unit . This is referred to as an Initial Alarm or Box Alarm . A working fire request ( for the same incident ) would call for air / light units and chief officers / fireground commanders ( if not provided in the original dispatch ) . This summarizes the response to a First Alarm fire . Second and subsequent alarms call for two engine companies and one truck company . The reason behind the `` Alarm '' designation is so the Incident Commander does not have to list each apparatus required . He can simply say , `` Give me a second alarm here '' , instead of `` Give me a truck company and two engine companies '' along with requesting where they should come from . Categorization of fires varies among fire departments . A single alarm for one department may be a second alarm for another . Response always depends on the size of the fire and the department .", "14": "See also ( edit ) Glossary of firefighting -- list of firefighting terms and acronyms , with descriptions Glossary of firefighting equipment -- expansion of Glossary of firefighting Glossary of wildfire terms -- expansion of Glossary of firefighting Index of firefighting articles -- alphabetical list of firefighting articles List of fire departments Outline of firefighting -- structured list of firefighting topics , organized by subject area References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Firefighter '' . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Recruitment `` UK Fire Service Resources '' . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Safety , Government of Canada , Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and . `` Fire Fighter : OSH Answers '' . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : International Fire Service Training Association . Fire Service Orientation and Indoctrination . Philadelphia : Board of Regents , 1984 . Print . Jump up ^ Dillon , Matthew ; Garland , Lynda ( 2005 ) . Ancient Rome : From the Early Republic to the Assassination of Julius Caesar . ISBN 9780415224581 . Jump up ^ `` History `` UK Fire Service Resources '' . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fire History - A Historical Repository for the Fire Service of the United States of America '' . Fire History . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ City of Fort Lauderdale ( April 2011 ) . `` Fire - Rescue - Special Operations Command '' . fortlauderdale.gov . Jump up ^ Tommy Tine ( January 2014 ) . `` City of Dallas : Dallas Fire - Rescue Department '' . City of Dallas . Jump up ^ Jobmonkey ( January 2014 ) . `` Firefighter Schedules and Work Life '' . jobmonkey.com . Jump up ^ `` Fire & Rescue NSW - Annual Report 2012 / 13 '' . Fire.nsw.gov.au . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 7 key duties of a fire warden '' . healthandsafetyhandbook.com.au . Retrieved 21 February 2015 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Fire Warden Certification Classes - City of Houston - http://houstontx.gov/fire/HFMO/highrisecert.html Jump up ^ Essentials of Fire Fighting and Fire Department Operations 5th Edition . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 3 heat - related threats to firefighters and how to fix them '' . FireRescue1 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Thomson Delmar Learning . The Firefighter 's Handbook : Essentials of Fire Fighting and Emergency Response . Second Edition . Clifton Park , NY : Delmar Publishers , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Risks of Being a Fireman '' . work.chron.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Firefighting stiffens arteries , impairs heart function - News Bureau - University of Illinois '' . illinois.edu . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Richard . Essentials of Fire Fighting . Fourth Edition . Stillwater , OK : Fire Protection Publications , 1998 : Jump up ^ `` George Mason University Students Use Sound to Put Out Fire '' . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.fireengineering.com/fire-prevention-protection.html Jump up ^ `` Firefighter Career Guide '' . FireTactics . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bernard Klaene . Structural Firefighting : Strategies and Tactics . Jones and Bartlett Publishers , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 5168 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 5168 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Washington DC Business News - Business , Money , Financial & Corporate News '' . NBC4 Washington . Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Four - alarm fire on Avenue B '' . thevillager.com . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Look up firefighting in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Firefighting .", "16": "CDC - NIOSH Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program Firefighting Personnel Fire captain Fire chief Fire marshal Fire police Handcrew Station officer Volunteer fire department Women in firefighting Facilities Fire department List of fire departments Fire lookout tower Fire station Apparatus Airport crash tender Fire bike Fire chief 's vehicle Fire engine Firefighting apparatus HazMat Heavy rescue Light and air Quint Tender Wildland tender Wildland engine Equipment Bunker gear Escape chair Fire extinguisher Fire hose Fire hydrant Fire retardant Fire shelter Fireman 's pole Fireman 's switch Flame retardant Fog nozzle Halligan bar Hard suction hose Hazmat suit Heat detector Nomex PASS Proximity suit SCBA Siren Smoke detector Thermal imaging camera Terminology Dead man zone Deluge gun Draft Fire classes Fire control Fire safety Fire triangle Fireman 's carry Firewall Flash fire Forcible entry Gaseous fire suppression Stop , drop and roll Structure fire Two - in , two - out Ventilation Miscellaneous Fire camp Fire engine red Fire photography Fire protection engineering Foam Geography of firefighting History of firefighting International Association of Fire Fighters International Firefighters ' Day List of firefighting films Muster Saint Florian World Firefighters Games World Police and Fire Games Wildland firefighting Equipment and tactics Aerial firefighting Controlled burn Driptorch Fire hose Fire lookout tower Fire retardant Fire retardant gel Fire trail Firebreak Firefighting apparatus Firefighting foam Helicopter bucket Hose pack MAFFS Pulaski Wildland fire engine Wildland water tender Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel Personnel Engine crew Handcrew Helitack Hotshots Lookout Smokejumper By location Australia United States ( California , Washington ) Lists Glossary of wildfire terms List of wildfires Category Commons Fire", "17": "History Control of fire by early humans Native American use of fire Historic fires Science Pyrolysis Flash point Combustion Chain reaction Components Fuel Oxygen Heat Flame Smoke Individual fires By type By country By year Crime Arson Death by burning People Pyromania Firefighter Arsonist Culture Cremation Fire worship Organizations International Flame Research Foundation The Combustion Institute Category Commons Portal Wiktionary Natural disasters Geological Earthquakes Mass wasting Landslides Mudflows Lahars Ice calving Volcano eruption Avalanches Sinkholes Quicksands Water Flood Coastal flood Flash flood Storm surge Limnic eruption Tsunami Cloudburst Meteotsunami Weather Ice Cold wave Winter storm Thundersnow Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Hail Freezing rain Whiteout ( weather ) Black ice Cryoseism Freezing drizzle Ice dam Ice jacking Jumble ice Heat Droughts Heat waves Heat burst Backdraft Megadrought Torridness Wind Storms Storm surge Dust storm Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Supercell Firestorm Gale Sirocco Simoon Haboob Cyclone", "18": "Mesocyclone Tropical cyclones Extratropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone European windstorm Derechos Atlantic hurricane Typhoon Downdraft Tornado Multiple - vortex tornado Landspout Waterspout Fire whirl Gustnado Dust devil Whirlwind Lightning strike Air - mass thunderstorm Hypercane Microburst Monsoon Fire Wildfires Firestorm Fire whirl Health Outbreak Epidemic Pandemic Famine Space Gamma - ray burst Fast radio burst Cosmic rays ( Ultra-high - energy cosmic ray ) Impact event Meteor shower Particle shower Solar proton event Solar flare Coronal mass ejection Geomagnetic storm Astrophysical jet Kilonova Nova Supernova impostor Pair - instability supernova Supernova Hypernova Quark - nova Stellar collision Galactic collision Galactic merger GND : 4125289 - 5 NDL : 00571993 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "19": "php?title=Firefighting&oldid=817899847 '' Categories : Firefighting Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 06 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-264420295933348215	the witch and the hundred knight 2 us release	[ "March 27, 2018", "March 27, 2018", "March 27, 2018", "March 2018" ]	{ "0": "The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 - wikipedia The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 Jump to : navigation , search The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 US cover art Developer ( s ) Nippon Ichi Software Publisher ( s ) JP : Nippon Ichi Software AS : Sega WW : NIS America Director ( s ) Kenta Asano Producer ( s ) Souhei Niikawa Composer ( s ) Tenpei Sato Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Release JP : February 23 , 2017 AS : May 25 , 2017 NA : March 27 , 2018 EU : March 30 , 2018 AU : April 13 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Action role - playing game Mode ( s ) Single - player The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 ( 魔女と百騎兵 2 , Majo to Hyakkihei 2 ) is an action role - playing video game developed and published by Nippon Ichi Software for the PlayStation 4 . Featuring a different witch than its predecessor The Witch and the Hundred Knight , the game released in February 2017 in Japan and in March 2018 in North America and Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Setting 3 Development 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 is an action role - playing game with a top - down isometric view . Players fight their way through a variety of levels as Hundred Knight , a magical creature that can be equipped with five types of weapons : swords , hammers , staffs , lances , and spears . Each weapon type differs in attack range , speed , and motion . By changing the order of use , players create many different combos . Setting ( edit ) The world of Kevala is corrupted by the Witch 's Disease , an illness developed in children under age 10 . Its cause is unknown . A third eye appears on the forehead of those infected with the Witch 's Disease , and when the eye opens they awaken as a witch .", "1": "A girl named Amalie lives in a remote village after she lost her parents to a witch . Her younger sister Milm is the only family she has left . One day , Milm suddenly disappears and Amalie eagerly searches for her . When she is about to give up , Milm shows up again , covered in mud and with the witch 's eye on her forehead . Development ( edit ) The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 was first revealed in May 2015 through a short video in which Nippon Ichi Software confirmed that the game was in development . In October 2016 , director Kenta Asano told Dengeki PlayStation that the PlayStation 4 was chosen as platform for the game because The Witch and the Hundred Knight Revival , an enhanced port of the original game for the system , was well received . A Winter 2017 release was announced at the same time . Later that month , the February 23 release date was revealed . The game will be released in North America and Europe in March 2018 . Reception ( edit ) The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 received a 33 / 40 score in issue 1472 of Famitsu upon its Japanese release . Commercially , the game was not as successful in Japan as its predecessor . According to Media Create , only 13,421 physical copies of the game were sold during the week of release , compared to 49,209 copies in the week of launch of the first game for PlayStation 3 in 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sal Romano ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 first details , screenshots '' . Gematsu . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sal Romano ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 announced , Revival teaser trailer '' . Gematsu . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sato ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 Releases In Winter 2017 With New Story And Characters '' . Siliconera . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 .", "2": "Jump up ^ Gobu ( ゴブ蔵 ) ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` 『魔女と百騎兵 2 』 2017 年冬に PS4 で発売決定 ! ストーリーを一新し、アクション要素が大幅パワーアップ '' . Hachima Kikou . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sal Romano ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 launches February 23 in Japan , teaser trailer '' . Gematsu . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sal Romano ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 launches March 27 in North America , March 30 in Europe '' . Gematsu . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Potak ( ポタク ) ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ( ファミ通クロスレビュー ) PS4 『ニーアオートマタ』 39 点、 PS4 / PSV 『スーパーロボット大戦 V 』 34 点など '' . Hachima Kikou . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 「 NieR : Automata 」 19 万 8000 本 , 「スーパーロボット大戦 V 」合計 18 万 3000 本の「ゲームソフト週間販売ランキング + 」 '' . 4Gamer.net . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 .", "3": "Jump up ^ `` 「逆転裁判 5 」 25 万本 , 「ドラゴンズクラウン」合計 17 万 5000 本 , 「魔女と百騎兵」 4 万 9000 本など , 新作多数の「ゲームソフト週間販売ランキング + 」 '' . 4Gamer.net . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official Site ( in Japanese ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Witch_and_the_Hundred_Knight_2&oldid=835784329 '' Categories : 2017 video games Dark fantasy video games Nippon Ichi Software games Role - playing video games Video games featuring female protagonists Witchcraft in video games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 - only games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Video games developed in Japan Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 19 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8779917413777030409	who was in dont worry be happy video	[ "McFerrin, Robin Williams, and Bill Irwin", "McFerrin", "Robin Williams", "Bill Irwin" ]	{ "0": "Do n't Worry , Be Happy - wikipedia Do n't Worry , Be Happy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Bobby McFerrin . For other uses , see Do n't Worry , Be Happy ( disambiguation ) . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Single by Bobby McFerrin from the album Simple Pleasures A-side `` Do n't Worry Be Happy '' B - side `` Good Lovin ' '' `` Simple Pleasures '' ( optional ) Released September 1988 , 1989 , 2000 Format 12 '' maxi 7 '' promo 7 '' single CD single Recorded Genre Reggae jazz a cappella Length 4 : 50 ( album version ) 4 : 03 ( music video ) 3 : 50 ( radio edit ) Label EMI - Manhattan Records Songwriter ( s ) Bobby McFerrin Producer ( s ) Linda Goldstein Music video `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' on YouTube `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' is a popular worldwide hit song by musician Bobby McFerrin . Released in September 1988 , it became the first a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , a position it held for two weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 5 Usage in popular culture 6 Awards 7 Charts 8 Certifications 9 Cover versions 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Meher Baba , who often used the phrase `` Do n't worry , be happy '' The Indian mystic and sage Meher Baba ( 1894 -- 1969 ) often used the expression `` Do n't worry , be happy '' when cabling his followers in the West . In the 1960s , the expression was printed up on inspirational cards and posters of the era . In 1988 , McFerrin noticed a similar poster in the apartment of the jazz duo Tuck & Patti in San Francisco .", "1": "Inspired by the expression 's charm and simplicity , McFerrin wrote the now famous song , which was included in the soundtrack of the movie Cocktail , and became a hit single the next year . In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said , `` Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba , it usually says ' Do n't worry , be happy , ' which is a pretty neat philosophy in four words , I think . '' Linda Goldstein , the song 's producer , said the song gave McFerrin `` the freedom to explore , '' adding , `` He is a man of infinite , unfathomable , boundless voices and everything he has ever heard has gone into his brain , from the Mickey Mouse Club theme to the Metropolitan Opera . '' Composition ( edit ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( 2008 ) A 24 - second audio sample of Bobby McFerrin 's `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . he `` instruments '' in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin , using no instruments at all ; McFerrin also sings with an affected accent . Music Video ( edit ) The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin , Robin Williams , and Bill Irwin , and is somewhat shorter than the album version . Chart performance ( edit ) Originally released in conjunction with the film Cocktail in 1988 , the song originally peaked at No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was re-released the same year and peaked at No. 1 on September 24 , 1988 displacing `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' by Guns N ' Roses which had previously held the No. 1 spot . The song also peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Tracks chart and No. 7 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . The song was also a hit in the United Kingdom and on the UK Singles Chart , the song reached number 2 during its fifth week on the chart ( kept from the top spot by Whitney Houston 's `` One Moment in Time '' ) . In Canada , the song reached No.", "2": "1 on its 8th week . The song is the first a cappella song to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart and one critic noted it is a `` formula for facing life 's trials . '' While the song reached No. 1 on the charts , its album Simple Pleasures reached No. 12 on the album charts after starting out at No. 20 when it was first released . Usage in popular culture ( edit ) Comedian George Carlin wrote in Napalm and Silly Putty that many Americans would embrace the philosophy of denial in the song . Featured in the 1988 romance film Cocktail , starring Tom Cruise and Elisabeth Shue . It was also released as part of the film 's official soundtrack . The song was used in George H.W. Bush 's 1988 U.S. presidential election as Bush 's 1988 official presidential campaign song , without Bobby McFerrin 's permission or endorsement . In reaction , Bobby McFerrin ( a Democrat ) publicly protested that particular use of his song , including stating that he was going to vote against Bush , and completely dropped the song from his own performance repertoire , to make the point even clearer . The George H.W. Bush campaign then reportedly desisted from further use of the song . In 1989 , Delacorte Press published a book titled Do n't Worry , Be Happy with the song 's lyrics , 20 new verses written by McFerrin , and illustrations by Bennett Carlson . The song became an unofficial anthem in Jamaica after Hurricane Gilbert struck the island in September 1988 ( coinciding with the song 's release ) and caused months of hardship to the population . The song is often erroneously attributed to Bob Marley . In 1997 , the song was featured in the direct - to - video film Casper : A Spirited Beginning . In 2001 , Mondo Club recorded the titular single . The performer was Trevor Taylor . In 2005 , featured in the biographical military drama Jarhead , starring Jake Gyllenhaal . In 2006 , the song was parodied in the animated film Flushed Away .", "3": "In 2008 , the song was featured in the Disney / Pixar animated film WALL - E. McFerrin had previously provided vocal work for Pixar 's short film Knick Knack . In November 2014 , it was featured as a mashup with `` Winter Wonderland '' by a cappella group Pentatonix featuring Tori Kelly on the album That 's Christmas to Me . It was featured in the dance video game Just Dance 2015 . In 2017 , the song was covered by Kermit Ruffins , Irvin Mayfield , Jason Marsalis , Cyril Neville , Haley Reinhart , and Glen David Andrews for Ruffins and Mayfield 's album A Beautiful World . Awards ( edit ) The song is ranked No. 31 on VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s and also appears on Rolling Stone 's list of the 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time . At the 1989 Grammy Awards , `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' won the awards for Song of the Year , Record of the Year , and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance .", "4": "Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 -- 89 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM 30 Retail Singles Canadian RPM Top Singles France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Irish Singles Chart Italy ( FIMI ) 18 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 South African Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary 7 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles 11 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 75 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Versions of `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' have been recorded by several artists . The Katsimiha Brothers made a Greek cover of the song with original lyrics , and Montenegrin musician Rambo Amadeus made a parody entitled `` Do n't Happy , Be Worry '' , as a critique to the optimism of the music scene in the former Yugoslavia in the face of war and economic depression . In addition , the lyrics of `` Fight the Power '' by hip - hop artists Public Enemy refer critically to `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . A version of this song sung by The Hit Crew is also added into the Big Mouth Billy Bass , a very popular animatronic singing toy . Hermes House Band covered the song on their Rhythm of the Nineties album in 2009 . Reggae artist Cas Haley covered the song as a hidden bonus track on his Favorites album ( together with former Jah Roots lead singer , Josh Heinrichs ) .", "5": "Also in 1989 Dutch rock DJ Alfred Lagarde recorded a version in Dutch with a heavy Surinam accent under the name Johnny Camaro . Spanish Ska band The Locos covered this song in a similar style , Ska . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry Be Happy '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ SPIN june 1989 ( PDF ) . SPIN Media LLC. 1989 . p. 66 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bhau Kalchuri ( 1986 ) . ' Meher Prabhu : Lord Meher , The Biography of the Avatar of the Age , Meher Baba . Manifestation , Inc . pp. 5134 , 5770 , 5970 , 6405 , 6742 . Jump up ^ `` ' USA Weekend Magazine '' . October 21 , 1988 . In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said , `` Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba , it usually says ' Do n't worry , be happy Jump up ^ `` Bobby McFerrin Extended Interview '' ( Video Interview ) . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Michael . `` ' Do n't Worry , Be Happy ' -- It 's Catching '' Fort Lauderdale , Florida : Sun - Sentinel : 1988 . Jump up ^ Heldenfels , Rich ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Mailbag : Mr. Noodle explained '' . Akron Beacon - Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hot 100 : The Week of September 24 , 1988 '' . billboard.com . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Holden , Stephen ( Sep 29 , 1988 ) . `` Don ` t Worry , Be Happy : Bobby Mcferrin Has A No. 1 Hit '' . New York Times News Service . Retrieved 9 June 2014 .", "6": "McFerrin ` s hit is earning the superb vocal improviser a mass audience , as his album , ` ` Simple Pleasures ` ` leaps from No. 20 to No. 12 on the album chart . Jump up ^ `` Bobby McFerrin Awards '' . All Media Network , LLC . March 11 , 1950 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Do n't Worry , Be Happy . B Happy - Benny to Beyonce , 2012 - books.google.com Jump up ^ Carlin , George ( 2001 ) . Napalm and Silly Putty . Jump up ^ `` '' Do n't Worry , Be Happy `` , Bobby McFerrin '' . VH1 's Pop - up Video . 1997 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Helen . `` Revd Helen OSullivan on Do n't Worry Be Happy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Barry ( Dec 11 , 2013 ) . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy 5.4 Project '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mondo Club -- Do n't Worry Be Happy Jump up ^ `` ( Official Video ) Winter Wonderland / Do n't Worry Be Happy - Pentatonix ( ft Tori Kelly ) '' . YouTube . November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kermit Ruffins Irvin Mayfield -- A Beautiful World '' . Basin Street Records . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Kate ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` The 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' .", "7": "ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Canadian 30 Retail Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Only one result when searching `` Do n't worry be happy '' Jump up ^ `` The best - selling singles of 1989 in Italy '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . 97 . Do n't Worry , Be Happy - Bobby McFerrin ( # 18 , 1988 / 89 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bobby McFerrin '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . VG - lista .", "8": "Jump up ^ John Samson . `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy in South African Chart '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` LISTAS DE AFYVE - Singles 1988 '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bobby McFerrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 22nd October 1988 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby McFerrin awards on Allmusic '' . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bobby McFerrin ; ' Do n't Worry , Be Happy ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bobby Mc Ferrin -- Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . Recording Industry Association of America .", "9": "If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) 1980s portal Lyrics of this song on Bobby McFerrin 's official website Preceded by `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' by Guns N ' Roses Billboard Hot 100 number one single September 24 , 1988 -- October 1 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Love Bites '' by Def Leppard Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel ,", "10": "Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry ,", "11": "Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . )", "12": "( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? ''", "13": "-- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send in the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher ,", "14": "Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans ,", "15": "Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves ,", "16": "Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Meher Baba Publications God Speaks ( 1955 ) Discourses ( 1939 ) God in a Pill ? ( 1966 ) Terms and concepts God - realization Perfect Master Involution Mast Mandali New Life Prayers Parvardigar Prayer Prayer of Repentance Beloved God Prayer Seven Names of God Prayer 101 Names of God Traditions Amartithi Silence Day Dhuni Meher Baba 's missing book Important places Meherabad ashram Pilgrim Center shrine / tomb Meherazad Meher Spiritual Center Meher Mount Avatar 's Abode Family Shireen Irani ( mother ) Sheriar Irani ( father ) Mani Irani ( sister ) Associated figures Mehera Irani Norina Matchabelli Kitty Davy Eruch Jessawala Faredoon Driver Bhau Kalchuri Francis Brabazon William Donkin Lyn Ott Charles Purdom Gabriel Pascal Quentin Tod Meredith Starr Pete Townshend Tom Hopkinson Mirza Ismail Contacted masters Hazrat Babajan Upasni Maharaj Sai Baba of Shirdi Hazrat Tajuddin Baba Narayan Maharaj Organizations Avatar Meher Baba Trust Sufism Reoriented Legacy `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Beyond Words ( 1997 documentary ) Nema aviona za Zagreb ( 2012 film ) Happy Birthday ( 1970 album ) I Am ( 1972 album ) With Love ( 1976 album ) O Parvardigar ( 1976 film ) `` Parvardigar '' ( 2001 album ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Worry,", "17": "_Be_Happy&oldid=838201365 '' Categories : 1988 singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles A cappella songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs about happiness Meher Baba 1988 songs Manhattan Records singles EMI Records singles Debut singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 15 : 11 . 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4432617520373099396	total strength of judges in supreme court of india	[ "24 judges", "24", "24 judges" ]	{ "0": "List of Sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India - wikipedia List of Sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India Jump to : navigation , search Emblem of the Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court of India , in New Delhi This is a list of judges of the Supreme Court of India , the highest court in the Republic of India . The list is ordered according to seniority . There are currently 24 judges , against a maximum possible strength of 31 . As per the Constitution of India , judges of the Supreme Court judges retire at age 65 . Justice Dipak Misra is the current and 45th Chief Justice of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Judges ordered by seniority 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links List of Judges ordered by seniority ( edit ) S. No . Name Gender Date of appointment Date of retirement State / Union Territory Notes Dipak Misra ( Chief Justice ) Male 10 October 2011 2 October 2018 Odisha 28 August 2017 Jasti Chelameswar Male 10 October 2011 22 June 2018 Andhra Pradesh Ranjan Gogoi Male 23 April 2012 17 November 2019 Assam Madan Lokur Male 4 June 2012 30 December 2018 Delhi 5 Kurian Joseph Male 8 March 2013 29 November 2018 Kerala 6 Arjan Kumar Sikri Male 12 April 2013 6 March 2019 Delhi 7 Sharad Arvind Bobde Male 12 April 2013 23 April 2021 Maharashtra 8 Rajesh Kumar Agrawal Male 17 February 2014 4 May 2018 Uttar Pradesh 9 N.V.", "1": "Ramana Male 17 February 2014 26 August 2022 Andhra Pradesh 10 Arun Kumar Mishra Male 7 July 2014 2 September 2020 Madhya Pradesh 11 Adarsh Kumar Goel Male 7 July 2014 6 July 2018 Punjab 12 Rohinton Fali Nariman Male 7 July 2014 12 August 2021 Maharashtra 13 Abhay Manohar Sapre Male 13 August 2014 27 August 2019 Madhya Pradesh 14 R. Banumathi Female 13 August 2014 19 July 2020 Tamil Nadu 15 Uday U. Lalit Male 13 August 2014 8 November 2022 Maharashtra 16 Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar Male 13 May 2016 29 July 2022 Maharashtra 17 Dhananjaya Y .", "2": "Chandrachud Male 13 May 2016 10 November 2024 Maharashtra 18 Ashok Bhushan Male 13 May 2016 4 July 2021 Uttar Pradesh 19 L. Nageswara Rao Male 13 May 2016 7 June 2022 Andhra Pradesh 20 Sanjay Kishan Kaul Male 17 February 2017 25 December 2023 Delhi 21 Mohan Shantanagoudar Male 17 February 2017 4 May 2023 Karnataka 22 S. Abdul Nazeer Male 17 February 2017 4 January 2023 Karnataka 23 Navin Sinha Male 17 February 2017 18 August 2021 Bihar 24 Deepak Gupta Male 17 February 2017 6 May 2020 Himachal Pradesh 25 Indu Malhotra Female 27 April 2018 14 March 2022 Delhi See also ( edit ) List of Chief Justices of India List of current Indian chief justices List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Date of elevation as Chief Justice of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hon'ble The Chief Justice of India & Hon'ble Judges '' . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice of India and Sitting Hon'ble Judges arranged according to date of appointment as on 10 March 2014 '' . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India Dipak Misra CJI Jasti Chelameswar Ranjan Gogoi Madan Lokur Kurian Joseph Arjan Kumar Sikri Sharad Arvind Bobde Rajesh Kumar Agrawal N.V.", "3": "Ramana Arun Kumar Mishra Adarsh Kumar Goel Rohinton Fali Nariman Abhay Manohar Sapre R. Banumathi Uday U. Lalit Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar Dhananjaya Y . Chandrachud Ashok Bhushan L. Nageswara Rao Sanjay Kishan Kaul Mohan Shantanagoudar S. Abdul Nazeer Navin Sinha Deepak Gupta Chief Justices of India Judiciary of India Supreme Court Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India List of Chief Justices of India List of sitting judges High Courts High Courts of India Chief Justices of High Courts of India District Courts District Courts of India List of district courts of India Judicial Magistrate of First Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class Gram Nyayalayas Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Constitution Constitution of India Law of India Indian Penal Code Appointment of Judges National Judicial Appointments Commission Collegium System Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India&oldid=838488306 '' Categories : Supreme Court of India Judiciary of India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 10 : 20 . 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306074923032581824	who is the original singer of just when i needed you most	[ "Randy VanWarmer", "Randy VanWarmer", "Randy VanWarmer", "American singer-songwriter Randy VanWarmer", "Randy VanWarmer" ]	{ "0": "Just When I Needed You Most - wikipedia Just When I Needed You Most Jump to : navigation , search `` Just When I Needed You Most '' Single by Randy VanWarmer from the album Warmer B - side `` Your Light '' Released February 1979 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Genre Pop rock , country rock , soft rock Length 3 : 58 Label Bearsville Songwriter ( s ) Randy VanWarmer , Tony Wilson Producer ( s ) Del Newman `` Just When I Needed You Most '' is the title of a 1979 hit single by the American singer - songwriter Randy VanWarmer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Cover versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) VanWarmer was inspired to write `` Just When I Needed You Most '' after his old car that he loved and used for years broke down on the way to work in Denver , Colorado and by a `` devastating '' breakup with a girlfriend : he wrote the song six months after that breakup co-writing it with Tony Wilson of the group Hot Chocolate two years before it became a hit . After recording `` Just When I Needed You Most '' for an album recorded for the UK division of Bearsville Records , VanWarmer then flew to the US to pressure Bearsville 's head office to promote the album which was duly remixed and released with `` Just When I Needed You Most '' as lead single although VanWarmer would recall that Bearsville evinced little enthusiasm for the track : `` Nobody thought my version was an especially good version of the song ( which ) a few other people were thinking of cutting ... Everybody just assumed mine was a demo for people to listen to who 'd ( then ) cut the definitive version '' . It has also been asserted that `` Your Light '' the flip was the original intended A-side of VanWarmer 's single . Released as a single in February 1979 , VanWarmer 's `` Just When I Needed You Most '' spent two weeks atop the US Billboard adult contemporary chart in May of that year and in June 1979 reached its peak position of No.", "1": "4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart accruing an overall Top 40 tenure of 14 weeks and earning RIAA Gold record status . In addition , the track reached No. 71 on the Billboard country music chart . and in September 1979 made the Top 10 on the UK Singles Chart , peaking at No. 8 . VanWarmer attributed his single 's success to empathy for its heartbreak scenario : `` It 's happened to everyone . That emotion is universal ... I always hoped the record was n't wallowing in self - pity and it had some redeeming value , and I guess it does . '' VanWarmer also attributed his single 's success to the autoharp instrumental break between the second and third verses , performed by John Sebastian . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Australia KMR 17 Canada RPM Top Singles 32 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 5 UK 8 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.S. Billboard Country 71 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Australia 94 Canada 192 UK 74 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 29 U.S. Cash Box 46 Cover versions ( edit ) The song 's co-writer Tony Wilson recorded `` Just When I Needed You Most '' for his 1979 album Catch One . Dolly Parton recorded a cover version of the song for her 1996 album , Treasures : this version , which like the VanWarmer original featured John Sebastian on autoharp , reached No. 62 on the Billboard country music chart . Other artists who either recorded or performed the song in concert include country music singers Tim McGraw , Donna Fargo , Skeeter Davis and Conway Twitty , R&B vocalist Millie Jackson , the German disco musician Peter Griffin , British glam rock band Smokie , reggae artists Barbara Jones , and Eddie Lovette , Filipino singer Pops Fernandez , Bob Dylan , Paul Butterfield , Billy Joe Royal , and the Spanish group Mocedades .", "2": "In 2002 , the American - Taiwanese singer Will Pan released a bilingual English / Chinese version of the song . Dana Winner recorded `` Just When I Needed You Most '' for her 2011 album Unforgettable . Anne Nolan recorded `` Just When I Needed You Most '' for her 2013 debut solo album Just One Voice . A Finnish rendering of `` Just When I Needed You Most '' entitled `` Juuri Kun Tarvitsin Sua '' was recorded by ELF ( fi ) for their 1979 album Tarantella - Joe . Ingela `` Pling '' Forsman wrote lyrics in Swedish as När jag behövde dig mest , which was recorded by Swedish dansband Wizex on the 1980 album You Treated Me Wrong . A Spanish rendering entitled `` Necesitando Tu Amor '' was recorded by Mocedades for their 1982 album Amor De Hombre . An Austrian rendering entitled `` Ausg _́ lacht '' was recorded by Wolfgang Ambros for his 2012 album 190352 . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1979 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Item , August 14 , 1988 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Klingman Daily Miner , July 20 , 1978 , p. 15 Jump up ^ The Evening Independent , August 24 , 1979 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of # 1 Adult Contemporary Hits ( Billboard Publications ) , pages 228 - 9 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 657 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 582 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 .", "3": "Jump up ^ `` Randy Vanwarmer '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1979 '' ( PDF ) . Record Mirror . London : Spotlight Publications . January 5 , 1980 . p. 30 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1979 / Top 100 Songs of 1979 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Will Pan - Just When I Needed You Most '' . YouTube . 2006 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` You treated me wrong Svensk mediedatabas '' . SMDB.kb.se . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 .", "4": "External links ( edit ) Single release info from discogs.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_When_I_Needed_You_Most&oldid=819767389 '' Categories : 1979 singles Bearsville Records singles Randy VanWarmer songs Dolly Parton songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Randy VanWarmer Pop ballads Torch songs Music videos directed by John Lloyd Miller Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 04 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4974429461066436469	where is the highest level of fluoride stored in the teeth	[ "surface of the enamel" ]	{ "0": "Water fluoridation - wikipedia Water fluoridation Jump to : navigation , search Fluoridation does not affect the appearance , taste or smell of drinking water . Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay . Fluoridated water contains fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing cavities ; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride . Fluoridated water operates on tooth surfaces : in the mouth , it creates low levels of fluoride in saliva , which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralizes and increases the rate at which it remineralizes in the early stages of cavities . Typically a fluoridated compound is added to drinking water , a process that in the U.S. costs an average of about $1.06 per person - year . Defluoridation is needed when the naturally occurring fluoride level exceeds recommended limits . In 2011 the World Health Organization suggested a level of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.5 mg / L ( milligrams per litre ) , depending on climate , local environment , and other sources of fluoride . Bottled water typically has unknown fluoride levels . Dental caries remains a major public health concern in most industrialized countries , affecting 60 -- 90 % of schoolchildren and the vast majority of adults . Water fluoridation reduces cavities in children , while efficacy in adults is less clear . A Cochrane review estimates a reduction in cavities when water fluoridation was used by children who had no access to other sources of fluoride to be 35 % in baby teeth and 26 % in permanent teeth . The evidence quality was poor . Most European countries have experienced substantial declines in tooth decay without its use , however milk and salt fluoridation is widespread . Recent studies suggest that water fluoridation , particularly in industrialized nations , may be unnecessary because topical fluorides ( such as in toothpaste ) are widely used , and caries rates have become low . Although fluoridation can cause dental fluorosis , which can alter the appearance of developing teeth or enamel fluorosis , the differences are mild and usually not considered to be of aesthetic or public health concern . There is no clear evidence of other adverse effects from water fluoridation .", "1": "Fluoride 's effects depend on the total daily intake of fluoride from all sources . Drinking water is typically the largest source ; other methods of fluoride therapy include fluoridation of toothpaste , salt , and milk . The views on the most efficient method for community prevention of tooth decay are mixed . The Australian government states that water fluoridation is the most effective way to achieve fluoride exposure that is community - wide . The World Health Organization reports that water fluoridation , when feasible and culturally acceptable , has substantial advantages , especially for subgroups at high risk , while the European Commission finds no benefit to water fluoridation compared with topical use . Public water fluoridation was first practiced in the U.S. As of 2012 , 25 countries have artificial water fluoridation to varying degrees , 11 of them have more than 50 % of their population drinking fluoridated water . A further 28 countries have water that is naturally fluoridated , though in many of them the fluoride is above the recommended safe level . As of 2012 , about 435 million people worldwide received water fluoridated at the recommended level ( i.e. , about 5.4 % of the global population ) . About 214 million of them living in the United States . Major health organizations such as the World Health Organization and FDI World Dental Federation supported water fluoridation as safe and effective . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists water fluoridation as one of the ten great public health achievements of the 20th century in the U.S. Despite this , the practice is controversial as a public health measure ; some countries and communities have discontinued it , while others have expanded it . Opponents of the practice argue that neither the benefits nor the risks have been studied adequately , and debate the conflict between what might be considered mass medication and individual liberties .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Goal 2 Implementation 2.1 Recommendations 2.2 Occurrences 3 Evidence 3.1 Effectiveness 3.2 Fluorosis 3.3 Safety 4 Mechanism 5 Alternatives 6 Usage 7 History 8 Economics 9 Controversy 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Goal A cavity starts in a tooth 's outer enamel and spreads to the dentin and pulp inside . The goal of water fluoridation is to prevent tooth decay by adjusting the concentration of fluoride in public water supplies . Tooth decay ( dental caries ) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide . Although it is rarely life - threatening , tooth decay can cause pain and impair eating , speaking , facial appearance , and acceptance into society , and it greatly affects the quality of life of children , particularly those of low socioeconomic status . In most industrialized countries , tooth decay affects 60 -- 90 % of schoolchildren and the vast majority of adults ; although the problem appears to be less in Africa 's developing countries , it is expected to increase in several countries there because of changing diet and inadequate fluoride exposure . In the U.S. , minorities and the poor both have higher rates of decayed and missing teeth , and their children have less dental care . Once a cavity occurs , the tooth 's fate is that of repeated restorations , with estimates for the median life of an amalgam tooth filling ranging from 9 to 14 years . Oral disease is the fourth most expensive disease to treat . The motivation for fluoridation of salt or water is similar to that of iodized salt for the prevention of intellectual disability and goiter . The goal of water fluoridation is to prevent a chronic disease whose burdens particularly fall on children and the poor . Another of the goals was to bridge inequalities in dental health and dental care . Some studies suggest that fluoridation reduces oral health inequalities between the rich and poor , but the evidence is limited . There is anecdotal but not scientific evidence that fluoride allows more time for dental treatment by slowing the progression of tooth decay , and that it simplifies treatment by causing most cavities to occur in pits and fissures of teeth .", "3": "Other reviews have found not enough evidence to determine if water fluoridation reduces oral - health social disparities . Health and dental organizations worldwide have endorsed its safety and effectiveness . Its use began in 1945 , following studies of children in a region where higher levels of fluoride occur naturally in the water . Further research showed that moderate fluoridation prevents tooth decay . Implementation Fluoride monitor ( at left ) in a community water tower pumphouse , Minnesota , 1987 Fluoridation does not affect the appearance , taste , or smell of drinking water . It is normally accomplished by adding one of three compounds to the water : sodium fluoride , fluorosilicic acid , or sodium fluorosilicate . Sodium fluoride ( NaF ) was the first compound used and is the reference standard . It is a white , odorless powder or crystal ; the crystalline form is preferred if manual handling is used , as it minimizes dust . It is more expensive than the other compounds , but is easily handled and is usually used by smaller utility companies . It is toxic in gram quantities by ingestion or inhalation . Fluorosilicic acid ( H SiF ) is the most commonly used additive for water fluoridation in the United States . It is an inexpensive liquid by - product of phosphate fertilizer manufacture . It comes in varying strengths , typically 23 -- 25 % ; because it contains so much water , shipping can be expensive . It is also known as hexafluorosilicic , hexafluosilicic , hydrofluosilicic , and silicofluoric acid . Sodium fluorosilicate ( Na SiF ) is the sodium salt of fluorosilicic acid . It is a powder or very fine crystal that is easier to ship than fluorosilicic acid . It is also known as sodium silicofluoride . These compounds were chosen for their solubility , safety , availability , and low cost . A 1992 census found that , for U.S. public water supply systems reporting the type of compound used , 63 % of the population received water fluoridated with fluorosilicic acid , 28 % with sodium fluorosilicate , and 9 % with sodium fluoride .", "4": "Recommendations The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed recommendations for water fluoridation that specify requirements for personnel , reporting , training , inspection , monitoring , surveillance , and actions in case of overfeed , along with technical requirements for each major compound used . Although fluoride was once considered an essential nutrient , the U.S. National Research Council has since removed this designation due to the lack of studies showing it is essential for human growth , though still considering fluoride a `` beneficial element '' due to its positive impact on oral health . The European Food Safety Authority 's Panel on Dietetic Products , Nutrition and Allergies ( NDA ) considers fluoride not to be an essential nutrient , yet , due to the beneficial effects of dietary fluoride on prevention of dental caries they have defined an Adequate Intake ( AI ) value for it . The AI of fluoride from all sources ( including non-dietary sources ) is 0.05 mg / kg body weight per day for both children and adults , including pregnant and lactating women . In 2011 , the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) lowered the recommended level of fluoride to 0.7 mg / L. In 2015 , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) , based on the recommendation of the U.S. Public Health Service ( PHS ) for fluoridation of community water systems , recommended that bottled water manufacturers limit fluoride in bottled water to no more than 0.7 milligrams per liter ( mg / L ) ( milligrams per liter , equivalent to parts per million ) . Previous recommendations were based on evaluations from 1962 , when the U.S. specified the optimal level of fluoride to range from 0.7 to 1.2 mg / L ( milligrams per liter , equivalent to parts per million ) , depending on the average maximum daily air temperature ; the optimal level is lower in warmer climates , where people drink more water , and is higher in cooler climates . These standards are not appropriate for all parts of the world , where fluoride levels might be excessive and fluoride should be removed from water , and is based on assumptions that have become obsolete with the rise of air conditioning and increased use of soft drinks , processed food , fluoridated toothpaste , and other sources of fluorides .", "5": "In 2011 the World Health Organization stated that 1.5 mg / L should be an absolute upper bound and that 0.5 mg / L may be an appropriate lower limit . A 2007 Australian systematic review recommended a range from 0.6 to 1.1 mg / L . Geographical areas associated with groundwater having over 1.5 mg / L of naturally occurring fluoride , which is above recommended levels . Detail of southern Arizona . Areas in darker blues have groundwater with over 2 mg / L of naturally occurring fluoride . Occurrences Fluoride naturally occurring in water can be above , at , or below recommended levels . Rivers and lakes generally contain fluoride levels less than 0.5 mg / L , but groundwater , particularly in volcanic or mountainous areas , can contain as much as 50 mg / L. Higher concentrations of fluorine are found in alkaline volcanic , hydrothermal , sedimentary , and other rocks derived from highly evolved magmas and hydrothermal solutions , and this fluorine dissolves into nearby water as fluoride . In most drinking waters , over 95 % of total fluoride is the F ion , with the magnesium -- fluoride complex ( MgF ) being the next most common . Because fluoride levels in water are usually controlled by the solubility of fluorite ( CaF ) , high natural fluoride levels are associated with calcium - deficient , alkaline , and soft waters . Defluoridation is needed when the naturally occurring fluoride level exceeds recommended limits . It can be accomplished by percolating water through granular beds of activated alumina , bone meal , bone char , or tricalcium phosphate ; by coagulation with alum ; or by precipitation with lime . Pitcher or faucet - mounted water filters do not alter fluoride content ; the more - expensive reverse osmosis filters remove 65 -- 95 % of fluoride , and distillation removes all fluoride . Some bottled waters contain undeclared fluoride , which can be present naturally in source waters , or if water is sourced from a public supply which has been fluoridated . The FDA states that bottled water products labeled as de-ionized , purified , demineralized , or distilled have been treated in such a way that they contain no or only trace amounts of fluoride , unless they specifically list fluoride as an added ingredient .", "6": "Evidence Existing evidence suggests that water fluoridation reduces tooth decay . Consistent evidence also suggests that it causes dental fluorosis , most of which is mild and not usually of aesthetic concern . No clear evidence of other adverse effects exists , though almost all research thereof has been of poor quality . Effectiveness Reviews have shown that water fluoridation reduces cavities in children . A conclusion for the efficacy in adults is less clear with some reviews finding benefit and others not . Studies in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s showed that water fluoridation reduced childhood cavities by fifty to sixty percent , while studies in 1989 and 1990 showed lower reductions ( 40 % and 18 % respectively ) , likely due to increasing use of fluoride from other sources , notably toothpaste , and also the ' halo effect ' of food and drink that is made in fluoridated areas and consumed in unfluoridated ones . A 2000 UK systematic review ( York ) found that water fluoridation was associated with a decreased proportion of children with cavities of 15 % and with a decrease in decayed , missing , and filled primary teeth ( average decreases was 2.25 teeth ) . The review found that the evidence was of moderate quality : few studies attempted to reduce observer bias , control for confounding factors , report variance measures , or use appropriate analysis . Although no major differences between natural and artificial fluoridation were apparent , the evidence was inadequate for a conclusion about any differences . A 2007 Australian systematic review used the same inclusion criteria as York 's , plus one additional study . This did not affect the York conclusions . A 2011 European Commission systematic review based its efficacy on York 's review conclusion . A 2015 Cochrane systematic review estimated a reduction in cavities when water fluoridation was used by children who had no access to other sources of fluoride to be 35 % in baby teeth and 26 % in permanent teeth . The evidence was of poor quality . Fluoride may also prevent cavities in adults of all ages . A 2007 meta - analysis by CDC researchers found that water fluoridation prevented an estimated 27 % of cavities in adults , about the same fraction as prevented by exposure to any delivery method of fluoride ( 29 % average ) .", "7": "A 2011 European Commission review found that the benefits of water fluoridation for adult in terms of reductions in decay are limited . A 2015 Cochrane review found no conclusive research regarding the effectiveness of water fluoridation in adults . A 2016 review found variable quality evidence that , overall , stopping of community water fluoridation programs was typically followed by an increase in cavities . Most countries in Europe have experienced substantial declines in cavities without the use of water fluoridation . For example , in Finland and Germany , tooth decay rates remained stable or continued to decline after water fluoridation stopped . Fluoridation may be useful in the U.S. because unlike most European countries , the U.S. does not have school - based dental care , many children do not visit a dentist regularly , and for many U.S. children water fluoridation is the prime source of exposure to fluoride . The effectiveness of water fluoridation can vary according to circumstances such as whether preventive dental care is free to all children . Fluorosis A mild case of dental fluorosis , visible as white streaks on the subject 's upper right central incisor . Fluoride 's adverse effects depend on total fluoride dosage from all sources . At the commonly recommended dosage , the only clear adverse effect is dental fluorosis , which can alter the appearance of children 's teeth during tooth development ; this is mostly mild and is unlikely to represent any real effect on aesthetic appearance or on public health . In April 2015 , recommended fluoride levels in the United States were changed to 0.7 ppm from 0.7 -- 1.2 ppm to reduce the risk of dental fluorosis . The 2015 Cochrane review estimated that for a fluoride level of 0.7 ppm the percentage of participants with fluorosis of aesthetic concern was approximately 12 % . This increases to 40 % when considering fluorosis of any level not of aesthetic concern . In the US mild or very mild dental fluorosis has been reported in 20 % of the population , moderate fluorosis in 2 % and severe fluorosis in less than 1 % . The critical period of exposure is between ages one and four years , with the risk ending around age eight .", "8": "Fluorosis can be prevented by monitoring all sources of fluoride , with fluoridated water directly or indirectly responsible for an estimated 40 % of risk and other sources , notably toothpaste , responsible for the remaining 60 % . Compared to water naturally fluoridated at 0.4 mg / L , fluoridation to 1 mg / L is estimated to cause additional fluorosis in one of every 6 people ( 95 % CI 4 -- 21 people ) , and to cause additional fluorosis of aesthetic concern in one of every 22 people ( 95 % CI 13.6 -- ∞ people ) . Here , aesthetic concern is a term used in a standardized scale based on what adolescents would find unacceptable , as measured by a 1996 study of British 14 - year - olds . In many industrialized countries the prevalence of fluorosis is increasing even in unfluoridated communities , mostly because of fluoride from swallowed toothpaste . A 2009 systematic review indicated that fluorosis is associated with consumption of infant formula or of water added to reconstitute the formula , that the evidence was distorted by publication bias , and that the evidence that the formula 's fluoride caused the fluorosis was weak . In the U.S. the decline in tooth decay was accompanied by increased fluorosis in both fluoridated and unfluoridated communities ; accordingly , fluoride has been reduced in various ways worldwide in infant formulas , children 's toothpaste , water , and fluoride - supplement schedules . Safety Fluoridation has little effect on risk of bone fracture ( broken bones ) ; it may result in slightly lower fracture risk than either excessively high levels of fluoridation or no fluoridation . There is no clear association between fluoridation and cancer or deaths due to cancer , both for cancer in general and also specifically for bone cancer and osteosarcoma . Other adverse effects lack sufficient evidence to reach a confident conclusion . Fluoride can occur naturally in water in concentrations well above recommended levels , which can have several long - term adverse effects , including severe dental fluorosis , skeletal fluorosis , and weakened bones ; water utilities in the developed world reduce fluoride levels to regulated maximum levels in regions where natural levels are high , and the WHO and other groups work with countries and regions in the developing world with naturally excessive fluoride levels to achieve safe levels .", "9": "The World Health Organization recommends a guideline maximum fluoride value of 1.5 mg / L as a level at which fluorosis should be minimal . In rare cases improper implementation of water fluoridation can result in overfluoridation that causes outbreaks of acute fluoride poisoning , with symptoms that include nausea , vomiting , and diarrhea . Three such outbreaks were reported in the U.S. between 1991 and 1998 , caused by fluoride concentrations as high as 220 mg / L ; in the 1992 Alaska outbreak , 262 people became ill and one person died . In 2010 , approximately 60 gallons of fluoride were released into the water supply in Asheboro , North Carolina in 90 minutes -- an amount that was intended to be released in a 24 - hour period . Like other common water additives such as chlorine , hydrofluosilicic acid and sodium silicofluoride decrease pH and cause a small increase of corrosivity , but this problem is easily addressed by increasing the pH . Although it has been hypothesized that hydrofluosilicic acid and sodium silicofluoride might increase human lead uptake from water , a 2006 statistical analysis did not support concerns that these chemicals cause higher blood lead concentrations in children . Trace levels of arsenic and lead may be present in fluoride compounds added to water , but no credible evidence exists that their presence is of concern : concentrations are below measurement limits . The effect of water fluoridation on the natural environment has been investigated , and no adverse effects have been established . Issues studied have included fluoride concentrations in groundwater and downstream rivers ; lawns , gardens , and plants ; consumption of plants grown in fluoridated water ; air emissions ; and equipment noise . Mechanism Fluoride exerts its major effect by interfering with the demineralization mechanism of tooth decay . Tooth decay is an infectious disease , the key feature of which is an increase within dental plaque of bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus . These produce organic acids when carbohydrates , especially sugar , are eaten . When enough acid is produced to lower the pH below 5.5 , the acid dissolves carbonated hydroxyapatite , the main component of tooth enamel , in a process known as demineralization .", "10": "After the sugar is gone , some of the mineral loss can be recovered -- or remineralized -- from ions dissolved in the saliva . Cavities result when the rate of demineralization exceeds the rate of remineralization , typically in a process that requires many months or years . Demineralization and remineralization of dental enamel in the presence of acid and fluoride in saliva and plaque fluid . All fluoridation methods , including water fluoridation , create low levels of fluoride ions in saliva and plaque fluid , thus exerting a topical or surface effect . A person living in an area with fluoridated water may experience rises of fluoride concentration in saliva to about 0.04 mg / L several times during a day . Technically , this fluoride does not prevent cavities but rather controls the rate at which they develop . When fluoride ions are present in plaque fluid along with dissolved hydroxyapatite , and the pH is higher than 4.5 , a fluorapatite - like remineralized veneer is formed over the remaining surface of the enamel ; this veneer is much more acid - resistant than the original hydroxyapatite , and is formed more quickly than ordinary remineralized enamel would be . The cavity - prevention effect of fluoride is mostly due to these surface effects , which occur during and after tooth eruption . Although some systemic ( whole - body ) fluoride returns to the saliva via blood plasma , and to unerupted teeth via plasma or crypt fluid , there is little data to determine what percentages of fluoride 's anticavity effect comes from these systemic mechanisms . Also , although fluoride affects the physiology of dental bacteria , its effect on bacterial growth does not seem to be relevant to cavity prevention . Fluoride 's effects depend on the total daily intake of fluoride from all sources . About 70 -- 90 % of ingested fluoride is absorbed into the blood , where it distributes throughout the body . In infants 80 -- 90 % of absorbed fluoride is retained , with the rest excreted , mostly via urine ; in adults about 60 % is retained . About 99 % of retained fluoride is stored in bone , teeth , and other calcium - rich areas , where excess quantities can cause fluorosis . Drinking water is typically the largest source of fluoride .", "11": "In many industrialized countries swallowed toothpaste is the main source of fluoride exposure in unfluoridated communities . Other sources include dental products other than toothpaste ; air pollution from fluoride - containing coal or from phosphate fertilizers ; trona , used to tenderize meat in Tanzania ; and tea leaves , particularly the tea bricks favored in parts of China . High fluoride levels have been found in other foods , including barley , cassava , corn , rice , taro , yams , and fish protein concentrate . The U.S. Institute of Medicine has established Dietary Reference Intakes for fluoride : Adequate Intake values range from 0.01 mg / day for infants aged 6 months or less , to 4 mg / day for men aged 19 years and up ; and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level is 0.10 mg / kg / day for infants and children through age 8 years , and 10 mg / day thereafter . A rough estimate is that an adult in a temperate climate consumes 0.6 mg / day of fluoride without fluoridation , and 2 mg / day with fluoridation . However , these values differ greatly among the world 's regions : for example , in Sichuan , China the average daily fluoride intake is only 0.1 mg / day in drinking water but 8.9 mg / day in food and 0.7 mg / day directly from the air due to the use of high - fluoride soft coal for cooking and drying foodstuffs indoors . Alternatives Fluoride toothpaste is effective against cavities . It is widely used , but less so among the poor . Fluoridated iodized salt sold in Germany The views on the most effective method for community prevention of tooth decay are mixed . The Australian government review states that water fluoridation is the most effective means of achieving fluoride exposure that is community - wide . The European Commission review states `` No obvious advantage appears in favour of water fluoridation compared with topical prevention '' . Other fluoride therapies are also effective in preventing tooth decay ; they include fluoride toothpaste , mouthwash , gel , and varnish , and fluoridation of salt and milk . Dental sealants are effective as well , with estimates of prevented cavities ranging from 33 % to 86 % , depending on age of sealant and type of study .", "12": "Fluoride toothpaste is the most widely used and rigorously evaluated fluoride treatment . Its introduction in the early 1970s is considered the main reason for the decline in tooth decay in industrialized countries , and toothpaste appears to be the single common factor in countries where tooth decay has declined . Toothpaste is the only realistic fluoride strategy in many low - income countries , where lack of infrastructure renders water or salt fluoridation infeasible . It relies on individual and family behavior , and its use is less likely among lower economic classes ; in low - income countries it is unaffordable for the poor . Fluoride toothpaste prevents about 25 % of cavities in young permanent teeth , and its effectiveness is improved if higher concentrations of fluoride are used , or if the toothbrushing is supervised . Fluoride mouthwash and gel are about as effective as fluoride toothpaste ; fluoride varnish prevents about 45 % of cavities . By comparison , brushing with a nonfluoride toothpaste has little effect on cavities . The effectiveness of salt fluoridation is about the same as that of water fluoridation , if most salt for human consumption is fluoridated . Fluoridated salt reaches the consumer in salt at home , in meals at school and at large kitchens , and in bread . For example , Jamaica has just one salt producer , but a complex public water supply ; it started fluoridating all salt in 1987 , achieving a decline in cavities . Universal salt fluoridation is also practiced in Colombia and the Swiss Canton of Vaud ; in Germany fluoridated salt is widely used in households but unfluoridated salt is also available , giving consumers a choice . Concentrations of fluoride in salt range from 90 to 350 mg / kg , with studies suggesting an optimal concentration of around 250 mg / kg . Milk fluoridation is practiced by the Borrow Foundation in some parts of Bulgaria , Chile , Peru , Russia , Macedonia , Thailand and the UK . Depending on location , the fluoride is added to milk , to powdered milk , or to yogurt . For example , milk powder fluoridation is used in rural Chilean areas where water fluoridation is not technically feasible . These programs are aimed at children , and have neither targeted nor been evaluated for adults .", "13": "A systematic review found low - quality evidence to support the practice , but also concluded that further studies were needed . Other public - health strategies to control tooth decay , such as education to change behavior and diet , have lacked impressive results . Although fluoride is the only well - documented agent which controls the rate at which cavities develop , it has been suggested that adding calcium to the water would reduce cavities further . Other agents to prevent tooth decay include antibacterials such as chlorhexidine and sugar substitutes such as xylitol . Xylitol - sweetened chewing gum has been recommended as a supplement to fluoride and other conventional treatments if the gum is not too costly . Two proposed approaches , bacteria replacement therapy ( probiotics ) and caries vaccine , would share water fluoridation 's advantage of requiring only minimal patient compliance , but have not been proven safe and effective . Other experimental approaches include fluoridated sugar , polyphenols , and casein phosphopeptide -- amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplexes . A 2007 Australian review concluded that water fluoridation is the most effective and socially the most equitable way to expose entire communities to fluoride 's cavity - prevention effects . A 2002 U.S. review estimated that sealants decreased cavities by about 60 % overall , compared to about 18 -- 50 % for fluoride . A 2007 Italian review suggested that water fluoridation may not be needed , particularly in the industrialized countries where cavities have become rare , and concluded that toothpaste and other topical fluoride are the best way to prevent cavities worldwide . A 2004 World Health Organization review stated that water fluoridation , when it is culturally acceptable and technically feasible , has substantial advantages in preventing tooth decay , especially for subgroups at high risk . Usage Main article : Fluoridation by country Percentage of population receiving fluoridated water , including both artificial and natural fluoridation , as of 2012 . 80 -- 100 % 60 -- 80 % 40 -- 60 % 20 -- 40 % 1 -- 20 % < 1 % unknown As of November 2012 , a total of about 378 million people worldwide received artificially fluoridated water . The majority of those were in the United States . About 40 million worldwide received water that was naturally fluoridated to recommended levels .", "14": "Much of the early work on establishing the connection between fluoride and dental health was performed by scientists in the U.S. during the early 20th century , and the U.S. was the first country to implement public water fluoridation on a wide scale . It has been introduced to varying degrees in many countries and territories outside the U.S. , including Argentina , Australia , Brazil , Canada , Chile , Colombia , Hong Kong , Ireland , Israel , Korea , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Serbia , Singapore , Spain , the UK , and Vietnam . In 2004 , an estimated 13.7 million people in western Europe and 194 million in the U.S. received artificially fluoridated water . In 2010 , about 66 % of the U.S. population was receiving fluoridated water . Naturally fluoridated water is used by approximately 4 % of the world 's population , in countries including Argentina , France , Gabon , Libya , Mexico , Senegal , Sri Lanka , Tanzania , the U.S. , and Zimbabwe . In some locations , notably parts of Africa , China , and India , natural fluoridation exceeds recommended levels . Communities have discontinued water fluoridation in some countries , including Finland , Germany , Japan , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . On August 26 , 2014 , Israel stopped mandating fluoridation , stating `` Only some 1 % of the water is used for drinking , while 99 % of the water is intended for other uses ( industry , agriculture , flushing toilets etc . ) . There is also scientific evidence that fluoride in large amounts can lead to damage to health . When fluoride is supplied via drinking water , there is no control regarding the amount of fluoride actually consumed , which could lead to excessive consumption . Supply of fluoridated water forces those who do not so wish to also consume water with added fluoride . This approach is therefore not accepted in most countries in the world . '' This change was often motivated by political opposition to water fluoridation , but sometimes the need for water fluoridation was met by alternative strategies .", "15": "The use of fluoride in its various forms is the foundation of tooth decay prevention throughout Europe ; several countries have introduced fluoridated salt , with varying success : in Switzerland and Germany , fluoridated salt represents 65 % to 70 % of the domestic market , while in France the market share reached 60 % in 1993 but dwindled to 14 % in 2009 ; Spain , in 1986 the second West European country to introduce fluoridation of table salt , reported a market share in 2006 of only 10 % . In three other West European countries , Greece , Austria and the Netherlands , the legal framework for production and marketing of fluoridated edible salt exists . At least six Central European countries ( Hungary , the Czech and Slovak Republics , Croatia , Slovenia , Romania ) have shown some interest in salt fluoridation ; however , significant usage of approximately 35 % was only achieved in the Czech Republic . The Slovak Republic had the equipment to treat salt by 2005 ; in the other four countries attempts to introduce fluoridated salt were not successful . History See also : History of water supply and sanitation 1909 photograph by Frederick McKay of G.V. Black ( left ) , Isaac Burton and F.Y. Wilson , studying the Colorado brown stain . The history of water fluoridation can be divided into three periods . The first ( c. 1801 -- 1933 ) was research into the cause of a form of mottled tooth enamel called the Colorado brown stain . The second ( c. 1933 -- 1945 ) focused on the relationship between fluoride concentrations , fluorosis , and tooth decay , and established that moderate levels of fluoride prevent cavities . The third period , from 1945 on , focused on adding fluoride to community water supplies . In the first half of the 19th century , investigators established that fluoride occurs with varying concentrations in teeth , bone , and drinking water . In the second half they speculated that fluoride would protect against tooth decay , proposed supplementing the diet with fluoride , and observed mottled enamel ( now called severe dental fluorosis ) without knowing the cause . In 1874 , the German public health officer Carl Wilhelm Eugen Erhardt recommended potassium fluoride supplements to preserve teeth .", "16": "In 1892 the British physician James Crichton - Browne noted in an address that fluoride 's absence from diets had resulted in teeth that were `` peculiarly liable to decay '' , and who proposed `` the reintroduction into our diet ... of fluorine in some suitable natural form ... to fortify the teeth of the next generation '' . The foundation of water fluoridation in the U.S. was the research of the dentist Frederick McKay ( 1874 -- 1959 ) . McKay spent thirty years investigating the cause of what was then known as the Colorado brown stain , which produced mottled but also cavity - free teeth ; with the help of G.V. Black and other researchers , he established that the cause was fluoride . The first report of a statistical association between the stain and lack of tooth decay was made by UK dentist Norman Ainsworth in 1925 . In 1931 , an Alcoa chemist , H.V. Churchill , concerned about a possible link between aluminum and staining , analyzed water from several areas where the staining was common and found that fluoride was the common factor . H. Trendley Dean set out in 1931 to study fluoride 's harm , but by 1950 had demonstrated the cavity - prevention effects of small amounts . In the 1930s and early 1940s , H. Trendley Dean and colleagues at the newly created U.S. National Institutes of Health published several epidemiological studies suggesting that a fluoride concentration of about 1 mg / L was associated with substantially fewer cavities in temperate climates , and that it increased fluorosis but only to a level that was of no medical or aesthetic concern . Other studies found no other significant adverse effects even in areas with fluoride levels as high as 8 mg / L. To test the hypothesis that adding fluoride would prevent cavities , Dean and his colleagues conducted a controlled experiment by fluoridating the water in Grand Rapids , Michigan , starting January 25 , 1945 . The results , published in 1950 , showed significant reduction of cavities . Significant reductions in tooth decay were also reported by important early studies outside the U.S.", "17": ", including the Brantford -- Sarnia -- Stratford study in Canada ( 1945 -- 1962 ) , the Tiel -- Culemborg study in the Netherlands ( 1953 -- 1969 ) , the Hastings study in New Zealand ( 1954 -- 1970 ) , and the Department of Health study in the U.K. ( 1955 -- 1960 ) . By present - day standards these and other pioneering studies were crude , but the large reductions in cavities convinced public health professionals of the benefits of fluoridation . Fluoridation became an official policy of the U.S. Public Health Service by 1951 , and by 1960 water fluoridation had become widely used in the U.S. , reaching about 50 million people . By 2006 , 69.2 % of the U.S. population on public water systems were receiving fluoridated water , amounting to 61.5 % of the total U.S. population ; 3.0 % of the population on public water systems were receiving naturally occurring fluoride . In some other countries the pattern was similar . New Zealand , which led the world in per - capita sugar consumption and had the world 's worst teeth , began fluoridation in 1953 , and by 1968 fluoridation was used by 65 % of the population served by a piped water supply . Fluoridation was introduced into Brazil in 1953 , was regulated by federal law starting in 1974 , and by 2004 was used by 71 % of the population . In the Republic of Ireland , fluoridation was legislated in 1960 , and after a constitutional challenge the two major cities of Dublin and Cork began it in 1964 ; fluoridation became required for all sizeable public water systems and by 1996 reached 66 % of the population . In other locations , fluoridation was used and then discontinued : in Kuopio , Finland , fluoridation was used for decades but was discontinued because the school dental service provided significant fluoride programs and the cavity risk was low , and in Basel , Switzerland , it was replaced with fluoridated salt . McKay 's work had established that fluorosis occurred before tooth eruption .", "18": "Dean and his colleagues assumed that fluoride 's protection against cavities was also pre-eruptive , and this incorrect assumption was accepted for years . By 2000 , however , the topical effects of fluoride ( in both water and toothpaste ) were well understood , and it had become known that a constant low level of fluoride in the mouth works best to prevent cavities . Economics Fluoridation costs an estimated $1.06 per person - year on the average ( range : $0.25 -- $11.19 ; all costs in this paragraph are for the U.S. and are in 2017 dollars , inflation - adjusted from earlier estimates ) . Larger water systems have lower per capita cost , and the cost is also affected by the number of fluoride injection points in the water system , the type of feeder and monitoring equipment , the fluoride chemical and its transportation and storage , and water plant personnel expertise . In affluent countries the cost of salt fluoridation is also negligible ; developing countries may find it prohibitively expensive to import the fluoride additive . By comparison , fluoride toothpaste costs an estimated $9 -- $18 per person - year , with the incremental cost being zero for people who already brush their teeth for other reasons ; and dental cleaning and application of fluoride varnish or gel costs an estimated $97 per person - year . Assuming the worst case , with the lowest estimated effectiveness and highest estimated operating costs for small cities , fluoridation costs an estimated $16 -- $25 per saved tooth - decay surface , which is lower than the estimated $95 to restore the surface and the estimated $162 average discounted lifetime cost of the decayed surface , which includes the cost to maintain the restored tooth surface . It is not known how much is spent in industrial countries to treat dental fluorosis , which is mostly due to fluoride from swallowed toothpaste . Although a 1989 workshop on cost - effectiveness of cavity prevention concluded that water fluoridation is one of the few public health measures that save more money than they cost , little high - quality research has been done on the cost - effectiveness and solid data are scarce . Dental sealants are cost - effective only when applied to high - risk children and teeth . A 2002 U.S.", "19": "review estimated that on average , sealing first permanent molars saves costs when they are decaying faster than 0.47 surfaces per person - year whereas water fluoridation saves costs when total decay incidence exceeds 0.06 surfaces per person - year . In the U.S. , water fluoridation is more cost - effective than other methods to reduce tooth decay in children , and a 2008 review concluded that water fluoridation is the best tool for combating cavities in many countries , particularly among socially disadvantaged groups . A 2016 review of studies published between 1995 to 2013 found that water fluoridation in the U.S. was cost - effective , and that it was more so in larger communities . U.S. data from 1974 to 1992 indicate that when water fluoridation is introduced into a community , there are significant decreases in the number of employees per dental firm and the number of dental firms . The data suggest that some dentists respond to the demand shock by moving to non-fluoridated areas and by retraining as specialists . Controversy Main article : Water fluoridation controversy The water fluoridation controversy arises from political , moral , ethical , economic , and safety concerns regarding the water fluoridation of public water supplies . Public health authorities throughout the world state that water fluoridation at appropriate levels is a safe and effective means to prevent dental caries . Authorities ' views on the most effective fluoride therapy for community prevention of tooth decay are mixed ; some state water fluoridation is most effective , while others see no special advantage and prefer topical application strategies . Those opposed argue that water fluoridation has no or little cariostatic benefits , may cause serious health problems , is not effective enough to justify the costs , and pharmacologically obsolete , while some argue that the practice presents a conflict between the common good and individual rights . See also Dentistry portal History of water supply and sanitation References ^ Jump up to : Lamberg M , Hausen H , Vartiainen T. Symptoms experienced during periods of actual and supposed water fluoridation . Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1997 ; 25 ( 4 ) : 291 -- 5 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0528.1997. tb00942. x .", "20": "PMID 9332806 . ^ Jump up to : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States . MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001 ; 50 ( RR - 14 ) : 1 -- 42 . PMID 11521913 . Lay summary : CDC , 2007 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Pizzo G , Piscopo MR , Pizzo I , Giuliana G. 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Water Fluoridation Principles and Practices . 5th ed . Vol . M4 . American Water Works Association ; 2004 . ( Manual of Water Supply Practices ) . ISBN 1 - 58321 - 311 - 2 . History , theory , and chemicals . p. 1 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Nicholson JW , Czarnecka B. Fluoride in dentistry and dental restoratives . In : Tressaud A , Haufe G , editors . Fluorine and Health . Elsevier ; 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53086 - 8 . p. 333 -- 78 . Jump up ^ NaF MSDS . hazard.com Jump up ^ `` Water Fluoridation Additives Fact Sheet '' . cdc.gov . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Division of Oral Health , National Center for Prevention Services , CDC . Fluoridation census 1992 ( PDF ) . 1993 ( Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 ) . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Engineering and administrative recommendations for water fluoridation , 1995 . MMWR Recomm Rep. 1995 ; 44 ( RR - 13 ) : 1 -- 40 . PMID 7565542 . Jump up ^ Burt BA ( May 1992 ) . `` The changing patterns of systemic fluoride intake '' . J. Dent . Res. 71 ( 5 ) : 1228 -- 37 . doi : 10.1177 / 00220345920710051601 . PMID 1607439 . Jump up ^ European Food Safety Authority ( 2013 ) . `` Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fluoride '' . EFSA Journal . 11 : 46 . doi : 10.2903 / j. efsa.", "27": "2013.3332 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . HHS and EPA announce new scientific assessments and actions on fluoride ; 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FDA Issues a Letter for Manufacturers with Recommendations on Fluoride Added to Bottled Water '' . 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey W , Barker L , Duchon K , Maas W. Populations receiving optimally fluoridated public drinking water -- United States , 1992 -- 2006 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008 ; 57 ( 27 ) : 737 -- 41 . PMID 18614991 . Jump up ^ Ozsvath DL . Fluoride and environmental health : a review . Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol. 2009 ; 8 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 79 . doi : 10.1007 / s11157 - 008 - 9136 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` CDC - Bottled Water and Fluoride - Fact Sheets - General - Community Water Fluoridation - Oral Health '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Parnell C , Whelton H , O'Mullane D. Water fluoridation . Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2009 ; 10 ( 3 ) : 141 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / bf03262675 . PMID 19772843 . Jump up ^ Richards , Derek ( 1 January 2008 ) . `` Fluoridation '' . Evidence - Based Dentistry. 9 ( 2 ) : 34 -- 34 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ebd. 6400575 . ISSN 1462 - 0049 . Retrieved 26 April 2016 .", "28": "^ Jump up to : Iheozor - Ejiofor Z , Worthington HV , Walsh T , O'Malley L , Clarkson JE , Macey R , Alam R , Tugwell P , Welch V , Glenny AM . Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 18 Jun 2015 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD010856. pub2 . PMID 26092033 . Jump up ^ Griffin SO , Regnier E , Griffin PM , Huntley V. Effectiveness of fluoride in preventing caries in adults . J Dent Res. 2007 ; 86 ( 5 ) : 410 -- 5 . doi : 10.1177 / 154405910708600504 . PMID 17452559 . Summary : Yeung CA . Fluoride prevents caries among adults of all ages . Evid Based Dent. 2007 ; 8 ( 3 ) : 72 -- 3 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ebd. 6400506 . PMID 17891121 . Jump up ^ McLaren L , Singhal S. Does cessation of community water fluoridation lead to an increase in tooth decay ? A systematic review of published studies ... Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health . 13 May 2016 . doi : 10.1136 / jech - 2015 - 206502 . PMID 27177581 . Jump up ^ Hausen HW . Fluoridation , fractures , and teeth . BMJ. 2000 ; 321 ( 7265 ) : 844 -- 5 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 321.7265. 844 . PMID 11021844 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Public Health Service Recommendation for Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water for the Prevention of Dental Caries '' ( PDF ) . CDC . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Alvarez JA , Rezende KMPC , Marocho SMS , Alves FBT , Celiberti P , Ciamponi AL .", "29": "Dental fluorosis : exposure , prevention and management ( PDF ) . Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009 ; 14 ( 2 ) : E103 -- 7 . PMID 19179949 . ^ Jump up to : Sheiham A. Dietary effects on dental diseases . Public Health Nutr. 2001 ; 4 ( 2B ) : 569 -- 91 . doi : 10.1079 / PHN2001142 . PMID 11683551 . Jump up ^ Hujoel PP , Zina LG , Moimaz SAS , Cunha - Cruz J. Infant formula and enamel fluorosis : a systematic review . J Am Dent Assoc. 2009 ; 140 ( 7 ) : 841 -- 54 . PMID 19571048 . ^ Jump up to : Fawell J , Bailey K , Chilton J , Dahi E , Fewtrell L , Magara Y . Fluoride in Drinking - water ( PDF ) . World Health Organization ; 2006 . ISBN 92 - 4 - 156319 - 2 . Human health effects . p. 29 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Fawell J , Bailey K , Chilton J , Dahi E , Fewtrell L , Magara Y . Fluoride in Drinking - water ( PDF ) . World Health Organization ; 2006 . ISBN 92 - 4 - 156319 - 2 . Guidelines and standards . p. 37 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Balbus JM , Lang ME . Is the water safe for my baby ? . Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001 ; 48 ( 5 ) : 1129 -- 52 , viii . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 3955 ( 05 ) 70365 - 5 . PMID 11579665 . Jump up ^ Asheboro notifies residents of over-fluoridation of water . 2010 - 06 - 29 ( archived 2010 - 07 - 04 ) . Fox 8 . ^ Jump up to : Pollick HF .", "30": "Water fluoridation and the environment : current perspective in the United States ( PDF ) . Int J Occup Environ Health . 2004 ; 10 ( 3 ) : 343 -- 50 . doi : 10.1179 / oeh. 2004.10. 3.343 . PMID 15473093 . Jump up ^ Macek MD , Matte TD , Sinks T , Malvitz DM . Blood lead concentrations in children and method of water fluoridation in the United States , 1988 -- 1994 . Environ Health Perspect. 2006 ; 114 ( 1 ) : 130 -- 4 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 8319 . PMID 16393670 . ^ Jump up to : Featherstone JD . Dental caries : a dynamic disease process . Aust Dent J. 2008 ; 53 ( 3 ) : 286 -- 91 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1834 - 7819.2008. 00064. x . PMID 18782377 . ^ Jump up to : Cury JA , Tenuta LM . How to maintain a cariostatic fluoride concentration in the oral environment . Adv Dent Res. 2008 ; 20 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 6 . doi : 10.1177 / 154407370802000104 . PMID 18694871 . Jump up ^ Aoba T , Fejerskov O. Dental fluorosis : chemistry and biology . Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002 ; 13 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 70 . doi : 10.1177 / 154411130201300206 . PMID 12097358 . Jump up ^ Hellwig E , Lennon AM . Systemic versus topical fluoride ( PDF ) . Caries Res. 2004 ; 38 ( 3 ) : 258 -- 62 . doi : 10.1159 / 000077764 . PMID 15153698 . Jump up ^ Tinanoff N. Uses of fluoride . In : Berg JH , Slayton RL , editors . Early Childhood Oral Health .", "31": "Wiley - Blackwell ; 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8138 - 2416 - 1 . p. 92 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Koo H. Strategies to enhance the biological effects of fluoride on dental biofilms . Adv Dent Res. 2008 ; 20 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 21 . doi : 10.1177 / 154407370802000105 . PMID 18694872 . Jump up ^ Marquis , Robert E. ; Clock , Sarah A. ; Mota - Meira , Marilaine ( 2003 ) . `` Fluoride and organic weak acids as modulators of microbial physiology '' . FEMS Microbiology Reviews . 26 ( 5 ) : 493 -- 510 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6976.2003. tb00627. x . ISSN 1574 - 6976 . Jump up ^ Institute of Medicine . Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium , Phosphorus , Magnesium , Vitamin D , and Fluoride . National Academy Press ; 1997 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 06350 - 7 . Fluoride . p. 288 -- 313 . ^ Jump up to : Anusavice KJ . Present and future approaches for the control of caries. J Dent Educ. 2005 ; 69 ( 5 ) : 538 -- 54 . PMID 15897335 . Jump up ^ Milgrom P , Reisine S. Oral health in the United States : the post-fluoride generation . Annu Rev Public Health . 2000 ; 21 : 403 -- 36 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. publhealth. 21.1. 403 . PMID 10884959 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman AS , Yee R , Holmgren CJ , Benzian H. Global affordability of fluoride toothpaste . Global Health . 2008 ; 4 : 7 . doi : 10.1186 / 1744 - 8603 - 4 - 7 . PMID 18554382 .", "32": "PMC 2443131 . Jump up ^ Bánóczy J , Rugg - Gunn AJ . Milk -- a vehicle for fluorides : a review ( PDF ) . Rev Clin Pesq Odontol. 2006 ( Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 ) ; 2 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 415 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Yeung CA , Chong LY , Glenny AM . Fluoridated milk for preventing dental caries . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 ; ( 9 ) : CD003876 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD003876. pub4 . PMID 26334643 . Jump up ^ Bruvo M , Ekstrand K , Arvin E et al ... Optimal drinking water composition for caries control in populations . J Dent Res. 2008 ; 87 ( 4 ) : 340 -- 3 . doi : 10.1177 / 154405910808700407 . PMID 18362315 . Jump up ^ Zero DT . Are sugar substitutes also anticariogenic ? . J Am Dent Assoc. 2008 ( archived 2012 - 07 - 10 ) ; 139 ( Suppl 2 ) : 9S -- 10S . PMID 18460675 . Jump up ^ Whelton H. Beyond water fluoridation ; the emergence of functional foods for oral health . Community Dent Health . 2009 ; 26 ( 4 ) : 194 -- 5 . doi : 10.1922 / CDH_2611Whelton02 . PMID 20088215 . ^ Jump up to : Truman BI , Gooch BF , Sulemana I et al ... Reviews of evidence on interventions to prevent dental caries , oral and pharyngeal cancers , and sports - related craniofacial injuries ( PDF ) . Am J Prev Med. 2002 ; 23 ( 1 Suppl ) : 21 -- 54 . doi : 10.1016 / S0749 - 3797 ( 02 ) 00449 - X . PMID 12091093 .", "33": "Jump up ^ `` 2010 Water Fluoridation Statistics '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cheng KK , Chalmers I , Sheldon TA . Adding fluoride to water supplies ( PDF ) . BMJ. 2007 ; 335 ( 7622 ) : 699 -- 702 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj.39318.562951.BE . PMID 17916854 . PMC 2001050 . Jump up ^ Press Releases ( August 17 , 2014 ) End of Mandatory Fluoridation in Israel , Ministry of Health ( Israel ) Retrieved September 29 , 2014 Jump up ^ Main , Douglas ( August 29 , 2014 ) Israel Has Officially Banned Fluoridation of Its Drinking Water , Newsweek Retrieved September 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ Marthaler , T.M. ; Gillespie , G.M. ; Goetzfried , F. `` Salt fluoridation in Europe and in Latin America -- with potential worldwide '' ( PDF ) . Kali und Steinsalz Heft 3 / 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Salt fluoridation in Central and Eastern Europe '' . Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed , Vol 115 : 8 / 2005 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Douglas WA . History of Dentistry in Colorado , 1859 -- 1959 . Denver : Colorado State Dental Assn ; 1959 . OCLC 5015927 . p. 199 . Jump up ^ Cox GJ ( 1952 ) . `` Fluorine and dental caries '' . In Toverud G , Finn SB , Cox GJ , Bodecker CF , Shaw JH . A Survey of the Literature of Dental Caries . Washington , DC : National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council . pp. 325 -- 414 . OCLC 14681626 . Publication 225 . Jump up ^ Eckardt ( sic ) ( 1874 ) .", "34": "`` Kali fluoratum zur Erhaltung der Zähne '' . Der praktische Arzt ( in German ) . 15 ( 3 ) : 69 -- 70 . A followup was translated into English in : Friedrich EG ( reporter ) ( 1954 ) . `` Potassium fluoride as a caries preventive : a report published 80 years ago '' . J Am Dent Assoc. 49 : 385 . Jump up ^ Meiers , Peter ( 2016 ) . `` Dr. Erhardts ( '' Hunter'sche `` ) Fluoridpastillen '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Crichton - Browne J ( 1892 ) . `` An address on tooth culture '' . Lancet . 140 ( 3592 ) : 6 -- 10 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 01 ) 97399 - 4 . Jump up ^ Colorado brown stain : Peterson J. Solving the mystery of the Colorado Brown Stain. J Hist Dent. 1997 ; 45 ( 2 ) : 57 -- 61 . PMID 9468893 . Colorado Springs Dental Society . The discovery of fluoride ; 2004 ( archived 2012 - 08 - 24 ; Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 ) . ^ Jump up to : Mullen J. History of water fluoridation . Br Dent J. 2005 ; 199 ( 7s ) : 1 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. bdj. 4812863 . PMID 16215546 . Jump up ^ Division of Oral Health , National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , CDC . Achievements in public health , 1900 -- 1999 : Fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999 ; 48 ( 41 ) : 933 -- 40 . Contains H. Trendley Dean , D.D.S. Reprinted in : JAMA. 2000 ; 283 ( 10 ) : 1283 -- 6 .", "35": "doi : 10.1001 / jama. 283.10. 1283 . PMID 10714718 . Jump up ^ Frees , Allan 4 ; Lehr , Jay H. 4 ( 2009 ) . Fluoride Wars : How a Modest Public Health Measure Became America 's Longest - Running Political Melodrama . Wiley . pp. 92 -- 129 . ISBN 9780470463673 . ^ Jump up to : Lennon MA . One in a million : the first community trial of water fluoridation . Bull World Health Organ. 2006 ( archived 2009 - 02 - 14 ) ; 84 ( 9 ) : 759 -- 60 . doi : 10.2471 / BLT. 05.028209 . PMID 17128347 . PMC 2627472 . Jump up ^ Dean HT , Arnold FA , Jay P , Knutson JW . Studies on mass control of dental caries through fluoridation of the public water supply . Public Health Rep. 1950 ; 65 ( 43 ) : 1403 -- 8 . doi : 10.2307 / 4587515 . PMID 14781280 . Jump up ^ Division of Oral Health , National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , CDC . Water fluoridation statistics for 2006 ; 2008 - 09 - 17 ( Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 ) . Jump up ^ Akers HF . Collaboration , vision and reality : water fluoridation in New Zealand ( 1952 -- 1968 ) ( PDF ) . NZ Dent J. 2008 ; 104 ( 4 ) : 127 -- 33 . PMID 19180863 . Jump up ^ Buzalaf MA , de Almeida BS , Olympio KPK , da S Cardoso VE , de CS Peres SH . Enamel fluorosis prevalence after a 7 - year interruption in water fluoridation in Jaú , São Paulo , Brazil . J Public Health Dent. 2004 ; 64 ( 4 ) : 205 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / j.", "36": "1752 - 7325.2004. tb02754. x . PMID 15562942 . Jump up ^ Burt BA , Tomar SL ( 2007 ) . `` Changing the face of America : water fluoridation and oral health '' . In Ward JW , Warren C. Silent Victories : The History and Practice of Public Health in Twentieth - century America . Oxford University Press . pp. 307 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515069 - 4 . Jump up ^ Marthaler TM , Petersen PE . Salt fluoridation -- an alternative in automatic prevention of dental caries ( PDF ) . Int Dent J. 2005 ; 55 ( 6 ) : 351 -- 8 . PMID 16379137 . Jump up ^ Reeves A , Chiappelli F , Cajulis OS . Evidence - based recommendations for the use of sealants . J Calif Dent Assoc. 2006 ; 34 ( 7 ) : 540 -- 6 . PMID 16995612 . Jump up ^ Ran T , Chattopadhyay SK . Economic Evaluation of Community Water Fluoridation . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . January 2016 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amepre. 2015.10. 014 . Jump up ^ Ho K , Neidell M. Equilibrium effects of public goods : the impact of community water fluoridation on dentists ( PDF ) . 2009 ( archived 2012 - 10 - 23 ; Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 13 ) . Jump up ^ Armfield JM . When public action undermines public health : a critical examination of antifluoridationist literature . Aust New Zealand Health Policy . 2007 ; 4 : 25 . doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 8462 - 4 - 25 . PMID 18067684 . PMC 2222595 . Jump up ^ Ko , Lee ; Thiessen , Kathleen M. ( 3 December 2014 ) . `` A critique of recent economic evaluations of community water fluoridation '' . International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health .", "37": "21 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 120 . doi : 10.1179 / 2049396714Y. 0000000093 . Jump up ^ Hileman , Bette ( November 4 , 2006 ) Fluoride Risks Are Still A Challenge Vol 84 , Num 36 PP. 34 - 37 , Chemical & Engineering News , Retrieved April 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Sheldon Krimsky , Book review ( August 16 , 2004 ) Is Fluoride Really All That Safe ? , Volume 82 , Number 33 , pp. 35 - 36 Chemical & Engineering News , Retrieved April 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ McNally M , Downie J. The ethics of water fluoridation . J Can Dent Assoc. 2000 ; 66 ( 11 ) : 592 -- 3 . PMID 11253350 . Cohen H , Locker D . The science and ethics of water fluoridation . J Can Dent Assoc. 2001 ; 67 ( 10 ) : 578 -- 80 . PMID 11737979 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water fluoridation .", "38": "Fluoridation at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_fluoridation&oldid=829149021 '' Categories : Water fluoridation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with Curlie links Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English தமிழ் Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 23 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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3803379660163560925	ganglion axons forming the optic nerve run to the	[ "lateral geniculate nucleus", "pretectal nucleus", "suprachiasmatic nucleus", "photoreceptor cells", "optic chiasma" ]	{ "0": "Optic nerve - wikipedia Optic nerve Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Optic Nerve . Optic Nerve The left optic nerve and the optic tracts . Details Identifiers Latin nervus opticus MeSH D009900 NeuroNames 289 TA A14. 2.01. 006 A15. 2.04. 024 FMA 50863 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Cranial nerves CN 0 -- Terminal CN I -- Olfactory CN II -- Optic CN III -- Oculomotor CN IV -- Trochlear CN V -- Trigeminal CN VI -- Abducens CN VII -- Facial CN VIII -- Vestibulocochlear CN IX -- Glossopharyngeal CN X -- Vagus CN XI -- Accessory CN XII -- Hypoglossal Overview Table The optic nerve , also known as cranial nerve II , is a paired nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain . In humans , the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells ; it extends from the optic disc to the optic chiasma and continues as the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus , pretectal nuclei , and superior colliculus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Disease 4 Regeneration 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves and is technically part of the central nervous system , rather than the peripheral nervous system because it is derived from an out - pouching of the diencephalon ( optic stalks ) during embryonic development . As a consequence , the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes , rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system , and are encased within the meninges . Peripheral neuropathies like Guillain -- Barré syndrome do not affect the optic nerve .", "1": "However , most typically the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system . Dissection of Optic Nerve from above showing parts . Courtesy Dr. John B. Selhorst The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three meningeal layers ( dura , arachnoid , and pia mater ) rather than the epineurium , perineurium , and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves . Fiber tracts of the mammalian central nervous system ( as opposed to the peripheral nervous system ) are incapable of regeneration , and , hence , optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness . The fibres from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain , from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex . A fundus photograph showing the back of the retina . The white circle is the beginning of the optical nerve . The optic nerve is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells . Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers , which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina . In the fovea , which has high acuity , these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells ; in other areas of retina , they connect to many thousand photoreceptors . The optic nerve leaves the orbit ( eye socket ) via the optic canal , running postero - medially towards the optic chiasm , where there is a partial decussation ( crossing ) of fibres from the temporal visual fields ( the nasal hemi - retina ) of both eyes . The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species , and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species . Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex , while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements . Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep - wake cycle . Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space .", "2": "The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe , 24 mm in the orbit , 9 mm in the optic canal , and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm . There , partial decussation occurs , and about 53 % of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts . Most of these fibres terminate in the lateral geniculate body . Based on this anatomy , the optic nerve may be divided in the four parts as indicated in the image at the top of this section ( this view is from above as if you were looking into the orbit after the top of the skull had been removed ) : 1 . the optic head ( which is where it begins in the eyeball ( globe ) with fibers from the retina ; 2 . orbital part ( which is the part within the orbit ) . 3 . intracanicular part ( which is the part within a bony canal known as the optic canal ) ; and , 4 . cranial part ( the part within the cranial cavity , which ends at the optic chiasm ) . From the lateral geniculate body , fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain . In more specific terms , fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer 's loop to terminate in the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe , and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly , to the cuneus . Function ( edit ) The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception , color perception and contrast ( visual acuity ) . It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes : the light reflex and the accommodation reflex . The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye ; the accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of eye that occurs when one looks at a near object as in reading ( lens adjusts to near vision ) . The eye 's blind spot is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye .", "3": "Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) Main article : List of eye diseases and disorders Damage to the optic nerve typically causes permanent and potentially severe loss of vision , as well as an abnormal pupillary reflex , which is diagnostically important . The type of visual field loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged . In general : Damage to the optic nerve anterior to the optic chiasm causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage . Damage at the optic chiasm typically causes loss of vision laterally in both visual fields ( bitemporal hemianopsia ) . It may occur with large pituitary tumors pituitary adenoma . ( see image on right of Paris seen with bitemporal hemianopsia ) Paris views showing vision with loss of both temporal visual fields Damage to the optic tract , which is behind ( posterior ) to the chiasm , causes loss of the entire visual field from the side opposite the damage ( so if the left optic tract is cut , there is a loss of vision from the entire right visual field ) . Injury to the optic nerve can be the result of congenital or inheritable problems like Leber 's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy , glaucoma , trauma , toxicity , inflammation , ischemia , infection ( very rarely ) , or compression from tumors or aneurysms . By far , the three most common injuries to the optic nerve are from glaucoma , optic neuritis ( especially in those younger than 50 years of age ) , and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy ( usually in those older than 50 ) . Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving loss of retinal ganglion cells causing optic neuropathy in a pattern of peripheral vision loss , initially sparing central vision . Glaucoma is associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve as it exits the eyeball . Although glaucoma does eventually damage the optic nerve , it is primarily a disease of eye not of the nerve . Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve . It is associated with a number of diseases , the most notable one being multiple sclerosis . The patient will likely experience varying vision loss and eye pain . The condition tends to be episodic .", "4": "Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is commonly known as `` stroke of the optic nerve '' and affects the optic nerve head . There is usually a sudden loss of blood supply and nutrients to the optic nerve head ( where the nerve exits the eyeball ) . Vision loss is typically sudden and most commonly occurs upon waking up in the morning . This condition is most common in diabetic patients 40 -- 70 years old . Optic nerve hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye . Tumors , especially those of the pituitary gland , can put pressure on the optic nerve causing various forms of visual loss . Similarly , cerebral aneurysms ( swelling of blood vessels ) can also affect the nerve . Trauma can cause serious injury to the nerve . Direct optic nerve injury can occur from a penetrating injury to the orbit , but the nerve can also be injured by indirect trauma in which severe head impact or movement stretches or even tears the nerve Ophthalmologists and optometrists can detect and diagnose some optic nerve diseases but neuro - ophthalmologists are often best suited to diagnose and treat diseases of the optic nerve . The International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases ( IFOND ) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders . Regeneration ( edit ) Similar to other CNS tracts , the optic has very limited regenerative potential after injury . However , some new techniques are being developed to increase this potential . Additional images ( edit ) MRI scan of human eye showing optic nerve . The ophthalmic artery and its branches . ( optic nerve is yellow ) Superficial dissection of brain - stem . Lateral view . Dissection of brain - stem . Lateral view . Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts . Nerves of the orbit . Seen from above . Nerves of the orbit , and the ciliary ganglion . Side view . The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the eyeball , in horizontal section . Structures of the eye labeled This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye Optic nerve. Deep dissection. Inferior view . Optic nerve. Deep dissection. Inferior view .", "5": "Optic nerve Optic nerve Human brain dura mater ( reflections ) Optic nerve Optic nerve Optic nerve Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection Cerebral peduncle , optic chasm , cerebral aqueduct . Inferior view . Deep dissection . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Optic nerve . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Cranial nerve References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vilensky , Joel ; Robertson , Wendy ; Suarez - Quian , Carlos ( 2015 ) . The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves : The Nerves of `` On Olympus Towering Top '' . Ames , Iowa : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1118492017 . ^ Jump up to : Selhorst , JB ; Chen , Y ( 2009 ) . `` The Optic Nerve '' . Seminars in Neurology . 29 : 29 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Jonas , Jost B. ; et al. ( May 1992 ) . `` Human optic nerve fiber count and optic disc size '' . Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science . 33 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy , 4th Edition . Dyce , Sack and Wensing Jump up ^ `` Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Research Group '' . www.ucl.ac.uk . External links ( edit ) The optic nerve on MRI Stained brain slice images which include the `` optic % 20nerve '' at the BrainMaps project IFOND online case history -- Optic nerve analysis with both scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation ( GDx VCC ) and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy ( HRT II - Heidelberg Retina Tomograph ) . Also includes actual fundus photos . Animations of extraocular cranial nerve and muscle function and damage ( University of Liverpool ) lesson3 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( orbit4 ) cranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( II ) Notes on Optic Nerve", "6": "The cranial nerves terminal Nuclei Septal nuclei Course no significant branches olfactory Nuclei Anterior olfactory nucleus Course olfactory bulb olfactory tract optic Nuclei Lateral geniculate nucleus Course optic chiasm optic tract oculomotor Nuclei Oculomotor nucleus Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Branches superior parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion / ciliary ganglion inferior trochlear Nucleus Branches no significant branches trigeminal Nuclei PSN Spinal trigeminal nucleus MN TMN Course trigeminal ganglion Branches ophthalmic maxillary mandibular abducens Nucleus Branches no significant branches facial near origin intermediate nerve geniculate inside facial canal greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion nerve to the stapedius chorda tympani lingual nerve submandibular ganglion at stylomastoid foramen posterior auricular suprahyoid digastric stylohyoid parotid plexus temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical Nuclei Facial motor nucleus Solitary nucleus Superior salivary nucleus", "7": "vestibulocochlear Nuclei Vestibular nuclei Cochlear nuclei cochlear nerve striae medullares lateral lemniscus vestibular Scarpa 's ganglion glossopharyngeal before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa tympanic tympanic plexus lesser petrosal otic ganglion stylopharyngeal branch pharyngeal branches tonsillar branches lingual branches carotid sinus Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Inferior salivatory nucleus Solitary nucleus vagus before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa meningeal branch auricular branch neck pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus superior laryngeal external internal recurrent laryngeal ( inferior ) superior cervical cardiac thorax inferior cardiac pulmonary vagal trunks anterior posterior abdomen celiac renal hepatic anterior gastric posterior gastric Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Solitary nucleus accessory Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Spinal accessory nucleus cranial spinal hypoglossal Nucleus Branches lingual Optical illusions List of optical illusions", "8": "Afterimage Barberpole Bezold Blivet Café wall Cornsweet Delboeuf Ebbinghaus Ehrenstein Flash lag Fraser spiral Grid Hering Jastrow Mach McCollough Müller - Lyer Necker Orbison Penrose stairs triangle Peripheral drift Poggendorff Ponzo Rubin Sander Schroeder Ternus Vertical -- horizontal White 's Wundt Zöllner Related Auditory Tactile Temporal Op art Ascending and Descending Waterfall GND : 4205981 - 1 NDL : 00571252 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "9": "php?title=Optic_nerve&oldid=829495086 '' Categories : Optic nerve Visual system Cranial nerves Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 00 : 00 . 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-6099485871335011666	what was the first form of manga in japan	[ "scrolls dating back to the 12th century", "scrolls dating back to the 12th and 13th centuries" ]	{ "0": "History of manga - Wikipedia History of manga Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Anime and manga Anime ( show ) History Industry Original net animation Original video animation Fansub Fandub Companies Longest series Manga ( show ) History International market Mangaka ( list ) Dōjinshi Scanlation Publishers Best - selling series Longest series Alternative Demographic groups ( show ) Children Shōnen Shōjo Seinen Josei Genres ( show ) Harem Magical girl Mecha Yaoi Yuri Others People ( show ) Mitsuru Adachi Fujio Akatsuka George Akiyama Hideaki Anno Hideo Azuma Clamp Osamu Dezaki Hisashi Eguchi Tetsuo Hara Yukinobu Hoshino Ryoichi Ikegami Kunihiko Ikuhara Ken Ishikawa Shotaro Ishinomori Ikki Kajiwara Tomoharu Katsumata Yoshiaki Kawajiri Shōji Kawamori Rakuten Kitazawa Kazuo Koike Satoshi Kon Masami Kurumada Kōichi Mashimo Katsuji Matsumoto Leiji Matsumoto Hayao Miyazaki Shigeru Mizuki Hideko Mizuno Shinji Mizushima Daijiro Morohoshi Tadao Nagahama Go Nagai Shinji Nagashima Daisuke Nishio Eiichiro Oda Kyoko Okazaki Mamoru Oshii Rintaro Takao Saito Hiroshi Sasagawa Junichi Sato Sanpei Shirato Masamune Shirow Gisaburō Sugii Isao Takahata Osamu Tezuka Akira Toriyama Year 24 Group Tatsuo Yoshida Fandom ( show ) Conventions ( list ) Clubs Cosplay Anime music video Otaku Moe Yaoi fandom General ( show ) Omake Terminology Iconography Anime and Manga portal Chōjū - giga ( 12th century ) ,", "1": "traditionally attributed to a monk - artist Kakuyū ( Toba Sōjo ) Image of bathers from the Hokusai manga . The history of manga is said to originate from scrolls dating back to the 12th century , and it is believed they represent the basis for the right - to - left reading style . The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century . Manga is a Japanese term that can be translated as `` comic '' ; Historians and writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga . Their views differ in the relative importance they attribute to the role of cultural and historical events following World War II versus the role of pre-war , Meiji , and pre-Meiji Japanese culture and art . One view represented by other writers such as Frederik L. Schodt , Kinko Ito , and Adam L. Kern , stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions , including pre-war , Meiji , and pre-Meiji culture and art . The other view , emphasizes events occurring during and after the Allied occupation of Japan ( 1945 -- 1952 ) , and stresses that manga was strongly shaped by United States cultural influences , including US comics brought to Japan by the GIs and by images and themes from US television , film , and cartoons ( especially Disney ) . According to Sharon Kinsella , the booming Japanese publishing industry helped create a consumer - oriented society in which publishing giants like Kodansha could shape popular taste . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before World War II 2 After World War II 2.1 Shōjo manga 2.2 Shōjo manga and ladies ' Comics from 1975 to today 2.3 Shōnen , seinen , and seijin manga 2.3. 1 Sex and women 's roles in manga for males 2.4 Gekiga 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 5.1 Bibliography 6 External links Before World war II ( edit ) Manga is said to originate from scrolls dating back to the 12th and 13th centuries . During the Edo period ( 1603 - 1867 ) , another book of drawings , Toba Ehon , embedded the concept of manga .", "2": "The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century with the publication of such works as Santō Kyōden 's picturebook Shiji no yukikai ( 1798 ) , and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa 's Manga hyakujo ( 1814 ) and the celebrated Hokusai Manga books ( 1814 -- 1834 ) containing assorted drawings from the sketchbooks of the famous ukiyo - e artist Hokusai who lived from 1760 -- 1849 . Rakuten Kitazawa ( 1876 -- 1955 ) first used the word `` manga '' in the modern sense . Japanese wood block illustration from 19th century Writers stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions as central to the history of manga . They include Frederik L. Schodt , Kinko Ito , Adam L. Kern , and Eric Peter Nash . Schodt points to the existence in the 13th century of illustrated picture scrolls like Chōjū - jinbutsu - giga that told stories in sequential images with humor and wit . Schodt also stresses continuities of aesthetic style and vision between ukiyo - e and shunga woodblock prints and modern manga ( all three fulfill Eisner 's criteria for sequential art ) . While there are disputes over whether Chōjū - jinbutsu - giga or Shigisan - engi was the first manga , both scrolls date back to about the same time period . However others like Isao Takahata , Studio Ghibli co-founder and director , contends there is no linkage with the scrolls and modern manga . Schodt and Nash also see a particularly significant role for kamishibai , a form of street theater where itinerant artists displayed pictures in a light box while narrating the story to audiences in the street . Torrance has pointed to similarities between modern manga and the Osaka popular novel between the 1890s and 1940 , and argues that the development of widespread literacy in Meiji and post-Meiji Japan helped create audiences for stories told in words and pictures .", "3": "Kinko Ito also roots manga historically in aesthetic continuity with pre-Meiji art , but she sees its post-WWII history as driven in part by consumer enthusiasm for the rich imagery and narrative of the newly developing manga tradition . Ito describes how this tradition has steadily produced new genres and markets , e.g. , for girls ' ( shōjo ) manga in the late 1960s and for Ladies Comics ( redisu ) in the 1980s . Hokusai Manga ( early 19th century ) Kern has suggested that kibyoshi , picture books from the late 18th century , may have been the world 's first comic books . These graphical narratives share with modern manga humorous , satirical , and romantic themes . Although Kern does not believe that kibyoshi were a direct forerunner of manga , for Kern the existence of kibyoshi nonetheless points to a Japanese willingness to mix words and pictures in a popular story - telling medium . The first recorded use of the term `` manga '' to mean `` whimsical or impromptu pictures '' comes from this tradition in 1798 , which , Kern points out , predates Katsushika Hokusai 's better known Hokusai Manga usage by several decades . Similarly , Inoue sees manga as being a mixture of image - and word - centered elements , each pre-dating the Allied occupation of Japan . In his view , Japanese image - centered or `` pictocentric '' art ultimately derives from Japan 's long history of engagement with Chinese graphic art , whereas word - centered or `` logocentric '' art , like the novel , was stimulated by social and economic needs of Meiji and pre-war Japanese nationalism for a populace unified by a common written language . Both fuse in what Inoue sees as a symbiosis in manga . The roots of the wide - eyed look commonly associated with manga dates back to shōjo magazine illustrations during the late 19th to early 20th centuries . The most important illustrators associated with this style at the time were Yumeji Takehisa and particularly Jun'ichi Nakahara , who , influenced by his work as a doll creator , frequently drew female characters with big eyes in the early 20th century .", "4": "This had a significant influence on early manga , particularly shōjo manga , evident in the work of influential manga artists such as Makoto Takahashi and Riyoko Ikeda . However , other writers such as Takashi Murakami have stressed events after WWII , but Murakami sees Japan 's surrender and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as having created long - lasting scars on the Japanese artistic psyche , which , in this view , lost its previously virile confidence in itself and sought solace in harmless and cute ( kawaii ) images . However , Takayumi Tatsumi sees a special role for a transpacific economic and cultural transnationalism that created a postmodern and shared international youth culture of cartooning , film , television , music , and related popular arts , which was , for Tatsumi the crucible in which modern manga have developed . For Murakami and Tatsumi , trans - nationalism ( or globalization ) refers specifically to the flow of cultural and subcultural material from one nation to another . In their usage , the term does not refer to international corporate expansion , nor to international tourism , nor to cross-border international personal friendships , but to ways in which artistic , aesthetic , and intellectual traditions influence each other across national boundaries . An example of cultural trans - nationalism is the creation of Star Wars films in the US , their transformation into manga by Japanese artists , and the marketing of Star Wars manga to the US . Another example is the transfer of hip - hop culture from the US to Japan . Wong also sees a major role for trans - nationalism in the recent history of manga . Thus , these scholars see the history of manga as involving historical continuities and discontinuities between the aesthetic and cultural past as it interacts with post-WWII innovation and trans - nationalism . After World war II ( edit ) After World War II , Japanese artists subsequently gave life to their own style during the occupation ( 1945 -- 1952 ) and post-occupation years ( 1952 - early 1960s ) , when a previously militaristic and ultranationalist Japan was rebuilding its political and economic infrastructure . Although Allied occupation censorship policies specifically prohibited art and writing that glorified war and Japanese militarism , those policies did not prevent the publication of other kinds of material , including manga .", "5": "Furthermore , the 1947 Japanese Constitution ( Article 21 ) prohibited all forms of censorship . One result was the growth of artistic creativity in this period . In the forefront of this period are two manga series and characters that influenced much of the future history of manga . These are Osamu Tezuka 's Mighty Atom ( Astro Boy in the United States ; begun in 1951 ) and Machiko Hasegawa 's Sazae - san ( begun in 1946 ) . Astro Boy was both a superpowered robot and a naive little boy . Tezuka never explained why Astro Boy had such a highly developed social conscience nor what kind of robot programming could make him so deeply affiliative . Both seem innate to Astro Boy , and represent a Japanese sociality and community - oriented masculinity differing very much from the Emperor - worship and militaristic obedience enforced during the previous period of Japanese imperialism . Astro Boy quickly became ( and remains ) immensely popular in Japan and elsewhere as an icon and hero of a new world of peace and the renunciation of war , as also seen in Article 9 of the Japanese constitution . Similar themes occur in Tezuka 's New World and Metropolis . By contrast , Sazae - san ( meaning `` Ms. Sazae '' ) was drawn starting in 1946 by Machiko Hasegawa , a young woman artist who made her heroine a stand - in for millions of Japanese men and especially women rendered homeless by the war . Sazae - san does not face an easy or simple life , but , like Astro Boy , she too is highly affiliative and is deeply involved with her immediate and extended family . She is also a very strong character , in striking contrast to the officially sanctioned Neo-Confucianist principles of feminine meekness and obedience to the `` good wife , wise mother '' ( ryōsai kenbo , りょうさいけんぼ ; 良妻賢母 ) ideal taught by the previous military regime . Sazae - san faces the world with cheerful resilience , what Hayao Kawai calls a `` woman of endurance . '' Sazae - san sold more than 62 million copies over the next half century . Tezuka and Hasegawa were also both stylistic innovators .", "6": "In Tezuka 's `` cinematographic '' technique , the panels are like a motion picture that reveals details of action bordering on slow motion as well as rapid zooms from distance to close - up shots . More critically , Tezuka synchronised the placement of panel with the reader 's viewing speed to simulate moving pictures . Hence in manga production as in film production , the person who decides the allocation of panels ( Komawari ) is credited as the author while most drawing are done by assistants . This kind of visual dynamism was widely adopted by later manga artists . Hasegawa 's focus on daily life and on women 's experience also came to characterize later shōjo manga . Between 1950 and 1969 , increasingly large audiences for manga emerged in Japan with the solidification of its two main marketing genres , shōnen manga aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls . Up to 1969 , shōjo manga was drawn primarily by adult men for young female readers . Two very popular and influential male - authored manga for girls from this period were Tezuka 's 1953 - 1956 Ribon no Kishi ( Princess Knight or Knight in Ribbons ) and Mitsuteru Yokoyama 1966 Mahōtsukai Sarii ( Little Witch Sally ) . Ribon no Kishi dealt with the adventures of Princess Sapphire of a fantasy kingdom who had been born with male and female souls , and whose sword - swinging battles and romances blurred the boundaries of otherwise rigid gender roles . Sarii , the pre-teen princess heroine of Mahōtsukai Sarii , came from her home in the magical lands to live on Earth , go to school , and perform a variety of magical good deeds for her friends and schoolmates . Yokoyama 's Mahōtsukai Sarii was influenced by the US TV sitcom Bewitched , but unlike Samantha , the main character of Bewitched , a married woman with her own daughter , Sarii is a pre-teenager who faces the problems of growing up and mastering the responsibilities of forthcoming adulthood . Mahōtsukai Sarii helped create the now very popular mahō shōjo or `` magical girl '' subgenre of later manga . Both series were and still are very popular .", "7": "Shōjo manga ( edit ) In 1969 , a group of women manga artists later called the Year 24 Group ( also known as Magnificent 24s ) made their shōjo manga debut ( year 24 comes from the Japanese name for 1949 , when many of these artists were born ) . The group included Hagio Moto , Riyoko Ikeda , Yumiko Oshima , Keiko Takemiya , and Ryoko Yamagishi and they marked the first major entry of women artists into manga . Thereafter , shōjo manga would be drawn primarily by women artists for an audience of girls and young women . In 1971 , Ikeda began her immensely popular shōjo manga Berusaiyu no Bara ( The Rose of Versailles ) , a story of Oscar François de Jarjayes , a cross-dressing woman who was a Captain in Marie Antoinette 's Palace Guards in pre-Revolutionary France . In the end , Oscar dies as a revolutionary leading a charge of her troops against the Bastille . Likewise , Hagio Moto 's work challenged Neo-Confucianist limits on women 's roles and activities as in her 1975 They Were Eleven , a shōjo science fiction story about a young woman cadet in a future space academy . These women artists also created considerable stylistic innovations . In its focus on the heroine 's inner experiences and feelings , shōjo manga are `` picture poems '' with delicate and complex designs that often eliminate panel borders completely to create prolonged , non-narrative extensions of time . All of these innovations -- strong and independent female characters , intense emotionality , and complex design -- remain characteristic of shōjo manga up to the present day . Shōjo manga and Ladies ' Comics from 1975 to today ( edit ) In the following decades ( 1975 -- present ) , shōjo manga continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously evolving different but overlapping subgenres . Major subgenres have included romance , superheroines , and `` Ladies Comics '' ( in Japanese , redisu レディース , redikomi レヂィーコミ , and josei 女性じょせい ) , whose boundaries are sometimes indistinguishable from each other and from shōnen manga .", "8": "In modern shōjo manga romance , love is a major theme set into emotionally intense narratives of self - realization . Japanese manga / anime critic Eri Izawa defines romance as symbolizing `` the emotional , the grand , the epic ; the taste of heroism , fantastic adventure , and the melancholy ; passionate love , personal struggle , and eternal longing '' set into imaginative , individualistic , and passionate narrative frameworks . These romances are sometimes long narratives that can deal with distinguishing between false and true love , coping with sexual intercourse , and growing up in a complex world , themes inherited by subsequent animated versions of the story . These `` coming of age '' or Bildungsroman themes occur in both shōjo and shōnen manga . In the Bildungsroman , the protagonist must deal with adversity and conflict , and examples in shōjo manga of romantic conflict are common . They include Miwa Ueda 's Peach Girl , Fuyumi Soryo 's Mars , and , for mature readers , Moyoco Anno 's Happy Mania , Yayoi Ogawa 's Tramps Like Us , and Ai Yazawa 's Nana . In another shōjo manga Bildungsroman narrative device , the young heroine is transported to an alien place or time where she meets strangers and must survive on her own ( including Hagio Moto 's They Were Eleven , Kyoko Hikawa 's From Far Away , Yû Watase 's Fushigi Yûgi : The Mysterious Play , and Chiho Saito 's The World Exists For Me ) . Yet another such device involves meeting unusual or strange people and beings , for example , Natsuki Takaya 's Fruits Basket -- one of the most popular shōjo manga in the United States -- whose orphaned heroine Tohru must survive living in the woods in a house filled with people who can transform into the animals of the Chinese zodiac . In Harako Iida 's Crescent Moon , heroine Mahiru meets a group of supernatural beings , finally to discover that she herself too has a supernatural ancestry when she and a young tengu demon fall in love . With the superheroines , shōjo manga continued to break away from neo-Confucianist norms of female meekness and obedience .", "9": "Naoko Takeuchi 's Sailor Moon ( Bishōjo Senshi Sēramūn : `` Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon '' ) is a sustained , 18 - volume narrative about a group of young heroines simultaneously heroic and introspective , active and emotional , dutiful and ambitious . The combination proved extremely successful , and Sailor Moon became internationally popular in both manga and anime formats . Another example is CLAMP 's Magic Knight Rayearth , whose three young heroines , Hikaru , Umi , and Fuu , are magically transported to the world of Cephiro to become armed magical warriors in the service of saving Cephiro from internal and external enemies . The superheroine subgenre also extensively developed the notion of teams ( sentai ) of girls working together , like the Sailor Senshi in Sailor Moon , the Magic Knights in Magic Knight Rayearth , and the Mew Mew girls from Mia Ikumi 's Tokyo Mew Mew . By today , the superheroine narrative template has been widely used and parodied within the shōjo manga tradition ( e.g. , Nao Yazawa 's Wedding Peach and Hyper Rune by Tamayo Akiyama ) and outside that tradition , e.g. , in bishōjo comedies like Kanan 's Galaxy Angel . In the mid-1980s and thereafter , as girls who had read shōjo manga as teenagers matured and entered the job market , shōjo manga elaborated subgenres directed at women in their 20s and 30s . This `` Ladies Comic '' or redisu - josei subgenre has dealt with themes of young adulthood : jobs , the emotions and problems of sexual intercourse , and friendships or love among women . Redisu manga retains many of the narrative stylistics of shōjo manga but has been drawn by and written for adult women . Redisu manga and art has been often , but not always , sexually explicit , but sexuality has characteristically been set into complex narratives of pleasure and erotic arousal combined with emotional risk .", "10": "Examples include Ryō Ramiya 's Luminous Girls , Masako Watanabe 's Kinpeibai and the work of Shungicu Uchida Another subgenre of shōjo - redisu manga deals with emotional and sexual relationships among women ( akogare and yuri ) , in work by Erica Sakurazawa , Ebine Yamaji , and Chiho Saito . Other subgenres of shōjo - redisu manga have also developed , e.g. , fashion ( oshare ) manga , like Ai Yazawa 's Paradise Kiss and horror - vampire - gothic manga , like Matsuri Hino 's Vampire Knight , Kaori Yuki 's Cain Saga , and Mitsukazu Mihara 's DOLL , which interact with street fashions , costume play ( `` cosplay '' ) , J - Pop music , and goth subcultures in complex ways . By the start of the 21st century , manga for women and girls thus represented a broad spectrum of material for pre - and early teenagers to material for adult women . Shōnen , seinen , and seijin manga ( edit ) Manga for male readers can be characterized in different ways . One is by the age of its intended audience : boys up to 18 years old ( shōnen manga ) and young men 18 to 30 years old ( seinen manga ) . Another approach is by content , including action - adventure often involving male heroes , slapstick humor , themes of honor , and sometimes explicit sexuality . Japanese uses different kanji for two closely allied meanings of `` seinen '' -- 青年 for `` youth , young man '' and 成年 for `` adult , majority '' -- the second referring to sexually overt manga aimed at grown men and also called seijin ( `` adult , '' 成人 ) manga . Shōnen , seinen , and seijin manga share many features in common . Boys and young men were among the earliest readers of manga after World War II . From the 1950s on , shōnen manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypical boy : sci - tech subjects like robots and space travel , and heroic action - adventure .", "11": "Shōnen and seinen manga narratives often portray challenges to the protagonist 's abilities , skills , and maturity , stressing self - perfection , austere self - discipline , sacrifice in the cause of duty , and honorable service to society , community , family , and friends . Manga with solitary costumed superheroes like Superman , Batman , and Spider - Man did not become popular as a shōnen genre . An exception is Kia Asamiya 's Batman : Child of Dreams , released in the US by DC Comics and in Japan by Kodansha . However , lone heroes occur in Takao Saito 's Golgo 13 and Koike and Kojima 's Lone Wolf and Cub . Golgo 13 is about an assassin who puts his skills to the service of world peace and other social goals , and Ogami Itto , the swordsman - hero of Lone Wolf and Cub , is a widower caring for his son Daigoro while he seeks vengeance against his wife 's murderers . However , Golgo and Itto remain men throughout and neither hero ever displays superpowers . Instead , these stories `` journey into the hearts and minds of men '' by remaining on the plane of human psychology and motivation . Many shōnen manga have science fiction and technology themes . Early examples in the robot subgenre included Tezuka 's Astro Boy ( see above ) and Fujiko F. Fujio 's 1969 Doraemon , about a robot cat and the boy he lives with , which was aimed at younger boys . The robot theme evolved extensively , from Mitsuteru Yokoyama 's 1956 Tetsujin 28 - go to later , more complex stories where the protagonist must not only defeat enemies , but learn to master himself and cooperate with the mecha he controls . Thus , in Neon Genesis Evangelion by Yoshiyuki Sadamoto , Shinji struggles against the enemy and against his father , and in Vision of Escaflowne by Katsu Aki , Van not only makes war against Dornkirk 's empire but must deal with his complex feelings for Hitomi , the heroine . Sports themes are also popular in manga for male readers . These stories stress self - discipline , depicting not only the excitement of sports competition but also character traits the hero needs to transcend his limitations and to triumph .", "12": "Examples include boxing ( Tetsuya Chiba 's 1968 - 1973 Tomorrow 's Joe and Rumiko Takahashi 's 1987 One - Pound Gospel ) and basketball ( Takehiko Inoue 's 1990 Slam Dunk ) . Supernatural settings have been another source of action - adventure plots in shõnen and some shõjo manga in which the hero must master challenges . Sometimes the protagonist fails , as in Tsugumi Ohba and Takeshi Obata 's Death Note , where protagonist Light Yagami receives a notebook from a Death God ( shinigami ) that kills anyone whose name is written in it , and , in a shōjo manga example , Hakase Mizuki 's The Demon Ororon , whose protagonist abandons his demonic kingship of Hell to live and die on earth . Sometimes the protagonist himself is supernatural , like Kohta Hirano 's Hellsing , whose vampire hero Alucard battles reborn Nazis hellbent on conquering England , but the hero may also be ( or was ) human , battling an ever - escalating series of supernatural enemies ( Hiromu Arakawa 's Fullmetal Alchemist , Nobuyuki Anzai 's Flame of Recca , and Tite Kubo 's Bleach ) . Military action - adventure stories set in the modern world , for example , about WWII , remained under suspicion of glorifying Japan 's Imperial history and have not become a significant part of the shōnen manga repertoire . Nonetheless , stories about fantasy or historical military adventure were not stigmatized , and manga about heroic warriors and martial artists have been extremely popular . Some are serious dramas , like Sanpei Shirato 's The Legend of Kamui and Rurouni Kenshin by Nobuhiro Watsuki , but others contain strongly humorous elements , like Akira Toriyama 's Dragon Ball . Although stories about modern war and its weapons do exist , they deal as much or more with the psychological and moral problems of war as they do with sheer shoot - ' em - up adventure .", "13": "Examples include Seiho Takizawa 's Who Fighter , a retelling of Joseph Conrad 's story Heart of Darkness about a renegade Japanese colonel set in WWII Burma , Kaiji Kawaguchi 's The Silent Service , about a Japanese nuclear submarine , and Motofumi Kobayashi 's Apocalypse Meow , about the Vietnam War told in talking animal format . Other battle and fight - oriented manga are complex stories of criminal and espionage conspiracies to be overcome by the protagonist , such as City Hunter by Hojo Tsukasa , Fist of the North Star by Tetsuo Hara , and in the shōjo manga From Eroica with Love by Yasuko Aoike , a long - running crime - espionage story combining adventure , action , and humor ( and another example of how these themes occur across genres ) . For manga critics Koji Aihara and Kentaro Takekuma , such battle stories endlessly repeat the same mindless themes of violence , which they sardonically label the `` Shonen Manga Plot Shish Kebob '' , where fights follow fights like meat skewered on a stick . Other commentators suggest that fight sequences and violence in comics serve as a social outlet for otherwise dangerous impulses . Shōnen manga and its extreme warriorship have been parodied , for example , in Mine Yoshizaki 's screwball comedy Sgt . Frog ( Keroro Gunso ) , about a platoon of slacker alien frogs who invade the Earth and end up free - loading off the Hinata family in Tokyo . Sex and women 's roles in manga for males ( edit ) In early shōnen manga , men and boys played all the major roles , with women and girls having only auxiliary places as sisters , mothers , and occasionally girlfriends . Of the nine cyborgs in Shotaro Ishinomori 's 1964 Cyborg 009 , only one is female , and she soon vanishes from the action . Some recent shōnen manga virtually omit women , e.g. , the martial arts story Baki the Grappler by Itagaki Keisuke and the supernatural fantasy Sand Land by Akira Toriyama . However , by the 1980s , girls and women began to play increasingly important roles in shōnen manga , for example , Toriyama 's 1980 Dr.", "14": "Slump , whose main character is the mischievous and powerful girl robot Arale Norimaki . The role of girls and women in manga for male readers has evolved considerably since Arale . One class is the pretty girl ( bishōjo ) . Sometimes the woman is unattainable , but she is always an object of the hero 's emotional and sexual interest , like Belldandy from Oh My Goddess ! by Kōsuke Fujishima and Shao - lin from Guardian Angel Getten by Minene Sakurano . In other stories , the hero is surrounded by such girls and women , as in Negima by Ken Akamatsu and Hanaukyo Maid Team by Morishige . The male protagonist does not always succeed in forming a relationship with the woman , for example when Bright Honda and Aimi Komori fail to bond in Shadow Lady by Masakazu Katsura . In other cases , a successful couple 's sexual activities are depicted or implied , like Outlanders by Johji Manabe . In still other cases , the initially naive and immature hero grows up to become a man by learning how to deal and live with women emotionally and sexually , like Yota in Video Girl Ai by Masakazu Katsura , Train Man in Train Man : Densha Otoko by Hidenori Hara , and Makoto in Futari Ecchi by Katsu Aki . In poruno - and eromanga ( seijin manga ) , often called hentai manga in the US , a sexual relationship is taken for granted and depicted explicitly , as in work by Toshiki Yui and in Were - Slut by Jiro Chiba and Slut Girl by Isutoshi . The result is a range of depictions of boys and men from naive to very experienced sexually . Heavily armed female warriors ( sentō bishōjo ) represent another class of girls and women in manga for male readers . Some sentō bishōjo are battle cyborgs , like Alita from Battle Angel Alita by Yukito Kishiro , Motoko Kusanagi from Masamune Shirow 's Ghost in the Shell , and Chise from Shin Takahashi 's Saikano .", "15": "Others are human , like Attim M - Zak from Hiroyuki Utatane 's Seraphic Feather , Johji Manabe 's Karula Olzen from Drakuun , and Alita Forland ( Falis ) from Sekihiko Inui 's Murder Princess . As of 2013 national censorship laws and local ordinances remain in Japan and the public response to the publication of manga with sexual content or the depiction of nudity has been mixed . Series have an audience and sell well but their publication also encounters opposition . In the early 1990s the opposition resulted in the creation of Harmful manga lists and a shift in the publishing industry . By this time large publishers had created a general manga demand but the corollary is that they were also susceptible to public opinion in their markets . Faced with criticism from certain segments of the population and under pressure from industry groups to self - regulate , major publishing houses discontinued series , such as Angel and 1 + 2 = Paradise , while smaller publication companies , not as susceptible to these forces , were able to fill the void . With the relaxation of censorship in Japan after the early 1990s , a wide variety of explicitly drawn sexual themes appeared in manga intended for male readers that correspondingly occur in English translations . These depictions range from mild partial nudity through implied and explicit sexual intercourse through bondage and sadomasochism ( SM ) , zoophilia ( bestiality ) , incest , and rape . In some cases , rape and lust murder themes came to the forefront , as in Urotsukidoji by Toshio Maeda and Blue Catalyst from 1994 by Kei Taniguchi , but these extreme themes are not commonplace in either untranslated or translated manga . Gekiga ( edit ) Main article : Gekiga Gekiga literally means `` drama pictures '' and refers to a form of aesthetic realism in manga . Gekiga style drawing is emotionally dark , often starkly realistic , sometimes very violent , and focuses on the day - in , day - out grim realities of life , often drawn in gritty and unpretty fashions . Gekiga arose in the late 1950s and 1960s partly from left - wing student and working class political activism and partly from the aesthetic dissatisfaction of young manga artists like Yoshihiro Tatsumi with existing manga .", "16": "Examples include Sampei Shirato 's 1959 - 1962 Chronicles of a Ninja 's Military Accomplishments ( Ninja Bugeichō ) , the story of Kagemaru , the leader of a peasant rebellion in the 16th century , which dealt directly with oppression and class struggle , and Hiroshi Hirata 's Satsuma Gishiden , about uprisings against the Tokugawa shogunate . As the social protest of these early years waned , gekiga shifted in meaning towards socially conscious , mature drama and towards the avant - garde . Examples include Koike and Kojima 's Lone Wolf and Cub and Akira , an apocalyptic tale of motorcycle gangs , street war , and inexplicable transformations of the children of a future Tokyo . Another example is Osamu Tezuka 's 1976 manga MW , a bitter story of the aftermath of the storage and possibly deliberate release of poison gas by U.S. armed forces based in Okinawa years after World War II . Gekiga and the social consciousness it embodies remain alive in modern - day manga . An example is Ikebukuro West Gate Park from 2001 by Ira Ishida and Sena Aritou , a story of street thugs , rape , and vengeance set on the social margins of the wealthy Ikebukuro district of Tokyo . See also ( edit ) Book : Anime and Manga History of comics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This section draws primarily on the work of Frederik Schodt ( 1986 , 1996 , 2007 ) and of Paul Gravett ( 2004 ) . Time - lines for manga history are available in Mechademia , Gravett , and in articles by Go Tchiei 1998 . Jump up ^ Sarii is the Japanese spelling and pronunciation of the English - language name `` Sally . '' The word mahōtsukai literally means `` magic operator , '' someone who can use and control magic . It does not mean `` witch '' or `` magical girl '' ( which is mahō shōjo in Japanese ) , because tsukai is not a gendered word in Japanese . This use of an English - language name with a Japanese descriptive word is an example of transnationalism in Tatsumi 's sense .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` The transformation into a superhero is in fact an allegory of becoming an adult . '' Jump up ^ In German , Bildung means `` education '' and Roman means `` novel , '' hence a Bildungsroman is a novel about the education of the protagonist in `` the ways of the world . '' Jump up ^ In another system of classification , shōnen , seinen , and seijin manga -- indeed , all genres of manga -- are defined by the intended audience or demographic of the magazine where the manga originally appeared , regardless of content of the specific manga . This magazine - of - origin system is used by the English - language Wikipedia in its Template : Infobox animanga when assigning demographic labels to manga . For a list of magazine demographics , see http://users.skynet.be/mangaguide/magazines.html , but note that that website does not use magazine audience or demographic for classifying manga , nor is this approach discussed by either Thompson ( 2007 ) or Brenner ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ The French Wikipedia manga article uses the terms seinen and seijin to denote manga for adult men . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ For multiple meanings of bishōjo , see Perper & Cornog ( 2002 ) , pp. 60 -- 63 . Jump up ^ For the sentō bishōjo , translated as `` battling beauty , '' see Kotani , Mari. 2006 . `` Metamorphosis of the Japanese girl : The girl , the hyper - girl , and the battling beauty . '' Mechademia : An Annual Forum for Anime , Manga , and the Fan Arts , 1 : 162 - 170 . See also William O. Gardner . 2003 . Attack of the Phallic Girls : Review of Saitô Tamaki . Sentō bishōjo no seishin bunseki ( Fighting Beauties : A Psychoanalysis ) . Tokyo : Ôta Shuppan , 2000 . at http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/review_essays/gardner88.htm . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schodt ( 1986 ) ^ Jump up to : Ito , Kinko.", "18": "2004 . `` Growing up Japanese reading manga . '' International Journal of Comic Art , 6 : 392 - 401 . ^ Jump up to : Kern ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Kern ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Kinsella , Sharon 2000 . Adult Manga : Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society . Honolulu : University of Hawai'i Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2318 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kageyama , Y . `` A SHORT HISTORY OF JAPANESE MANGA '' . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Prohl & Nelson 2012 , p. 596 , McCarthy 2014 , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Santō Kyōden 's picturebooks '' . Jump up ^ `` Shiji no yukikai ( Japanese National Diet Library ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Bouquillard & Marquet 2007 Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Hokusai '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Shimizu 1985 , pp. 53 -- 54 , 102 -- 103 ^ Jump up to : Schodt ( 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : Nash , Eric Peter . 2009 . Manga kamishibai : the art of Japanese paper theater . Abrams . ISBN 081095303X . Jump up ^ Eisner , Will . 1985 . Comics & Sequential Art . Tamarac , Fl : Poorhouse Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9614728 - 1 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Yomiuri Newspaper Discusses History 's First Manga '' . Yomiuri Shimbun . Anime News Network . 2008 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Torrance , Richard . 2005 . `` Literacy and literature in Osaka , 1890 - 1940 . '' Journal of Japanese Studies , 31 ( 1 ) : 27 - 60 .", "19": "Web version : http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_japanese_studies/v031/31.1torrance.html Accessed 2007 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kern ( 2006 ) , pp. 139 - 144 , Fig . 3.3 Jump up ^ Inoue , Charles Shirō. 1996 . `` Pictocentrism -- China as a source of Japanese modernity . '' In Sumie Jones , editor . 1996 . Imaging / Reading Eros . Bloomington , IN : East Asian Studies Center , Indiana University . pp. 148 - 152 . ISBN 0 - 9653281 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=j1LLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 ^ Jump up to : Murakami , Takashi ( 2005 ) . Little Boy : the Arts of Japan 's Exploding Subculture . New York : Japan Society . ISBN 0 - 913304 - 57 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Tatsumi , Takayumi ( 2006 ) . Full Metal Apache : Transactions between Cyberpunk Japan and Avant - Pop America . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3774 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom Goes Manga '' . StarWars.com . January 5 , 2000 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Condry , Ian ( 2006 ) . Hip - Hop Japan : Rap and the Path of Cultural Globalization . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3892 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wong , Wendy Siuyi ( 2006 ) . `` Globalizing manga : From Japan to Hong Kong and beyond '' . Mechademia : an Annual Forum for Anime , Manga , and the Fan Arts . 1 : 23 -- 45 .", "20": "^ Jump up to : The Japanese constitution is in the Kodansha encyclopedia `` Japan : Profile of a Nation , Revised Edition '' ( 1999 , Tokyo : Kodansha ) on pp. 692 - 715 . Article 9 : page 695 ; article 21 : page 697 . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2384 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Schodt ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Gravett ( 2004 ) , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Uno , Kathleen S. 1993 . `` The death of ' Good Wife , Wise Mother ' . '' In : Andrew Gordon ( editor ) Postwar Japan as History . Berkeley , CA : University of California . pp. 293 - 322 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07475 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Ohinata , Masami 1995 `` The mystique of motherhood : A key to understanding social change and family problems in Japan . '' In : Kumiko Fujimura - Fanselow and Atsuko Kameda ( editors ) Japanese Women : New Feminist Perspectives on the Past , Present , and Future . New York : The Feminist Press at The City University of New York . pp. 199 - 211 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55861 - 094 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Yoshizumi , Kyoko 1995 `` Marriage and family : Past and present . '' In : Kumiko Fujimura - Fanselow and Atsuko Kameda ( editors ) Japanese Women : New Feminist Perspectives on the Past , Present , and Future . New York : The Feminist Press at The City University of New York . pp. 183 - 197 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55861 - 094 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , William ( 2000 ) . `` From Sazae - san to Crayon Shin - Chan . '' In : Timothy J. Craig ( editor ) Japan Pop ! : Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0561 - 0 .", "21": "Jump up ^ Kawai , Hayao. 1996 . The Japanese Psyche : Major Motifs in the Fairy Tales of Japan . Woodstock , CT : Spring Publications . Chapter 7 , pp. 125 - 142 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa , Machiko ; Schodt , Frederik L. ( 1997 ) . `` Forward '' . The Wonderful World of Sazae - San . Tokyo : Kodansha International ( JPN ) . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7700 - 2075 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Frank ( 1997 - 2003 ) . `` Hist 102 : History of Manga . '' http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/hist102.html . AnimeInfo . Accessed on 2007 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Toku ( 2005 ) . See also http://www.csuchico.edu/pub/cs/spring_06/feature_03.html . Accessed 2007 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Thorn , Matt ( July -- September 2001 ) . `` Shôjo Manga -- Something for the Girls '' . The Japan Quarterly . 48 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Yoshida , Kaori ( 2002 ) . `` Evolution of Female Heroes : Carnival Mode of Gender Representation in Anime '' . Western Washington University . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Melissa ( June 27 , 2006 ) . `` Bewitched by Magical Girls '' . FPS Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gravett ( 2004 ) , pp. 78 -- 80 Jump up ^ Lent ( 2001 ) , pp. 9 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Tchiei , Goo ( 1998 ) . `` Shojo Manga : A Unique Genre '' . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Shamoon , Deborah. 2007 .", "22": "`` Revolutionary romance : The Rose of Versailles and the transformation of shojo manga . '' Mechademia : An Annual Forum for Anime , Manga , and Fan Arts . 2 : 3 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hagio Moto 1975 / 1996 `` They Were Eleven . '' In : Matt Thorn ( editor ) Four Shojo Stories . San Francisco : Viz Media . ISBN 1 - 56931 - 055 - 6 . Original story published 1975 ; US edition 1996 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1986 ) , p. 88 Jump up ^ McCloud , Scott . 1993 . Understanding Comics . New York : Paradox Press . pp. 77 - 82 . ^ Jump up to : Ōgi , Fusami 2004 . `` Female subjectivity and shōjo ( girls ) manga ( Japanese comics ) : shōjo in Ladies ' Comics and Young Ladies ' Comics . '' Journal of Popular Culture , 36 ( 4 ) : 780 - 803 . ^ Jump up to : Drazen , Patrick 2003 . Anime Explosion ! : the What ? Why ? & Wow ! of Japanese Animation . Berkeley , CA : Stone Bridge . Jump up ^ Izawa , Eri 2000 . `` The romantic , passionate Japanese in anime : A look at the hidden Japanese soul . '' In : Timothy J. Craig ( editor ) Japan Pop ! Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe . pp. 138 - 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0561 - 0 . Accessed 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1996 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ From Graillat , Ludovic 2006 - 2007 `` America vs. Japan : the Influence of American Comics on Manga . '' Refractory : A Journal of Entertainment Media , volume 10 . Accessed 2007 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Moretti , Franco 1987 . The Way of the World : The Bildungsroman in European Culture . London : Verso .", "23": "ISBN 1 - 85984 - 298 - 4 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Chris ( 2007 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Peach Girl Vol. # 1 ( also w / box ) ( of 6 ) '' . Anime on DVD . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Peach Girl Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` MARS Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Mania Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Aoki , Deb . `` Nana by Ai Yazawa - Series Profile and Story Summary '' . About.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bertschy , Zac ( December 26 , 2005 ) . `` NANA G. novel 1 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Randall , Bill . `` Three By Moto Hagio '' . The Comics Journal . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ King , Patrick . `` From Far Away Vol. 2 '' . Anime Fringe . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The World Exists for Me Volume 2 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fruits Basket Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Manga Properties for Spring 2007 : Fruits Basket . '' ICv2 Guide to Manga , Number 45 , pp. 6 , 8 . Jump up ^ `` Crescent Moon Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Anne 2000 .", "24": "`` Sailor Moon : Japanese superheroes for global girls . '' In : Timothy J. Craig ( editor ) Japan Pop ! Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe . pp. 259 - 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0561 - 0 . Jump up ^ Grigsby , Mary 1999 `` The social production of gender as reflected in two Japanese culture industry products : Sailormoon and Crayon Shinchan . '' In : John A. Lent , editor Themes and Issues in Asian Cartooning : Cute , Cheap , Mad , and Sexy . Bowling Green , OH : Bowling Green State University Popular Press . pp. 183 - 210 . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 780 - 2 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1996 ) , p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Magic Knight Rayearth I Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Poitras , Gilles 2001 . Anime Essentials : Everything a Fan Needs to Know . Berkeley , CA : Stone Bridge . ISBN 1 - 880656 - 53 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Mew Mew Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding Peach '' . Viz Media . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Liann ( November 20 , 2004 ) . `` RIGHT TURN ONLY ! ! Sugar Rush '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Galaxy Angel '' . Broccoli Books . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Ito , Kinko 2002 . `` The world of Japanese ' Ladies Comics ' : From romantic fantasy to lustful perversion . '' Journal of Popular Culture , 36 ( 1 ) : 68 - 85 .", "25": "^ Jump up to : Ito , Kinko 2003 . `` Japanese Ladies ' Comics as agents of socialization : The lessons they teach . '' International Journal of Comic Art , 5 ( 2 ) : 425 - 436 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gretchen 2002 . `` ' Ladies ' Comics ' : Japan 's not - so - underground market in pornography for women . '' U.S. - Japan Women 's Journal ( English Supplement ) , Number 22 , pp. 3 - 31 . Jump up ^ Shamoon , Deborah. 2004 . `` Office slut and rebel flowers : The pleasures of Japanese pornographic comics for women . '' In : Linda Williams ( editor ) Porn Studies . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . pp. 77 - 103 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3312 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1996 ) , pp. 124 - 129 Jump up ^ Ryō Ramiya ( no date ) `` Luminous Girls . '' Tokyo : France Shoin Comic House . ISBN 4 - 8296 - 8201 - 9 . Jump up ^ Toku ( 2005 ) , p. 59 Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1996 ) , pp. 173 - 177 Jump up ^ Bando , Kishiji ( no date ) `` Shoujo Yuri Manga Guide . '' Accessed 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Font , Dillon . `` Erica Sakurazawa 's Nothing But Loving You '' . Anime Fringe . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fan translations of Ebine Yamaji 's yuri mangas ( sic ) '' . The Gay Comics List . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Perper , Timothy & Martha Cornog 2006 . `` In the Sound of the Bells : Freedom and Revolution in Revolutionary Girl Utena . '' Mechademia : An Annual Forum for Anime , Manga , and the Fan Arts , 1 : 183 - 186 . Jump up ^ Masanao , Amano 2004 . Manga Design .", "26": "Koln , Germany : Taschen GMBH . pp. 526 - 529 . ISBN 3 - 8228 - 2591 - 3 . Jump up ^ Paradise Kiss : http://www.tokyopop.com/product/1044 Accessed 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight by Matsuri Hino '' . Shojo Beat . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cain by Kaori Yuki : http://www.shojobeat.com/manga/gc/bio.php Accessed 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ DOLL : http://www.tokyopop.com/shop/1277/DollSoftcover/1.html Accessed 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Shoichi Aoki. 2001 . Fruits . New York : Phaidon Press . ISBN 0 - 7148 - 4083 - 1 . Jump up ^ Winge , Theresa 2006 . `` Costuming the imagination : Origins of anime and manga cosplay . '' Mechademia : An Annual Forum for Anime , Manga , and the Fan Arts , 1 : 65 - 76 . Jump up ^ Macias , Patrick , Evers , Izumi , and Nonaka , Kazumi ( illustrator ) . 2004. Japanese Schoolgirl Inferno : Tokyo Teen Fashion Subculture Handbook . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5690 - 4 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2007 ) , pp. xxiii - xxiv . See also the opening sections of Un poil de culture - Une introduction à l'animation japonaise. 11 / 07 / 2007 . http://www.metalchroniques.fr/guppy/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=437 Accessed 2007 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Brenner ( 2007 ) , pp. 31 -- 34 Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1996 ) , p. 95 ^ Jump up to : Perper & Cornog ( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : Schodt ( 1986 ) , pp.", "27": "68 -- 87 Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1986 ) , Chapter 3 Jump up ^ Gravett ( 2004 ) , pp. 52 -- 73 Jump up ^ Brenner ( 2007 ) , p. 31 Jump up ^ Golgo : http://www.viz.com/products/products.php?series_id=411 . review : http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/golgo-13-gn-4 . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ See http://www.darkhorse.com/reviews/archive.php?theid=215 for the quoted phrase . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1996 ) , pp. 216 -- 220 Jump up ^ Schodt , Frederik L. 1988 . Robots of the Imagination . In Inside the Robot Kingdom : Japan , Mechatronics , and the Coming Robotopia . Chapter 4 , pp. 73 - 90 . Tokyo : Kodansha International . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1986 ) , pp. 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Masanao Amano , editor . 2004 . Manga Design . Köln : Taschen . pp. 92 - 95 . ISBN 3 - 8228 - 2591 - 3 . http://www.shonenjump.com/news/newsroom/dunk_sj.php ; http://comipress.com/article/2006/12/15/1160 . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Aihara & Takekuma ( 2002 ) , pp. 53 - 63 Jump up ^ Aihara & Takekuma ( 2002 ) , illustration on p. 59 Jump up ^ Berek - Lewis , Jason . July 13 , 2005 . Comics in an Age of Terror . http://www.brokenfrontier.com/columns/details.php?id=308 Accessed 2007 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sgt .", "28": "Frog : http://www.tokyopop.com/product/1214/SgtFrog/2.html ; review : http://eyeonanime.co.uk/panda.php?mi=7&p=d&reviewid2=41 . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Guardian Angel Getten , by Sakurano Minene . Raijin Graphic Novels / Gutsoon ! Entertainment , Vols. 1 - 4 , 2003 - 2004 . Jump up ^ Negima , by Ken Akamatsu . Del Rey / Random House , Vols. 1 - 15 , 2004 - 2007 ; Hanaukyo Maid Team , by Morishige . Studio Ironcat , Vols. 1 - 3 , 2003 - 2004 . Jump up ^ Outlanders : http://www.angelfire.com/anime/mangatemple/outlanders.html . Jump up ^ Train Man : Densha Otoko , Hidenori Hara . Viz , Vols. 1 - 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Perper , Timothy and Martha Cornog. 2007 . `` The education of desire : Futari etchi and the globalization of sexual tolerance . '' Mechademia : An Annual Forum for Anime , Manga , and Fan Arts , 2 : 201 - 214 . Jump up ^ Toshiki Yui : http://lambiek.net/artists/y/yui_toshiki.htm ; http://www.yui-toshiki.com/shed/ . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Slut Girl , by Isutoshi . Eros Comix , Nos. 1 - 6 , 2000 ; http://www.fantagraphics.com/cart/showcat.cgi?Category=Comics+Erotica&SubCategory=Mangerotica&PageNo=10 ; Were - Slut , by Jiro Chiba . Eros Comix , Nos. 1 - 8 , 2001 - 2002 ; http://www.fantagraphics.com/cart/showcat.cgi?Category=Comics+Erotica&SubCategory=Mangerotica&PageNo=12 . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 .", "29": "Jump up ^ Drakuun : https://web.archive.org/web/20080206232322/http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Towers/9607/manabe/drakuunindex.html . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Osamu ( April 5 , 2002 ) ( first published March 30 , 1995 ) . 戦後マンガ 50 年史 ( 50 Years of Post-War Manga ) ( in Japanese ) ( 5th ed . ) . Tokyo : Chikuma Shobo . pp. 174 , 181ff . ISBN 978 - 4480052018 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perper , Timothy and Martha Cornog 2003 `` Sex , love , and women in Japanese comics . '' In Robert T. Francoeur and Raymond Noonan , editors . The Comprehensive International Encyclopedia of Sexuality . New York : Continuum . pages 663 - 671 . Section 8D in http://kinseyinstitute.org/ccies/jp.php . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Clements , Jonathan . 1998 . `` ' Tits and Tentacles ' : Sex , Horror , and the Overfiend . '' In McCarthy , Helen & Jonathan Clements. 1998 . The Erotic Anime Movie Guide . Chapter 4 , pp. 58 - 81 . Jump up ^ Taniguchi , Kei. 1994 . `` Blue Catalyst . '' San Antonio , TX : Emblem ( Antarctic Press ) , Numbers 6 - 8 . Jump up ^ Smith , Toren. 1991 . `` Miso Horny : Sex in Japanese Comics . '' The Comics Journal , No. 143 , pp. 111 - 115 . ^ Jump up to : Schodt ( 1986 ) , pp. 68 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : Gravett ( 2004 ) , pp. 38 -- 42 Jump up ^ Gravett , Paul . `` Gekiga : The Flipside of Manga '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 .", "30": "Jump up ^ Isao ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Isao ( 2001 ) , pp. 147 -- 149 ^ Jump up to : Nunez , Irma ( September 24 , 2006 ) . `` Alternative Comics Heroes : Tracing the Genealogy of Gekiga . '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1986 ) , pp. 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ Hirata : http://www.darkhorse.com/search/search.php?frompage=userinput&sstring=Hirata&x=11&y=9 Accessed 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Takeo , Udagawa ( 2007 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Home Manga Zombie : Manga Zombie - Preface '' . Comi Press . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1986 ) , p. 72 Jump up ^ Flinn , Tom ( 2008 ) . `` MW '' . ICv2 ( 50 ) . pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Pfaender , Fabien . `` IWGP , t. 1 '' . planetebd.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aihara , 1Koji ; Takekuma , Kentaro ( 2002 ) ( 1990 ) . Even a Monkey Can Draw Manga . San Francisco , CA : Viz . ISBN 9781569318638 . Brenner , Robin E. ( 2007 ) . Understanding Manga and Anime . Westport , CT : Libraries Unlimited / Greenwood . ISBN 9781591583325 . Gravett , Paul ( 2004 ) . Manga : Sixty Years of Japanese Comics . New York , NY : Harper Design . ISBN 1 - 85669 - 391 - 0 . Isao , Shimizu ( 2001 ) . `` Red Comic Books : The Origins of Modern Japanese Manga '' . In Lent , John A. Illustrating Asia : Comics , Humor Magazines , and Picture Books .", "31": "Honolulu , HI : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2471 - 6 . Kern , Adam ( 2006 ) . Manga from the Floating World : Comicbook Culture and the Kibyoshi of Edo Japan . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02266 - 1 . Kern , Adam , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Symposium : Kibyoshi : The World 's First Comicbook ? '' . International Journal of Comic Art . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 486 . Lent , John A. , ed. ( 2001 ) . `` Red Comic Books : The Origins of Modern Japanese Manga '' . Illustrating Asia : Comics , Humor Magazines , and Picture Books . Honolulu , HI : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2471 - 6 . Perper , Timothy ; Cornog , Martha ( 2002 ) . `` Eroticism for the masses : Japanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U.S. '' . Sexuality and Culture . 6 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 126 . doi : 10.1007 / s12119 - 002 - 1000 - 4 . Schodt , Frederik L. ( 1986 ) . Manga ! Manga ! The World of Japanese Comics . Tokyo : Kodansha . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87011 - 752 - 7 . Schodt , Frederik L. ( 1996 ) . Dreamland Japan : Writings on Modern Manga . Berkeley , CA : Stone Bridge Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880656 - 23 - 5 . Schodt , Frederik L. ( 2007 ) . The Astro Boy Essays : Osamu Tezuka , Mighty Atom , and the Manga / Anime Revolution . Berkeley , CA : Stone Bridge Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933330 - 54 - 9 . Thompson , Jason ( 2007 ) . Manga : The Complete Guide .", "32": "Del Rey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 48590 - 8 . Toku , Masami , ed. ( 2005 ) . Shojo Manga : Girl Power ! . Chico , CA : Flume Press / California State University Press . ISBN 1 - 886226 - 10 - 5 . External links ( edit ) A History of Manga A complete Hokusai Book , Hokusai Manga Vol 12 in Touch & Turn format Junichi Nakahara from Shōjo Manga to Fashion ( 中原淳一 ) Junichi Nakahara -- the godfather of manga ?", "33": "Manga 's story starts with kamishibai ( hide ) Comics Glossary of comics terminology Formats Comic book Ashcan copy Minicomic Comic strip Comic strip formats Daily comic strip Lianhuanhua Sunday comics Sunday strip Topper Yonkoma Digital comics Mobile comic Webcomic Graphic novel Trade paperback Techniques Film comic Motion comic Photo comics Text comics Creators Artists cartoonists Female comics creators list By country American Australian Canadian Cuban Japanese ( Manga ) History Years in comics American ( Ages : Golden Age Silver Age Bronze Age Modern Age Events ) Japanese ( Manga ) Webcomics Genres Abstract Adult Alternative Autobiographical Celebrity comics Crime Erotic Fantasy ( list ) Horror Romance ( list ) Science fiction Superhero Teen humor Tijuana Bible Underground War Western Tropes Antihero Funny animal Superhero Supervillain Masking Rogue Widescreen comics By country Africa South Africa Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Quebec Mexico United States ( list ) Asia China and Taiwan ( list ) Hong Kong India ( list ) Japan ( lists ) Korea ( list ) Philippines Thailand Europe Czech Republic France and Belgium ( list ) Belgium Germany Hungary Italy ( list ) Netherlands Poland Portugal Serbia Spain ( list ) United Kingdom Wales Oceania Australia Lists By type Comic books Comic strips Webcomics By source Based on fiction Based on films Based on video games Based on television programs Other lists Comic books on CD / DVD Comics and comic strips made into feature films Comics solicited but never published Publishing companies Dystopian comics Furry comics Feminist comic books Limited series Wrestling - based comic books Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "34": "php?title=History_of_manga&oldid=807351549 '' Categories : Manga History of comics Cultural history of Japan Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Galego Հայերեն Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Русский Tagalog Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 12 : 16 . 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4791954452980353113	when does i'm a celebrity get me out of here start in the uk	[ "2018", "2018" ]	{ "0": "I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK TV series ) - wikipedia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent series , see I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 17 ) . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Genre Reality television , Survival , Game show Created by Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios as ITV Granada ) Developed by LWT James Allen , Natalka Znak , Brent Baker and Stewart Morris . Directed by Ian Hamilton ( 2002 ) Chris Power ( 2003 -- ) Presented by Anthony McPartlin Declan Donnelly Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 17 No. of episodes 182 Production Executive producer ( s ) Richard Cowles Chris Brogden Becca Walker Location ( s ) Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Running time 60 -- 120 mins ( including adverts ) Production company ( s ) LWT / Granada Television ( 2002 ) Granada Productions ( 2002 -- 05 ) ITV Productions ( 2006 -- 08 ) ITV Studios ( 2009 -- ) Release Original network ITV Picture format 16 : 9 ( 2002 -- 09 ) 1080i HDTV ( 2010 -- ) Audio format Stereo Original release 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) -- present Chronology Related shows I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp External links Website www.itv.com/celebrity I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here ! ( often shortened to I 'm a Celebrity or I 'm a Celeb ) is a British survival reality television game show , first aired on 25 August 2002 , in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few creature comforts . The show has been hosted by Ant & Dec since its inception and served as the inspiration for a franchise of the same name .", "1": "It is filmed in Murwillumbah , New South Wales , Australia and broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom . In the Republic of Ireland , TV3 began simulcasts at the beginning of series 3 in 2004 . The series moved to their sister channel 3e for series 12 , 13 and 14 . The series moved to UTV Ireland in 2015 for series 15 . The show has been contracted to air until at least 2019 , taking it to at least 19 series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Bushtucker trial 1.2 Dingo Dollar Challenge / Dingo Dimes 2 Filming location 3 Popularity and criticism 3.1 Controversies 4 Series details 5 Main series results 5.1 Series 1 ( 2002 ) 5.2 Series 2 ( 2003 ) 5.3 Series 3 ( 2004 ) 5.4 Series 4 ( 2004 ) 5.5 Series 5 ( 2005 ) 5.6 Series 6 ( 2006 ) 5.7 Series 7 ( 2007 ) 5.8 Series 8 ( 2008 ) 5.9 Series 9 ( 2009 ) 5.10 Series 10 ( 2010 ) 5.11 Series 11 ( 2011 ) 5.12 Series 12 ( 2012 ) 5.13 Series 13 ( 2013 ) 5.14 Series 14 ( 2014 ) 5.15 Series 15 ( 2015 ) 5.16 Series 16 ( 2016 ) 5.17 Series 17 ( 2017 ) 5.18 Series 18 ( 2018 ) 5.19 Series records and statistics 6 Series ratings 7 I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp 7.1 History 7.2 Presenters 8 References 9 External links Format This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "2": "( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In return for their appearance on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! , the celebrities are asked to nominate a charity to which the producers , ITV Studios , make donations . The celebrities themselves are also paid a fee to compensate them for possible loss of earnings while they are in the jungle . The producers of the show keep the precise details of the celebrities ' contracts private , prompting much speculation from the media . The money is raised by allowing viewers to vote by phone , text message , or the `` red button '' ( a colloquialism popular in the UK for TV interactive services ) for the celebrity they would like to complete a `` Bushtucker Trial '' -- a physical task usually involving snakes , spiders or other creepy - crawlies found in the jungle -- and , later in each series , to vote for the celebrity they would like to see win the show . The last remaining celebrity after all others have been evicted is declared the winner of the show , and is branded `` King / Queen of the Jungle '' . Bushtucker trial Bushtucker trials are used in the show to allow the contestants to gain food and treats for camp . Bushtucker Trials take two formats : eating trials , or physical / mental tasks . In the eating trials , contestants are required to eat a variety of different `` jungle '' foods . Each dish successfully eaten will gain the contestants one star , which equals one meal for camp ( although the number of meals per star can vary ) . These trials generate the most viewer responses according to the ITV website . The foods that are required to be eaten can include : crickets ( in a variety of forms , such as cooked into biscuits , blended into drinks or eaten alive or dead ) , green ants , mealworms , witchetty grub , roasted spider or tarantulas , kangaroo testicles , kangaroo penis , kangaroo vaginal parts , crocodile penis , cockroach ( prepared in various ways such as being cooked into biscuits , blended into drinks , eaten alive or dead ) . Other past foods include beach worms , bull 's tongues , the anus of various animals , vomit fruits , cooked pigs ' brains , various animal testicles , raw fish eyes , sheep eyes , blended rats or mice tails .", "3": "The second type of challenge is more of a physical or mental task that requires the contestants to perform activities to gain stars . These can include searching through dung , going through tunnels , negotiating obstacles on high wires , or performing other tasks . Dingo Dollar Challenge / Dingo Dimes One way of camp can earn treats is by doing extra tasks in Bushtucker trials or in general . Dingo Dimes can be used in the vending machine in Croc Creek . Dingo Dimes only featured in the 2015 series . Another way camp can earn treats is to do what is known as the `` Dingo Dollar Challenge '' . This involves two or more celebrities going into the jungle to perform a task that releases an item to open a container with an amount of dingo dollars . Once that has been completed and the dollars have been retrieved , it is taken to a small woodshack shop , with shopkeeper ' Kiosk Keith ' . They can exchange the dollars for a necessity such as a hammock or a treat such as chocolate chip cookies . Kiosk Keith calls camp and the celebrities then have a question usually relating to a celebrity or a piece of trivia . The `` Celebrity Chest '' was abandoned for the first time in the 2012 series , in favour of the Dingo Dollar Challenge , which involves the celebrities collecting ' dingo dollars ' and subsequently answering a question correctly in order to win a treat for the camp , if they win they will receive their prize however if the celebrities get it wrong , Kiosk Keith takes the dingo dollars and shuts up shop , leaving nothing for the camp . Formerly , ' The Celebrity Chest ' had a question with a choice of answers , similar to the Dingo Dollar Challenge , the two celebrities who took part in the challenge would bring the chest back to camp and collaborate over the question with the other camp members . If correct , they would win a treat , if incorrect , they would be told what the treat was . In Dingo Dollars if the camp members answer correctly they get a choice of two treats . Filming location On location in the `` Jungle '' in Dungay , north - eastern New South Wales The first series of the show was filmed near Cairns , in Queensland , Australia . Since the second series , the programme has been filmed in Springbrook National Park , near Murwillumbah , New South Wales , Australia .", "4": "Inside the entrance to the filming location is an open area allocated to buildings which accommodate on - site medical facilities , containers for the storage of props , and other back - stage facilities . Families and friends of the celebrities are housed here each morning during evictions . From this area , a restricted access road climbs to the site of the studios . The road then heads down into a valley via four - wheel drive access to the set of the show . Some of these areas are viewable from Google Earth , although it is difficult to view the suspension bridges and open - air studio that Ant & Dec broadcast from . While the roof of the main building is bright red , when filming is out of season , this whole area is covered with hessian to obscure the aerial view . The creeks and camp areas are situated directly below the main suspension bridges . As they are so close to the celebrities , the crew have to be careful during filming to keep voices and music down . Many of the Bushtucker Trials are not performed here ; in fact , some are performed well away from the area . Once out of the jungle , the contestants stay at the five - star hotel Palazzo Versace Australia . The health and well - being of the celebrities and crew are looked after by medic Bob McCarron and his team from EMS . McCarron is also responsible for all of the creatures and food in the challenges . Popularity and criticism The finals of the second and third UK series were seen by 12.73 and 14.99 million people respectively -- in both cases well over half of all people watching television in the country at the time . The site in which the celebrities stay appears to be open to the elements , but is largely covered by sheets above the view of the cameras . In one episode , a celebrity had to swim in a swamp apparently infested with crocodiles . Marksmen were shown ready to shoot the animals if they attacked . In actuality , the area where this was filmed does not have crocodiles because it is too far south . In Series 9 it was revealed that Katie Price was being paid almost four times as much as the other contestants , which sparked some criticism . It was also reported that , as a result , cash - strapped ITV were unable to provide any more money for the series , and that the quality of the trials had gone down .", "5": "Controversies ITV apologised in 2006 after confusion over the instructions for telephone and red - button interactive voting led to allegations in the media that the wrong person had been evicted in the run - off vote in Series 6 between Toby Anstis and Dean Gaffney . The show was forced to enhance its procedures after Ofcom found that after complaints , on 23 November 2006 episode , the show had breached Rule 1.16 of the Broadcasting Code for airing bad language before the watershed . 30 November 2006 episode was ruled to have breached Rule 2.2 of the Broadcasting Code after an investigation launched as part of the wider UK television public voting controversy . Due to late running , seven percent of phone and text votes for that episode of the show were not counted , although this did not affect the result . Sarah Matravers blamed the show for the breakdown of her relationship with contestant Marc Bannerman after he flirted with Cerys Matthews in Series 7 . Matthews and Bannerman later alleged the show footage had been edited by ITV to look like more than it was . Former Sex Pistols manager , Malcolm McLaren , who was due to appear on Series 7 but pulled out at the last minute , alleged that the show and the choice of winner was fixed , and the trials posed no real danger . He alleged that the show doctor told him that `` ' Things are so safe , I would send my own kids in to do the show ' . There is nothing bad in there . They 're hoodwinking the public '' . ITV apologised in 2009 for not having properly advised the contestants in Series 9 of the relevant Australian legislation regarding animal cruelty . Gino D'Acampo and Stuart Manning were charged by New South Wales Police after RSPCA Australia complained over their killing and eating of a rat during the show . In 2012 , the decision by Nadine Dorries to enter the show was the source of criticism , which led to her suspension from the Conservative Party due to allegations she did not seek permission from the party whip Andrew Mitchell , resulting in an inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards . The fifteenth series saw Ferne McCann eat a live water spider as part of a bushtucker trial . Ofcom reportedly received 694 complaints from the public over allegations of ' animal cruelty for entertainment ' .", "6": "ITV also received a further 500 complaints . In January 2016 , it was revealed no further action would be taken . Ant was accused of racism following a joke during the show aimed at the Australian crew , which saw Ant joke that they get `` paid in ... '' following a word that was construed by many viewers as `` abos '' an offensive term for Aboriginal Australians . A spokesperson later responded , stating that Ant had actually said `` Avo 's which is short for avocados '' . Viewers regularly complained that camp mate Iain Lee was the subject of bullying and isolation from other camp mates during the seventeenth series , and there were concerns raised as to the adverse affect this could have on his mental health . There have been calls for Rebekah Vardy to be cut as a mental health ambassador , due to her alleged role in the ' bullying ' . On the ITV show Good Morning Britain the day after her eviction , she defended herself for remarks she made about Iain in Extra Camp , the ITV2 spin - off series stating that she was she `` under pressure '' , and that they were taken out of context . After his eviction from the camp , Dennis Wise also claimed on Good Morning Britain that he and Iain were on friendly terms , and insisted that ITV would not allow bullying on the show . He latter accused of show of ' editing him ' to look like a bully . Following his third place eviction , Iain directly addressed his relationship those accused of ' picking on him ' , stating that he has `` loves them '' and that there 's `` no beef between ( them ) '' . He also addressed claims that he had a `` game plan '' , stating that he was just being himself . Series details Winners are crowned King or Queen of their respective year . To date , there have been 10 Kings and 7 Queens of the Jungle . Key : King of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle Series Start date End date Sponsors Days in camp Campmates Honour places Viewers ( millions ) Winner Second place Third place 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) 8 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) N / A 15 8 Tony Blackburn Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Christine Hamilton 7.", "7": "58 28 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 28 ) 12 May 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 12 ) V 10 Phil Tufnell John Fashanu Linda Barker 8.55 23 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 23 ) 9 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ) First Choice 16 Kerry Katona Jennie Bond Peter Andre 11.02 21 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 21 ) 1 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 01 ) 18 11 Joe Pasquale Paul Burrell Fran Cosgrave 8.66 5 20 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 20 ) 5 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 05 ) 12 Carol Thatcher Sheree Murphy Sid Owen 9.32 6 13 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) 1 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) Iceland 19 Matt Willis Myleene Klass Jason Donovan 7.96 7 12 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 30 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) 20 11 Christopher Biggins Janice Dickinson Jason `` J '' Brown 7.45 8 16 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) 5 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 21 12 Joe Swash Martina Navratilova George Takei 8.78 9 15 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) 4 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 13 Gino D'Acampo Kim Woodburn Jimmy White 9.", "8": "37 10 14 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 4 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) Stacey Solomon Shaun Ryder Jenny Eclair 10.37 11 13 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 3 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 03 ) Dougie Poynter Mark Wright Fatima Whitbread 10.08 12 11 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 1 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 12 Charlie Brooks Ashley Roberts David Haye 10.49 13 17 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 8 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 22 Kian Egan David Emanuel Lucy Pargeter 11.14 14 16 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) 7 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 23 Carl `` Foggy '' Fogarty Jake Quickenden Melanie Sykes 10.26 15 15 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 6 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) Aunt Bessie 's 22 13 Vicky Pattison George Shelley Ferne McCann 9.86 16 13 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 4 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 12 Scarlett Moffatt Joel Dommett Adam Thomas 10.42 17 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) Tombola Arcade Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo Jamie Lomas Iain Lee 9.", "9": "96 Sponsors in the Republic of Ireland includes holiday firm MultiTrip.com , online fashion store M and M Direct and more recently car company , Kia . Main series results The first three series of I 'm a Celebrity occurred at various different times during the years they were broadcast . From series 4 onwards , the show is broadcast from around mid November until late November / early December . Key Winner -- King or Queen of the Jungle Runner - up Third place Walked or withdrew Late arrival Series 1 ( 2002 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 1 ) 8 contestants , 25 August -- 8 September 2002 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Tony Blackburn BBC Radio 1 disc jockey Day 1 Day 15 1st Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Socialite , model , columnist & television presenter Day 1 Day 15 2nd Christine Hamilton Author & public speaker Day 1 Day 14 3rd Nell McAndrew Glamour model & television presenter Day 1 Day 13 4th Rhona Cameron Comedian Day 1 Day 12 5th Darren Day Actor , singer & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 6th Nigel Benn Former Middleweight champion boxer Day 1 Day 10 7th Uri Geller Magician , television personality & self - proclaimed psychic Day 1 Day 9 8th Series 2 ( 2003 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "10": "( UK series 2 ) 10 contestants , 28 April -- 12 May 2003 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Phil Tufnell Former England left - arm orthodox spin bowler Day 1 Day 15 1st John Fashanu Former England striker & television presenter Day 1 Day 15 2nd Linda Barker Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer Day 1 Day 15 3rd Wayne Sleep Royal Ballet dancer Day 1 Day 14 4th Antony Worrall Thompson Celebrity chef Day 1 Day 13 5th Toyah Willcox Singer - songwriter & actress Day 1 Day 12 6th Catalina Guirado Model & reality television star Day 1 Day 11 7th Chris Bisson Holby City & Prime Suspect actor Day 1 Day 10 8th Danniella Westbrook Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 9 9th Siân Lloyd Television weather reporter Day 1 Day 8 10th Series 3 ( 2004 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "11": "( UK series 3 ) 10 contestants , 26 January -- 9 February 2004 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Kerry Katona Atomic Kitten singer Day 1 Day 16 1st Jennie Bond BBC royal correspondent Day 1 Day 16 2nd Peter Andre Pop singer Day 1 Day 16 3rd Lord Brocket Television presenter Day 1 Day 15 4th Katie Price Glamour model Day 1 Day 14 5th Alex Best Glamour model Day 1 Day 13 6th John Lydon Sex Pistols band member & presenter Day 1 Day 11 7th Neil Ruddock Former England footballer Day 1 Day 11 8th Diane Modahl Olympic middle distance runner Day 1 Day 10 9th Mike Read Radio DJ & journalist Day 1 Day 9 10th Series 4 ( 2004 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "12": "( UK series 4 ) 11 contestants , 21 November -- 6 December 2004 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Joe Pasquale Comedian Day 1 Day 18 1st Paul Burrell Former Royal Household servant Day 1 Day 18 2nd Fran Cosgrave Nightclub manager , television personality & bodyguard Day 1 Day 18 3rd Janet Street - Porter Broadcaster & journalist Day 1 Day 17 4th Sophie Anderton Glamour model Day 1 Day 15 5th Antonio Fargas Starsky & Hutch actor Day 1 Day 14 6th Sheila Ferguson The Three Degrees singer Day 1 Day 13 7th Vic Reeves Vic and Bob comedian Day 5 Day 12 8th Nancy Sorrell Model & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 9th Natalie Appleton Former All Saints singer Day 1 Day 10 10th Brian Harvey East 17 singer Day 2 Day 7 11th Series 5 ( 2005 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "13": "( UK series 5 ) 12 contestants , 20 November -- 5 December 2005 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Carol Thatcher Journalist & author Day 1 Day 18 1st Sheree Murphy Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 18 2nd Sid Owen EastEnders actor & singer Day 1 Day 18 3rd Jimmy Osmond Singer , actor & businessman Day 1 Day 17 4th Bobby Ball Cannon and Ball comedian & actor Day 6 Day 16 5th Antony Costa Former Blue singer Day 1 Day 15 6th Jenny Frost Former Atomic Kitten singer Day 1 Day 14 7th David Dickinson Former Bargain Hunt presenter Day 1 Day 12 8th Kimberley Davies Former Neighbours actress Day 1 Day 11 9th Jilly Goolden Wine critic & journalist Day 1 Day 11 10th Tommy Cannon Cannon and Ball comedian Day 6 Day 10 11th Elaine Lordan Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 1 12th Series 6 ( 2006 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "14": "( UK series 6 ) 12 contestants , 13 November -- 1 December 2006 : Team Base Camp Team Snake Rock Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Matt Willis Busted band member Day 1 Day 19 1st Myleene Klass Hear'Say singer Day 1 Day 19 2nd Jason Donovan Stage & screen performer Day 1 Day 19 3rd David Gest Music promoter & television producer Day 1 Day 18 4th Dean Gaffney Former EastEnders actor Day 5 Day 18 5th Jan Leeming Journalist & broadcaster Day 1 Day 17 6th Malandra Burrows Emmerdale actress Day 6 Day 16 7th Phina Oruche Footballer 's Wives actress Day 1 Day 15 8th Lauren Booth Broadcaster , journalist & activist Day 1 Day 14 9th Faith Brown Comedian & impressionist Day 1 Day 13 10th Scott Henshall Model & fashion designer Day 1 Day 12 11th Toby Anstis Global Radio presenter Day 1 Day 11 12th Series 7 ( 2007 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "15": "( UK series 7 ) 11 contestants , 12 -- 30 November 2007 : Team Croc Creek Team Snake Rock Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Christopher Biggins Film , television & stage actor Day 5 Day 20 1st Janice Dickinson Supermodel Day 1 Day 20 2nd Jason `` J '' Brown Former 5ive singer Day 1 Day 20 3rd Cerys Matthews Singer - songwriter Day 1 Day 19 4th Gemma Atkinson Hollyoaks actress & glamour model Day 1 Day 18 5th Anna Ryder Richardson Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer Day 1 Day 16 6th Rodney Marsh Retired England footballer Day 1 Day 15 7th John Burton Race Celebrity chef Day 1 Day 14 8th Lynne Franks Spokeswoman & writer Day 1 Day 13 9th Katie Hopkins The Apprentice contestant Day 2 Day 12 10th Marc Bannerman EastEnders actor Day 1 Day 11 11th Series 8 ( 2008 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 8 ) Series 8 : Sunday 16 November -- 5 December 2008 : Home Camp Away Camp Entered after contestants were brought together .", "16": "Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Joe Swash EastEnders actor Day 1 Day 21 1st Martina Navratilova Retired professional tennis player Day 1 Day 21 2nd George Takei Former Star Trek actor Day 1 Day 21 3rd David Van Day Former Dollar singer Day 5 Day 20 4th Simon Webbe Blue singer Day 1 Day 19 5th Nicola McLean Glamour model Day 1 Day 18 6th Brian Paddick Liberal Democrat & retired policeman Day 1 Day 17 7th Esther Rantzen Television presenter & charity campaigner Day 1 Day 16 8th Timmy Mallett Children 's television presenter Day 5 Day 15 9th Carly Zucker Personal trainer & model Day 1 Day 14 10th Dani Behr Television presenter , model & singer Day 1 Day 13 11th Robert Kilroy - Silk Former Labour Party politician & television presenter Day 1 Day 12 12th Series 9 ( 2009 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 9 ) Series 9 : 15 November -- 4 December 2009 Base Camp Camp Exile Left before camp was split Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Gino D'Acampo Chef & television presenter Day 1 Day 21 1st Kim Woodburn How Clean Is Your House ?", "17": "presenter Day 1 Day 21 2nd Jimmy White Professional snooker player Day 1 Day 21 3rd Justin Ryan Interior designer & television presenter Day 1 Day 20 4th Stuart Manning Former Hollyoaks actor Day 1 Day 19 5th Sabrina Washington Former Mis - Teeq singer Day 1 Day 18 6th George Hamilton Film actor Day 1 Day 17 7th Joe Bugner Heavyweight boxer Day 4 Day 16 8th Samantha Fox Former model & singer Day 1 Day 14 9th Colin McAllister Interior designer & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 10th Lucy Benjamin Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 10 11th Katie Price Businesswoman & television personality Day 2 Day 9 12th Camilla Dallerup Strictly Come Dancing professional dancer Day 1 Day 4 13th Series 10 ( 2010 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 10 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me out of Here ! returned on 14 November 2010 at 9pm on ITV and ITV1 HD for its tenth series , as confirmed by presenters Ant and Dec at the end of the `` Coming Out '' show at the conclusion of series 9 . This is the first series in HD . Series 10 is the only series to have 2 live trials .", "18": "Series 10 : 14 November -- 4 December 2010 Camp Sheila Camp Bruce Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Stacey Solomon The X Factor contestant Day 1 Day 21 1st Shaun Ryder Former Happy Mondays singer Day 1 Day 21 2nd Jenny Eclair Comedian & novelist Day 4 Day 20 3rd Dom Joly Comedian Day 4 Day 19 4th Kayla Collins Playboy model Day 1 Day 19 5th Aggro Santos Rapper Day 1 Day 18 6th Linford Christie Retired Olympic sprinter Day 1 Day 17 7th Gillian McKeith Nutritionist , author & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 8th Britt Ekland Actress Day 1 Day 15 9th Alison Hammond This Morning presenter Day 6 Day 15 10th Lembit Öpik Former Liberal Democratic Party MP Day 1 Day 13 11th Sheryl Gascoigne Author Day 1 Day 12 12th Nigel Havers Coronation Street actor Day 1 Day 9 13th Series 11 ( 2011 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 11 ) The eleventh series began on 13 November 2011 . The official line - up was confirmed on 9 November 2011 .", "19": "Series 11 : 13 November -- 3 December 2011 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Dougie Poynter McFly bassist Day 1 Day 21 1st Mark Wright The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 21 2nd Fatima Whitbread Olympic javelin thrower Day 1 Day 20 3rd Antony Cotton Coronation Street actor Day 1 Day 20 4th Willie Carson Former horse racing jockey Day 1 Day 19 5th Crissy Rock Benidorm actress Day 1 Day 18 6th Emily Scott Swimwear model Day 5 Day 17 7th Jessica - Jane Clement Glamour model , actress & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 8th Lorraine Chase Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 15 9th Pat Sharp Television & radio broadcaster Day 3 Day 14 10th Sinitta 80s pop singer Day 3 Day 13 11th Stefanie Powers Stage & screen actress Day 1 Day 12 12th Freddie Starr Comedian & impressionist Day 1 Day 3 13th Series 12 ( 2012 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 12 ) The twelfth series began on 11 November and ended on 1 December 2012 . The official line - up was revealed on 7 November 2012 .", "20": "Series 12 : 11 November -- 1 December 2012 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Charlie Brooks EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 21 1st Ashley Roberts Former The Pussycat Dolls singer Day 1 Day 21 2nd David Haye Heavyweight boxer Day 1 Day 20 3rd Eric Bristow Professional darts player Day 1 Day 19 4th Hugo Taylor Made in Chelsea star Day 1 Day 18 5th Rosemary Shrager Celebrity chef Day 5 Day 17 6th Helen Flanagan Coronation Street actress & model Day 1 Day 16 7th Colin Baker Former Doctor Who actor Day 1 Day 15 8th Linda Robson Birds of a Feather actress Day 1 Day 13 9th Limahl Kajagoogoo band member Day 5 Day 12 10th Nadine Dorries Conservative Party politician Day 1 Day 11 11th Brian Conley Actor & comedian Day 1 Day 9 12th Series 13 ( 2013 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 13 ) The thirteenth series began airing on ITV on 17 November 2013 . The first advert for the series aired on 21 October 2013 . The line - up was confirmed on 13 November 2013 .", "21": "Series 13 : 17 November 2013 -- 8 December 2013 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Kian Egan Former Westlife singer Day 1 Day 22 1st David Emanuel Royal fashion designer Day 1 Day 22 2nd Lucy Pargeter Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 21 3rd Joey Essex The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 20 4th Amy Willerton Miss Universe Great Britain 2013 Day 1 Day 20 5th Rebecca Adlington Former Olympic swimmer Day 1 Day 19 6th Alfonso Ribeiro Sitcom actor Day 1 Day 19 7th Steve Davis Former professional snooker player Day 1 Day 18 8th Matthew Wright The Wright Stuff presenter Day 1 Day 17 9th Vincent Simone Strictly Come Dancing professional Day 5 Day 17 10th Laila Morse EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 16 11th Annabel Giles Television presenter & author Day 5 Day 15 12th Series 14 ( 2014 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 14 ) The show returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014 . On 15 October 2014 , a teaser for the upcoming series was released on the official website . On 11 November , the full list of celebrities was confirmed by ITV . On 20 November , a further two campmates were confirmed to have joined the show .", "22": "Series 14 : 16 November 2014 -- 7 December 2014 Team Croc Creek / Rescuer Team Celebrity Slammer Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Carl `` Foggy '' Fogarty Retired World Superbike racer Day 1 Day 23 1st Jake Quickenden The X Factor contestant Day 5 Day 23 2nd Melanie Sykes Television presenter & model Day 1 Day 23 3rd Edwina Currie Former Conservative Party politician & author Day 5 Day 22 4th Tinchy Stryder Rapper Day 1 Day 21 5th Kendra Wilkinson Model & reality television star Day 1 Day 21 6th Vicki Michelle Sitcom actress Day 1 Day 20 7th Michael Buerk Newsreader & war journalist Day 1 Day 19 8th Nadia Forde Model , television personality & singer Day 1 Day 18 9th Jimmy Bullard Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 17 10th Craig Charles Actor , comedian & presenter Day 1 Day 4 11th Gemma Collins The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 3 12th Series 15 ( 2015 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 15 ) The show returned on 15 November 2015 under a new three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 10 December 2014 .", "23": "Series 15 : 15 November 2015 -- 6 December 2015 Red Team ( Leader : Tony Hadley ) Yellow Team ( Leader : Susannah Constantine ) Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Vicky Pattison Geordie Shore star Day 3 Day 22 1st George Shelley Union J singer Day 1 Day 22 2nd Ferne McCann The Only Way is Essex star Day 3 Day 22 3rd Kieron Dyer Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 21 4th Jorgie Porter Hollyoaks actress Day 1 Day 21 5th Tony Hadley Spandau Ballet singer Day 1 Day 20 6th Duncan Bannatyne Former Dragons ' Den panelist & entrepreneur Day 1 Day 19 7th Lady Colin Campbell Royal biographer & socialite Day 1 Day 17 8th Chris Eubank Retired professional boxer Day 1 Day 17 9th Yvette Fielding Actress & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 10th Brian Friedman Dancer & The X Factor choreographer Day 1 Day 15 11th Susannah Constantine Fashion journalist Day 1 Day 13 12th Spencer Matthews Made in Chelsea star Day 3 Day 5 13th Series 16 ( 2016 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 16 ) The show returned in 2016 , and is the second in a three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 9 December 2015 . It began airing on 13 November 2016 .", "24": "Series 16 : 13 November 2016 -- 4 December 2016 Jungle Celebs City Celebs Entered after contestants were brought together Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Scarlett Moffatt Gogglebox star Day 1 Day 22 1st Joel Dommett Stand - up comedian Day 1 Day 22 2nd Adam Thomas Emmerdale actor Day 1 Day 22 3rd Sam Quek Olympic hockey player Day 1 Day 21 4th Wayne Bridge Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 20 5th Martin Roberts Homes Under the Hammer presenter Day 5 Day 20 6th Larry Lamb Actor Day 1 Day 19 7th Carol Vorderman TV presenter & former Countdown co-host Day 1 Day 18 8th Jordan Banjo Diversity Dance Troupe Member Day 1 Day 17 9th Ola Jordan Former Strictly Come Dancing dancer Day 1 Day 16 10th Lisa Snowdon Fashion model & presenter Day 1 Day 15 11th Danny Baker Radio presenter Day 5 Day 13 12th Series 17 ( 2017 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 17 ) The show returned in 2017 , and is the third in a three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 7 December 2016 . It began airing on 19 November 2017 .", "25": "Series 17 : 19 November 2017 -- 10 December 2017 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Left before camp was split Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo Made in Chelsea star Day 1 Day 22 1st Jamie Lomas Hollyoaks actor Day 1 Day 22 2nd Iain Lee Comedian Day 5 Day 22 3rd Jennie McAlpine Coronation Street actress Day 1 Day 21 4th Amir Khan Professional boxer Day 1 Day 20 5th Dennis Wise Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 19 6th Stanley Johnson Politician & author Day 1 Day 18 7th Vanessa White The Saturdays singer Day 1 Day 17 8th Rebekah `` Becky '' Vardy Wife of Jamie Vardy Day 1 Day 16 9th Kezia Dugdale Politician & former Scottish Labour leader Day 5 Day 15 10th Shappi Khorsandi Stand - up comedian Day 1 Day 13 11th Jack Maynard DJ & YouTube personality Day 1 Day 3 12th Series 18 ( 2018 ) The show will return in 2018 , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 15 December 2017 . It is the first series in a new two - year contract . Series records and statistics This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "26": "( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Biggest winning percentage : 83.42 % -- Gino D'Acampo ( Series 9 ) Closest winning percentage : 50.56 % -- Charlie Brooks ( Series 12 ) Longest stay in camp : 23 days -- Carl `` Foggy '' Fogarty & Melanie Sykes ( Series 14 ) Shortest stay in camp : 1 day -- Elaine Lordan ( Series 5 ) Most appearances : 2 series -- Katie Price ( Series 3 and Series 9 ) Most bushtucker trials : 12 trials -- Adam Thomas ( Series 16 ) Most consecutive bushtucker trials : 7 trials -- Helen Flanagan ( Series 12 ) Most refused bushtucker trials : 2 trials -- Lady Colin Campbell ( Series 15 ) Series ratings Series Start date End date No. of shows Highest rating ( millions ) Lowest rating ( millions ) Average rating ( millions ) 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) 8 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) 15 10.95 6.14 7.58 28 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 28 ) 12 May 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 12 ) 12.73 5.15 8.55 26 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 26 ) 9 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ) 17 14.99 8.96 11.02 21 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 21 ) 6 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 06 ) 16 11.43 7.04 8.66 5 20 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 20 ) 5 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 05 ) 12.35 7.69 9.", "27": "32 6 13 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) 1 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) 17 10.05 6.97 7.96 7 12 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 30 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) 19 8.84 5.00 7.45 8 16 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) 5 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 20 10.19 7.91 8.78 9 15 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) 4 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 19 10.86 7.86 9.37 10 14 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 4 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) 13.48 6.68 10.37 11 13 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 3 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 03 ) 11.10 6.98 10.08 12 11 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 1 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 11.51 8.81 10.49 13 17 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 8 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 20 13.05 9.62 11.14 14 16 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) 7 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 11.97 9.", "28": "21 10.26 15 15 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 6 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 21 11.32 8.88 9.86 16 13 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 4 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 12.66 9.21 10.42 17 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 22 12.69 8.88 9.96 Note for `` Average rating '' : Since 2010 incl . HD viewers and since 2011 incl . `` ITV + 1 '' consumers . I 'm a Celebrity : Extra camp I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp Also known as I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! NOW ! ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Created by Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios ) Presented by See presenters below Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 17 Production Location ( s ) Australia Running time 60 minutes ( inc . adverts ) Release Original network ITV2 Picture format 576i : SDTV ( 2002 -- 2010 ) 1080p : HDTV ( 2011 -- present ) Original release 27 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 27 ) -- present Chronology Related shows I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! External links Website www.itv.com/celebrity I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp ( previously I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! NOW ! ) is a companion show , broadcast on ITV2 in the UK and on UTV Ireland in the Republic of Ireland . It features behind - the - scenes footage of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "29": "and shows the emotional responses of the contestants after they have been voted off . Series 1 to 4 was filmed completely live in the UK and series 5 -- 8 were filmed mainly live in Australia with a live co-presenter in the UK . Since series 9 , the show has been filmed completely live in Australia with occasional celebrity interviews based in London , shown through webcam . History Logo used from 2007 to 2015 In the first series , the show was presented by Irish TV presenter Louise Loughman . In series 2 -- 3 , the show was presented by Mark Durden - Smith and Tara Palmer - Tomkinson . In series 4 , Palmer - Tomkinson was absent and Durden - Smith was the only host . For the fifth series , Palmer - Tomkinson returned to present the show . Durden - Smith did not , as he decided to spend time with his children instead . He was replaced by Matt Brown . Palmer - Tomkinson did not return for series 6 . In series 6 , Brendon Burns initially presented the show , but left after three episodes . This led to Durden - Smith returning for the rest of the series , where he presented from the UK . He was joined by new presenters Kelly Osbourne and Jeff Brazier ( briefly Steve Wilson before Brazier took over ) , who presented from the jungle in Australia . Also this series , a 5pm teatime programme , I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Exclusive , ran each weekday on ITV . It was co-hosted by series 5 runner - up Sheree Murphy and Phillip Schofield in 2006 . It did not return for a second series . For series 7 -- 8 , Matt Willis and his wife Emma took over from the previous hosts , Kelly Osbourne and Jeff Brazier , in Australia . Because they were having a child in early 2009 , they did not return to present series 9 . Durden - Smith also presented the show , from the UK , for the final time . Series 9 to 10 saw new presenter Caroline Flack take over with roving reporter Joe Swash , email / people reporter Russell Kane , and a panel of celebrity pundits , which changed approximately every three to five days .", "30": "For series 11 , Flack left in order to present another ITV2 show , The Xtra Factor , and was replaced by Laura Whitmore . Swash and Kane both stayed on for the eleventh series . On 16 June 2012 , it was announced that Kane would not return to Get Me Out of Here ! NOW ! . He was replaced by stand - up comic Rob Beckett . All three presenters returned to present the thirteenth and fourteenth series of the show . Due to tour commitments , Beckett did not return for Series 15 . He was replaced by comedian David Morgan . On 14 April 2016 , Laura Whitmore stated that she would not be returning to the Jungle . On 31 May 2016 during an interview on Up Late with Rylan , Morgan confirmed that he would not be returning to the series due to other work commitments . They were replaced by Vicky Pattison , Stacey Solomon and Chris Ramsey . On 13 April 2017 , Pattison and Ramsey both stated on social media that they would not be returning to the show in 2017 . It was confirmed that 2016 winner Scarlett Moffatt was announced as a new presenter in September 2017 and will join long - running presenter Joe Swash on the new series . It was also confirmed that Joel Dommett would join the presenting lineup . Presenters Various TV presenters and comedians have hosted the show since it began in 2002 , with Joe Swash having presented the most series , at nine .", "31": "Series Year Presenter ( s ) Comedian 2002 Louise Loughman N / A 2003 Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Mark Durden - Smith Mark Durden - Smith 5 2005 Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Matt Brown 6 2006 Kelly Osbourne Steve Wilson Jeff Brazier Brendon Burns 7 2007 Emma Willis Matt Willis N / A 8 2008 9 2009 Caroline Flack Joe Swash Russell Kane 10 11 2011 Laura Whitmore Joe Swash 12 2012 Rob Beckett 13 2013 14 2014 15 2015 David Morgan 16 2016 Vicky Pattison Stacey Solomon Joe Swash Chris Ramsey 17 2017 Scarlett Moffatt Joe Swash Joel Dommett Notes : Jump up ^ Durden - Smith later returned for Series 6 , 7 and 8 as the UK co-presenter of the show . References ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Jungle Sums ! Ant & Dec sign for three more I 'm A Celeb series '' . 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes at the Jungle Camp '' . Official Ant and Dec. 9 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` See inside stunning I 'm a Celebrity hotel where stars swap gruelling jungle life for jaw - dropping luxury '' . The Mirror. 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Celeb ' bosses ' regret Price return ' '' . Digital Spy. 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Bell , Pete ( 24 November 2006 ) . `` I 'm a Celeb vote cock - up storm '' . London : The Sun . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Bulletin Issue number 83 '' . Ofcom. 23 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 .", "32": "Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin , Issue 108 '' ( PDF ) . Ofcom. 8 May 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bannerman 's ex hopes Cerys ' rots in hell ' '' . RTÉ. 5 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cerys and Marc criticise ' misleading ' footage '' . RTÉ. 28 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walkout jungle star blasts the show '' . RTÉ . n.d. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ITV apologises for rat killing on I 'm A Celebrity ... '' BBC News . 7 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 's D'Acampo and Manning face rat charges '' . BBC . 6 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Mulholland , Hélène ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` David Cameron defends decision to suspend Nadine Dorries '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ofcom to probe ITV after Ferne McCann eats a huge LIVE spider '' . Jump up ^ Revoir , Paul ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` I 'm a Celebrity 's live spider eating cleared despite nearly 1,500 complaints '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity bosses forced to deny Ant McPartlin said ' racial slur ' during show '' . The Sun . 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 .", "33": "Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity celebrities accused of ' bullying ' Iain Lee '' . TellyMix. 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 's ' Mean Girls ' do n't know the damage they can do to Iain '' . Metro. 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibb , Jessica ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Rebekah Vardy 's call to be axed as mental health ambassador after ' bullying ' '' . mirror . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 's Rebekah Vardy defends herself over bullying claims as she insists she did n't badmouth Iain Lee '' . The Sun . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Helen ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity 2017 : Dennis Wise interview CUT OFF as he addresses Iain ' bullying ' claims '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Roxanne ( 9 December 2017 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity 2017 : Dennis Wise SLAMS ITV editing ' I looked like a bully ' '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'm a Celebrity ' return date confirmed by ITV '' . Digital Spy. 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` An Essex boy , a con - artist , a boy band bassist and a former Olympian ... meet this year 's I 'm A Celebrity contestants '' . Daily Mail . 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here ! Series 12 - Episode 1 '' . Radio Times . 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` And the countdown begins ... '' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! . ITV. 4 November 2013 .", "34": "Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! '' . ITV . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Emily Hewett for ( 22 October 2014 ) . `` The I 'm A Celeb promo is here and Dec 's got something he needs to get off his chest ... '' Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 2014 : Launch date revealed with Ant and Dec set to '' . 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity lineup confirmed : Michael Buerk , Kendra , Craig Charles '' . Digital Spy. 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ITV News on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ Timmy Ehegötz ( Hrsg . ) : `` Internationaler Lizenzhandel mit Fernsehformaten . '' Untertitel : Die programmpolitische Relevanz des TV - Formathandels für deutsche Fernsehsender -- analysiert an dem Formatimport `` Ich bin ein Star Holt mich hier raus ! '' . Tredition , Hamburg 2015 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 7323 - 2627 - 3 , S. 80 . Jump up ^ I 'm a comic , get me out of here Chortle.co.uk Jump up ^ `` COMIC Russell Kane is leaving ITV2 's I 'm a Celebrity spin - off after three years '' . The Sun . 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ' series 12 start date confirmed '' . Digital Spy. 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian . `` Comedian David Morgan replaces Rob Beckett on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here Now ! '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Stacey Solomon Insists There 's No Hard Feelings After Being Dropped From ' I 'm A Celeb ' Spin - Off Show '' . HuffPost. 3 October 2017 .", "35": "External links I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! at itv.com I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! on IMDb Coordinates : 28 ° 15 ′ 42.75 '' S 153 ° 21 ′ 1.79 '' E / 28.2618750 ° S 153.3504972 ° E / - 28.2618750 ; 153.3504972 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK ) Contestants Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Winners Tony Blackburn Phil Tufnell Kerry Katona Joe Pasquale Carol Thatcher Matt Willis Christopher Biggins Joe Swash Gino D'Acampo Stacey Solomon Dougie Poynter Charlie Brooks Kian Egan Carl Fogarty Vicky Pattison Scarlett Moffatt Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo International versions of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Australia France Germany Hungary India Romania Sweden United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(UK_TV_series)&oldid=816633278 '' Categories : 2000s British reality television series 2010s British reality television series 2002 British television programme debuts I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !", "36": "( UK ) ITV reality television programmes English - language television programs Television series by ITV Studios Television shows set in New South Wales Television shows set in Queensland Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 17 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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918027731204120251	ben 10 ultimate alien episode 2 season 1	[ "Duped" ]	{ "0": "List of Ben 10 : Ultimate alien episodes - wikipedia List of Ben 10 : Ultimate alien episodes Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of episodes in the American animated television series Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2010 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2011 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.4 Special ( 2011 ) 3 DVD releases 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 April 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 23 ) December 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) 12 February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) 20 September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) March 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 31 ) Special November 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 25 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` Fame '' Dan Riba Dwayne McDuffie April 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 23 ) 101 Ben 's secret identity is revealed to the entire world , and he is now a superhero loved everywhere by kids and teenagers , but distrusted by many adults . Kevin and Gwen find out who revealed Ben 's secret and where he lives , and the three go to `` pay him a visit '' . The informant turns out to be a young boy named Jimmy Jones , who has followed Ben 's exploits ever since he was ten - years old . With Jimmy 's help , Ben and company discover a series of alien attacks in Florida .", "1": "The unknown alien steals a nuclear device from a prototype interstellar rocket . They follow the alien to his ship , which he intends to launch using the nuke , which would destroy central Florida . Ben fights him as Spider - monkey , but proves to be too strong for him , so Ben turns into Ultimate Spidermonkey , with the Ultimatrix , defeating the alien with ease . Once defeated , the alien , Bivalvan , reveals he is from the Andromeda Galaxy who was kidnapped by an alien named Aggregor . He is left restrained , with assurance that the Plumbers will be along to bring him back home . Ben reluctantly returns to school with some encouragement from Julie . The students greet him with applause , including his old bullies Cash and JT . Meanwhile , Bivalvan is found and recaptured by Aggregor . Omnitrix alien debuts : Wildmutt ( 10 - year - old , Ultimate Alien debut ) Ultimatrix alien debuts : Swampfire ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Brainstorm ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Echo Echo ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Jetray ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Cannonbolt ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Big Chill ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Chromastone ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Humungousaur ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Goop ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Spidermonkey ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Rath ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Ultimate Spidermonkey ( official debut ) `` Duped '' Butch Lukic Len Uhley April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) 102 After trashing a Plasma Beam Tank belonging to the Forever Knights , Ben decides he needs to be in three places at once : 1 ) go to Julie 's tennis game , 2 ) He has to fight the Forever Knights with Kevin , and 3 ) see the Sumo Slammers 3D movie . Using Echo Echo , he divides himself into three copies and transforms back into human form , creating three of himself . However , each is one part of his personality : one is logical , one is sensitive , and one is immature and insensitive . The sensitive Ben goes with Kevin to the museum , the insensitive Ben stays to watch Julie 's match , and the logical Ben goes to see Sumo Slammers .", "2": "Insensitive Ben proceeds to embarrass Julie while sensitive Ben can not properly fight . When the Forever Knights steal a Aztec Battle Armor , Ben calls in his other selves for assistance , only to quickly realize that none of them are good fighters alone . He recombines into one and uses Lodestar to separate the armor , destroying it . Ben tries to apologize to Julie , which she almost accepts , until he admits he already went to see the Sumo Slammers movie when she suggests they go see it . Furious with Ben , Julie storms off with Gwen and Kevin right behind her leaving him alone to repent for what he has done in order to gain back their trust . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Upchuck ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Lodestar ( Ultimate Alien debut ) `` Hit ' Em Where They Live '' Matt Youngberg Len Wein May 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) 103 Ben 's enemies are targeting his parents now that he 's famous . Max , unable to deal with them alone following a fight with Sevenseven , has to enlist Ben 's aid . Vulkanus , Charmcaster , and Zombozo try to attack Ben 's dad , Carl , but Ben , Gwen , and Kevin intercept them . Realizing that , as a team , Ben and his friends are too strong to beat , Zombozo decides to `` divide and conquer '' . He kidnaps Ben 's mother , Sandra , knocking out Gwen who tried to protect her , and hides her in a carnival to lure the team out and separate them , but Ben and Kevin manage to beat Vulkanus and Charmcaster respectively , with Ben using Ultimate Big Chill . Gwen is left to fight Zombozo , and briefly uses her Anodite form to intimidate him into leaving the Tennyson family alone and to spread the word to every other villain . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Ultimate Big Chill ( official debut ) `` Video Games '' Dan Riba Eugene Son May 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 14 ) 104 While Gwen and Kevin are fighting each other about bad driving teaching of Kevin , Ben 's celebrity status lands him in a starring role in a video game . Using motion capture technology , they record the moves of his various alien forms to integrate them into the game .", "3": "In reality , however , the video game offer is a ruse by TV reporter Will Harangue and his assistant Oliver as part of his plan to create a robot to defeat Ben . After defeating Ben twice and trashing his reputation , Harangue challenges Ben to a final showdown on live TV . Unable to defeat the robot conventionally , Ben realizes what Harangue has done and uses Nanomech , the one alien he could n't get data on , to destroy the robot from within . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Four Arms ( 16 - year - old , Ultimate Alien debut ) , Nanomech ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Way Big ( Ultimate Alien debut ) 5 5 `` Escape from Aggregor '' Butch Lukic Charlotte Fullerton May 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 21 ) 105 A turtle - like alien is causing a rampage in Bellwood . After managing to draw Ben out , who uses Ultimate Big Chill against him , and once Gwen convinces them to use the translators in their badges , he explains that he determined this to be the easiest method of finding Ben . The alien , named Galapagus , tells of how he escaped from Aggregor alongside four other abducted aliens : Bivalvan , P'andor , Andreas and Ra'ad . Aggregor had taken them each from their own home worlds in a plot to permanently absorb all of their unique abilities . Though the aliens escaped from Aggregor 's spaceship , they crash - landed on Earth . After Ben 's Ultimatrix scans Galapagus ' DNA , he arranges for the Plumbers to get Galapagus back to his home planet . Unfortunately for Galapagus , Aggregor was impersonating the Plumber , and recaptures him . 6 6 `` Too Hot to Handle '' Matt Youngberg Marty Isenberg May 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 28 ) 106 P'andor ( one of the aliens who were captured by Aggregor ) offers a huge cash reward to anyone who can break him out of his containment suit . Kevin decides to take the job , only to back out upon learning that P'andor is highly radioactive .", "4": "Ben tries to stop them as Ultimate Humuongosaur , but he manages to escape . Since Kevin has the ability to open the suit using his Osmosian powers to absorb Taedenite , P'andor tricks him into cutting it open . Free from his containment , P'andor begins feeding on all the energy he can find , making his way to a nuclear power plant . Ben uses Ultimate Cannonbolt and with Kevin 's help is able to trap P'andor back inside his suit , and deliver him to a pair of Plumbers who offer to take him back to his home world . Unfortunately , Aggregor intercepts the Plumbers ' ship in space and recaptures P'andor . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Ultimate Humungousaur ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Water Hazard ( official debut ) , Ultimate Cannonbolt ( official debut ) 7 7 `` Andreas ' Fault '' Dan Riba Ernie Altbacker and Jim Krieg June 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 04 ) 107 When Ben , Kevin , and Gwen investigate an odd string of thefts by the Forever Knights , they learn that Argit is using Andreas ( one of the aliens who were captured by Aggregor ) to frighten the Forever Knights into making him their leader . Argit 's plans go bad when the Forever Knights eventually revolt ( under Sir Dagonet ) , and throw him into a dungeon with Ben and the others . When they discover that the Knights plan to execute Andreas , they break out and save him . As a last act of spite , Sir Dagonet sets a bomb that will destroy everything within five miles . Andreas sacrifices himself to absorb the force of the explosion . Although Ben and company believe him to be dead , Andreas survives and was recaptured by Aggregor . 8 8 `` Fused '' Butch Lukic Len Uhley June 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 11 ) 108 After ambushing Ben at his house , Ra'ad ( one of the aliens who were captured by Aggregor ) after a short fight is thrown into a pool by Jetray .", "5": "Electrocuted , he awakes in Los Selodad and blames Ben for letting Aggregor recapture the other four aliens . Aggregor has been tracking them through the Ultimatrix as a homing beacon each time it scans one of them . While trying to resist being scanned by the Ultimatrix , Ra'ad causes it to malfunction , trapping both his and Ben 's consciousnesses in the same body and turning off the Ultimatrix . When Aggregor comes to capture Ra'ad , Gwen uses a nonverbal teleportation spell after a brief fight . Despite Ra'ad's protests , Gwen and Kevin reactivate the Ultimatrix , and separate them . In doing so , they alert Aggregor to their location . Ra'ad flees , leaving the others to be wiped out by the Osmosian . After Kevin scolds Ra'ad for his cowardice , he decides to surrender himself to save Ben , and is recaptured by Aggregor . After the battle , Ben swears that he will do whatever it takes to save the captured aliens . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Ampfibian ( official debut ) 9 9 `` Hero Time '' Matt Youngberg Steven Barnes June 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 18 ) 109 Ben saves actress Jennifer Nocturne from a group of thugs and she is immediately smitten with him , much to Julie 's chagrin . However , Ben 's only interest is in Captain Nemesis , Ben 's hero , who shows up moments after Ben defeats the thugs . Nemesis was actually responsible for hiring the thugs , having hoped to boost publicity by rescuing Jennifer . He tries again by releasing a group of dangerous robots led by Computron , only to be upstaged by Ben . After Ben casually comments on having defeated more of the robots than Nemesis , Will Harangue twists his comments into doubts about Nemesis ' abilities . Nemesis decides to hold a friendly test of skill between them , and Ben again comes out on top . Finally pushed to the edge , he captures Julie and Jennifer , daring Ben to try and save them .", "6": "Ben rescues Julie and they get back together again , while leaving Jennifer to Kevin and Gwen , then defeats Nemesis ( now calling himself Overlord ) . Overlord is arrested , while Gwen is quick to discourage Jennifer from getting close to her most recent male rescuer . Will Harangue reports about Captain Nemesis ' actions stating that a good man did bad things in order to stop `` the menace that is Ben Tennyson . '' Ultimatrix alien debuts : Armodrillo ( official debut ) 10 10 `` Ultimate Aggregor '' Dan Riba Dwayne McDuffie October 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) 110 With all five aliens in his possession , Aggregor tries to return to his home world , Osmos 5 , to absorb all of their abilities . But a Plumber ambush damages his ship , so he instead heads for Los Soledad in order to use Paradox 's time machine as an alternate power source . Despite Ben , Kevin , Gwen , and Grandpa Max 's best efforts , Aggregor succeeds in absorbing the aliens ' forms and powers , turning himself into an unstoppable amalgam of the quintet : Ultimate Aggregor . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Ultimate Swampfire ( Ultimate Alien debut ) 11 11 `` Map of Infinity '' Butch Lukic Dwayne McDuffie October 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) 111 With his new powers , Aggregor easily defeats Ben and his friends . Azmuth tells Ben that Aggregor intends to steal the Map of Infinity , a complete map of the entire universe . With it , he 'll be able to find the Forge of Creation , the birthplace of the universe . He further explains that Aggregor stole the five aliens ' powers to protect him from the traps guarding the map , which was split into four pieces by Professor Paradox . In order to keep him from assembling the map , the team tries to take the first piece of the Map of Infinity first , which is at Mykdl'dy ( A Necrofriggian ( Big Chill 's species ) colony world made entirely of fire and ice .", "7": "After a battle with the Necrofriggian guards , they go through the temple that houses the piece , getting past the traps , but are unable to retrieve the piece after Ben ( as Fourarms ) and Kevin are holding a door up , and Gwen is knocked out by a poison spike . Aggregor appears and thanks them for disabling the traps for him , and in a boost of anger , Ben holds the door himself , allowing them to escape . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Ultimate Echo Echo ( official debut ) 12 12 `` Reflected Glory '' Matt Youngberg Peter David October 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ) 112 Ben 's childhood bullies , Cash and J.T. start a TV show with Oliver ( who was fired by Will Harangue after what happened in `` Video Games '' ) as their cameraman , in which they claim to be the brains behind Ben 's success as a hero . Ben , Gwen , and Kevin agree to play along after a sob story from the duo . Monitoring the broadcast , Vilgax 's former assistant Psyphon is convinced the boys are responsible for his master 's defeat and decides to kill them . During a mission to recover a Power Decoupler from the Forever Knights , Psyphon attacks , having augmented his abilities with Vilgax 's technology and unleashes some R.E.D.s ( Robotic Extermination Devices ) . Cash and JT are forced to admit their duplicity on camera to save themselves , so Psyphon turns his attention back to Ben . Ben can not overcome him , even as Ultimate Spidermonkey , so Cash gets the idea to use the Power Decoupler on Psyphon , draining his power . Ben then knocks him out . Unfortunately for the duo , their act of heroism goes unnoticed , the weapon having knocked out the camera before firing , and their earlier confession has alienated their fanbase . Oliver leaves telling the boys that the show is over .", "8": "Ultimatrix alien debuts : Terraspin ( official debut ) 13 13 `` Deep '' Dan Riba Marty Isenberg October 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 22 ) 113 Ben , Gwen , and Kevin travel to the water world of Pisces ( Ripjaws ' home planet ) after finding out that Aggregor is on the planet . Aided by Magister Pyke , they travel to the planet 's core , which contains a gravitational multiplier holding the water planet together . Aggregor steals the device , which is actually a disguised piece of the Map of Infinity , and escapes , causing the inhabitants to mistake Ben , Gwen , and Kevin as the thieves . To save the planet from floating into space , Ben transforms into Goop and uses his Anti-Gravity Multiplier as a replacement . Goop is atomized into the water of the planet , allowing him to draw all the lost water back in . With Pisces back to normal and their ship repaired , Ben , Gwen , and Kevin return to Earth . 14 14 `` Where the Magic Happens '' Butch Lukic Matt Wayne October 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 29 ) 114 Gwen , Ben , and Kevin follow Aggregor into a mystical inter-dimension full magic and mana called Legerdomain with the help of Charmcaster , who was born there . They believe Aggregor 's target to be the Alpha Rune worn by Addwaitya , ruler of Legerdomain , which they suspect is a disguised piece of the Map of Infinity . Gwen and Charmcaster work together several times , and the two develop a bond that seems to lead to Charmcaster changing her ways . While the group tries to steal the Alpha Rune , Aggregor uses the distraction to knock Addwaitya out and take it himself . Gwen , Ben , and Kevin escape Legerdomain with Charmcaster 's help , but Charmcaster stays behind to free Legerdomain and her people from Addwaitya 's rule . Ben promises Gwen that they will find a way to return and help Charmcaster after Aggregor is defeated .", "9": "15 15 `` Perplexahedron '' Matt Youngberg Brian Swenlin November 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 05 ) 115 Azmuth was upset at Ben 's failure to protect the first three pieces of the Map of Infinity , teleports Ben , Gwen , and Kevin to the fourth piece 's location : a deadly artificial planet known as Perplexhahedron , created by Professor Paradox to destroy anyone who enters it . Ben , Gwen , and Kevin manage to fight their way through the traps . They are separated , and Gwen encounters Aggregor , but he simply ignores and leaves her in a freezing room . After that , Ben and Kevin accidentally find her there , then Gwen and Kevin kiss . They reach the Sentinel , who gives them the final piece . When the piece is taken , the whole planet starts to fall apart . The Sentinel stays behind , content that he has fulfilled his purpose in life , but Ben insists on rescuing him . However , Aggregor has found the Sentinel by the time Ben returns , and in the ensuing battle manages to take the final piece of the map from Ben , because he carried it back with him and dropped it . After getting back to the ship , the Sentinel , dismayed that his life amounted to nothing , vanishes into thin air . Though they 've lost the battle , Kevin assures Ben that the war is n't over . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Ripjaws ( Ultimate Alien debut ) 16 16 `` The Forge of Creation '' Dan Riba Dwayne McDuffie November 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) 116 Azmuth is still upset with Ben , Gwen , and Kevin for letting Aggregor get all of the four pieces of the Map of Infinity . Ben resolves to become Alien X to get Bellicus and Serena to cooperate . When this fails , Paradox arrives and changes Alien X back to Ben . After a brief argument , Paradox and Azmuth explain that the Forge of Creation is where all Celestialsapiens ( Alien X 's race ) are born , and Aggregor hopes to absorb the powers and abilities of a newborn Celestialsapien and become omnipotent .", "10": "Paradox takes them to the Forge of Creation , where an accident pulls Ben 's ten - year - old self out of the timestream . After a few difficulties , past - Ben teams up with his future self to stop Aggregor . As they make their way through the Forge , they discover many Celestialsapiens in debate with themselves , and eventually a Celestialsapien egg . Aggregor reaches the egg at the same time the group does and takes everyone out with ease . In a last - ditch effort , Kevin absorbs energy from present - Ben 's Ultimatrix , but the process drives him insane once again . He is now mutated like his old self , but has the new aliens instead of the old ones , becoming Ultimate Kevin . Kevin easily defeats Aggregor before absorbing his stolen power and attempting to kill him , only to be met with opposition from Gwen and both Bens . Past - Ben manages to get through to Kevin , who spares Aggregor 's life before flying away , claiming he will not be so merciful next time . Paradox arrives at that moment to take them home before the other Celestialsapiens wake up , since he is not supposed to be near them , and return past - Ben to his own time period . Paradox claims that past - Ben will dismiss the entire experience as a dream while present - day Ben resolves to stop Kevin . Omnitrix alien debuts : Heatblast ( 10 - year - old , Ultimate Alien debut ) , Four Arms ( 10 - year - old ) , Stinkfly ( Ultimate Alien debut ) Ultimatrix alien debuts : Alien X ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , NRG ( official debut ) 17 17 `` ... Nor Iron Bars a Cage '' Butch Lukic Len Wein November 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) 117 With Kevin having absorbed the Ultimatrix 's aliens and gone back to his insane state , he returns back to the Null Void prison , Incarcecon . Ben and Gwen , searching for answers , realize they have to go to Incarcecon in an attempt to stop Kevin from killing the warden , Morgg .", "11": "There are also flashbacks that Kevin has , how he left his first mutation and started to absorb solid matter both with the help of a fellow inmate named Kwarrel , and showed how he escaped from the prison , with Kwarrel sacrificing himself to Morgg in the process . Ben and Gwen soon realize that Morgg is forcing the prisoners to mine a blue substance which is sold as a hallucinogenic drug . Kevin manages to catch up with Morgg to exact his revenge , dropping him in an elevator and cutting the line . Gwen saves him and take him into custody , but by the time they hit surface , the prison is in ruins . Kevin fled the prison , and Ben thinks that Kevin may have to be put down , much to Gwen 's shock and horror . 18 18 `` The Enemy of My Enemy '' Matt Youngberg Len Uhley December 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 03 ) 118 Argit travels to Earth to borrow supplies from Kevin for a scam , where he discovers Kevin 's condition and is nearly killed by the insane and vengeful Ultimate Kevin . Ben and Gwen send Argit to the Plumber 's Academy to protect him from Kevin . While there Argit meets up with the Vreedle brothers ( this particular set is training to be Plumbers to avoid being assassinated by their father again ) , where he explains that their father sent him there to rig their grades . Kevin then goes to the Plumber 's Academy to kill Argit . Ben battles Kevin but can not defeat him . Rhomboid then launches a nuclear fission bomb , which will destroy the Academy and everyone in it , but Ben uses Ultimate Echo - Echo to destroy the bomb . Kevin attacks Argit and seemingly kills him . When Gwen tries to stop Kevin , he attacks her , but does not kill her because of what she used to mean to him , suggesting there is hope for him still . After Kevin leaves , Ben reveals Argit is simply pretending to be dead ( as his species can temporarily stop their pulse ) and Argit is arrested by the Vreedle Brothers by the order of Magister Colonach .", "12": "19 19 `` Absolute Power , Part One '' Dan Riba Charlotte Fullerton December 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) 119 After Kevin absorbs the powers and abilities of Alan , Helen , Manny , Pierce , and Dr. Viktor , Ben and Gwen argue about the best way to deal with him . Ben decides to kill him , while Gwen argues that Kevin can still be saved . The argument escalates into a heated battle between the two first - cousins , which Ben wins as Way Big using an incredibly strong and powerful cosmic ray attack . He then starts looking for Kevin , attacking anyone who has ever had any criminal connections with him , including the Forever Knights and Vulkanus . Gwen , looking for an alternative , tracks down Darkstar . She convinces Darkstar to help Kevin , and in return , she gives him enough mana to retain his normal appearance for one year . Together with a newly matured Cooper , Darkstar devises a plan to save Kevin using a fragment of the Dominus Librium . He and Cooper build a machine in Los Soledad , using the left over pieces of both Aggregor 's matter energy converting device , and Professor Paradox 's time machine , to strengthen and amplify the piece 's energy - draining abilities , thus restoring Kevin 's sanity . Darkstar also devises a plan to have Kevin absorb a fraction of Gwen 's magical and Anodite abilities so that he will hunt her for more . 20 20 `` Absolute Power , Part Two '' Butch Lukic Dwayne McDuffie December 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) 120 The first part of the plan is a success , but Cooper and Darkstar need more time to finish the machine , so Ben recruits his remaining allies , Grandpa Max , Julie , and Ship , to help hold him off . After a long standoff , Ben is able to use Ultimate Echo Echo to finally subdue Kevin and hook him into the completed machine . The machine restores an exhausted Kevin to normal . Suddenly , Darkstar uses the machine to drain the powers and abilities from Kevin into himself , glowing with almightly god - like power .", "13": "Predicting this outcome in advance , Ben hits a kill switch on the machine that takes all the stolen powers from Darkstar , and gives them back to their rightful owners , in the process of returning Bivalvan , Galapagus , P'andor , Andreas , and Ra'ad to life . Ra'ad thanks them . Kevin and Gwen kiss . Then Kevin apologizes to Ben for his actions , and offers him a ride to Mr. Smoothie 's to get a smoothie . Season 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 21 `` The Transmogrification of Eunice '' Matt Youngberg Eugene Son February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) 201 Ben , Gwen , and Kevin go out into the wilderness for a camping trip . During a car race between Ben and Kevin , a strange pod falls from space . While trying to open the pod , Gwen cuts her hand on it . The pod then opens to reveal a beautiful , dark green - eyed , blonde - haired girl . Gwen gives the girl some of her spare clothes and the girl reveals her name to be Eunice , though she does n't remember anything else . As the camping trip continues Eunice is revealed to have a strange connection to nature and Ben begins to develop romantic feelings for Eunice . Sunder then arrives on Earth on a mission to find Eunice . While Ben tries to take Eunice to see the ravine , Sunder appears and Ben and Eunice are separated . Ben , Gwen , and Kevin find Eunice at the ravine where Sunder activates a button on her neck , which turns her into a cylinder - like device ( presumably an Omnitrix core ) . Ben stops Sunder from escaping with Eunice and Kevin returns Eunice back to her human form . As Eunice interrogates Sunder about her past , Azmuth appears and tells them that Eunice is actually one of his earlier prototypes of the Omnitrix , known as the Unitrix , ( Uni as in one as opposed to Omni as in all . )", "14": "and when Gwen had electrocuted her hand on the pod , the Unitrix absorbed her human DNA , creating Eunice , and that Sunder was freed from the Null Void by him to retrieve the Unitrix for him . Ben convinces Azmuth to not put Eunice into storage but to instead put her on Primus . Before leaving , Eunice gives Ben a blue - violet flower as a token of her intense romantic affections , and for him to remember her by . 22 `` Eye of the Beholder '' Dan Riba Len Uhley February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) 202 Baz - El is on a distant planet where he is stealing some valuable gems from some temple statues . Later , the temple guardian worshippers attack Baz - El . Ship suddenly hears Baz - El 's cries for help , and leaves Julie to help his old owner . Julie ask Ben for help to locate Ship , who left to help Baz - El . However , their break - up makes things difficult , but Gwen and Kevin agree to help Julie . Ben realizes his mistake , so he transforms into Jetray and flies into space to chase after the Mecha - Vehicle . Gwen , Kevin , and Julie find Ship . Ship refuses to go back to Earth without saving Baz - El first . Ben arrives on the planet . Kevin tells Ben that the reason Julie broke up with him was because he was being a jerk . Soon they reach Baz - El , who is still being tortured by the one - eyed aliens to reveal the location of their precious artifact , the Occulent . The Sentinels , the statues , awaken and attack Ben and others for the Occulent . But it is revealed that Baz - El had eaten the Occulent , so Julie gives it back to the Sentinel and they go back to their stationary positions . Julie then gives Ship to Baz - El , saying that Ship would be happier with him . However , Ship decides to remain with Julie . Ben apologizes to Julie for being such a jerk and promises to make it up to Julie by trying to be a better boyfriend , which makes her happy again .", "15": "23 `` Viktor : The Spoils '' Butch Lukic Kevin Grevioux February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) 203 Zarcovia 's soldiers has found the frozen body of Dr. Viktor ( after the events of Absolute Power , where Ultimate Kevin attacked and absorbed his abilities ) . Prince Gyula and King Xarion want to see this weapon , Gyula wants to control Dr. Viktor to use him against rebels in their civil war , but Xarion tells him not to , King Xarion asks for help from Ben , Gwen , and Kevin and explains what Gyula is trying to accomplish . When they find Dr. Viktor 's corpse , they are found by Gyula 's soldiers , while fighting them , Dr. Viktor 's ice block begins to melt and he breaks free , Gyula reveals that Dr. Viktor is under his control . Dr. Viktor defeats Ben , Gwen and Kevin and imprison them , along with King Xarion . Gwen manages to free Xarion , but he takes an unconscious Ben for his own plans . He conducts an experiment on Ben using AmpFibian 's electrical abilities , Dr. Viktor , and himself , but Prince Gyula interferes in order to stop Xarion from taking control of Dr. Viktor . Unfortunately , King Xarion 's subconscious mind has been transferred to Dr. Viktor 's body King Xarion , now calling himself King Viktor , starts hurting Prince Gyula . He releases Gyula as a last act of mercy , starts attacking the rebels , and is defeated by Heatblast , Gwen and Kevin . Gyula and his soldiers try to take King Viktor back , but Ben takes Gyula 's device that controls his soldiers and sets them free . King Viktor swears to Ben to take revenge .", "16": "Ultimatrix alien debuts : Wildmutt ( 16 - year - old ) , Heatblast ( 16 - year - old ) 24 `` The Big Story '' Matt Youngberg Ernie Altbacker and Jim Krieg March 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 04 ) 204 Jimmy Jones sees a meteor falling in a cave . He goes in the cave and an alien plant attacks him . He tells Ben and his team about it , but only Ben believes him . They go in the cave but , the plant is n't there . Jimmy offers some peanuts to Ben , but he says that he is allergic . The next day , Jimmy sees Ben going into the cave and talking to the plant . He takes a photo of that , but the photo is n't good , so Gwen does n't believe him . Later , Jimmy goes to the supermarket and Ben , as Humongousaur , attacks him . Jimmy takes his bicycle and runs , but Ben becomes Cannonbolt and hunts him down . Jimmy goes to Gwen and Kevin and they all go to the cave . In the entrance of the cave they catch Jimmy and they take him to the plant . Jimmy finds that Gwen , Kevin , and Ben are clones made by the plant . Jimmy remembers Ben 's false allergies to peanuts and he throws his peanuts on the cages that the real Ben , Gwen and Kevin are in . Ben takes the Ultimatrix from his clone then he becomes Ultimate Swampfire and he destroys the Plant . After that , Gwen tells to Jimmy that they will take him more seriously next time . 25 5 `` Girl Trouble '' Dan Riba Eugene Son March 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) 205 The team goes to Gwen 's house to find a solution to defeat Computron 's minions from Dimension 12 . When they go to Gwen 's room , they find a dark - hair girl . Gwen 's mother , Natalie , tells them that it 's Sunny , Gwen 's naughty cousin . They try to leave the house , but Gwen 's mom insists they take Sunny with them . The team takes Sunny to the mission but , they left her in Kevin 's car . They go to fight the robots .", "17": "Ben becomes Four Arms . Sunny gets bored in the car , and she follows them . She destroys the robots with ease . Sunny is very happy , but the team is looking at her strangely . Gwen tells her mother that Sunny is an Anodite , much to her surprise and disgust . Then , a big monster knocks on the door . It is Antonio , Sunny 's love - struck boyfriend . Gwen tries to stop Sunny from going with him , but fails . The team goes to defeat the robots , which have returned . During the fight , Sunny comes to have fun and she defeats some of the robots . When Gwen tells Sunny that her parents do n't want her dating Antonio , Sunny sheds her human disguise and a fight ensues . Ben becomes Ultimate Humongousaur and defeats Antonio . Sunny proves to be far much stronger than Gwen , as she managed to immobilize Gwen with her long flowing tendrils of whitish - magenta hair easily . Gwen summons Grandma Verdona through a mystical manna field , who comes and takes Sunny and Antonio back to Anodyne so that their parents can deal with them themselves . 26 6 `` Revenge of the Swarm '' Butch Lukic Stan Berkowitz March 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 18 ) 206 Taking place one whole year after the events of the `` Alien Swarm '' movie , Victor Validus attacks Ben at night but when he defends himself , he finds a Nanochip that was believed to have been destroyed along with its Queen . Ben , Kevin and Gwen find his daughter , Elena Validus , to see what is going on . 27 7 `` The Creature from Beyond '' Dan Riba Len Uhley March 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 25 ) 207 An old man named George watches TV . In fact , he is actually watching some Forever Knights live . The group of Forever Knights that he is watching tries to break an ancient seal . The Knights headed up by Sir Reginald knew that behind that seal was the secret of the First Forever Knight , and possibly a cache of alien tech . A squire named Winston tries to tell Sir Reginald that this is a bad idea , but they ignore him and continue to break the seal .", "18": "A bright light suddenly shone from the cracks in the seal . Old Man George runs away from the TV and leaves his home . The team goes to the place that the Knights were and encounter another Forever Knights group led by Sir Cyrus ( who claims that his group is much different from the Forever Knights led by Patrick , Urian and Driscoll ) . Gwen finds that a monster was sealed there . They find the monster which is a Limax - like medium - sized monster . The monster touches Gwen 's head and Gwen enters its mind . A few minutes later , she goes in her mind again . Kevin in his metal form also has his head touched but it has no effect on him . At the end of the fight , the monster kidnaps Winston . Gwen learns that the monster is a Lucubra , a monster from another dimension . They find the Lucubra again , but they do n't let Gwen join in the fight unless they need her ( due to the mental after - effects the monster has on her ) . They go in , Ben becomes Armodrillo and the Lucubra attacks them . Just when Gwen is about to go in , Sir Cyrus with his group appears . They go in , Ben becomes NRG , and when Lucubra tried to attack his head the team discovers that metal is immune to the Lucubra 's mind control . NRG opens a big hole and Gwen casts a strong nonverbal spell to seal the Lucubra inside its own dimension . In the end , Old George goes to the door and discovers that the creature is not inside . 28 8 `` Basic Training '' Butch Lukic Adam Beechen April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 208 When Ben , Gwen , and Kevin battle Trombipular , an elephant - like alien , they are summoned to Plumbers Academy to go under training . They create a good friendship with an alien named Tack and Ben dislikes the drill instructor , Magister Hulca , that is being targeted for revenge by a menacing Tetramand .", "19": "Ultimatrix alien debuts : Fasttrack ( official debut ) , Diamondhead ( Ultimate Alien debut ) 29 9 `` It 's Not Easy Being Gwen '' Matt Youngberg Matt Wayne April 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) 209 Gwen must juggle things around , in which she has to help Ben and Kevin recapture Dr. Animo , fill out invitations for her mother Natalie 's family reunion , help Kevin get into school , finish exams , and go to her best friend Emily 's piano performance ... all in one day . 30 10 `` Ben 10,000 Returns '' Matt Youngberg Dwayne McDuffie April 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 15 ) 210 Following a visit from Paradox after a fight with Eon , Ben 10,000 arrives twenty years from the future to seek the aid of his sixteen - year - old past counterpart in tracking down Eon . It is revealed that Eon is actually an adult Ben from an alternate world , and that he wanted to destroy all of the other Bens to become the one and only Ben Tennyson . It was also revealed that the ten - year old Ben in `` Ben 10 : Race Against Time '' is an alternate Ben as well , and not the Ben in `` Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien '' . Plus , the Ben 10,000 that Gwen and Ben met when they were ten is n't the same Ben 10,000 they meet in the episode . This thirty - six - year - old Ben 10,000 is actually the current Ben ; two decades later . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Arctiguana ( Ultimate Alien debut ) , Clockwork ( official debut ) , XLR8 ( Ultimate Alien debut ) 31 11 `` Moonstruck '' Butch Lukic Len Uhley April 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 22 ) 211 In flashbacks , Max tells the astounding story to Kevin , Gwen , and Ben of how he had met and fallen head - over-heels for a supremely powerful female Anodite alien when he was but seventeen years old in the 1940s .", "20": "32 12 `` Prisoner Number 775 Is Missing '' Dan Riba Peter David April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) 212 The secrets of Area 51 are revealed to Ben Tennyson by Colonel Rozum after Old George infiltrates and destroys it , setting free the 775th prisoner . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Ultimate Wildmutt ( official debut ) , ChamAlien ( official debut ) Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 33 `` The Purge '' Butch Lukic David McDermott September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) 301 Driscoll , Urian , Enoch and Patrick are all sitting in the same room , eyeing each other with utmost loathing . Chaos erupts when Driscoll angrily berates that Urian is wasting his time by calling him in at dead of night , accompanied by the `` heretics '' , until Old George arrives . He scolds them for separating the Forever Knights into different factions . Incensed , Driscoll warns George to `` choose his next words carefully '' . He then orders his knights to attack Old George for his insults but are helpless against Old George 's more technologically advanced Forever Knight bodyguards . Driscoll then attacks Old George himself but is defeated with very little effort by Old George . Then , Old George reveals his identity and Driscoll kneels before him , calling him `` Founder of Our Order , The Original Forever Knight '' , followed by the other Forever Kings and their knights . Old George unites the Forever Knight factions into one and vows to rid the Earth of all aliens . Pierce , whose identity is hidden by an ID Mask , is romantically flirting with a girl but a group of Forever Knights come and demand that he leave Earth . They break his ID Mask , scaring the girl away and then kill him when he refuses to leave Earth . Meanwhile , NRG , Gwen , and Kevin are fighting Trumbipulor , who has escaped the Null Void . Despite their efforts , he escapes as Argit arrives in a shuttlecraft .", "21": "He explains that the Forever Knights are trying to make him and other aliens leave Earth , and he needs their help to convince them to let them stay . Despite their lack of trust in him , they decide to look into his story . Finding that a few hundred aliens have indeed `` left '' , they go to a Forever Knight castle to investigate . However , they accidentally activate the castle 's security alarm ; releasing another Dragon Robot , far much stronger than before . Lodestar and Kevin easily destroy the dragon . The group head to an alien food market to investigate and talk to the butcher Mr. Baumann to find out why the aliens are leaving . Mr. Baumann tells them that he has no idea , so Ben , Gwen and Kevin leave . They sneak back in and it is then revealed that he has been hiding an alien family from the Forever Knights . Mr. Baumann tells the gang that the Forever Knights have been attacking aliens on Earth . The team decides to set a trap and wait for the Forever Knights to show up at the date that a supply ship for the alien food market is coming . Soon , the gang is watching over a bunch of aliens as the supply ship comes , but some of George 's knights arrive and attack the team . Ben ( as Upchuck ) , Gwen and Kevin try to fight them off , but the Forever Knights outnumber them and a Plasma Beam Tank drives in and easily defeats Ben , Gwen and Kevin . Ben , Gwen and Kevin free themselves from the handcuffs they have been placed in and get ready to fight the Forever knights again , but Ben decides to challenge Driscoll to a duel , going from Spidermonkey to Ultimate Spidermonkey . Though Driscoll is gaining the upper hand , thanks to his armour , Ultimate Spidermonkey beats him and threatens him to free the alien he has captured as prisoners and get rid of the knights . The Forever Knights free the aliens and leave . Driscoll reports his failure to George , but George reassures him that he will not be punished and that this will be the beginning of a far greater war : `` The battle of a hundred lifetimes '' .", "22": "34 `` Simian Says '' Matt Youngberg Charlotte Fullerton September 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) 302 Simian accidentally unleashes a Xenocyte Queen which orchestrates an invasion of the Arachnachimps ' planet . When Eunice goes missing , Ben , Gwen , and Kevin end up helping Simian liberate the Arachnachimps ' planet from a DNAlien version of the Arachnachimp Mizaru . 35 `` Greetings from Techadon '' Dan Riba Charlotte Fullerton September 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 30 ) 305 Techadon robots go after Ben on orders from Vulkanus to attain the Ultimatrix . Gwen and Kevin go across space to prevent Vulkanus from getting what he is after . 36 `` The Flame Keepers ' Circle '' Dan Riba Brian Swenlin October 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 07 ) 304 Julie joins a cult called the Flame Keepers ' Circle . Unfortunately for her , Ben discovers that the Flame Keepers ' Circle worships Vilgax ; whom they mistake for the mighty Daigon because of his close squid - like resemblance . 37 5 `` Double or Nothing '' Matt Youngberg Len Uhley October 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 14 ) 305 Albedo profits from Ben 's fame and creates a play about him with the help of three alien actors based on the aliens in Ben 's Ultimatrix . 38 6 `` The Perfect Girlfriend '' Dan Riba Stan Berkowitz October 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) 306 Elena and the nanochips return and impersonate Julie while the real Julie is at a tennis tournament overseas . Ben does not catch onto this until the very end when the real Julie returns and causes Elena to realize that she had never really loved and cared about the real Ben in the first place . Now knowing what true hatred is , Elena disappears with a promise to return . 39 7 `` The Ultimate Sacrifice '' Butch Lukic Dwayne McDuffie and J.M.", "23": "DeMatteis October 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 28 ) 307 The ultimate aliens inside Ben 's Ultimatrix demand their freedom and end up sucking Ben into the Ultimatrix . While Gwen assumes her inner Anodite form as her astral projection to enter the Ultimatrix to help Ben , Kevin travels to planet Galvan Prime to convince Azmuth to help . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Ghostfreak ( Ultimate Alien debut ) 40 8 `` The Widening Gyre '' Matt Youngberg Eugene Son November 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) 308 The gang look into the Pacific Garbage Vortex when some people have gone missing . When they arrive , they find the missing people and two agents sent by Colonel Rozum while dealing with giant seagulls and a sentient Trash Monster . 41 9 `` The Mother of All Vreedles '' Dan Riba Matt Wayne November 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 18 ) 309 Ma Vreedle plans to spawn an army of Pretty Boy Vreedle clones , which could dry up Earth 's oceans . 42 10 `` A Knight to Remember '' Butch Lukic Len Uhley and Matt Wayne December 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 02 ) 310 Vilgax and the Flame Keepers ' Circle fight against George and the Forever Knights along with Ben Tennyson . Vilgax gets Dagon 's heart and ends up being sucked into Daigon 's own parallel dimension . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Eatle ( official debut ) 43 11 `` Solitary Alignment '' Matt Youngberg Peter David December 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 09 ) 311 Azmuth reveals in his memories how Old George had acquired the great sword , Ascalon , and how he sealed Daigon the first time millennia ago . In addition , he reveals the real reasons for creating the Omnitrix and the Ultimatrix .", "24": "44 12 `` Inspector 13 '' Butch Lukic Geoffrey Thorne February 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 04 ) 312 Techadon Weapon Master 13 arrives on Earth and demands to have the Ultimatrix . A malfunction grants Gwen and Kevin the forms and abilities of some of Ben 's aliens . 45 13 `` The Enemy of My Frenemy '' Matt Youngberg David McDermott and Brian Swenlin February 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 11 ) 313 With the help of Hex , Gwen and the gang set out to rescue Charmcaster from her home world of Ledgerdomain . But they are shocked to learn that Charmcaster 's intentions bold ill for them all . 46 14 `` Couples Retreat '' Dan Riba Geoffrey Thorne February 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 18 ) 314 Darkstar romantically charms Charmcaster and uses her magical strength and energy to his own evil advantage to absorb all of the infinite amounts of mystical mana from Ledgerdomain . Meanwhile , Gwen and Kevin have a disagreement over the protection of one of her spellbooks . 47 15 `` Catch a Falling Star '' Butch Lukic Len Uhley February 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 25 ) 315 Jennifer Nocturne runs away with Captain Nemesis after freeing him from jail in hopes of creating a new life with him . Ben and Gwen pursue them , thinking Jennifer has been held against her will . Kevin is absent in this episode . 48 16 `` The Eggman Cometh '' Matt Youngberg Stan Berkowitz March 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 03 ) 316 Dr. Animo returns with a plot to transform eggs into pterodactyls .", "25": "Ultimatrix alien debuts : Jury Rigg ( official debut ) 49 17 `` Night of the Living Nightmare '' Dan Riba Don McGregor March 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 10 ) 317 Albedo returns and infects Ben with a Cassiopeian Dream Eater , trapping him into a dream world where he kept being attacked by several of his enemies . Eventually , when Albedo enters the dream posing as Kevin and Gwen in an attempt to take the Ultimatrix , Ben figures out it 's really him and starts fighting him . As Ben starts taking over the dream world , Albedo attempts to put back the Dream Eater , only to slip on a spilled smoothie and accidentally end up being the one infected . In the real world , it was revealed that Ben was never infected , as Albedo slipped on a smoothie , thus replaying the same thing that happened in Albedo 's nightmare . While they get him to a Galvan doctor in order to remove the Dream Eater , Albedo is seen inside the dream world , being confronted by some of the Ultimatrix Aliens and fearfully begs them to stay away as they come near him . 50 18 `` The Beginning of the End '' Butch Lukic Dan Riba March 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 17 ) 318 The Forever Knights battle Daigon 's Esoterica minions and Ben 's plan to help the knights fails as they are , too , intent on fighting him to listen to reason . 51 19 `` The Ultimate Enemy , Part One '' Matt Youngberg Matt Wayne March 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 24 ) 319 Ben , Gwen , Kevin , and George try to stop Dagon 's resurrection , but first , they must defeat the demon 's herald : Vilgax , now merged with a Lucubra and is much stronger than ever . To make matters worse , Dagon releases a wave that transforms everyone on the planet into an Esoterica , save Ben , Gwen , Kevin , George , Julie , and Ship .", "26": "Gwen is briefly turned against her allies due to her previous psychic enslavement by a Lucubra , but Kevin is able to restore her human mind . Unfortunately , the combined efforts of Vilgax and a possessed Gwen ( who takes on her suppressed Anodite form ) manage to break the seal , releasing Daigon into the earthly plane at last . 52 20 `` The Ultimate Enemy , Part Two '' Dan Riba Dwayne McDuffie March 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 31 ) 320 The monstrous squid declares his intent to conquer Ben 's universe , and summons the Esoterica to destroy the heroes . Despite debuting his Ultimate Way Big form , Ben fails to defeat the extradimensional fiend , who proceeds to destroy Sir George by electrocuting him with dark lightning . All seems lost until Vilgax returns , capturing Diagon by Psyphon 's power - absorbing machine . Before the heroes can stop him , Psyphon proceeds to transfer Dagon 's power to Vilgax , making the galactic conqueror into a nearly - unstoppable force . Gwen warps Ben , Kevin and herself into the Plumber 's base in Mount Rushmore to hide from Vilgax , but the newly - empowered villain tracks them down and has his horde of Esoterica attack . Gwen uses the base 's defenses to repel the brainwashed humans , but Vilgax personally attacks the base and disables both Gwen and Kevin . Confronting his old foe , Ben wields George 's sword , Ascalon , and uses it to drain Dagon 's power from Vilgax . Reverted to his original form , Vilgax tries to corrupt Ben , asking what he plans to do with the combined power of Ascalon , Diagon , and the Ultimatrix . Ben declares his intent to revert the Esoterica into humans , but Vilgax derides him for thinking `` too small '' ; with his new power , Ben could destroy all evil in the universe . Gwen and Kevin both encourage Ben to resist Vilgax 's temptation , and Julie ( in Ship 's armor mode ) arrives to further sway her friend away from the path of tyranny .", "27": "Ben demands quiet as he considers his options , and after remembering his adventures , he uses his infinite godly abilities to transform the Esoterica back into humans . To everyone 's surprise , Azmuth appears before them and asks Ben to return Ascalon and the Ultimatrix to him . Ben wonders if he has not yet proved his worthiness to the diminutive alien , but Azmuth corrects him ; the Ultimatrix is no longer worthy of him . He gives Ben a new version of the Omnitrix ; the `` true '' version Azmuth has been developing ever since he gave Ben the prototype six years ago . Cryptically suggesting that Ben may get the Master Control at a later date ( `` Perhaps on your eighteenth birthday '' ) , Azmuth disappears , leaving the heroes to bask in victory . Afterwards , Azmuth deactivates the Ultimatrix because it was merely a prototype . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Ultimate Way Big ( official debut ) Special ( 2011 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Special `` Ben 10 / Generator Rex : Heroes United '' Chris Graham and Kenji Ojo Man Of Action November 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 25 ) Ben teams up with an alternate superhero , Rex Salazar , to save the Earth from a deadly Alpha Nanite that entered New York through a swirling vortex , the same way Ben arrived in the city . Ultimatrix alien debuts : Shocksquatch ( official debut ) , Upgrade ( Ultimate Alien debut ) DVD releases ( edit ) Volume Season Aspect ratio Episodes Time length Release date 1 . Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien -- Escape From Aggregor 16 : 9 10 ( Episodes 1 -- 10 ) 223 minutes January 11 , 2011 December 1 , 2010 2 . Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien -- Power Struggle 16 : 9 10 ( Episodes 11 -- 20 ) 230 minutes May 3 , 2011 April 5 , 2011 3 .", "28": "Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien -- The Return of Heatblast 16 : 9 10 ( Episodes 21 -- 30 ) 230 minutes August 2 , 2011 September 11 , 2011 4 . Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien -- The Wild Truth 16 : 9 12 ( Episodes 31 -- 42 ) 276 minutes December 6 , 2011 November 30 , 2011 5 . Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien -- The Ultimate Ending 16 : 9 10 ( Episodes 43 -- 52 ) 220 minutes April 17 , 2012 March 21 , 2012 See also ( edit ) List of Ben 10 episodes List of Ben 10 : Alien Force episodes List of Ben 10 : Omniverse episodes List of Ben 10 ( 2016 TV series ) episodes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kevin is mentioned in this episode but do n't appear for the second time . Jump up ^ This episode is storied by : Charlotte Fullerton and teleplay by : Eugene Son . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ben 10 Ultimate Alien Volume 1 DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ben 10 Ultimate Alien : Power Struggle DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien -- Volume 3 : The Return of Heatblast DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2011 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ben 10 Ultimate Alien : The Return of Heatblast : Amazon.ca : DVD '' . Amazon.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : David McCutcheon . `` Ben 10 's Wild Truth Exposed on DVD '' . Uk.dvd.ign.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien -- Announcement for ' Volume 5 : The Ultimate Ending ' on DVD '' .", "29": "Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . ( hide ) Ben 10 Series Original series episodes Alien Force episodes Ultimate Alien episodes Omniverse episodes Reboot episodes Films and specials Secret of the Omnitrix Race Against Time Destroy All Aliens Alien Swarm Heroes United Characters Characters aliens villains Games Protector of Earth Alien Force Vilgax Attacks The Rise of Hex Cosmic Destruction Galactic Racing Omniverse Omniverse 2 Toys Ben 10 Lego Game shows Ultimate Challenge See also Generator Rex The Secret Saturdays Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ben_10:_Ultimate_Alien_episodes&oldid=806833181 '' Categories : Ben 10 Lists of American animated television series episodes Cartoon Network - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Français Italiano Nederlands Português Suomi ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 12 : 47 . 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-337261340919997771	where do peaches come from in the us	[ "California", "South Carolina", "Georgia", "Georgia", "California", "South Carolina", "other states", "Georgia", "California", "South Carolina" ]	{ "0": "Peach - wikipedia Peach Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the tree and its fruit . For other uses , see Peach ( disambiguation ) , Peaches ( disambiguation ) , and Peachtree ( disambiguation ) . Peach Peach flower , fruit , seed and leaves as illustrated by Otto Wilhelm Thomé ( 1885 ) . Autumn Red peaches , cross section Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Rosales Family : Rosaceae Genus : Prunus Subgenus : Prunus subg . Amygdalus Species : P. persica Binomial name Prunus persica ( L . ) Batsch 1801 not Stokes 1812 nor ( L . ) Siebold & Zucc. 1845 Synonyms Synonymy ( show ) Amygdalus persica L. 1753 Amygdalus persica var . aganonucipersica ( Schübl . & G. Martens ) T.T. Yu & L.T. Lu Amygdalus persica var . compressa ( Loudon ) T.T. Yu & L.T. Lu Amygdalus persica var . scleronucipersica ( Schübl . & G. Martens ) T.T. Yu & L.T. Lu Amygdalus persica var . scleropersica ( Rchb . ) T.T. Yu & L.T. Lu Persica platycarpa Decne . Persica vulgaris Mill . Persica vulgaris var . compressa Loudon Prunus daemonifuga H. Lév . & Vaniot Prunus persica ( L . ) Stokes Prunus persica ( L . ) Siebold & Zucc . Prunus persica f. aganonucipersica ( Schübl . & G. Martens ) Rehder Prunus persica var . compressa ( Loudon ) Bean Prunus persica var .", "1": "lasiocalyx H. Lév . & Vaniot Prunus persica var . platycarpa ( Decne . ) L.H. Bailey Prunus persica subsp . platycarpa ( Decne . ) D. Rivera , Obón , S. Ríos , Selma , F. Mendez , Verde & F. Cano Prunus persica f. scleropersica ( Rchb . ) Voss Amygdalus nucipersica ( L . ) Rchb . Persica nucipersica ( L . ) Borkh . Amygdalus potanini ( Batalin ) T.T. Yu Persica potaninii ( Batalin ) Kovalev & Kostina The peach ( Prunus persica ) is a deciduous tree native to the region of Northwest China between the Tarim Basin and the north slopes of the Kunlun Mountains , where it was first domesticated and cultivated . It bears an edible juicy fruit called a peach or a nectarine . The specific epithet persica refers to its widespread cultivation in Persia ( modern - day Iran ) , whence it was transplanted to Europe . It belongs to the genus Prunus which includes the cherry , apricot , almond and plum , in the rose family . The peach is classified with the almond in the subgenus Amygdalus , distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell . Peaches and nectarines are the same species , even though they are regarded commercially as different fruits . In contrast to peaches , whose fruits present the characteristic fuzz on the skin , nectarines are characterized by the absence of fruit - skin trichomes ( fuzz-less fruit ) ; genetic studies suggest nectarines are produced due to a recessive allele , whereas peaches are produced from a dominant allele for fuzzy skin . China alone produced 58 % of the world 's total for peaches and nectarines in 2016 .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Etymology 3 Fossil record 4 History 5 Cultivation 5.1 Cultivars 5.2 Nectarines 5.3 Peacherines 5.4 Flat peaches 5.5 Planting 5.6 Insects 5.7 Diseases 5.8 Storage 6 Production 7 Cultural significance 7.1 China 7.2 Japan 7.3 Korea 7.4 Vietnam 7.5 Europe 8 Nutrition and research 9 Gallery 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Description ( edit ) Peach flowers Prunus persica grows to 4 -- 10 m ( 13 -- 33 ft ) tall and 6 in . in diameter . The leaves are lanceolate , 7 -- 16 cm ( 2.8 -- 6.3 in ) long , 2 -- 3 cm ( 0.79 -- 1.18 in ) broad , pinnately veined . The flowers are produced in early spring before the leaves ; they are solitary or paired , 2.5 -- 3 cm diameter , pink , with five petals . The fruit has yellow or whitish flesh , a delicate aroma , and a skin that is either velvety ( peaches ) or smooth ( nectarines ) in different cultivars . The flesh is very delicate and easily bruised in some cultivars , but is fairly firm in some commercial varieties , especially when green . The single , large seed is red - brown , oval shaped , approximately 1.3 -- 2 cm long , and is surrounded by a wood - like husk . Peaches , along with cherries , plums and apricots , are stone fruits ( drupes ) . There are various heirloom varieties , including the Indian Peach , or Indian Blood Peach , which arrives in the latter part of the summer , and can have color ranging from red and white , to purple . Cultivated peaches are divided into clingstones and freestones , depending on whether the flesh sticks to the stone or not ; both can have either white or yellow flesh .", "3": "Peaches with white flesh typically are very sweet with little acidity , while yellow - fleshed peaches typically have an acidic tang coupled with sweetness , though this also varies greatly . Both colors often have some red on their skin . Low - acid white - fleshed peaches are the most popular kinds in China , Japan , and neighbouring Asian countries , while Europeans and North Americans have historically favoured the acidic , yellow - fleshed cultivars . Etymology ( edit ) The scientific name persica , along with the word `` peach '' itself and its cognates in many European languages , derives from an early European belief that peaches were native to Persia ( modern - day Iran ) . The Ancient Romans referred to the peach as malum persicum `` Persian apple '' , later becoming French pêche , hence the English `` peach '' . The scientific name , Prunus persica , literally means `` Persian plum '' , as it is closely related to the plum . Fossil record ( edit ) Fossil endocarps with characteristics indistinguishable from those of modern peaches have been recovered from late Pliocene deposits in Kunming , dating to 2.6 million years ago . In the absence of evidence that the plants were in other ways identical to the modern peach , the name Prunus kunmingensis has been assigned to these fossils . History ( edit ) Dried date , peach , apricot , and stones . From Lahun , Fayum , Egypt . Late Middle Kingdom . The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology , London Although its botanical name Prunus persica refers to Persia ( present Iran ) from where it came to Europe , genetic studies suggest peaches originated in China , where they have been cultivated since the neolithic period . Until recently , it was believed that the cultivation started circa 2000 BC . More recent evidence indicates that domestication occurred as early as 6000 BC in Zhejiang Province of China . The oldest archaeological peach stones are from the Kuahuqiao site . Archaeologists point to the Yangtze River Valley as the place where the early selection for favorable peach varieties probably took place . Peaches were mentioned in Chinese writings and literature beginning from the early 1st millennium BC .", "4": "An apparently domesticated peach appeared very early in Japan , in 6700 -- 6400 BP ( 4700 -- 4400 BC ) , during the Jōmon period . It was already similar to modern cultivated forms , where the peach stones are significantly larger and more compressed than earlier stones . This domesticated type of peach was apparently brought into Japan from China . Nevertheless , in China itself , this variety is currently attested only at a later date of ca . 5300 to 4300 BP . In India , the peach first appeared by circa 3700 BP ( 1700 BC ) , during the Harappan period . It is also found elsewhere in Western Asia in ancient times . Peach cultivation also went from China , through Persia , and reached Greece by 300 BC . It is often claimed that Alexander the Great introduced the fruit into Europe after he conquered the Persians , although there is no historical evidence for this belief . Peaches were , however , well known to the Romans in first century AD , and were cultivated widely in Emilia - Romagna . Peach trees are portrayed in the wall paintings of the towns destroyed by the Vesuvius eruption of 79 AD , while the oldest known artistic representations of the fruit are in the two fragments of wall paintings , dated back to the first century AD , in Herculaneum , now preserved in the National Archaeological Museum in Naples . The peach was brought to the Americas by Spanish explorers in the 16th century , and eventually made it to England and France in the 17th century , where it was a prized and expensive treat . The horticulturist George Minifie supposedly brought the first peaches from England to its North American colonies in the early 17th century , planting them at his Estate of Buckland in Virginia . Although Thomas Jefferson had peach trees at Monticello , American farmers did not begin commercial production until the 19th century in Maryland , Delaware , Georgia , South Carolina , and finally in Virginia . In April 2010 , an international consortium , the International Peach Genome Initiative ( IPGI ) , that include researchers from the United States , Italy , Chile , Spain , and France announced they had sequenced the peach tree genome ( doubled haploid Lovell ) . Recently , IPGI published the peach genome sequence and related analyses .", "5": "The peach genome sequence is composed of 227 millions of nucleotides arranged in eight pseudomolecules representing the eight peach chromosomes ( 2n = 16 ) . In addition , a total of 27,852 protein - coding genes and 28,689 protein - coding transcripts were predicted . Particular emphasis in this study is reserved to the analysis of the genetic diversity in peach germplasm and how it was shaped by human activities such as domestication and breeding . Major historical bottlenecks were individuated , one related to the putative original domestication that is supposed to have taken place in China about 4,000 -- 5,000 years ago , the second is related to the western germplasm and is due to the early dissemination of the peach in Europe from China and to the more recent breeding activities in the United States and Europe . These bottlenecks highlighted the strong reduction of genetic diversity associated with domestication and breeding activities . Cultivation ( edit ) A peach flower with a bee pollinating it Peaches grow in a fairly limited range in dry , continental or temperate climates , since the trees have a chilling requirement that tropical or subtropical areas generally do not satisfy except at high altitudes ( for example in certain areas of Ecuador , Colombia , Ethiopia , India , and Nepal ) . Most cultivars require 500 hours of chilling around 0 to 10 ° C ( 32 to 50 ° F ) . During the chilling period , key chemical reactions occur , but the plant appears dormant . Once the chilling period is fulfilled , the plant enters a second type of dormancy , the quiescence period . During quiescence , buds break and grow when sufficient warm weather favorable to growth is accumulated . The trees themselves can usually tolerate temperatures to around − 26 to − 30 ° C ( − 15 to − 22 ° F ) , although the following season 's flower buds are usually killed at these temperatures , preventing a crop that summer . Flower bud death begins to occur between − 15 and − 25 ° C ( 5 and − 13 ° F ) , depending on the cultivar and on the timing of the cold , with the buds becoming less cold tolerant in late winter . Another climate constraint is spring frost .", "6": "The trees flower fairly early ( in March in western Europe ) and the blossom is damaged or killed if temperatures drop below about − 4 ° C ( 25 ° F ) . However , if the flowers are not fully open , they can tolerate a few degrees colder . Climates with significant winter rainfall at temperatures below 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) are also unsuitable for peach cultivation as the rain promotes peach leaf curl , which is the most serious fungal disease for peaches . In practice , fungicides are extensively used for peach cultivation in such climates , with > 1 % of European peaches exceeding legal pesticide limits in 2013 . Finally , summer heat is required to mature the crop , with mean temperatures of the hottest month between 20 and 30 ° C ( 68 and 86 ° F ) . Typical peach cultivars begin bearing fruit in their third year . Their lifespan in the U.S. varies by region ; the University of California at Davis gives a lifespan of about 15 years while the University of Maine gives a lifespan of 7 years there . Cultivars ( edit ) Main article : Peach ( fruit ) § Varieties Hundreds of peach and nectarine cultivars are known . These are classified into two categories -- freestones and clingstones . Freestones are those whose flesh separates readily from the pit . Clingstones are those whose flesh clings tightly to the pit . Some cultivars are partially freestone and clingstone , so are called semifree . Freestone types are preferred for eating fresh , while clingstone types are for canning . The fruit flesh may be creamy white to deep yellow ; the hue and shade of the color depends on the cultivar . Peach breeding has favored cultivars with more firmness , more red color , and shorter fuzz on the fruit surface . These characteristics ease shipping and supermarket sales by improving eye appeal . However , this selection process has not necessarily led to increased flavor . Peaches have a short shelf life , so commercial growers typically plant a mix of different cultivars to have fruit to ship all season long . Different countries have different cultivars .", "7": "In the United Kingdom , for example , these cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : ' Duke of York ' ' Peregrine ' ' Rochester ' ' Lord Napier ' ( nectarine ) Nectarines ( edit ) White nectarines , whole and cut open The variety P. persica var . nucipersica ( or var . nectarina ) , commonly called nectarine , has a smooth skin . It is on occasion referred to as a `` shaved peach '' or `` fuzzless peach '' , due to its lack of fuzz or short hairs . Peacherines ( edit ) Peacherine is claimed to be a cross between a peach and a nectarine , and are marketed in Australia and New Zealand . The fruit is intermediate in appearance between a peach and a nectarine , large and brightly colored like a red peach . The flesh of the fruit is usually yellow , but white varieties also exist . The Koanga Institute lists varieties that ripen in the Southern Hemisphere in February and March . Flat peaches ( edit ) Main article : Flat peach Flat peaches or pan-tao have a flattened shape in contrast to ordinary rounded peaches . Planting ( edit ) The developmental sequence of a nectarine over a 7 ⁄ - month period , from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer Most peach trees sold by nurseries are cultivars budded or grafted onto a suitable rootstock . Common rootstocks are ' Lovell Peach ' , ' Nemaguard Peach ' , Prunus besseyi , and ' Citation ' . This is done to improve predictability of the fruit quality . Peach trees need full sun , and a layout that allows good natural air flow to assist the thermal environment for the tree . Peaches are planted in early winter . During the growth season , peach trees need a regular and reliable supply of water , with higher amounts just before harvest . Peaches need nitrogen - rich fertilizers more than other fruit trees . Without regular fertilizer supply , peach tree leaves start turning yellow or exhibit stunted growth . Blood meal , bone meal , and calcium ammonium nitrate are suitable fertilizers .", "8": "The number of flowers on a peach tree are typically thinned out , because if the full number of peaches mature on a branch , they are undersized and lacking in flavor . Fruits are thinned midway in the season by commercial growers . Fresh peaches are easily bruised , and do not store well . They are most flavorful when they ripen on the tree and are eaten the day of harvest . The peach tree can be grown in an espalier shape . The Baldassari palmette is a palmette design created around 1950 used primarily for training peaches . In walled gardens constructed from stone or brick , which absorb and retain solar heat and then slowly release it , raising the temperature against the wall , peaches can be grown as espaliers against south - facing walls as far north as southeast Great Britain and southern Ireland . Insects ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first pest to attack the tree early in the year when other food is scarce is the earwig ( Forficula auricularia ) which feeds on blossoms and young leaves at night , preventing fruiting and weakening newly planted trees . The pattern of damage is distinct from that of caterpillars later in the year , as earwigs characteristically remove semicircles of petal and leaf tissue from the tips , rather than internally . Greasebands applied just before blossom are effective .", "9": "The larvae of such moth species as the peachtree borer ( Synanthedon exitiosa ) , the yellow peach moth ( Conogethes punctiferalis ) , the well - marked cutworm ( Abagrotis orbis ) , Lyonetia prunifoliella , Phyllonorycter hostis , the fruit tree borer ( Maroga melanostigma ) , Parornix anguliferella , Parornix finitimella , Caloptilia zachrysa , Phyllonorycter crataegella , Trifurcula sinica , Suzuki 's Promolactis moth ( Promalactis suzukiella ) , the white - spotted tussock moth ( Orgyia thyellina ) , the apple leafroller ( Archips termias ) , the catapult moth ( Serrodes partita ) , the wood groundling ( Parachronistis albiceps ) or the omnivorous leafroller ( Platynota stultana ) are reported to feed on P. persica . The flatid planthopper ( Metcalfa pruinosa ) causes damage to fruit trees . The tree is also a host plant for such species as the Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica ) , the unmonsuzume ( Callambulyx tatarinovii ) , the promethea silkmoth ( Callosamia promethea ) , the orange oakleaf ( Kallima inachus ) , Langia zenzeroides , the speckled emperor ( Gynanisa maja ) or the brown playboy ( Deudorix antalus ) . The European red mite ( Panonychus ulmi ) or the yellow mite ( Lorryia formosa ) are also found on the peach tree . It is a good pollen source for honey bees and a honeydew source for aphids . Diseases ( edit ) Main article : List of peach and nectarine diseases Peach trees are prone to a disease called leaf curl , which usually does not directly affect the fruit , but does reduce the crop yield by partially defoliating the tree . Several fungicides can be used to combat the disease , including Bordeaux mixture and other copper - based products ( the University of California considers these organic treatments ) , ziram , chlorothalonil , and dodine .", "10": "The fruit is susceptible to brown rot or a dark reddish spot . Storage ( edit ) Peaches and nectarines are best stored at temperatures of 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) and high humidity . They are highly perishable , and typically consumed or canned within two weeks of harvest . Peaches are climacteric fruits and continue to ripen after being picked from the tree . Production ( edit ) Peach and nectarine production 2016 ( millions of tonnes ) Country Production China 14.4 Spain 1.5 Italy 1.4 United States 0.9 Greece 0.8 World 25.0 Source : United Nations , FAOSTAT In 2016 , world production of peaches and nectarines was 25 million tonnes , led by China which produced 58 % of the world total ( table ) . In 2013 , 1.9 million tonnes of peaches and nectarines were exported worldwide , led by Spain 's export volume with 39 % ( 0.75 million tonnes ) of the total . Italy ( 0.3 million tonnes ) , Greece and the United States also had significant export volumes of 0.1 million tonnes each . The U.S. state of Georgia is known as the `` Peach State '' due to its significant production of peaches as early as 1571 , with exports to other states occurring around 1858 . In 2014 , Georgia was third in US peach production behind California and South Carolina . Cultural significance ( edit ) Peaches are not only a popular fruit , but are symbolic in many cultural traditions , such as in art , paintings and folk tales such as Peaches of Immortality . China ( edit ) See also : Peaches of Immortality Peach blossoms are highly prized in Chinese culture . The ancient Chinese believed the peach to possess more vitality than any other tree because their blossoms appear before leaves sprout . When early rulers of China visited their territories , they were preceded by sorcerers armed with peach rods to protect them from spectral evils . On New Year 's Eve , local magistrates would cut peach wood branches and place them over their doors to protect against evil influences .", "11": "Peachwood was also used for the earliest known door gods during the Han . Another author writes : The Chinese also considered peach wood ( t'ao - fu ) protective against evil spirits , who held the peach in awe . In ancient China , peach - wood bows were used to shoot arrows in every direction in an effort to dispel evil . Peach - wood slips or carved pits served as amulets to protect a person 's life , safety , and health . Peach - wood seals or figurines guarded gates and doors , and , as one Han account recites , `` the buildings in the capital are made tranquil and pure ; everywhere a good state of affairs prevails '' . Writes the author , further : Another aid in fighting evil spirits were peach - wood wands . The Li - chi ( Han period ) reported that the emperor went to the funeral of a minister escorted by a sorcerer carrying a peach - wood wand to keep bad influences away . Since that time , peach - wood wands have remained an important means of exorcism in China . Peach kernels ( 桃仁 táo rén ) are a common ingredient used in traditional Chinese medicine to dispel blood stasis , counter inflammation and reduce allergies . It was in an orchard of flowering peach trees that Liu Bei , Guan Yu , and Zhang Fei took an oath of brotherhood in the opening chapter of the classic Chinese novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms . Another peach forest , `` The Peach Blossom Spring '' by poet Tao Yuanming is the setting of the favourite Chinese fable and a metaphor of utopias . A peach tree growing on a precipice was where the Taoist master Zhang Daoling tested his disciples . The Old Man of the South Pole one of the deities of the Chinese folk religion fulu shou is sometimes seen holding a large peach , representing long life and health . The term `` bitten peach '' , first used by Legalist philosopher Han Fei in his work Han Feizi , became a byword for homosexuality . The book records the incident when courtier Mizi Xia bit into an especially delicious peach and gave the remainder to his lover , Duke Ling of Wei , as a gift so that he could taste it as well .", "12": "Japan ( edit ) Momotaro , one of Japan 's most noble and semihistorical heroes , was born from within an enormous peach floating down a stream . Momotaro or `` Peach Boy '' went on to fight evil oni and face many adventures . Korea ( edit ) In Korea , peaches have been cultivated from ancient times . According to Samguk Sagi , peach trees were planted during the Three Kingdoms of Korea period , and Sallim gyeongje also mentions cultivation skills of peach trees . The peach is seen as the fruit of happiness , riches , honours and longevity . The rare peach with double seeds is seen as a favorable omen of a mild winter . It is one of the ten immortal plants and animals , so peaches appear in many minhwa ( folk paintings ) . Peaches and peach trees are believed to chase away spirits , so peaches are not placed on tables for jesa ( ancestor veneration ) , unlike other fruits . Vietnam ( edit ) A Vietnamese mythic history states that , in the spring of 1789 , after marching to Ngọc Hồi and then winning a great victory against invaders from the Qing dynasty of China , the Emperor Quang Trung ordered a messenger to gallop to Phú Xuân citadel ( now Huế ) and deliver a flowering peach branch to the Princess Ngọc Hân . This took place on the fifth day of the first lunar month , two days before the predicted end of the battle . The branch of peach flowers that was sent from the north to the centre of Vietnam was not only a message of victory from the King to his wife , but also the start of a new spring of peace and happiness for all the Vietnamese people . In addition , since the land of Nhật Tân had freely given that very branch of peach flowers to the King , it became the loyal garden of his dynasty . It was by a peach tree that the protagonists of the Tale of Kieu fell in love . And in Vietnam , the blossoming peach flower is the signal of spring . Finally , peach bonsai trees are used as decoration during Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) in northern Vietnam . Europe ( edit ) Pierre - Auguste Renoir , A still life painting of peaches Many famous artists have painted still life with peach fruits placed in prominence .", "13": "Caravaggio , Vicenzo Campi , Pierre - Auguste Renoir , Claude Monet , Édouard Manet , Henri Fantin - Latour , Severin Roesen , Peter Paul Rubens , Van Gogh are among the many influential artists who painted peaches and peach trees in various settings . Scholars suggest that many compositions are symbolic , some an effort to introduce realism . For example , Tresidder claims the artists of Renaissance symbolically used peach to represent heart , and a leaf attached to the fruit as the symbol for tongue , thereby implying speaking truth from one 's heart ; a ripe peach was also a symbol to imply a ripe state of good health . Caravaggio paintings introduce realism by painting peach leaves that are molted , discolored or in some cases have wormholes -- conditions common in modern peach cultivation . Nutrition and research ( edit ) Main article : Peach ( fruit ) § Nutrition and research Gallery ( edit ) A peach tree in blossom Peach blossoms Peach ( cultivar ' Berry ' ) -- watercolour 1895 Claude Monet , A jar of peaches References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IPNI Plant Name Query Results '' . ipni.org . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The Plant List , Prunus persica ( L . ) Batsch Jump up ^ Faust , M. ; Timon , B.L. ( 2010 ) . `` Origin and Dissemination of Peach '' . Horticultural Reviews . p. 331 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470650585. ch10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 65058 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Oregon State University . Archived from the original on 14 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production of peaches and nectarines in 2016 ; Crops / Regions / World / Production Quantity ( from pick lists ) '' . United Nations , Food and Agricultural Organization , Statistics Division ( FAOSTAT ) . 2018 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Peaches Information , Recipes and Facts '' . Specialtyproduce.com .", "14": "Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Lyle ( 2004 ) Historical Linguistics : An Introduction , 2nd ed. , Cambridge , Mass : MIT Press , p. 274 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 53267 - 0 . Jump up ^ Su , T. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Peaches Preceded Humans : Fossil Evidence from SW China '' . Scientific Reports . Nature Publishing Group . 5 : 16794 . Bibcode : 2015NatSR ... 516794S . doi : 10.1038 / srep16794 . PMC 4660870 . PMID 26610240 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Thacker , Christopher ( 1985 ) . The history of gardens . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05629 - 9 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , Akath ; Patel , R.K. ; Babu , K.D. ; De , L.C. ( 2007 ) . `` Low chiling peaches '' . Underutilized and underexploited horticultural crops . New Delhi : New India Publishing . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89422 - 69 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Geissler , Catherine ( 2009 ) . The New Oxford Book of Food Plants . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 160949 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Xiaoyan ; Zheng , Yunfei ; Crawford , Gary W. ; Chen , Xugao ( 2014 ) . `` Archaeological Evidence for Peach ( Prunus persica ) Cultivation and Domestication in China '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 9 ) : e106595 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 9j6595Z .", "15": "doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0106595 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 4156326 . PMID 25192436 . Jump up ^ Layne , Desmond R. ; Bassi , Daniele ( 2008 ) . The Peach : Botany , Production and Uses . CAB International . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84593 - 386 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fuller , D ; Madella , M ( 2001 ) . `` Issues in Harappan Archaeobotany : Retrospect and Prospect '' . In Settar , S ; Korisettar , R. Indian Archaeology in Retrospect . Volume II . Protohistory . New Delhi : Manohar . pp. 317 -- 390 . ^ Jump up to : Ensminger , Audrey H. ( 1994 ) . Foods & nutrition encyclopedia . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8980 - 1 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Alan ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to Food ( 1 ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 588 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 211579 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sadori , Laura ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` The introduction and diffusion of peach in ancient Italy '' ( PDF ) . Edipuglia . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` George Minifie '' . Genforum.genealogy.com. 21 March 1999 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Verde , I. ; Abbott , A.G. ; Scalabrin , S. ; Jung , S. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` The high - quality draft genome of peach ( Prunus persica ) identifies unique patterns of genetic diversity , domestication and genome evolution '' . Nature Genetics . 45 ( 5 ) : 487 -- 494 . doi : 10.1038 / ng. 2586 .", "16": "PMID 23525075 . Jump up ^ `` Peach tree physiology '' ( PDF ) . University of Georgia . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Szalay , L. ; Papp , J. ; Szaóbo , Z. ( 2000 ) . `` Evaluation of frost tolerance of peach varieties in artificial freezing tests '' . Acta Horticulturae. 538 ( 538 ) : 407 -- 410 . doi : 10.17660 / ActaHortic. 2000.538. 71 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2006 . Jump up ^ European Food Safety Authority ( 2015 ) . `` The 2013 European Union report on pesticide residues in food '' . EFSA Journal . 13 ( 3 ) : 4038 . doi : 10.2903 / j. efsa. 2015.4038 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . The highest maximum residue level ( MRL ) exceedance rate was found for strawberries ( 2.5 % of the samples ) , followed by lettuce ( 2.3 % ) , oats ( 1.3 % ) , peaches ( 1.1 % ) , and apples ( 1.0 % ) . Jump up ^ `` Fruit and Nut Varieties for Low - Elevation Sierra Foothills '' ( PDF ) . University of California at Davis . November 2009 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Growing Peaches in Maine '' . Archived from the original on 26 August 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peach and Nectarine Culture '' . University of Rhode Island . 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Okie , W.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Varieties -- Peaches '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 January 2013 .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Prunus persica ' Duke of York ' ( F ) AGM / RHS Gardening '' . Apps.rhs.org.uk . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Prunus persica ' Peregrine ' ( F ) AGM / RHS Gardening '' . Apps.rhs.org.uk . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Prunus persica ' Rochester ' ( F ) AGM / RHS Gardening '' . Apps.rhs.org.uk . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Prunus persica var . nectarina ' Lord Napier ' ( F ) AGM / RHS Gardening '' . Apps.rhs.org.uk . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Almonds , Nectarines , Peacherines and Apricots '' . Koanga Institute . Archived from the original on 15 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Shimabukuro , Betty ( 7 July 2004 ) . `` Mixed marriages : Cross-pollination produces fruit `` children '' that are n't quite the same as mom and dad `` . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Layne , Desmond ( 2008 ) . The Peach : Botany , Production and uses . CABI . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84593 - 386 - 9 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ingels , Chuck ; et al. ( 2007 ) . The Home Orchard : Growing Your Own Deciduous Fruit and Nut Trees . University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources . pp. 29 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : McCraw , Dean .", "18": "`` Planting and Early Care of the Peach Orchard '' . Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wer frisst Pfirsich - Blütenknopsen ? '' ( Who eats peach blossom buds ? ) . Garten-pur.de ( in German ) . 9 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UC Pest Management Guidelines '' . UC Davis . 10 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Trainotti , L. ; Tadiello , A. ; Casadoro , G. ( 2007 ) . `` The involvement of auxin in the ripening of climacteric fruits comes of age : The hormone plays a role of its own and has an intense interplay with ethylene in ripening peaches '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 58 ( 12 ) : 3299 -- 3308 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erm178 . PMID 17925301 . Jump up ^ Ziosi , V. ; Bregoli , A.M. ; Fiori , G. ; Noferini , M. ; Costa , G. ( 2007 ) . `` 1 - MCP effects on ethylene emission and fruit quality traits of peaches and nectarines '' . Advances in Plant Ethylene Research . p. 167 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6014 - 4_38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6013 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Prunus persica , peach , nectarine '' . GeoChemBio.com . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Healthy and Sustainable Food '' . The Center for Health and the Global Environment . Harvard Medical School . 16 November 2011 .", "19": "Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn C. Taylor ( 15 August 2003 ) . `` Peaches '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Fair , John D. ( 2002 ) . `` The Georgia Peach and the Southern Quest for Commercial Equity and Independence , 1843 - 1861 '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 86 ( 3 ) : 372 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Doré S.J. , Henry ; Kennelly , S.J. ( translator ) , M. ( 1914 ) . Researches into Chinese Superstitions . V. Tusewei Press , Shanghai . p. 505 . ^ Jump up to : Simoons , Frederick J. ( 1991 ) Food in China : A Cultural and Historical Inquiry , p. 218 , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8804 - X . Jump up ^ `` TCM : Peach kernels '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskildsen , Stephen ( 1998 ) . Asceticism in early taoist religion . SUNY Press . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3955 - 5 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ 한국 에서 의 복숭아 재배 ( Peach cultivation in Korea ) ( in Korean ) . Nate / Britannica . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ 복숭아 ( Peach ) ( in Korean ) . Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Torpy , Janet M.", "20": "( 2010 ) . `` Still Life With Peaches '' . JAMA. 303 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 203 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2009.1853 . ^ Jump up to : Jules Janick . `` Caravaggio 's Fruit : A Mirror on Baroque Horticulture '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ de Groft ; Aaron H. ( 2006 ) . `` Caravaggio -- Still Life with Fruit on a Stone Ledge '' . Papers of the Muscarelle Museum of Art , Volume 1 ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tresidder , Jack ( 2004 ) . 1,001 Symbols : An Illustrated Guide to Imagery and Its Meaning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 4282 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Okie , William Thomas . The Georgia Peach : Culture , Agriculture , and Environment in the American South ( Cambridge Studies on the American South , 2016 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peaches and Prunus persica . Wikispecies has information related to Prunus persica National Center for Home Food Preservation -- Freezing Peaches Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu -- Prunus persica images Clemson.", "21": "edu : Everything About Peaches Taxon identifiers Prunus persica Wd : Q13189 APDB : 84205 Calflora : 8724 EoL : 631649 EPPO : PRNPS FloraBase : 46201 FNA : 242341609 GBIF : 3022511 GRIN : 30065 iNaturalist : 78755 IPNI : 1212858 - 2 ITIS : 24765 NCBI : 3760 NZOR : 291b67cc - accb - 4e94 - 99ba - 373dca8a50ea PalDat : Prunus_persica Plant List : rjp - 376 PLANTS : PRPE3 POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 1212858 - 2 Tropicos : 27801115 VASCAN : 8872 Amygdalus persica Wd : Q21870184 FoC : 200010618 GBIF : 5369552 GRIN : 3032 ITIS : 508766 Tropicos : 27801624 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peach&oldid=838450418 '' Categories : Peaches Crops originating from China Flora of China Fruits originating in Asia Garden plants of Asia Ornamental trees Plants described in 1753 Prunus Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Use dmy dates from December 2013 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2018 Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms Talk", "22": "Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans አማርኛ Аҧсшәа Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку", "23": "Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Lea faka - Tonga ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文", "24": "डोटेली 117 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 02 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7742806606709612020	when did they stop putting lead in paint	[ "1992" ]	{ "0": "Lead - based paint in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Lead - based paint in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Further information : Lead - based paint Most lead - based paint in the United Kingdom was banned from sale to the general public in 1992 , apart from for specialist uses . Prior to this lead compounds had been used as the pigment and drying agent in different types of paint , for example brick and some tile paints Contents ( hide ) 1 White lead paint 2 Red lead 3 Coloured lead paint 4 Lead drying agent 5 Advocacy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links White lead paint ( edit ) Until the early 1960s white lead ( lead carbonate / lead sulphate ) was added in substantial quantities as the main white pigment in some paint products intended for use as a primer or top coat over metal and wood , both internally and externally . Examples of where this type of paint may have been used are skirting boards , doors , door frames , stairs , banisters , window frames and sills , wooden flooring , radiators , and pipes , though it could also have been applied to any other surface at this time e.g. plaster walls . Prior to this the concentration of white lead in paint rose to its highest levels between the years 1930 and 1955 , as much as half the volume in some paints , meaning many post-war UK houses have significant amounts of lead in original paint layers . In the 1950s , alternative white pigments , such as titanium dioxide , were introduced . In 1963 a voluntary agreement was made between the then Paintmakers ' Association , now the British Coatings Federation , and the UK Government that resulted in labeling of paint that contained more than 1 % of lead in dry film , with a warning that it should not be applied to surfaces accessible to children . However white lead - based paints remained in the supply chain and were therefore still in use for some time . Following this , white lead continued to be added to some paint available to professional decorators for specialist use . Additionally , paint with low white lead levels was applied as a thin primer coat to some pre-fabricated domestic wooden windows until the early 1980s .", "1": "In 1992 European Union legislation was implemented within the UK by the Environmental Protection , part of the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA ) , as the Controls on Injurious Substances Regulations . This prevented the addition of white lead to almost all paints except those intended for use in historic buildings and as artwork . Red lead ( edit ) The lead - based pigments ( lead tetroxide / calcium plumbate , or `` red lead '' ) were widely used as an anti-corrosive primer coating over exterior steelwork . This type of paint might have been applied to garden gates and railings , guttering and downpipes and other external iron and steel work . Similar red lead - based compounds were also widely used as a jointing compound in engineering , to form steam - or oil - tight flanged joints in pipework . Red lead in paint was not banned by the 1992 legislation or by more recent EU REACH regulations and the SPAB confirm it is technically available in the UK without special licence . In practice however it has been replaced by safer alternatives ( such as red oxide ) by most UK / EU paint suppliers ; and indeed of those that still supply it , some mistakenly assume it is covered by the 1992 regulations and request approval from a ' competent body ' before purchase . Coloured lead paint ( edit ) Until the early 1970s red , yellow , orange and green lead - based pigments ( lead chromate ) were added to a limited number of decorative coloured gloss and wall paints . Following this non-lead alternatives were used as pigments . However lead chromate continued to be used in yellow road markings up to the present day . Its use was supposed to cease on 21 May 2015 , the sunset date set by EU REACH regulations . However a last minute request for authorization by the Canadian pigment producer Dominion Colour Corporation ( DCC ) has had preliminary support by the European Chemicals Agency , which if approved could see its use continue in road markings until 2022 or later . Lead drying agent ( edit ) Lead ( lead naphthenate ) was added as a drying agent to some types of paint to ensure the paint surface hardened . In the 1960s this practice was phased out for ordinary paint available to the general public , however its use has not ( so far ) been banned by legislation .", "2": "Advocacy ( edit ) The Lead Paint Safety Association ( LiPSA ) is a not - for - profit UK organisation that aims to promote awareness and best practice in lead paint safety and compliance . LiPSA 's objective is to prevent and ultimately to eliminate childhood and occupational lead poisoning . LiPSA was founded by Tristan Olivier . LiPSA 's members include individuals and organisations , especially those in the area of lead paint testing and removal and offers web - based , email and telephone advice in relation to lead paint , including testing strategies . LiPSA also offers an emergency telephone support line for child lead poisoning and / or occupational exposure concerns . See also ( edit ) Environmental issues with paint References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Prperty : Call time on heavy metal poisoning - Business , News '' . The Independent . 1998 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Lead in Paint - Brushed Aside ? - Johnson et al. 104 ( 2 ) : 64 - Perspectives in Public Health '' . Rsh.sagepub.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Council Directive 89 / 677 / EEC '' , The Council of the European Communities , 21 December 1989 . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Environmental Protection ( Controls on Injurious Substances ) Regulations 1992 '' , UK Government Statutory Instruments 1992 No. 31 , 9 January 1992 . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` REACH Legislation '' , European Chemicals Agency . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Technical Q&A 30 : Lead Paint '' , SPSB , London , 2007 . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Technical Issues : Red Oxide '' Archived 2015 - 07 - 31 at the Wayback Machine. , Highland Colour Coaters Ltd . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 20 .", "3": "Jump up ^ `` Paints , Primers and Undercoats for Historic Buildings '' Archived 2015 - 06 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , Technical Paint Services . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Comment : End of the road for lead chromate pigments ? '' , Highways Magazine , Sevenoaks , England , November 2014 . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` EU paint associations oppose lead pigments authorization '' , Chemical Watch , 12 March 2015 . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Adopted opinions and previous consultations on applications for authorisation '' , European Chemicals Agency . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Advice on lead paint in older UK homes Lead Paint Safety Association ( hide ) Lead - based paint in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=837857010 '' Categories : Environmental issues in the United Kingdom Lead Painting and the environment Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 13 : 14 . 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3817110564772494243	what breed of dog is the teddy bear dog	[ "Zuchon", "Crossbreed of Bichon Frisé x Shih Tzu", "Zuchon", "Crossbreed of Bichon Frisé x Shih Tzu" ]	{ "0": "Zuchon - wikipedia Zuchon Jump to : navigation , search Zuchon Other names Shichon , Teddy Bear Origin United States Foundation stock Crossbreed of Bichon Frisé x Shih Tzu ( hide ) Traits Weight 7 - 15 lbs . Height 9 - 12 inches tall Life span average 12 - 15 years Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) Zuchon or Shichon is a hybrid breed dog or a designer dog . It is cross between Bichon Frisé and Shih Tzu . The Zuchon is a small designer dog with a height around 12 inches and weighing 12 to 14 pounds . Zuchon is a portmanteau name combining the two breed names and is not accepted as a breed by the AKC or any other major recognised dog breed registry . It is a dog that does not shed but it also requires maintenance with regular grooming . Because it is a hybrid dog from two purebreds , it is known to have hybrid vigor , when they are first generation , could possibly have better health than the purebred dogs . However , if they are not first generation , health problems can exist . The dog breed has a short history beginning only at the turn of the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Temperament 3 Health 4 History 5 References 6 External links Appearance ( edit ) The Zuchon is also known as a Shichon or , less commonly , a Tzu Frise . They reach an average height of 9 - 12 inches from the shoulder , and a weight of 8 - 25 pounds fully grown . ' Dog Breed Info ' says the Zuchon is a dog `` known for his endearing face , large expressive eyes , and his soft teddy - bear coat . '' The Zuchon usually has a longer coat that does not shed very much , if at all . This longer coat may lead to more time for maintenance and grooming . As hypoallergenic dogs , Zuchons are generally more suitable for homes with allergy problems amongst the inhabitants , although allergic reactions may still occur .", "1": "Temperament ( edit ) This toy dog is said to have a `` great '' personality , and it is playful , lively and well - mannered . They can be a bit stubborn , but when they are trained well , they are a good family pet . They are easily trained . The Zuchon is a well - mannered dog known to be social , happy , and gentle . They become devoted to their families but need much attention and do not do well when left alone for long periods of time . They are good therapy dogs . Sometimes the Zuchon may be stubborn and in need of training . The Zuchon will remain active . They make fairly good watch dogs . When necessary , this dog will bark to alert its family that someone is nearby . This breed is typically good with other pets , especially when socialized at an early age . This dog gets along well with children , but it may be a good idea to socialize this breed at an early age as well as to supervise play time with children to make sure that the dog does not get hurt as a result of its small size . Health ( edit ) An important feature with the Zuchon hybrid breed is its longevity . The average life - expectancy of a Zuchon is around 12 -- 15 years . The Zuchon , like many hybrid breeds , is usually healthy without showing the congenital defects that purebreds can have from inbreeding . However , this is only true if the Zuchon is a first generation dog . When a multi-generation Zuchon is born , the possibility of health issues increases . Some possible defects known to designer dogs include canine hip dysplasia , deafness , epilepsy , and liver disease . History ( edit ) Americans began breeding designer dogs in the 1990s . The Zuchon is a cross between an oriental Shih Tzu and a Mediterranean Bichon Frisé . Although this breed of dog is relatively new , its popularity and fame is growing quickly . The Zuchon is still not thought of as an official breed of dog , only a cross-breed . This may change as the dog is becoming a popular toy dog being classified with all other toy dog purebreds . Organizations that recognise this breed include the American Canine Hybrid Club and the Designer Dogs Kennel Club .", "2": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AMERICAN CANINE HYBRID CLUB HYBRID BREEDS '' . American Canine Hybrid Club . 2014 . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zuchon Characteristics , tinytracks.net , 2001 , accessed October 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shichhon Information Archived August 22 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , dogpage.us , 1997 , accessed October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Teddy Bear Puppy ? '' . Mini Teddy Bear Puppies . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : All You Need To Know About The Bichon Frise Shih Tzu Mix , http://www.dogtemperament.com/ , accessed February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hypoallergenic Dogs , puppy-basics.com , 2005 , accessed October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dejong , Fifi ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Dogs Book '' . Rikhi Publishing . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Character of Shichon , http://www.shichondog.com/ 2011 , accessed February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Small Vs. Large Dog , smalldogsparadise.com , 2006 , accessed October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Health Concerns for Dogs Archived February 2 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , ecsca.org , 2009 , accessed October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mooallem , Jon ( February 4 , 2007 ) . `` The Modern Kennel Conundrum '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Zuchon , Petguide.com Shichon , Dog Breed Plus Teddy Bear Puppies , Teddy Bear Dogs ! Facts and Information . the Complete Owner 's Guide to the Dogs That Look Like Teddy Bears : Teddy Bear Dogs , Shichons , Zuchons . Buckley , Joseph .", "3": "October 8 , 2014 . ISBN 9780990607212 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zuchon&oldid=828320282 '' Categories : Dog breeds originating in the United States Dog crossbreeds Toy dogs Companion dogs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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