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-3875958317236683310	when did the battles of lexington and concord happen	[ "April 19, 1775", "April 19, 1775", "April 19, 1775", "April 19, 1775", "April 19, 1775" ]	{ "0": "Battles of Lexington and Concord - wikipedia Battles of Lexington and Concord Jump to : navigation , search `` Battle of Lexington '' redirects here . For the American Civil War battles , see Battle of Lexington ( disambiguation ) .", "1": "Battles of Lexington and Concord Part of the American Revolutionary War Romanticized 19th - century depiction of Battle of Lexington Date April 19 , 1775 ; 242 years ago ( 1775 - 04 - 19 ) Location Middlesex County , Massachusetts Lexington : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W / 42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833 ( Lexington ) Coordinates : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W / 42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833 ( Lexington ) Concord : 42 ° 28 ′ 08.54 '' N 71 ° 21 ′ 02.08 '' W / 42.4690389 ° N 71.3505778 ° W / 42.4690389 ; - 71.3505778 ( Concord ) Result Strategic American victory British forces succeed in destroying cannon and supplies in Concord Militia successfully drive British back to Boston Start of the American Revolutionary War Belligerents Massachusetts Bay Great Britain Commanders and leaders John Parker James Barrett John Buttrick John Robinson William Heath Joseph Warren Isaac Davis † Francis Smith John Pitcairn ( WIA ) Hugh Percy Strength Lexington : 77 Concord : 400 End of Battle : 3,960 Departing Boston : 700 Lexington : 400 Concord : 100 End of Battle : 1,500 Casualties and losses 49 killed 39 wounded 5 missing 73 killed 174 wounded 53 missing ( hide ) Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War .", "2": "The battles were fought on April 19 , 1775 in Middlesex County , Province of Massachusetts Bay , within the towns of Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Menotomy ( present - day Arlington ) , and Cambridge . They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America . In late 1774 , Colonial leaders adopted the Suffolk Resolves in resistance to the alterations made to the Massachusetts colonial government by the British parliament following the Boston Tea Party . The colonial assembly responded by forming a Patriot provisional government known as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and calling for local militias to train for possible hostilities . The Colonial government exercised effective control of the colony outside of British - controlled Boston . In response , the British government in February 1775 declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion . About 700 British Army regulars in Boston , under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith , were given secret orders to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord . Through effective intelligence gathering , Patriot leaders had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations . On the night before the battle , warning of the British expedition had been rapidly sent from Boston to militias in the area by several riders , including Paul Revere , with information about British plans . The initial mode of the Army 's arrival by water was signaled from the Old North Church in Boston to Charleston using lanterns to communicate `` one if by land , two if by sea '' . The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington . Eight militiamen were killed , including Ensign Robert Munroe , their ranking officer . The British suffered only one casualty . The militia were outnumbered and fell back , and the regulars proceeded on to Concord , where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies . At the North Bridge in Concord , approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King 's troops at about 11 : 00 am , resulting in casualties on both sides . The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord . The British forces began their return march to Boston after completing their search for military supplies , and more militiamen continued to arrive from neighboring towns .", "3": "Gunfire erupted again between the two sides and continued throughout the day as the regulars marched back towards Boston . Upon returning to Lexington , Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under Brigadier General Hugh Percy , a future duke of Northumberland known as Earl Percy . The combined force of about 1,700 men marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a tactical withdrawal and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown . The accumulated militias then blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston , starting the Siege of Boston . Ralph Waldo Emerson describes the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge in his `` Concord Hymn '' as the `` shot heard round the world '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 British government preparations 1.2 American preparations 1.3 Militia forces assemble 1.4 British forces advance 2 The Battles 2.1 Lexington 2.1. 1 First shot 2.2 Concord 2.2. 1 The search for militia supplies 2.2. 2 The North Bridge 2.2. 3 After the fight 2.3 Return march 2.3. 1 Concord to Lexington 2.3. 2 Percy 's rescue 2.3. 3 Lexington to Menotomy 2.3. 4 Menotomy to Charlestown 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Commemorations 5.1 Centennial commemoration 5.2 Sesquicentennial commemoration 5.3 Bicentennial commemoration 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background Further information : Boston campaign Thomas Gage The British Army 's infantry was nicknamed `` redcoats '' and sometimes `` devils '' by the colonists . They had occupied Boston since 1768 and had been augmented by naval forces and marines to enforce what the colonists called The Intolerable Acts , which had been passed by the British Parliament to punish the Province of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party and other acts of defiance .", "4": "General Thomas Gage was the military governor of Massachusetts and commander - in - chief of the roughly 3,000 British military forces garrisoned in Boston . He had no control over Massachusetts outside of Boston , however , where implementation of the Acts had increased tensions between the Patriot Whig majority and the pro-British Tory minority . Gage 's plan was to avoid conflict by removing military supplies from Whig militias using small , secret , and rapid strikes . This struggle for supplies led to one British success and several Patriot successes in a series of nearly bloodless conflicts known as the Powder Alarms . Gage considered himself to be a friend of liberty and attempted to separate his duties as governor of the colony and as general of an occupying force . Edmund Burke described Gage 's conflicted relationship with Massachusetts by saying in Parliament , `` An Englishman is the unfittest person on Earth to argue another Englishman into slavery . '' The colonists had been forming militias since the very beginnings of Colonial settlement for the purpose of defense against Indian attacks . These forces also saw action in the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763 when they fought alongside British regulars . Under the laws of each New England colony , all towns were obligated to form militia companies composed of all males 16 years of age and older ( there were exemptions for some categories ) , and to ensure that the members were properly armed . The Massachusetts militias were formally under the jurisdiction of the provincial government , but militia companies throughout New England elected their own officers . Gage effectively dissolved the provincial government under the terms of the Massachusetts Government Act , and these existing connections were employed by the colonists under the Massachusetts Provincial Congress for the purpose of resistance to the military threat from Britain .", "5": "British government preparations A February 1775 address to King George III , by both houses of Parliament , declared that a state of rebellion existed : We ... find that a part of your Majesty ' s subjects , in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay , have proceeded so far to resist the authority of the supreme Legislature , that a rebellion at this time actually exists within the said Province ; and we see , with the utmost concern , that they have been countenanced and encouraged by unlawful combinations and engagements entered into by your Majesty 's subjects in several of the other Colonies , to the injury and oppression of many of their innocent fellow - subjects , resident within the Kingdom of Great Britain , and the rest of your Majesty ' s Dominions ... We ... shall ... pay attention and regard to any real grievances ... laid before us ; and whenever any of the Colonies shall make a proper application to us , we shall be ready to afford them every just and reasonable indulgence . At the same time we ... beseech your Majesty that you will ... enforce due obedience to the laws and authority of the supreme Legislature ; and ... it is our fixed resolution , at the hazard of our lives and properties , to stand by your Majesty against all rebellious attempts in the maintenance of the just rights of your Majesty , and the two Houses of Parliament . On April 14 , 1775 , Gage received instructions from Secretary of State William Legge , Earl of Dartmouth , to disarm the rebels and to imprison the rebellion 's leaders , but Dartmouth gave Gage considerable discretion in his commands . Gage 's decision to act promptly may have been influenced by information he received on April 15 , from a spy within the Provincial Congress , telling him that although the Congress was still divided on the need for armed resistance , delegates were being sent to the other New England colonies to see if they would cooperate in raising a New England army of 18,000 colonial soldiers . Francis Smith , commander of the military expedition , in a 1763 portrait On the morning of April 18 , Gage ordered a mounted patrol of about 20 men under the command of Major Mitchell of the 5th Regiment of Foot into the surrounding country to intercept messengers who might be out on horseback . This patrol behaved differently from patrols sent out from Boston in the past , staying out after dark and asking travelers about the location of Samuel Adams and John Hancock .", "6": "This had the unintended effect of alarming many residents and increasing their preparedness . The Lexington militia in particular began to muster early that evening , hours before receiving any word from Boston . A well - known story alleges that after nightfall one farmer , Josiah Nelson , mistook the British patrol for the colonists and asked them , `` Have you heard anything about when the regulars are coming out ? '' upon which he was slashed on his scalp with a sword . However , the story of this incident was not published until over a century later , which suggests that it may be little more than a family myth . Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith received orders from Gage on the afternoon of April 18 with instructions that he was not to read them until his troops were underway . He was to proceed from Boston `` with utmost expedition and secrecy to Concord , where you will seize and destroy ... all Military stores ... But you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants or hurt private property . '' Gage used his discretion and did not issue written orders for the arrest of rebel leaders , as he feared doing so might spark an uprising . American preparations Margaret Kemble Gage may have given military intelligence to the rebels . On March 30 , 1775 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress issued the following resolution : Whenever the army under command of General Gage , or any part thereof to the number of five hundred , shall march out of the town of Boston , with artillery and baggage , it ought to be deemed a design to carry into execution by force the late acts of Parliament , the attempting of which , by the resolve of the late honourable Continental Congress , ought to be opposed ; and therefore the military force of the Province ought to be assembled , and an army of observation immediately formed , to act solely on the defensive so long as it can be justified on the principles of reason and self - preservation . The rebellion 's leaders -- with the exception of Paul Revere and Joseph Warren -- had all left Boston by April 8 . They had received word of Dartmouth 's secret instructions to General Gage from sources in London well before they reached Gage himself . Adams and Hancock had fled Boston to the home of one of Hancock 's relatives in Lexington , where they thought they would be safe from the immediate threat of arrest .", "7": "The Massachusetts militias had indeed been gathering a stock of weapons , powder , and supplies at Concord and much further west in Worcester . An expedition from Boston to Concord was widely anticipated . After a large contingent of regulars alarmed the countryside by an expedition from Boston to Watertown on March 30 , The Pennsylvania Journal , a newspaper in Philadelphia , reported , `` It was supposed they were going to Concord , where the Provincial Congress is now sitting . A quantity of provisions and warlike stores are lodged there ... It is ... said they are intending to go out again soon . '' On April 8 , Paul Revere rode to Concord to warn the inhabitants that the British appeared to be planning an expedition . The townspeople decided to remove the stores and distribute them among other towns nearby . The colonists were also aware that April 19 would be the date of the expedition , despite Gage 's efforts to keep the details hidden from all the British rank and file and even from the officers who would command the mission . There is reasonable speculation , although not proven , that the confidential source of this intelligence was Margaret Gage , General Gage 's New Jersey - born wife , who had sympathies with the Colonial cause and a friendly relationship with Warren . Between 9 and 10 pm on the night of April 18 , 1775 , Joseph Warren told Revere and William Dawes that the British troops were about to embark in boats from Boston bound for Cambridge and the road to Lexington and Concord . Warren 's intelligence suggested that the most likely objectives of the regulars ' movements later that night would be the capture of Adams and Hancock . They did not worry about the possibility of regulars marching to Concord , since the supplies at Concord were safe , but they did think their leaders in Lexington were unaware of the potential danger that night . Revere and Dawes were sent out to warn them and to alert colonial militias in nearby towns . Militia forces assemble Further information : Minutemen Dawes covered the southern land route by horseback across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge to Lexington . Revere first gave instructions to send a signal to Charlestown using lanterns hung in the steeple of Boston 's Old North Church . He then traveled the northern water route , crossing the mouth of the Charles River by rowboat , slipping past the British warship HMS Somerset at anchor .", "8": "Crossings were banned at that hour , but Revere safely landed in Charlestown and rode west to Lexington , warning almost every house along the route . Additional riders were sent north from Charlestown . Silversmith Paul Revere and several other messengers on horseback sounded the alarm that the regulars were leaving Boston . After they arrived in Lexington , Revere , Dawes , Hancock , and Adams discussed the situation with the militia assembling there . They believed that the forces leaving the city were too large for the sole task of arresting two men and that Concord was the main target . The Lexington men dispatched riders to the surrounding towns , and Revere and Dawes continued along the road to Concord accompanied by Samuel Prescott . In Lincoln , they ran into the British patrol led by Major Mitchell . Revere was captured , Dawes was thrown from his horse , and only Prescott escaped to reach Concord . Additional riders were sent out from Concord . The ride of Revere , Dawes , and Prescott triggered a flexible system of `` alarm and muster '' that had been carefully developed months before , in reaction to the colonists ' impotent response to the Powder Alarm . This system was an improved version of an old notification network for use in times of emergency . The colonists had periodically used it during the early years of Indian wars in the colony , before it fell into disuse in the French and Indian War . In addition to other express riders delivering messages , bells , drums , alarm guns , bonfires and a trumpet were used for rapid communication from town to town , notifying the rebels in dozens of eastern Massachusetts villages that they should muster their militias because over 500 regulars were leaving Boston . This system was so effective that people in towns 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Boston were aware of the army 's movements while they were still unloading boats in Cambridge . These early warnings played a crucial role in assembling a sufficient number of colonial militia to inflict heavy damage on the British regulars later in the day . Adams and Hancock were eventually moved to safety , first to what is now Burlington and later to Billerica . A National Park Service map showing the routes of the initial Patriot messengers and of the British expedition British forces advance Around dusk , General Gage called a meeting of his senior officers at the Province House .", "9": "He informed them that instructions from Lord Dartmouth had arrived , ordering him to take action against the colonials . He also told them that the senior colonel of his regiments , Lieutenant Colonel Smith , would command , with Major John Pitcairn as his executive officer . The meeting adjourned around 8 : 30 pm , after which Earl Percy mingled with town folk on Boston Common . According to one account , the discussion among people there turned to the unusual movement of the British soldiers in the town . When Percy questioned one man further , the man replied , `` Well , the regulars will miss their aim . '' `` What aim ? '' asked Percy . `` Why , the cannon at Concord '' was the reply . Upon hearing this , Percy quickly returned to Province House and relayed this information to General Gage . Stunned , Gage issued orders to prevent messengers from getting out of Boston , but these were too late to prevent Dawes and Revere from leaving . 1775 map of the battles and of the Siege of Boston The British regulars , around 700 infantry , were drawn from 11 of Gage 's 13 occupying infantry regiments . Major Pitcairn commanded ten elite light infantry companies , and Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Bernard commanded 11 grenadier companies , under the overall command of Lieutenant Colonel Smith . Of the troops assigned to the expedition , 350 were from grenadier companies drawn from the 4th ( King 's Own ) , 5th , 10th , 18th ( Royal Irish ) , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd and 59th Regiments of Foot , and the 1st Battalion of His Majesty 's Marine Forces . Protecting the grenadier companies were about 320 light infantry from the 4th , 5th , 10th , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd , and 59th Regiments , and the 1st Battalion of the Marines . Each company had its own lieutenant , but the majority of the captains commanding them were volunteers attached to them at the last minute , drawn from all the regiments stationed in Boston . This lack of familiarity between commander and company would cause problems during the battle .", "10": "The British began to awaken their troops at 9 pm on the night of April 18 and assembled them on the water 's edge on the western end of Boston Common by 10 pm . Colonel Smith was late in arriving , and there was no organized boat - loading operation , resulting in confusion at the staging area . The boats used were naval barges that were packed so tightly that there was no room to sit down . When they disembarked near Phipps Farm in Cambridge , it was into waist - deep water at midnight . After a lengthy halt to unload their gear , the regulars began their 17 miles ( 27 km ) march to Concord at about 2 am . During the wait they were provided with extra ammunition , cold salt pork , and hard sea biscuits . They did not carry knapsacks , since they would not be encamped . They carried their haversacks ( food bags ) , canteens , muskets , and accoutrements , and marched off in wet , muddy shoes and soggy uniforms . As they marched through Menotomy , sounds of the colonial alarms throughout the countryside caused the few officers who were aware of their mission to realize they had lost the element of surprise . At about 3 am , Colonel Smith sent Major Pitcairn ahead with six companies of light infantry under orders to quick march to Concord . At about 4 am Smith made the wise but belated decision to send a messenger back to Boston asking for reinforcements . The Battles Lexington BEP engraved vignette Battle of Lexington which appeared on the $20 National Bank Note Battle of Lexington , April 19 , 1775 , New York Public Library Though often styled a battle , in reality the engagement at Lexington was a minor brush or skirmish . As the regulars ' advance guard under Pitcairn entered Lexington at sunrise on April 19 , 1775 , about 80 Lexington militiamen emerged from Buckman Tavern and stood in ranks on the village common watching them , and between 40 and 100 spectators watched from along the side of the road . Their leader was Captain John Parker , a veteran of the French and Indian War , who was suffering from tuberculosis and was at times difficult to hear .", "11": "Of the militiamen who lined up , nine had the surname Harrington , seven Munroe ( including the company 's orderly sergeant , William Munroe ) , four Parker , three Tidd , three Locke , and three Reed ; fully one quarter of them were related to Captain Parker in some way . This group of militiamen was part of Lexington 's `` training band '' , a way of organizing local militias dating back to the Puritans , and not what was styled a minuteman company . After having waited most of the night with no sign of any British troops ( and wondering if Paul Revere 's warning was true ) , at about 4 : 15 a.m. , Parker got his confirmation . Thaddeus Bowman , the last scout that Parker had sent out , rode up at a gallop and told him that they were not only coming , but coming in force and they were close . Captain Parker was clearly aware that he was outmatched in the confrontation and was not prepared to sacrifice his men for no purpose . He knew that most of the colonists ' powder and military supplies at Concord had already been hidden . No war had been declared . ( The Declaration of Independence was a year in the future . ) He also knew the British had gone on such expeditions before in Massachusetts , found nothing , and marched back to Boston . Parker had every reason to expect that to occur again . The Regulars would march to Concord , find nothing , and return to Boston , tired but empty - handed . He positioned his company carefully . He placed them in parade - ground formation , on Lexington Common . They were in plain sight ( not hiding behind walls ) , but not blocking the road to Concord . They made a show of political and military determination , but no effort to prevent the march of the Regulars . Many years later , one of the participants recalled Parker 's words as being what is now engraved in stone at the site of the battle : `` Stand your ground ; do n't fire unless fired upon , but if they mean to have a war , let it begin here . ''", "12": "According to Parker 's sworn deposition taken after the battle : I ... ordered our Militia to meet on the Common in said Lexington to consult what to do , and concluded not to be discovered , nor meddle or make with said Regular Troops ( if they should approach ) unless they should insult or molest us ; and , upon their sudden Approach , I immediately ordered our Militia to disperse , and not to fire : -- Immediately said Troops made their appearance and rushed furiously , fired upon , and killed eight of our Party without receiving any Provocation therefor from us . -- John Parker Rather than turn left towards Concord , Marine Lieutenant Jesse Adair , at the head of the advance guard , decided on his own to protect the flank of the British column by first turning right and then leading the companies onto the Common itself , in a confused effort to surround and disarm the militia . Major Pitcairn arrived from the rear of the advance force and led his three companies to the left and halted them . The remaining companies under Colonel Smith lay further down the road toward Boston . First shot A British officer ( probably Pitcairn , but accounts are uncertain , as it may also have been Lieutenant William Sutherland ) then rode forward , waving his sword , and called out for the assembled militia to disperse , and may also have ordered them to `` lay down your arms , you damned rebels ! '' Captain Parker told his men instead to disperse and go home , but , because of the confusion , the yelling all around , and due to the raspiness of Parker 's tubercular voice , some did not hear him , some left very slowly , and none laid down their arms . Both Parker and Pitcairn ordered their men to hold fire , but a shot was fired from an unknown source . The first of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 . Doolittle visited the battle sites and interviewed soldiers and witnesses . Contains controversial elements , possibly inaccuracies . Fire from the militia may have occurred but is not depicted .", "13": "( A ) t 5 o'clock we arrived ( in Lexington ) , and saw a number of people , I believe between 200 and 300 , formed in a common in the middle of town ; we still continued advancing , keeping prepared against an attack through without intending to attack them ; but on our coming near them they fired on us two shots , upon which our men without any orders , rushed upon them , fired and put them to flight ; several of them were killed , we could not tell how many , because they were behind walls and into the woods . We had a man of the 10th light Infantry wounded , nobody else was hurt . We then formed on the Common , but with some difficulty , the men were so wild they could hear no orders ; we waited a considerable time there , and at length proceeded our way to Concord . -- Lieutenant John Barker , 4th Regiment of Foot According to one member of Parker 's militia , none of the Americans had discharged their muskets as they faced the oncoming British troops . The British did suffer one casualty , a slight wound , the particulars of which were corroborated by a deposition made by Corporal John Munroe . Munroe stated that : After the first fire of the regulars , I thought , and so stated to Ebenezer Munroe ... who stood next to me on the left , that they had fired nothing but powder ; but on the second firing , Munroe stated they had fired something more than powder , for he had received a wound in his arm ; and now , said he , to use his own words , ' I 'll give them the guts of my gun . ' We then both took aim at the main body of British troops the smoke preventing our seeing anything but the heads of some of their horses and discharged our pieces . Some witnesses among the regulars reported the first shot was fired by a colonial onlooker from behind a hedge or around the corner of a tavern . Some observers reported a mounted British officer firing first . Both sides generally agreed that the initial shot did not come from the men on the ground immediately facing each other . Speculation arose later in Lexington that a man named Solomon Brown fired the first shot from inside the tavern or from behind a wall , but this has been discredited .", "14": "Some witnesses ( on each side ) claimed that someone on the other side fired first ; however , many more witnesses claimed to not know . Yet another theory is that the first shot was one fired by the British , that killed Asahel Porter , their prisoner who was running away ( he had been told to walk away and he would be let go , though he panicked and began to run ) . Historian David Hackett Fischer has proposed that there may actually have been multiple near - simultaneous shots . Historian Mark Urban claims the British surged forward with bayonets ready in an undisciplined way , provoking a few scattered shots from the militia . In response the British troops , without orders , fired a devastating volley . This lack of discipline among the British troops had a key role in the escalation of violence . Witnesses at the scene described several intermittent shots fired from both sides before the lines of regulars began to fire volleys without receiving orders to do so . A few of the militiamen believed at first that the regulars were only firing powder with no ball , but when they realized the truth , few if any of the militia managed to load and return fire . The rest ran for their lives . We Nathaniel Mulliken , Philip Russell , ( and 32 other men ... ) do testify and declare , that on the nineteenth in the morning , being informed that ... a body of regulars were marching from Boston towards Concord ... About five o'clock in the morning , hearing our drum beat , we proceeded towards the parade , and soon found that a large body of troops were marching towards us , some of our company were coming to the parade , and others had reached it , at which time , the company began to disperse , whilst our backs were turned on the troops , we were fired on by them , and a number of our men were instantly killed and wounded , not a gun was fired by any person in our company on the regulars to our knowledge before they fired on us , and continued firing until we had all made our escape . The regulars then charged forward with bayonets . Captain Parker 's cousin Jonas was run through . Eight Lexington men were killed , and ten were wounded . The only British casualty was a soldier who was wounded in the thigh .", "15": "The eight colonists killed were John Brown , Samuel Hadley , Caleb Harrington , Jonathon Harrington , Robert Munroe , Isaac Muzzey , Asahel Porter , and Jonas Parker . Jonathon Harrington , fatally wounded by a British musket ball , managed to crawl back to his home , and died on his own doorstep . One wounded man , Prince Estabrook , was a black slave who was serving in the militia . The companies under Pitcairn 's command got beyond their officers ' control in part because they were unaware of the actual purpose of the day 's mission . They fired in different directions and prepared to enter private homes . Colonel Smith , who was just arriving with the remainder of the regulars , heard the musket fire and rode forward from the grenadier column to see the action . He quickly found a drummer and ordered him to beat assembly . The grenadiers arrived shortly thereafter , and once order was restored among the soldiers , the light infantry were permitted to fire a victory volley , after which the column was reformed and marched on toward Concord . Concord The second of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , depicting the British entering Concord In response to the raised alarm , the militiamen of Concord and Lincoln had mustered in Concord . They received reports of firing at Lexington , and were not sure whether to wait until they could be reinforced by troops from towns nearby , or to stay and defend the town , or to move east and greet the British Army from superior terrain . A column of militia marched down the road toward Lexington to meet the British , traveling about 1.5 miles ( 2 km ) until they met the approaching column of regulars . As the regulars numbered about 700 and the militia at this time only numbered about 250 , the militia column turned around and marched back into Concord , preceding the regulars by a distance of about 500 yards ( 457 m ) . The militia retreated to a ridge overlooking the town , and their officers discussed what to do next . Caution prevailed , and Colonel James Barrett withdrew from the town of Concord and led the men across the North Bridge to a hill about a mile north of town , where they could continue to watch the troop movements of the British and the activities in the center of town .", "16": "This step proved fortuitous , as the ranks of the militia continued to grow as minuteman companies arriving from the western towns joined them there . The search for militia supplies When the British troops arrived in the village of Concord , Lt. Col. Smith divided them to carry out Gage 's orders . The 10th Regiment 's company of grenadiers secured South Bridge under Captain Mundy Pole , while seven companies of light infantry under Captain Parsons , numbering about 100 , secured the North Bridge , where they were visible across the cleared fields to the assembling militia companies . Captain Parsons took four companies from the 5th , 23rd , 38th and 52nd Regiments up the road 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) beyond the North Bridge to search Barrett 's Farm , where intelligence indicated supplies would be found . Two companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments were stationed to guard their return route , and one company from the 43rd remained guarding the bridge itself . These companies , which were under the relatively inexperienced command of Captain Walter Laurie , were aware that they were significantly outnumbered by the 400 - plus militiamen . The concerned Captain Laurie sent a messenger to Lt. Col. Smith requesting reinforcements . Using detailed information provided by Loyalist spies , the grenadier companies searched the small town for military supplies . When they arrived at Ephraim Jones 's tavern , by the jail on the South Bridge road , they found the door barred shut , and Jones refused them entry . According to reports provided by local Loyalists , Pitcairn knew cannon had been buried on the property . Jones was ordered at gunpoint to show where the guns were buried . These turned out to be three massive pieces , firing 24 - pound shot , that were much too heavy to use defensively , but very effective against fortifications , with sufficient range to bombard the city of Boston from other parts of nearby mainland . The grenadiers smashed the trunnions of these three guns so they could not be mounted . They also burned some gun carriages found in the village meetinghouse , and when the fire spread to the meetinghouse itself , local resident Martha Moulton persuaded the soldiers to help in a bucket brigade to save the building .", "17": "Nearly a hundred barrels of flour and salted food were thrown into the millpond , as were 550 pounds of musket balls . Of the damage done , only that done to the cannon was significant . All of the shot and much of the food was recovered after the British left . During the search , the regulars were generally scrupulous in their treatment of the locals , including paying for food and drink consumed . This excessive politeness was used to advantage by the locals , who were able to misdirect searches from several smaller caches of militia supplies . Barrett 's Farm had been an arsenal weeks before , but few weapons remained now , and according to family legend , these were quickly buried in furrows to look like a crop had been planted . The troops sent there did not find any supplies of consequence . The North bridge The reconstructed North Bridge in Minute Man National Historical Park , Concord Colonel Barrett 's troops , upon seeing smoke rising from the village square as the British burned cannon carriages , and seeing only a few light infantry companies directly below them , decided to march back toward the town from their vantage point on Punkatasset Hill to a lower , closer flat hilltop about 300 yards ( 274 m ) from the North Bridge . As the militia advanced , the two British companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments that held the position near the road retreated to the bridge and yielded the hill to Barrett 's men . Five full companies of Minutemen and five more of militia from Acton , Concord , Bedford and Lincoln occupied this hill as more groups of men streamed in , totaling at least 400 against Captain Laurie 's light infantry companies , a force totaling 90 -- 95 men . Barrett ordered the Massachusetts men to form one long line two abreast on the highway leading down to the bridge , and then he called for another consultation . While overlooking North Bridge from the top of the hill , Barrett , Lt. Col. John Robinson of Westford and the other Captains discussed possible courses of action . Captain Isaac Davis of Acton , whose troops had arrived late , declared his willingness to defend a town not their own by saying , `` I 'm not afraid to go , and I have n't a man that 's afraid to go . ''", "18": "Barrett told the men to load their weapons but not to fire unless fired upon , and then ordered them to advance . Laurie ordered the British companies guarding the bridge to retreat across it . One officer then tried to pull up the loose planks of the bridge to impede the colonial advance , but Major Buttrick began to yell at the regulars to stop harming the bridge . The Minutemen and militia from Concord , Acton and a handful of Westford Minutemen , advanced in column formation , two by two , led by Major Buttrick , Lt. Col. Robinson , then Capt . Davis , on the light infantry , keeping to the road , since it was surrounded by the spring floodwaters of the Concord River . Captain Laurie then made a poor tactical decision . Since his summons for help had not produced any results , he ordered his men to form positions for `` street firing '' behind the bridge in a column running perpendicular to the river . This formation was appropriate for sending a large volume of fire into a narrow alley between the buildings of a city , but not for an open path behind a bridge . Confusion reigned as regulars retreating over the bridge tried to form up in the street - firing position of the other troops . Lieutenant Sutherland , who was in the rear of the formation , saw Laurie 's mistake and ordered flankers to be sent out . But as he was from a company different from the men under his command , only three soldiers obeyed him . The remainder tried as best they could in the confusion to follow the orders of the superior officer . The third of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , depicting the engagement at the North Bridge A shot rang out . It was likely a warning shot fired by a panicked , exhausted British soldier from the 43rd , according to Captain Laurie 's report to his commander after the fight . Two other regulars then fired immediately after that , shots splashing in the river , and then the narrow group up front , possibly thinking the order to fire had been given , fired a ragged volley before Laurie could stop them . Two of the Acton Minutemen , Private Abner Hosmer and Captain Isaac Davis , who were at the head of the line marching to the bridge , were hit and killed instantly . Rev. Dr.", "19": "Ripley recalled : The Americans commenced their march in double file ... In a minute or two , the Americans being in quick motion and within ten or fifteen rods of the bridge , a single gun was fired by a British soldier , which marked the way , passing under Col. Robinson 's arm and slightly wounding the side of Luther Blanchard , a fifer , in the Acton Company . Four more men were wounded . Major Buttrick then yelled to the militia , `` Fire , for God 's sake , fellow soldiers , fire ! '' At this point the lines were separated by the Concord River and the bridge , and were only 50 yards ( 46 m ) apart . The few front rows of colonists , bound by the road and blocked from forming a line of fire , managed to fire over each other 's heads and shoulders at the regulars massed across the bridge . Four of the eight British officers and sergeants , who were leading from the front of their troops , were wounded by the volley of musket fire . At least three privates ( Thomas Smith , Patrick Gray , and James Hall , all from the 4th ) were killed or mortally wounded , and nine were wounded . In 1824 , Reverend and Minuteman Joseph Thaxter wrote : I was an eyewitness to the following facts . The people of Westford and Acton , some few of Concord , were the first who faced the British at Concord bridge . The British had placed about ninety men as a guard at the North Bridge ; we had then no certain information that any had been killed at Lexington , we saw the British making destruction in the town of Concord ; it was proposed to advance to the bridge ; on this Colonel Robinson , of Westford , together with Major Buttrick , took the lead ; strict orders were given not to fire , unless the British fired first ; when they advanced about halfway on the causeway the British fired one gun , a second , a third , and then the whole body ; they killed Colonel Davis , of Acton , and a Mr. Hosmer . Our people then fired over one another 's heads , being in a long column , two and two ; they killed two and wounded eleven .", "20": "Lieutenant Hawkstone , said to be the greatest beauty of the British army , had his cheeks so badly wounded that it disfigured him much , of which he bitterly complained . On this , the British fled , and assembled on the hill , the north side of Concord , and dressed their wounded , and then began their retreat . As they descended the hill near the road that comes out from Bedford they were pursued ; Colonel Bridge , with a few men from Bedford and Chelmsford , came up , and killed several men . The regulars found themselves trapped in a situation where they were both outnumbered and outmaneuvered . Lacking effective leadership and terrified at the superior numbers of the enemy , with their spirit broken , and likely not having experienced combat before , they abandoned their wounded , and fled to the safety of the approaching grenadier companies coming from the town center , isolating Captain Parsons and the companies searching for arms at Barrett 's Farm . After the fight Statue memorializing the battle at the North Bridge , inscribed with verse from Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' The colonists were stunned by their success . No one had actually believed either side would shoot to kill the other . Some advanced ; many more retreated ; and some went home to see to the safety of their homes and families . Colonel Barrett eventually began to recover control . He moved some of the militia back to the hilltop 300 yards ( 274 m ) away and sent Major Buttrick with others across the bridge to a defensive position on a hill behind a stone wall . Lieutenant Colonel Smith heard the exchange of fire from his position in the town moments after he received the request for reinforcements from Laurie . He quickly assembled two companies of grenadiers to lead toward the North Bridge himself . As these troops marched , they met the shattered remnants of the three light infantry companies running towards them . Smith was concerned about the four companies that had been at Barrett 's , since their route to town was now unprotected . When he saw the Minutemen in the distance behind their wall , he halted his two companies and moved forward with only his officers to take a closer look .", "21": "One of the Minutemen behind that wall observed , `` If we had fired , I believe we could have killed almost every officer there was in the front , but we had no orders to fire and there was n't a gun fired . '' During a tense standoff lasting about 10 minutes , a mentally ill local man named Elias Brown wandered through both sides selling hard cider . At this point , the detachment of regulars sent to Barrett 's farm marched back from their fruitless search of that area . They passed through the now mostly - deserted battlefield , and saw dead and wounded comrades lying on the bridge . There was one who looked to them as if he had been scalped , which angered and shocked the British soldiers . They crossed the bridge and returned to the town by 11 : 30 a.m. , under the watchful eyes of the colonists , who continued to maintain defensive positions . The regulars continued to search for and destroy colonial military supplies in the town , ate lunch , reassembled for marching , and left Concord after noon . This delay in departure gave colonial militiamen from outlying towns additional time to reach the road back to Boston . Return march A National Park Service map showing the retreat from Concord and Percy 's rescue Concord to Lexington Lieutenant Colonel Smith , concerned about the safety of his men , sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly 1,000 colonials now in the field as the British marched east out of Concord . This ridge ended near Meriam 's Corner , a crossroads about a mile ( 2 km ) outside the village of Concord , where the main road came to a bridge across a small stream . To cross the narrow bridge , the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast . Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point , and presented a clear numerical advantage over the regulars . The British were now witnessing once again what General Gage had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night : the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston .", "22": "As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge , the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen , who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range . The colonists returned fire , this time with deadly effect . Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded , with no colonial casualties. Smith sent out his flanking troops again after crossing the small bridge . On Brooks Hill ( also known as Hardy 's Hill ) about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) past Meriam 's Corner , nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road , awaiting opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below . Smith 's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off , but the colonists did not withdraw , inflicting significant casualties on the attackers. Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill , and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln , at Brooks Tavern , where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road . This statue known as The Lexington Minuteman is commonly believed to depict Captain John Parker . It is by Henry Hudson Kitson and stands at the town green of Lexington , Massachusetts . The regulars soon reached a point in the road now referred to as the `` Bloody Angle '' where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly - wooded area . At this place , the militia company from Woburn had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky , lightly - wooded field . Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam 's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road , catching the British in a crossfire , while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack . Some 500 yards ( 460 m ) further along , the road took another sharp curve , this time to the right , and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides . In passing through these two sharp curves , the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded , and four colonial militia were also killed , including Captain Jonathan Wilson of Bedford , Captain Nathan Wyman of Billerica , Lt. John Bacon of Natick , and Daniel Thompson of Woburn .", "23": "The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot , a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain . Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear . As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive , the colonial forces had risen to about 2,000 men . The road now straightened to the east , with cleared fields and orchards along the sides . Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again , who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties . British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long - range fire from the militiamen , and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition . When the British column neared the boundary between Lincoln and Lexington , it encountered another ambush from a hill overlooking the road , set by Captain John Parker 's Lexington militiamen , including some of them bandaged up from the encounter in Lexington earlier in the day . At this point , Lt. Col. Smith was wounded in the thigh and knocked from his horse . Major John Pitcairn assumed effective command of the column and sent light infantry companies up the hill to clear the militia forces . The light infantry cleared two additional hills as the column continued east -- `` The Bluff '' and `` Fiske Hill '' -- and took still more casualties from ambushes set by fresh militia companies joining the battle . In one of the musket volleys from the colonial soldiers , Major Pitcairn 's horse bolted in fright , throwing Pitcairn to the ground and injuring his arm . Now both principal leaders of the expedition were injured or unhorsed , and their men were tired , thirsty , and exhausting their ammunition . A few surrendered or were captured ; some now broke formation and ran forward toward Lexington . In the words of one British officer , `` we began to run rather than retreat in order ... We attempted to stop the men and form them two deep , but to no purpose , the confusion increased rather than lessened ... the officers got to the front and presented their bayonets , and told the men if they advanced they should die . Upon this , they began to form up under heavy fire . ''", "24": "Only one British officer remained uninjured among the three companies at the head of the British column as it approach Lexington Center . He understood the column 's perilous situation : `` There were very few men had any ammunition left , and so fatigued that we could not keep flanking parties out , so that we must soon have laid down our arms , or been picked off by the Rebels at their pleasure -- nearer to -- and we were not able to keep them off . '' He then heard cheering further ahead . A full brigade , about 1,000 men with artillery under the command of Earl Percy , had arrived to rescue them . It was about 2 : 30 p.m. , and the British column had now been on the march since 2 o'clock in the morning . Westford Minuteman , Rev. Joseph Thaxter , wrote of his account : We pursued them and killed some ; when they got to Lexington , they were so close pursued and fatigued , that they must have soon surrendered , had not Lord Percy met them with a large reinforcement and two field - pieces . They fired them , but the balls went high over our heads . But no cannon ever did more execution , such stories of their effects had been spread by the tories through our troops , that from this time more wont back than pursed . We pursued to Charlestown Common , and then retired to Cambridge . When the army collected at Cambridge , Colonel Prescott with his regiment of minute men , and John Robinson , his Lieutenant Colonel , were prompt at being at their post . In their accounts afterward , British officers and soldiers alike noted their frustration that the colonial militiamen fired at them from behind trees and stone walls , rather than confronting them in large , linear formations in the style of European warfare . This image of the individual colonial farmer , musket in hand and fighting under his own command , has also been fostered in American myth : `` Chasing the red - coats down the lane / Then crossing the fields to emerge again / Under the trees at the turn of the road , / And only pausing to fire and load . '' To the contrary , beginning at the North Bridge and throughout the British retreat , the colonial militias repeatedly operated as coordinated companies , even when dispersed to take advantage of cover .", "25": "Reflecting on the British experience that day , Earl Percy understood the significance of the American tactics : During the whole affair the Rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance & resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself much mistaken . They have men amongst them who know very well what they are about , having been employed as Rangers against the Indians & Canadians , & this country being much covered with wood , and hilly , is very advantageous for their method of fighting . Percy 's rescue General Gage had anticipated that Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition might require reinforcement , so Gage drafted orders for reinforcing units to assemble in Boston at 4 a.m. But in his obsession for secrecy , Gage had sent only one copy of the orders to the adjutant of the 1st Brigade , whose servant then left the envelope on a table . Also at about 4 a.m. , the British column was within three miles of Lexington , and Lt. Col. Smith now had clear indication that all element of surprise had been lost and that alarm was spreading throughout the countryside . So he sent a rider back to Boston with a request for reinforcements . At about 5 a.m. , the rider reached Boston , and the 1st Brigade was ordered to assemble : the line infantry companies of the 4th , 23rd , and 47th Regiments , and a battalion of Royal Marines , under the command of Earl Percy . Unfortunately for the British , once again only one copy of the orders were sent to each commander , and the order for the Royal Marines was delivered to the desk of Major John Pitcairn , who was already on the Lexington Common with Smith 's column at that hour . After these delays , Percy 's brigade , about 1,000 strong , left Boston at about 8 : 45 a.m. , headed toward Lexington . Along the way , the story is told , they marched to the tune of `` Yankee Doodle '' to taunt the inhabitants of the area . By the Battle of Bunker Hill less than two months later , the song would become a popular anthem for the colonial forces .", "26": "The fourth of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , showing Percy 's rescue in Lexington Percy took the land route across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge , which some quick - thinking colonists had stripped of its planking to delay the British . His men then came upon an absent - minded tutor at Harvard College and asked him which road would take them to Lexington . The Harvard man , apparently oblivious to the reality of what was happening around him , showed him the proper road without thinking . ( He was later compelled to leave the country for inadvertently supporting the enemy . ) Percy 's troops arrived in Lexington at about 2 : 00 p.m. They could hear gunfire in the distance as they set up their cannon and deployed lines of regulars on high ground with commanding views of the town . Colonel Smith 's men approached like a fleeing mob with the full complement of colonial militia in close formation pursuing them . Percy ordered his artillery to open fire at extreme range , dispersing the colonial militiamen. Smith 's men collapsed with exhaustion once they reached the safety of Percy 's lines . Against the advice of his Master of Ordnance , Percy had left Boston without spare ammunition for his men or for the two artillery pieces they brought with them , thinking the extra wagons would slow him down . Each man in Percy 's brigade had only 36 rounds , and each artillery piece was supplied with only a few rounds carried in side - boxes . After Percy had left the city , Gage directed two ammunition wagons guarded by one officer and thirteen men to follow . This convoy was intercepted by a small party of older , veteran militiamen still on the `` alarm list , '' who could not join their militia companies because they were well over 60 years of age . These men rose up in ambush and demanded the surrender of the wagons , but the regulars ignored them and drove their horses on . The old men opened fire , shot the lead horses , killed two sergeants , and wounded the officer . The British survivors ran , and six of them threw their weapons into a pond before they surrendered .", "27": "Lexington to Menotomy Percy 's return to Charlestown ( detail from 1775 map of the battle ) Percy assumed control of the combined forces of about 1,700 men and let them rest , eat , drink , and have their wounds tended at field headquarters ( Munroe Tavern ) before resuming the march . They set out from Lexington at about 3 : 30 p.m. , in a formation that emphasized defense along the sides and rear of the column . Wounded regulars rode on the cannon and were forced to hop off when they were fired at by gatherings of militia . Percy 's men were often surrounded , but they had the tactical advantage of interior lines . Percy could shift his units more easily to where they were needed , while the colonial militia were required to move around the outside of his formation . Percy placed Smith 's men in the middle of the column , while the 23rd Regiment 's line companies made up the column 's rear guard . Because of information provided by Smith and Pitcairn about how the Americans were attacking , Percy ordered the rear guard to be rotated every mile or so , to allow some of his troops to rest briefly . Flanking companies were sent to both sides of the road , and a powerful force of Marines acted as the vanguard to clear the road ahead . During the respite at Lexington , Brigadier General William Heath arrived and took command of the militia . Earlier in the day , he had traveled first to Watertown to discuss tactics with Joseph Warren , who had left Boston that morning , and other members of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety . Heath and Warren reacted to Percy 's artillery and flankers by ordering the militiamen to avoid close formations that would attract cannon fire . Instead , they surrounded Percy 's marching square with a moving ring of skirmishers at a distance to inflict maximum casualties at minimum risk . A few mounted militiamen on the road would dismount , fire muskets at the approaching regulars , then remount and gallop ahead to repeat the tactic . Unmounted militia would often fire from long range , in the hope of hitting somebody in the main column of soldiers on the road and surviving , since both British and colonials used muskets with an effective combat range of about 50 yards ( 46 m ) .", "28": "Infantry units would apply pressure to the sides of the British column . When it moved out of range , those units would move around and forward to re-engage the column further down the road . Heath sent messengers out to intercept arriving militia units , directing them to appropriate places along the road to engage the regulars . Some towns sent supply wagons to assist in feeding and rearming the militia . Heath and Warren did lead skirmishers in small actions into battle themselves , but it was the presence of effective leadership that probably had the greatest impact on the success of these tactics . Percy wrote of the colonial tactics , `` The rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance and resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself very much mistaken . '' The Jason Russell House in Arlington The fighting grew more intense as Percy 's forces crossed from Lexington into Menotomy . Fresh militia poured gunfire into the British ranks from a distance , and individual homeowners began to fight from their own property . Some homes were also used as sniper positions , turning the situation into a soldier 's nightmare : house - to - house fighting . Jason Russell pleaded for his friends to fight alongside him to defend his house by saying , `` An Englishman 's home is his castle . '' He stayed and was killed in his doorway . His friends , depending on which account is to be believed , either hid in the cellar , or died in the house from bullets and bayonets after shooting at the soldiers who followed them in . The Jason Russell House still stands and contains bullet holes from this fight . A militia unit that attempted an ambush from Russell 's orchard was caught by flankers , and eleven men were killed , some allegedly after they had surrendered . Percy lost control of his men , and British soldiers began to commit atrocities to repay for the supposed scalping at the North Bridge and for their own casualties at the hands of a distant , often unseen enemy .", "29": "Based on the word of Pitcairn and other wounded officers from Smith 's command , Percy had learned that the Minutemen were using stone walls , trees and buildings in these more thickly settled towns closer to Boston to hide behind and shoot at the column . He ordered the flank companies to clear the colonial militiamen out of such places . Many of the junior officers in the flank parties had difficulty stopping their exhausted , enraged men from killing everyone they found inside these buildings . For example , two innocent drunks who refused to hide in the basement of a tavern in Menotomy were killed only because they were suspected of being involved with the day 's events . Although many of the accounts of ransacking and burnings were exaggerated later by the colonists for propaganda value ( and to get financial compensation from the colonial government ) , it is certainly true that taverns along the road were ransacked and the liquor stolen by the troops , who in some cases became drunk themselves . One church 's communion silver was stolen but was later recovered after it was sold in Boston . Aged Menotomy resident Samuel Whittemore killed three regulars before he was attacked by a British contingent and left for dead . ( He recovered from his wounds and later died in 1793 at age 98 . ) All told , far more blood was shed in Menotomy and Cambridge than elsewhere that day . The colonists lost 25 men killed and nine wounded there , and the British lost 40 killed and 80 wounded , with the 47th Foot and the Marines suffering the highest casualties . Each was about half the day 's fatalities . Menotomy to Charlestown The British troops crossed the Menotomy River ( today known as Alewife Brook ) into Cambridge , and the fight grew more intense . Fresh militia arrived in close array instead of in a scattered formation , and Percy used his two artillery pieces and flankers at a crossroads called Watson 's Corner to inflict heavy damage on them . Earlier in the day , Heath had ordered the Great Bridge to be dismantled . Percy 's brigade was about to approach the broken - down bridge and a riverbank filled with militia when Percy directed his troops down a narrow track ( now Beech Street , near present - day Porter Square ) and onto the road to Charlestown .", "30": "The militia ( now numbering about 4,000 ) were unprepared for this movement , and the circle of fire was broken . An American force moved to occupy Prospect Hill ( in modern - day Somerville ) , which dominated the road , but Percy moved his cannon to the front and dispersed them with his last rounds of ammunition . A large militia force arrived from Salem and Marblehead . They might have cut off Percy 's route to Charlestown , but these men halted on nearby Winter Hill and allowed the British to escape . Some accused the commander of this force , Colonel Timothy Pickering , of permitting the troops to pass because he still hoped to avoid war by preventing a total defeat of the regulars . Pickering later claimed that he had stopped on Heath 's orders , but Heath denied this . It was nearly dark when Pitcairn 's Marines defended a final attack on Percy 's rear as they entered Charlestown . The regulars took up strong positions on the hills of Charlestown . Some of them had been without sleep for two days and had marched 40 miles ( 64 km ) in 21 hours , eight hours of which had been spent under fire . But now they held high ground protected by heavy guns from HMS Somerset . Gage quickly sent over line companies of two fresh regiments -- the 10th and 64th -- to occupy the high ground in Charlestown and build fortifications . Although they were begun , the fortifications were never completed and would later be a starting point for the militia works built two months later in June before the Battle of Bunker Hill . General Heath studied the position of the British Army and decided to withdraw the militia to Cambridge . Aftermath In the morning , Boston was surrounded by a huge militia army , numbering over 15,000 , which had marched from throughout New England . Unlike the Powder Alarm , the rumors of spilled blood were true , and the Revolutionary War had begun . The Siege of Boston 1775 -- 1776 Now under the leadership of General Artemas Ward , who arrived on the 20th and replaced Brigadier General William Heath , they formed a siege line extending from Chelsea , around the peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown , to Roxbury , effectively surrounding Boston on three sides .", "31": "In the days immediately following , the size of the colonial forces grew , as militias from New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Connecticut arrived on the scene . The Second Continental Congress adopted these men into the beginnings of the Continental Army . Even now , after open warfare had started , Gage still refused to impose martial law in Boston . He persuaded the town 's selectmen to surrender all private weapons in return for promising that any inhabitant could leave town . The battle was not a major one in terms of tactics or casualties . However , in terms of supporting the British political strategy behind the Intolerable Acts and the military strategy behind the Powder Alarms , the battle was a significant failure because the expedition contributed to the fighting it was intended to prevent , and because few weapons were actually seized . The battle was followed by a war for British political opinion . Within four days of the battle , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress had collected scores of sworn testimonies from militiamen and from British prisoners . When word leaked out a week after the battle that Gage was sending his official description of events to London , the Provincial Congress sent a packet of these detailed depositions , signed by over 100 participants in the events , on a faster ship . The documents were presented to a sympathetic official and printed by the London newspapers two weeks before Gage 's report arrived . Gage 's official report was too vague on particulars to influence anyone 's opinion . George Germain , no friend of the colonists , wrote , `` the Bostonians are in the right to make the King 's troops the aggressors and claim a victory . '' Politicians in London tended to blame Gage for the conflict instead of their own policies and instructions . The British troops in Boston variously blamed General Gage and Colonel Smith for the failures at Lexington and Concord . The day after the battle , John Adams left his home in Braintree to ride along the battlefields . He became convinced that `` the Die was cast , the Rubicon crossed . '' Thomas Paine in Philadelphia had previously thought of the argument between the colonies and the Home Country as `` a kind of law - suit '' , but after news of the battle reached him , he `` rejected the hardened , sullen - tempered Pharaoh of England forever . ''", "32": "George Washington received the news at Mount Vernon and wrote to a friend , `` the once - happy and peaceful plains of America are either to be drenched in blood or inhabited by slaves . Sad alternative ! But can a virtuous man hesitate in his choice ? '' A group of hunters on the frontier named their campsite Lexington when they heard news of the battle in June . It eventually became the city of Lexington , Kentucky . Legacy Gravemarkers along Battle Road in Lexington are maintained with Britain 's 1775 version of the Union Flag . It was important to the early American government that an image of British fault and American innocence be maintained for this first battle of the war . The history of Patriot preparations , intelligence , warning signals , and uncertainty about the first shot was rarely discussed in the public sphere for decades . The story of the wounded British soldier at the North Bridge , hors de combat , struck down on the head by a Minuteman using a hatchet , the purported `` scalping '' , was strongly suppressed . Depositions mentioning some of these activities were not published and were returned to the participants ( this notably happened to Paul Revere ) . Paintings portrayed the Lexington fight as an unjustified slaughter . The issue of which side was to blame grew during the early nineteenth century . For example , older participants ' testimony in later life about Lexington and Concord differed greatly from their depositions taken under oath in 1775 . All now said the British fired first at Lexington , whereas fifty or so years before , they were n't sure . All now said they fired back , but in 1775 , they said few were able to . The `` Battle '' took on an almost mythical quality in the American consciousness . Legend became more important than truth . A complete shift occurred , and the Patriots were portrayed as actively fighting for their cause , rather than as suffering innocents . Paintings of the Lexington skirmish began to portray the militia standing and fighting back in defiance . Ralph Waldo Emerson immortalized the events at the North Bridge in his 1837 `` Concord Hymn '' . The `` Concord Hymn '' became important because it commemorated the beginning of the American Revolution , and that for much of the 19th century it was a means by which Americans learned about the Revolution , helping to forge the identity of the nation .", "33": "After 1860 , several generations of schoolchildren memorized Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Paul Revere 's Ride '' . Historically it is inaccurate ( for example , Paul Revere never made it to Concord ) , but it captures the idea that an individual can change the course of history . By the rude bridge that arched the flood Their flag to April 's breeze unfurled Here once the embattled farmers stood And fired the shot heard round the world . -- First verse of Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' In the 20th century , popular and historical opinion varied about the events of the historic day , often reflecting the political mood of the time . Isolationist anti-war sentiments before the World Wars bred skepticism about the nature of Paul Revere 's contribution ( if any ) to the efforts to rouse the militia . Anglophilia in the United States after the turn of the twentieth century led to more balanced approaches to the history of the battle . During World War I , a film about Paul Revere 's ride was seized under the Espionage Act of 1917 for promoting discord between the United States and Britain . During the Cold War , Revere was used not only as a patriotic symbol , but also as a capitalist one . In 1961 , novelist Howard Fast published April Morning , an account of the battle from a fictional 15 - year - old 's perspective , and reading of the book has been frequently assigned in American secondary schools . A film version was produced for television in 1987 , starring Chad Lowe and Tommy Lee Jones . In the 1990s , parallels were drawn between American tactics in the Vietnam War and those of the British Army at Lexington and Concord . The site of the battle in Lexington is now known as the Lexington Battle Green , has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is a National Historic Landmark . Several memorials commemorating the battle have been established there . The lands surrounding the North Bridge in Concord , as well as approximately 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) of the road along with surrounding lands and period buildings between Meriam 's Corner and western Lexington are part of Minuteman National Historical Park .", "34": "There are walking trails with interpretive displays along routes that the colonists might have used that skirted the road , and the Park Service often has personnel ( usually dressed in period dress ) offering descriptions of the area and explanations of the events of the day . A bronze bas relief of Major Buttrick , designed by Daniel Chester French and executed by Edmond Thomas Quinn in 1915 , is in the park , along with French 's Minute Man statue . Four current units of the Massachusetts National Guard units ( 181st Infantry , 182nd Infantry , 101st Engineer Battalion , and 125th Quartermaster Company ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord . There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots . Several ships of the United States Navy , including two World War II aircraft carriers , were named in honor of the Battle of Lexington . Commemorations 1970 Franklin Mint medallion commemorating Lexington and Concord 1775 Daniel Chester French 's Minute Man Patriots ' Day is celebrated annually in honor of the battle in Massachusetts , Maine , and by the Wisconsin public schools , on the third Monday in April . Re-enactments of Paul Revere 's ride are staged , as are the battle on the Lexington Green , and ceremonies and firings are held at the North Bridge . Centennial commemoration On April 19 , 1875 , President Ulysses S. Grant and members of his cabinet joined 50,000 people to mark the 100th anniversary of the battles . The sculpture by Daniel Chester French , The Minute Man , located at the North Bridge , was unveiled on that day . A formal ball took place in the evening at the Agricultural Hall in Concord . Sesquicentennial commemoration In April 1925 the United States Post Office issued three stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Battles at Lexington and Concord . The Lexington -- Concord commemorative stamps were the first of many commemoratives issued to honor the 150th anniversaries of events that surrounded America 's War of Independence . The three stamps were first placed on sale in Washington , D.C. and in five Massachusetts cities and towns that played major roles in the Lexington and Concord story : Lexington , Concord , Boston , Cambridge , and Concord Junction ( as West Concord was then known ) .", "35": "This is not to say that other locations were not involved in the battles . Washington at Cambridge Shot heard round the World Birth of Liberty , by Henry Sandham The Minute Man by Daniel Chester French Issues of 1925 Bicentennial commemoration The Town of Concord invited 700 prominent U.S. citizens and leaders from the worlds of government , the military , the diplomatic corps , the arts , sciences , and humanities to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the battles . On April 19 , 1975 , as a crowd estimated at 110,000 gathered to view a parade and celebrate the Bicentennial in Concord , President Gerald Ford delivered a major speech near the North Bridge , which was televised to the nation . Freedom was nourished in American soil because the principles of the Declaration of Independence flourished in our land . These principles , when enunciated 200 years ago , were a dream , not a reality . Today , they are real . Equality has matured in America . Our inalienable rights have become even more sacred . There is no government in our land without consent of the governed . Many other lands have freely accepted the principles of liberty and freedom in the Declaration of Independence and fashioned their own independent republics . It is these principles , freely taken and freely shared , that have revolutionized the world . The volley fired here at Concord two centuries ago , ' the shot heard round the world ' , still echoes today on this anniversary . -- President Gerald R. Ford President Ford laid a wreath at the base of The Minute Man statue and then respectfully observed as Sir Peter Ramsbotham , the British Ambassador to the United States , laid a wreath at the grave of British soldiers killed in the battle . A citizen of Acton and Members of the Acton Fife and Drum Corps march to Concord on the Isaac Davis Trail during the 2016 annual Patriots ' Day celebration . See also American Revolutionary War portal Philadelphia portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Notes ^ Jump up to : The exact number of militia on the Lexington common when the clash occurred is a matter of debate . Coburn , p. 165 -- 67 , identifies 77 individuals by name who mustered for the encounter , but he also notes that no official roll was ever submitted to the Provincial Congress . Fischer , pp.", "36": "400 , 183 , cites contemporaneous accounts and those of other historians that put the number between 50 and 70 militia , but notes that Sylvanus Wood , in an account taken 50 years later , recalled only counting 38 militia . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 29 , estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurred at the North Bridge . Coburn , pp. 80 -- 81 , counts about 300 specifically , plus several uncounted companies . Jump up ^ The peak strength of militias that massed around the British column on April 19 is uncertain . Many of the militiamen who joined the battle at various locations during the day continued to follow the British column all the way to Charlestown , but some also dropped out and returned home . Coburn located muster rolls for 79 militia and minute companies engaged that day , listing 3,960 officers and soldiers in all . But there are no tallies for six of these companies , and some units known to be present during the day ( such as the Lincoln militia company ) are not included at all . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 6 . This is the total size of Smith 's force . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 64 . This force is six light infantry companies under Pitcairn . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 77 and other sources indicate `` three companies '' . Chidsey , p. 28 gives a company size `` nominally of 28 '' . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 114 gives the size of Percy 's force at 1,000 . This count reflects that estimate plus the departing strength , less casualties . ^ Jump up to : Chidsey , p. 47 , cites all casualty figures except missing - in - action . Coburn , pp. 156 -- 59 , cites by town and name the American losses , and by company the British losses , including missing - in - action ( from Gage 's report ) . Chidsey , Coburn , and Fischer disagree on some American counts : Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded , Coburn says 42 . Fischer , pp.", "37": "320 -- 21 , also records 50 American killed - in - action , in contrast to Chidsey and Coburn 's 49 . Jump up ^ French , pp. 2 , 272 - 273 . A controversial interpretation holds that the Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10 , 1774 in what is now West Virginia was the initial military engagement of the Revolutionary War , and a 1908 United States Senate resolution designating it as such . However , few historians subscribe to this interpretation , even in West Virginia. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Emerson 's Concord Hymn Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 30 Jump up ^ Fred Anderson , A People 's Army , and John Shy , `` A New Look at Colonial Militias , '' pp. 29 -- 41 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 51 Jump up ^ Journals of the House of Commons , Volume 35 , February 6 , 1775 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ French , pp. 23 - 28 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 89 Jump up ^ Hafner discusses this incident in detail , noting how the story can be reconciled with other established facts . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 85 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 51 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 71 -- 72 ( colonists have intelligence in late March ) & p. 87 ( Gage receives instructions April 16 ) Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 70 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 80 -- 85 Jump up ^ Moore , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 96 Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Letter to Jeremy Belknap , January , 1798 , and Paul Revere , Deposition , April , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 97 Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Letter to Jeremy Belknap , January , 1798 . Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Deposition of April , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 138 -- 145 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p.", "38": "60 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , pp. 105 -- 107 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 70 , 121 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 109 -- 115 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army ( 1994 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 400 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 158 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 153 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Tourtellot , A pp. 116 - 126 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 43 , 75 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Galvin , pp. 120 - 124 . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Isaiah Thomas deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 123 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 189 -- 190 Jump up ^ Deposition of Elijah Sanderson , April 25 , 1775 : `` I heard one of the Regulars , whom I took to be an officer , say ' damn them , we will have them ; ' and immediately the Regulars shouted aloud , run , and fired on the Lexington Company , which did not fire a gun before the Regulars discharged on them . '' Deposition of Thomas Price Willard , April 23 , 1775 : `` Directly after this an officer rode before the Regulars to the other side of the body , and hallooed after the militia of said Lexington , and said ' Lay down your arms , damn you ; why do n't you lay down your arms ? '", "39": "'' Deposition of John Robbins , April 25 , 1775 : `` ... I being in the front rank , there suddenly appeared a number of the King 's troops ... at a distance of about sixty or seventy yards from us , huzzaing and on a quick pace toward us , with three officers in their front on horseback , and on full gallop towards us ; the foremost of which cried , ' Throw down you arms , ye villains , ye rebels ; ' upon which said ( Lexington ) Company dispersing , the foremost of the three officers ordered their men , saying ' Fire , by God , fire ; ' at which moment we received a very heavy and close fire from them ; '' Journals of the Continental Congress , May 11 , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 190 -- 191 Jump up ^ John Barker 's Diary , p. 32 Jump up ^ Chronology06 . Motherbedford.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 193 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 402 Jump up ^ Fischer discusses the shot on pp. 193 -- 194 , with detailed footnotes on pp. 399 -- 403 , in which he discusses some of the testimony in detail . Jump up ^ Urban , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ Benjamin Quarles , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 198 -- 200 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 152 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 154 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 67 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 215 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 207 Jump up ^ Martha Moulton deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 155 -- 158 . In his orders to Lt. Col. Smith for the expedition , General Gage had explicitly instructed that `` you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants , or hurt private property . '' Jump up ^ French , p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer , p.", "40": "208 Jump up ^ Robinson arrived earlier with several Westford Minutemen after he was alerted by rider at his home in Westford - David Hackett Fischer , Paul Revere 's Ride , Oxford , page 146 . George E. Downey , A History of the First Parish of Westford , Town of Westford , 1975 , page 27 . Allen French , Historic Concord , Cambria , 1942 , pages 66 and 68 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 209 Jump up ^ A. Doolittle print of the Battle indicates this after interviews with eyewtiness accounts one month after the Battle Jump up ^ Rev. Joseph Thaxter from the United States Literary Gazette , Vol 1 , page 264. , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ( Letter by Minuteman at the Battle ) , Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827 , Hodgman , Rev. Edwin . History of the Town of Westford , 1659 - 1883 . Lowell : Morning Mail Co. , 1883 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 209 -- 212 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 212 Jump up ^ French , General Gage 's Informers , p. 97 . Laurie reported , `` I imagine myself that a man of my Company ( afterwards killed ) did first fire his piece , tho ' Mr. ( Lt . ) Sutherland has since assured me that the Country people fired first . '' Jump up ^ Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827 , Hodgman , Rev. Edwin . History of the Town of Westford , 1659 - 1883 . Lowell : Morning Mail Co. , 1883 , French , Allen . The Day of Concord and Lexington . Boston : Little , Brown , 1925 . ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , pp. 165 -- 166 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Rev.", "41": "Joseph Thaxter Letter and news article from the United States Literary Gazette , Vol 1 , page 264 ( Rev. Thaxter served as a Minuteman under Lt. Col. Robinson on the Concord Bridge , April 19 , 1775 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 214 -- 215 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 216 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 166 -- 168 Jump up ^ Muster rolls for the militia and minute companies converging at this point are included in Coburn , pp. 7 - 35 . However , as Coburn notes , these rolls are not a complete tally of the militiamen present , because some muster lists were either not submitted or have not been found in archives . Jump up ^ Both the British and the local militias were armed with smooth - bore muskets that had an effective range of aimed fire of only 80 - 100 yards ( 75 - 90 m ) , although the musket ball could have serious effect at a greater distance , if it happened by chance to hit a person . There is no record that any soldiers on either side were armed with longer - range , more accurate rifles . Dr. Benjamin Church , a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety , informed General Gage in March , 1775 , that the colonial militiamen `` from their adroitness in the habitual use of the firelock suppose themselves sure of their mark at a distance of 200 rods . '' Even if Church meant yards rather than rods ( 600 feet versus 3300 feet ) , it is unclear whether he was profoundly ignorant of the capabilities of a musket , was exaggerating in order to mislead Gage ( as Church later claimed when accused of being a spy ) , or was ridiculing the American militiamen . See Philbrick , p. 92 , and French , p. 57 - 58 . On whether Church was a spy , see French , Chapter V . Jump up ^ French , p. 219 , and Lister , Concord Fight , being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 408 -- 409 .", "42": "Fischer notes conflicting accounts of which militia companies were engaged at this point , and the number of militiamen . Jump up ^ Fischer notes on p. 409 , `` This is not correctly called the Bloody Angle , an error term introduced after the Civil War that is both inaccurate and anachronistic . It has been used uncritically by many historians of the battle and is perpetuated by the National Park Service . '' The Interim Report of the Boston National Historic Sites Commission , submitted to Congress in 1958 in support of legislation that established the Minute Man National Historical Park , asserted that : `` Fittingly , this curving section of the road was soon to be named ' The Bloody Angle . ' '' ( p. 47 ; emphasis added ) . However , there is no evidence that the term Bloody Angle was ever used by the battle participants or local residents following April 19 , 1775 , nor did historians use the term prior to the mid-20th century . See Boston National Historic Sites Commission , The Lexington - Concord Battle Road : Interim Report , June 16 , 1958 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 232 . According to one British officer , ammunition had been wasted earlier in the day out of `` too great eagerness of the soldiers in the first action of a war . Most of them were young soldiers who had never been in action , and had been taught that every thing was to be effected by a quick firing . This ineffectual fire gave the rebels more confidence , as they soon found that notwithstanding there was so much ( firing ) , they suffered but little from it . '' Lt. Frederick Mackenzie , 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers , Diary of Frederick Mackenzie , in Allen French , editor , A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston , Cambridge , 1926 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 410 -- 411 . Fischer notes conflicting accounts about where this ambush -- now sometimes referred to as `` Parker 's Revenge '' -- took place , whether within Lincoln or Lexington . Jump up ^ Coburn , pp. 106 - 107 Jump up ^ Ensign Henry De Berniere , `` Report to General Gage on April 19 , 1775 , '' quoted in Fischer , pp.", "43": "231 - 232 Jump up ^ Lt. John Barker , The King 's Own Regiment , `` Diary of a British Soldier , '' Atlantic Monthly , April 1877 , vol. 39 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 232 . Jump up ^ A remark in Lt. Col. Smith 's report to General Gage , dated April 22 , 1775 , is typical : `` Notwithstanding the enemy 's numbers , they did not make one gallant attempt during so long an action , though our men were so very fatigued , but ( instead ) kept under cover . '' Henry S. Commager , editor . Documents of American History , New York , 1948 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , ' ' Paul Revere 's Ride , ' ' 1861 . Jump up ^ Lord Percy to General Harvey , April 20 , 1775 , in Charles Knowles Bolton , editor , Letters of Hugh Earl Percy , Boston , 1902 . p. 52 . Jump up ^ French , p. 228 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 178 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 185 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 241 -- 242 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 243 -- 244 Jump up ^ There are several versions of this story . See French , p. 230 , and Samuel Abbot Smith , pp. 27 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 245 -- 246 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 250 -- 251 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 256 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 258 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 257 Jump up ^ Hurd , p. 181 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 258 -- 260 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 261 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 96 Jump up ^ McCullough , p. 35 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp.", "44": "100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 265 Jump up ^ Brooks , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress , pp. 26 - 44 . Images of the original depositions can be found at http://www.fold3.com/image/474129/ Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 275 -- 276 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 263 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 279 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 280 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 271 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 327 - 328 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 329 Jump up ^ Napierkowski Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 331 -- 333 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 336 -- 338 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 340 -- 342 Jump up ^ Minuteman National Historical Park Things To Do Jump up ^ `` John Buttrick Memorial '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 182nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 355 -- 357 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company Archived 2012 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Maine Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Wisconsin School Observance Days Jump up ^ Concord Centennial Celebration Report Jump up ^ Scott 's United States Stamp Catalog : First Day Covers Jump up ^ Time Magazine , April 25 , 1974 Jump up ^ New York Times on Ford 's appearance Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project . References Anderson , Fred ( 1984 ) . A People 's Army : Massachusetts Soldiers & Society in the Seven Years War . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press .", "45": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4576 - 9 . Bradford , Charles H ( 1996 ) . The Battle Road : Expedition to Lexington and Concord . Eastern National . ISBN 1 - 888213 - 01 - 9 . Burke , Edmund ( 1775 ) . Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies , March 22 , 1775 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 02 . Chidsey , Donald Barr ( 1966 ) . The Siege of Boston : An on - the - scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution . New York : Crown . OCLC 890813 . Coburn , Frank Warren ( 1922 ) . The Battle of April 19 , 1775 : In Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Arlington , Cambridge , Somerville , and Charlestown , Massachusetts : Second Edition Revised and with Additions . The Lexington historical society . OCLC 2494350 . Dana , Elizabeth Ellery ( 1924 ) . The British in Boston : Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King 's Own Regiment from November 15 , 1774 to May 31 , 1776 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . OCLC 3235993 . Davis , Kenneth C. ( 2009 ) . America 's Hidden History . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 111819 - 2 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo ( 1837 ) . `` Emerson 's Concord Hymn '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo ; Curtis , George William ( 1875 ) . Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight , April 19 , 1875 . Town of Concord . OCLC 4363293 . Evelyn , W. Glanville ( 1879 ) . Memoirs and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn . Oxford : James Parker and Co . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1994 ) .", "46": "Paul Revere 's Ride . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508847 - 6 . This book is extensively footnoted , and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events . Ford , Gerald R. ( April 19 , 1975 ) . `` Remarks at the Old North Bridge , Concord , Massachusetts '' . The American Presidency Project . Archived from the original on 28 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . French , Allen ( 1926 ) . A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston . Harvard University Press . French , Allen ( 1925 ) . The Day of Concord and Lexington . Boston : Little , Brown & Co . French , Allen ( 1932 ) . General Gage 's Informers . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Frothingham , Jr , Richard ( 1903 ) . History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington , Concord , and Bunker Hill . Little and Brown . OCLC 221368703 . Galvin , Gen. John R . The Minute Men : The First Fight : Myths & Realities of the American Revolution , Pergamon - Brassey 's , Washington , D.C. , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 036733 - X . This book provides a military perspective on the battle and its leaders . Hafner , Donald L. ( 2006 ) . `` The First Blood Shed in the Revolution '' . Boston College . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 31 . Hurd , Duane Hamilton ( 1890 ) . History of Middlesex County , Massachusetts , Volume 1 : With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men . J.W. Lewis & co . OCLC 2155461 . Journals of the Continental Congress , Vol. II , May 10 - September 20 , 1775 . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . 1905 . Journals of the House of Commons , Volume 35 . 1775 .", "47": "Kifner , John ( 20 April 1975 ) . `` 160,000 Mark Two 1775 Battles ; Concord Protesters Jeer Ford '' . The New York Times . Lister , Jeremy ( 1931 ) . Concord fight , being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot as pertains to his services on the 19th of April , 1775 , and to his experiences in Boston during the early months of the siege . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . Massachusetts Provincial Congress ( 1775 ) . A Narrative of the Excursion and Ravages of the King 's Troops . Worcester : Isaiah Thomas . Moore , Frank ( 1876 ) . The Diary of the Revolution : A Centennial Volume . Hartford , CT : J.B. Burr Publishing . Morrissey , Brendan ( 1995 ) . Boston 1775 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 362 - 1 . Moulton , Martha . `` Martha Moulton 's testimony and reward , 4 Feb 1776 '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21 . Napierkowski , Marie Rose ; Ruby , Mary K ( 1998 ) . Poetry for Students : Presenting Analysis , Context and Criticism on Commonly Studied Poetry . Gale Research . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 2724 - 9 . Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2013 ) . Bunker Hill . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02544 - 2 . Quarles , Benjamin ( 1996 ) . The Negro in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4603 - 1 . Raphael , Ray and Marie Raphael ( 2015 ) . The Spirit of ' 74 : How the American Revolution Began . New York : New Press . Revere , Paul ( 1798 ) . Letter to Jeremy Belknap of January , 1798 .", "48": "Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . Revere , Paul ( 1775 ) . Deposition of April 1775 . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . Shy , John ( 1990 ) . A People Numerous & Armed . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06431 - 1 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . Smith , Samuel Abbot ( 1874 ) . West Cambridge 1775 . Arlington , MA : Arlington Historical Society . Tourtellot , Arthur B ( 1959 ) . Lexington and Concord . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00194 - 6 . Urban , Mark ( 2007 ) . Fusiliers : Eight Years with the Red Coats in America . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22486 - 9 . OCLC 153556036 . `` Maine Legal Holidays '' . Human Resources Policy and Practices Manual . Maine Bureau of Human Resources . Archived from the original on 21 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . `` Massachusetts Legal Holidays '' . Citizen Information Service . Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . `` Minute Man NHP Things To Do '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . `` NPS Museum Collections `` American Revolutionary War '' : Riflemen `` . Valley Forge National Historical Park . National Park Service Museum Collections . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 19 . `` Time Magazine , April 25 , 1975 '' . Time Magazine . 1975 - 04 - 25 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 .", "49": "Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . `` Wisconsin Public School Observance Days '' . Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction . Archived from the original on 8 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battles of Lexington and Concord . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battles of Lexington and Concord . National Park Service site for Minute Man National Historical Park Buckman Tavern - Lexington Historical Society Why We Remember Lexington and Concord and the 19th of April Rescued cannon returns to Concord Battles of Lexington and Concord Articles about the Concord Fight in Concord Magazine Animated History of the Battles of Lexington and Concord Concord Massachusetts Merriam 's Corner `` Colonial towns , by the numbers '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Facts and figures on Acton , Bedford , Concord and Lexington of the period , including the rosters of the towns ' Minute Men and Militia Statements of American combatants at Lexington and Concord contained in supplement `` Official Papers Concerning the Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord '' to The Military Journals of Private Soldiers , 1758 - 1775 , by Abraham Tomlinson for the Poughkeepsie , NY museum , 1855 .", "50": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord&oldid=804642943 '' Categories : 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Conflicts in 1775 Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Massachusetts in the American Revolution Concord , Massachusetts Lexington , Massachusetts Arlington , Massachusetts Lincoln , Massachusetts Cambridge , Massachusetts 1775 in Massachusetts Military history of New England Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 08 : 16 . 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4200848110079075636	who won the 1st battle of bull run	[ "Confederate victory", "Confederate forces", "Confederate", "Confederate forces", "Confederate victory" ]	{ "0": "First battle of Bull Run - wikipedia First battle of Bull Run This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 15 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search First Battle of Bull Run First Battle of Manassas Part of the American Civil War First Battle of Bull Run . Chromolithograph by Kurz & Allison , 1889 Date July 21 , 1861 ( 1861 - 07 - 21 ) Location Fairfax County and Prince William County , Virginia 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W / 38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Coordinates : 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W / 38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Result Decisive Confederate victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Political leaders : Abraham Lincoln Military commanders : Winfield Scott Irvin McDowell Robert Patterson Political leaders : Jefferson Davis Military commanders : P.G.T. Beauregard Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson ( WIA ) Joseph E. Johnston Units involved Department of Northeastern Virginia : Army of Northeastern Virginia Department of Pennsylvania : Patterson 's Command ( not engaged ) Army of the Potomac Army of the Shenandoah Strength Army of Northeastern Virginia : 35,732 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) Patterson 's Command : 14 -- 18,000 ( not engaged ) 32,000 -- 34,000 ( c.", "1": "18,000 engaged ) Casualties and losses 2,708 ( 481 killed ; 1,011 wounded ; 1,216 missing ) 1,982 ( 387 killed ; 1,582 wounded ; 13 missing ) Manassas Campaign Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Arlington Mills Vienna , Virginia Hoke 's Run Blackburn 's Ford 1st Bull Run Virginia ( 1861 ) Northeastern Virginia ( 1861 ) The First Battle of Bull Run ( the name used by Union forces ) , also known as the First Battle of Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) , was fought on July 21 , 1861 in Prince William County , Virginia , just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west - southwest of Washington , D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War . The Union 's forces were slow in positioning themselves , allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail . Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle . It was a Confederate victory , followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces . Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter , the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , which was expected to bring an early end to the rebellion . Yielding to political pressure , Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction . McDowell 's ambitious plan for a surprise flank attack on the Confederate left was poorly executed by his officers and men ; nevertheless , the Confederates , who had been planning to attack the Union left flank , found themselves at an initial disadvantage . Confederate reinforcements under Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and the course of the battle quickly changed . A brigade of Virginians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Virginia Military Institute , Thomas J. Jackson , stood its ground , which resulted in Jackson receiving his famous nickname , `` Stonewall '' .", "2": "The Confederates launched a strong counterattack , and as the Union troops began withdrawing under fire , many panicked and the retreat turned into a rout . McDowell 's men frantically ran without order in the direction of Washington , D.C. Both armies were sobered by the fierce fighting and many casualties , and realized that the war was going to be much longer and bloodier than either had anticipated . The Battle of First Bull Run highlighted many of the problems and deficiencies that were typical of the first year of the war . Units were committed piecemeal , attacks were frontal , infantry failed to protect exposed artillery , tactical intelligence was nil , and neither commander was able to employ his whole force effectively . McDowell , with 35,000 men , was only able to commit about 18,000 , and the combined Confederate forces , with about 32,000 men , committed only 18,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military and political situation 1.2 Irvin McDowell 1.3 Intelligence 1.4 McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign 1.5 Prelude to battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 3.1 Morning phase 3.1. 1 Matthews Hill 3.2 Noon phase 3.2. 1 Henry House Hill 3.3 Union retreat 4 Aftermath 4.1 Brief observations 4.2 Detailed casualties 4.2. 1 Union 4.2. 2 Confederate 4.3 Effect on the Union and subsequent events 4.4 Effect on the Confederacy 4.5 Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War 4.6 `` Bull Run '' vs.", "3": "`` Manassas '' 4.7 Confusion between the battle flags 4.8 Conclusions 5 Additional battle maps 5.1 Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour 6 In popular culture 7 Sesquicentennial 8 Battlefield preservation 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Memoirs and primary sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Military and political situation ( edit ) Main article : Manassas Campaign Further information : Origins of the American Civil War ; Battle of Fort Sumter ; Western Virginia Campaign ; Border states ( American Civil War ) ; President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers ; Eastern Theater of the American Civil War ; and American Civil War Opposing political leaders Pres . Abraham Lincoln , USA Pres . Jefferson Davis , CSA Northern Virginia Theater in July 1861 Confederate Union Further map details , see : Additional Map 1 and Additional Map 2 . On April 15 , 1861 , the day after South Carolina military forces attacked and captured Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor , President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring an insurrection against the laws of the United States . Earlier , South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America . To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers with ninety - day enlistments to augment the existing U.S. Army of about 15,000 . He later accepted an additional 40,000 volunteers with three - year enlistments and increased the strength of the U.S. Army to almost 20,000 . Lincoln 's actions caused four more Southern states , including Virginia , to secede and join the Confederacy , and by 1 June the Confederate capital had been moved from Montgomery , Alabama , to Richmond , Virginia . In Washington , D.C. , as thousands of volunteers rushed to defend the capital , General in Chief Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott laid out his strategy to subdue the rebellious states . He proposed that an army of 80,000 men be organized and sail down the Mississippi River and capture New Orleans . While the Army `` strangled '' the Confederacy in the west , the U.S.", "4": "Navy would blockade Southern ports along the eastern and Gulf coasts . The press ridiculed what they dubbed as Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' . Instead , many believed the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond , only one hundred miles south of Washington , would quickly end the war . By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington . Since General Scott was seventy - five years old and physically unable to lead this force , the administration searched for a more suitable field commander . Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott , General in Chief , USA Cartoon map illustrating Gen. Winfield Scott 's plan to crush the Confederacy , economically . It is sometimes called the `` Anaconda plan '' . Irvin McDowell ( edit ) Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase championed fellow Ohioan , 42 - year - old Maj . Irvin McDowell . Although McDowell was a West Point graduate , his command experience was limited . In fact , he had spent most of his career engaged in various staff duties in the Adjutant General 's Office . While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase , a former Ohio governor and senator . Now , through Chase 's influence , McDowell was promoted three grades to brigadier general in the Regular Army and on 27 May was assigned command ( by President Abraham Lincoln ) of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , which included the military forces in and around Washington ( Army of Northeastern Virginia ) . McDowell immediately began organizing what became known as the Army of Northeastern Virginia , 35,000 men arranged in five divisions . Under public and political pressure to begin offensive operations , McDowell was given very little time to train the newly inducted troops . Units were instructed in the maneuvering of regiments , but they received little or no training at the brigade or division level . He was reassured by President Lincoln , `` You are green , it is true , but they are green also ; you are all green alike . '' Against his better judgment , McDowell commenced campaigning . Intelligence ( edit ) During the previous year , U.S. Army captain Thomas Jordan set up a pro-Southern spy network in Washington City , including Rose O'Neal Greenhow , a prominent socialite with a wide range of contacts . He provided her with a code for messages .", "5": "After he left to join the Confederate Army , he gave her control of his network but continued to receive reports from her . On July 9 and 16 , 1861 , Greenhow passed secret messages to Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard containing critical information regarding military movements for what would be the First Battle of Bull Run , including the plans of Union general McDowell . McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign ( edit ) On July 16 , 1861 , McDowell departed Washington with the largest field army yet gathered on the North American continent , about 35,000 men ( 28,452 effectives ) . McDowell 's plan was to move westward in three columns and make a diversionary attack on the Confederate line at Bull Run with two columns , while the third column moved around the Confederates ' right flank to the south , cutting the railroad to Richmond and threatening the rear of the Confederate army . He assumed that the Confederates would be forced to abandon Manassas Junction and fall back to the Rappahannock River , the next defensible line in Virginia , which would relieve some of the pressure on the U.S. capital . McDowell had hoped to have his army at Centreville by 17 July , but the troops , unaccustomed to marching , moved in starts and stops . Along the route soldiers often broke ranks to wander off to pick apples or blackberries or to get water , regardless of the orders of their officers to remain in ranks . The Confederate Army of the Potomac ( 21,883 effectives ) under Beauregard was encamped near Manassas Junction , approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) from the United States capital . McDowell planned to attack this numerically inferior enemy army . Union Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson 's 18,000 men engaged Johnston 's force ( the Army of the Shenandoah at 8,884 effectives , augmented by Maj. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes 's brigade of 1,465 ) in the Shenandoah Valley , preventing them from reinforcing Beauregard .", "6": "Movements July 16 -- 21 , 1861 Situation July 18 Battlefield of Manassas After two days of marching slowly in the sweltering heat , the Union army was allowed to rest in Centreville . McDowell reduced the size of his army to approximately 31,000 by dispatching Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon with 5,000 troops to protect the army 's rear . In the meantime , McDowell searched for a way to outflank Beauregard , who had drawn up his lines along Bull Run . On July 18 , the Union commander sent a division under Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler to pass on the Confederate right ( southeast ) flank. Tyler was drawn into a skirmish at Blackburn 's Ford over Bull Run and made no headway . Also on the morning of 18 July Johnston had received a telegram suggesting he go to Beauregard 's assistance if possible . Johnston marched out of Winchester about noon , while Stuart 's cavalry screened the movement from Patterson . Patterson was completely deceived . One hour after Johnston 's departure Patterson telegraphed Washington , `` I have succeeded , in accordance with the wishes of the General - in - Chief , in keeping General Johnston 's force at Winchester . '' For the maneuver to be successful McDowell felt he needed to act quickly . He had already begun to hear rumors that Johnston had slipped out of the valley and was headed for Manassas Junction . If the rumors were true , McDowell might soon be facing 34,000 Confederates , instead of 22,000 . Another reason for quick action was McDowell 's concern that the ninety - day enlistments of many of his regiments were about to expire . `` In a few days I will lose many thousands of the best of this force '' , he wrote Washington on the eve of battle . In fact , the next morning two units of McDowell 's command , their enlistments expiring that day , would turn a deaf ear to McDowell 's appeal to stay a few days longer . Instead , to the sounds of battle , they would march back to Washington to be mustered out of service . Becoming more frustrated , McDowell resolved to attack the Confederate left ( northwest ) flank instead . He planned to attack with Brig. Gen.", "7": "Daniel Tyler 's division at the Stone Bridge on the Warrenton Turnpike and send the divisions of Brig . Gens . David Hunter and Samuel P. Heintzelman over Sudley Springs Ford . From here , these divisions could march into the Confederate rear . The brigade of Col. Israel B. Richardson ( Tyler 's Division ) would harass the enemy at Blackburn 's Ford , preventing them from thwarting the main attack . Patterson would tie down Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley so that reinforcements could not reach the area . Although McDowell had arrived at a theoretically sound plan , it had a number of flaws : it was one that required synchronized execution of troop movements and attacks , skills that had not been developed in the nascent army ; it relied on actions by Patterson that he had already failed to take ; finally , McDowell had delayed long enough that Johnston 's Valley force was able to board trains at Piedmont Station and rush to Manassas Junction to reinforce Beauregard 's men . Prelude to battle ( edit ) On July 19 -- 20 , significant reinforcements bolstered the Confederate lines behind Bull Run . Johnston arrived with all of his army , except for the troops of Brig. Gen. Kirby Smith , who were still in transit . Most of the new arrivals were posted in the vicinity of Blackburn 's Ford , and Beauregard 's plan was to attack from there to the north toward Centreville . Johnston , the senior officer , approved the plan . If both of the armies had been able to execute their plans simultaneously , it would have resulted in a mutual counterclockwise movement as they attacked each other 's left flank . McDowell was getting contradictory information from his intelligence agents , so he called for the balloon Enterprise , which was being demonstrated by Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe in Washington , to perform aerial reconnaissance . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle Key Union commanders Brig. Gen . Irvin McDowell , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( Commanding ) , USA Brig. Gen . Daniel Tyler , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 1st Div . ) USA Brig. Gen .", "8": "David Hunter , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 2nd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Samuel P. Heintzelman , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 3rd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Theodore Runyon , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 4th Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Dixon S. Miles , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 5th Div . ) USA Maj. Gen . Robert Patterson , Patterson 's Command , USA McDowell 's Army of Northeastern Virginia was organized into five infantry divisions of three to five brigades each . Each brigade contained three to five infantry regiments . An artillery battery was generally assigned to each brigade . The total number of Union troops present at the Battle of First Bull Run was about 35,000 , although only about 18,000 were actually engaged . The Union army was organized as follows : 1st Division of Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler the largest in the army , contained four brigades , led by Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck , Col. Erasmus Keyes , Col. William T. Sherman , and Col. Israel B. Richardson ; 2nd Division of Col. David Hunter of two brigades . These were led by Cols . Andrew Porter and Ambrose E. Burnside ; 3rd Division of Col. Samuel P. Heintzelman included 3 brigades , led by Cols . William B. Franklin , Orlando B. Willcox , and Oliver O. Howard ; 4th Division of Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon without brigade organization and not engaged , contained seven regiments of New Jersey and one regiment of New York volunteer infantries ; 5th Division of Col. Dixon S. Miles included 2 brigades , commanded by Cols . Louis Blenker and Thomas A. Davies ; While McDowell organized the Army of Northeastern Virginia , a smaller Union command was organized and stationed northwest of Washington , near Harper 's Ferry . Commanded by Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson , 18,000 men of the Department of Pennsylvania protected against a Confederate incursion from the Shenandoah Valley .", "9": "Abstract from the returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Commands Present For duty Total Aggregate Officers Men General staff 19 21 First ( Tyler 's ) Division 569 12,226 9,494 9,936 Second ( Hunter 's ) Division 121 2,364 2,525 2,648 Third ( Heintzelman 's ) Division 382 8,680 9,385 9,777 Fourth ( Runyon 's ) Division 247 5,201 5,502 5,752 Fifth ( Miles ' ) Division 289 5,884 5,917 6,207 Twenty - first New York Volunteers 37 684 707 745 Twenty - fifth New York Militia 39 519 534 573 Second United States Cavalry , Company E 56 63 73 Total 1,707 35,614 34,127 35,732 Abstract from return of the Department of Pennsylvania , commanded by Major - General Patterson , June 28 , 1861 . PATTERSON 'S COMMAND Commanding officer Troops Present for duty Infantry Cavalry Artillery Officers Men Officers Men Officers Men Bvt . Maj. Gen. Geo . Cadwalader First division 322 6,637 11 307 7 251 Maj. Gen. W.H. Keim Second division 322 6,410 74 Total 644 13,047 14 381 7 251 Aggregate present for duty Infantry 13,691 Cavalry 395 Artillery 258 Total 14,344 Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Key Confederate commanders Brig. Gen . P.G.T.", "10": "Beauregard , CSA Army of the Potomac Brig. Gen . Joseph E. Johnston , CSA Army of the Shenandoah , ( Commanding ) Joseph E. Johnston 's forces was organized as follows : The Army of the Potomac ( Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard ) was organized into six infantry brigades , with each brigade containing three to six infantry regiments . Artillery batteries were assigned to various infantry brigades . The total number of troops in the Confederate Army of the Potomac was approximately 22,000 . Beauregard 's army also contained thirty - nine pieces of field artillery and a regiment of Virginia cavalry . The Army of the Potomac was organized into seven infantry brigades . These were : 1st Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Milledge Luke Bonham ; 2nd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell ; 3rd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. David R. Jones ; 4th Brigade , under Brig. Gen. James Longstreet ; 5th Brigade , under Col. Philip St. George Cocke ; 6th Brigade , under Col. Jubal Early ; 7th Brigade , under Col. Nathan G. Evans . Reserve Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes The Army of the Shenandoah ( Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston ) was also organized into brigades . It consisted of four brigades of three to five infantry regiments each , which totaled approximately 12,000 men . Each brigade was assigned one artillery battery . In addition to the infantry , there were twenty pieces of artillery and about 300 Virginia cavalrymen under Col. J.E.B. Stuart . Although the combined strength of both Confederate armies was about 34,000 , only about 18,000 were actually engaged at First Bull Run . The Army of the Shenandoah consisted of four infantry brigades : 1st Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson ; 2nd Brigade , commanded by Col. Francis S. Bartow ; 3rd Brigade , commanded by Brig.", "11": "Gen. Barnard E. Bee ; 4th Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith . Abstract front field return , First Corps ( Army of the Potomac ) , July 21 , 1861 . ( Dated September 25 , 1861 . ) ARMY OF THE POTOMAC Commands . General and Staff Officers Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers Men . Officers Men . Officers Men . First Brigade 211 4,070 Second Brigade 133 2,307 Third Brigade 128 1,989 Fourth Brigade 160 2,364 Fifth Brigade 208 8,065 Sixth Brigade 261 2,356 Seventh Louisiana 44 773 Eighth Louisiana 43 803 Hampton Legion 27 627 Thirteenth Virginia 34 642 Harrison 's Battalion ( three companies ) 13 196 Troops ( ten ) of cavalry 38 545 Washington ( Louisiana ) Artillery 19 201 Kemper 's battery 76 Latham 's battery 86 Loudoun Battery 55 Shield 's battery 82 Camp Pickens ( heavy artillery ) 18 275 Total 22 1,215 18,354 85 1,383 51 775 Aggregates : Infantry 19,569 Cavalry 1,468 Artillery 826 21,863 Abstract from monthly report of Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 's division , or Army of the Shenandoah ( C.S.A. ) , for June 30 , 1861 . ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH Commanding officer . Troops . PRESENT FOR DUTY . Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Colonel Jackson First brigade 128 2,043 81 Col. F.S.", "12": "Bartow Second brigade 155 2,391 59 Brigadier - General Bee Third brigade 161 2,629 78 Col. A. Elzey Fourth brigade 156 2,106 45 Col. J.E.B. Stuart First Virginia Cavalry 21 313 Col. A.C. Cummings Virginia Volunteers 14 227 Total 614 9,396 21 313 15 263 Aggregate present for duty . General staff 32 Infantry 10,010 Cavalry 334 Artillery 278 10,654 Battle ( edit ) Morning phase ( edit ) Matthews Hill ( edit ) Situation morning , July 21 Situation at 05 : 30 -- 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) On the morning of July 21 , 1861 , McDowell sent the divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ( about 12,000 men ) from Centreville at 2 : 30 a.m. , marching southwest on the Warrenton Turnpike and then turning northwest toward Sudley Springs . Tyler 's division ( about 8,000 ) marched directly toward the Stone Bridge . The inexperienced units immediately developed logistical problems . Tyler 's division blocked the advance of the main flanking column on the turnpike . The later units found the approach roads to Sudley Springs were inadequate , little more than a cart path in some places , and did not begin fording Bull Run until 9 : 30 a.m. Tyler 's men reached the Stone Bridge around 6 a.m. At 5 : 15 a.m. , Richardson 's brigade fired a few artillery rounds across Mitchell 's Ford on the Confederate right , some of which hit Beauregard 's headquarters in the Wilmer McLean house as he was eating breakfast , alerting him to the fact that his offensive battle plan had been preempted . Nevertheless , he ordered demonstration attacks north toward the Union left at Centreville . Bungled orders and poor communications prevented their execution . Although he intended for Brig. Gen.", "13": "Richard S. Ewell to lead the attack , Ewell , at Union Mills Ford , was simply ordered to `` hold ... in readiness to advance at a moment 's notice '' . Brig. Gen. D.R. Jones was supposed to attack in support of Ewell , but found himself moving forward alone . Holmes was also supposed to support , but received no orders at all . U.S. cavalry at Sudley Spring Ford An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves to fire a cannon at U.S. forces at gunpoint . According to John Parker , a former slave , he was forced by his Confederate captors to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers at the Battle of Bull Run . All that stood in the path of the 20,000 Union soldiers converging on the Confederate left flank were Col. Nathan `` Shanks '' Evans and his reduced brigade of 1,100 men . Evans had moved some of his men to intercept the direct threat from Tyler at the bridge , but he began to suspect that the weak attacks from the Union brigade of Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck were merely feints . He was informed of the main Union flanking movement through Sudley Springs by Captain Edward Porter Alexander , Beauregard 's signal officer , observing from 8 miles ( 13 km ) southwest on Signal Hill . In the first use of wig - wag semaphore signaling in combat , Alexander sent the message `` Look out for your left , your position is turned . '' Evans hastily led 900 of his men from their position fronting the Stone Bridge to a new location on the slopes of Matthews Hill , a low rise to the northwest of his previous position . The Confederate delaying action on Matthews Hill included a spoiling attack launched by Major Roberdeau Wheat 's 1st Louisiana Special Battalion , `` Wheat 's Tigers '' . After Wheat 's command was thrown back , and Wheat seriously wounded , Evans received reinforcement from two other brigades under Brig. Gen. Barnard Bee and Col. Francis S. Bartow , bringing the force on the flank to 2,800 men . They successfully slowed Hunter 's lead brigade ( Brig. Gen.", "14": "Ambrose Burnside ) in its attempts to ford Bull Run and advance across Young 's Branch , at the northern end of Henry House Hill . One of Tyler 's brigade commanders , Col. William Tecumseh Sherman , crossed at an unguarded ford and struck the right flank of the Confederate defenders . This surprise attack , coupled with pressure from Burnside and Maj . George Sykes , collapsed the Confederate line shortly after 11 : 30 a.m. , sending them in a disorderly retreat to Henry House Hill . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 4 , Additional Map 5 , Additional Map 6 and Additional Map 7 . ) Noon phase ( edit ) Henry House Hill ( edit ) As they retreated from their Matthews Hill position , the remainder of Evans 's , Bee 's , and Bartow 's commands received some cover from Capt . John D. Imboden and his battery of four 6 - pounder guns , who held off the Union advance while the Confederates attempted to regroup on Henry House Hill . They were met by generals Johnston and Beauregard , who had just arrived from Johnston 's headquarters at the M. Lewis Farm , `` Portici '' . Fortunately for the Confederates , McDowell did not press his advantage and attempt to seize the strategic ground immediately , choosing to bombard the hill with the batteries of Capts . James B. Ricketts ( Battery I , 1st U.S. Artillery ) and Charles Griffin ( Battery D , 5th U.S. ) from Dogan 's Ridge . Attacks on Henry House Hill , noon -- 2 p.m Union retreat , after 4 p.m. Brig. Gen Thomas J. Jackson 's Virginia Brigade came up in support of the disorganized Confederates around noon , accompanied by Col. Wade Hampton and his Hampton 's Legion , and Col. J.E.B. Stuart 's cavalry . The Hampton Legion , some 600 men strong , managed to buy Jackson time to construct a defensive line on Henry House Hill by firing repeated volleys at Sherman 's advancing brigade . Hampton had purchased about 400 British Enfield rifles to equip the men with , however it is not clear if his troops had them at Bull Run or if the weapons arrived after the battle .", "15": "If so , they would have been the only foreign - made weapons on the field . The 79th New York was thoroughly decimated by Hampton 's musket fire and began to disintegrate . Wade Hampton gestured towards their colonel , James Cameron , and remarked `` Look at that brave officer trying to lead his men and they wo n't follow him . '' Shortly afterwards , Cameron , the brother of US Senator Simon Cameron , was fatally wounded . It has been claimed that Hampton deliberately targeted officers of the 79th New York in revenge for the death of his nephew earlier in the day , although he had in fact been killed by soldiers of the 69th New York . Jackson posted his five regiments on the reverse slope of the hill , where they were shielded from direct fire , and was able to assemble 13 guns for the defensive line , which he posted on the crest of the hill ; as the guns fired , their recoil moved them down the reverse slope , where they could be safely reloaded . Meanwhile , McDowell ordered the batteries of Ricketts and Griffin to move from Dogan 's Ridge to the hill for close infantry support . Their 11 guns engaged in a fierce artillery duel across 300 yards ( 270 m ) against Jackson 's 13 . Unlike many engagements in the Civil War , here the Confederate artillery had an advantage . The Union pieces were now within range of the Confederate smoothbores and the predominantly rifled pieces on the Union side were not effective weapons at such close ranges , with many shots fired over the head of their targets . Ruins of Judith Henry 's house , `` Spring Hill '' , after the battle Postwar house on site of Judith Henry house in Manassas Judith Henry grave One of the casualties of the artillery fire was Judith Carter Henry , an 85 - year - old widow and invalid , who was unable to leave her bedroom in the Henry House . As Ricketts began receiving rifle fire , he concluded that it was coming from the Henry House and turned his guns on the building . A shell that crashed through the bedroom wall tore off one of the widow 's feet and inflicted multiple injuries , from which she died later that day . `` The Enemy are driving us '' , Bee exclaimed to Jackson . Jackson , a former U.S.", "16": "Army officer and professor at the Virginia Military Institute , is said to have replied , `` Then , Sir , we will give them the bayonet . '' Bee exhorted his own troops to re-form by shouting , `` There is Jackson standing like a stone wall . Let us determine to die here , and we will conquer . Rally behind the Virginians . '' This exclamation was the source for Jackson 's ( and his brigade 's ) nickname , `` Stonewall '' . Bee was shot through the stomach shortly after speaking and died the next day , thus it is unclear exactly what he meant , moreover none of his subordinates wrote reports of the battle . Col. States Rights Gist , serving as Bee 's aide - de-camp , took command of the brigade . Major Burnett Rhett , chief of staff to General Johnston , claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson 's failure to come immediately to the relief of Bee 's and Bartow 's brigades while they were under heavy pressure . Those who subscribe to this opinion believe that Bee 's statement was meant to be pejorative : `` Look at Jackson standing there like a stone wall ! '' Artillery commander Griffin decided to move two of his guns to the southern end of his line , hoping to provide enfilade fire against the Confederates . At approximately 3 p.m. , these guns were overrun by the 33rd Virginia , whose men were outfitted in blue uniforms , causing Griffin 's commander , Maj . William F. Barry , to mistake them for Union troops and to order Griffin not to fire on them . Close range volleys from the 33rd Virginia and Stuart 's cavalry attack against the flank of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( Ellsworth 's Fire Zouaves ) , which was supporting the battery , killed many of the gunners and scattered the infantry . Capitalizing on this success , Jackson ordered two regiments to charge Ricketts 's guns and they were captured as well . As additional Federal infantry engaged , the guns changed hands several times . Capture of Ricketts ' Battery , painting by Sidney E. King , National Park Service The capture of the Union guns turned the tide of battle .", "17": "Although McDowell had brought 15 regiments into the fight on the hill , outnumbering the Confederates two to one , no more than two were ever engaged simultaneously . Jackson continued to press his attacks , telling soldiers of the 4th Virginia Infantry , `` Reserve your fire until they come within 50 yards ! Then fire and give them the bayonet ! And when you charge , yell like furies ! '' For the first time , Union troops heard the disturbing sound of the Rebel yell . At about 4 p.m. , the last Union troops were pushed off Henry House Hill by a charge of two regiments from Col. Philip St. George Cocke 's brigade . To the west , Chinn Ridge had been occupied by Col. Oliver Otis Howard 's brigade from Heintzelman 's division . Also at 4 p.m. , two Confederate brigades - Col. Jubal Early 's , which had moved from the Confederate right , and Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith 's ( commanded by Col. Arnold Elzey after Smith was wounded ) , which had just arrived from the Shenandoah Valley -- crushed Howard 's brigade . Beauregard ordered his entire line forward . At 5 p.m. everywhere McDowell 's army was disintegrating . Thousands , in large and small groups or as individuals , began to leave the battlefield and head for Centreville . McDowell rode around the field trying to rally regiments and groups of soldiers , but most had had enough . Unable to stop the mass exodus , McDowell gave orders for Porter 's regular infantry battalion , near the intersection of the turnpike and Manassas - Sudley Road , to act as a rear guard as his army withdrew . The unit briefly held the crossroads , then retreated eastward with the rest of the army . McDowell 's force crumbled and began to retreat . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 8 , Additional Map 9 , Additional Map 10 , Additional Map 11 and Additional Map 12 . ) Union retreat ( edit ) The retreat was relatively orderly up to the Bull Run crossings , but it was poorly managed by the Union officers .", "18": "A Union wagon was overturned by artillery fire on a bridge spanning Cub Run Creek and incited panic in McDowell 's force . As the soldiers streamed uncontrollably toward Centreville , discarding their arms and equipment , McDowell ordered Col. Dixon S. Miles 's division to act as a rear guard , but it was impossible to rally the army short of Washington . In the disorder that followed , hundreds of Union troops were taken prisoner . Wagons and artillery were abandoned , including the 30 - pounder Parrott rifle , which had opened the battle with such fanfare . Expecting an easy Union victory , the wealthy elite of nearby Washington , including congressmen and their families , had come to picnic and watch the battle . When the Union army was driven back in a running disorder , the roads back to Washington were blocked by panicked civilians attempting to flee in their carriages . Since their combined army had been left highly disorganized as well , Beauregard and Johnston did not fully press their advantage , despite urging from Confederate President Jefferson Davis , who had arrived on the battlefield to see the Union soldiers retreating . An attempt by Johnston to intercept the Union troops from his right flank , using the brigades of Brig . Gens . Milledge L. Bonham and James Longstreet , was a failure . The two commanders squabbled with each other and when Bonham 's men received some artillery fire from the Union rear guard , and found that Richardson 's brigade blocked the road to Centreville , he called off the pursuit . In Washington President Lincoln and members of the cabinet waited for news of a Union victory . Instead , a telegram arrived stating `` General McDowell 's army in full retreat through Centreville . The day is lost . Save Washington and the remnants of this army . '' The tidings were happier in the Confederate capital . From the battlefield President Davis telegraphed Richmond , `` We have won a glorious but dear - bought victory . Night closed on the enemy in full flight and closely pursued . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Brief observations ( edit ) First Bull Run was a clash between relatively large , ill - trained bodies of recruits , led by inexperienced officers .", "19": "Neither army commander was able to deploy his forces effectively ; although nearly 60,000 men were present at the battle , only 18,000 had actually been engaged . Although McDowell had been active on the battlefield , he had expended most of his energy maneuvering nearby regiments and brigades , instead of controlling and coordinating the movements of his army as a whole . Other factors contributed to McDowell 's defeat : Patterson 's failure to hold Johnston in the valley ; McDowell 's two - day delay at Centreville ; allowing Tyler 's division to lead the march on 21 July thus delaying the flanking divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ; and the 2 1 / 2 - hour delay after the Union victory on Matthews ' Hill , which allowed the Confederates to bring up reinforcements and establish a defensive position on Henry Hill . On Henry Hill Beauregard had also limited his control to the regimental level , generally allowing the battle to continue on its own and only reacting to Union moves . Johnston 's decision to transport his infantry to the battlefield by rail played a major role in the Confederate victory . Although the trains were slow and a lack of sufficient cars did not allow the transport of large numbers of troops at one time , almost all of his army arrived in time to participate in the battle . After reaching Manassas Junction , Johnston had relinquished command of the battlefield to Beauregard , but his forwarding of reinforcements to the scene of fighting was decisive . Jackson and Bee 's brigades had done the largest share of fighting in the battle ; Jackson 's brigade had fought almost alone for four hours and sustained over 50 % casualties . Detailed casualties ( edit ) Bull Run was the largest and bloodiest battle in United States history up to that point . Union casualties were 460 killed , 1,124 wounded , and 1,312 missing or captured ; Confederate casualties were 387 killed , 1,582 wounded , and 13 missing . Among the Union dead was Col. James Cameron , brother of President Lincoln 's first Secretary of War , Simon Cameron . Among the Confederate casualties was Col. Francis S. Bartow , who was the first Confederate brigade commander to be killed in the Civil War . General Bee was mortally wounded and died the following day .", "20": "Compared to later battles , casualties at First Bull Run had not been especially heavy . Both Union and Confederate killed , wounded , and missing were a little over one thousand seven hundred each . Two Confederate brigade commanders , Jackson and Edmund Kirby - Smith , were wounded in the battle . No Union officers above the regimental level were killed ; two division commanders ( Samuel Heintzelman and David Hunter ) , and one brigade commander ( Orlando Willcox ) were wounded . Union ( edit ) Union casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Troops Killed Wounded Missing Remarks Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men General staff First Division , General TYLER : First Brigade , Colonel Keyes 19 46 5 149 Eighteen others slightly wounded . Second Brigade , General Schenck 16 15 15 Third Brigade , Colonel Sherman 117 15 193 13 240 Fourth Brigade , Colonel Richardson Not engaged . Guarding Blackburn 's Ford . Total , First Division 6 152 19 254 19 404 Second Division , Colonel HUNTER : First Brigade , Colonel Porter 83 9 139 9 236 Four surgeons missing . Second Brigade , Colonel Burnside 5 35 85 59 Five surgeons missing . Total Second Division 6 118 12 224 11 295 Third Division , Colonel HEINTZELMAN : Division headquarters . First Brigade , Colonel Franklin 68 13 183 22 Second Brigade , Colonel Willcox 70 11 161 186 Third Brigade , Colonel Howard 48 7 108 6 174 Total , Third Division 6 186 32 452 10 382 Fourth Division , General RUNYON In reserve on the Potomac .", "21": "Fifth Division , Colonel MILES : First Brigade Colonel Blenker 6 16 94 Second Brigade , Colonel Davies Total , Fifth Division 6 17 95 Grand total 19 462 64 947 40 1,176 Union artillery lost in the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . Batteries Commanders Guns lost Remarks Rifled Smooth Total First U.S. Artillery , Company G ( two 20 - pounder Parrotts , one 30 - pounder Parrott ) . Lieutenant Edwards 20 - pounders saved First U.S. Artillery , Company I ( six 10 - pounder Parrots ) Captain Ricketts 6 6 None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company D Captain Arnold None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company E ( two 13 - pounder James , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Carlisle Two 6 - pounders saved Fifth S. Artillery ( Company D ) , ( two 10 - pounder Parrotts , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Griffin 5 One 10 - pounder saved Rhode Island Battery ( six 13 - pounder James ) 5 5 One saved Total lost 17 8 25 Confederate ( edit ) Confederate casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 .", "22": "Command Killed Wounded Missing Aggregate Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men ARMY OF THE POTOMAC INFANTRY First Louisiana ( battalion ) 8 5 33 48 Seventh Louisiana 23 26 Thirteenth Mississippi 6 6 Seventeenth Mississippi 9 11 Eighteenth Mississippi 6 28 38 Fifth North Carolina Second South Carolina 5 6 37 48 Fourth South Carolina 10 9 70 6 96 Fifth South Carolina 23 26 Eighth South Carolina 5 20 28 Hampton Legion 19 100 121 First Virginia 6 6 Seventh Virginia 9 37 47 Eighth Virginia 6 23 30 Seventeenth Virginia Eighteenth Virginia 6 12 19 Nineteenth Virginia 6 Twenty - eighth Virginia 9 9 Forty - ninth Virginia 9 29 40 ARTILLERY Alexandria Light Artillery Latham 's Loudoun Washington ( La . )", "23": "CAVALRY Thirtieth Virginia 9 Hanover ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH INFANTRY Fourth Alabama 36 6 151 Seventh Georgia 18 12 122 Eighth Georgia 38 6 153 First Maryland 5 Second Mississippi 21 79 Eleventh Mississippi 7 21 Sixth North Carolina 22 46 Third Tennessee Second Virginia 15 69 Fourth Virginia 30 100 Fifth Virginia 6 47 Tenth Virginia 6 10 Twenty - seventh Virginia 18 122 Thirty - third Virginia 44 101 Total First Corps 6 99 29 490 12 632 Total Second Corps 19 263 34 1,029 Grand total 25 362 63 1,519 12 632 Today will be known as BLACK MONDAY . We are utterly and disgracefully routed , beaten , whipped by secessionists . -- Union diarist George Templeton Strong If the war had turned out to be of short duration , Bull Run would have been a disaster for the Union . But if , as now seemed more plausible , a long and nasty war was inevitable , that battle had a curiously salutary effect for the Union side . It provided a wake - up call for those optimists -- like Seward or even Lincoln -- who had hoped for or counted on a quick result . -- David Detzer , Donnybrook Bull Run was a turning point in the American Civil War ... in the sense that the battle struck with impelling force upon public opinion at home and abroad , upon Congress , and upon the Commander - in - chief . It framed new patterns of thought and led to far - reaching changes in the conduct of the war . The failure at Bull Run inspired a second Northern rising . Volunteering accelerated , 90 - day men reenlisted , states rushed fresh regiments forward in plenitude ... As they realized victory would not come readily , a new mood fastened upon Northerners .", "24": "An iron resolve entered the Northern soul ... -- James A. Rawley , Turning Points of the Civil War Effect on the Union and subsequent events ( edit ) Union forces and civilians alike feared that Confederate forces would advance on Washington , D.C. , with very little standing in their way . On July 24 , Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe ascended in the balloon Enterprise to observe the Confederates moving in and about Manassas Junction and Fairfax . He saw no evidence of massing Confederate forces , but was forced to land in Confederate territory . It was overnight before he was rescued and could report to headquarters . He reported that his observations `` restored confidence '' to the Union commanders . The Northern public was shocked at the unexpected defeat of their army when an easy victory had been widely anticipated . Both sides quickly came to realize the war would be longer and more brutal than they had imagined . On July 22 President Lincoln signed a bill that provided for the enlistment of another 500,000 men for up to three years of service . On July 25 , eleven thousand Pennsylvanians who had earlier been rejected by the U.S. Secretary of War , Simon Cameron , for federal service in either Patterson 's or McDowell 's command arrived in Washington , D.C. , and were finally accepted . Three months after First Bull Run Union forces suffered another , smaller defeat at the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , near Leesburg , Virginia . The perceived military incompetence at First Bull Run and Ball 's Bluff led to the establishment of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War , a congressional body created to investigate Northern military affairs . Concerning the Battle of First Bull Run , the committee listened to testimony from a variety of witnesses connected with McDowell 's army . Although the committee 's report concluded that the principal cause of defeat was Patterson 's failure to prevent Johnston from reinforcing Beauregard , Patterson 's enlistment had expired a few days after the battle , and he was no longer in the service . The Northern public clamored for another scapegoat , and McDowell bore the chief blame . On 25 July 1861 , he was relieved of army command and replaced by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan , who was named general - in - chief of all the Union armies .", "25": "McDowell was also present to bear significant blame for the defeat of Maj. Gen. John Pope 's Army of Virginia by Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia thirteen months later , at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Effect on the Confederacy ( edit ) The reaction in the Confederacy was more muted . There was little public celebration as the Southerners realized that despite their victory , the greater battles that would inevitably come would mean greater losses for their side as well . Once the euphoria of victory had worn off , Jefferson Davis called for 400,000 additional volunteers . Beauregard was considered the Confederate hero of the battle and was promoted that day by C.S. President Davis to full general in the Confederate army . Stonewall Jackson , arguably the most important tactical contributor to the victory , received no special recognition , but would later achieve glory for his 1862 Valley Campaign . Privately , Davis credited Greenhow with ensuring Confederate victory . Jordan sent a telegram to Greenhow : `` Our President and our General direct me to thank you . We rely upon you for further information . The Confederacy owes you a debt . ( Signed ) JORDAN , Adjutant - General . '' The battle also had long - term psychological consequences . The decisive victory led to a degree of over-confidence on the part of Confederate forces , while prompting a determined organizational effort on the part of the Union . In hindsight commentators on both sides agreed that the one - sided outcome `` proved the greatest misfortune that would have befallen the Confederacy '' . Although modern historians generally agree with this interpretation , James M. McPherson has argued that the esprit de corps attained by Confederate troops on the heels of their victory , together with a new sense of insecurity felt by northern commanders , also gave the Confederacy a military edge in the following months . Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War ( edit ) Further information : Turning point of the American Civil War § Confederate victory in First Battle of Bull Run ( July 1861 ) `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' ( edit ) The name of the battle has caused controversy since 1861 .", "26": "The Union Army frequently named battles after significant rivers and creeks that played a role in the fighting ; the Confederates generally used the names of nearby towns or farms . The U.S. National Park Service uses the Confederate name for its national battlefield park , but the Union name ( Bull Run ) also has widespread currency in popular literature . Confusion between the battle flags ( edit ) Battlefield confusion between the battle flags , especially the similarity of the Confederacy 's `` Stars and Bars '' and the Union 's `` Stars and Stripes '' when fluttering , led to the adoption of the Confederate Battle Flag , which eventually became the most popular symbol of the Confederacy and the South in general . Conclusions ( edit ) First Bull Run demonstrated that the war would not be won by one grand battle , and both sides began preparing for a long and bloody conflict . The battle also showed the need for adequately trained and experienced officers and men . One year later many of the same soldiers who had fought at First Bull Run , now combat veterans , would have an opportunity to test their skills on the same battlefield at the Second Battle of Bull Run / Manassas .", "27": "Additional battle maps ( edit ) Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour ( edit ) Map 1 : Situation Mid-July 1861 Map 2 : Beauregard 's defensive situation ( Mid-July 1861 ) Map 3 : Situation at 05 : 30 - 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 4 : Situation at 10 : 30 - 11 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 5 : Situation at 11 : 00 - 11 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 6 : Situation at 12 : 00 - 12 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 7 : Situation at 13 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 8 : Situation at 14 : 30 - 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 9 : Situation at 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 10 : Situation at 15 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 11 : Situation at 16 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 12 : Situation at 16 : 30 - 17 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) In popular culture ( edit ) The First Battle of Bull Run is mentioned in the novel Gods and Generals , but is depicted more fully in its film adaptation . The battle forms the climax of the film Class of ' 61 . It also appears in the first episode of the second season of the mini-series North and South , in the second episode of the first season of the mini-series How the West Was Won and in the first episode of the mini-series The Blue and the Gray . Manassas ( 1999 ) is the first volume in the James Reasoner Civil War Series of historical novels . The battle is described in Rebel ( 1993 ) , the first volume of Bernard Cornwell 's The Starbuck Chronicles series of historical novels . The battle is described from the viewpoint of a Union infantryman in Upton Sinclair 's novella Manassas , which also depicts the political turmoil leading up to the Civil War .", "28": "The battle is also depicted in John Jakes 's The Titans , the fifth novel in The Kent Family Chronicles , a series that explores the fictional Confederate cavalry officer Gideon Kent . The battle is the subject of the Johnny Horton song , `` Battle of Bull Run '' . Shaman , second in the Cole family trilogy by Noah Gordon , includes an account of the battle . The battle is also depicted in the song `` Yankee Bayonet '' by indie - folk band The Decemberists . In Murder at 1600 , Detective Harlan Regis ( Wesley Snipes ) has built a plan - relief of the battle which plays a certain role in the plot . Sesquicentennial ( edit ) The National Jubilee of Peace building at Grant and Lee avenues in Manassas , Virginia , is draped with the U.S. flag for the 150th anniversary commemoration , held on July 21 , 2011 , of the First Battle of Bull Run . Prince William County staged special events commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Civil War through 2011 . Manassas was named the No. 1 tourist destination in the United States for 2011 by the American Bus Association for its efforts in highlighting the historical impact of the Civil War . The cornerstone of the commemoration event featured a reenactment of the battle on July 23 -- 24 , 2011 . Throughout the year , there were tours of the Manassas battlefield and other battlefields in the county and a number of related events and activities . The City of Manassas commemorated the 150th anniversary of the battle July 21 -- 24 , 2011 . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of the site of the battle is now Manassas National Battlefield Park .", "29": "Located north of Manassas , in Prince William County , Virginia , it preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles : the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21 , 1861 , and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30 , 1862 ( also known as the First Battle of Manassas and the Second Battle of Manassas , respectively ) . The peaceful Virginia countryside bore witness to clashes between the armies of the North ( Union ) and the South ( Confederacy ) , and it was there that Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson acquired his nickname `` Stonewall . '' Today the National Battlefield Park provides the opportunity for visitors to explore the historic terrain where men fought and died more than a century ago . More than 900,000 people visit the battlefield each year . ( In comparison , roughly 15 million people annually visit nearby Washington , DC . ) As a historic area under the National Park Service , the park was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Second Battle of Bull Run Armies in the American Civil War Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1861 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Origins of the American Civil War Battle of Fort Sumter Manassas Campaign Manassas National Battlefield Park Bull Run Mountains Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . Jump up ^ National Park Service Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 314 -- 315 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 469 -- 470 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Abtract from returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 309 ) . ^ Jump up to : Strength figures vary by source . Eicher , p.", "30": "87 - 88 : 35,000 Union , 32,000 Confederate ; Esposito , map 19 : 35,000 Union , 29,000 Confederate ; Ballard , 35,000 Union ( 18,000 engaged ) , 34,000 Confederate ( 18,000 engaged ) ; Salmon , p. 20 : 28,450 Union , 32,230 Confederate ; Kennedy , p. 14 : 35,000 Union , 33,000 Confederate ; Livermore , p. 77 : 28,452 Union `` effectives '' , 32,323 Confederate engaged . Writing in The Century Magazine , adjutant generals James B. Fry cites Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,572 Union men ( including stragglers not on the field ) and 24 guns engaged , Thomas Jordan cites Archived August 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,052 Confederate men and 37 guns engaged . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 and pages 568 -- 569 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 327 ) . Jump up ^ 2,896 ( 460 killed ; 1,124 wounded ; 1,312 captured / missing ) , according to Eicher , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties in the Army of the Potomac ( Confederate ) July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 570 ) . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page V ( Preface ) . Jump up ^ Ballard , 3 . Jump up ^ Ballard , 4 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 4 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 77 ; Williams , p. 21 ; McPherson , p. 336 ; Davis , p. 110 , attributes the remark to general - in - chief Winfield Scott .", "31": "^ Jump up to : Fishel , Edwin C. , The Secret War For The Union : The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1996 , pp. 59 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : `` Greenhow , Rose O'Neal '' , ( 1817 -- 1864 ) , The National Archives -- People Description. 1817 -- 1864 , ( accessed February 5 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Letter Written in Cipher on Mourning Paper by Rose Greenhow '' , National Archives and Records Administration , World Digital Library Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 110 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 8 . ^ Jump up to : Livermore , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 9 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 10 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 91 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 . Jump up ^ Beatie , pp. 285 -- 88 ; Esposito , text for Map 21 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 94 ; Esposito , Map 22 . Jump up ^ Masur , Kate ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Slavery and Freedom at Bull Run '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Memory : Frederick Douglass ' Black Confederate '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 43 -- 45 ; Alexander , pp. 50 -- 51 . Alexander recalls that the signal was `` You are flanked . '' Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp.", "32": "312 -- 13 ; Rafuse , A Single Grand Victory `` , p. 131 ; Esposito , Map 22 ; Eicher , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 313 ; Eicher , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 357 ; Davis , pp. 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Robertson , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 82 ; Robertson , p. 264 . McPherson , p. 342 , reports the quotation after `` stone wall '' as being `` Rally around the Virginians ! '' Jump up ^ See , for instance , McPherson , p. 342 . There are additional controversies about what Bee said and whether he said anything at all . See Freeman , vol. 1 , pp. 733 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 96 -- 98 ; Esposito , Map 23 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 314 -- 15 ; McPherson , pp. 342 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 315 ; Eicher , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 32 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 315 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 344 ; Eicher , p. 98 ; Esposito , Map 24 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 76 ; Esposito , Map 24 ; Davis , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 35 . Jump up ^ Ballard , pages 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 434 -- 435 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 383 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard , page 36 .", "33": "Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 328 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Rawley , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Haydon , pp. 192 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Rawley , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Curtin , Andrew G. ( January 8 , 1862 ) . `` Message of Andrew G. Curtin , Governor of Pennsylvania , to the Legislature , '' . Executive Department : 8 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 492 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Greenhow , Rose O'Neal , My Imprisonment and the First Year of Abolition Rule at Washington , London : Richard Bentley , 1863 , p. 18 , full text online at Documenting the American South , University of North Carolina Jump up ^ James M. McPherson ( 1988 ) . The Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford University Press . pp. 347 -- 350 . ISBN 9780199743902 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 346 , n . 7 . McPherson 's popular one - volume history of the war uses the two names interchangeably because he states that `` neither name has any intrinsic superiority over the other . '' Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 342 . Jump up ^ `` Plan a trip and discover your story '' . visitpwc.com . Jump up ^ `` manassascivilwar.org '' . manassascivilwar.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Washington DC GO ! References ( edit ) Alexander , Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy : The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander . Edited by Gary W. Gallagher . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4722 - 4 . Ballard , Ted .", "34": "First Battle of Bull Run : Staff Ride Guide . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 068078 - 6 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Beatie , Russel H. Army of the Potomac : Birth of Command , November 1860 -- September 1861 . New York : Da Capo Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81141 - 3 . Brown , J. Willard . The Signal Corps , U.S.A. in the War of the Rebellion . U.S. Veteran Signal Corps Association , 1896 . Reprinted 1974 by Arno Press . ISBN 0 - 405 - 06036 - X . Davis , William C. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . First Blood : Fort Sumter to Bull Run . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4704 - 5 . Detzer , David . Donnybrook : The Battle of Bull Run , 1861 . New York : Harcourt , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 603143 - 1 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Praeger , 1959 . Freeman , Douglas S. Lee 's Lieutenants : A Study in Command . 3 vols . New York : Scribner , 1946 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85979 - 3 . Haydon , F. Stansbury . Military Ballooning during the Early Civil War . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1941 .", "35": "ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6442 - 9 . Livermore , Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861 -- 65 . Reprinted with errata , Dayton , OH : Morninside House , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 527 - 57600 - X . First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Rafuse , Ethan S. `` First Battle of Bull Run . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . Rafuse , Ethan S. A Single Grand Victory : The First Campaign and Battle of Manassas . The American Crisis Series . Wilmington , DE : SR Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2875 - 7 . Rawley , James A. Turning Points of the Civil War . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1966 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . Robertson , James I. , Jr . Stonewall Jackson : The Man , The Soldier , The Legend . New York : MacMillan Publishing , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864685 - 1 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Williams , T. Harry . Lincoln and His Generals . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1952 . ISBN 0 - 9654382 - 6 - 0 .", "36": "National Park Service battle description Professor Thaddeus Lowe 's Official Report ( Part I ) Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Dyer , Frederick H. , A compendium of the War of the Rebellion , Volume 1 , 1908 , Des Moines IA Longstreet , James . From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America . New York : Da Capo Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80464 - 6 . First published in 1896 by J.B. Lippincott and Co . Robert Underwood Johnson , Clarence Clough Buell , Battles and Leaders of the Civil War : The Opening Battles , Volume 1 ( Pdf ) , New York : The Century Co. , 1887 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 Further reading ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bull Run . Cunningham , Horace H. ( 1968 ) . Field medical services at the Battles of Manassas ( Bull Run ) . Athens : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820333557 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Davis , William C. Battle at Bull Run : A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1977 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0867 - 7 . Goldfield , David , et al . The American Journey : A History of the United States . 2nd ed . New York : Prentice Hall , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 088243 - 7 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of First Bull Run : An atlas of the First Bull Run ( Manassas ) Campaign , including the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , June -- October 1861 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2009 .", "37": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 60 - 9 . Hankinson , Alan . First Bull Run 1861 : The South 's First Victory . Osprey Campaign Series # 10 . London : Osprey Publishing , 1991 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 133 - 5 . Hennessy , John , Ethan Rafuse , and Harry Smeltzer . `` Historians ' Forum : The First Battle of Bull Run . '' Civil War History 57 # 2 ( June 2011 ) : 106 -- 120 . Hines , Blaikie . The Battle of First Bull Run , Manassas Campaign -- July 16 -- 22 , 1861 : An Illustrated Atlas and Battlefield Guide . Maine : American Patriot Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61364 - 129 - 3 . Longacre , Edward G . The Early Morning of War : Bull Run , 1861 ( 2014 ) . Rable , George . `` The Battlefield and Beyond . '' Civil War History 53 # 3 ( September 2007 ) : 244 -- 51 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Battle of Bull Run . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manassas National Battlefield Park . Battle of Bull Run : Battle maps , photos , history articles , and battlefield news ( Civil War Trust ) `` Map of the Battles of Bull Run , 1861 '' , prepared by Army engineer , National Archives and Record Administration , at World Digital Library Manassas National Battlefield Park website First Battle of Manassas : An End to Innocence , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Harper 's Weekly 1861 Report on the Battle of Bull Run Civil War Home website on First Bull Run Animated history of the First Battle of Bull Run FirstBullRun.co.uk The First Battle of Bull Run public domain audiobook at LibriVox First Manassas Campaign with Official Records and Reports Map of the Battles of Bull Run Near Manassas . Solomon Bamberger . Zoomable high - resolution map .", "38": "Newspaper coverage of the First Battle of Bull Run Manassas Civil War 150th Anniversary July 21 -- 24 , 2011 Texts on Wikisource : Guernsey , Alfred H. ( 1879 ) . `` Bull Run '' . The American Cyclopædia . Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Chesapeake blockade ( May -- Jun ) Western Virginia ( Jun -- Dec ) Manassas ( Jul ) Carolina coast blockade ( Aug ) McClellan 's Operations ( Oct -- Dec ) Potomac blockade ( Oct -- Jan 1862 ) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862 Campaigns Burnside 's NC Expedition ( Feb -- Jun ) Jackson 's Valley ( Mar -- Jun ) Peninsula ( Mar -- Jul ) Northern Virginia ( Jul - Sep ) Maryland ( Sep ) Fredericksburg ( Nov -- Dec ) Goldsboro Expedition ( Dec ) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines 's Mill Garnett 's & Golding 's Farm Savage 's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863 Campaigns Tidewater Operations ( Mar -- Apr ) Chancellorsville ( Apr -- May ) Gettysburg ( Jun -- Jul ) Bristoe ( Oct -- Nov ) Mine Run ( Nov -- Dec ) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864 Campaigns Valley Campaigns ( May -- Oct ) : Lynchburg , Early 's B&O Raid ,", "39": "Sheridan 's Campaign Operations Against Plymouth ( Apr -- May ) Bermuda Hundred ( May ) Overland ( May -- Jun ) Petersburg ( Jun -- Mar 1865 ) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin 's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865 Campaigns Wilmington ( Dec -- Feb ) Appomattox ( Mar -- Apr ) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor 's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia Geography Departments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg - Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley Fairfax County in the American Civil War Battles Battle of Blackburn 's Ford Battle of Chantilly Battle of Dranesville Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1863 ) First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Battle of Vienna , Virginia Skirmishes Bog Wallow Ambush Raids Burke 's Station Raid Mosby 's Raids Units 8th Virginia Infantry 17th Virginia Infantry 1st Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry Georgia Hussars ( later Jeff Davis Cavalry Legion , Company F ) 3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment 45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry First New Jersey Brigade 2nd Vermont Brigade XXII Corps ( Union Army ) Union Army Balloon Corps People Clara Barton Michael Corcoran Antonia Ford Thaddeus Lowe John Quincy Marr John S. Mosby Edwin H. Stoughton Robert H. Anderson Sites Clarens ( Alexandria ,", "40": "Virginia ) Centreville Military Railroad Colvin Run Mill Fort Lyon ( Virginia ) Fort Marcy Park Hope Park Huntley ( plantation ) Fort O'Rourke Oak Hill ( Annandale , Virginia ) Okeley Manor Ossian Hall ( plantation ) Ox Hill Battlefield Park Ravensworth ( plantation ) St. Mary 's Church ( Fairfax Station , Virginia ) Taylor 's Tavern William Gunnell House ( Fairfax , Virginia ) Mason 's Hill Minor 's Hill Munson 's Hill Upton 's Hill Bailey 's Crossroads ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. 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Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J.", "41": "Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E.K.", "42": "Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S.", "43": "Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. 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Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S.", "44": "Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown 's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching through Georgia Maryland , My Maryland When Johnny Comes Marching Home Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S.", "45": "Sanitary Commission Stonewall Jackson Leadership Instructor , Virginia Military Institute Colonel , Virginia Militia Stonewall Brigade Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia Mexican -- American War Siege of Veracruz Battle of Contreras Battle of Chapultepec Battle for Mexico City American Civil War raids and expeditions Great Train Raid of 1861 Romney Expedition American Civil War battles and campaigns First Battle of Manassas Valley Campaign Seven Days Battles Northern Virginia Campaign Maryland Campaign Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Chancellorsville Historic items Thomas Jonathan Jackson ( sculpture ) Winchester Headquarters Stone Mountain Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar Monument Avenue `` Stonewall Jackson 's Way '' CSS Stonewall USS Stonewall USS Stonewall Jackson Related Lee -- Jackson Day Virginia portal Fairfax County , Virginia Northern Virginia Washington metropolitan area Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area Administration Fairfax County Public Schools Fairfax County Board of Supervisors Fairfax County Park Authority Fairfax County Economic Development Authority Fairfax County Public Library Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department Fairfax County Police Department Fairfax County Sheriff 's Office Organizations Fairfax Symphony Orchestra Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce Landmarks Fairfax County Government Center Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts Inova Fairfax Hospital Mount Vernon Gunston Hall Tysons Corner Center Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Regional Park Great Falls Park Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center Washington and Old Dominion Railway Fort Belvoir Transportation Air Manassas Regional Airport Washington Dulles International Airport Roads Fairfax County Parkway Springfield Interchange Virginia State Route 123 Dulles Toll Road ( VA 267 ) Transit Fairfax Connector Silver Line Virginia Railway Express Manassas Line Fredericksburg Line Culture Battles Battle of Chantilly First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Celebrate Fairfax !", "46": "Education George Mason University University of Fairfax Northern Virginia Community College Prince William County , Virginia Northern Virginia Washington Metropolitan Area Administration Prince William Board of County Supervisors Prince William County Public Schools Prince William County Department of Parks & Recreation Prince William County Public Library Prince William County Department of Fire and Rescue Prince William County Police Department Prince William County Sheriff 's Office Organizations Prince William Chamber of Commerce Landmarks National Museum of the Marine Corps Marine Corps Base Quantico Hylton Performing Arts Center Manassas National Battlefield Park Jiffy Lube Live Old Dominion Speedway Prince William Forest Park Leesylvania State Park Potomac Mills Transportation OmniRide Washington Dulles International Airport Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Manassas Regional Airport Prince William Parkway Virginia State Route 234 Interstate 66 Interstate 95 U.S. Route 1 Culture Battles First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Dale City 4th of July Parade Education George Mason University Northern Virginia Community College Strayer University University of Northern Virginia Municipalities and communities of Prince William County , Virginia , United States County seat : Manassas Towns Dumfries Haymarket Occoquan Quantico CDPs Buckhall Bull Run Bull Run Mountain Estates Cherry Hill County Center Dale City Gainesville Independent Hill Lake Ridge Linton Hall Loch Lomond Marumsco Montclair Neabsco Nokesville Potomac Mills Quantico Base ‡ Sudley Triangle Woodbridge Yorkshire Unincorporated communities Aden Agnewville Antioch Batestown Bethel Brentsville Bristow Buckland Canova Catharpin Cornwell Featherstone Greenwich Groveton Hickory Ridge Hoadly Joplin Kopp Locust Hill Minnieville Rixlew Southbridge Sudley Springs Thoroughfare Wellington West Gate Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "47": "php?title=First_Battle_of_Bull_Run&oldid=836552195 '' Categories : Fairfax County in the American Civil War Manassas Campaign Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Confederate victories of the American Civil War Prince William County in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries 1861 in the American Civil War 1861 in Virginia July 1861 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 13 : 38 . 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512270438779129035	what is the name of the under butler in downton abbey	[ "Charles Carson", "Mr Carson" ]	{ "0": "Butler - wikipedia Butler Jump to : navigation , search `` Butlers '' redirects here . For other uses , see Butler ( disambiguation ) . A butler in the White House Butler 's Pantry . A butler is a domestic worker in a large household . In great houses , the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room , wine cellar , and pantry . Some also have charge of the entire parlour floor , and housekeepers caring for the entire house and its appearance . A butler is usually male , and in charge of male servants , while a housekeeper is usually a woman , and in charge of female servants . Traditionally , male servants ( such as footmen ) were rarer and therefore better paid and of higher status than female servants . The butler , as the senior male servant , has the highest servant status . He can also be sometimes used as a chauffeur . In older houses where the butler is the most senior worker , titles such as majordomo , butler administrator , house manager , manservant , staff manager , chief of staff , staff captain , estate manager and head of household staff are sometimes given . The precise duties of the employee will vary to some extent in line with the title given , but perhaps , more importantly in line with the requirements of the individual employer . In the grandest homes or when the employer owns more than one residence , there is sometimes an estate manager of higher rank than the butler . The butler also served drinks or post to the people of the house . The butler can also be served by a head footman or footboy called the under - butler . The butler was also the senior steward in a lascar ship 's crew .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Origin and history 2.1 Ancient through medieval eras 2.2 Elizabethan through Victorian eras 2.3 Butlers in early United States 2.4 The modern butler 3 Training 4 Gender and butlering 5 Historically important butlers 6 In visual art 7 In fiction 7.1 Examples 8 See also 9 References 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) The word `` butler '' comes from Anglo - Norman buteler , variant form of Old Norman * butelier , corresponding to Old French botellier `` officer in charge of the king 's wine bottles '' , derived of boteille `` bottle '' , Modern French bouteille , itself from Gallo - Romance BUTICULA `` bottle '' . The role of the butler , for centuries , has been that of the chief steward of a household , the attendant entrusted with the care and serving of wine and other bottled beverages which in ancient times might have represented a considerable portion of the household 's assets . In Britain , the butler was originally a middle - ranking member of the staff of a grand household . In the 17th and 18th centuries , the butler gradually became the senior , usually male , member of a household 's staff in the very grandest households . However , there was sometimes a steward who ran the outside estate and financial affairs , rather than just the household , and who was senior to the butler in social status into the 19th century . Butlers used always to be attired in a special uniform , distinct from the livery of junior servants , but today a butler is more likely to wear a business suit or business casual clothing and appear in uniform only on special occasions . A silverman or silver butler has expertise and professional knowledge of the management , secure storage , use and cleaning of all silverware , associated tableware and other paraphernalia for use at military and other special functions . Origin and History ( edit ) A slave in charge of wine in ancient Rome . The modern role of the butler has evolved from earlier roles that were generally concerned with the care and serving of alcoholic beverages .", "2": "Ancient through Medieval eras ( edit ) From ancient through medieval times , alcoholic beverages were chiefly stored first in earthenware vessels , then later in wooden barrels , rather than in glass bottles ; these containers would have been an important part of a household 's possessions . The care of these assets was therefore generally reserved for trusted slaves , although the job could also go to free persons because of heredity - based class lines or the inheritance of trades . The biblical book of Genesis contains a reference to a role precursive to modern butlers . The early Hebrew Joseph interpreted a dream of Pharaoh 's שקה ( shaqah ) ( literally `` to give to drink '' ) , which is most often translated into English as `` chief butler '' or `` chief cup - bearer '' . In ancient Greece and Rome , it was nearly always slaves who were charged with the care and service of wine , while during the Medieval Era the pincerna filled the role within the noble court . The English word `` butler '' itself comes from the Middle English word bo ( u ) teler ( and several other forms ) , from Anglo - Norman buteler , itself from Old Norman butelier , corresponding to Old French botellier ( `` bottle bearer '' ) , Modern French bouteiller , and before that from Medieval Latin butticula . The modern English `` butler '' thus relates both to bottles and casks . A pincerna depicted in service to a noble court during the Medieval Era . Eventually the European butler emerged as a middle - ranking member of the servants of a great house , in charge of the buttery ( originally a storeroom for `` butts '' of liquor , although the term later came to mean a general storeroom or pantry ) . While this is so for household butlers , those with the same title but in service to the Crown enjoyed a position of administrative power and were only minimally involved with various stores . In a large house , the butler ( centre - left ) is traditionally head over a full array of household servants . This is the servant staff at the Stonehouse Hill of Massachusetts , the estate of Frederick Lothrop Ames , 1914 . Elizabethan through Victorian eras ( edit ) The Steward of the Elizabethan era was more akin to the butler that later emerged .", "3": "Gradually , throughout the 19th century and particularly the Victorian era , as the number of butlers and other domestic servants greatly increased in various countries , the butler became a senior male servant of a household 's staff . By this time he was in charge of the more modern wine cellar , the `` buttery '' or pantry ( from French pan from Latin panis , bread ) as it came to be called , which supplied bread , butter , cheese , and other basic provisions , and the ewery , which contained napkins and basins for washing and shaving . In the very grandest households there was sometimes an Estate Steward or other senior steward who oversaw the butler and his duties . Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management , a manual published in Britain in 1861 , reported : The number of the male domestics in a family varies according to the wealth and position of the master , from the owner of the ducal mansion , with a retinue of attendants , at the head of which is the chamberlain and house - steward , to the occupier of the humbler house , where a single footman , or even the odd man - of - all - work , is the only male retainer . The majority of gentlemen 's establishments probably comprise a servant out of livery , or butler , a footman , and coachman , or coachman and groom , where the horses exceed two or three . Glanusk Park in Powys , U.K. , in 1891 . The residence had 17 servants in residence . The largest stately houses could have 40 or more . Butlers were head of a strict service hierarchy and therein held a position of power and respect . They were more managerial than `` hands on '' -- more so than serving , they officiated in service . For example , although the butler was at the door to greet and announce the arrival of a formal guest , the door was actually opened by a footman , who would receive the guest 's hat and coat . Even though the butler helped his employer into his coat , this had been handed to him by a footman . However , even the highest - ranking butler would `` pitch in '' when necessary , such as during a staff shortage , to ensure that the household ran smoothly , although some evidence suggests this was so even during normal times .", "4": "The household itself was generally divided into areas of responsibility . The butler was in charge of the dining room , the wine cellar , pantry , and sometimes the entire main floor . Directly under the butler was the first footman ( or head footman ) , although there could also be a deputy butler or under - butler who would fill in as butler during the butler 's illness or absence . The footman -- there were frequently numerous young men in the role within a household -- performed a range of duties including serving meals , attending doors , carrying or moving heavy items , and they often doubled as valets . Valets themselves performed a variety of personal duties for their employer . Butlers engaged and directed all these junior staff and each reported directly to him . The housekeeper was in charge of the house as a whole and its appearance . In a household without an official head housekeeper , female servants and kitchen staff were also directly under the butler 's management , while in smaller households , the butler usually doubled as valet . Employers and their children and guests addressed the butler ( and under - butler , if there was one ) by last name alone ; fellow servants , retainers , and tradespersons as `` Mr. ( Surname ) '' . Butlers were typically hired by the master of the house but usually reported to its lady . Beeton in her manual suggested a GBP 25 -- 50 ( USD 2,675 -- 5,350 ) per - year salary for butlers ; room and board and livery clothing were additional benefits , and tipping known as vails , were common . The few butlers who were married had to make separate housing arrangements for their families , as did all other servants within the hierarchy . Butlers in early United states ( edit ) Robert Roberts 's The House Servant 's Directory , 1827 . From the beginning of slavery in the United States , in the early 17th century , African Americans were put to task as domestic servants . Some eventually became butlers . Gary Puckrein , a social historian , argues that those used in particularly affluent homes authentically internalised the sorts of `` refined '' norms and personal attributes that would reflect highly upon the social stature of their masters or mistresses . One of the first books written and published through a commercial U.S.", "5": "publisher by an African American was by a butler named Robert Roberts . The book , The House Servant 's Directory , first published in 1827 , is essentially a manual for butlers and waiters , and is called by Puckrein `` the most remarkable book by an African American in antebellum United States '' . The book generated such interest that a second edition was published in 1828 , and a third in 1843 . European indentured servants formed a corps of domestic workers from which butlers were eventually drawn . Although not the victims of institutionalised slavery , many of them had not volunteered for domestic service , but were forced into it by indebtedness or coercion . As with African American slaves , they could rise in domestic service , and their happiness or misery depended greatly on the disposition of their masters . The modern butler ( edit ) Beginning around the early 1920s ( following World War I ) , employment in domestic service occupations began a sharp overall decline in western European countries , and even more markedly in the United States . Even so , there were still around 30,000 butlers employed in Britain by World War II . As few as one hundred were estimated to remain by the mid-1980s . Social historian Barry Higman argues that a high number of domestic workers within a society correlates with a high level of socio - economic inequality . Conversely , as a society undergoes levelling among its social classes , the number employed in domestic service declines . Following varied shifts and changes accompanying accelerated globalisation beginning in the late 1980s , overall global demand for butlers since the turn of the millennium has risen dramatically . According to Charles MacPherson , President of Charles MacPherson Associates and owner of The Charles MacPherson Academy for Butlers and Household Managers , the proximate cause is that the number of millionaires and billionaires has increased in recent years , and such people are finding that they desire assistance in managing their households . MacPherson emphasises that the number of wealthy people in China has increased particularly , creating in that country a high demand for professional butlers who have been trained in the European butlering tradition . There is also increasing demand for such butlers in other Asian countries , India , and the petroleum - rich Middle East .", "6": "Higman additionally argues that the inequality / equality levels of societies are a major determinant of the nature of the domestic servant / employer relationship . As the 21st century approached , many butlers began carrying out an increasing number of duties formerly reserved for more junior household servants . Butlers today may be called upon to do whatever household and personal duties their employers deem fitting , in the goal of freeing their employers to carry out their own personal and professional affairs . Professional butler and author Steven M. Ferry states that the image of tray - wielding butlers who specialise in serving tables and decanting wine is now anachronistic , and that employers may well be more interested in a butler who is capable of managing a full array of household affairs -- from providing the traditional dinner service , to acting as valet , to managing high - tech systems and multiple homes with complexes of staff . While in truly grand houses the modern butler may still function exclusively as a top - ranked household affairs manager , in lesser homes , such as those of dual - income middle - class professionals , they perform a full array of household and personal assistant duties , including mundane housekeeping . Butlers today may also be situated within corporate settings , embassies , cruise ships , yachts , or within their own small `` Rent - a-Butler '' business or similar agency . Along with these changes of scope and context , butlering attire has changed . Whereas butlers have traditionally worn a special uniform that separated them from junior servants , and although this is still often the case , butlers today may wear more casual clothing geared for climate , while exchanging it for formal business attire only upon special service occasions . There are cultural distinctions , as well . In the United States , butlers may frequently don a polo shirt and slacks , while in Bali they typically wear sarongs . In 2007 , the number of butlers in Britain had risen to an estimated 5,000 . The period drama , Downton Abbey , has been credited as the reason for a sudden upsurge in the demand for ' properly trained butlers ' . Training ( edit ) Butlers traditionally learned their position while progressing their way up the service ladder . For example , in the documentary The Authenticity of Gosford Park , retired butler Arthur Inch ( born 1915 ) describes starting as a hall boy .", "7": "While this is still often the case , numerous private butlering schools exist today , such as The British Butler Institute . Additionally , major up - market hotels such as the Ritz - Carlton offer traditional butler training , while some hotels have trained a sort of pseudo-butler for service in defined areas such as `` technology butlers '' , who fix guests ' computers and other electronic devices , and `` bath butlers '' who draw custom baths . Gender and butlering ( edit ) Butlers have traditionally been male , and this remains the norm . Probably the first mention of a female butler is in the 1892 book Interludes being Two Essays , a Story , and Some Verses by Horace Smith . In it Smith quotes a certain Sydney Smith who had apparently run into lean times : A man servant was too expensive , so I caught up a little garden girl , made like a milestone , christened her Bunch , put a napkin in her hand , and made her my butler . The girls taught her to read , Mrs. Sydney to wait , and I undertook her morals . Bunch became the best butler in the country . Today , female butlers are sometimes preferred , especially for work within Middle and Far Eastern families where it may be religiously problematic for men to work closely with women in a household . Western female celebrities may also prefer a female butler , as may households where the wife is driving the decision to hire a butler . In 2004 , Buckingham Palace announced it was actively recruiting women for the position . Despite these trends , the Ivor Spencer School asserts that female butlers are not easily placed , on the whole . The Charles MacPherson Academy for Butlers and Household Managers reports that 40 % of the students admitted into its program are women . The school goes on to report that the labour market still has a preference for male butlers , however , the market is becoming more progressive and increasing numbers of female butlers are being hired . In ancient times , the roles precursive to butlering were reserved for chattel or those confined within heredity - based class structures . With the advent of the medieval era , butlering became an opportunity for social advancement -- even more so during Victorian times .", "8": "Although still based upon various antecedent roles as manifested during different eras , butlering today has frequently taken over many of the roles formerly reserved for lower - ranking domestic servants . At the same time it has become a potentially lucrative career option . Historically important butlers ( edit ) Eugene Allen , White House butler who served under eight U.S. presidents Grant Harrold butler to Charles , Prince of Wales and etiquette expert , founder of Nicholas Veitch Limited Paul Burrell , butler to Diana , Princess of Wales Ivor Spencer , toastmaster and etiquette specialist , head of the Ivor Spencer International School for Butler Administrators / Personal Assistants and Estate Managers Leslie Bartlett , butler , toastmaster and founder of The London School of British Butlers Alonzo Fields , White House chief butler from 1932 -- 1953 In visual art ( edit ) Heads of Six of Hogarth 's Servants Butlers have been occasionally depicted in visual art . A famous painting , Heads of Six of Hogarth 's Servants ( c. 1758 ) , is unique among such works . In it , the 18th - century English artist William Hogarth depicted his household servants , all surrounding the butler . In showing the group in a close - knit assemblage rather than in the performance of their routine household duties , Hogarth sought to humanise and dignify them in a manner akin to wealthy - class members , who were the normal subjects of such portraits . While this was a subversive act that certainly raised many eyebrows in his day -- Hogarth conspicuously displayed the work in his estate home in full view of guests -- at the same time he had painted his servants ' facial expressions to convey the sincerity and deference expected of servant - class members . In contemporary art , `` The Butler 's in Love '' series by U.S. artist Mark Stock is especially poignant . In the series , Stock portrays the butler as sick with love , but the possibility of fulfillment is hopeless : the love is a forbidden love , perhaps felt for the lady of the house , and so it must be suffered alone in silent concealment .", "9": "In addition to the ongoing mannerisms and facial expressions of the butler , a seated lady once appearing in a curtained room and a recurring lipstick - stained absinthe glass over which the butler obsesses provide the interpretive clues . In selecting a butler as his subject , Stock sought to provide a `` universal character '' , a pathos - laden figure that could be widely related to and that could depict the universality of loneliness felt by someone who can only look in from the outside . Stock began the series in 1985 to express his difficult feelings during a personal experience of unrequited love . One of the paintings was inspiration for a 3 - D short film , `` The Butler 's in Love '' by actor / director David Arquette , shot in 2008 at San Francisco 's historic Westerfield Mansion . In fiction ( edit ) The real - life modern butler attempts to be discreet and unobtrusive , friendly but not familiar , keenly anticipative of the needs of his or her employer , and graceful and precise in execution of duty . The butler of fiction , by contrast , often tends to be larger than life and has become a plot device in literature and a traditional role in the performing arts . Butlers may provide comic relief with wry comments , clues as to the perpetrators of various crimes , and are represented as at least as intelligent and moral as their `` betters , '' or even more so . They are often portrayed as being serious and expressionless and in the case that the wealthy hero is an orphan -- such as Batman , Chrono Crusade 's Satella Harvenheit , or Tomb Raider 's Lara Croft -- may be a father figure to said hero . Regardless of the genre in which they are cast , butlers in fiction almost invariably follow the `` British butler '' model and are given an appropriate - sounding surname . The fictional butler tends to be given a typical Anglo - Celtic surname and have an English accent . The Asian , African American , or Caribbean houseboy is a variant , but even these major - domos are based on the British icon . Today , butlers are usually portrayed as being refined and well - spoken . However , in 19th century fiction such as Dracula , butlers generally spoke with a strong Cockney or other regional accent .", "10": "`` The butler '' is integral to the plot of countless potboilers and melodramas , whether or not the character has been given a name . Butlers figure so prominently in period pieces and whodunits that they can be considered stock characters in film and theatre , where a catchphrase is `` The butler did it ! '' The best - known fictional manservant , and the prototype of the quintessential British butler , is himself not a butler at all . Reginald Jeeves , the iconic creation of author P.G. Wodehouse is a `` gentleman 's gentleman '' and general factotum . Probably the best - known fictional butlers are Alfred from the Batman comic and films ; Hudson of Upstairs , Downstairs television fame ; Mr Carson from the Downton Abbey television series ; and Crichton from J.M. Barrie 's The Admirable Crichton . Lesser - knowns include Mr. Belvedere from the novel Belvedere , which was adapted into a feature film with sequels and later a television series ; Lurch , from the television series The Addams Family , based on Charles Addams ' The New Yorker cartoons ; Beach , from the Wodehouse series about Blandings Castle ; Niles , the butler at the Sheffield house in American sitcom The Nanny , Geoffrey from The Fresh Prince of Bel Air , and Benson from the two series Soap and Benson . Not all fictional butlers portray the `` butler stereotype '' , however . Alan Bates , who played the butler Jennings in the film Gosford Park , was coached in brooding detail by Arthur Inch , a longtime real - life butler . Mr. Stevens , the butler played by Anthony Hopkins in the film Remains of the Day , was also acted with remarkable realism . A female butler , Sarah Stevens , is the principal character in Linda Howard 's 2002 Dying to Please , a murder / romance novel . Howard gives detailed and generally accurate descriptions of butlering in the work .", "11": "Examples ( edit ) See also : List of fictional butlers Alfred Pennyworth , Bruce Wayne 's butler from Batman Austin from the game Gardenscapes Edwin Jarvis , Tony Stark 's butler from Iron Man Ronove , the demon butler and highest - ranking furniture of the Golden Witch ; Beatrice and the Endless Sorcerer , Battler from Umineko no Naku Koro ni Angus Hudson , from the television show Upstairs , Downstairs Benson DuBois , the Tate butler in the hit 1970 's sitcom , Soap Edmund Blackadder , butler to Prince George the Prince Regent , in the TV Series Blackadder the Third Nestor , the butler of Marlinspike Hall in The Adventures of Tintin Niles the butler in the TV Series The Nanny Sebastian Michaelis , a demon disguised as a man bound by contract to his master in the Black Butler manga and anime series Sebastian Beach , from the Blandings Castle stories by P.G. Wodehouse , frequently conspires with the clever Gally Threepwood Smithers , Veronica Lodge 's fictional butler Hugh Edgar , butler , The Edwardian Country House , 2002 British historical recreation TV series Charles Carson , butler to the Crawley family in Downton Abbey John Lawless , a central character in the 1967 Sherman Brothers ' musical movie The Happiest Millionaire played by 60 teen idol Tommy Steele . Wadsworth , the protagonist in the movie Clue Mr. Stevens , the protagonist of Kazuo Ishiguro 's Booker Prize - winning novel , The Remains of the Day and movie of the same name Spencer , butler in Power Rangers Operation Overdrive Cadbury , butler to Richie Rich Higgins , from the sitcom Our Man Higgins and the radio comedy on which it was based , It 's Higgins , Sir Underling , the butler in the 2006 Broadway Musical The Drowsy Chaperone The titular protagonist of Hayate the Combat Butler ; Hayate Ayasaki Butler , the butler for Prince Salde Canarl Shellbrick III off of the puzzle game Puyo Puyo Fever 2 Giles , the butler for ABC 's Whodunnit ?", "12": "TV series Subaru Konoe , the female butler of Kanade Suzutsuki who is disguised as a male in the Mayo Chiki ! anime , manga and light novel Domovoi Butler , butler / bodyguard to Artemis Fowl in Eoin Colfer 's Artemis Fowl book series . Willikins , butler to Samuel Vimes in the Discworld series by Terry Pratchett . Charley Raunce , who succeeds to the position from footman when Eldon the Butler dies , in the novel Loving by Henry Green . See also ( edit ) Footman Chauffeur Maid Housekeeper Valet Domestic worker Household References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Post , Emily ( 2007 ) . Emily Post 's Etiquette . Echo Library . ISBN 1 - 4068 - 1215 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Butlersguild . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.literary-liaisons.com/article046.htm Jump up ^ Genesis 39 - 40 . Jump up ^ This was most likely from a loss of the original Latin meaning and the mistaken belief that buttery related to `` butter '' . Jump up ^ Lord Montague 's Book of Rules and Orders , 1595 . Jump up ^ Nancy Scanlon ( 2006 ) . `` The Development of the Kitchen in the English Country House 1315 -- 1864 '' . Journal of Culinary Science and Technology . 4 ( 2 / 3 ) : 79 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Beeton , Isabella ( 2000 ) ( 1861 ) . Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management . Oxford University Press . p. 393 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283345 - 6 . Jump up ^ Carrolyn Steedman , `` The servant 's labour : the business of life , England , 1760 -- 1820 '' , Social History , Vol. 29 No. 1 , ( February 2004 ) . Jump up ^ D. Marshall , `` The Domestic Servants of the Eighteenth Century '' , Economica , No. 25 , ( Apr. 1929 ) , pp.", "13": "15 -- 40 . Available online with subscription . Jump up ^ Robert Roberts . `` The House Servant 's Directory '' . Digital.lib.msu.edu . Munroe and Francis ; New York : Charles S. Francis , 1827 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Puckrein ( Oct - Nov 98 ) . `` The Science of Service '' . American Visions. 13 ( 5 ) . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ J. Lee ( 1988 ) . `` Steady , Jeeves -- you 've got company ! '' . U.S. News & World Report . 104 ( 17 ) . Jump up ^ Higman , Barry ( 2002 ) . Domestic Service in Australia . Melbourne University Publishing . ISBN 0 - 522 - 85011 - 1 . Jump up ^ Scott Simon ( 10 February 2007 ) . `` By Jeeves , We 're Having a Butler Shortage -- Interview with Charles MacPherson '' ( Streaming Audio ) . Weekend Edition Saturday . NPR News . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Also see Sheelah Kolhatka , `` Inside the Billionaire Service Industry '' . The Atlantic , Sept 2006 , 97 - 101 . Archived by WebCite . Jump up ^ See for example Chadha , Monica . `` Royal tips for Indian butlers '' , BBC News , 17 February 2003 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . ^ Jump up to : `` Butlers : A Jeeves of my very own '' , The Daily Telegraph , 15 November 2007 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Jump up ^ Higman ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Ferry , Steven M. Butlers & Household Managers : 21st Century Professionals . BookSurge Publishing . p. 14 . ISBN 1 - 59109 - 306 - 6 . Jump up ^ William Loeffler ( 15 April 2007 ) . `` The butler does it '' . The Pittsburgh Tribune - Review , Lifestyle .", "14": "Jump up ^ James Woodford ( 5 October 2002 ) . `` Move over , Jeeves , a new breed of butler is working her way up '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . Elizabeth Camille , a butler in Sydney , states , `` I still make beds , clean toilets and peg out washing ... It 's not all as glamorous as people perceive it to be . '' Additionally see `` Desperately seeking Jeeves '' , The Globe and Mail ( Canada ) , 20 July 2007 . Lynda Reeves , president of the Toronto - based House & Home Media , says that the term `` butler '' today is just `` a pretentious name for a housekeeper '' . Jump up ^ Jones , Harvey . `` More money than time ? Rent a butler '' . The Independent ( UK ) , 15 December 2001 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Also see http://www.rentabutler.de and http://www.rentabutler.nl/ . Jump up ^ Patrao , Michael . `` The alter ago of Jeeves '' . The Deccan Herald , 27 July 2007 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Jump up ^ Sapstead , David . `` Shortage of Butlers Has World 's Wealthy Facing a Crisis '' , New York Sun , 30 May 2007 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Jump up ^ Galvin , Libby ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Demand for British butlers DOUBLES in one year from world 's wealthiest families ' influenced by Downton Abbey ' '' . Daily Mail Online . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ The Authenticity of Gosford Park , Documentary featurette in Gosford Park Collector 's Edition DVD , Universal Studios , 2002 . Jump up ^ Simon ( 10 Feb 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Witchel ( 2000 ) . `` At Hotels , the Butlers Are Doing It '' . New York Times . 149 ( 51486 ) : 2 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Smith , Horace ; Joel Lehtonen ( translator ) ( 1892 ) . Interludes being Two Essays , a Story , and Some Verses . MacMillan & Co . ISBN 1 - 4069 - 1965 - 9 . Available online Archived December 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( full text ) . Jump up ^ James Woodford ( 5 October 2002 ) . `` Move over , Jeeves , a new breed of butler is working her way up '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ See `` Unique Rosewood Ladies Floor could start trend in Saudi , Middle East Hotels '' , 12 October 2007 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Also , for interesting background see Elizabeth Warnock Fernea , Guests of the Sheik : An Ethnography of an Iraqi Village . Anchor , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 01485 - 6 . Jump up ^ See The International Guild of Professional Butlers , accessed 31 December 2007 . Archived by WebCite . Jump up ^ Milne , Meg . `` The Royal butlerettes '' , The Financial Mail , 31 October 2004 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Jump up ^ Charles MacPherson ( 9 , April 2014 ) Jump up ^ In Loeffler ( 15 April 2007 ) , Nathalie Laitmon of The Calendar Group in Stamford , Connecticut , states that skilled butlers within the grandest households can make USD 200,000 ( GBP 101,500 ) . She states , `` The bigger the lifestyle of the family , the more they can earn '' . Jump up ^ Waterfield G. , A. French and M. Craske , eds. ( 2003 ) . Below stairs , 400 years of servants ' portraits . London : National Portrait Gallery . ISBN 1 - 85514 - 512 - X . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Croft , Karen . `` Butlers in Love '' , Salon , 24 May 2001 .", "16": "Available online : Page 1 , Page 2 Archived 2008 - 05 - 30 at WebCite , Archive 1 , Archive 2 . Jump up ^ Stock , Mark . Correspondence with Stephen Ewen , stephenewen.org . Also see http://www.theworldofmarkstock.com . Jump up ^ Garchik , Leah . San Francisco Chronicle , 14 May 2008 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Also see http://www.wayfaring.com/waypts/show/32050 for a brief history of the mansion . Jump up ^ `` The man who got it right for Gosford Park and told Richard E Grant what was wrong '' , Mid Sussex Times , 2002 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Also see The Authenticity of Gosford Park . Jump up ^ For a synopsis of Howard 's book , see `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 ... Notes ( edit ) This article is based on material from `` A Brief History of Butlers and Butlering '' by Stephen Ewen , which is licensed under the Creative Common Attribution - Share Alike 3.0 Unported License . This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article `` Butler '' , which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL . The article there is a mirror copy of `` A Brief History of Butlers and Butlering '' by Stephen Ewen . Further reading ( edit ) Cyrus Redding Every Man His Own Butler . London : Whittaker & Co. , 1839 OCLC 25057151 Charles MacPherson The Butler Speaks : A Return to Proper Etiquette , Stylish Entertaining , and the Art of Good Housekeeping Toronto : Random House , 2013 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Butlers .", "17": "Nicholas Veitch : The Royal School of British Etiquette and The Royal School of Butlers Butler School The Butler 's Guild Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butler&oldid=833769923 '' Categories : Domestic work Gendered occupations Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Citizendium Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Русский Simple English Svenska 粵語中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 10 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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435458167534635838	where is the start of 17 mile drive	[ "the main highway entrance at California State Route 1,", "Del Monte Blvd in Pacific Grove", "at the intersection of Del Monte Blvd and Esplanade Street" ]	{ "0": "17 - Mile Drive - wikipedia 17 - Mile Drive Jump to : navigation , search 17 - Mile Drive 17 Mile Drive near Spanish Bay Road Maintained by Pebble Beach Company From Del Monte Blvd in Pacific Grove Major junctions SR 68 / Sunset Dr Carmel Way To SR 68 / SR 1 17 - Mile Drive is a scenic road through Pebble Beach and Pacific Grove on the Monterey Peninsula in Northern California , much of which hugs the Pacific coastline and passes famous golf courses , mansions and scenic attractions , including the Lone Cypress , Bird Rock and the 5,300 - acre Del Monte Forest of Monterey Cypress trees . The drive serves as the main road through the gated community of Pebble Beach . Inside this community , nonresidents have to pay a toll to use the road . Like the community , the majority of 17 - Mile Drive is owned and operated by the Pebble Beach Corporation . The 17 - Mile Drive is a 17 - mile ( 27 km ) - long scenic loop having four primary entrances - the main highway entrance at California State Route 1 , and entrances in Carmel and Pacific Grove . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Route description 3 Scenic attractions 4 Art 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Original Hotel Del Monte , ca . 1885 In 1602 the Monterey Peninsula was mapped by Spanish explorers . By 1840 the area now called Pebble Beach was a rancho left to widow , Carmen Garcia Barreto Maderiaga Maria , by her late husband . She sold the 4000 acre property for $500 in 1846 . Ownership passed several times until 1862 when the property was purchased at auction for 12 cents an acre by David Jacks . At the time , the area was called `` Stillwater Cove '' . Jacks leased the land to the `` China Man Hop Company '' , a small village with a population of about 30 Chinese fishermen living in shacks built upon the rocky shoreline . In 1880 , Jacks sold the land to the Pacific Improvement Company ( PIC ) , a consortium of The Big Four railroad barons : Charles Crocker , Mark Hopkins , Collis Huntington and Leland Stanford .", "1": "By 1892 , the PIC laid out a scenic road that they called the 17 - Mile Drive , meandering along the beaches and among the forested areas between Monterey and Carmel . Within short order , the area became a tourist destination with the building of the Hotel Del Monte . The hotel was the starting and finishing point for 17 - Mile Drive , ( originally called the 18 - mile Drive by hotel operators ) . The drive was offered as a pleasure excursion to hotel guests , and was intended to attract wealthy buyers of large and scenic residential plots on PIC land . Sightseers riding horses or carriages along the 17 - Mile Drive sometimes stopped at Pebble Beach to pick up agate and other stones polished smooth by the waves , and they commented on a few unusual tree formations known as the Witch Tree and the Ostrich Tree -- the latter formed by two trees leaning on each other . At that time , the Chinese fishing community continued in existence despite mounting anti-Chinese sentiment among Monterey residents of European heritage . At roadside stands , Chinese - American girls sold shells and polished pebbles to tourists . In the 1900s , the automobile began replacing horses on 17 - Mile Drive , and by 1907 there were only automobiles . The drive featured region 's historical sites , forests , and on to the coastal scenic attractions in the Hotel Del Monte Park Reservation , as it was known at the time . The Hotel Del Monte rebuilt in 1926 , now Herrmann Hall Drawn by six bay horses , President Benjamin Harrison took the coach ride through the reservation in 1891 . The coach was adorned with the national colors `` and the harness on the horses was lined with bunting and roses as far as possible . '' In the newspaper The Monterey Cypress , president Harrison noted `` This is a lovely spot . I only wish I could stay here a week . '' In 1887 , the hotel was destroyed by fire and replaced with a new structure . The Del Monte Golf Course was added in 1897 as part of the hotel and is today the oldest operating course west of the Mississippi . In 1919 , the Los Angeles Times called the 17 - Mile Drive one of the `` great wonders of the world . ''", "2": "On February 27 , 1919 , Samuel Finley Brown Morse formed the Del Monte Properties Company , and acquired the extensive holdings of the Pacific Improvement Company , which included the Del Monte Forest and the Hotel Del Monte . Another fire destroyed that structure and was replaced by a third hotel . This new hotel was finished in 1926 and requisitioned by the United States government as a training facility in 1942 . After World War II , the Hotel del Monte building and surrounding grounds were acquired by the United States Navy for its Naval Postgraduate School and the building was renamed Herrmann Hall . The Del Monte Forest , including the famed 17 - Mile Drive , remained under the ownership of Del Monte Properties Company . On March 30 , 1977 , the Del Monte Properties Company was reincorporated as the Pebble Beach Corporation . In May 1979 , 20th Century Fox , later bought by Marvin Davis , purchased the Pebble Beach Corporation . When the film company was sold to Rupert Murdoch in 1985 , Davis kept several company assets not directly related to the film and TV industry , including the Pebble Beach Company . In 1990 Davis sold the company to Japanese businessman Minoru Isutani , who made it a subsidiary of the Japanese resort company Taiheiyo Club Inc. under a holding company called the Lone Cypress Company . In 1999 the Pebble Beach Company was acquired from Cypress by an investor group led by Clint Eastwood , Arnold Palmer , and Peter Ueberroth . Route description ( edit ) Pacific Grove entrance At the north end , a portion of the early route through Pacific Grove begins at the intersection of Del Monte Blvd and Esplanade Street . The famous portion of 17 - Mile Drive then begins a few miles south of this point . The crossing of Highway 68 ( Holman Highway / Sunset Drive ) and 17 - Mile Drive marks the entrance to Pebble Beach . From the Sunset Drive / Pacific Grove gate , the drive runs inland past Spanish Bay , then adjacent to beaches and up into the coastal hills , providing scenic viewpoints . The route allows for self - directed travel and stopping , with frequent turnouts along the roadway in many locations along the route . Without stops , it takes a minimum of 20 minutes to reach Carmel .", "3": "The numerous turnouts allow stopping to take pictures , or getting out to stroll along the ocean or among the trees . Visitors receive a map that points out some of the more scenic spots . In addition , a red - dashed line is marked in the center of the main road to guide visitors , and help prevent them from venturing into the adjacent neighborhood streets . Beach near the Pacific Grove entrance of the 17 Mile Drive Beach access near golf links at Pebble Beach Bird Rock Seal seen along 17 - mile drive The road provides vistas of golf courses including Spyglass Hill , Cypress Point and Pebble Beach . After reaching Carmel Way , and the exit to Carmel , the 17 - Mile Drive then heads northeast to the Highway 68 / Highway 1 interchange , where one can exit , or continue to loop along the higher vistas of 17 - Mile Drive , some of which offer views from more than 600 feet above sea - level . The full loop will take you back to the Pacific Grove Gate at Sunset Drive -- a distance of 17 miles . The only services open to the public in Pebble Beach ( gas stations , restrooms , restaurants ) are at the Inn at Spanish Bay and at the Lodge at Pebble Beach ; plenty of comfortable and scenic spots are available to picnic . Spyglass Hill and Poppy Hills golf courses also have restaurants open to the public . To drive the section of the road within the Pebble Beach gated community , there is an entrance fee requirement of US $10.25 ( as of April 1 , 2017 ) , except for travelers on bicycles . Visitors can recoup the toll if they dine or shop within the community . Residents are not required to pay this fee , as they pay an annual fee ( noted by the `` Del Monte Forest '' placard that residents carry in their vehicle or on their license plates ) , nor are guests if they are granted access in advance of their visit by a resident or through hotel / restaurant reservations ( the guard house can either call the resident or look at a list of names ) . Motorcycles are not allowed . Scenic attractions ( edit ) The Lone Cypress Primary scenic attractions include Cypress Point , Bird Rock , Point Joe , Pescadero Point , Fanshell Beach & Seal Point .", "4": "The famous `` Witch Tree '' landmark , often used as scenic background in movies and television , was formerly at Pescadero Point . The tree was blown down by a storm on January 14 , 1964 . Pescadero Point is also the site of the Ghost Tree , a landmark Monterey Cypress tree . The tree gives its name to a dangerous extreme surfing location known to have storm waves . Currently , the surf break of Ghost Tree is off limits to surfers and watercraft . Chief among the scenic attractions is the Lone Cypress , a salt - pruned Monterey cypress ( macrocarpa ) tree which is the official symbol of Pebble Beach and a frequent fixture of television broadcasts from this area . In 1990 the Monterey Journal reported that Pebble Beach 's lawyer , Kerry C. Smith , said `` The image of the tree has been trademarked by us , '' and that it intended to control any display of the cypress for commercial purposes . The company had warned photographers that `` they can not even use existing pictures of the tree for commercial purposes . '' Other legal commentators have questioned the Pebble Beach Company 's ability to invoke intellectual property laws to restrict others ' use of such images . Art ( edit ) Various artists over the years have found inspiration for their paintings of flora and fauna along this famous coastal drive . For example , Arthur Hill Gilbert , one of the founding members of the Carmel Art Association , was an American Impressionist noted for his canvases depicting this scenic area , including View of 17 Mile Drive , and The Cove , Pt . Lobos , circa 1930 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How to Make the Most Out of Carmel 's 17 - Mile Drive '' . Jump up ^ `` Non-Interstate System Toll Roads in the United States '' . Federal Highway Administration . 2009 - 01 - 01 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Owens , Tom ; Bellon Chatfield , Melanie ( 2004 ) . Insiders ' Guide to the Monterey Peninsula ( 4th ed . ) . Insiders ' Guide . p. 31 .", "5": "Jump up ^ Michael Norman , 2008 , Haunted Homeland : A Definitive Collection of North American Ghost Stories , p. 40 , Tor Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7653 - 2159 - 6 Jump up ^ Jack , Kenneth C. ( 2001 ) . `` Land King : The Story of David Jack '' . Monterey County Historical Society . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To San Francisco '' . American Machinist. 15 : 65 . June 2 , 1892 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Jonathan ( 2010 ) . `` Chinese Start Monterey Fishing Industry '' . Monterey County Historical Society . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cain , Julie ( 2005 ) . Monterey 's Hotel Del Monte . Images of America . Arcadia . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 3032 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/docs/1314/611051/HDM_1889_Souvenir_Booklet.pdf Page 28 ^ Jump up to : http://libguides.nps.edu/content.php?pid=359320&sid=2940630 ^ Jump up to : Cain , Julie . Monterey 's Hotel Del Monte . 7 . ^ Jump up to : Pebble Beach Company History Archived July 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` History of NPS and the Infamous Hotel Del Monte '' . Naval Postgraduate School . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 17 - Mile Drive at Pebble Beach '' . Pebble Beach Resorts . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Craig B. ( 2006 ) . Extreme Waves ( 2nd ed . ) . Dockside Consultants . Jump up ^ Yount , Maggie ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` PWCs Officially Extinguished At Ghost '' . Surfer Magazine . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 .", "6": "Jump up ^ Monterey Journal ; Trees and Trademarks : The Disputes Run Deep Katherine Bishop , Special To The New York Times , August 2 , 1990 Jump up ^ Lone Cypressgate : Shutterbug , Spare This Tree ! Ken Kwartler , The Recorder ( Bay Area Legal Daily ) August 24 , 1990 . Accessed 2009 - 07 - 28 . Archived 2009 - 07 - 31 at WebCite 2009 - 07 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 17 - Mile Drive . Pebble Beach Resorts : 17 - Mile Drive Photographic description of the whole of 17 - Mile Drive . Coordinates : 36 ° 35 ′ 05 '' N 121 ° 57 ′ 54 '' W / 36.584839 ° N 121.9651 ° W / 36.584839 ; - 121.9651 ( hide ) Pebble Beach Golf courses Cypress Point Club Monterey Peninsula Country Club Pebble Beach Golf Links Poppy Hills Golf Course Spyglass Hill Golf Course Points of interest 17 - Mile Drive Lone Cypress Events AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=17-Mile_Drive&oldid=796481903 '' Categories : Roads in Monterey County , California Toll roads in California Non-freeway toll roads Tourist attractions in Monterey County , California Pacific Grove , California Pebble Beach , California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 04 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1591045039186403819	in the early 1800s california society was dominated by which group	[ "Spanish", "Spanish" ]	{ "0": "History of California before 1900 - wikipedia History of California before 1900 Jump to : navigation , search For later events , see History of California 1900 to present . Part of a series on the History of California Periods Before 1900 Gold Rush ( 1848 -- 55 ) U.S. Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) Since 1900 Topics Maritime Railroad Highways Slavery Cities Chico Los Angeles Pasadena Piedmont Riverside Sacramento San Bernardino San Diego San Fernando Valley San Francisco San Jose Santa Barbara Santa Monica Visalia California portal California 's Yosemite Valley Human history in California began when indigenous Americans first arrived some 13,000 -- 15,000 years ago . Coastal exploration by Europeans began in the 16th century , and settlement by Europeans along the coast and in the inland valleys began in the 18th century . California was ceded to the United States under the terms of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the defeat of Mexico in the Mexican -- American War . American westward expansion intensified with the California Gold Rush , beginning in 1848 . California joined the Union as a free state in 1850 , due to the Compromise of 1850 . By the end of the 19th century , California was still largely rural and agricultural , but had a population of about 1.4 million .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Native inhabitants 2 European exploration ( 1530 -- 1765 ) 2.1 Hernán Cortés 2.2 Francisco de Ulloa 2.3 Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 2.4 Sir Francis Drake 2.5 Sebastián Vizcaíno 3 European exploration ( 1765 -- 1821 ) 4 Spanish colonization and governance ( 1697 -- 1821 ) 4.1 First Spanish colonies 4.2 Portolá expedition 4.3 Junípero Serra 4.4 Alta California missions 4.5 Ranchos 4.6 Administrative divisions 5 Russian colonization 6 California under Mexican rule ( 1821 -- 1846 ) 6.1 General 6.2 Other nationalities 6.3 American interest and immigrants 7 California under American rule ( beginning 1846 ) 7.1 Population 7.2 Bear Flag Revolt and American conquest 7.3 Gold Rush 7.4 Statehood : 1849 -- 1850 7.5 The Civil War 7.6 Labor 7.7 Labor politics and the rise of Nativism 7.8 Rise of the railroads 8 Late developments 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Surveys 11.2 to 1846 11.3 1846 -- 1900 12 External links Native inhabitants ( edit ) The most commonly accepted model of migration to the New World is that peoples from Asia crossed the Bering land bridge to the Americas some 16,500 years ago . The remains of Arlington Springs Man on Santa Rosa Island are among the traces of a very early habitation , dated to the Wisconsin glaciation ( the most recent ice age ) about 13,000 years ago . In all , some 30 tribes or culture groups lived in what is now California , gathered into perhaps six different language family groups . These groups included the early - arriving Hokan family ( winding up in the mountainous far north and Colorado River basin in the south ) and the recently arrived Uto - Aztecan of the desert southeast .", "2": "This cultural diversity was among the densest in North America , and was likely the result of a series of migrations and invasions during the last 10,000 -- 15,000 years . At the time of the first European contact , Native American tribes included the Chumash , Maidu , Miwok , Modoc , Mohave , Ohlone , Pomo , Serrano , Shasta , Tataviam , Tongva , Wintu and Yurok . Tribes adapted to California 's many climates . Coastal tribes were a major source of trading beads , produced from mussel shells using stone tools . Tribes in California 's broad Central Valley and the surrounding foothills developed an early agriculture , burning the grasslands to encourage growth of edible wild plants , especially oak trees . The acorns from these trees were pounded into a powder , and the acidic tannin leached out to make edible flour . Tribes living in the mountains of the north and east relied heavily on salmon and game hunting , and used California 's volcanic legacy by collecting and shaping obsidian for themselves and for trade . The deserts of the southeast were home to tribes who learned to thrive in that harsh environment by making careful use of local plants and living in oases and along water courses . The indigenous people practiced various forms of forest gardening in the forests , grasslands , mixed woodlands , and wetlands , ensuring that desired food and medicine plants continued to be available . The Native Americans controlled fire on a regional scale to create a low - intensity fire ecology which prevented larger , catastrophic fires and sustained a low - density `` wild '' agriculture in loose rotation . By burning underbrush and grass , the Native Americans revitalized patches of land whose regrowth provided fresh shoots to attract food animals . A form of fire - stick farming was used to clear areas of old growth to encourage new in a repeated cycle ; a primitive permaculture . The relative strength of the tribes was dynamic , as the more successful expanded their territories and less successful tribes contracted . Slave - trading and war among tribes alternated with periods of relative peace . The total population of Native California is estimated , by the time of extensive European contact in the 18th century , to have been perhaps 300,000 .", "3": "Before Europeans landed in North America , about one - third of all natives in what is now the United States were living in the area that is now California . European exploration ( 1530 -- 1765 ) ( edit ) California was misrepresented in early maps as an island . This example c. 1650 . Restored . The first European explorers , flying the flags of Spain and of England , sailed along the coast of California from the early 16th century to the mid-18th century , but no European settlements were established . The most important colonial power , Spain , focused attention on its imperial centers in Mexico and Peru . Confident of Spanish claims to all lands touching the Pacific Ocean ( including California ) , Spain sent an exploring party sailing along the California coastline . The California seen by these ship - bound explorers was one of hilly grasslands and wooded canyons , with few apparent resources or natural ports to attract colonists . The other colonial states of the era , with their interest on more densely populated areas , paid limited attention to this distant part of the world . It was not until the middle of the 18th century that both Russian and British explorers and fur traders began establishing stations on the coast . Hernán Cortés ( edit ) Main article : Hernán Cortés Around 1530 , Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán ( president of New Spain ) was told by an Indian slave of the Seven Cities of Cibola that had streets paved with gold and silver . About the same time Hernán Cortés was attracted by stories of a wonderful country far to the northwest , populated by Amazonish women and abounding with gold , pearls and gems . The Spaniards conjectured that these places may be one and the same . An expedition in 1533 discovered a bay , most likely that of La Paz , before experiencing difficulties and returning . Cortés accompanied expeditions in 1534 and 1535 without finding the sought - after city . On May 3 , 1535 , Cortés claimed `` Santa Cruz Island '' ( now known as the Baja California Peninsula ) and laid out and founded the city that was to become La Paz later that spring .", "4": "Francisco de Ulloa ( edit ) Main article : Francisco de Ulloa Also : Island of California In July 1539 , moved by the renewal of those stories , Cortés sent Francisco de Ulloa out with three small vessels . He made it to the mouth of the Colorado River , then sailed around the peninsula as far as Cedros Island . The account of this voyage marks the first - recorded application of the name `` California '' . It can be traced to the fifth volume of a chivalric romance , Amadis de Gallia , arranged by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo and first printed around 1510 , in which a character travels through an island called `` California '' . Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo ( edit ) Main article : Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo is believed to be the first European to explore the California coast . He was either of Portuguese or Spanish background , although his origins remain unclear . He was a soldier , crossbowman , and navigator who sailed for the Spanish Crown . In June 1542 Cabrillo led an expedition in two ships of his own design and construction from the west coast of what is now Mexico . He landed on September 28 at San Diego Bay , claiming what he thought was the Island of California for Spain . Californias ' channel islands lie offshore from Baja California to northern California , and Cabrillo named each of the channel islands as he passed and claimed them for Spain . Cabrillo and his crew continued north and came ashore October 8 at San Pedro bay , later to become the port of Los Angeles , which he originally named the bay of smoke ( bahia de los fumos ) due to the many cooking fires of the native Chumash Indians along the shore . The expedition then continued north in an attempt to discover a supposed coastal route to the mainland of Asia . Cabrillo may have sailed as far north as Point Reyes ( north of San Francisco ) , but died as the result of an accident during this voyage ; the remainder of the expedition , which may have reached as far north as the Rogue River in today 's southern Oregon , was led by Bartolomé Ferrer .", "5": "Sir Francis Drake ( edit ) Main article : Francis Drake On June 7 , 1579 , the English explorer Sir Francis Drake saw an excellent harbor , on a land mass that he called Nova Albion and claimed for England . The accepted location for Drake 's port is at Drake 's Cove in Drakes Bay which has been named a National Historic Landmark . There was no English follow - up . Subsequent English maps name the land above Baja California , New Granada , New Mexico and Florida `` Nova Albion '' . Drake held the first Protestant Christian service at Nova Albion . Sebastián Vizcaíno ( edit ) Main article : Sebastián Vizcaíno In 1602 the Spaniard Sebastián Vizcaíno explored California 's coastline as far north as Monterey Bay , where he put ashore . He ventured inland south along the coast and recorded a visit to what is likely Carmel Bay . His major contributions to the state 's history were the glowing reports of the Monterey area as an anchorage and as land suitable for settlement , as well as the detailed charts he made of the coastal waters ( which were used for nearly 200 years ) . European exploration ( 1765 -- 1821 ) ( edit ) Spanish ships plying the China trade probably stopped in California every year after 1680 . Between 1680 and 1740 , Spanish merchants out of Mexico City financed thriving trade between Manila , Acapulco and Callao . In Manila , they picked up cotton from India and silks from China . The Spanish Crown viewed too much imported Asian cloth to Mexico and Lima as a competitive threat to the Spanish American markets for cloth produced in Spain , and as a result , restricted the tonnage permitted on the ships from Manila to Acapulco . Mexico City merchants in retaliation overstuffed the ships , even using the space for water to carry additional contraband cargo . As a result , the ships coming from Manila had enough water for two months , but the trip took four to six months . ( Hawaii was unknown to the Spanish navigators ) . The sea currents take ships sailing from Manila to Acapulco up north , so that they first touch land at San Francisco or Monterey , in what is now California .", "6": "By the late 18th century , imperial war was heating up between Britain and Spain . In 1762 , Britain occupied Manila in the Pacific and Havana in the Atlantic . This was probably a stimulus for Spain to build presidios at San Francisco and Monterey in 1769 . The British , too , stepped up their activities in the Pacific . British seafaring Captain James Cook , midway through his third and final voyage of exploration in 1778 , sailed along the west coast of North America aboard the HMS Resolution , mapping the coast from California all the way to the Bering Strait . In 1786 Jean - François de Galaup , comte de Lapérouse , led a group of scientists and artists on a voyage of exploration ordered by Louis XVI and were welcomed in Monterey . They compiled an account of the Californian mission system , the land and the people . Traders , whalers and scientific missions followed in the next decades . Spanish colonization and governance ( 1697 -- 1821 ) ( edit ) Main articles : List of pre-statehood governors of California , The Californias , and Alta California In 1697 the Viceroy Duque de Linares along with the Conde de Miravalle ( 180 ) and the treasurer of Acapulco ( Pedro Gil de la Sierpe ) financed Jesuit expansion into California . The Duque de Linares lobbied the Spanish Crown in 1711 to increase trade between Asia , Acapulco and Lima . It is possible that Baja California Sur was used as a stopping point for unloading contraband on the way back from Manila to Acapulco . The contraband might then have been shipped across the Gulf of California to enter mainland Mexico by way of Sonora , where the Jesuits also had missions and sympathies for their financial backers . In 1697 the Jesuit missionary Juan María de Salvatierra established Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó , the first permanent mission on the Baja California Peninsula . Spanish control over the peninsula , including missions , was gradually extended , first in the region around Loreto , then to the south in the Cape region , and finally to the north across the northern boundary of present - day Baja California Sur . A total of 30 Spanish missions in Baja California were established .", "7": "During the last quarter of the 18th century , the first Spanish settlements were established in what later became the Las Californias Province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . Reacting to interest by the Russian Empire and , later , Great Britain in the fur - bearing animals of the Pacific north coast , Spain further extended the series of Catholic missions , accompanied by troops and establishing ranches , along the southern and central coast of California . These missions were intended to demonstrate the claim of the Spanish Empire to what is now California . By 1823 , 21 Spanish missions had been established in Alta California . Operations were based out of the naval base at San Blas and included not only the establishment and supply of missions in California , but a series of exploration expeditions to the Pacific Northwest and Alaska . The first quarter of the 19th century showed the continuation of the slow colonization of the southern and central California coast by Spanish missionaries , ranchers and troops . By 1820 Spanish influence was marked by the chain of missions reaching from Loreto , north to San Diego , to just north of today 's San Francisco Bay Area , and extended inland approximately 25 to 50 miles ( 40 to 80 km ) from the missions . Outside of this zone , perhaps 200,000 to 250,000 Native Americans were continuing to lead traditional lives . The Adams -- Onís Treaty , signed in 1819 , set the northern boundary of the Spanish claims at the 42nd parallel , effectively creating today 's northern boundary between California and Oregon . First Spanish colonies ( edit ) Spain had maintained a number of missions and presidios in New Spain since 1519 . The Crown laid claim to the north coastal provinces of California in 1542 . Excluding Santa Fe in New Mexico , settlement of northern New Spain was slow for the next 155 years . Settlements in Loreto , Baja California Sur , were established in 1697 , but it was not until the threat of incursion by Russian fur traders and potentially settlers , coming down from Alaska in 1765 , that Spain , under King Charles III , felt development of more northern installations was necessary . By then , the Spanish Empire was engaged in the political aftermath of the Seven Years ' War , and colonial priorities in far away California afforded only a minimal effort .", "8": "Alta California was to be settled by Franciscan Friars , protected by troops in the California missions . Between 1774 and 1791 , the Crown sent forth a number of expeditions to further explore and settle Alta California and the Pacific Northwest . Portolá expedition ( edit ) Main article : Portolá expedition In May 1768 , the Spanish Inspector General ( Visitador ) José de Gálvez planned a four - prong expedition to settle Alta California , two by sea and two by land , which Gaspar de Portolá volunteered to command . The Portolá land expedition arrived at the site of present - day San Diego on June 29 , 1769 , where it established the Presidio of San Diego . Eager to press on to Monterey Bay , de Portolá and his group , consisting of Father Juan Crespí , 63 leather - jacket soldiers and a hundred mules , headed north on July 14 . They reached the present - day site of Los Angeles on August 2 , Santa Monica on August 3 , Santa Barbara on August 19 , San Simeon on September 13 , and the mouth of the Salinas River on October 1 . Although they were looking for Monterey Bay , the group failed to recognize it when they reached it . On October 31 , de Portolá 's explorers became the first Europeans known to view San Francisco Bay . Ironically , the Manila Galleons had sailed along this coast for almost 200 years by then , without noticing the bay . The group returned to San Diego in 1770 . De Portolá was the first governor of Las Californias . Junípero Serra ( edit ) A portrait of Junípero Serra Main article : Junípero Serra Junípero Serra was a Majorcan Franciscan who founded the first Alta California Spanish missions . After King Carlos III ordered the Jesuits expelled from New Spain on February 3 , 1768 , Serra was named `` Father Presidente '' . Serra founded San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 . Later that year , Serra , Governor de Portolá and a small group of men moved north , up the Pacific Coast .", "9": "They reached Monterey in 1770 , where Serra founded the second Alta California mission , San Carlos Borromeo . Alta California missions ( edit ) Main article : Spanish missions in California A map produced in 1920 illustrating the route of `` El Camino Real '' in 1821 , along with the 21 Franciscan Alta California missions . The road at this time was merely a horse and mule trail . The California missions comprise a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Dominicans , Jesuits , and Franciscans , to spread the Christian doctrine among the local Native Americans . Eighty percent of the financing of Spain 's California program went not to missions but rather to the military garrisons established to keep Britain and Russia out of the three great Pacific Ports of San Diego , Monterey and San Francisco ; the Santa Barbara presidio on the Channel was added later . The primary benefit to Spain of occupying California was to confirm historic claims to the territory in the context of imperial war with Britain . The missions introduced European livestock , fruits , vegetables , agricultural industry , along with invasive species of plants into the California regions . It is widely believe in California that the labor supply for the missions was supplied by the forcible relocation of the Native Americans and keeping them in peonage . However , more recent scholarship suggests that the tiny number of Spaniards at each mission relied more upon negotiation , enticement and the threat of force to control the estimated 5,000 Indians typically surrounding what would become a mission . The missionaries and military were often at cross purposes in their vision of what California could become , and the missionaries preferred to rely upon Indian allies to maintain control . Most missions became enormous in terms of land area ( approximately the size of modern counties in California ) , and yet the Spanish and Mexican staff was small , with normally two Franciscans and six to eight soldiers in residence . The size of the Indian congregations would grow from a handful at the founding to perhaps two thousand by the end of the Spanish period ( 1810 ) . All of these buildings were built largely by the native people , under Franciscan supervision . Again , there is controversy in the literature as to whether the labor was forced . Production on missions between 1769 and 1810 was distributed primarily among the Indian congregation .", "10": "However , in 1810 , the California missions and presidios lost their financing as the Spanish Empire collapsed from Buenos Aires to San Francisco , as a result of the imprisonment of King Fernando VII in 1808 by the French . In this context , Indians came under increased pressure to produce , and the missions exported the produce of Indian labor via Anglo - American and Mexican merchants . Whether the proceeds were distributed to Indians or to local military men came increasingly to depend on the political skill and dedication of the individual missionaries . In 1825 , independent Mexico finally send a governor to take control of California , but he arrived without adequate payroll for the military . In 1825 , the use of uncompensated Indian labor at missions to finance Mexican presidios in California became normalized . In addition to the presidio ( royal fort ) and pueblo ( town ) , the misión was one of the three major agencies employed by the Spanish crown in an attempt to consolidate its colonial territories . None of these missions were completely self - supporting , requiring continued ( albeit modest ) financial support . Starting with the onset of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810 , this support largely disappeared , and the missions and their converts were left on their own . By 1827 , the Mexican government passed the General Law of Expulsion , which exiled Spanish - born people , decimating the clergy in California . Some of the missions were then nationalized by the Mexican government and sold off . It was not until after statehood that the US Supreme Court restored some missions to the orders that owned them . In order to facilitate overland travel , the mission settlements were situated approximately 30 miles ( 48 km ) apart , so that they were separated by one day 's long ride on horseback along the 600 - mile - long ( 970 km ) el Camino Real , Spanish for `` the Royal Road '' , though often referred to today as the `` King 's Highway '' , and also known as the `` California Mission Trail '' . Tradition has it that the padres sprinkled mustard seeds along the trail in order to mark it with bright yellow flowers . Later El Camino Viejo , another more direct route from Los Angeles to Mission San José and San Francisco Bay , developed along the western edge of the San Joaquin Valley .", "11": "Heavy freight movement over long distances was practical only via water , but soldiers , settlers and other travelers and merchandise on horses , mules , or carretas ( ox carts ) , and herds of animals used these routes . Four presidios , strategically placed along the California coast and organized into separate military districts , served to protect the missions and other Spanish settlements in Upper California . A number of mission structures survive today or have been rebuilt , and many have congregations established since the beginning of the 20th century . The highway and missions became for many a romantic symbol of an idyllic and peaceful past . The Mission Revival style was an architectural movement that drew its inspiration from this idealized view of California 's past . Ranchos ( edit ) Main article : Ranchos of California This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Spanish encouraged settlement with large land grants called ranchos , where cattle and sheep were raised . The California missions were secularized following Mexican independence , with the passing of the Mexican secularization act of 1833 and the division of the extensive former mission lands into more ranchos . Cow hides ( at roughly $1 each ) and fat ( known as tallow , used to make candles as well as soaps ) were the primary exports of California until the mid-19th century . The owners of these ranchos styled themselves after the Dons in Spain . The rancho workers were primarily Native Americans , many of them former residents of the missions who had learned to speak Spanish and ride horses . Some ranchos , such as Rancho El Escorpión and Rancho Little Temecula , were land grants directly to Native Americans . Administrative divisions ( edit ) In 1773 a boundary between the Baja California missions ( whose control had been passed to the Dominicans ) and the Franciscan missions of Alta California was set by Francisco Palóu .", "12": "Due to the growth of the Hispanic population in Alta California by 1804 , the province of Las Californias , then a part of the Commandancy General of the Internal Provinces , was divided into two separate territorial administrations following Palóu 's division between the Dominican and Franciscan missions . Governor Diego de Borica is credited with defining Alta California and Baja California 's official borders . The Baja California Peninsula became the territory of Baja California ( `` Lower California '' ) , also referred to at times as Vieja California ( `` Old California '' ) . The northern part became Alta California , also alternatively called Nueva California ( `` New California '' ) . Because the eastern boundaries of Alta California Province were not defined , it included Nevada , Utah and parts of Arizona , New Mexico , western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming . The province bordered on the east with the Spanish settlements in Arizona and the province of Nuevo México , with the Sierra Nevada or Colorado River serving as the de facto border . Russian colonization ( edit ) Main articles : Russian colonization of the Americas and Russian America Part of Spain 's motivation to settle upper Las Californias was to forestall Russian colonization and British incursion into their territory . In the early 19th century , fur trappers with the Russian - American Company of the tsarist Russian Empire explored down the West Coast from trading settlements in Alaska , hunting for sea otter pelts as far south as San Diego . In August 1812 , the Russian - American Company set up a fortified trading post at Fort Ross , near present - day Bodega Bay on the Sonoma Coast of Northern California , 60 miles ( 97 km ) north of San Francisco on land claimed , but not occupied , by the British Empire . This colony was active until the Russians departed in 1841 . In 1836 El Presidio de Sonoma , or `` Sonoma Barracks '' , was established by General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo , the Comandante of the northern frontier of Alta California . It was established as a part of Mexico 's strategy to halt Russian incursions into the region , as the Mission San Francisco de Solano ( Sonoma Mission ) was for the Spanish .", "13": "California under Mexican rule ( 1821 -- 1846 ) ( edit ) Main articles : List of pre-statehood governors of California , Las Californias , and Alta California General ( edit ) Substantial changes occurred during the second quarter of the 19th century . By 1809 , Spain no longer governed California because the Spanish king was imprisoned by the French . For the next decade and a half , the colony came to rely upon trade with Anglo - Americans and Spanish - Americans from Lima and San Blas for economic survival and political news . The victory in the Mexican War of Independence from Spain in 1821 marked the beginning of Mexican rule in California , in theory , though in practice Mexico did not exert control until 1825 . The Indian congregations at missions and the missionaries provided the critical source of products that underlay export revenues for the entire colony between 1810 and 1825 . Converting new Indians faded , while ranching and trade increased . As the successor state to the Viceroyalty of New Spain , Mexico automatically included the provinces of Alta California and Baja California as territories . With the establishment of a republican government in 1823 , Alta California Territory , like many northern territories , was not recognized as one of the constituent states of Mexico because of its small population . The 1824 Constitution of Mexico refers to Alta California as a `` territory '' . Independent Mexico came into existence in 1821 , yet did not send a governor to California until 1825 , when José María de Echeandía brought the spirit of republican government and mestizo liberation to the frontier . Echeandia began the moves to emancipate Indians from missions , and to also liberate the profit motive among soldiers who were granted ranches where they utilized Indian labor . Pressure grew to abolish missions , which prevented private soldiers from extending their control over the most fertile land which was tilled by the Indian congregations . By 1829 , the most powerful missionaries had been removed from the scene : Luis Martinez of San Luis Obispo , and Peyri of Mission San Luis Rey . The Mexican Congress had passed the General Law of Expulsion in 1827 . This law declared all persons born in Spain to be `` illegal immigrants '' and ordered them to leave the new country of Mexico .", "14": "Many of the missionary clergy were Spanish and aging , and gave in to the pressure to leave . In 1831 a small group made up of the more wealthy citizens of Alta California got together and petitioned Governor Manuel Victoria asking for democratic reforms . The previous governor , José María de Echeandía , was more popular , so the leading wealthy citizens suggested to Echeandía that Victoria 's stay as governor would be coming to an abrupt end soon . They built up a small army , marched into Los Angeles , and `` captured '' the town . Victoria gathered a small army and went to fight the upstart army , leading it himself . He met the opposing army on December 5 , 1831 , at Cahuenga Pass . In the Battle of Cahuenga Pass Victoria was wounded and resigned the governorship of Alta California . The previous governor , Echeandía , took the job , which he did until José Figueroa took over in 1833 . Next , the Mexican Congress passed An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California on August 17 , 1833 . Mission San Juan Capistrano was the very first to feel the effects of this legislation the following year . The military received legal permission to distribute the Indian congregations ' land amongst themselves in 1834 with secularization . Some aging Franciscans never abandoned the missions , such as Zalvidea of San Juan Capistrano . From Spain , Peyri regretted that he had departed . In 1836 , Mexico repealed the 1824 federalist constitution and adopted a more centralist political organization ( under the Siete Leyes ) that reunited Alta and Baja California in a single California Department ( Departamento de las Californias ) . The change , however , had little practical effect in far - off Alta California . The capital of Alta California Territory remained Monterey , as it had been since the 1769 Portola expedition first established an Alta California government , and the local political structures were unchanged . In September 1835 , Nicolás Gutiérrez was appointed as interim governor of California in January 1836 , to be replaced by Mariano Chico in April , but he was very unpopular . Thinking a revolt was coming , Chico returned to Mexico to gather troops , but was reprimanded for leaving his post .", "15": "Gutierrez , the military commandant , re-assumed the governorship , but he too was unpopular . Senior members of Alta California 's legislature Juan Bautista Alvarado and José Castro , with support from Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo , Comandante of the Fourth Military District and Director of Colonization of the Northern Frontier , and assistance from a group of Americans led by Isaac Graham , staged a revolt in November 1836 and forced Gutierrez to relinquish power . The Americans wanted Californian independence , but Alvarado instead preferred staying part of Mexico , albeit with greater autonomy . In 1840 , Graham allegedly began agitating for a Texas - style revolution in California , in March issuing a notice for a planned horse race that was loosely construed into being a plot for revolt . Alvarado notified Vallejo of the situation , and in April the Californian military began arresting American and English immigrants , eventually detaining about 100 in the Presidio of Monterey . At the time , there were fewer than 400 foreigners from all nations in the department . Vallejo returned to Monterey and ordered Castro to take 47 of the prisoners to San Blas by ship , to be deported to their home countries . Under pressure from British and American diplomats , President Anastasio Bustamante released the remaining prisoners and began a court martial against Castro . Also assisting in the release of those caught up in the Graham Affair was American traveler Thomas J. Farnham . In 1841 , Graham and 18 of his associates returned to Monterey , with new passports issued by the Mexican federal government . Also in 1841 , political leaders in the United States were declaring their doctrine of Manifest Destiny , and Californios grew increasingly concerned over their intentions . Vallejo conferred with Castro and Alvarado recommending that Mexico send military reinforcements to enforce their military control of California . In response , Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna sent Brigadier General Manuel Micheltorena and 300 men to California in January 1842 . Micheltorena was to assume the governorship and the position of commandant general . In October , before Micheltorena reached Monterey , American Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones mistakenly thought that war had broken out between the United States and Mexico . He sailed into Monterey Bay and demanded the surrender of the Presidio of Monterey .", "16": "Micheltorena 's force was still in the south , and the Monterey presidio was undermanned . As such , Alvarado reluctantly surrendered , and retired to Rancho El Alisal . The next day Commodore Jones learned of his mistake , but Alvarado declined to return and instead referred the commodore to Micheltorena . Micheltorena eventually made it to Monterey , but was unable to control his troops , a number of whom were convicts . This fomented rumors of a revolt , and by 1844 , Alvarado himself became associated with the malcontents and an order was given by Micheltorena for his arrest . His detention , however , was short - lived as Micheltorena was under orders to organize a large contingent in preparation for war against the United States . All hands would be required for the task at hand . This turned out to backfire on him , as on November 14 , 1844 , a group of Californios led by Manuel Castro revolted against Mexican authority . José Castro and Alvarado commanded the troops . There was no actual fighting , however ; a truce was negotiated and Micheltorena agreed to dismiss his convict troops . However , Micheltorena reneged on the deal and fighting broke out this time . The rebels won the Battle of Providencia in February 1845 at the Los Angeles River and Micheltorena and his troops left California . Pío Pico was installed as governor in Los Angeles , and José Castro became commandant general . Later , Alvarado was elected to the Mexican Congress . He prepared to move to Mexico City , but Pico declined funding for the transfer , and relations between the northern part of Alta California , with the increased presence of Americans , and the southern part , where the Spanish - speaking Californios dominated , became more tense . John C. Frémont arrived in Monterey at the beginning of 1846 . Afraid of foreign aggression , Castro assembled his militia , with Alvarado second in command , but Frémont went north to Oregon instead . An unstable political situation in Mexico strained relations among the Californios , and it seemed that civil war would break out between north and south .", "17": "By 1846 , Alta California had a Spanish - speaking population of under 10,000 , tiny even compared to the sparse population of states in the rest of northern Mexico . The Californios consisted of about 800 families , mostly concentrated on large ranchos . About 1,300 American citizens and a very mixed group of about 500 Europeans , scattered mostly from Monterey to Sacramento , dominated trading as the Californios dominated ranching . In terms of adult males , the two groups were about equal , but the American citizens were more recent arrivals . Other nationalities ( edit ) The Russian - American Company established Fort Ross in 1812 as its southernmost colony in North America , intended to provide Russian posts farther north with agricultural goods . When this need was filled by a deal between the RAC and the Hudson 's Bay Company for produce from Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River and other installations , the fort 's intent was derailed , although it remained in Russian hands until 1841 , and for the duration had a small population of Russians and other nationalities from the Russian Empire . In this period , American and British traders began entering California in search of beaver . Using the Siskiyou Trail , Old Spanish Trail , and later , the California Trail , these trading parties arrived in California , often without the knowledge or approval of the Mexican authorities , and laid the foundation for the arrival of later Gold Rush era Forty - Niners , farmers and ranchers . In 1840 , the American adventurer , writer and lawyer Richard Henry Dana , Jr. , wrote of his experiences aboard ship off California in the 1830s in Two Years Before the Mast . The leader of a French scientific expedition to California , Eugène Duflot de Mofras , wrote in 1840 , `` ... it is evident that California will belong to whatever nation chooses to send there a man - of - war and two hundred men . '' In 1841 , General Vallejo wrote Governor Alvarado that `` ... there is no doubt that France is intriguing to become mistress of California '' , but a series of troubled French governments did not uphold French interests in the area . During disagreements with Mexicans , the German - Swiss francophile John Sutter threatened to raise the French flag over California and place himself and his settlement , New Helvetia , under French protection .", "18": "American interest and immigrants ( edit ) Main article : California Trail Although a small number of American traders and trappers had lived in California since the early 1830s , the first organized overland party of American immigrants was the Bartleson -- Bidwell Party of 1841 . With mules and on foot , this pioneering group groped its way across the continent using the still untested California Trail . Also in 1841 , an overland exploratory party of the United States Exploring Expedition came down the Siskiyou Trail from the Pacific Northwest . In 1844 , Caleb Greenwood guided the first settlers to take wagons over the Sierra Nevada . In 1846 , the misfortunes of the Donner Party earned notoriety as they struggled to enter California . California under American rule ( beginning 1846 ) ( edit ) Population ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1840 8,000 -- 1850 120,000 1,400.0 % 1860 379,994 216.7 % 1870 560,247 47.4 % Sources : 1850 -- 1870 U.S. Census The non-Indian population of California in 1840 was about 8,000 , as confirmed by the California 1850 U.S. Census , which asked everyone their place of birth . The Indian population is unknown but has been variously estimated at about 30,000 to 150,000 in 1840 . The population in 1850 , the first U.S. census , does not count the Indian population and omits San Francisco , the largest city , as well as the counties of Santa Clara and Contra Costa , all of whose tabulations were lost before they could be included in the totals . Some estimates can be obtained from the Alta Californian newspapers published in San Francisco in 1850 . A corrected California 1850 Census would go from 92,597 ( the uncorrected `` official number '' ) to over 120,000 . The 1850 U.S.", "19": "Census , the first census that included the names and sex of everyone in a family , showed only 7,019 females , with 4,165 non-Indian females older than 15 in the state . To this should be added about 1,300 women older than 15 from San Francisco , Santa Clara , and Contra Costa counties whose censuses were lost and not included in the totals . There were less than 10,000 females in a total California population ( not including Indians who were not counted ) of about 120,000 residents in 1850 . About 3.0 % of the Gold Rush `` Argonauts '' before 1850 were female or about 3,500 female Gold Rushers , compared to about 115,000 male California Gold Rushers . By California 's 1852 `` special '' State Census , the population had already increased to about 200,000 , of which about 10 % or 20,000 were female . Competition by 1852 had decreased the steamship fare via Panama to about $200 . Many of the new and successful California residents sent off for their wives , sweethearts and families to join them in California . After 1850 the Panama Railroad ( completed 1855 ) was already working its way across the Isthmus of Panama , making it ever easier to get to and from California in about 40 days . Additional thousands came via the California Trail , but this took longer -- about 120 to 160 days . The `` normal '' male to female ratio of about one to one would not arrive until the 1950 census . California for over a century was short on females . Bear Flag revolt and American conquest ( edit ) Main article : Mexican -- American War After the United States declared war on Mexico on May 13 , 1846 , it took almost two months ( mid-July 1846 ) for definite word of war to get to California . Upon hearing rumors of war , U.S. consul Thomas O. Larkin , stationed in Monterey , tried to keep peace between the Americans and the small Mexican military garrison commanded by José Castro .", "20": "American army captain John C. Frémont , with about 60 well - armed men , had entered California in December 1845 and was making a slow march to Oregon when they received word that war between Mexico and the U.S. was imminent . 1890 photograph of the first `` Bear Flag '' . A replica of it is now at El Presidio de Sonoma , or Sonoma Barracks . On June 15 , 1846 , some 30 non-Mexican settlers , mostly Americans , staged a revolt , seized the small Mexican garrison in Sonoma , and captured Mexican general Mariano Vallejo . They raised the `` Bear Flag '' of the California Republic over Sonoma . The so - called California Republic lasted one week with William B. Ide as president of the Republic , until the U.S. Army , led by Frémont , took over on June 23 . The California state flag today is based on this original Bear Flag , and continues to contain the words `` California Republic '' . Commodore John Drake Sloat , on hearing of imminent war and the revolt in Sonoma , ordered his naval forces to occupy Yerba Buena ( present San Francisco ) on July 7 and raise the American flag . On July 15 , Sloat transferred his command to Commodore Robert F. Stockton , a much more aggressive leader . Commodore Stockton put Frémont 's forces under his command . Frémont 's `` California Battalion '' swelled to about 160 men with the addition of volunteers recruited from American settlements , and on July 19 he entered Monterey in a joint operation with some of Stockton 's sailors and marines . The official word had been received -- the Mexican -- American War was on . The American forces easily took over the north of California ; within days , they controlled Monterey , San Francisco , Sonoma , and Sutter 's Fort . In Southern California , Mexican General José Castro and Governor Pío Pico fled from Los Angeles . When Stockton 's forces entered Los Angeles unresisted on August 13 , 1846 , the nearly bloodless conquest of California seemed complete .", "21": "Stockton , however , left too small a force ( 36 men ) in Los Angeles , and the Californios , acting on their own and without help from Mexico , led by José María Flores , forced the small American garrison to retire in late September . Two hundred reinforcements were sent by Stockton , led by US Navy Captain William Mervine , but were repulsed in the Battle of Dominguez Rancho , October 7 -- 9 , 1846 , near San Pedro , where 14 US Marines were killed . Meanwhile , General Kearny with a much reduced squadron of 100 dragoons finally reached California after a grueling march across New Mexico , Arizona , and the Sonoran Desert . On December 6 , 1846 , they fought the Battle of San Pasqual near San Diego , where 18 of Kearny 's troop were killed -- the largest number of American casualties lost in battle in California . Stockton rescued Kearny 's surrounded forces and , with their combined force , they moved northward from San Diego . Entering the present - day Orange County area on January 8 , they linked up with Frémont 's northern force . With the combined American forces totaling 660 troops , they fought the Californios in the Battle of Rio San Gabriel . The next day , January 9 , 1847 , they fought the Battle of La Mesa . Three days later , on January 12 , 1847 , the last significant body of Californios surrendered to American forces . That marked the end of the war in California . On January 13 , 1847 , the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed . On January 28 , 1847 , Army lieutenant William Tecumseh Sherman and his army unit arrived in Monterey , as American forces continued to stream into California . On March 15 , 1847 , Col. Jonathan D. Stevenson 's Seventh Regiment of New York Volunteers of about 900 men began to arrive . All of these troops were still in California when gold was discovered in January 1848 . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , signed on February 2 , 1848 , marked the end of the Mexican -- American War .", "22": "In that treaty , the United States agreed to pay Mexico $18,250,000 ; Mexico formally ceded California ( and other northern territories ) to the United States ; and the first international boundary was drawn between the U.S. and Mexico by treaty . The previous boundary had been negotiated in 1819 between Spain and the United States in the Adams -- Onís Treaty , which established the present border between California and Oregon . San Diego Bay is one of the few natural harbors in California south of San Francisco , and to claim this strategic asset the southern border was slanted to include the entire bay in California . Gold Rush ( edit ) Main article : California Gold Rush In January 1848 , gold was discovered at Sutter 's Mill in the Sierra Nevada foothills about 40 miles east of Sacramento -- beginning the California Gold Rush , which had the most extensive impact on population growth of the state of any era . The miners and merchants settled in towns along what is now California State Highway 49 , and settlements sprang up along the Siskiyou Trail as gold was discovered elsewhere in California ( notably in Siskiyou County ) . The nearest deep - water seaport was San Francisco Bay , and San Francisco became the home for bankers who financed exploration for gold . The Gold Rush brought the world to California . By 1855 , some 300,000 `` Forty - Niners '' had arrived from every continent ; many soon left , of course -- some rich , most not very rich . A precipitous drop in the Native American population occurred in the decade after the discovery of gold . Statehood : 1849 -- 1850 ( edit ) In 1847 -- 49 , California was run by the U.S. military ; local government continued to be run by alcaldes ( mayors ) in most places , but now some were Americans . Bennett C. Riley , the last military governor , called a constitutional convention to meet in Monterey in September 1849 . Its 48 delegates were mostly pre-1846 American settlers ; eight were Californios . They unanimously outlawed slavery and set up a state government that operated for 10 months before California was given official statehood by Congress on September 9 , 1850 , as part of the Compromise of 1850 .", "23": "After Monterey , the state capital was variously San Jose ( 1850 -- 1851 ) , Vallejo ( 1852 -- 1853 ) and Benicia ( 1853 -- 1854 ) , until Sacramento was finally selected in 1854 . Californios ( dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws ) and pro-slavery Southerners in lightly populated , rural Southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from Northern California . The last attempt , the Pico Act of 1859 , was passed by the California State Legislature , signed by the state governor , approved overwhelmingly by voters in the proposed `` Territory of Colorado '' and sent to Washington , D.C. , with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham . However , the secession crisis in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote . The Civil war ( edit ) Main article : California in the American Civil War Because of the distance factor , California played a minor role in the American Civil War . Although some settlers sympathized with the Confederacy , they were not allowed to organize , and their newspapers were closed down . Former Senator William M. Gwin , a Confederate sympathizer , was arrested and fled to Europe . Powerful capitalists dominated Californian politics through their control of mines , shipping , and finance . They controlled the state through the new Republican Party . Nearly all the men who volunteered as soldiers stayed in the West to guard facilities , suppress secessionists , or fight the Indians . Some 2,350 men in the California Column marched east across Arizona in 1862 to expel the Confederates from Arizona and New Mexico . The California Column then spent most of the remainder of the war fighting hostile Indians in the area . Labor ( edit ) In his maiden speech before the United States Senate , California Senator David C. Broderick stated , `` There is no place in the Union , no place on earth , where labor is so honored and so well rewarded ... '' as in California . Early immigrants to California came with skills in many trades , and some had come from places where workers were being organized . California 's labor movements began in San Francisco , the only large city in California for decades and once the center of trade - unionism west of the Rockies .", "24": "Los Angeles remained an open - shop stronghold for half a century until unions from the north collaborated to make California a union state . Because of San Francisco 's relative isolation , skilled workers could make demands that their counterparts on the East Coast could not . Printers first attempted to organize in 1850 , teamsters , draymen , lightermen , riggers and stevedores in 1851 , bakers and bricklayers in 1852 , caulkers , carpenters , plasterers , brickmasons , blacksmiths and shipwrights in 1853 and musicians in 1856 . Although these efforts required several starts to become stabilized , they did earn better pay and working conditions and began the long efforts of state labor legislation . Between 1850 and 1870 , legislation made provisions for payment of wages , the mechanic 's lien and the eight - hour workday . It was said that during the last half of the 19th century more of San Francisco 's workers enjoyed an eight - hour workday than any other American city . The molders ' and boilermakers ' strike of 1864 was called in opposition to a newly formed iron - works employers association which threatened a one thousand dollar a day fine on any employer who granted the strikers ' demands and had wired for strikebreakers across the country . The San Francisco Trades Union , the city 's first central labor body , sent a delegation to meet a boatload of strikebreakers at Panama and educated them . They arrived in San Francisco as enrolled union members . After the Civil War ended in 1865 , California continued to grow rapidly . Independent miners were largely displaced by large corporate mining operations . Railroads began to be built , and both the railroad companies and the mining companies began to hire large numbers of laborers . The decisive event was the opening of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 ; six days by train brought a traveler from Chicago to San Francisco , compared to six months by ship . The era of comparative protection for California labor ended with the arrival of the railroad . For decades after , labor opposed Chinese immigrant workers and politicians pushed anti-Chinese legislation . Importation of slaves or so - called `` contract '' labor was fought by miners and city workers and made illegal through legislation in 1852 .", "25": "The first statewide federated labor body was the Mechanics ' State Council that championed the eight - hour day against the employers ' 1867 `` Ten Hour League '' . The Council affiliated with the National Labor Union , America 's first national union effort . By 1872 Chinese workers comprised half of all factory workers in San Francisco and were paid wages far below white workers . `` The Chinese Must Go ! '' was the slogan of Denis Kearney , a prominent labor leader in San Francisco . He appeared on the scene in 1877 and led sandlot vigilantes that roamed the city beating Chinese and wrecking their businesses . Twice the seamen of the West Coast had tried to organize a union , but were defeated . In 1875 , the Seaman 's Protective Association was established and began the struggle for higher wages and better conditions on ships . The effort was joined by Henry George , editor of the San Francisco Post . The legislative struggle to enforce laws against brutal ship 's captains and the requirement that two - thirds of sailors be Americans was proposed , and the effort was carried for thirty years by Andrew Furuseth and the Sailors ' Union of the Pacific after 1908 , and the International Seamen 's Union of America . The Coast 's Seamen 's Journal was founded in 1887 , for years the most important labor journal in California . Concurrently , waterfront organizing led to the Maritime Federation of the Pacific . See : History of California 1900 to present . Labor politics and the rise of nativism ( edit ) Thousands of Chinese men arrived in California to work as laborers , recruited by industry as low - wage workers . Over time , conflicts in the gold fields and cities created prejudices between white and Chinese laborers . During the decade - long depression after the transcontinental railroad was completed , white workers began to lay blame on the Chinese laborers . Many Chinese were expelled from the mine fields . Some returned to China after the Central Pacific was built . Those who stayed mostly moved to the Chinatown in San Francisco and a few other cities , where they were relatively safe from violent attacks they suffered elsewhere . From 1850 through 1900 , anti-Chinese nativist sentiment resulted in the passage of innumerable laws , many of which remained in effect well into the middle of the 20th century .", "26": "The most flagrant episode was probably the creation and ratification of a new state constitution in 1879 . Thanks to vigorous lobbying by the anti-Chinese Workingmen 's Party , led by Denis Kearney ( an immigrant from Ireland ) , Article XIX , Section 4 forbade corporations from hiring Chinese `` coolies '' , and empowered all California cities and counties to completely expel Chinese persons or to limit where they could reside . The law was repealed in 1952 . The 1879 constitutional convention also dispatched a message to Congress pleading for strong immigration restrictions , which led to the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 . The act was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1889 , and it would not be repealed by Congress until 1943 . Similar sentiments led to the development of the Gentlemen 's Agreement with Japan , by which Japan voluntarily agreed to restrict emigration to the United States . California also passed an Alien Land Act which barred aliens , especially Asians , from holding title to land . Because it was difficult for people born in Asia to obtain U.S. citizenship until the 1960s , land ownership titles were held by their American - born children , who were full citizens . The law was overturned by the California Supreme Court as unconstitutional in 1952 . In 1886 , when a Chinese laundry owner challenged the constitutionality of a San Francisco ordinance clearly designed to drive Chinese laundries out of business , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in his favor , and in doing so , laid the theoretical foundation for modern equal protection constitutional law . See Yick Wo v. Hopkins , 118 U.S. 356 ( 1886 ) . Meanwhile , even with severe restrictions on Asian immigration , tensions between unskilled workers and wealthy landowners persisted up to and through the Great Depression . Novelist Jack London writes of the struggles of workers in the city of Oakland in his visionary classic The Valley of the Moon , a title evoking the pristine situation of Sonoma County between sea and mountains , redwoods and oaks , fog and sunshine . Rise of the railroads ( edit ) Main article : Rail transport in California The Big Four were the famous railroad tycoons who built the Central Pacific Railroad , ( C.P.R.R. )", "27": ", which formed the western portion of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States . They were Leland Stanford , ( 1824 -- 1893 ) , Collis Potter Huntington ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , Mark Hopkins ( 1813 -- 1878 ) , and Charles Crocker ( 1822 -- 1888 ) . The establishment of America 's transcontinental rail lines permanently linked California to the rest of the country , and the far - reaching transportation systems that grew out of them during the century that followed contributed immeasurably to the state 's unrivaled social , political , and economic development . The Big Four dominated California 's economy and politics in the 1880s and 1890s , and Collis P. Huntington became one of the most hated man in California . One typical California textbook argues : Huntington came to symbolize the greed and corruption of late - nineteenth - century business . Business rivals and political reformers accused him of every conceivable evil . Journalists and cartoonists made their reputations by pillorying him ... Historians have cast Huntington as the state 's most despicable villain . '' Huntington , however , defended himself : The motives back of my actions have been honest ones and results have redounded far more to the benefit of California that have to my own . '' Late developments ( edit ) 1898 saw the founding of the League of California Cities , an association intended to fight city government corruption , coordinate strategies for cities facing issues such as electrification , and to lobby the state government on behalf of cities . See also ( edit ) California portal New Spain portal Etymology of California History of California 1900 to present History of California History of the west coast of North America List of Governors of California before admission Maritime history of California Politics of California before 1900 Mexican California topics ( 1822 -- 1848 ) Spanish California topics ( 1769 -- 1822 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Before California : An archaeologist looks at our earliest inhabitants '' , ( 1 ) . See `` Map of California Tribes '' .", "28": "Jump up ^ Neil G. Sugihara ; Jan W. Van Wagtendonk ; Kevin E. Shaffer ; Joann Fites - Kaufman ; Andrea E. Thode , eds. ( 2006 ) . `` 17 '' . Fire in California 's Ecosystems . University of California Press . p. 417 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24605 - 8 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Thomas C. and Kat Anderson , ed. ( 1993 ) . Before the Wilderness : Environmental Management by Native Californians . Menlo Park , California : Ballena Press . ISBN 0879191260 . ^ Jump up to : Cunningham , Laura ( 2010 ) . State of Change : Forgotten Landscapes of California . Berkeley , California : Heyday . pp. 135 , 173 -- 202 . ISBN 1597141364 . Jump up ^ Anderson , M. Kat ( 2006 ) . Tending the Wild : Native American Knowledge and the Management of California 's Natural Resources . University of California Press . ISBN 0520248511 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin . California : A History , New York , Modern Library ( 2005 ) , p. 13 Jump up ^ U.S. National Park Service official website about Juan Cabrillo . ( retrieved 2006 - 12 - 18 ) Jump up ^ The Drake 's Cove site began its review by the National Park Service ( NPS ) in 1994 ( 2 ) , starting an 18 - year study of the suggested Drake sites . The first formal nomination to mark the Nova Albion site at Drake 's Cove as a National Historic Landmark was provided to the NPS on January 1 , 1996 . As part of its review , the NPS obtained independent , confidential comments from professional historians . NPS staff concluded that the Drake 's Cove site is the `` most probable '' ( 3 ) and `` most likely '' ( 4 ) Drake landing site . The National Park System Advisory Board Landmarks Committee sought public comments on the Port of Nova Albion Historic and Archaeological District Nomination ( 5 ) and received more than two dozen letters of support and none in opposition .", "29": "At the committee 's meeting of November 9 , 2011 , in Washington , DC , representatives of the government of Spain , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Congresswoman Lynn Woolsey all spoke in favor of the nomination : there was no opposition . Staff and the Drake Navigators Guild 's president , Edward Von der Porten , gave the presentation . The nomination was strongly endorsed by committee member Dr. James M. Allan , archeologist , and the committee as a whole which approved the nomination unanimously . The National Park System Advisory Board sought further public comments on the nomination ( 6 ) , but no additional comments were received . At the board 's meeting on December 1 , 2011 , in Florida , the nomination was further reviewed : the board approved the nomination unanimously . On October 16 , 2012 , Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar signed the nomination , and on October 17 , 2012 , the Drakes Bay Historic and Archaeological District was formally announced as a new National Historic Landmark. ( 7 ) Jump up ^ `` The Drake Navigators Guild Press Release '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The records of the voyage that included the precise locations of Drake 's exploration in California were lost in the Whitehall Palace fire of 1698 . The Drake 's Plate of Brass of 1936 was a hoax . Jump up ^ Information from Monterey County Museum about Vizcaino 's voyage and Monterey landing ( retrieved 2006 - 12 - 18 ) ; Summary of Vizcaino expedition diary ( retrieved 2006 - 12 - 18 ) Jump up ^ Mariano Ardash Bonialian , El Pacífico hispanoamericano : política y comercio asiático en el Imperio Espan ~ ol ( 1680 -- 1784 ) : la centralidad de lo marginal . México D.F. : El Colegio de México , Centro de Estudios Historicos , 2012 .", "30": "Jump up ^ For English summary , see review of Bonialian 's book by Marie Christine Duggan at https://eh.net/book_reviews/el-pacifico-hispanoamericano-politica-y-comercio-asiatico-en-el-imperio-espanol-1680-1784/ Jump up ^ `` The French in Early California '' . Ancestry Magazine . Retrieved March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See Bonialian , op . cit , p. 277 ; or in English book review by Duggan , op . cit . Jump up ^ Kino , E.F. , & In Bolton , H.E. ( 1919 ) . Kino 's historical memoir of Pimería Alta : A contemporary account of the beginnings of California , Sonora , and Arizona . Cleveland : The Arthur H. Clark Company , pages 215 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Hackel , Steven W. , Children of Coyote , Missionaries of Saint Francis : Indian - Spanish Relations in Colonial California ( Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2005 ) Jump up ^ See for example , Randall Milliken , A Time of Little Choice : Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769 -- 1810 ( Menlo Park : Ballena Press , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ see Marie Christine Duggan , `` With and Without and Empire : Financing for California Missions Before and After 1810 '' in Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 85 , No. 1 , pp. 23 -- 71 ; http://phr.ucpress.edu/content/ucpphr/85/1/23.full.pdf Jump up ^ Earle E. Williams , `` Tales of Old San Joaquin City '' , San Joaquin Historian , San Joaquin County Historical Society , Vol . IX , No. 2 , April -- June 1973 . p. 13 , note 8 . `` El Camino Viejo ran along the eastern edge of the Coast Range hills in the San Joaquin Valley northward to the mouth of Corral Hollow . From this point it ran generally east - west through the hills and then down into the Livermore Valley and on to Mission San Jose .", "31": "From there it turned northward , terminating at what is now the Oakland area ... see Earle E. Williarms , Old Spanish Trails of the San Joaquin Valley ( Tracy , California ) , 1965 . '' Jump up ^ Frank Forrest Latta , `` El Camino Viejo á Los Angeles '' -- The Oldest Road of the San Joaquin Valley ; Bear State Books , Exeter , 2006 Jump up ^ Field , Maria Antonia ( 1914 ) . `` California under Spanish Rule '' . Chimes of Mission Bells . San Francisco : Philopolis Press . Jump up ^ José Bandini , in a note to Governor Echeandía or to his son , Juan Bandini , a member of the Territorial Deputation ( legislature ) , noted that Alta California was bounded `` on the east , where the Government has not yet established the ( exact ) border line , by either the Colorado River or the great Sierra ( Sierra Nevada ) . '' A Description of California in 1828 by José Bandini ( Berkeley , Friends of the Bancroft Library , 1951 ) , 3 . Reprinted in Mexican California ( New York , Arno Press , 1976 ) . ISBN 0 - 405 - 09538 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Fort Ross , California '' . Jump up ^ Charles B. Churchill , `` Thomas Jefferson Farnham : An Exponent of American Empire in Mexican California '' . The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 60 , No. 4 ( Nov. , 1991 ) , pp. 517 -- 537 Jump up ^ `` Two years before the mast , and twenty - four years after : a personal narrative / by Richard Henry Dana , Jr '' . 13 May 2008 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Bancroft , Hubert Howe ( 1884 -- 1890 ) History of California , v. 4 , The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft , complete text online Archived 2012 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , p.", "32": "260 Jump up ^ Exploration du territoire de l'Orégon , des Californies et de la mer Vermeille , exécutée pendant les années 1840 , 1841 et 1842 ... , Paris : Arthus Bertrand , 1844 Jump up ^ Bancroft , Hubert Howe ( 1884 -- 1890 ) History of California , v. 4 , The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft , complete text online Archived 2012 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 263 -- 273 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ U.S. Seventh Census 1850 : California ( 8 ) Accessed 18 Aug 2011 Jump up ^ Newspaper accounts in 1850 ( Alta Californian ) gives the population of San Francisco at 21,000 ; the special California state census of 1852 finds 6,158 residents of Santa Clara County and 2,786 residents of Contra Costa County . Adding an estimate of the women ( using the same ratio of men to women found in other mining communities ) gives about 1,300 more females that should have been included in the 1850 census . Jump up ^ `` Historical Statistics of the United States , 1789 -- 1945 '' ; ( 9 ) accessed 14 Apr 2011 Jump up ^ `` Captain John Charles Fremont and the Bear Flag Revolt '' . California State Military Museum . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Going to California : 49ers and the Gold Rush '' . Jump up ^ Richard B. Rice et al. , The Elusive Eden ( 1988 ) pp. 191 -- 95 Jump up ^ Michael DiLeo , Eleanor Smith , Two Californias : The Truth about the Split - state Movement . Island Press , Covelo , California , 1983 , pp. 9 -- 30 . Nearly 75 % of voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado voted for separate status .", "33": "Jump up ^ California , Historical Society of Southern ; California , Los Angeles County Pioneers of Southern ( 1 January 1901 ) . `` The Quarterly '' -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Richard Rayner , The Associates : Four Capitalists Who Created California ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Richard J. Orsi , `` Railroads in the History of California and the Far West : An Introduction . '' California History ( 1991 ) : 2 -- 11 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Richard J. Orsi , Sunset limited : the Southern Pacific Railroad and the development of the American West , 1850 -- 1930 ( Univ of California Press , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Richard B. Rice , William A. Bullough , and Richard J. Orsi , The elusive Eden : A new history of California ( 1988 ) p 247 . Jump up ^ Dennis Drabelle ( 2012 ) . The Great American Railroad War : How Ambrose Bierce and Frank Norris Took On the Notorious Central Pacific Railroad . St. Martin 's Press . p. 178 . References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Surveys ( edit ) Hubert Howe Bancroft . The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft , Vol. 18 -- 24 , History of California to 1890 ; complete text online . Written in the 1880s , this is the most detailed history . Robert W. Cherny , Richard Griswold del Castillo , and Gretchen Lemke - Santangelo . Competing Visions : A History of California ( 2005 ) , textbook Gutierrez , Ramon A. and Richard J. Orsi ( ed . ) Contested Eden : California before the Gold Rush ( 1998 ) , essays by scholars Carolyn Merchant , ed. Green Versus Gold : Sources in California 's Environmental History ( 1998 ) , readings in primary and secondary sources Rawls , James ; Walton Bean ( 2003 ) . California : An Interpretive History .", "34": "McGraw - Hill , New York . ISBN 0 - 07 - 052411 - 4 . , 8th edition of standard textbook Rice , Richard B. , William A. Bullough , and Richard J. Orsi . Elusive Eden : A New History of California , 3rd ed. ( 2001 ) , standard textbook Rolle , Andrew F. California : A History , 6th ed. ( 2003 ) , standard textbook Starr , Kevin . California : A History ( 2005 ) , interpretive history Sucheng , Chan , and Spencer C. Olin , eds . Major Problems in California History ( 1996 ) , primary and secondary documents To 1846 ( edit ) Beebe , Rose Marie ; Senkewicz , Robert M. , eds. ( 2001 ) . Lands of Promise and Despair ; Chronicles of Early California , 1535 -- 1846 . Santa Clara , California : Santa Clara University . , primary sources Camphouse , M. ( 1974 ) . Guidebook to the Missions of California . Anderson , Ritchie & Simon , Los Angeles , California . ISBN 0 - 378 - 03792 - 7 . Chartkoff , Joseph L. ; Chartkoff , Kerry Kona ( 1984 ) . The Archaeology of California . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Charles E. Chapman , A History of California : The Spanish Period . Macmillan , 1991 Dillon , Richard ( 1975 ) . Siskiyou Trail . New York : McGraw Hill . Fagan , Brian ( 2003 ) . Before California : An Archaeologist Looks at Our Earliest Inhabitants . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . Heizer , Robert F. ( 1974 ) . The Destruction of California Indians . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . Albert L. Hurtado , John Sutter : A Life on the North American Frontier ( 2006 ) . University of Oklahoma Press , 416 pp. ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3772 - X . Johnson , P. , ed. ( 1964 ) .", "35": "The California Missions . Lane Book Company , Menlo Park , California . McLean , James ( 2000 ) . California Sabers . Indiana University Press . Kent Lightfoot . Indians , Missionaries , and Merchants : The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontiers ( 2004 ) Moorhead , Max L. ( 1991 ) . The Presidio : Bastion of the Spanish Borderlands . University of Oklahoma Press , Norman , Oklahoma . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2317 - 6 . Moratto , Michael J. ; Fredrickson , David A. ( 1984 ) . California Archaeology . Orlando : Academic Press . Utley , Robert M. ( 1997 ) . A Life Wild and Perilous : Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific . New York : Henry Holt and Co . Wright , R. ( 1950 ) . California 's Missions . Hubert A. and Martha H. Lowman , Arroyo Grande , California . Young , S. ; Levick , M. ( 1988 ) . The Missions of California . Chronicle Books , San Francisco . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 1938 - 8 . 1846 -- 1900 ( edit ) Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) . The Age of Gold : The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream . Burchell , Robert A . `` The Loss of a Reputation ; or , The Image of California in Britain before 1875 '' , California Historical Quarterly 53 ( Summer 1974 ) : 115 -- 30 , stories about Gold Rush lawlessness slowing immigration for two decades Burns , John F. and Richard J. Orsi , eds ; Taming the Elephant : Politics , Government , and Law in Pioneer California . University of California Press , 2003 Drager , K. ; Fracchia , C. ( 1997 ) . The Golden Dream : California from Gold Rush to Statehood . Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company , Portland , Oregon . ISBN 1 - 55868 - 312 - 7 . Hunt , Aurora ( 1951 ) . Army of the Pacific .", "36": "Arthur Clark Company . Jelinek , Lawrence . Harvest Empire : A History of California Agriculture ( 1982 ) ( ISBN 0 - 87835 - 131 - 0 ) McAfee , Ward ( 1973 ) . California 's Railroad Era , 1850 -- 1911 . Olin , Spencer . California Politics , 1846 -- 1920 ( 1981 ) Pitt , Leonard ( 1966 ) . The Decline of the Californios : A Social History of the Spanish - Speaking Californians , 1846 -- 1890 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 01637 - 8 . Saxton , Alexander ( 1971 ) . The Indispensable Enemy : Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02905 - 4 . Starr , Kevin ( 1986 ) . Americans and the California Dream , 1850 -- 1915 . Starr , Kevin ; Richard J. Orsi , eds. ( 2001 ) . Rooted in Barbarous Soil : People , Culture , and Community in Gold Rush California . Strobridge , William F. ( 1994 ) . Regulars in the Redwoods : The U.S. Army in Northern California , 1852 -- 1861 . Arthur Clark Company . Tutorow , Norman E. ( 1971 ) . Leland Stanford , Man of Many Careers . Williams , R. Hal ( 1973 ) . The Democratic Party and California Politics , 1880 -- 1896 . External links ( edit ) An Act for the Admission of the State of California into the Union , 31st Cong. , Sess . I , Ch. 50 , September 9 , 1850 `` California as I Saw It : '' First - Person Narratives of California 's Early Years , 1849 -- 1900 Library of Congress American Memory Project `` Snakes in the Grass : Copperheads in Contra Costa ? '' article by William Mero at the Contra Costa County Historical Society official website Bear Flag Museum Bancroft History of California Vol V. Bear Flag Revolt History of California", "37": "Before 1900 Native Californian Precontact First explorations Later explorations Spanish colonization Mexican rule California Trail Mexican -- American War Californio California Republic United States rule Gold Rush Civil War Since 1900 Labor Engineering Water wars Industrial growth Postwar culture Development Legal revolution Tech boom Present day By topic Highways Maritime Missions Ranchos Slavery Railroads Etymology By region San Fernando Valley By county Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba By city Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim Santa Ana Riverside Stockton Chula Vista Fremont Irvine San Bernardino Modesto Oxnard", "38": "Fontana Moreno Valley Glendale Huntington Beach Santa Clarita Garden Grove Santa Rosa Oceanside Rancho Cucamonga Ontario Lancaster Elk Grove Palmdale Corona Salinas Pomona Torrance Hayward Escondido Sunnyvale Pasadena Fullerton Orange Thousand Oaks Visalia Simi Valley Concord Roseville Santa Clara Vallejo Victorville El Monte Berkeley Downey Costa Mesa Inglewood Ventura Fairfield Santa Maria Redding Santa Monica Santa Barbara Chico Merced Napa Redwood City Yuba City Madera Santa Cruz San Rafael Woodland Hanford San Luis Obispo El Centro Lompoc Martinez Hollister Eureka Susanville Ukiah Oroville Red Bluff Auburn Marysville Piedmont Placerville Yreka Crescent City Willows Colusa Sonora Lakeport Jackson Nevada City Alturas State of California Sacramento ( capital ) Topics Culture Food Music Myth Sports Demographics Earthquakes Economy Education Environment Geography Climate Ecology Flora Fauna Government Capitol Districts Governor Legislature Supreme Court Healthcare History Law National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks NRHP listings Politics Congressional delegations Elections People Protected areas State Parks State Historic Landmarks Symbols Transportation Water Index of articles Regions", "39": "Antelope Valley Big Sur California Coast Ranges Cascade Range Central California Central Coast Central Valley Channel Islands Coachella Valley Coastal California Conejo Valley Cucamonga Valley Death Valley East Bay ( SF Bay Area ) East County ( SD ) Eastern California Emerald Triangle Gold Country Great Basin Greater San Bernardino Inland Empire Klamath Basin Lake Tahoe Greater Los Angeles Los Angeles Basin Lost Coast Mojave Desert Mountain Empire North Bay ( SF ) North Coast North Coast ( SD ) Northern California Owens Valley Oxnard Plain Peninsular Ranges Pomona Valley Sacramento Valley Salinas Valley San Fernando Valley San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Peninsula San Gabriel Valley San Joaquin Valley Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara River Valley Santa Clarita Valley Santa Ynez Valley Shasta Cascade Sierra Nevada Silicon Valley South Bay ( LA ) South Bay ( SD ) South Bay ( SF ) South Coast Southern Border Region Southern California Transverse Ranges Tri-Valley Victor Valley Wine Country Metro regions Metropolitan Fresno Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Sacramento San Bernardino - Riverside metropolitan area San Francisco metropolitan area San Diego -- Tijuana Counties Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego", "40": "San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Most populous cities Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim History of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S.", "41": "Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Spanish Empire Timeline Catholic Monarchs Habsburgs Golden Age Encomiendas New Laws in favour of the indigenous Expulsion of the Moriscos Ottoman -- Habsburg wars French Wars of Religion Eighty Years ' War Portuguese Restoration War Piracy in the Caribbean Bourbons Napoleonic invasion Independence of Spanish continental Americas Liberal constitution Carlist Wars Spanish -- American War German -- Spanish Treaty ( 1899 ) Spanish Civil War Independence of Morocco ( Western Sahara conflict ) Territories Kingdoms of Naples , Sicily and Sardinia Milan Union with Holy Roman Empire Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , northernmost France Franche - Comté Union with Portugal Philippines East Pacific ( Guam , Mariana , Caroline , Palau , Marshall , Micronesia , Moluccas ) Northern Taiwan Tidore Florida New Spain ( Western United States , Mexico , Central America , Spanish Caribbean ) Spanish Louisiana ( Central United States ) Coastal Alaska Haiti Belize Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela , Western Guyana New Granada ( Panama , Colombia , Ecuador , a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon ) Peru ( Peru , Acre ) Río de la Plata ( Argentina , Paraguay , Charcas ( Bolivia ) , Banda Oriental ( Uruguay ) , Falkland Islands ) Chile Equatorial Guinea North Africa ( Oran , Tunis , Béjaïa , Peñón of Algiers , Western Sahara , Spanish Morocco , Ifni and Cape Juby ) Administration Archivo de Indias Council of the Indies Cabildo Trial of residence Laws of the Indies Royal Decree of Graces School of Salamanca Exequatur Papal bull Administrative subdivisions Viceroyalties New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata", "42": "Audiencias Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo Captaincies General Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán Provincias Internas Governorates Castilla de Oro Cuba Luisiana New Andalusia ( 1501 -- 1513 ) New Andalusia New Castile New Navarre New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata Economy Currencies Dollar Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Trade Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Barcelona Trading Company Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Military Armies Tercio Army of Flanders Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia Indian auxiliaries Spanish Armada Legión Strategists Duke of Alba Antonio de Leyva Martín de Goiti Alfonso d'Avalos García de Toledo Osorio Duke of Savoy Álvaro de Bazán the Elder John of Austria Charles Bonaventure de Longueval Pedro de Zubiaur Ambrosio Spinola Bernardo de Gálvez Sailors Christopher Columbus Pinzón brothers Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan de la Cosa Juan Ponce de León Miguel López de", "43": "Legazpi Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Sebastián de Ocampo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de Ojeda Vasco Núñez de Balboa Alonso de Salazar Andrés de Urdaneta Antonio de Ulloa Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Columbus Alonso de Ercilla Nicolás de Ovando Juan de Ayala Sebastián Vizcaíno Juan Fernández Felipe González de Ahedo Conquistadors Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizarro Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Gaspar de Portolà Pere Fages i Beleta Joan Orpí Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor Battles Old World Won Bicocca Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St.", "44": "Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas Lost Capo d'Orso Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Trafalgar Somosierra Annual New World Won Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Reynogüelén Penco Guadalupe Island San Juan Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Pensacola Lost La Noche Triste Tucapel Chacabuco Carabobo Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Manila Bay Asomante Spanish colonizations Canary Islands Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Peru Chile Other civil topics Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Colonial universities in Latin America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Castas Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire British and American slaves granted their freedom by Spain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "45": "php?title=History_of_California_before_1900&oldid=835932819 '' Categories : History of California Pre-statehood history of California History of the West Coast of the United States History of the American West Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 17 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-3475538705836210704	in the process of science hypotheses lead most directly to	[ "predictions that can be tested in various ways", "predictions that can be tested in various ways" ]	{ "0": "Scientific method - wikipedia Scientific method Jump to : navigation , search `` Scientific research '' redirects here . For the publisher , see Scientific Research Publishing . Compare Observational study and Experiment For a broader coverage related to this topic , see Research . For other uses , see Scientific method ( disambiguation ) . The scientific method is a never ending cycle of hypothesis , prediction , testing and questioning The Oxford Dictionaries Online defines the scientific method as `` a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century , consisting in systematic observation , measurement , and experiment , and the formulation , testing , and modification of hypotheses '' . Experiments are a procedure designed to test hypotheses . Experiments are an important tool of the scientific method . To be termed scientific , a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning . Though there are diverse models for the scientific method available , in general there is a continuous process that includes observations about the natural world . People are naturally inquisitive , so they often come up with questions about things they see or hear , and they often develop ideas or hypotheses about why things are the way they are . The best hypotheses lead to predictions that can be tested in various ways . The most conclusive testing of hypotheses comes from reasoning based on carefully controlled experimental data . Depending on how well additional tests match the predictions , the original hypothesis may require refinement , alteration , expansion or even rejection . If a particular hypothesis becomes very well supported , a general theory may be developed . Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another , they are frequently the same from one to another . The process of the scientific method involves making conjectures ( hypotheses ) , deriving predictions from them as logical consequences , and then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions . A hypothesis is a conjecture , based on knowledge obtained while seeking answers to the question . The hypothesis might be very specific , or it might be broad . Scientists then test hypotheses by conducting experiments or studies . A scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable , implying that it is possible to identify a possible outcome of an experiment or observation that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis ; otherwise , the hypothesis can not be meaningfully tested . The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a hypothesis .", "1": "Experiments can take place anywhere from a garage to CERN 's Large Hadron Collider . There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method , however . Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps , it represents rather a set of general principles . Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry ( nor to the same degree ) , and they are not always in the same order . Some philosophers and scientists have argued that there is no scientific method ; they include physicist Lee Smolin and philosopher Paul Feyerabend ( in his Against Method ) . Robert Nola and Howard Sankey remark that `` For some , the whole idea of a theory of scientific method is yester - year 's debate , the continuation of which can be summed up as yet more of the proverbial deceased equine castigation . We beg to differ . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Process 1.1. 1 Formulation of a question 1.1. 2 Hypothesis 1.1. 3 Prediction 1.1. 4 Testing 1.1. 5 Analysis 1.2 DNA example 1.3 Other components 1.3. 1 Replication 1.3. 2 External review 1.3. 3 Data recording and sharing 2 Scientific inquiry 2.1 Properties of scientific inquiry 2.2 Beliefs and biases 3 Elements of the scientific method 3.1 Characterizations 3.1. 1 Uncertainty 3.1. 2 Definition 3.1. 3 DNA - characterizations 3.1. 4 Another example : precession of Mercury 3.2 Hypothesis development 3.2. 1 DNA - hypotheses 3.3 Predictions from the hypothesis 3.3. 1 DNA - predictions 3.3. 2 Another example : general relativity 3.4 Experiments 3.4. 1 DNA - experiments 3.5 Evaluation and improvement 3.5.", "2": "1 DNA - iterations 3.6 Confirmation 4 Models of scientific inquiry 4.1 Classical model 4.2 Pragmatic model 5 Communication and community 5.1 Peer review evaluation 5.2 Documentation and replication 5.2. 1 Archiving 5.2. 2 Data sharing 5.2. 3 Limitations 5.3 Dimensions of practice 6 Philosophy and sociology of science 6.1 Role of chance in discovery 7 History 8 Relationship with mathematics 8.1 Relationship with statistics 9 See also 9.1 Problems and issues 9.2 History , philosophy , sociology 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview The DNA example below is a synopsis of this method Ibn al - Haytham ( Alhazen ) , 965 -- 1039 Iraq . A polymath , considered by some to be the father of modern scientific methodology , due to his emphasis on experimental data and reproducibility of its results . Johannes Kepler ( 1571 -- 1630 ) . `` Kepler shows his keen logical sense in detailing the whole process by which he finally arrived at the true orbit . This is the greatest piece of Retroductive reasoning ever performed . '' -- C. S. Peirce , c. 1896 , on Kepler 's reasoning through explanatory hypotheses Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -- 1642 ) . According to Albert Einstein , `` All knowledge of reality starts from experience and ends in it . Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality . Because Galileo saw this , and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world , he is the father of modern physics -- indeed , of modern science altogether . '' The scientific method is the process by which science is carried out . As in other areas of inquiry , science ( through the scientific method ) can build on previous knowledge and develop a more sophisticated understanding of its topics of study over time . This model can be seen to underlay the scientific revolution .", "3": "One thousand years ago , Alhazen argued the importance of forming questions and subsequently testing them , an approach which was advocated by Galileo in 1638 with the publication of Two New Sciences . The current method is based on a hypothetico - deductive model formulated in the 20th century , although it has undergone significant revision since first proposed ( for a more formal discussion , see below ) . Process The overall process involves making conjectures ( hypotheses ) , deriving predictions from them as logical consequences , and then carrying out experiments based on those predictions to determine whether the original conjecture was correct . There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method , however . Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps , these actions are better considered as general principles . Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry ( nor to the same degree ) , and they are not always done in the same order . As noted by scientist and philosopher William Whewell ( 1794 -- 1866 ) , `` invention , sagacity , ( and ) genius '' are required at every step . Formulation of a question The question can refer to the explanation of a specific observation , as in `` Why is the sky blue ? '' but can also be open - ended , as in `` How can I design a drug to cure this particular disease ? '' This stage frequently involves finding and evaluating evidence from previous experiments , personal scientific observations or assertions , as well as the work of other scientists . If the answer is already known , a different question that builds on the evidence can be posed . When applying the scientific method to research , determining a good question can be very difficult and it will affect the outcome of the investigation . Hypothesis A hypothesis is a conjecture , based on knowledge obtained while formulating the question , that may explain any given behavior . The hypothesis might be very specific ; for example , Einstein 's equivalence principle or Francis Crick 's `` DNA makes RNA makes protein '' , or it might be broad ; for example , unknown species of life dwell in the unexplored depths of the oceans . A statistical hypothesis is a conjecture about a given statistical population . For example , the population might be people with a particular disease . The conjecture might be that a new drug will cure the disease in some of those people .", "4": "Terms commonly associated with statistical hypotheses are null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis . A null hypothesis is the conjecture that the statistical hypothesis is false ; for example , that the new drug does nothing and that any cure is caused by chance . Researchers normally want to show that the null hypothesis is false . The alternative hypothesis is the desired outcome , that the drug does better than chance . A final point : a scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable , meaning that one can identify a possible outcome of an experiment that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis ; otherwise , it can not be meaningfully tested . Prediction This step involves determining the logical consequences of the hypothesis . One or more predictions are then selected for further testing . The more unlikely that a prediction would be correct simply by coincidence , then the more convincing it would be if the prediction were fulfilled ; evidence is also stronger if the answer to the prediction is not already known , due to the effects of hindsight bias ( see also postdiction ) . Ideally , the prediction must also distinguish the hypothesis from likely alternatives ; if two hypotheses make the same prediction , observing the prediction to be correct is not evidence for either one over the other . ( These statements about the relative strength of evidence can be mathematically derived using Bayes ' Theorem ) . Testing This is an investigation of whether the real world behaves as predicted by the hypothesis . Scientists ( and other people ) test hypotheses by conducting experiments . The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations of the real world agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a hypothesis . If they agree , confidence in the hypothesis increases ; otherwise , it decreases . Agreement does not assure that the hypothesis is true ; future experiments may reveal problems . Karl Popper advised scientists to try to falsify hypotheses , i.e. , to search for and test those experiments that seem most doubtful . Large numbers of successful confirmations are not convincing if they arise from experiments that avoid risk . Experiments should be designed to minimize possible errors , especially through the use of appropriate scientific controls . For example , tests of medical treatments are commonly run as double - blind tests . Test personnel , who might unwittingly reveal to test subjects which samples are the desired test drugs and which are placebos , are kept ignorant of which are which . Such hints can bias the responses of the test subjects .", "5": "Furthermore , failure of an experiment does not necessarily mean the hypothesis is false . Experiments always depend on several hypotheses , e.g. , that the test equipment is working properly , and a failure may be a failure of one of the auxiliary hypotheses . ( See the Duhem -- Quine thesis . ) Experiments can be conducted in a college lab , on a kitchen table , at CERN 's Large Hadron Collider , at the bottom of an ocean , on Mars ( using one of the working rovers ) , and so on . Astronomers do experiments , searching for planets around distant stars . Finally , most individual experiments address highly specific topics for reasons of practicality . As a result , evidence about broader topics is usually accumulated gradually . Analysis This involves determining what the results of the experiment show and deciding on the next actions to take . The predictions of the hypothesis are compared to those of the null hypothesis , to determine which is better able to explain the data . In cases where an experiment is repeated many times , a statistical analysis such as a chi - squared test may be required . If the evidence has falsified the hypothesis , a new hypothesis is required ; if the experiment supports the hypothesis but the evidence is not strong enough for high confidence , other predictions from the hypothesis must be tested . Once a hypothesis is strongly supported by evidence , a new question can be asked to provide further insight on the same topic . Evidence from other scientists and experience are frequently incorporated at any stage in the process . Depending on the complexity of the experiment , many iterations may be required to gather sufficient evidence to answer a question with confidence , or to build up many answers to highly specific questions in order to answer a single broader question . DNA example The basic elements of the scientific method are illustrated by the following example from the discovery of the structure of DNA : Question : Previous investigation of DNA had determined its chemical composition ( the four nucleotides ) , the structure of each individual nucleotide , and other properties . It had been identified as the carrier of genetic information by the Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty experiment in 1944 , but the mechanism of how genetic information was stored in DNA was unclear . Hypothesis : Linus Pauling , Francis Crick and James D. Watson hypothesized that DNA had a helical structure .", "6": "Prediction : If DNA had a helical structure , its X-ray diffraction pattern would be X-shaped . This prediction was determined using the mathematics of the helix transform , which had been derived by Cochran , Crick and Vand ( and independently by Stokes ) . This prediction was a mathematical construct , completely independent from the biological problem at hand . Experiment : Rosalind Franklin crystallized pure DNA and performed X-ray diffraction to produce photo 51 . The results showed an X-shape . Analysis : When Watson saw the detailed diffraction pattern , he immediately recognized it as a helix . He and Crick then produced their model , using this information along with the previously known information about DNA 's composition and about molecular interactions such as hydrogen bonds . The discovery became the starting point for many further studies involving the genetic material , such as the field of molecular genetics , and it was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 . Each step of the example is examined in more detail later in the article . Other components The scientific method also includes other components required even when all the iterations of the steps above have been completed : Replication If an experiment can not be repeated to produce the same results , this implies that the original results might have been in error . As a result , it is common for a single experiment to be performed multiple times , especially when there are uncontrolled variables or other indications of experimental error . For significant or surprising results , other scientists may also attempt to replicate the results for themselves , especially if those results would be important to their own work . External review The process of peer review involves evaluation of the experiment by experts , who typically give their opinions anonymously . Some journals request that the experimenter provide lists of possible peer reviewers , especially if the field is highly specialized . Peer review does not certify correctness of the results , only that , in the opinion of the reviewer , the experiments themselves were sound ( based on the description supplied by the experimenter ) . If the work passes peer review , which occasionally may require new experiments requested by the reviewers , it will be published in a peer - reviewed scientific journal . The specific journal that publishes the results indicates the perceived quality of the work . Data recording and sharing Scientists typically are careful in recording their data , a requirement promoted by Ludwik Fleck ( 1896 -- 1961 ) and others .", "7": "Though not typically required , they might be requested to supply this data to other scientists who wish to replicate their original results ( or parts of their original results ) , extending to the sharing of any experimental samples that may be difficult to obtain . Scientific inquiry Scientific inquiry generally aims to obtain knowledge in the form of testable explanations that scientists can use to predict the results of future experiments . This allows scientists to gain a better understanding of the topic under study , and later to use that understanding to intervene in its causal mechanisms ( such as to cure disease ) . The better an explanation is at making predictions , the more useful it frequently can be , and the more likely it will continue to explain a body of evidence better than its alternatives . The most successful explanations -- those which explain and make accurate predictions in a wide range of circumstances -- are often called scientific theories . Most experimental results do not produce large changes in human understanding ; improvements in theoretical scientific understanding typically result from a gradual process of development over time , sometimes across different domains of science . Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long , and in their acceptance in the scientific community . In general , explanations become accepted over time as evidence accumulates on a given topic , and the explanation in question proves more powerful than its alternatives at explaining the evidence . Often subsequent researchers re-formulate the explanations over time , or combined explanations to produce new explanations . Tow sees the scientific method in terms of an evolutionary algorithm applied to science and technology . Properties of scientific inquiry Scientific knowledge is closely tied to empirical findings , and can remain subject to falsification if new experimental observation incompatible with it is found . That is , no theory can ever be considered final , since new problematic evidence might be discovered . If such evidence is found , a new theory may be proposed , or ( more commonly ) it is found that modifications to the previous theory are sufficient to explain the new evidence . The strength of a theory can be argued to relate to how long it has persisted without major alteration to its core principles . Theories can also become subsumed by other theories . For example , Newton 's laws explained thousands of years of scientific observations of the planets almost perfectly .", "8": "However , these laws were then determined to be special cases of a more general theory ( relativity ) , which explained both the ( previously unexplained ) exceptions to Newton 's laws and predicted and explained other observations such as the deflection of light by gravity . Thus , in certain cases independent , unconnected , scientific observations can be connected to each other , unified by principles of increasing explanatory power . Since new theories might be more comprehensive than what preceded them , and thus be able to explain more than previous ones , successor theories might be able to meet a higher standard by explaining a larger body of observations than their predecessors . For example , the theory of evolution explains the diversity of life on Earth , how species adapt to their environments , and many other patterns observed in the natural world ; its most recent major modification was unification with genetics to form the modern evolutionary synthesis . In subsequent modifications , it has also subsumed aspects of many other fields such as biochemistry and molecular biology . Beliefs and biases Flying gallop as shown by this painting ( Théodore Géricault , 1821 ) is falsified ; see image below Muybridge 's photographs of The Horse in Motion , 1878 , were used to answer the question whether all four feet of a galloping horse are ever off the ground at the same time . This demonstrates a use of photography as an experimental tool in science . Scientific methodology often directs that hypotheses be tested in controlled conditions wherever possible . This is frequently possible in certain areas , such as in the biological sciences , and more difficult in other areas , such as in astronomy . The practice of experimental control and reproducibility can have the effect of diminishing the potentially harmful effects of circumstance , and to a degree , personal bias . For example , pre-existing beliefs can alter the interpretation of results , as in confirmation bias ; this is a heuristic that leads a person with a particular belief to see things as reinforcing their belief , even if another observer might disagree ( in other words , people tend to observe what they expect to observe ) . A historical example is the belief that the legs of a galloping horse are splayed at the point when none of the horse 's legs touches the ground , to the point of this image being included in paintings by its supporters .", "9": "However , the first stop - action pictures of a horse 's gallop by Eadweard Muybridge showed this to be false , and that the legs are instead gathered together . Another important human bias that plays a role is a preference for new , surprising statements ( see appeal to novelty ) , which can result in a search for evidence that the new is true . Poorly attested beliefs can be believed and acted upon via a less rigorous heuristic . Goldhaber and Nieto 2010 have observed that if theoretical structures with `` many closely neighboring subjects are described by connecting theoretical concepts then the theoretical structure ... becomes increasingly hard to overturn '' . When a narrative is constructed its elements become easier to believe . For more on the narrative fallacy , see also Fleck 1979 , p. 27 : `` Words and ideas are originally phonetic and mental equivalences of the experiences coinciding with them ... Such proto - ideas are at first always too broad and insufficiently specialized ... Once a structurally complete and closed system of opinions consisting of many details and relations has been formed , it offers enduring resistance to anything that contradicts it . '' Sometimes , these have their elements assumed a priori , or contain some other logical or methodological flaw in the process that ultimately produced them . Donald M. MacKay has analyzed these elements in terms of limits to the accuracy of measurement and has related them to instrumental elements in a category of measurement . Elements of the scientific method There are different ways of outlining the basic method used for scientific inquiry . The scientific community and philosophers of science generally agree on the following classification of method components . These methodological elements and organization of procedures tend to be more characteristic of natural sciences than social sciences . Nonetheless , the cycle of formulating hypotheses , testing and analyzing the results , and formulating new hypotheses , will resemble the cycle described below . The scientific method is an iterative , cyclical process through which information is continually revised .", "10": "It is generally recognized to develop advances in knowledge through the following elements , in varying combinations or contributions : Characterizations ( observations , definitions , and measurements of the subject of inquiry ) Hypotheses ( theoretical , hypothetical explanations of observations and measurements of the subject ) Predictions ( inductive and deductive reasoning from the hypothesis or theory ) Experiments ( tests of all of the above ) Each element of the scientific method is subject to peer review for possible mistakes . These activities do not describe all that scientists do ( see below ) but apply mostly to experimental sciences ( e.g. , physics , chemistry , and biology ) . The elements above are often taught in the educational system as `` the scientific method '' . The scientific method is not a single recipe : it requires intelligence , imagination , and creativity . In this sense , it is not a mindless set of standards and procedures to follow , but is rather an ongoing cycle , constantly developing more useful , accurate and comprehensive models and methods . For example , when Einstein developed the Special and General Theories of Relativity , he did not in any way refute or discount Newton 's Principia . On the contrary , if the astronomically large , the vanishingly small , and the extremely fast are removed from Einstein 's theories -- all phenomena Newton could not have observed -- Newton 's equations are what remain . Einstein 's theories are expansions and refinements of Newton 's theories and , thus , increase confidence in Newton 's work . A linearized , pragmatic scheme of the four points above is sometimes offered as a guideline for proceeding : Define a question Gather information and resources ( observe ) Form an explanatory hypothesis Test the hypothesis by performing an experiment and collecting data in a reproducible manner Analyze the data Interpret the data and draw conclusions that serve as a starting point for new hypothesis Publish results Retest ( frequently done by other scientists ) The iterative cycle inherent in this step - by - step method goes from point 3 to 6 back to 3 again . While this schema outlines a typical hypothesis / testing method , it should also be noted that a number of philosophers , historians , and sociologists of science , including Paul Feyerabend , claim that such descriptions of scientific method have little relation to the ways that science is actually practiced .", "11": "Characterizations The scientific method depends upon increasingly sophisticated characterizations of the subjects of investigation . ( The subjects can also be called unsolved problems or the unknowns . ) For example , Benjamin Franklin conjectured , correctly , that St. Elmo 's fire was electrical in nature , but it has taken a long series of experiments and theoretical changes to establish this . While seeking the pertinent properties of the subjects , careful thought may also entail some definitions and observations ; the observations often demand careful measurements and / or counting . The systematic , careful collection of measurements or counts of relevant quantities is often the critical difference between pseudo-sciences , such as alchemy , and science , such as chemistry or biology . Scientific measurements are usually tabulated , graphed , or mapped , and statistical manipulations , such as correlation and regression , performed on them . The measurements might be made in a controlled setting , such as a laboratory , or made on more or less inaccessible or unmanipulatable objects such as stars or human populations . The measurements often require specialized scientific instruments such as thermometers , spectroscopes , particle accelerators , or voltmeters , and the progress of a scientific field is usually intimately tied to their invention and improvement . I am not accustomed to saying anything with certainty after only one or two observations . -- Andreas Vesalius , ( 1546 ) Uncertainty Measurements in scientific work are also usually accompanied by estimates of their uncertainty . The uncertainty is often estimated by making repeated measurements of the desired quantity . Uncertainties may also be calculated by consideration of the uncertainties of the individual underlying quantities used . Counts of things , such as the number of people in a nation at a particular time , may also have an uncertainty due to data collection limitations . Or counts may represent a sample of desired quantities , with an uncertainty that depends upon the sampling method used and the number of samples taken . Definition Measurements demand the use of operational definitions of relevant quantities . That is , a scientific quantity is described or defined by how it is measured , as opposed to some more vague , inexact or `` idealized '' definition . For example , electric current , measured in amperes , may be operationally defined in terms of the mass of silver deposited in a certain time on an electrode in an electrochemical device that is described in some detail .", "12": "The operational definition of a thing often relies on comparisons with standards : the operational definition of `` mass '' ultimately relies on the use of an artifact , such as a particular kilogram of platinum - iridium kept in a laboratory in France . The scientific definition of a term sometimes differs substantially from its natural language usage . For example , mass and weight overlap in meaning in common discourse , but have distinct meanings in mechanics . Scientific quantities are often characterized by their units of measure which can later be described in terms of conventional physical units when communicating the work . New theories are sometimes developed after realizing certain terms have not previously been sufficiently clearly defined . For example , Albert Einstein 's first paper on relativity begins by defining simultaneity and the means for determining length . These ideas were skipped over by Isaac Newton with , `` I do not define time , space , place and motion , as being well known to all . '' Einstein 's paper then demonstrates that they ( viz. , absolute time and length independent of motion ) were approximations . Francis Crick cautions us that when characterizing a subject , however , it can be premature to define something when it remains ill - understood . In Crick 's study of consciousness , he actually found it easier to study awareness in the visual system , rather than to study free will , for example . His cautionary example was the gene ; the gene was much more poorly understood before Watson and Crick 's pioneering discovery of the structure of DNA ; it would have been counterproductive to spend much time on the definition of the gene , before them . DNA - characterizations The history of the discovery of the structure of DNA is a classic example of the elements of the scientific method : in 1950 it was known that genetic inheritance had a mathematical description , starting with the studies of Gregor Mendel , and that DNA contained genetic information ( Oswald Avery 's transforming principle ) . But the mechanism of storing genetic information ( i.e. , genes ) in DNA was unclear . Researchers in Bragg 's laboratory at Cambridge University made X-ray diffraction pictures of various molecules , starting with crystals of salt , and proceeding to more complicated substances . Using clues painstakingly assembled over decades , beginning with its chemical composition , it was determined that it should be possible to characterize the physical structure of DNA , and the X-ray images would be the vehicle .", "13": "... 2 . DNA - hypotheses Another example : precession of Mercury Precession of the perihelion ( exaggerated ) The characterization element can require extended and extensive study , even centuries . It took thousands of years of measurements , from the Chaldean , Indian , Persian , Greek , Arabic and European astronomers , to fully record the motion of planet Earth . Newton was able to include those measurements into consequences of his laws of motion . But the perihelion of the planet Mercury 's orbit exhibits a precession that can not be fully explained by Newton 's laws of motion ( see diagram to the right ) , as Leverrier pointed out in 1859 . The observed difference for Mercury 's precession between Newtonian theory and observation was one of the things that occurred to Albert Einstein as a possible early test of his theory of General relativity . His relativistic calculations matched observation much more closely than did Newtonian theory . The difference is approximately 43 arc - seconds per century . Hypothesis development Main article : Hypothesis formation A hypothesis is a suggested explanation of a phenomenon , or alternately a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible correlation between or among a set of phenomena . Normally hypotheses have the form of a mathematical model . Sometimes , but not always , they can also be formulated as existential statements , stating that some particular instance of the phenomenon being studied has some characteristic and causal explanations , which have the general form of universal statements , stating that every instance of the phenomenon has a particular characteristic . Scientists are free to use whatever resources they have -- their own creativity , ideas from other fields , inductive reasoning , Bayesian inference , and so on -- to imagine possible explanations for a phenomenon under study . Charles Sanders Peirce , borrowing a page from Aristotle ( Prior Analytics , 2.25 ) described the incipient stages of inquiry , instigated by the `` irritation of doubt '' to venture a plausible guess , as abductive reasoning . The history of science is filled with stories of scientists claiming a `` flash of inspiration '' , or a hunch , which then motivated them to look for evidence to support or refute their idea . Michael Polanyi made such creativity the centerpiece of his discussion of methodology .", "14": "William Glen observes that the success of a hypothesis , or its service to science , lies not simply in its perceived `` truth '' , or power to displace , subsume or reduce a predecessor idea , but perhaps more in its ability to stimulate the research that will illuminate ... bald suppositions and areas of vagueness . In general scientists tend to look for theories that are `` elegant '' or `` beautiful '' . In contrast to the usual English use of these terms , they here refer to a theory in accordance with the known facts , which is nevertheless relatively simple and easy to handle . Occam 's Razor serves as a rule of thumb for choosing the most desirable amongst a group of equally explanatory hypotheses . To minimize the confirmation bias which results from entertaining a single hypothesis , strong inference emphasizes the need for entertaining multiple alternative hypotheses . DNA - hypotheses Linus Pauling proposed that DNA might be a triple helix . This hypothesis was also considered by Francis Crick and James D. Watson but discarded . When Watson and Crick learned of Pauling 's hypothesis , they understood from existing data that Pauling was wrong and that Pauling would soon admit his difficulties with that structure . So , the race was on to figure out the correct structure ( except that Pauling did not realize at the time that he was in a race ) ... 3 . DNA - predictions Predictions from the hypothesis Main article : Prediction in science Any useful hypothesis will enable predictions , by reasoning including deductive reasoning . It might predict the outcome of an experiment in a laboratory setting or the observation of a phenomenon in nature . The prediction can also be statistical and deal only with probabilities . It is essential that the outcome of testing such a prediction be currently unknown . Only in this case does a successful outcome increase the probability that the hypothesis is true . If the outcome is already known , it is called a consequence and should have already been considered while formulating the hypothesis . If the predictions are not accessible by observation or experience , the hypothesis is not yet testable and so will remain to that extent unscientific in a strict sense . A new technology or theory might make the necessary experiments feasible . For example , while a hypothesis on the existence of other intelligent species may be convincing with scientifically based speculation , there is no known experiment that can test this hypothesis . Therefore , science itself can have little to say about the possibility .", "15": "In future , a new technique may allow for an experimental test and the speculation would then become part of accepted science . DNA - predictions James D. Watson , Francis Crick , and others hypothesized that DNA had a helical structure . This implied that DNA 's X-ray diffraction pattern would be ' x shaped ' . This prediction followed from the work of Cochran , Crick and Vand ( and independently by Stokes ) . The Cochran - Crick - Vand - Stokes theorem provided a mathematical explanation for the empirical observation that diffraction from helical structures produces x shaped patterns . In their first paper , Watson and Crick also noted that the double helix structure they proposed provided a simple mechanism for DNA replication , writing , `` It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material '' . ... 4 . DNA - experiments Another example : general relativity Einstein 's prediction ( 1907 ) : Light bends in a gravitational field Einstein 's theory of General Relativity makes several specific predictions about the observable structure of space - time , such as that light bends in a gravitational field , and that the amount of bending depends in a precise way on the strength of that gravitational field . Arthur Eddington 's observations made during a 1919 solar eclipse supported General Relativity rather than Newtonian gravitation . Experiments Main article : Experiment Once predictions are made , they can be sought by experiments . If the test results contradict the predictions , the hypotheses which entailed them are called into question and become less tenable . Sometimes the experiments are conducted incorrectly or are not very well designed , when compared to a crucial experiment . If the experimental results confirm the predictions , then the hypotheses are considered more likely to be correct , but might still be wrong and continue to be subject to further testing . The experimental control is a technique for dealing with observational error . This technique uses the contrast between multiple samples ( or observations ) under differing conditions to see what varies or what remains the same . We vary the conditions for each measurement , to help isolate what has changed . Mill 's canons can then help us figure out what the important factor is . Factor analysis is one technique for discovering the important factor in an effect . Depending on the predictions , the experiments can have different shapes .", "16": "It could be a classical experiment in a laboratory setting , a double - blind study or an archaeological excavation . Even taking a plane from New York to Paris is an experiment which tests the aerodynamical hypotheses used for constructing the plane . Scientists assume an attitude of openness and accountability on the part of those conducting an experiment . Detailed record keeping is essential , to aid in recording and reporting on the experimental results , and supports the effectiveness and integrity of the procedure . They will also assist in reproducing the experimental results , likely by others . Traces of this approach can be seen in the work of Hipparchus ( 190 -- 120 BCE ) , when determining a value for the precession of the Earth , while controlled experiments can be seen in the works of Jābir ibn Hayyān ( 721 -- 815 CE ) , al - Battani ( 853 -- 929 ) and Alhazen ( 965 -- 1039 ) . DNA - experiments Watson and Crick showed an initial ( and incorrect ) proposal for the structure of DNA to a team from Kings College -- Rosalind Franklin , Maurice Wilkins , and Raymond Gosling. Franklin immediately spotted the flaws which concerned the water content . Later Watson saw Franklin 's detailed X-ray diffraction images which showed an X-shape and was able to confirm the structure was helical . This rekindled Watson and Crick 's model building and led to the correct structure ... 1 . DNA - characterizations Evaluation and improvement The scientific method is iterative . At any stage it is possible to refine its accuracy and precision , so that some consideration will lead the scientist to repeat an earlier part of the process . Failure to develop an interesting hypothesis may lead a scientist to re-define the subject under consideration . Failure of a hypothesis to produce interesting and testable predictions may lead to reconsideration of the hypothesis or of the definition of the subject . Failure of an experiment to produce interesting results may lead a scientist to reconsider the experimental method , the hypothesis , or the definition of the subject . Other scientists may start their own research and enter the process at any stage . They might adopt the characterization and formulate their own hypothesis , or they might adopt the hypothesis and deduce their own predictions . Often the experiment is not done by the person who made the prediction , and the characterization is based on experiments done by someone else .", "17": "Published results of experiments can also serve as a hypothesis predicting their own reproducibility . DNA - iterations After considerable fruitless experimentation , being discouraged by their superior from continuing , and numerous false starts , Watson and Crick were able to infer the essential structure of DNA by concrete modeling of the physical shapes of the nucleotides which comprise it . They were guided by the bond lengths which had been deduced by Linus Pauling and by Rosalind Franklin 's X-ray diffraction images ... DNA Example Confirmation Science is a social enterprise , and scientific work tends to be accepted by the scientific community when it has been confirmed . Crucially , experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community . Researchers have given their lives for this vision ; Georg Wilhelm Richmann was killed by ball lightning ( 1753 ) when attempting to replicate the 1752 kite - flying experiment of Benjamin Franklin . To protect against bad science and fraudulent data , government research - granting agencies such as the National Science Foundation , and science journals , including Nature and Science , have a policy that researchers must archive their data and methods so that other researchers can test the data and methods and build on the research that has gone before . Scientific data archiving can be done at a number of national archives in the U.S. or in the World Data Center . Models of scientific inquiry Main article : Models of scientific inquiry Classical model The classical model of scientific inquiry derives from Aristotle , who distinguished the forms of approximate and exact reasoning , set out the threefold scheme of abductive , deductive , and inductive inference , and also treated the compound forms such as reasoning by analogy . Pragmatic model See also : Pragmatic theory of truth In 1877 , Charles Sanders Peirce ( / pɜːrs / like `` purse '' ; 1839 -- 1914 ) characterized inquiry in general not as the pursuit of truth per se but as the struggle to move from irritating , inhibitory doubts born of surprises , disagreements , and the like , and to reach a secure belief , belief being that on which one is prepared to act . He framed scientific inquiry as part of a broader spectrum and as spurred , like inquiry generally , by actual doubt , not mere verbal or hyperbolic doubt , which he held to be fruitless .", "18": "He outlined four methods of settling opinion , ordered from least to most successful : The method of tenacity ( policy of sticking to initial belief ) -- which brings comforts and decisiveness but leads to trying to ignore contrary information and others ' views as if truth were intrinsically private , not public . It goes against the social impulse and easily falters since one may well notice when another 's opinion is as good as one 's own initial opinion . Its successes can shine but tend to be transitory . The method of authority -- which overcomes disagreements but sometimes brutally . Its successes can be majestic and long - lived , but it can not operate thoroughly enough to suppress doubts indefinitely , especially when people learn of other societies present and past . The method of the a priori -- which promotes conformity less brutally but fosters opinions as something like tastes , arising in conversation and comparisons of perspectives in terms of `` what is agreeable to reason . '' Thereby it depends on fashion in paradigms and goes in circles over time . It is more intellectual and respectable but , like the first two methods , sustains accidental and capricious beliefs , destining some minds to doubt it . The scientific method -- the method wherein inquiry regards itself as fallible and purposely tests itself and criticizes , corrects , and improves itself . Peirce held that slow , stumbling ratiocination can be dangerously inferior to instinct and traditional sentiment in practical matters , and that the scientific method is best suited to theoretical research , which in turn should not be trammeled by the other methods and practical ends ; reason 's `` first rule '' is that , in order to learn , one must desire to learn and , as a corollary , must not block the way of inquiry . The scientific method excels the others by being deliberately designed to arrive -- eventually -- at the most secure beliefs , upon which the most successful practices can be based . Starting from the idea that people seek not truth per se but instead to subdue irritating , inhibitory doubt , Peirce showed how , through the struggle , some can come to submit to truth for the sake of belief 's integrity , seek as truth the guidance of potential practice correctly to its given goal , and wed themselves to the scientific method .", "19": "For Peirce , rational inquiry implies presuppositions about truth and the real ; to reason is to presuppose ( and at least to hope ) , as a principle of the reasoner 's self - regulation , that the real is discoverable and independent of our vagaries of opinion . In that vein he defined truth as the correspondence of a sign ( in particular , a proposition ) to its object and , pragmatically , not as actual consensus of some definite , finite community ( such that to inquire would be to poll the experts ) , but instead as that final opinion which all investigators would reach sooner or later but still inevitably , if they were to push investigation far enough , even when they start from different points . In tandem he defined the real as a true sign 's object ( be that object a possibility or quality , or an actuality or brute fact , or a necessity or norm or law ) , which is what it is independently of any finite community 's opinion and , pragmatically , depends only on the final opinion destined in a sufficient investigation . That is a destination as far , or near , as the truth itself to you or me or the given finite community . Thus , his theory of inquiry boils down to `` Do the science . '' Those conceptions of truth and the real involve the idea of a community both without definite limits ( and thus potentially self - correcting as far as needed ) and capable of definite increase of knowledge . As inference , `` logic is rooted in the social principle '' since it depends on a standpoint that is , in a sense , unlimited . Paying special attention to the generation of explanations , Peirce outlined the scientific method as a coordination of three kinds of inference in a purposeful cycle aimed at settling doubts , as follows ( in § III -- IV in `` A Neglected Argument '' except as otherwise noted ) : Abduction ( or retroduction ) . Guessing , inference to explanatory hypotheses for selection of those best worth trying . From abduction , Peirce distinguishes induction as inferring , on the basis of tests , the proportion of truth in the hypothesis . Every inquiry , whether into ideas , brute facts , or norms and laws , arises from surprising observations in one or more of those realms ( and for example at any stage of an inquiry already underway ) .", "20": "All explanatory content of theories comes from abduction , which guesses a new or outside idea so as to account in a simple , economical way for a surprising or complicative phenomenon . Oftenest , even a well - prepared mind guesses wrong . But the modicum of success of our guesses far exceeds that of sheer luck and seems born of attunement to nature by instincts developed or inherent , especially insofar as best guesses are optimally plausible and simple in the sense , said Peirce , of the `` facile and natural '' , as by Galileo 's natural light of reason and as distinct from `` logical simplicity '' . Abduction is the most fertile but least secure mode of inference . Its general rationale is inductive : it succeeds often enough and , without it , there is no hope of sufficiently expediting inquiry ( often multi-generational ) toward new truths . Coordinative method leads from abducing a plausible hypothesis to judging it for its testability and for how its trial would economize inquiry itself . Peirce calls his pragmatism `` the logic of abduction '' . His pragmatic maxim is : `` Consider what effects that might conceivably have practical bearings you conceive the objects of your conception to have . Then , your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object '' . His pragmatism is a method of reducing conceptual confusions fruitfully by equating the meaning of any conception with the conceivable practical implications of its object 's conceived effects -- a method of experimentational mental reflection hospitable to forming hypotheses and conducive to testing them . It favors efficiency . The hypothesis , being insecure , needs to have practical implications leading at least to mental tests and , in science , lending themselves to scientific tests . A simple but unlikely guess , if uncostly to test for falsity , may belong first in line for testing . A guess is intrinsically worth testing if it has instinctive plausibility or reasoned objective probability , while subjective likelihood , though reasoned , can be misleadingly seductive . Guesses can be chosen for trial strategically , for their caution ( for which Peirce gave as example the game of Twenty Questions ) , breadth , and incomplexity .", "21": "One can hope to discover only that which time would reveal through a learner 's sufficient experience anyway , so the point is to expedite it ; the economy of research is what demands the leap , so to speak , of abduction and governs its art . Deduction . Two stages : Explication . Unclearly premissed , but deductive , analysis of the hypothesis in order to render its parts as clear as possible . Demonstration : Deductive Argumentation , Euclidean in procedure . Explicit deduction of hypothesis 's consequences as predictions , for induction to test , about evidence to be found . Corollarial or , if needed , theorematic . Induction . The long - run validity of the rule of induction is deducible from the principle ( presuppositional to reasoning in general ) that the real is only the object of the final opinion to which adequate investigation would lead ; anything to which no such process would ever lead would not be real . Induction involving ongoing tests or observations follows a method which , sufficiently persisted in , will diminish its error below any predesignate degree . Three stages : Classification . Unclearly premissed , but inductive , classing of objects of experience under general ideas . Probation : direct inductive argumentation . Crude ( the enumeration of instances ) or gradual ( new estimate of proportion of truth in the hypothesis after each test ) . Gradual induction is qualitative or quantitative ; if qualitative , then dependent on weightings of qualities or characters ; if quantitative , then dependent on measurements , or on statistics , or on countings . Sentential Induction. `` ... which , by inductive reasonings , appraises the different probations singly , then their combinations , then makes self - appraisal of these very appraisals themselves , and passes final judgment on the whole result '' . Communication and community See also : Scientific community and Scholarly communication Frequently the scientific method is employed not only by a single person , but also by several people cooperating directly or indirectly . Such cooperation can be regarded as an important element of a scientific community . Various standards of scientific methodology are used within such an environment . Peer review evaluation Scientific journals use a process of peer review , in which scientists ' manuscripts are submitted by editors of scientific journals to ( usually one to three , and usually anonymous ) fellow scientists familiar with the field for evaluation .", "22": "In certain journals , the journal itself selects the referees ; while in others ( especially journals that are extremely specialized ) , the manuscript author might recommend referees . The referees may or may not recommend publication , or they might recommend publication with suggested modifications , or sometimes , publication in another journal . This standard is practiced to various degrees by different journals , and can have the effect of keeping the literature free of obvious errors and to generally improve the quality of the material , especially in the journals who use the standard most rigorously . The peer review process can have limitations when considering research outside the conventional scientific paradigm : problems of `` groupthink '' can interfere with open and fair deliberation of some new research . Documentation and replication Main article : Reproducibility Sometimes experimenters may make systematic errors during their experiments , veer from standard methods and practices ( Pathological science ) for various reasons , or , in rare cases , deliberately report false results . Occasionally because of this then , other scientists might attempt to repeat the experiments in order to duplicate the results . Archiving Researchers sometimes practice scientific data archiving , such as in compliance with the policies of government funding agencies and scientific journals . In these cases , detailed records of their experimental procedures , raw data , statistical analyses and source code can be preserved in order to provide evidence of the methodology and practice of the procedure and assist in any potential future attempts to reproduce the result . These procedural records may also assist in the conception of new experiments to test the hypothesis , and may prove useful to engineers who might examine the potential practical applications of a discovery . Data sharing When additional information is needed before a study can be reproduced , the author of the study might be asked to provide it . They might provide it , or if the author refuses to share data , appeals can be made to the journal editors who published the study or to the institution which funded the research . Limitations Since it is impossible for a scientist to record everything that took place in an experiment , facts selected for their apparent relevance are reported . This may lead , unavoidably , to problems later if some supposedly irrelevant feature is questioned . For example , Heinrich Hertz did not report the size of the room used to test Maxwell 's equations , which later turned out to account for a small deviation in the results . The problem is that parts of the theory itself need to be assumed in order to select and report the experimental conditions .", "23": "The observations are hence sometimes described as being ' theory - laden ' . Dimensions of practice Further information : Rhetoric of science The primary constraints on contemporary science are : Publication , i.e. Peer review Resources ( mostly funding ) It has not always been like this : in the old days of the `` gentleman scientist '' funding ( and to a lesser extent publication ) were far weaker constraints . Both of these constraints indirectly require scientific method -- work that violates the constraints will be difficult to publish and difficult to get funded . Journals require submitted papers to conform to `` good scientific practice '' and to a degree this can be enforced by peer review . Originality , importance and interest are more important -- see for example the author guidelines for Nature . Smaldino and McElreath 2016 have noted that our need to reward scientific understanding is being nullified by poor research design and poor data analysis , which is leading to false - positive findings . Philosophy and sociology of science See also : Philosophy of science and Sociology of science Philosophy of science looks at the underpinning logic of the scientific method , at what separates science from non-science , and the ethic that is implicit in science . There are basic assumptions , derived from philosophy by at least one prominent scientist , that form the base of the scientific method -- namely , that reality is objective and consistent , that humans have the capacity to perceive reality accurately , and that rational explanations exist for elements of the real world . These assumptions from methodological naturalism form a basis on which science may be grounded . Logical Positivist , empiricist , falsificationist , and other theories have criticized these assumptions and given alternative accounts of the logic of science , but each has also itself been criticized . More generally , the scientific method can be recognized as an idealization . Thomas Kuhn examined the history of science in his The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , and found that the actual method used by scientists differed dramatically from the then - espoused method . His observations of science practice are essentially sociological and do not speak to how science is or can be practiced in other times and other cultures . Norwood Russell Hanson , Imre Lakatos and Thomas Kuhn have done extensive work on the `` theory laden '' character of observation .", "24": "Hanson ( 1958 ) first coined the term for the idea that all observation is dependent on the conceptual framework of the observer , using the concept of gestalt to show how preconceptions can affect both observation and description . He opens Chapter 1 with a discussion of the Golgi bodies and their initial rejection as an artefact of staining technique , and a discussion of Brahe and Kepler observing the dawn and seeing a `` different '' sun rise despite the same physiological phenomenon . Kuhn and Feyerabend acknowledge the pioneering significance of his work . Kuhn ( 1961 ) said the scientist generally has a theory in mind before designing and undertaking experiments so as to make empirical observations , and that the `` route from theory to measurement can almost never be traveled backward '' . This implies that the way in which theory is tested is dictated by the nature of the theory itself , which led Kuhn ( 1961 , p. 166 ) to argue that `` once it has been adopted by a profession ... no theory is recognized to be testable by any quantitative tests that it has not already passed '' . Paul Feyerabend similarly examined the history of science , and was led to deny that science is genuinely a methodological process . In his book Against Method he argues that scientific progress is not the result of applying any particular method . In essence , he says that for any specific method or norm of science , one can find a historic episode where violating it has contributed to the progress of science . Thus , if believers in scientific method wish to express a single universally valid rule , Feyerabend jokingly suggests , it should be ' anything goes ' . Criticisms such as his led to the strong programme , a radical approach to the sociology of science . The postmodernist critiques of science have themselves been the subject of intense controversy . This ongoing debate , known as the science wars , is the result of conflicting values and assumptions between the postmodernist and realist camps . Whereas postmodernists assert that scientific knowledge is simply another discourse ( note that this term has special meaning in this context ) and not representative of any form of fundamental truth , realists in the scientific community maintain that scientific knowledge does reveal real and fundamental truths about reality . Many books have been written by scientists which take on this problem and challenge the assertions of the postmodernists while defending science as a legitimate method of deriving truth .", "25": "Role of chance in discovery Main article : Role of chance in scientific discoveries Somewhere between 33 % and 50 % of all scientific discoveries are estimated to have been stumbled upon , rather than sought out . This may explain why scientists so often express that they were lucky . Louis Pasteur is credited with the famous saying that `` Luck favours the prepared mind '' , but some psychologists have begun to study what it means to be ' prepared for luck ' in the scientific context . Research is showing that scientists are taught various heuristics that tend to harness chance and the unexpected . This is what Nassim Nicholas Taleb calls `` Anti-fragility '' ; while some systems of investigation are fragile in the face of human error , human bias , and randomness , the scientific method is more than resistant or tough -- it actually benefits from such randomness in many ways ( it is anti-fragile ) . Taleb believes that the more anti-fragile the system , the more it will flourish in the real world . Psychologist Kevin Dunbar says the process of discovery often starts with researchers finding bugs in their experiments . These unexpected results lead researchers to try to fix what they think is an error in their method . Eventually , the researcher decides the error is too persistent and systematic to be a coincidence . The highly controlled , cautious and curious aspects of the scientific method are thus what make it well suited for identifying such persistent systematic errors . At this point , the researcher will begin to think of theoretical explanations for the error , often seeking the help of colleagues across different domains of expertise . History Main article : History of scientific method See also : Timeline of the history of scientific method Aristotle , 384 -- 322 BCE . `` As regards his method , Aristotle is recognized as the inventor of scientific method because of his refined analysis of logical implications contained in demonstrative discourse , which goes well beyond natural logic and does not owe anything to the ones who philosophized before him . '' -- Riccardo Pozzo The methodology of scientific inquiry is closely intertwined with the history of science itself . The development of rules for scientific reasoning has not been straightforward ; scientific method has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science , and eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the primacy of one or another approach to establishing scientific knowledge . Despite the disagreements about approaches , scientific method has advanced in definite steps .", "26": "Rationalist explanations of nature , including atomism , appeared both in ancient Greece in the thought of Leucippus and Democritus , and in ancient India , in the Nyaya , Vaisesika and Buddhist schools , while Charvaka materialism rejected inference as a source of knowledge in favour of an empiricism that was always subject to doubt . Aristotle pioneered scientific method in ancient Greece alongside his empirical biology and his work on logic , rejecting a purely deductive framework in favour of teleology - based generalisations about nature . Important debates in the history of scientific method concern rationalism , especially as advocated by René Descartes ; inductivism and / or empiricism , as argued for by Francis Bacon , and rising to particular prominence with Isaac Newton and his followers ; and hypothetico - deductivism , which came to the fore in the early 19th century . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , a debate over realism vs. antirealism was conducted as powerful scientific theories extended beyond the realm of the observable , while in the mid-20th century , prominent philosophers such as Paul Feyerabend argued against any universal rules of science at all . Relationship with mathematics Science is the process of gathering , comparing , and evaluating proposed models against observables . A model can be a simulation , mathematical or chemical formula , or set of proposed steps . Science is like mathematics in that researchers in both disciplines try to distinguish what is known from what is unknown at each stage of discovery . Models , in both science and mathematics , need to be internally consistent and also ought to be falsifiable ( capable of disproof ) . In mathematics , a statement need not yet be proven ; at such a stage , that statement would be called a conjecture . But when a statement has attained mathematical proof , that statement gains a kind of immortality which is highly prized by mathematicians , and for which some mathematicians devote their lives . Mathematical work and scientific work can inspire each other . For example , the technical concept of time arose in science , and timelessness was a hallmark of a mathematical topic . But today , the Poincaré conjecture has been proven using time as a mathematical concept in which objects can flow ( see Ricci flow ) .", "27": "Nevertheless , the connection between mathematics and reality ( and so science to the extent it describes reality ) remains obscure . Eugene Wigner 's paper , The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences , is a very well known account of the issue from a Nobel Prize - winning physicist . In fact , some observers ( including some well known mathematicians such as Gregory Chaitin , and others such as Lakoff and Núñez ) have suggested that mathematics is the result of practitioner bias and human limitation ( including cultural ones ) , somewhat like the post-modernist view of science . George Pólya 's work on problem solving , the construction of mathematical proofs , and heuristic show that the mathematical method and the scientific method differ in detail , while nevertheless resembling each other in using iterative or recursive steps . Mathematical method Scientific method Understanding Characterization from experience and observation Analysis Hypothesis : a proposed explanation Synthesis Deduction : prediction from the hypothesis Review / Extend Test and experiment In Pólya 's view , understanding involves restating unfamiliar definitions in your own words , resorting to geometrical figures , and questioning what we know and do not know already ; analysis , which Pólya takes from Pappus , involves free and heuristic construction of plausible arguments , working backward from the goal , and devising a plan for constructing the proof ; synthesis is the strict Euclidean exposition of step - by - step details of the proof ; review involves reconsidering and re-examining the result and the path taken to it . Gauss , when asked how he came about his theorems , once replied `` durch planmässiges Tattonieren '' ( through systematic palpable experimentation ) . Imre Lakatos argued that mathematicians actually use contradiction , criticism and revision as principles for improving their work . In like manner to science , where truth is sought , but certainty is not found , in Proofs and refutations ( 1976 ) , what Lakatos tried to establish was that no theorem of informal mathematics is final or perfect . This means that we should not think that a theorem is ultimately true , only that no counterexample has yet been found . Once a counterexample , i.e. an entity contradicting / not explained by the theorem is found , we adjust the theorem , possibly extending the domain of its validity .", "28": "This is a continuous way our knowledge accumulates , through the logic and process of proofs and refutations . ( If axioms are given for a branch of mathematics , however , Lakatos claimed that proofs from those axioms were tautological , i.e. logically true , by rewriting them , as did Poincaré ( Proofs and Refutations , 1976 ) . ) Lakatos proposed an account of mathematical knowledge based on Polya 's idea of heuristics . In Proofs and Refutations , Lakatos gave several basic rules for finding proofs and counterexamples to conjectures . He thought that mathematical ' thought experiments ' are a valid way to discover mathematical conjectures and proofs . Relationship with statistics The scientific method has been extremely successful in bringing the world out of medieval thinking , especially once it was combined with industrial processes . However , when the scientific method employs statistics as part of its arsenal , there are mathematical and practical issues that can have a deleterious effect on the reliability of the output of scientific methods . This is described in a popular 2005 scientific paper `` Why Most Published Research Findings Are False '' by John Ioannidis . The particular points raised are statistical ( `` The smaller the studies conducted in a scientific field , the less likely the research findings are to be true '' and `` The greater the flexibility in designs , definitions , outcomes , and analytical modes in a scientific field , the less likely the research findings are to be true . '' ) and economical ( `` The greater the financial and other interests and prejudices in a scientific field , the less likely the research findings are to be true '' and `` The hotter a scientific field ( with more scientific teams involved ) , the less likely the research findings are to be true . '' ) Hence : `` Most research findings are false for most research designs and for most fields '' and `` As shown , the majority of modern biomedical research is operating in areas with very low pre - and poststudy probability for true findings . '' However : `` Nevertheless , most new discoveries will continue to stem from hypothesis - generating research with low or very low pre-study odds , '' which means that * new * discoveries will come from research that , when that research started , had low or very low odds ( a low or very low chance ) of succeeding .", "29": "Hence , if the scientific method is used to expand the frontiers of knowledge , research into areas that are outside the mainstream will yield most new discoveries . See also Armchair theorizing Contingency Empirical limits in science Evidence - based medicine Fuzzy logic Information theory Logic Historical method Philosophical methodology Scholarly method Methodology Operationalization Quantitative research Replication crisis Social research Strong inference Testability Verificationism Problems and issues Holism in science Junk science List of cognitive biases Normative science Philosophical skepticism Poverty of the stimulus Problem of induction Reference class problem Skeptical hypotheses Underdetermination History , philosophy , sociology Epistemology Epistemic truth Mertonian norms Normal science Post-normal science Science studies Sociology of scientific knowledge Notes Jump up ^ `` scientific method '' , Oxford Dictionaries : British and World English , 2016 , retrieved 28 May 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Scientific Method is a process used to design and perform experiments . It helps to minimize experimental errors and bias , and increase confidence in the accuracy of your results . '' -- The Scientific Method by Science Made Simple . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved November 08 , 2016 , from http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/scientific_method.html Jump up ^ Understanding Science : How Science Really Works . Misconceptions about science Fair tests , a do it yourself guide Jump up ^ `` ( 4 ) Rules for the study of natural philosophy '' , Newton transl 1999 , pp. 794 -- 96 , after Book 3 , The System of the World . Jump up ^ Garland , Jr. , Theodore ( 20 March 2015 ) . `` The Scientific Method as an Ongoing Process '' . UC Riverside . Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Peirce , Charles Sanders ( 1908 ) . A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God . 7 . Wikisource . pp. 90 -- 112 . with added notes . Reprinted with previously unpublished part , Collected Papers v. 6 , paragraphs 452 -- 85 , The Essential Peirce v.", "30": "2 , pp. 434 -- 50 , and elsewhere . Jump up ^ See , for example , Galileo 1638 . His thought experiments disprove Aristotle 's physics of falling bodies , in Two New Sciences . Jump up ^ Popper 1959 , p. 273 ^ Jump up to : Karl R. Popper , Conjectures and Refutations : The Growth of Scientific Knowledge , Routledge , 2003 ISBN 0 - 415 - 28594 - 1 Jump up ^ Gauch , Hugh G. ( 2003 ) . Scientific Method in Practice ( Reprint ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9780521017084 . The scientific method ' is often misrepresented as a fixed sequence of steps , ' rather than being seen for what it truly is , ' a highly variable and creative process ' ( AAAS 2000 : 18 ) . The claim here is that science has general principles that must be mastered to increase productivity and enhance perspective , not that these principles provide a simple and automated sequence of steps to follow . ^ Jump up to : Gauch 2003 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : William Whewell , History of Inductive Science ( 1837 ) , and in Philosophy of Inductive Science ( 1840 ) Jump up ^ Smolin , Lee . `` There is No Scientific Method '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Nola , Robert ; Sankey , Howard ( 2001 ) . `` Chapter 1 : A Selective Survey of Theories of Scientific Method '' . In Nola , Robert ; Sankey , Howard . After Popper , Kuhn and Feyerabend . Recent Issues in Theories of Scientific Method . Kluwer . p. 1 . ISBN 1402002467 . Jump up ^ Jim Al - Khalili ( 4 January 2009 ) . `` The ' first true scientist ' '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Tracey Tokuhama - Espinosa ( 2010 ) . Mind , Brain , and Education Science : A Comprehensive Guide to the New Brain - Based Teaching . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 39 .", "31": "ISBN 9780393706079 . Alhazen ( or Al - Haytham ; 965 -- 1039 CE ) was perhaps one of the greatest physicists of all times and a product of the Islamic Golden Age or Islamic Renaissance ( 7th -- 13th centuries ) . He made significant contributions to anatomy , astronomy , engineering , mathematics , medicine , ophthalmology , philosophy , physics , psychology , and visual perception and is primarily attributed as the inventor of the scientific method , for which author Bradley Steffens ( 2006 ) describes him as the `` first scientist '' . Jump up ^ Peirce , C.S. , Collected Papers v. 1 , paragraph 74 . Jump up ^ Albert Einstein , `` On the Method of Theoretical Physics '' , in Essays in Science ( Dover , 2009 ( 1934 ) ) , pp. 12 -- 21 . Jump up ^ `` The thesis of this book , as set forth in Chapter One , is that there are general principles applicable to all the sciences . '' __ Gauch 2003 , p. xv ^ Jump up to : Peirce , Charles Sanders ( 1877 ) . The Fixation of Belief. 12 . Wikisource . pp. 1 -- 15 ... Jump up ^ Gauch 2003 , p. 1 The scientific method can function in the same way ; This is the principle of noncontradiction . Jump up ^ Francis Bacon ( 1629 ) New Organon , lists 4 types of error : Idols of the tribe ( error due to the entire human race ) , the cave ( errors due to an individual 's own intellect ) , the marketplace ( errors due to false words ) , and the theater ( errors due to incredulous acceptance ) . ^ Jump up to : Peirce , C.S. , Collected Papers v. 5 , in paragraph 582 , from 1898 : ... ( rational ) inquiry of every type , fully carried out , has the vital power of self - correction and of growth . This is a property so deeply saturating its inmost nature that it may truly be said that there is but one thing needful for learning the truth , and that is a hearty and active desire to learn what is true .", "32": "^ Jump up to : Taleb contributes a brief description of anti-fragility , http://www.edge.org/q2011/q11_3.html Jump up ^ For example , the concept of falsification ( first proposed in 1934 ) formalizes the attempt to disprove hypotheses rather than prove them . Karl R. Popper ( 1963 ) , ' The Logic of Scientific Discovery ' . The Logic of Scientific Discovery pp. 17 -- 20 , 249 -- 52 , 437 -- 38 , and elsewhere . Leon Lederman , for teaching physics first , illustrates how to avoid confirmation bias : Ian Shelton , in Chile , was initially skeptical that supernova 1987a was real , but possibly an artifact of instrumentation ( null hypothesis ) , so he went outside and disproved his null hypothesis by observing SN 1987a with the naked eye . The Kamiokande experiment , in Japan , independently observed neutrinos from SN 1987a at the same time . Jump up ^ Lindberg 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 : `` There is a danger that must be avoided ... If we wish to do justice to the historical enterprise , we must take the past for what it was . And that means we must resist the temptation to scour the past for examples or precursors of modern science ... My concern will be with the beginnings of scientific theories , the methods by which they were formulated , and the uses to which they were put ; ... '' Jump up ^ `` How does light travel through transparent bodies ? Light travels through transparent bodies in straight lines only ... We have explained this exhaustively in our Book of Optics . But let us now mention something to prove this convincingly : the fact that light travels in straight lines is clearly observed in the lights which enter into dark rooms through holes ... ( T ) he entering light will be clearly observable in the dust which fills the air . -- Alhazen , Treatise on Light ( رسالة في الضوء ) , translated into English from German by M. Schwarz , from `` Abhandlung über das Licht '' , J. Baarmann ( editor and translator from Arabic to German , 1882 ) Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft Vol 36 as quoted in Sambursky 1974 , p. 136 .", "33": "He demonstrated his conjecture that `` light travels through transparent bodies in straight lines only '' by placing a straight stick or a taut thread next to the light beam , as quoted in Sambursky 1974 , p. 136 to prove that light travels in a straight line . David Hockney , ( 2001 , 2006 ) in Secret Knowledge : rediscovering the lost techniques of the old masters ISBN 0 - 14 - 200512 - 6 ( expanded edition ) cites Alhazen several times as the likely source for the portraiture technique using the camera obscura , which Hockney rediscovered with the aid of an optical suggestion from Charles M. Falco . Kitab al - Manazir , which is Alhazen 's Book of Optics , at that time denoted Opticae Thesaurus , Alhazen Arabis , was translated from Arabic into Latin for European use as early as 1270 . Hockney cites Friedrich Risner 's 1572 Basle edition of Opticae Thesaurus . Hockney quotes Alhazen as the first clear description of the camera obscura in Hockney , p. 240 . `` Truth is sought for its own sake . And those who are engaged upon the quest for anything for its own sake are not interested in other things . Finding the truth is difficult , and the road to it is rough . '' -- Alhazen ( Ibn Al - Haytham 965 -- c. 1040 ) Critique of Ptolemy , translated by S. Pines , Actes X Congrès internationale d'histoire des sciences , Vol I Ithaca 1962 , as quoted in Sambursky 1974 , p. 139 . ( This quotation is from Alhazen 's critique of Ptolemy 's books Almagest , Planetary Hypotheses , and Optics as translated into English by A. Mark Smith . )", "34": "Jump up ^ Galilei , Galileo ( 1638 ) , Discorsi e Dimonstrazioni Matematiche , intorno a due nuoue scienze , Leida : Apresso gli Elsevirri , ISBN 0 - 486 - 60099 - 8 , Dover reprint of the 1914 Macmillan translation by Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio of Two New Sciences , Galileo Galilei Linceo ( 1638 ) . Additional publication information is from the collection of first editions of the Library of Congress surveyed by Bruno 1989 , pp. 261 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Godfrey - Smith 2003 p. 236 . Jump up ^ Schuster and Powers ( 2005 ) , Translational and Experimental Clinical Research , Ch. 1 . Link . This chapter also discusses the different types of research questions and how they are produced . Jump up ^ This phrasing is attributed to Marshall Nirenberg . Jump up ^ Note : for a discussion of multiple hypotheses , see Bayesian inference # Informal ^ Jump up to : McCarty1985 Jump up ^ October 1951 , as noted in McElheny 2004 , p. 40 : `` That 's what a helix should look like ! '' Crick exclaimed in delight ( This is the Cochran - Crick - Vand - Stokes theory of the transform of a helix ) . Jump up ^ June 1952 , as noted in McElheny 2004 , p. 43 : Watson had succeeded in getting X-ray pictures of TMV showing a diffraction pattern consistent with the transform of a helix . ^ Jump up to : Watson did enough work on Tobacco mosaic virus to produce the diffraction pattern for a helix , per Crick 's work on the transform of a helix . pp. 137 -- 38 , Horace Freeland Judson ( 1979 ) The Eighth Day of Creation ISBN 0 - 671 - 22540 - 5 ^ Jump up to : -- Cochran W , Crick FHC and Vand V. ( 1952 ) `` The Structure of Synthetic Polypeptides . I . The Transform of Atoms on a Helix '' , Acta Crystallogr. , 5 , 581 -- 86 .", "35": "^ Jump up to : Friday , January 30 , 1953 . Tea time , as noted in McElheny 2004 , p. 52 : Franklin confronts Watson and his paper -- `` Of course it ( Pauling 's pre-print ) is wrong . DNA is not a helix . '' However , Watson then visits Wilkins ' office , sees photo 51 , and immediately recognizes the diffraction pattern of a helical structure . But additional questions remained , requiring additional iterations of their research . For example , the number of strands in the backbone of the helix ( Crick suspected 2 strands , but cautioned Watson to examine that more critically ) , the location of the base pairs ( inside the backbone or outside the backbone ) , etc . One key point was that they realized that the quickest way to reach a result was not to continue a mathematical analysis , but to build a physical model . ^ Jump up to : `` The instant I saw the picture my mouth fell open and my pulse began to race . '' -- Watson 1968 , p. 167 Page 168 shows the X-shaped pattern of the B - form of DNA , clearly indicating crucial details of its helical structure to Watson and Crick . McElheny 2004 p. 52 dates the Franklin - Watson confrontation as Friday , January 30 , 1953 . Later that evening , Watson urges Wilkins to begin model - building immediately . But Wilkins agrees to do so only after Franklin 's departure . ^ Jump up to : Saturday , February 28 , 1953 , as noted in McElheny 2004 , pp. 57 -- 59 : Watson found the base pairing mechanism which explained Chargaff 's rules using his cardboard models . Jump up ^ Galileo Galilei ( 1638 ) Two new sciences Jump up ^ Reconstruction of Galileo Galilei 's experiment -- the inclined plane Jump up ^ In Two new sciences , there are three ' reviewers ' : Simplicio , Sagredo , and Salviati , who serve as foil , antagonist , and protagonist . Galileo speaks for himself only briefly . But note that Einstein 's 1905 papers were not peer reviewed before their publication . Jump up ^ Fleck 1979 , pp.", "36": "xxvii -- xxviii Jump up ^ `` NIH Data Sharing Policy . '' Jump up ^ Stanovich , Keith E. ( 2007 ) . How to Think Straight About Psychology . Boston : Pearson Education . p. 123 Jump up ^ Tow , David Hunter ( 2010 - 09 - 11 ) . The Future of Life : A Unified Theory of Evolution . Future of Life Series . Future of Life Media ( published 2010 ) . p. 262 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . On further examination however , the scientific method bears a striking similarity to the larger process of evolution itself . ( ... ) Of great significance is the evolutionary algorithm , which uses a simplified subset of the process of natural evolution applied to find the solution to problems that are too complex to solve by traditional analytic methods . In essence it is a process of accelerated and rigorous trial and error building on previous knowledge to refine an existing hypothesis , or discarding it altogether to find a better model . ( ... ) The evolutionary algorithm is a technique derived from the evolution of knowledge processing applied within the context of science and technology , itself an outcome of evolution . The scientific method continues to evolve through adaptive reward , trial and error and application of the method to itself . ^ Jump up to : Brody 1993 , pp. 44 -- 45 ^ Jump up to : Goldhaber & Nieto 2010 , p. 942 Jump up ^ Hall , B.K. ; Hallgrímsson , B. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Strickberger 's Evolution ( 4th ed . ) . Jones & Bartlett . p. 762 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 0066 - 5 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cracraft , J. ; Donoghue , M.J. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Assembling the tree of life . Oxford University Press . p. 592 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517234 - 5 . Jump up ^ Needham & Wang 1954 p. 166 shows how the ' flying gallop ' image propagated from China to the West .", "37": "Jump up ^ Goldhaber & Nieto 2010 , p. 940 Jump up ^ `` A myth is a belief given uncritical acceptance by members of a group ... '' -- Weiss , Business Ethics p. 15 , as cited by Ronald R. Sims ( 2003 ) Ethics and corporate social responsibility : why giants fall p. 21 Jump up ^ Imre Lakatos ( 1976 ) , Proofs and Refutations . Taleb 2007 , p. 72 lists ways to avoid the narrative fallacy and confirmation bias . Jump up ^ The scientific method requires testing and validation a posteriori before ideas are accepted . `` Invariably one came up against fundamental physical limits to the accuracy of measurement ... The art of physical measurement seemed to be a matter of compromise , of choosing between reciprocally related uncertainties ... Multiplying together the conjugate pairs of uncertainty limits mentioned , however , I found that they formed invariant products of not one but two distinct kinds ... The first group of limits were calculable a priori from a specification of the instrument . The second group could be calculated only a posteriori from a specification of what was done with the instrument ... In the first case each unit ( of information ) would add one additional dimension ( conceptual category ) , whereas in the second each unit would add one additional atomic fact . '' , pp. 1 -- 4 : MacKay , Donald M. ( 1969 ) , Information , Mechanism , and Meaning , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , ISBN 0 - 262 - 63 - 032 - X Jump up ^ Godfrey - Smith , Peter ( 2009 ) . Theory and Reality : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226300627 . Jump up ^ Brody , Thomas A. ( 1993 ) . The Philosophy Behind Physics . Berlin ; New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 9783540559146 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Thomas S. ( 2012 ) . The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( 50th Anniversary ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226458113 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Galison , Peter ( 1987 ) . How Experiments End .", "38": "Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226279154 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ In the inquiry - based education paradigm , the stage of `` characterization , observation , definition , ... '' is more briefly summed up under the rubric of a Question Jump up ^ `` To raise new questions , new possibilities , to regard old problems from a new angle , requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science . '' -- Einstein & Infeld 1938 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Crawford S , Stucki L ( 1990 ) , `` Peer review and the changing research record '' , `` J Am Soc Info Science '' , vol. 41 , pp. 223 -- 28 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Gauch 2003 , esp . chapters 5 -- 8 Jump up ^ Andreas Vesalius , Epistola , Rationem , Modumque Propinandi Radicis Chynae Decocti ( 1546 ) , 141 . Quoted and translated in C.D. O'Malley , Andreas Vesalius of Brussels , ( 1964 ) , 116 . As quoted by Bynum & Porter 2005 , p. 597 : Andreas Vesalius , 597 # 1 . Jump up ^ Crick , Francis ( 1994 ) , The Astonishing Hypothesis ISBN 0 - 684 - 19431 - 7 p. 20 Jump up ^ McElheny 2004 p. 34 Jump up ^ Glen 1994 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ John R. Platt ( 16 October 1964 ) Strong Inference Science vol 146 ( 3642 ) p. 347 doi : 10.1126 / science. 146.3642. 347 Jump up ^ `` The structure that we propose is a three - chain structure , each chain being a helix '' -- Linus Pauling , as quoted on p. 157 by Horace Freeland Judson ( 1979 ) , The Eighth Day of Creation ISBN 0 - 671 - 22540 - 5 Jump up ^ McElheny 2004 , pp.", "39": "49 -- 50 : January 28 , 1953 -- Watson read Pauling 's pre-print , and realized that in Pauling 's model , DNA 's phosphate groups had to be un-ionized . But DNA is an acid , which contradicts Pauling 's model . Jump up ^ June 1952 . as noted in McElheny 2004 , p. 43 : Watson had succeeded in getting X-ray pictures of TMV showing a diffraction pattern consistent with the transform of a helix . Jump up ^ McElheny 2004 p. 68 : Nature April 25 , 1953 . Jump up ^ In March 1917 , the Royal Astronomical Society announced that on May 29 , 1919 , the occasion of a total eclipse of the sun would afford favorable conditions for testing Einstein 's General theory of relativity . One expedition , to Sobral , Ceará , Brazil , and Eddington 's expedition to the island of Principe yielded a set of photographs , which , when compared to photographs taken at Sobral and at Greenwich Observatory showed that the deviation of light was measured to be 1.69 arc - seconds , as compared to Einstein 's desk prediction of 1.75 arc - seconds . -- Antonina Vallentin ( 1954 ) , Einstein , as quoted by Samuel Rapport and Helen Wright ( 1965 ) , Physics , New York : Washington Square Press , pp. 294 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Mill , John Stuart , `` A System of Logic '' , University Press of the Pacific , Honolulu , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 4102 - 0252 - 6 . Jump up ^ al - Battani , De Motu Stellarum translation from Arabic to Latin in 1116 , as cited by `` Battani , al - '' ( c. 858 -- 929 ) Encyclopædia Britannica , 15th . ed . Al - Battani is known for his accurate observations at al - Raqqah in Syria , beginning in 877 . His work includes measurement of the annual precession of the equinoxes . Jump up ^ McElheny 2004 p.", "40": "53 : The weekend ( January 31 -- February 1 ) after seeing photo 51 , Watson informed Bragg of the X-ray diffraction image of DNA in B form . Bragg gave them permission to restart their research on DNA ( that is , model building ) . Jump up ^ McElheny 2004 p. 54 : On Sunday February 8 , 1953 , Maurice Wilkes gave Watson and Crick permission to work on models , as Wilkes would not be building models until Franklin left DNA research . Jump up ^ McElheny 2004 p. 56 : Jerry Donohue , on sabbatical from Pauling 's lab and visiting Cambridge , advises Watson that textbook form of the base pairs was incorrect for DNA base pairs ; rather , the keto form of the base pairs should be used instead . This form allowed the bases ' hydrogen bonds to pair ' unlike ' with ' unlike ' , rather than to pair ' like ' with ' like ' , as Watson was inclined to model , on the basis of the textbook statements . On February 27 , 1953 , Watson was convinced enough to make cardboard models of the nucleotides in their keto form . Jump up ^ `` Suddenly I became aware that an adenine - thymine pair held together by two hydrogen bonds was identical in shape to a guanine - cytosine pair held together by at least two hydrogen bonds ... '' -- Watson 1968 , pp. 194 -- 97 . McElheny 2004 p. 57 Saturday , February 28 , 1953 , Watson tried ' like with like ' and admitted these base pairs did n't have hydrogen bonds that line up . But after trying ' unlike with unlike ' , and getting Jerry Donohue 's approval , the base pairs turned out to be identical in shape ( as Watson stated above in his 1968 Double Helix memoir quoted above ) . Watson now felt confident enough to inform Crick . ( Of course , ' unlike with unlike ' increases the number of possible codons , if this scheme were a genetic code . ) Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Physics Today , 59 ( 1 ) , p. 42 . Richmann electrocuted in St.", "41": "Petersburg ( 1753 ) Jump up ^ Aristotle , `` Prior Analytics '' , Hugh Tredennick ( trans . ) , pp. 181 -- 531 in Aristotle , Volume 1 , Loeb Classical Library , William Heinemann , London , UK , 1938 . Jump up ^ `` What one does not in the least doubt one should not pretend to doubt ; but a man should train himself to doubt , '' said Peirce in a brief intellectual autobiography ; see Ketner , Kenneth Laine ( 2009 ) `` Charles Sanders Peirce : Interdisciplinary Scientist '' in The Logic of Interdisciplinarity ) . Peirce held that actual , genuine doubt originates externally , usually in surprise , but also that it is to be sought and cultivated , `` provided only that it be the weighty and noble metal itself , and no counterfeit nor paper substitute '' ; in `` Issues of Pragmaticism '' , The Monist , v. XV , n . 4 , pp. 481 -- 99 , see p. 484 , and p. 491 . ( Reprinted in Collected Papers v. 5 , paragraphs 438 -- 63 , see 443 and 451 ) . Jump up ^ But see Scientific method and religion . Jump up ^ Peirce ( 1898 ) , `` Philosophy and the Conduct of Life '' , Lecture 1 of the Cambridge ( MA ) Conferences Lectures , published in Collected Papers v. 1 , paragraphs 616 -- 48 in part and in Reasoning and the Logic of Things , Ketner ( ed. , intro . ) and Putnam ( intro. , comm . ) , pp. 105 -- 22 , reprinted in Essential Peirce v. 2 , pp. 27 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` ... in order to learn , one must desire to learn ... '' -- Peirce ( 1899 ) , `` F.R.L. '' ( First Rule of Logic ) , Collected Papers v. 1 , paragraphs 135 -- 40 , `` Eprint '' . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Peirce , Charles Sanders ( 1877 ) . How to Make Our Ideas Clear.", "42": "12 . Wikisource . pp. 286 -- 302 wslink = = How to Make Our Ideas Clear . Jump up ^ Peirce ( 1868 ) , `` Some Consequences of Four Incapacities '' , Journal of Speculative Philosophy v. 2 , n . 3 , pp. 140 -- 57 . Reprinted Collected Papers v. 5 , paragraphs 264 -- 317 , The Essential Peirce v. 1 , pp. 28 -- 55 , and elsewhere . Arisbe Eprint Jump up ^ Peirce ( 1878 ) , `` The Doctrine of Chances '' , Popular Science Monthly v. 12 , pp. 604 -- 15 , see pp. 610 -- 11 via Internet Archive . Reprinted Collected Papers v. 2 , paragraphs 645 -- 68 , Essential Peirce v. 1 , pp. 142 -- 54 . `` ... death makes the number of our risks , the number of our inferences , finite , and so makes their mean result uncertain . The very idea of probability and of reasoning rests on the assumption that this number is indefinitely great ... logicality inexorably requires that our interests shall not be limited ... Logic is rooted in the social principle . '' Jump up ^ Peirce ( c. 1906 ) , `` PAP ( Prolegomena for an Apology to Pragmatism ) '' ( Manuscript 293 , not the like - named article ) , The New Elements of Mathematics ( NEM ) 4 : 319 -- 20 , see first quote under `` Abduction '' at Commens Dictionary of Peirce 's Terms . Jump up ^ Peirce , Carnegie application ( L75 , 1902 ) , New Elements of Mathematics v. 4 , pp. 37 -- 38 : For it is not sufficient that a hypothesis should be a justifiable one . Any hypothesis which explains the facts is justified critically . But among justifiable hypotheses we have to select that one which is suitable for being tested by experiment . ^ Jump up to : Peirce ( 1902 ) , Carnegie application , see MS L75.", "43": "329330 , from Draft D of Memoir 27 : Consequently , to discover is simply to expedite an event that would occur sooner or later , if we had not troubled ourselves to make the discovery . Consequently , the art of discovery is purely a question of economics . The economics of research is , so far as logic is concerned , the leading doctrine with reference to the art of discovery . Consequently , the conduct of abduction , which is chiefly a question of heuretic and is the first question of heuretic , is to be governed by economical considerations . Jump up ^ Peirce ( 1903 ) , `` Pragmatism -- The Logic of Abduction '' , Collected Papers v. 5 , paragraphs 195 -- 205 , especially 196 . Eprint . Jump up ^ Peirce , `` On the Logic of Drawing Ancient History from Documents '' , Essential Peirce v. 2 , see pp. 107 -- 09 . On Twenty Questions , p. 109 : Thus , twenty skillful hypotheses will ascertain what 200,000 stupid ones might fail to do . Jump up ^ Peirce ( 1878 ) , `` The Probability of Induction '' , Popular Science Monthly , v. 12 , pp. 705 -- 18 , see 718 Google Books ; 718 via Internet Archive . Reprinted often , including ( Collected Papers v. 2 , paragraphs 669 -- 93 ) , ( The Essential Peirce v. 1 , pp. 155 -- 69 ) . Jump up ^ Peirce ( 1905 draft `` G '' of `` A Neglected Argument '' ) , `` Crude , Quantitative , and Qualitative Induction '' , Collected Papers v. 2 , paragraphs 755 -- 60 , see 759 . Find under `` Induction '' at Commens Dictionary of Peirce 's Terms . Jump up ^ . Brown , C. ( 2005 ) Overcoming Barriers to Use of Promising Research Among Elite Middle East Policy Groups , Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality , Select Press . Jump up ^ Smaldino , PE ; McElreath , R. ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) . `` The natural selection of bad science '' . R. Soc . Open Sci.", "44": "3 ( 9 ) : 160384 . arXiv : 1605.09511 . Bibcode : 2016RSOS ... 360384S . doi : 10.1098 / rsos. 160384 . Jump up ^ Einstein , Albert ( 1936 , 1956 ) One may say `` the eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility . '' From the article `` Physics and Reality '' ( 1936 ) , reprinted in Out of My Later Years ( 1956 ) . ' It is one of the great realizations of Immanuel Kant that the setting up of a real external world would be senseless without this comprehensibility . ' Jump up ^ Thurs , Daniel P. ( 2015 ) , `` That the scientific method accurately reflects what scientists actually do '' , in Numbers , Ronald L. ; Kampourakis , Kostas , Newton 's Apple and Other Myths about Science , Harvard University Press , pp. 210 -- 18 , ISBN 9780674915473 Jump up ^ Hanson , Norwood ( 1958 ) , Patterns of Discovery , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 05197 - 5 Jump up ^ Kuhn 1962 , p. 113 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4432 - 5544 - 8 Jump up ^ Feyerabend , Paul K ( 1960 ) `` Patterns of Discovery '' The Philosophical Review ( 1960 ) vol. 69 ( 2 ) pp. 247 -- 52 Jump up ^ Kuhn , Thomas S. , `` The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical Science '' , ISIS 52 ( 2 ) , 161 -- 93 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Feyerabend , Paul K. , Against Method , Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge , 1st published , 1975 . Reprinted , Verso , London , UK , 1978 . Jump up ^ Higher Superstition : The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science , The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1997 Fashionable Nonsense : Postmodern Intellectuals ' Abuse of Science , Picador ; 1st Picador USA Pbk .", "45": "Ed edition , 1999 The Sokal Hoax : The Sham That Shook the Academy , University of Nebraska Press , 2000 ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7995 - 7 A House Built on Sand : Exposing Postmodernist Myths About Science , Oxford University Press , 2000 Intellectual Impostures , Economist Books , 2003 ^ Jump up to : Dunbar , K. , & Fugelsang , J. ( 2005 ) . Causal thinking in science : How scientists and students interpret the unexpected . In M.E. Gorman , R.D. Tweney , D. Gooding & A. Kincannon ( Eds . ) , Scientific and Technical Thinking ( pp. 57 -- 79 ) . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ^ Jump up to : Oliver , J.E. ( 1991 ) Ch2. of The incomplete guide to the art of discovery . New York : NY , Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ Riccardo Pozzo ( 2004 ) The impact of Aristotelianism on modern philosophy . CUA Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 8132 - 1347 - 9 Jump up ^ Achinstein , Peter ( 2004 ) . General Introduction . Science Rules : A Historical Introduction to Scientific Methods . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7943 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` When we are working intensively , we feel keenly the progress of our work ; we are elated when our progress is rapid , we are depressed when it is slow . '' -- the mathematician Pólya 1957 , p. 131 in the section on ' Modern heuristic ' . Jump up ^ `` Philosophy ( i.e. , physics ) is written in this grand book -- I mean the universe -- which stands continually open to our gaze , but it can not be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and interpret the characters in which it is written .", "46": "It is written in the language of mathematics , and its characters are triangles , circles , and other geometrical figures , without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it ; without these , one is wandering around in a dark labyrinth . '' -- Galileo Galilei , Il Saggiatore ( The Assayer , 1623 ) , as translated by Stillman Drake ( 1957 ) , Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo pp. 237 -- 38 , as quoted by di Francia 1981 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Pólya 1957 2nd ed . Jump up ^ George Pólya ( 1954 ) , Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning Volume I : Induction and Analogy in Mathematics , Jump up ^ George Pólya ( 1954 ) , Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning Volume II : Patterns of Plausible Reasoning . Jump up ^ Pólya 1957 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Pólya 1957 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Mackay 1991 p. 100 Jump up ^ See the development , by generations of mathematicians , of Euler 's formula for polyhedra as documented by Lakatos , Imre ( 1976 ) , Proofs and refutations , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29038 - 4 Jump up ^ Lakatos , Imre ( Worrall & Zahar , eds. 1976 ) Proofs and Refutations , p. 55 Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Nathan ; Luther Earle Birdzell ; Mitchell , Glenn William . How the West grew Rich . Popular Prakashan , 1986 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ioannidis , John P.A. ( 2005 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Why Most Published Research Findings Are False '' . PLoS Medicine . 2 ( 8 ) : e124 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 0020124 . ISSN 1549 - 1277 . PMC 1182327 . PMID 16060722 .", "47": "References Born , Max ( 1949 ) , Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance , Peter Smith , also published by Dover , 1964 . From the Waynflete Lectures , 1948 . On the web . N.B. : the web version does not have the 3 addenda by Born , 1950 , 1964 , in which he notes that all knowledge is subjective . Born then proposes a solution in Appendix 3 ( 1964 ) Brody , Thomas A. ( 1993 ) , The Philosophy Behind Physics , Springer Verlag , ISBN 0 - 387 - 55914 - 0 . ( Luis de la Peña and Peter E. Hodgson , eds . ) Bruno , Leonard C. ( 1989 ) , The Landmarks of Science , ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2137 - 6 Bynum , W.F. ; Porter , Roy ( 2005 ) , Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations , Oxford , ISBN 0 - 19 - 858409 - 1 . Dales , Richard C. ( 1973 ) , The Scientific Achievement of the Middle Ages ( The Middle Ages Series ) , University of Pennsylvania Press , ISBN 9780812210576 di Francia , G. Toraldo ( 1981 ) , The Investigation of the Physical World , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29925 - X . Einstein , Albert ; Infeld , Leopold ( 1938 ) , The Evolution of Physics : from early concepts to relativity and quanta , New York : Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 20156 - 5 Feynman , Richard ( 1965 ) , The Character of Physical Law , Cambridge : M.I.T. Press , ISBN 0 - 262 - 56003 - 8 . Fleck , Ludwik ( 1979 ) , Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact , Univ. of Chicago , ISBN 0 - 226 - 25325 - 2 .", "48": "( written in German , 1935 , Entstehung und Entwickelung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache : Einführung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollectiv ) English translation , 1979 Galileo ( 1638 ) , Two New Sciences , Leiden : Lodewijk Elzevir , ISBN 0 - 486 - 60099 - 8 Translated from Italian to English in 1914 by Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio . Introduction by Antonio Favaro . xxv + 300 pages , index . New York : Macmillan , with later reprintings by Dover . Gauch , Hugh G. , Jr. ( 2003 ) , Scientific Method in Practice , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 01708 - 4 435 pages Glen , William ( ed . ) ( 1994 ) , The Mass - Extinction Debates : How Science Works in a Crisis , Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2285 - 4 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . Godfrey - Smith , Peter ( 2003 ) , Theory and Reality : An introduction to the philosophy of science , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 0 - 226 - 30063 - 3 . Goldhaber , Alfred Scharff ; Nieto , Michael Martin ( January -- March 2010 ) , `` Photon and graviton mass limits '' , Rev. Mod . Phys. , American Physical Society , 82 : 939 , arXiv : 0809.1003 , Bibcode : 2010RvMP ... 82 ... 939G , doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 82.939 . pp. 939 -- 79 . Jevons , William Stanley ( 1874 ) , The Principles of Science : A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method , Dover Publications , ISBN 1 - 4304 - 8775 - 5 . 1877 , 1879 . Reprinted with a foreword by Ernst Nagel , New York , NY , 1958 . Kuhn , Thomas S.", "49": "( 1962 ) , The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . 2nd edition 1970 . 3rd edition 1996 . Lindberg , David C. ( 2007 ) , The Beginnings of Western Science , University of Chicago Press 2nd edition 2007 . Mackay , Alan L. ( ed . ) ( 1991 ) , Dictionary of Scientific Quotations , London : IOP Publishing Ltd , ISBN 0 - 7503 - 0106 - 6 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) McElheny , Victor K. ( 2004 ) , Watson & DNA : Making a scientific revolution , Basic Books , ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0866 - 3 . Moulton , Forest Ray ; Schifferes , Justus J. ( eds. , Second Edition ) ( 1960 ) , The Autobiography of Science , Doubleday . Needham , Joseph ; Wang , Ling ( 王玲 ) ( 1954 ) , Science and Civilisation in China , 1 Introductory Orientations , Cambridge University Press Newton , Isaac ( 1999 ) ( 1687 , 1713 , 1726 ) , Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica , University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 08817 - 4 , Third edition . From I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman 's 1999 translation , 974 pages . Ørsted , Hans Christian ( 1997 ) , Selected Scientific Works of Hans Christian Ørsted , Princeton , ISBN 0 - 691 - 04334 - 5 . Translated to English by Karen Jelved , Andrew D. Jackson , and Ole Knudsen , ( translators 1997 ) . Peirce , C.S. -- see Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography . Poincaré , Henri ( 1905 ) , Science and Hypothesis Eprint Pólya , George ( 1957 ) , How to Solve It , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 4871878302 , OCLC 706968824 ( reprinted 2009 ) Popper , Karl R.", "50": "( 1959 ) , The Logic of Scientific Discovery 1934 , 1959 . Sambursky , Shmuel ( ed . ) ( 1974 ) , `` Physical Thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists '' , Physics Today , Pica Press , 29 ( 2 ) : 51 , Bibcode : 1976PhT ... 29b ... 51S , doi : 10.1063 / 1.3023315 , ISBN 0 - 87663 - 712 - 8 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . Sanches , Francisco ; Limbrick , Elaine . Introduction , Notes , and Bibliography ; Thomson , Douglas F.S. Latin text established , annotated , and translated . ( 1988 ) , That Nothing is Known , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 35077 - 8 Critical edition . Taleb , Nassim Nicholas ( 2007 ) , The Black Swan , Random House , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6351 - 2 Watson , James D. ( 1968 ) , The Double Helix , New York : Atheneum , Library of Congress card number 68 - 16217 . Further reading Bauer , Henry H. , Scientific Literacy and the Myth of the Scientific Method , University of Illinois Press , Champaign , IL , 1992 Beveridge , William I.B. , The Art of Scientific Investigation , Heinemann , Melbourne , Australia , 1950 . Bernstein , Richard J. , Beyond Objectivism and Relativism : Science , Hermeneutics , and Praxis , University of Pennsylvania Press , Philadelphia , PA , 1983 . Brody , Baruch A. and Capaldi , Nicholas , Science : Men , Methods , Goals : A Reader : Methods of Physical Science , W.A. Benjamin , 1968 Brody , Baruch A. , and Grandy , Richard E. , Readings in the Philosophy of Science , 2nd edition , Prentice Hall , Englewood Cliffs , NJ , 1989 . Burks , Arthur W. , Chance , Cause , Reason -- An Inquiry into the Nature of Scientific Evidence , University of Chicago Press , Chicago , IL , 1977 .", "51": "Alan Chalmers . What is this thing called science ? . Queensland University Press and Open University Press , 1976 . Crick , Francis ( 1988 ) , What Mad Pursuit : A Personal View of Scientific Discovery , New York : Basic Books , ISBN 0 - 465 - 09137 - 7 . Crombie , A.C. ( 1953 ) , Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science 1100 -- 1700 , Oxford Dewey , John , How We Think , D.C. Heath , Lexington , MA , 1910 . Reprinted , Prometheus Books , Buffalo , NY , 1991 . Earman , John ( ed . ) , Inference , Explanation , and Other Frustrations : Essays in the Philosophy of Science , University of California Press , Berkeley & Los Angeles , CA , 1992 . Fraassen , Bas C. van , The Scientific Image , Oxford University Press , Oxford , UK , 1980 . Franklin , James ( 2009 ) , What Science Knows : And How It Knows It , New York : Encounter Books , ISBN 1 - 59403 - 207 - 6 . Gadamer , Hans - Georg , Reason in the Age of Science , Frederick G. Lawrence ( trans . ) , MIT Press , Cambridge , MA , 1981 . Giere , Ronald N. ( ed . ) , Cognitive Models of Science , vol. 15 in ' Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science ' , University of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis , MN , 1992 . Hacking , Ian , Representing and Intervening , Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK , 1983 . Heisenberg , Werner , Physics and Beyond , Encounters and Conversations , A.J. Pomerans ( trans . ) , Harper and Row , New York , NY 1971 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Holton , Gerald , Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought , Kepler to Einstein , 1st edition 1973 , revised edition , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , MA , 1988 .", "52": "Kuhn , Thomas S. , The Essential Tension , Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change , University of Chicago Press , Chicago , IL , 1977 . Latour , Bruno , Science in Action , How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , MA , 1987 . 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Piattelli - Palmarini , Massimo ( ed . ) , Language and Learning , The Debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , MA , 1980 . Popper , Karl R. , Unended Quest , An Intellectual Autobiography , Open Court , La Salle , IL , 1982 . Putnam , Hilary , Renewing Philosophy , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , MA , 1992 . Rorty , Richard , Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature , Princeton University Press , Princeton , NJ , 1979 . Salmon , Wesley C. , Four Decades of Scientific Explanation , University of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis , MN , 1990 .", "53": "Shimony , Abner , Search for a Naturalistic World View : Vol. 1 , Scientific Method and Epistemology , Vol. 2 , Natural Science and Metaphysics , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK , 1993 . Thagard , Paul , Conceptual Revolutions , Princeton University Press , Princeton , NJ , 1992 . Ziman , John ( 2000 ) . Real Science : what it is , and what it means . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : The Scientific Method Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scientific method . Andersen , Anne ; Hepburn , Brian . `` Scientific Method '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Confirmation and Induction '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Scientific method at PhilPapers Scientific method at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project An Introduction to Science : Scientific Thinking and a scientific method by Steven D. Schafersman . Introduction to the scientific method at the University of Rochester Theory - ladenness by Paul Newall at The Galilean Library Lecture on Scientific Method by Greg Anderson Using the scientific method for designing science fair projects Scientific Methods an online book by Richard D. Jarrard Richard Feynman on the Key to Science ( one minute , three seconds ) , from the Cornell Lectures . 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432399360594227490	what is the director's cut of a movie	[ "an edited version of a film (or television episode, music video, commercial, or video game) that is supposed to represent the director's own approved edit", "an edited version of a film (or television episode, music video, commercial, or video game) that is supposed to represent the director's own approved edit", "edited version of a film (or television episode, music video, commercial, or video game) that is supposed to represent the director's own approved edit", "the director's own approved edit", "an edited version of a film (or television episode, music video, commercial, or video game) that is supposed to represent the director's own approved edit" ]	{ "0": "Director 's cut - wikipedia Director 's cut Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Director 's cut ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( January 2012 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A director 's cut is an edited version of a film ( or television episode , music video , commercial , or video game ) that is supposed to represent the director 's own approved edit . ' Cut ' explicitly refers to the process of film editing ; in preparing a film for release , the director 's cut is preceded by the assembly and rough editor 's cut and usually followed by the final cut meant for the public film release . Director 's cuts of film are not generally released to the public , because on most films the director does not have a final cut privilege . The production company , distributors , and / or studio ( anybody with money invested in the film ) can impose changes that they think will make the film profit more at the box office . This sometimes means a happier ending or less ambiguity , or excluding scenes that would earn a more audience - restricting rating , but more often means that the film is simply shortened to provide more screenings per day .", "1": "With the rise of home video , the phrase became more generically used as a marketing term ( including things such as comic books and music albums , neither of which actually have directors ) , and the most commonly seen form of director 's cut is a cut where extra scenes and characters are added in , often making the director 's cut considerably longer than the final cut . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the phrase 2 Inception 3 Criticism 4 Extended cuts and special editions 5 Music video director 's cut 6 Expanded usage in pop culture 6.1 Video games 6.2 Music `` director 's cuts '' 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Origin of the phrase ( edit ) Traditionally , the `` director 's cut '' is not , by definition , the director 's ideal or preferred cut . The editing process of a film is broken into stages : First is the assembly / rough cut , where all selected takes are put together in the order in which they should appear in the film . Next , the editor 's cut is reduced from the rough cut ; the editor may be guided by his own tastes or following notes from the director or producers . Eventually is the final cut , which actually gets released or broadcast . In between the editor 's cut and the final cut can come any number of fine cuts , including the director 's cut . The director 's cut may include unsatisfactory takes , a preliminary soundtrack , a lack of desired pick - up shots etc. , which the director would not like to be shown but uses as a placeholder until satisfactory replacements can be inserted . This is still how the term is used within the film industry , as well as commercials , television , and music videos . Inception ( edit ) The trend of releasing alternate cuts of films for artistic reasons became prominent in the 1970s ; in 1974 , the `` director 's cut '' of The Wild Bunch was shown theatrically in Los Angeles to sold - out audiences . The theatrical release of the film had cut ten minutes to get an R - rating , but this cut was hailed as superior and has now become the definitive one .", "2": "Other early examples include George Lucas 's first two films being re-released following the success of Star Wars , in cuts which more closely resembled his vision , or Peter Bogdanovich re-cutting The Last Picture Show several times . Charlie Chaplin also re-released all of his films in the 1970s , several of which were re-cut ( Chaplin 's re-release of The Gold Rush in the 1940s is almost certainly the earliest prominent example of a director 's re-cut film being released to the public ) . A theatrical re-release of Close Encounters of the Third Kind used the phrase `` Special Edition '' to describe a cut which was closer to Spielberg 's intent but had a compromised ending demanded by the studio . As the home video industry rose in the early 1980s , video releases of director 's cuts were sometimes created for the small but dedicated cult fan market . Los Angeles cable station Z Channel is also cited as significant in the popularization of alternate cuts . Early examples of films released in this manner include Michael Cimino 's Heaven 's Gate , where a longer cut was recalled from theaters but subsequently shown on cable and eventually released to home video ; James Cameron 's Aliens , where a video release restored 20 minutes the studio had insisted on cutting ; James Cameron 's The Abyss , where Cameron voluntarily made cuts to the theatrical version for pacing but restored them for a video release ; Shim Hyung - rae 's Yonggary , where Shim made cuts to the theatrical version for how close to the American Godzilla it was and added in aliens and another monster , Cyker . That version was released stateside as Reptilian and , most famously , Ridley Scott 's Blade Runner , where an alternate workprint version was released to fan acclaim , ultimately resulting in the 1992 recut , the first film to use the term `` Director 's Cut '' as a marketing description ( and the first time it was used to describe a cut that the director was not involved in preparing ) . Criticism ( edit ) Once distributors discovered that consumers would buy alternate versions of films , it became common for films to receive multiple releases . There is no standardization for labelling , leading to so - called `` director 's cuts '' of films despite where the director prefers the theatrically released version , or when the director had actual final cut privilege .", "3": "These were often assembled by simply restoring deleted scenes , sometimes adding as much as a half - hour to the length of the film without regard to pacing and storytelling . As a result , the `` director 's cut '' is often considered a mixed bag , with an equal share of supporters and detractors . Roger Ebert approved of the use of the label in unsuccessful films that had been tampered with by studio executives , such as Sergio Leone 's original cut of Once Upon a Time in America , and the moderately successful theatrical version of Daredevil , which were altered by studio interference for their theatrical release . Other well - received director 's cuts include Ridley Scott 's Kingdom of Heaven ( with Empire magazine stating : `` The added 45 minutes in the Director 's Cut are like pieces missing from a beautiful but incomplete puzzle '' ) , or Sam Peckinpah 's Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid , where the restored 115 minute cut is closer to the director 's intent than the theatrical 105 minute cut ( the actual director 's cut was 122 minutes ; it was never completed to Peckinpah 's satisfaction , but was used as a guide for the restoration that was done after his death ) . However , Ebert considers adding such material to a successful film a waste . Even Ridley Scott stated on the director 's commentary track of Alien that the original theatrical release was his director 's cut , and that the new version was released as a marketing ploy . Director Peter Bogdanovich , no stranger to director 's cuts himself , cites Red River as an example where `` MGM have a version of Howard Hawks 's Red River that they 're calling the Director 's Cut and it is absolutely not the director 's cut . It 's a cut the director did n't want , an earlier cut that was junked . They assume because it was longer that it 's a director 's cut . Capra cut two reels off Lost Horizon because it did n't work and then someone tried to put it back . There are certainly mistakes and stupidities in reconstructing pictures . '' In rare instances , such as Peter Weir 's Picnic at Hanging Rock , John Cassavetes 's The Killing of a Chinese Bookie , and Blake Edwards 's Darling Lili , changes made to a director 's cut result in a shorter , more compact cut .", "4": "This generally happens when a distributor insists that a film be completed in order to meet a release date , but sometimes it is the result of removing scenes that the distributor insisted on inserting , as opposed to restoring scenes they insisted on cutting . Another way that released director 's cuts can be compromised is when directors were never allowed to even shoot their vision , and thus when the film is re-cut , they must make do with the footage that exists . Examples of this include Terry Zwigoff 's Bad Santa , Brian Helgeland 's Payback , and most notably the Richard Donner re-cut of Superman II . Donner completed about 75 % of the shooting of the sequel during the shooting of the first one but was fired from the project . His director 's cut of the film includes , among other things , screen test footage of stars Christopher Reeve and Margot Kidder , footage used in the first film , and entire scenes that were shot by replacement director Richard Lester which Donner dislikes but were required for story purposes . Extended cuts and special editions ( edit ) Some directors explicitly dislike the phrase `` director 's cut '' because it implies that they disapprove of the theatrically released cut . James Cameron and Peter Jackson are two directors who publicly reject the label , preferring `` extended edition '' or `` special edition '' . While Jackson considers the theatrical releases of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit trilogies to be a final `` director 's cut '' within the constraints of theatrical exhibition , the extended cuts were produced so that fans of the material could see nearly all of the scenes shot for the script to develop more of J.R.R. Tolkien 's world , but which were originally cut for running time , or other reasons . New music and special effects were also added to the cuts . Cameron specified `` what I put into theaters is the Director 's cut . Nothing was cut that I did n't want cut . All the extra scenes we 've added back in are just a bonus for the fans . '' ( Though referring specifically to Avatar , he has expressed similar feelings on all of his films besides Piranha II : The Spawning . ) Special editions such as George Lucas 's Star Wars films , and Steven Spielberg 's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , in which special effects are redone in addition to a new edit , have also caused controversy .", "5": "( See List of changes in Star Wars re-releases and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial : The 20th Anniversary ) . Extended or special editions can also apply to films that have been extended for television to fill time slots , against the explicit wishes of the director , such as the TV versions of Dune ( 1984 ) , The Warriors ( 1979 ) and the Harry Potter films . The film Caligula exists in at least 10 different officially released versions , ranging from a sub-90 minute television edit version of TV - 14 ( later TVMA ) for cable television to an unrated full pornographic version exceeding 3.5 hours . This is believed to be the most distinct versions of a single film . Among major studio films , the record is believed to be held by Blade Runner ; the magazine Video Watchdog counted no less than seven distinct versions in a 1993 issue , before director Ridley Scott later released a `` Final Cut '' in 2007 , bringing the supposed grand total to eight differing versions . Music video director 's cut ( edit ) The music video for the 2006 Academy Award - nominated song `` Listen '' , performed by Beyoncé , received a director 's cut by Diane Martel . This version of the video was later included on Knowles ' B'Day Anthology Video Album ( 2007 ) . Linkin Park has a director 's cut version for their music video `` Faint '' ( directed by Mark Romanek ) in which one of the band members spray paints the words `` En Proceso '' on a wall , as well as Hoobastank also having one for 2004 's `` The Reason '' which omits the woman getting hit by the car . Britney Spears ' music video for 2007 's `` Gimme More '' was first released as a director 's cut on iTunes , with the official video released 3 days later . Many other director 's cut music videos contain sexual content that ca n't be shown on TV thus creating alternative scenes , such as Thirty Seconds to Mars 's `` Hurricane '' , and in some cases , alternative videos , such as in the case of Spears ' 2008 video for `` Womanizer '' .", "6": "Expanded usage in pop culture ( edit ) As the trend became more widely recognized , the term `` director 's cut '' became increasingly used as a colloquialism to refer to an expanded version of other things , including video games , music , and comic books . This confusing usage only served to further reduce the artistic value of a `` director 's cut '' , and it is currently rarely used in those ways . Video games ( edit ) For video games , these expanded versions , also referred as `` complete editions '' , will have additions to the gameplay or additional game modes and features outside the main portion of the game . As is the case with certain high - profile Japanese - produced games , the game designers may take the liberty to revise their product for the overseas market with additional features during the localization process . These features are later added back to the native market in a re-release of a game in what is often referred as the international version of the game . This was the case with the overseas versions of Final Fantasy VII , Metal Gear Solid and Rogue Galaxy , which contained additional features ( such as new difficulty settings for Metal Gear Solid ) , resulting in re-released versions of those respective games in Japan ( Final Fantasy VII International , Metal Gear Solid : Integral and Rogue Galaxy : Director 's Cut ) . In the case of Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty and Metal Gear Solid 3 : Snake Eater , the American versions were released first , followed by the Japanese versions and then the European versions , with each regional release offering new content not found in the previous one . All of the added content from the Japanese and European versions of those games were included in the expanded editions titled Metal Gear Solid 2 : Substance and Metal Gear Solid 3 : Subsistence . They also , similar to movies , will occasionally include extra , uncensored or alternate versions of cutscenes , as was the case with Resident Evil : Code Veronica X . In markets with strict censorship , a later relaxing of those laws occasional will result in the game being rereleased with the `` Special / Uncut Edition '' tag added to differentiate between the originally released censored version and the current uncensored edition . Several of the Pokémon games have also received director 's cuts and have used the term `` extension , '' though `` remake '' and `` third version '' are also often used by many fans .", "7": "These include Pocket Monsters : Blue ( Japan only ) , Pokémon Yellow ( for Pokémon Red and Green / Blue ) , Pokémon Crystal ( for Pokémon Gold and Silver ) , Pokémon Emerald ( for Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire ) , and Pokémon Platinum ( for Pokémon Diamond and Pearl ) . Music `` director 's cuts '' ( edit ) `` Director 's cuts '' in music are rarely released . A few exceptions include Guided by Voices ' 1994 album Bee Thousand , which was re-released as a three disc vinyl LP Director 's cut in 2004 , and Fall Out Boy 's 2003 album Take This to Your Grave , which was re-released as a Director 's cut in 2005 with two extra tracks . In 2011 British singer Kate Bush released the album titled Director 's Cut . It is made up of songs from her earlier albums The Sensual World and The Red Shoes which have been remixed and restructured , three of which were re-recorded completely . See also ( edit ) Film modification Final cut privilege References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ellen . `` Is a ' director 's cut ' ever a good idea ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1 January 1984 ) . `` Once Upon a Time in America '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Archived from the original on 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Directors Cuts , the Good , the Bad , and the Unnecessary '' . Empire . 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambie , Ryan . `` The changing face of the director 's cut '' . Jump up ^ Jones , Ellen . `` Is a ' director 's cut ' ever a good idea ? '' . External links ( edit ) `` Director 's Cuts : Do They Make the Cut ? '' Article from Frontier magazine . Movie-Censorship.com More than 1000 comparisons of different versions of films . `` Do Filmgoers Dream of Director 's Cuts ? '' SciFi.com article detailing the cuts of Blade Runner .", "8": "If Movie Seems Too Long , Blame It On The Director Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Director%27s_cut&oldid=832213669 '' Categories : Film and video terminology Film production Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from February 2008 All articles that may contain original research Articles with too many examples Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Plattdüütsch Polski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 14 : 57 . 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4826133206438959478	who was appointed to manage the national recovery administration	[ "Hugh S. Johnson", "Hugh S. Johnson", "Hugh S. Johnson", "Hugh S. Johnson, a retired United States Army general and a successful businessman", "Hugh S. Johnson" ]	{ "0": "National Recovery Administration - wikipedia National Recovery Administration Jump to : navigation , search Recovery Administration NRA Blue Eagle poster . This would be displayed in store windows , on packages , and in ads . Agency overview Formed 1933 , by the National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) Dissolved May 27 , 1935 , by court case Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States The National Recovery Administration was a prime New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt ( FDR ) in 1933 . The goal was to eliminate `` cut - throat competition '' by bringing industry , labor , and government together to create codes of `` fair practices '' and set prices . The NRA was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) and allowed industries to get together and write `` codes of fair competition . '' The codes were intended to reduce `` destructive competition '' and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours , as well as minimum prices at which products could be sold . The NRA also had a two - year renewal charter and was set to expire in June 1935 if not renewed . In 1935 , the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously declared that the NRA law was unconstitutional , ruling that it infringed the separation of powers under the United States Constitution . The NRA quickly stopped operations , but many of its labor provisions reappeared in the National Labor Relations Act ( Wagner Act ) , passed later the same year . The long - term result was a surge in the growth and power of unions , which became a core of the New Deal Coalition that dominated national politics for the next three decades . The NRA , symbolized by the Blue Eagle , was popular with workers . Businesses that supported the NRA put the symbol in their shop windows and on their packages , though they did not always go along with the regulations entailed . Though membership to the NRA was voluntary , businesses that did not display the eagle were very often boycotted , making it seem mandatory for survival to many .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Inception 2.1 Goal 2.2 Price controls 3 Critics 4 The NRA in practice 4.1 Specific industries 4.2 Enforcement 5 Judicial review 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Background ( edit ) As part of the `` First New Deal , '' the NRA was based on the premise that the Great Depression was caused by market instability and that government intervention was necessary to balance the interests of farmers , business and labor . The NIRA , which created the NRA , declared that codes of fair competition should be developed through public hearings , and gave the Administration the power to develop voluntary agreements with industries regarding work hours , pay rates , and price fixing . The NRA was put into operation by an executive order , signed the same day as the passage of the NIRA . New Dealers who were part of the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt saw the close analogy with the earlier crisis handling the economics of World War I. They brought ideas and experience from the government controls and spending of 1917 -- 18 . In his June 13 , 1933 `` Statement on the National Industrial Recovery Act , '' President Roosevelt described the spirit of the NRA : `` On this idea , the first part of the NIRA proposes to our industry a great spontaneous cooperation to put millions of men back in their regular jobs this summer . '' He further stated , `` But if all employers in each trade now band themselves faithfully in these modern guilds -- without exception -- and agree to act together and at once , none will be hurt and millions of workers , so long deprived of the right to earn their bread in the sweat of their labor , can raise their heads again . The challenge of this law is whether we can sink selfish interest and present a solid front against a common peril . '' Inception ( edit ) Director Hugh S. Johnson on the cover of Time Magazine in 1933 . The film industry supported the NRA The first director of the NRA was Hugh S. Johnson , a retired United States Army general and a successful businessman . He was named Time magazine 's `` Man of the Year '' in 1933 . Johnson saw the NRA as a national crusade designed to restore employment and regenerate industry .", "2": "Johnson called on every business establishment in the nation to accept a stopgap `` blanket code '' : a minimum wage of between 20 and 45 cents per hour , a maximum workweek of 35 to 45 hours , and the abolition of child labor . Johnson and Roosevelt contended that the `` blanket code '' would raise consumer purchasing power and increase employment . To mobilize political support for the NRA , Johnson launched the `` NRA Blue Eagle '' publicity campaign to boost his bargaining strength to negotiate the codes with business and labor . Historian Clarence B. Carson noted : At this moment in time from the early days of the New Deal , it is difficult to recapture , even in imagination , the heady enthusiasm among a goodly number of intellectuals for a government planned economy . So far as can now be told , they believed that a bright new day was dawning , that national planning would result in an organically integrated economy in which everyone would joyfully work for the common good , and that American society would be freed at last from those antagonisms arising , as General Hugh Johnson put it , from `` the murderous doctrine of savage and wolfish individualism , looking to dog - eat - dog and devil take the hindmost . '' NRA tapestry displayed at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum in Hyde Park , New York Goal ( edit ) The negotiations of a code for the bituminous coal industry came against the background of a rapidly swelling union , the United Mine Workers headed by John L. Lewis and an unstable truce in the Pennsylvania coal fields . The NRA tried to get the principals to compromise with a national code for a decentralized industry in which many companies were anti-union , sought to keep wage differentials , and tried to escape the collective bargaining provisions of section 7A . Agreement among the parties was finally reached only after the NRA threatened that it would impose a code . The code did not establish price stabilization , nor did it resolve questions of industrial self - government versus governmental supervision or of centralization versus local autonomy , but it made dramatic changes in abolishing child labor , eliminating the compulsory scrip wages and company store , and establishing fair trade practices . It paved the way for an important wage settlement . Price controls ( edit ) In early 1935 the new chairman , Samuel Williams , announced that the NRA would stop setting prices , but businessmen complained .", "3": "Chairman Williams told them plainly that , unless they could prove it would damage business , NRA was going to put an end to price control . Williams said , `` Greater productivity and employment would result if greater price flexibility were attained . '' Of the 2,000 businessmen on hand probably 90 % opposed Mr. Williams ' aim , reported Time magazine : `` To them a guaranteed price for their products looks like a royal road to profits . A fixed price above cost has proved a lifesaver to more than one inefficient producer . '' However , it was also argued NRA 's price control method promoted monopolies . The business position was summarized by George A. Sloan , head of the Cotton Textile Code Authority : `` Maximum hours and minimum wage provisions , useful and necessary as they are in themselves , do not prevent price demoralization . While putting the units of an industry on a fair competitive level insofar as labor costs are concerned , they do not prevent destructive price cutting in the sale of commodities produced , any more than a fixed price of material or other element of cost would prevent it . Destructive competition at the expense of employees is lessened , but it is left in full swing against the employer himself and the economic soundness of his enterprise ... But if the partnership of industry with Government which was invoked by the President were terminated ( as we believe it will not be ) , then the spirit of cooperation , which is one of the best fruits of the NRA equipment , could not survive . Critics ( edit ) Most businesses adopted the NRA without complaint , but Henry Ford was reluctant to join . The National Recovery Review Board , headed by noted criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow , a prominent liberal , was set up by President Roosevelt in March 1934 and abolished by him that same June . The board issued three reports highly critical of the NRA from the perspective of small business , charging the NRA with fostering cartels . The Darrow board , influenced by Justice Louis D. Brandeis , wanted instead to promote competitive capitalism . Representing big business , the American Liberty League , 1934 -- 40 , was run by leading industrialists who opposed the liberalism of the New Deal . Regarding the controversial NRA , the League was ambivalent .", "4": "Jouett Shouse , the League president , commented that `` the NRA has indulged in unwarranted excesses of attempted regulation '' ; on the other , he added that `` in many regards ( the NRA ) has served a useful purpose . '' Shouse said that he had `` deep sympathy '' with the goals of the NRA , explaining , `` While I feel very strongly that the prohibition of child labor , the maintenance of a minimum wage and the limitation of the hours of work belong under our form of government in the realm of the affairs of the different states , yet I am entirely willing to agree that in the case of an overwhelming national emergency the Federal Government for a limited period should be permitted to assume jurisdiction of them . '' British journalist Alistair Cooke described Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's presidency of the United States of America in the two years from his inauguration to the Supreme Court 's declaration that the National Recovery Administration was unconstitutional , as a benevolent dictatorship . The NRA in practice ( edit ) Chart 3 : Manufacturing employment in the United States from 1920 to 1940 The NRA negotiated specific sets of codes with leaders of the nation 's major industries ; the most important provisions were anti-deflationary floors below which no company would lower prices or wages , and agreements on maintaining employment and production . In a remarkably short time , the NRA won agreements from almost every major industry in the nation . According to some conservative economists , the NRA increased the cost of doing business by forty percent . Donald Richberg , who soon replaced Johnson as the head of the NRA said : There is no choice presented to American business between intelligently planned and uncontrolled industrial operations and a return to the gold - plated anarchy that masqueraded as `` rugged individualism . '' ... Unless industry is sufficiently socialized by its private owners and managers so that great essential industries are operated under public obligation appropriate to the public interest in them , the advance of political control over private industry is inevitable . By the time it ended in May 1935 , industrial production was 22 % higher than in May 1933 . Specific industries ( edit ) Pennock ( 1997 ) shows that the rubber tire industry faced debilitating challenges , mostly brought about by changes in the industry 's retail structure and exacerbated by the Depression .", "5": "Segments of the industry attempted to use the NRA codes to solve these new problems and stabilize the tire market , but the tire manufacturing and tire retailing codes were patent failures . Instead of leading to cartelization and higher prices , which is what most scholars assume the NRA codes did , the tire industry codes led to even more fragmentation and price cutting . Alexander ( 1997 ) examines the macaroni industry and concludes that cost heterogeneity was a major source of the `` compliance crisis '' affecting a number of NRA `` codes of fair competition '' that were negotiated by industries and submitted for government approval under the National Industry Recovery Act of 1933 . The argument boils down to assumptions that progressives at the NRA allowed majority coalitions of small , high - cost firms to impose codes in heterogeneous industries , and that these codes were designed by the high - cost firms under an ultimately erroneous belief that they would be enforced by the NRA . Storrs ( 2000 ) says the National Consumers ' League ( NCL ) had been instrumental in the passage and legal defense of labor legislation in many states since 1899 . Women activists used the New Deal opportunity to gain a national forum . General Secretary Lucy Randolph Mason and her league relentlessly lobbied the NRA to make its regulatory codes just and fair for all workers and to eliminate explicit and de facto discrimination in pay , working conditions , and opportunities for reasons of sex , race , or union status . Even after the demise of the NRA , the league continued campaigning for collective bargaining rights and fair labor standards at both federal and state levels . Enforcement ( edit ) Commemorative stamp issued by the U.S. Post Office on August 15 , 1933 About 23 million people were employed under the NRA codes . However , violations of codes became common and attempts were made to use the courts to enforce the NRA . The NRA included a multitude of regulations imposing the pricing and production standards for all sorts of goods and services . Individuals were arrested for not complying with these codes . For example , one small businessman was fined for violating the `` Tailor 's Code '' by pressing a suit for 35 rather than NRA required 40 cents . Roosevelt critic John T. Flynn , in The Roosevelt Myth ( 1944 ) , wrote : `` The NRA was discovering it could not enforce its rules . Black markets grew up .", "6": "Only the most violent police methods could procure enforcement . In Sidney Hillman 's garment industry the code authority employed enforcement police . They roamed through the garment district like storm troopers . They could enter a man 's factory , send him out , line up his employees , subject them to minute interrogation , take over his books on the instant . Night work was forbidden . Flying squadrons of these private coat - and - suit police went through the district at night , battering down doors with axes looking for men who were committing the crime of sewing together a pair of pants at night . But without these harsh methods many code authorities said there could be no compliance because the public was not back of it . '' The NRA was famous for its bureaucracy . Journalist Raymond Clapper reported that between 4,000 and 5,000 business practices were prohibited by NRA orders that carried the force of law , which were contained in some 3,000 administrative orders running to over 10 million pages , and supplemented by what Clapper said were `` innumerable opinions and directions from national , regional and code boards interpreting and enforcing provisions of the act . '' There were also `` the rules of the code authorities , themselves , each having the force of law and affecting the lives and conduct of millions of persons . '' Clapper concluded : `` It requires no imagination to appreciate the difficulty the business man has in keeping informed of these codes , supplemental codes , code amendments , executive orders , administrative orders , office orders , interpretations , rules , regulations and obiter dicta . '' Judicial Review ( edit ) On 27 May 1935 , in the court case of Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , the Supreme Court held the mandatory codes section of NIRA unconstitutional , because it attempted to regulate commerce that was not interstate in character , and that the codes represented an unacceptable delegation of power from the legislature to the executive . Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes wrote for a unanimous Court in invalidating the industrial `` codes of fair competition '' which the NIRA enabled the President to issue . The Court held that the codes violated the United States Constitution 's separation of powers as an impermissible delegation of legislative power to the executive branch . The Court also held that the NIRA provisions were in excess of congressional power under the Commerce Clause .", "7": "The Court distinguished between direct effects on interstate commerce , which Congress could lawfully regulate , and indirect , which were purely matters of state law . Though the raising and sale of poultry was an interstate industry , the Court found that the `` stream of interstate commerce '' had stopped in this case : Schechter 's slaughterhouses bought chickens only from intrastate wholesalers and sold to intrastate buyers . Any interstate effect of Schechter was indirect , and therefore beyond federal reach . Specifically , the Court invalidated regulations of the poultry industry promulgated under the authority of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 , including price and wage fixing , as well as requirements regarding a whole shipment of chickens , including unhealthy ones , which has led to the case becoming known as `` the sick chicken case . '' The ruling was one of a series which overturned some New Deal legislation between January 1935 and January 1936 , and which ultimately caused Roosevelt to attempt to pack the Court with judges that were in favor of the New Deal . Subsequent to the decision , the remainder of Title I was extended until April 1 , 1936 , by joint resolution of Congress ( 49 Stat. 375 ) , June 14 , 1935 , and NRA was reorganized by E.O. 7075 , June 15 , 1935 , to facilitate its new role as a promoter of industrial cooperation and to enable it to produce a series of economic studies , which the National Recovery Review Board was already doing . Many of the labor provisions reappeared in the Wagner Act of 1935 . Legacy ( edit ) In Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in 1933 , DeBenneville `` Bert '' Bell formed a new National Football League franchise to replace the defunct Frankford Yellow Jackets , naming this team the Eagles in recognition of the NRA ( a name the team retains to the present ) . In 1934 , at the request of the Interior Secretary Ickes , who wished to use the statute criminalizing making false statements to enforce Section 9 ( c ) of the NIRA against producers of `` hot oil '' , oil produced in violation of production restrictions established pursuant to the NIRA , Congress passed Pub. L. 73 -- 394 , 48 Stat.", "8": "996 , enacted June 18 , 1934 , which amended the False Claims Act of 1863 to read : ... or whoever , for the purpose of obtaining or aiding to obtain the payment or approval of such claim , or for the purpose and with the intent of cheating and swindling or defrauding the Government of the United States , or any department thereof , or any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder , shall knowingly and willfully falsify or conceal or cover up by any trick , scheme , or device a material fact , or make or cause to be made any false or fraudulent statements or representations , or make or use or cause to be made or used any false bill , receipt , voucher , account , roll , claim , certificate , affidavit , or deposition , knowing the same to contain any fraudulent or fictitious statement or entry , in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States or of any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder ... This form of the statute , in slightly modified form , still exists today at 18 U.S.C. § 1001 . See also ( edit ) Job creation program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ National Recovery Administration . The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition . 2001 - 07 ^ Jump up to : Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum -- Our Documents ^ Jump up to : Franklin D. Roosevelt Statement on N.I.R.A. Jump up ^ Carson , Clarence B . The Relics of Intervention part 4 . New Deal Collective Planning Jump up ^ James P. Johnson , `` Drafting the NRA Code of Fair Competition for the Bituminous Coal Industry , '' Journal of American History , Vol. 53 , No. 3 ( Dec. , 1966 ) , pp. 521 -- 41 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : `` Dollar Men & Prices '' . Time . Jan 21 , 1935 .", "9": "Jump up ^ The National Recovery Administration Economic History Services Jump up ^ Dan Cooper and Brian Grinder , `` We Do Our Part : Henry Ford and the NRA , '' Financial History , Spring 2009 , Issue 94 , pp. 10 -- 35 Jump up ^ Sniegoski , Stephen J. `` The Darrow Board and the Downfall of the NRA '' . Continuity. 1990 ( 14 ) : 63 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Ronen Shamir , Managing Legal Uncertainty : Elite Lawyers in the New Deal ( 1995 ) p. 22 Jump up ^ Shamir , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Cooke , Alistair ( 1999 ) . Memories of the Great & the Good . New York : Arcade Publishing . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 479 - 3 . Jump up ^ Reed , Lawrence W. Great Myths of the Great Depression Mackinac Center for Public Policy . Jump up ^ Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Jr . The Coming of the New Deal , Houghton Mifflin Books ( 2003 ) , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Pamela Pennock , `` The National Recovery Administration and the Rubber Tire Industry , 1933 -- 1935 . '' Business History Review , '' 1997 71 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Alexander , Barbara J. ( 1997 ) . `` Failed Cooperation in Heterogeneous Industries under the National Recovery Administration '' . Journal of Economic History . 57 ( 2 ) : 322 -- 44 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022050700018465 . JSTOR 2951040 . Jump up ^ Landon R. Storrs , Civilizing Capitalism : The National Consumers ' League , Women 's Activism , and Labor Standards in the New Deal Era , ( U of North Carolina Press , 2000 ) online edition Jump up ^ Clapper in Washington Post , Dec. 4 , 1934 , quoted in Best , 79 -- 80 ( 1991 ) .", "10": "^ Jump up to : National Recovery Administration , Authority Record ( Corporate Body ) USA , Committee on Descriptive Standards , International Council on Archives . Accessed 11 November 2010 Jump up ^ Tim McNeese and Richard Jensen , The Great Depression 1929 -- 1938 ( 2010 ) p. 90 Jump up ^ Steven Emanuel and Lazar Emanuel , Constitutional Law ( 2008 ) p. 31 Jump up ^ Executive Order 6632 Creating The National Recovery Review Board . March 7 , 1934 Jump up ^ Bardhan - Quallen , Sudipta. Franklin Delano Roosevelt : A National Hero . New York : Sterling Publishing Company , 2007 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3545 - 6 Jump up ^ Watkins , T.H. The Hungry Years : A Narrative History of the Great Depression in America . New York : Macmillan , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6506 - 7 Jump up ^ United States v. Gilliland , 312 US 86 , 93 - 94 ( 1941 ) ( `` Legislation had been sought by the Secretary of the Interior to aid the enforcement of laws relating to the functions of the Department of the Interior and , in particular , to the enforcement of regulations under Sec. 9 ( c ) of the ( NIRA ) . '' ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Alexander , Barbara ( 1994 ) . `` The Impact of the National Industrial Recovery Act on Cartel Formation and Maintenance Costs '' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 76 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 54 . doi : 10.2307 / 2109879 . JSTOR 2109879 . Best ; Gary Dean . Pride , Prejudice , and Politics : Roosevelt Versus Recovery , 1933 -- 1938 . ( 1991 ) online edition ISBN 0 - 275 - 93524 - 8 Brand , Donald R. ( 1983 ) . `` Corporatism , the NRA , and the Oil Industry '' . Political Science Quarterly . 98 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 118 . doi : 10.2307 / 2150207 . JSTOR 2150207 .", "11": "Uses corporatism model to explore the struggle between independent oil producers and major oil producers over production and price controls . Burns , Arthur Robert ( 1934 ) . `` The First Phase of the National Industrial Recovery Act , 1933 '' . Political Science Quarterly . 49 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 94 . doi : 10.2307 / 2142881 . JSTOR 2142881 . Dearing , Charles L. et al . The ABC of the NRA , ( 1934 ) 200 pgs . online edition Hawley , Ellis W. ( 1968 ) . The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly . Princeton UP . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 1609 - 8 . The classic scholarly history Hawley , Ellis W. ( 1975 ) . `` The New Deal and Business '' . In Bremner , Robert H. ; Brody , David . The New Deal : The National Level . Ohio State University Press . pp. 50 -- 82 . Johnson ; Hugh S . The Blue Eagle , from Egg to Earth 1935 , memoir by NRA director online edition Lyon , Leverett S. , Paul T. Homan , Lewis L. Lorwin , George Terborgh , Charles L. Dearing , Leon C. Marshall ; The National Recovery Administration : An Analysis and Appraisal The Brookings Institution , 1935 . in - depth analysis by economists , online edition Ohl , John Kennedy ( 1985 ) . Hugh S. Johnson and the New Deal . ISBN 0 - 87580 - 110 - 2 . Academic biography Schlesinger , Arthur Meier ( 1958 ) . The Coming of the New Deal . pp. 87 -- 176 . Sniegoski , Stephen J. ( 1990 ) . `` The Darrow Board and the Downfall of the NRA '' . Continuity. 1990 ( 14 ) : 63 -- 83 . ISSN 0277 - 1446 . Taylor , Jason E. ( 2007 ) . `` Cartel Code Attributes and Cartel Performance : An Industry ‐ Level Analysis of the National Industrial Recovery Act '' .", "12": "Journal of Law and Economics . 50 ( 3 ) : 597 -- 624 . doi : 10.1086 / 519808 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Recovery Administration . 1933 Promotional Video for National Recovery Administration Article on the NRA from EH. NET 's Encyclopedia Archive of The Bird Did Its Part by T.H. Watkins When the Supreme Court Stopped Economic Fascism in America by Richard Ebeling Jimmy Durante singing a promotion for the NRA ( hide ) New Deal Causes and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass -- Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board ( Act ) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Individuals Franklin D. Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau , Jr .", "13": "Huey Long Herbert Hoover Robert F. Wagner Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Recovery_Administration&oldid=835870519 '' Categories : National Recovery Administration New Deal agencies 1933 establishments in the United States Government agencies established in 1933 1935 disestablishments in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 日本語 Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 08 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2743701347497238377	how oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs	[ "pulmonary circulation" ]	{ "0": "Pulmonary circulation - wikipedia Pulmonary circulation Jump to : navigation , search The part of the circulatory system which carries blood from heart to lungs and back to the heart This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pulmonary circulation Human pulmonary circulation . Oxygen - rich blood is shown in red ; oxygen - depleted blood in blue Pulmonary circulation in the heart Details System Circulatory system Identifiers Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart , to the lungs , and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart . The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation . The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins . A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung . The earliest human discussions of pulmonary circulation date back to Egyptian times . Human knowledge of pulmonary circulation grew gradually over centuries , and scientists Ibn al - Nafis , Michael Servetus , and William Harvey provided some of the first accurate descriptions of this process . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Lungs 1.2 Veins 1.3 Arteries 2 Development 3 Clinical significance 4 History 5 See also 6 External links 7 References Structure ( edit ) 3D rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax . The anterior thoracic wall , the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation . Image showing main pulmonary artery coursing ventrally to the aortic root and trachea , and the right pulmonary artery passes dorsally to the ascending aorta , while the left pulmonary artery passes ventrally to the descending aorta .", "1": "Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart , goes to the lungs , and then re-enters the heart ; Deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery . From the right atrium , the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve ( or right atrioventricular valve ) , into the right ventricle . Blood is then pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the main pulmonary artery . Lungs ( edit ) The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs , where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up during respiration . Arteries are further divided into very fine capillaries which are extremely thin - walled . The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart . Veins ( edit ) Main article : Pulmonary vein The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins , which return it to the left heart , completing the pulmonary cycle . This blood then enters the left atrium , which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle . From the left ventricle , the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta . The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation . Arteries ( edit ) Main article : Pulmonary artery From the right ventricle , blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries ( one for each lung ) , which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs . Development ( edit ) The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation . The fetal lungs are collapsed , and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale : an open conduit between the paired atria , or through the ductus arteriosus : a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta . When the lungs expand at birth , the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit . Over the course of several months , the foramen ovale closes , leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis . Clinical significance ( edit ) A number of medical conditions can affect the pulmonary circulation .", "2": "Pulmonary hypertension describes an increase in resistance in the pulmonary arteries Pulmonary embolus is a blood clot , usually from a deep vein thrombosis that has lodged in the pulmonary vasculature . It can cause difficulty breathing or chest pain , is usually diagnosed through a CT pulmonary angiography or V / Q scan , and is often treated with anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin . Cardiac shunt is an unnatural connection between parts of the heart that leads to blood flow that bypasses the lungs . Vascular resistance Pulmonary shunt History ( edit ) The discovery of pulmonary circulation has been attributed to several scientists over the years . In much of modern medical literature , the discovery is credited to English physician William Harvey ( 1578 - 1657 CE ) . Other sources credit Spanish physician Michael Servetus ( c. 1509 - 1553 CE ) and Arab physician Ibn al - Nafis ( 1213 - 1288 CE ) with the discovery . However , the first descriptions of the cardiovascular system came before these men . The earliest known description of the role of air in circulation was produced in Egypt in 3500 BCE . At this time , Egyptians believed that the heart was the origin of many channels that connected different parts of the body and transported air as well as urine , blood , and the soul . The Edwin Smith Papyrus ( 1700 BCE ) , named for American Egyptologist Edwin Smith ( 1822 - 1906 CE ) who purchased the scroll in 1862 , provided evidence that Egyptians believed that the heartbeat created a pulse that transported the above substances throughout the body . A second scroll , the Ebers Papyrus ( c. 1550 BCE ) , also emphasized the importance of the heart and its connection to vessels throughout the body and described methods to detect cardiac disease through pulse abnormalities . However , despite their knowledge of the heartbeat , vessels , and pulse , the Egyptians attributed the movement of substances throughout the vessels to air that resided in these channels , rather than to the heart 's force . The Egyptians knew that air played an important role in circulation , but they did not yet have a concept for the precise role of the lungs . The next addition to the human understanding of pulmonary circulation came with the Ancient Greeks .", "3": "The physician Alcmaeon ( 520 - 450 BCE ) proposed that the brain , not the heart , was the connection point for all of the vessels in the body . He believed that the function of these vessels was to bring the spirit ( pneuma ) and air to the brain . Empedocles ( 492 - 432 BCE ) , a philosopher , proposed a series of pipes impermeable to blood but continuous with blood vessels which carried the pneuma throughout the body . He proposed that this spirit was internalized with pulmonary respiration . The physician Hippocrates ( 460 - 370 BCE ) developed the view that the liver and spleen produced blood , which traveled to the heart to be cooled by the lungs that surrounded it . Hippocrates described the heart as having two ventricles connected by an interventricular septum . He depicted the heart as the connecting point for all the vessels of the body and proposed that some vessels carried only blood , while others also carried air . These air - carrying vessels were the pulmonary veins , which brought air to the left ventricle , and the pulmonary artery , which carried air to the right ventricle and blood to the lungs . He also proposed two atria of the heart that functioned to capture air . Hippocrates was one of the first to begin to accurately describe the anatomy of the heart and to describe the involvement of the lungs in circulation , but his descriptions of the process of pulmonary circulation and of the functions of the parts of the heart were still largely incorrect . Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle ( 384 - 322 BCE ) followed Hippocrates and proposed that the heart had three ventricles , rather than two , that all connected to the lungs . The Greek physician Erasistratus ( 315 - 240 BCE ) agreed with Hippocrates and Aristotle that the heart was the origin of all of the vessels in the body but proposed a system in which air was breathed into the lungs and traveled to the left ventricle via pulmonary veins . It was transformed there into the pneuma and distributed throughout the body by arteries , which contained only air . In this system , veins distributed blood throughout the body , and this blood did not circulate , but rather was consumed by the organs . The Greek physician Galen ( 129 - c. 210 CE ) provided the next insights into pulmonary circulation .", "4": "Though many of his theories , like those of his predecessors , were incorrect , his theory of pulmonary circulation dominated the medical community for hundreds of years after his death . Galen contradicted Erasistratus before him by proposing that arteries carried both air and blood , rather than air alone . He proposed that the liver was the point of origin for all blood vessels and that the heart was not a pumping muscle , but rather an organ which blood passed through . Galen 's theory included a new description of pulmonary circulation . In it , air was inhaled into the lungs where it became the pneuma . Pulmonary veins transmitted this pneuma to the left ventricle of the heart to cool the blood simultaneously arriving there . This mixture of pneuma , blood , and cooling produced the vital spirits which could then be transported throughout the body via arteries . Galen also proposed that the heat of the blood arriving in the heart produced noxious vapors which were expelled through the same pulmonary veins that first brought the pneuma . He wrote that the right ventricle played a different role than the left ; it transported blood to the lungs where the impurities were vented out so that clean blood could be distributed throughout the body . Though Galen 's description of the anatomy of the heart was more complete than those of his predecessors , it included several mistakes . Most notably , Galen believed that blood flowed between the two ventricles of the heart through small , invisible pores in the interventricular septum . The next developments in the human understanding of pulmonary circulation did not come until centuries later . Persian polymath Avicenna ( c. 980 - 1037 CE ) wrote a medical encyclopedia entitled The Canon of Medicine . In this book , he translated and compiled contemporary medical knowledge and added some new information of his own . However , Avicenna 's description of pulmonary circulation reflected the incorrect views of Galen . Another Persian physician , Ibn al - Nafis , wrote the Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna 's Canon in 1242 in which he provided the first known accurate description of pulmonary circulation as it is known today . Ibn al - Nafis made two key improvements on Galen 's ideas of pulmonary circulation .", "5": "First , he disproved the existence of the pores in the interventricular septum that Galen had believed to allow blood flow between the left and right ventricles . Second , he followed that the only way for blood to get from the right to the left ventricle in the absence of interventricular pores was pulmonary circulation . He also described the anatomy of the lungs in clear , correct detail , which his predecessors had not . However , like Aristotle and Galen , al - Nafis still believed that the vital spirit was formed in the left ventricle from a mixture of blood and air . Despite the enormity of Ibn al - Nafis 's improvements on the theories of pulmonary circulation that preceded him , his commentary on The Canon was not widely known to Western scholars until the manuscript was discovered in Berlin , Germany , in 1924 . As a result , Ibn al - Nafis was not widely credited with the discovery of pulmonary circulation in Western medical literature until recently . It took several hundred years for European scientists and physicians to reach the same conclusions that al - Nafis had . Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 - 1519 CE ) was one of the first to propose that the heart was just a muscle , rather than a vessel of spirits and air , but he ascribed to Galen 's ideas of circulation and defended the existence of interventricular pores . The Flemish physician Andreas Vesalius ( 1514 - 1564 CE ) published corrections to Galen 's view of circulatory anatomy , questioning the existence of interventricular pores , in his book De humani corporis fabrica libri septem in 1543 . Michael Servetus after him was the first European physician to accurately describe pulmonary circulation . His assertions matched those of al - Nafis , and though he has been frequently credited with making the discovery on his own , it is likely that he had access to Ibn al - Nafis 's work while writing his own texts . Servetus published his findings in Christianismi Restituto ( 1553 ) , a theological work that was criticized and ignored by many Christian factions at the time . Italian physician Realdo Colombo ( c. 1515 - 1559 CE ) published a book , De re anatomica libri XV , in 1559 that accurately described pulmonary circulation as well .", "6": "It is still debated among historians as to whether or not Colombo reached his conclusions on his own or if he based his work on those of al - Nafis and Servetus . Finally , William Harvey provided the most complete and accurate description of pulmonary circulation of any of the European physicians in his treatise Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in 1628 . See also ( edit ) Underwater diving portal External links ( edit ) Official Journal of the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute Michael Servetus Research Study on the Manuscript of Paris with the description of the Pulmonary Circulation , and more works by Servetus . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulmonary circulation . Jump up ^ Hine R ( 2008 ) . A dictionary of biology ( 6th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 540 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920462 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Akmal M , Zulkifle M , Ansari A ( March 2010 ) . `` Ibn nafis - a forgotten genius in the discovery of pulmonary blood circulation '' . Heart Views. 11 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 30 . PMC 2964710 . PMID 21042463 . Jump up ^ Ribatti D ( September 2009 ) . `` William Harvey and the discovery of the circulation of the blood '' . Journal of Angiogenesis Research . 1 : 3 . doi : 10.1186 / 2040 - 2384 - 1 - 3 . PMC 2776239 . PMID 19946411 . Jump up ^ Azizi MH , Nayernouri T , Azizi F ( May 2008 ) . `` A brief history of the discovery of the circulation of blood in the human body '' ( PDF ) . Archives of Iranian Medicine . 11 ( 3 ) : 345 -- 50 . PMID 18426332 . ^ Jump up to : Bosmia A , Watanabe K , Shoja MM , Loukas M , Tubbs RS ( July 2013 ) .", "7": "`` Michael Servetus ( 1511 - 1553 ) : physician and heretic who described the pulmonary circulation '' . International Journal of Cardiology. 167 ( 2 ) : 318 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijcard. 2012.06. 046 . PMID 22748500 . ^ Jump up to : Bestetti RB , Restini CB , Couto LB ( December 2014 ) . `` Development of anatomophysiologic knowledge regarding the cardiovascular system : from Egyptians to Harvey '' . Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia. 103 ( 6 ) : 538 -- 45 . doi : 10.5935 / abc. 20140148 . PMC 4290745 . PMID 25590934 . ^ Jump up to : ElMaghawry M , Zanatta A , Zampieri F ( 2014 ) . `` The discovery of pulmonary circulation : From Imhotep to William Harvey '' . Global Cardiology Science & Practice. 2014 ( 2 ) : 103 -- 16 . doi : 10.5339 / gcsp. 2014.31 . PMC 4220440 . PMID 25405183 . Jump up ^ Nunn JF ( 1996 ) . Ancient Egyptian Medicine . London : British Museum Press . ISBN 0714109819 . Jump up ^ Loukas M , Tubbs RS , Louis RG , Pinyard J , Vaid S , Curry B ( August 2007 ) . `` The cardiovascular system in the pre-Hippocratic era '' . International Journal of Cardiology. 120 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijcard. 2006.11. 122 . PMID 17316844 . ^ Jump up to : Aird WC ( July 2011 ) . `` Discovery of the cardiovascular system : from Galen to William Harvey '' . Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 9 Suppl 1 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 118 -- 29 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1538 - 7836.2011.", "8": "04312. x . PMID 21781247 . ^ Jump up to : West JB ( December 2008 ) . `` Ibn al - Nafis , the pulmonary circulation , and the Islamic Golden Age '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 105 ( 6 ) : 1877 -- 80 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 91171.2008 . PMC 2612469 . PMID 18845773 . 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-3427566802943028712	in another world with my smartphone japanese title	[ "異世界はスマートフォンとともに, Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni", "異世界はスマートフォンとともに", "Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni", "Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni", "異世界はスマートフォンとともに, Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni" ]	{ "0": "In Another World with My Smartphone - Wikipedia In Another World with My Smartphone Jump to : navigation , search In Another World With My Smartphone Cover of the first volume featuring Yumina ( left ) , Touya ( middle ) and Sushie ( right ) . 異世界はスマートフォンとともに ( Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni ) Genre Harem Light novel Written by Patora Fuyuhara Illustrated by Eiji Usatsuka Published by Hobby Japan English publisher J - Novel Club Demographic Male Imprint HJ Novels Original run 2015 -- present Volumes 11 Manga Written by Fuyuhara Patora Illustrated by Soto Published by Kadokawa Shoten Demographic Seinen Magazine Comp Ace Original run November 26 , 2016 -- present Volumes Anime television series Directed by Takeyuki Yanase Produced by Hiromi Matsuda Ryuji Kasamatsu Keiji Hamada Shigeto Nihei Yasuyuki Iwanami Hideo Momoda Written by Natsuko Takahashi Music by Exit Tunes Studio Production Reed Licensed by Funimation Original network AT - X , Tokyo MX , BS11 Original run July 11 , 2017 -- September 26 , 2017 Episodes 12 ( List of episodes ) Anime and Manga portal In Another World With My Smartphone ( 異世界はスマートフォンとともに , Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni ) is a Japanese light novel series written by Patora Fuyuhara and illustrated by Eiji Usatsuka . J - Novel Club has licensed the series for an English release , releasing each novel in six weekly parts since February 2017 . A manga adaptation by Soto began its serialization in Kadokawa Shoten 's Comp Ace in November 2016 . An anime television series adaptation by Production Reed aired from July to September 2017 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Media 3.1 Light Novels 3.2 Manga 3.3 Anime 4 Reception 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) While returning from school , 15 - year - old Touya Mochizuki is accidentally struck by lightning and killed by God . As an apology , God allows him to be resurrected , but since he can not send him back to his old world , he instead reincarnates him into a fantasy world along with a single special request . Touya uses his request in order to bring his smartphone into the new world with him , which God modifies so that the phone will function in the new world . God also amplifies Touya 's physical , magical , and cognitive abilities to a certain degree as a further apology for the inconvenience of killing him . Taking full advantage of his second chance at life , Touya befriends many different people in the new world . He begins to travel from country to country , solving political disputes , minor quests , and nonchalantly enjoying himself with his newfound allies . This eventually leads to the discovery of the lost kingdom of Babylon , a shattered floating citadel that Touya is destined to find the various segments of to reform the ancient country . Touya also encounters the `` Fraze '' , mysterious crystalline beasts invading the world through tears in time and space , which are somehow linked to the destruction of Babylon ; he also learns that the pieces of Babylon itself hold the key to defeating the resurgent Fraze - a lost robotic weaponry system known as the Frame Gear . Characters ( edit ) Touya Mochizuki ( 望月冬夜 , Mochizuki Tōya ) Voiced by : Katsumi Fukuhara ( Japanese ) ; Josh Grelle ( English ) A fifteen - year - old from Earth , reborn by God into the other world as a way of apology for the latter 's mistake of killing him . His smartphone is his only remaining connection to Earth ; while he can no longer call upon anyone from his old life , he can still access the Internet , and the battery can be recharged with magical energy .", "2": "He is bestowed with all seven attributes of magic : fire , water , wind , earth , light , dark , and null . As a result , he can also cast any null magic , so long as he can learn its name and effects . He also has an inexhaustible supply of magic because God revived him . He regularly gets mistaken to be from Eashen where Yae is from because Eashen is similar to Japan , both countries sharing the same back - to - front naming system . He begins as a simple adventurer in the Kingdom of Belfast , though due to his granted skills and humble nature he quickly rises in fame through impulsive acts such as saving the king 's life from poison , which gains him the king 's daughter Yumina as an unexpected fiance . After discovering the first Babylon `` Aerial Garden '' and having a mock conversation with Professor Regina Babylon , he sets out to find the rest of the Babylons in order to defeat the Fraze . According to Babylon 's vision , Touya would have nine wives total . He gradually forms pacts with all four of the Heavenly Beasts , with the first and most loyal being Kohaku , the White Monarch . He also eventually becomes king of the Duchy of Brunhild after helping to smooth out relations between the Regulus Empire and Belfast Kingdom . He often uses knowledge from his previous life , as well as information available via his smartphone , to create products and earn lots of money . He is also the first silver rank adventurer to appear in 18 years , and later , upon achieving gold rank , becomes one of only two living `` heroes '' in the world . Elze Silhoueska ( エルゼ・シルエスカ , Eruze Shiruesuka ) Voiced by : Maaya Uchida ( Japanese ) ; Leah Clark ( English ) The elder sister of the Silhoueska twins , a pair of wandering adventurers , and with her natural impulsiveness as a fighter by profession . She has long hair and a smaller chest than her sister . Touya meets her and Linze early in his journey , rescuing them from rogues in an alleyway ( one of whom Elze knocked out herself ) , and thereafter they register as adventurers in his party with the local guild .", "3": "Elze fights with a pair of enchanted gauntlets and can only use the non-attribute magic ' Boost ' , which increases her physical abilities . She also likes spicy food , and seems to have a very high tolerance for it , to the point that she 's not allowed in the kitchen because she adds too much spice to her dishes . During her travels , she forms affections for Touya , but tries to hold them back for the sake of her sister , who also falls for him . In the end , she and Yae fight Touya in a mock battle and win , requesting to become his fiances as their prize . She is Touya 's third fiancée . Linze Silhoueska ( リンゼ・シルエスカ , Rinze Shiruesuka ) Voiced by : Yui Fukuo ( Japanese ) ; Jill Harris ( English ) The younger sister of the Silhoueska twins . With her intelligence and natural talent , she is the magic specialist of the two sisters . She has short hair and larger breasts than her sister , and can use three magic attributes : fire , water , and light . Touya meets her and Elze early in his journey , rescuing them from rogues in an alleyway , and thereafter they register as adventurers in his party with the local guild . Linze is the gentlest of the girls in the group , often appearing shy and easily flustered , though on the rare occasion that she is angered , Touya believes her to be the most scary of his companions . She develops feelings for Touya , but at first can not admit to them . Later , when Francesca registered Touya as her new master via a kiss , Linze suddenly bravely confesses her love and kisses Touya in front of the other girls . Shortly thereafter , she becomes Touya 's second fiancée . Yae Kokonoe ( 九重八重 , Kokonoe Yae ) Voiced by : Chinatsu Akasaki ( Japanese ) ; Michelle Rojas ( English ) Born in the far eastern country of Eashen to a samurai family , Yae left her home to travel and hone her skills elsewhere . Touya 's group crosses paths with her during their travels , helping to fend off a group of ruffians attacking her .", "4": "Thereafter , she decides to accompany Touya on his travels . Eventually she returns to Eashen alongside his group to save her father , brother , and hometown from a provincial war within the country . Throughout these events , she falls in love with Touya . In the end , she and Elze fight Touya in a mock battle and win , requesting to become his fiances as their prize . She is Touya 's fourth fiancée . Yumina Urnea Belfast ( ユミナ・エルネア・ベルファスト , Yumina Erunea Berufasuto ) Voiced by : Marika Kōno ( Japanese ) ; Felecia Angelle ( English ) Crown Princess of Belfast and daughter of King Tristwin Ernes Belfast and Queen Yuel Ernea Belfast , Yumina meets Touya when he heals her father from an attempted poisoning . Yumina possess the null magic `` Mystic Eyes '' , an ability that comes from her Heterochormia Eyes which give her the ability to see a person 's true nature . Due to this power , upon seeing the selfless and kind aura surrounding Touya after he saves her father , she asks to be engaged to him , believing that she will never find a better candidate to be her husband . Yumina learns early of the other girls ' affections for Touya , actively encourages their feelings since polygamy is standard in her world and she desires strong wives who will love and support her husband - to - be . She possesses three magic attributes : wind , earth , and darkness . She is also proficient with bows and arrows , often choosing to fight alongside a pack of hunting wolves summoned with her darkness attribute . After visiting the Aerial Garden of Babylon , Yumina encourages the other girls to confess their feelings to Touya , leading to Elze , Linze , and Yae becoming his fiances alongside her . Later , when Touya becomes King of the Duchy of Brunhild , Yumina forms the Bride Conference , a group made up of Touya 's fiances who meet , discuss , and judge any additional women who fall for him to determine if they should become an official fiance . She is Touya 's first fiancée .", "5": "Sushie Urnea Ortlinde ( スゥシィ・エルネア・オルトリンデ , Sūshī Erunea Orutorinde ) Voiced by : Nanami Yamashita ( Japanese ) ; Sarah Wiedenheft ( English ) Daughter of the duke and duchess of Belfast and niece of the King of Belfast , Sūshī prefers for her friends to call her Sue ( スゥ , Sū ) . She meets Touya 's group early in the story when they rescue her from an attempted kidnapping , leading to her forming a crush on Touya . She also introduces Touya to her father , Duke Alfred Ernes Belfast , through whom Touya meets the King of Belfast and his daughter , Yumina . Later , to protect Sue from a political betrothal to a foreign prince suspected of pedophilia , she becomes Touya 's sixth fiancée . Leen ( リーン , Rīn ) Voiced by : Sumire Uesaka ( Japanese ) ; Monica Rial ( English ) As head of the Fairy Tribe of Mismede , Leen serves as the court mage of the Kingdom of Mismede and is capable of using six magical attributes : fire , water , earth , wind , light , and her personal null magic , ' Program ' . Over the span of 200 years , she has used ' Program ' to create an automated teddy bear named Paula who can to interact with humans , though it has yet to gain the capability to speak . She meets Touya during a diplomatic trip from Belfast , when Paula brings him to her personal chambers . Intrigued by his abilities , she asks him to become her disciple ; when Touya declines , she becomes Mismede 's ambassador to Belfast as an excuse to spend more time around him . She is the one to start Touya on the quest for finding the ancient pieces of the lost civilization of Babylon , as she wants to gain knowledge from the `` Library '' Babylon . When Touya later becomes King of the Duchy of Brunhild , Leen follows and becomes the court mage of his new kingdom .", "6": "Eventually , upon Touya 's discovery of the Library of Babylon , she asks him to marry her ; upon vetting via the Bride Conference by his other fiances , Leen becomes Touya 's eighth fiancée . Kohaku ( 琥珀 , Kohaku ) Voiced by : Yuki Kaida ( Japanese ) ; Marissa Lenti ( English ) A white tiger with black stripes who is one of the four Heavenly Beasts , Kohaku was previously known as the White Monarch . Touya summons her as the White Monarch by accident during his first practice summoning , and when she discovers his enormous magical abilities , she forms a pact with him and is renamed Kohaku ( a kanji - based wordplay meaning `` the white tiger who stands beside the king '' ) . Possessed of great physical and spiritual power , Kohaku most often takes the form of a small white tiger cub to avoid her full form drawing attention to Touya 's group , though the cuteness of her cub form often results in her being spontaneously grabbed up in hugs and cuddles from Touya 's fiances . She later assists Touya in forming pacts with the other Heavenly Beasts , revealing that she has a poor relationship with Ruli , the Azure Monarch of Dragons . Media ( edit ) Light Novels ( edit ) The series began publication as a web novel , being serialized on the Shōsetsuka ni Narō website since April 8 , 2013 . The series was later published as a light novel series by Hobby Japan 's `` HJ Novels '' label beginning on May 22 , 2015 ; nine volumes have been published as of June 22 , 2017 . The light novel features illustrations by Eiji Usatsuka . It was licensed for digital distribution in the English language by J - Novel Club , and they have since released Volumes 1 - 6 in eBook format . No . Title Japanese release English release Mahō ga Kyūshū sa reta ! ? ( 魔法が吸収された ! ? )", "7": "May 22 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861018 - 4 March 23 , 2017 Patei o Irodoru Hanayakana Josei - jin ( パテイを彩る華やかな女性陣 ) August 22 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861065 - 8 May 4 , 2017 ` Ende . Yoroshiku Pa fuyuyo ' ( エンデ. よろしくパ冬夜 ) November 21 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861117 - 4 June 14 , 2017 Teikoku o Sukuu Tame ni Shutsujin ! ( 帝国を救うためいざ出陣 ! ! ) February 20 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861172 - 3 August 11 , 2017 5 Buriyuhirudo Kōkoku Kenkoku - sai , Kaimaku ! ! ( ブリユンヒルド公国建国祭、開幕 ! ! ) May 21 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861229 - 4 October 27 , 2017 6 Sate , Koko wa Sente Hisshō ka na ( さて、ここは先手必勝かな ) August 23 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861279 - 9 January 5 , 2018 7 U wa l , Akai ne ! Warukunai ( うは l 、赤いね ! 悪くない ) November 24 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861329 - 1 March 8 , 2018 8 Yōkoso Babiron Wārudo e !", "8": "( ようこそバビロンワールドへ ! ) March 23 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861415 - 1 - 9 Tsuini hito - gata no fureizu tōjō ! ( ついに人型のフレイズ登場 ! ) June 22 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861471 - 7 - 10 Ano hakase okoshite hontoni ī no ( あの博士起こしてほんとにいいの ... ? ) September 22 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 79 - 861532 - 5 - Manga ( edit ) A manga adaptation by Soto began serialization in the January 2017 issue of Comp Ace ( published November 2016 ) , with the first two compiled tankōbon volumes released consecutively in June and July of 2017 and the third volume in February of 2018 . No . Release date ISBN June 24 , 2017 ISBN 9784041057698 July 24 , 2017 ISBN 9784041061008 February 26 , 2018 ISBN 9784041065471 Anime ( edit ) An anime television series adaptation directed by Takeyuki Yanase , written by Natsuko Takahashi , and animated by Production Reed was announced and aired from July 11 to September 26 , 2017 . AŌP performed the opening theme song `` Another World '' while Maaya Uchida , Yui Fukuo , Chinatsu Akatsuki , Marika Kōno , Nanami Yamashita , and Sumire Uesaka performed different versions of the ending theme song `` Junjō Emotional '' ( 純情エモーショナル , Pure Emotional ) . Crunchyroll streamed the anime . Funimation have licensed the series . No . Title Original air date `` Awakening , and Another World '' `` Mezame , Soshite i Sekai . ''", "9": "( 目覚め、そして異世界 . ) July 11 , 2017 In heaven God apologizes to Touya Mochizuki for accidentally killing him with lightning and offers to resurrect Touya into a new world . Touya accepts and asks if he can take his smartphone with him . God agrees and makes it so the phone can still connect to Earth 's internet and be recharged with magic . He also boosts Touya 's basic skills such as stamina , reflexes and memory . After awakening in the new world , Touya intervenes in a fight between twin sisters Elze and Linze Silhoueska and several thugs he easily defeats . Touya becomes a member of Elze and Linze 's guild so he can take on paid quests . Touya asks the girls to teach him to read the new world 's language and how to use magic . Touya learns there are several types of magic , and most magicians can only use one or two while a rare few like Linze can use three . Touya , however , proves capable of using every type of magic , meaning in the new world , he is considered immensely powerful . Touya then uses his smartphone to help a café owner by finding a recipe for ice cream , which becomes very popular . `` First Journey , and Samurai '' `` Hatsu Tabi , Soshite Samurai . '' ( 初旅、そしてサムライ . ) July 18 , 2017 While on a quest delivering a letter to the royal capital Touya , Elze and Linze help a samurai named Kokonoe Yae fight off several thugs and invite her to join them . Touya continues to learn as many spells as he can , including rare Null Magic which has a variety of uses . They encounter a group of Lizard men summoned by a dark magician to attack a royal carriage . After defeating the magician Touya uses Null magic to save the life of Leim , the butler of Lady Sushie Urnea Ortlinde , one of the King 's relatives . Sushie introduces Touya and his friends to her father , Duke Ortlinde .", "10": "While thanking Touya for rescuing Sushie , Touya learns that Sushie 's mother , the Duchess , was rendered blind by an illness and the only healing spell powerful enough to cure blindness comes from Null magic . Touya casts a Null healing spell on the Duchess , restoring her sight . Out of gratitude the Duke gives Touya 40 Platinum coins ( worth around 40 million yen ) and 4 royal medals , showing that Touya , Elise , Linze and Yae are under the protection of the Duke . After finally delivering the letter Yae becomes a part of their team . `` Shogi board , and Underground Ruins '' `` Shōgi ban , Soshite Chika Iseki . '' ( 将棋盤、そして地下遺跡 . ) July 25 , 2017 Touya learns there are demi - human races , such as elves and beast - men and helps a lost fox - girl named Arma find her older sister , another fox - girl named Olga . Touya buys a magician 's coat that protects magicians against magic they can use but makes them weaker against magic they ca n't use , but since Touya can use every type of magic the coat protects him from all magical attacks . Touya visits the Duke and teaches him how to play Shogi . Touya and the girls accept a quest to destroy a Dullahan near the ruins of the old capital city . With the Dullahan defeated , Touya uses a Null locating spell and finds an item of magical value hidden in a secret dungeon . After accidentally activating the item , it turns out to be the energy source for an artificial glass beast that can repair any damage done to it but they manage to destroy the energy source . The Duke suspects the beast may have been the reason the old capital was abandoned and asks Touya to aid an investigation into why the old capital city was destroyed . In the middle of the investigation the Duke learns his brother , the King , has been poisoned and is gravely ill . `` Engagement , and an Uninvited Visitor '' `` Konyaku , Soshite Oshikake . '' ( 婚約、そして押し掛け . )", "11": "August 1 , 2017 Duke Ortlinde asks Touya to cure the king . They encounter Count Balsa , an arrogant noble , who claims the poisoner is the ambassador to the Kingdom of Mismede . Touya easily cures the king and the king 's daughter , Yumina , immediately develops a crush on him . The Mismede ambassador turns out to be Olga , the fox - girl , who had sent the king poisoned wine . Touya decides to re-enact the banquet at which the king was poisoned , only this time he requests Count Balsa drink from the king 's glass . When Balsa refuses it is revealed he had poisoned the king 's glass . Olga is declared innocent and Balsa is arrested . Yumina immediately asks her father to let her marry Touya and the king agrees . Touya manages to avoid marriage by citing his and Yumina 's young age so the king decides on a 2 year engagement , after which if Touya is still not in love with Yumina the wedding will be cancelled with no hard feelings . Yumina joins Touya 's team and teaches him summoning magic . Touya manages to summon a powerful tiger spirit called the White Monarch , whom he forges a pact with and renames her Kohaku . 5 `` Slime Castle , and New Functions '' `` Suraimu Kyassuru , Soshite Shin Kinō . '' ( スライムキャッスル、そして新機能 . ) August 8 , 2017 Touya is hired to investigate a magician researching Slime Beasts , something the girls are reluctant to do since some Slimes dissolve clothing . They encounter numerous slimes and discover the magician had created a slime capable of transforming into a harem of beautiful girls before dying of old age . The girls , already angry at having their clothes dissolved , burn his castle to the ground along with all his research . Later Touya helps Yae return a lost girl to her mother by combining his Null search spell with the maps on his smartphone . Yae asks him to search for her brother and is happy to learn he is safe at her family 's dojo . She becomes embarrassed when she realizes Touya resembles her brother .", "12": "While experimenting with his smartphone and Null magic , Touya helps Linze perform a new water bomb spell . While shopping with Elze , Touya sees her admiring a dress and buys it for her , so the other girls all insist he buy them something as well . Yumina receives a letter from the royal capital informing her that Touya is to be made a Knight as thanks for finding the culprit behind the kings poisoning . 6 `` Moving , and a Dragon '' `` Hikkoshi , Soshite Doragon . '' ( 引っ越し、そしてドラゴン . ) August 15 , 2017 Touya turns down the offer of a knighthood and is given ownership of a large mansion instead . Touya asks all four girls to move in with him , which embarrasses them as they assumed the king intended the mansion to be for Touya and his future wife . They mistakenly assume this is Touya 's way of saying he will one day marry all four of them , which they are happy to agree to . Duke Ortlinde asks Touya to travel to Mismede to open a portal to allow the King to reach Mismede safely for his meeting with Mismede 's king . Touya realises one of their guards , Sir Lyon , is in love with Olga , and subtly helps him choose a gift Olga would like . A black dragon appears and burns a nearby town . Touya and his team kill the dragon with help from someone hiding in the forest . They are approached by a red dragon that apologizes for not getting there in time to help . He is surprised that a human is powerful enough to be Kohaku 's master . Kohaku tells him to tell the Azure Monarch ( presumably the dragon king ) , to keep better control of his children . Touya falls asleep and awakens later with his head in Yumina 's lap , Yumina having won in rock - paper - scissors against the others for the chance to be his pillow . 7 `` Nation of Beastmen , and an Observer '' `` Shishi jin no kuni , soshite kanshi sha . '' ( 獣人の国、そして監視者 . )", "13": "August 22 , 2017 Touya 's party arrive at Mismede 's capital and attend an audience with the king . During the audience the King asks Touya to duel with him . During the duel , the king reveals his own Null magic , `` Accel '' , that gives him enhanced speed , which Touya learns to use and by combining both `` Accel '' and `` Boost '' , defeats him . That night , Touya has an encounter with a fairy named Leen , who is more than 600 years old who then teaches Touya the `` Program '' spell , that infuses objects with pre-determined magical properties . After Touya demonstrates his own `` Program '' skill , Leen , who was impressed with Touya 's skill offers to teach him more magic , but he declines . The next day , Touya , accompained by Linze and Yumina , buys some materials to create a pistol - sword , using `` Program '' to infuse it with auto - reload and blade - extending features . Both girls ask him to create firearms for them , which he does . On their way back , Touya realizes that he is being followed and briefly separates from Linze and Yumina to confront their stalkers , who are revealed to be spies sent by the king to watch and protect Yumina . They are also the ones who secretly helped them against the dragon . At their request , Touya promises to keep it a secret from the others , while Leen decides that she is not giving up on Touya so easily . Later at night , Touya opens a portal to Belfast , allowing both kings to have their meet with each other . 8 `` Daily Life , and Onward to Eashen '' `` Hibi no kurashi , sorede īzen e . '' ( 日々の暮らし、それでイーゼンへ . ) August 29 , 2017 After returning from Mismede , Touya uses his powers to create a bicycle for himself , but when the girls and Duke Alfred show interest in it , he ends up making enough for all of them to ride . Sometime later , Touya goes to the city to buy some supplies when he finds a little girl being beaten for stealing .", "14": "After driving away the attackers , Touya invites the girl to work as a maid in his mansion , and she accepts , promising that she will not steal again . Later on , Leen appears at the mansion and asks for Touya 's help , as she needs him to open a gate to Yae 's homeland , Eashen , for her to travel there . However , Touya can not open gates to places he has not seen yet , and Leen teaches him another Null spell that allows him to access Yae 's memories of Eashen , allowing him to open a gate there . Yae then travels along with Touya and the others back to her homeland . 9 `` Oedo , and the Immortal Gem '' `` Oedo , soshite fushi no hōgyoku . '' ( オエド、そして不死の宝玉 . ) September 5 , 2017 Using Recall and Gate to go to Eashen , Touya and gang arrive and go to Yae 's house where they were told that her father and brother are fighting in a war . Using Touya 's abilities they quickly find both and Touya helps by defeating the Undead Oni Masked Soldiers . After being thanked by Tokugawa , Tsubaki comes out from the shadows and asks for help to save the Takeda 's as Kansukay had betrayed Shingen , Touya agrees with Leen following . After arriving they free 3 other generals and save Shingen who was under the control of Kansukay 's eye , which was stolen with Apports and broken , this leads to Kansukay dying . After helping the Takeda family , Baba helps Touya by using Recall and Gate to let Touya go to an island near the Ancient Ruins that Leen was looking for . 10 `` Ocean , and Vacations '' `` Umi , soshite bakansu . '' ( 海、そしてバカンス . ) September 12 , 2017 After using Gate to travel to an Island nearby the Ancient Ruins , Touya invites his friends for a day of swimming at the beach . During this Touya tries to go diving towards the Ancient Ruins but it is too far without him drowning in the process .", "15": "Kohaku then helps Touya summon Black Emperor who becomes bonded to Touya . He names them Sango ( Turtle ) and Kokuyou ( Snake ) . They help Touya reach the Ancient Ruins where they are soon met by a maid in the Garden of Babylon . 11 `` Panties , and an Aerial Garden '' `` Pantsu , soshite kūchū teien . '' ( ぱんつ、そして空中庭園 . ) September 19 , 2017 12 `` Decisions , and With My Smartphone '' `` Ketsudan , soshite sumāto fon totomoni . '' ( 決断、そしてスマートフォンとともに . ) September 26 , 2017 Touya and Gang arrive back at the mansion with Francesca . Afterwards Yumina helps Linze become one of Touya 's brides . The next morning comes with Yae and Elze also becoming Touya 's brides . With this Touya goes to the Garden where he talks to Regina Babylon the Professor who made Babylon . After this Touya seeks help with his love interests with Kami and The Goddess Of Love . Touya then returns to the mansion and tells his brides that he is not ready to marry all of them . Reception ( edit ) The series has seen considerable popularity on the Shōsetsuka ni Narō website , having been viewed over 100,000,000 times in total . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English episode titles are taken from Crunchyroll . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` コンプエース 2017 年 1 月号 '' . コンプエース . Kadokawa Corporation . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` コンプエース 2017 年 1 月号 '' . Amazon Japan . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` In Another World With My Smartphone Anime Reveals Cast , Theme Song Artists , July 11 Debut '' . Anime News Network . May 23 , 2017 .", "16": "Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Summer 2017 SimulDubs on FunimationNow ! '' . Funimation . July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` That 's me tormenting @ JoshGrelle yet again '' . Twitter.com . September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに . '' . ncode.syosetu.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` J - Novel Club Licenses In Another World With My Smartphone Novel '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに. 1 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Another World With My Smartphone : Volume 1 '' . J - Novel_Club . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに. 2 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Another World With My Smartphone : Volume 2 '' . J - Novel_Club . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに. 3 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Another World With My Smartphone : Volume 3 '' . J - Novel_Club . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに. 4 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan .", "17": "Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Another World With My Smartphone : Volume 4 '' . J - Novel_Club . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに. 5 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Another World With My Smartphone : Volume 5 '' . J - Novel_Club . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに. 6 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Another World With My Smartphone : Volume 6 '' . J - Novel_Club . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに. 7 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Another World With My Smartphone : Volume 7 '' . J - Novel_Club . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに. 8 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに. 9 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに. 10 '' . HJ Novels ( in Japanese ) . Hobby Japan . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 .", "18": "^ Jump up to : `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに. ( 1 ) '' . KADOKAWA オフィシャルサイト . Kadokawa Corporation . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに. ( 2 ) '' . KADOKAWA オフィシャルサイト . Kadokawa Corporation . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 異世界はスマートフォンとともに. ( 3 ) '' . KADOKAWA オフィシャルサイト . Kadokawa Corporation . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` In Another World With My Smartphone Light Novels Get Summer TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream New Game ! ! Season 2 , In Another World With My Smartphone Anime '' . Anime News Network . July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation to Stream Simuldub for In Another World With My Smartphone '' . Anime News Network . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harem Light Novel `` Isekai wa Smartphone to Tomoni . '' Gets TV Anime Adaptation This Summer `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Japanese ) Official Anime Website ( in Japanese ) In Another World With My Smartphone ( light novel ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Ashi Productions / Production Reed TV series Blocker Gundan 4 Machine Blaster ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Monchhichi Twins (", "19": "1980 ) Space Warrior Baldios ( 1980 -- 1981 ) GoShogun ( 1981 ) Magical Princess Minky Momo ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Special Armored Battalion Dorvack ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Dancouga -- Super Beast Machine God ( 1985 ) Machine Robo : Revenge of Cronos ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Machine Robo : Battle Hackers ( 1987 ) Ironfist Chinmi ( 1988 ) Sonic Soldier Borgman ( 1988 ) Idol Densetsu Eriko ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Time Travel Tondekeman ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Idol Angel Yokoso Yoko ( 1990 -- 1991 ) NG Knight Ramune & 40 ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Magical Angel Sweet Mint ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Jankenman ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Magical Princess Minky Momo : Hold on to Your Dreams ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Floral Magician Mary Bell ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Macross 7 ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Blue Seed ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Mega Man ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Jura Tripper ( 1995 ) H2 ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Skysurfer Strike Force ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Kaiketsu Zorro ( 1996 -- 1997 ) VS Knight Ramune & 40 Fire ( 1996 ) All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku ( 1998 ) Beast Wars II : Super Life - Form Transformers ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Cyber Team in Akihabara ( 1998 ) Super Life - Form Transformers : Beast Wars Neo ( 1999 ) Cybuster ( 1999 ) F - Zero : GP Legend ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Ultra Maniac ( 2003 ) Jūsō", "20": "Kikō Dancouga Nova ( 2007 ) Onsen Yōsei Hakone - chan ( 2015 ) Rainbow Days ( 2016 ) In Another World With My Smartphone ( 2017 ) Films Space Warrior Baldios ( 1981 ) GoShogun ( 1982 ) GoShogun : The Time Étranger ( 1985 ) Vampire Hunter D ( 1985 ) Ai City ( 1986 ) Sonic Soldier Borgman : The Final Battle ( 1989 ) Sonic Soldier Borgman : Lover 's Rain ( 1990 ) Sword for Truth ( 1990 ) Floral Magician Mary Bell : The Key of Phoenix ( co-production with Shochiku and Toho ) ( 1992 ) Floral Magician Mary Bell : Mary Bell 's Traffic Safety ( 1993 ) Floral Magician Mary Bell : Mary Bell 's Fire Prevention : What to Do When an Earthquake Occurs ( 1993 ) Beast Wars II : Lio Convoy 's Close Call !", "21": "( 1998 ) OVAs / ONAs Magical Princess Minky Momo La Ronde in my Dream ( 1985 ) Dancouga : Requiem for Victims ( 1986 ) Dancouga : Jūsenkitai Songs ( 1986 ) Violence Jack : Harem Bomber ( 1986 ) God Bless Dancouga ( 1987 ) Makyō Gaiden Ladius ( 1987 ) Magical Princess Minky Momo Hitomi no Seiza Minky Momo SONG Special ( 1987 ) Leina : Wolf Sword Legend ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Dancouga : Blazing Epilogue ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Lightning Trap - Leina & Laika ( 1990 ) NG Knight Ramune & 40 EX ( 1991 ) Jankenman Kaiju Dai Kessen ( 1992 ) Rockman : Wish Upon a Star ( 1993 ) Sonic Soldier Borgman II : New Century 2058 ( 1993 ) NG Knight Lamune & 40 DX ( 1993 ) Idol Defense Force Hummingbird ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Iria : Zeiram the Animation ( 1994 ) Macross 7 : The Galaxy Is Calling Me ! ( 1995 ) Mutant Turtles : Superman Legend ( 1996 ) Apocalypse Zero ( 1996 ) Jewel BEM Hunter Lime ( 1996 -- 1997 ) VS Knight Ramune & 40 FRESH ( 1997 ) Macross Dynamite 7 ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Knights of Ramune ( 1997 ) All Purpose Cultural Cat - Girl Nuku Nuku DASH !", "22": "( 1998 ) Ultra Maniac ( 2002 ) Futari Ecchi ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Another_World_With_My_Smartphone&oldid=822194587 '' Categories : Manga series 2017 anime television series 2013 novels 2016 novels Afterlife in fiction Anime and manga based on light novels Fantasy anime and manga Funimation Harem anime and manga J - Novel Club Production Reed Shōsetsuka ni Narō Seinen manga Tokyo Metropolitan Television shows Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Anime and manga article with malformed first and last infobox parameters Articles with Japanese - language external links Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 23 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4030984189598524193	when did the government change the retirement age	[ "2015" ]	{ "0": "Retirement age - Wikipedia Retirement age Jump to : navigation , search This article lists the statutory retirement age in different countries . In some contexts , the retirement age is the age at which a person is expected or required to cease work and is usually the age at which they may be entitled to receive superannuation or other government benefits , like a state pension . Policy makers usually consider the demography , fiscal cost of ageing , health , life expectancy , nature of profession , supply of labour force etc. while deciding the retirement age . Contents ( hide ) 1 Retirement age by country 2 Gender inequality 3 Reform 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Retirement age by country ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2015 ) Many of the countries listed in the table below are in the process of reforming the ages ( see the notes in the table for details ) . The ages in the table show when an individual retires if they retire / have retired in the year given in the table ; the trend in some countries is that in the future the age will increase gradually ( where available , explanations are given in the section on notes ) , therefore one 's year of birth determines when one has the age of retirement ( e.g. in Romania women born in January 1955 had the retirement age in January 2015 at age 60 ; those born in January 1958 will retire in January 2019 at age 61 ; those born in January 1961 will retire in January 2023 at age 62 ; those born in January 1967 will retire in January 2030 at age 63 ) . Retirement age Country Men Women Year Notes References Albania 65 60 2012 Argentina 65 60 Armenia 63 2011 Australia 65 2016 In Australia the retirement age is to be increased gradually to 67 years by July 2023 . Austria 65 60 2015 In Austria the retirement age for women is to be equalized to the retirement age for men ( 65 ) by 2033 .", "1": "Azerbaijan 62 60 2012 In Azerbaijan the retirement age for women became 60 years in 2016 . Belarus 60.5 55.5 2007 By 2022 , the age will be 63 for men and 58 for women . Bangladesh 59 2013 Belgium 65 2017 In Belgium the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 67 years by 2030 . Bosnia and Herzegovina 65 2011 Brazil 65 60 2015 This is the minimum retirement age required for all urban workers who have contributed for at least 180 months ( 15 years ) - see below . If they have contributed for at least 35 years ( for men ) or 30 years ( for women ) - or less , for teachers , for workers exposed to harmful health agents , for disablement , and for disabled people ( if proved ) - it 's possible to retire before the minimum age . Regarding to non-urban workers ( farmers , fishermen , and native Indians , among others ) and to disabled people ( if proved ) , these people are considered `` special insured '' ; thus , the minimum age is reduced in 5 years ( 60 years for men , 55 years for women ) ; this rule is only valid if these people prove they are still working under these circumstances at the moment of retirement . It 's necessary to have at least 180 months ( 15 years ) of contribution in order to retire ( in all cases cited above ) . British Virgin Islands 65 2017 Bulgaria 64y1months 61y2months 2018 In Bulgaria the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 65 years by 2029 for men and by 2037 for women . Canada 65 Further information : Pensions in Canada The standard age to begin receiving a CPP retirement pension is when one attains age 65 ( the month following the 65th birthday ) . However , one may receive a reduced CPP retirement pension as early as the month following the 60th birthday . Alternatively , one may receive an increased pension after reaching age 65 . Canada also has a pension supplement with different rules called Old Age Security ( OAS ) .", "2": "Chile 65 60 China 60 50 -- 55 2011 The retirement age in China currently is 60 for men and 55 for female civil servants and 50 for female workers . Croatia 65 61y3months 2015 By 2038 there will be an equal age for women and men set at 67 . ( Women 's age will reach 65 in 2030 and 67 in 2038 ) . Cuba 65 60 2015 The retirement age threshold was increased by 5 years in 2015 Cyprus 65 2011 Czech Republic 62y10months 58 - 62 2015 In the Czech Republic , in the year 2015 , men had the retirement age of 62years10months and women had it between 58 and 62 , depending on number of children . In Czech Republic , the retirement age is in the process of being increased , and therefore depends on year of birth ( for individuals born after 1977 it may exceed even 67 . e.g. a person born in year 1995 must be at least 70 years old . ) For women the retirement age depends on the number of raised children as well . For people born in 1975 , the retirement age will be the same ( 66y8m ) regardless of sex and number of children raised ; and this age will reach 67 for people born in 1977 . Colombia 62 57 2014 Denmark 65 2015 In Denmark , the retirement age will be increased gradually to reach 67 years by 2022 . From 2030 onwards , it will be increased a maximum of one year every five years depending on increases in average lifespan . See also : Pensions in Denmark Egypt 60 2015 Estonia 63 2016 In Estonia the retirement age is to be increased gradually to 65 years by 2026 .", "3": "After 2026 , it will be linked to the average life expectancy Finland 62 -- 68 2008 France 62 2018 In France the retirement age is to be increased gradually to 67 years by 2023 . See also : Pensions in France Georgia 65 60 2011 Germany 65y7months 2018 In Germany the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 67 years by 2029 . See also : Pensions in Germany Greece 67 2015 Hungary 63 2018 The age will be 65 by 2022 . Women with 40 years of insurance can retire at any age . Iceland 67 2007 India 60 - 65 2014 For special cases of Health and education , the retirement age is increased to 65 years . Indonesia 58 2014 Iran 60 55 2018 Ireland 66 2015 In Ireland the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 68 years by 2028 . Israel 67 62 2011 Italy 65y7months 65y7months ( employees ) 66y1month ( autonomous workers ) 2017 Employees who accumulated 2,227 weeks of work ( men ) or 2,175 weeks of work ( women ) can retire early . Retiring age will be standardised to 66 year and 7 months for both men and women from 2018 . Japan 62 2018 In Japan the retirement age is to be increased gradually to 68 years . See also : Pensions in Japan Kazakhstan 63 58 2015 From 2017 the retirement age for women is to be increased gradually and reach 63 years in 2027 South Korea 60 2016 Employers with more than 300 employees are mandatory to extend the retiring age to 60 . From 1 January 2017 , it will be mandatory for all employers nationwide .", "4": "Kyrgyzstan 63 58 2011 Latvia 62y6months 2015 The age will be 65 by 2025 . Libya 65 1980 The age is 60 if in hazardous or unhealthy occupations . Liechtenstein 64 2007 Lithuania 63y2months 61y4months 2015 In Lithuania , the retirement age will be raised to 65 for both men and women by 2026 . Luxembourg 65 2011 Macedonia 64 62 2011 Malaysia 60 2013 In Malaysia , The Congress of Unions of Employees in the Public and Civil Services ( Cuepacs ) wants the government to consider extending the retirement age for civil servants from 60 to 62 , but the government has no immediate plan to extend it as the current retirement age is deemed as sufficient . Malta 62 2015 In Malta the retirement age is to be increased gradually to 65 years by 2027 . Mexico 65 2015 Retirement age is expected to be increased in the coming years . Moldova 62 57 2015 Montenegro 65 60 2013 Morocco 65 2014 Abdelilah Benkirane increased the retirement age to 65 since 2015 . Expectations say that it will increase to 66 by 2017 . Namibia 60 2015 The early retirement age for public employees is 55 years , but will be reduced to 50 years ( in 2016 ) . Nepal 58 2007 Netherlands 68 2018 New Zealand 65 2013 Norway 67 2018 See also : Pensions in Norway The general retirement age is currently set to age 67 , however , given sufficient pension contributions it is possible to retire as early as at age 62 . The longer an individual postpones withdrawing a pension , the greater the government pension provision becomes . Oman 65 2013 The age is 60 if in hazardous or unhealthy occupations .", "5": "Pakistan 60 2007 Philippines 60 The retirement age for an employee depends on the employment contract . Upon retirement , the retired employee should be given his / her benefits according to the agreement or contract between the employer and the employee . However , if there is no existing retirement plan or agreement for the employee , he / she may retire at the age of 60 , given that he / she has served the employer for 5 years , and shall be given a retirement pay of at least half a month 's salary for every year of service ( 6 months of work given is considered as 1 whole year for the retirement pay ) . Poland 65 60 2016 Portugal 66 2014 Romania 65 60y9 months 2018 The age for women is being increased gradually . It will reach 63 by 2030 . Russia 60 55 2015 Saudi Arabia 60 2014 In Saudi Arabia , the retirement age is based on the Hijiri ( lunar ) calendar . Serbia 65 60 2011 Singapore 62 -- 65 2012 In Singapore , the Retirement Age Act ( RAA ) has been replaced by the Retirement and Re-employment Act ( RRA ) in 2012 . Under the RRA , the statutory minimum retirement age is still 62 , but employers are now required to offer re-employment to eligible employees who turn 62 , up to the age of 65 . Slovakia 62 58y3months - 62y 2015 In Slovakia the retirement age for women depends on the number of children . The retirement age will be equalized for men and women at 62 in 2017 . Slovenia 64y4months 2015 Spain 65y3months 2015 The age will be 67 by 2027 . See also : Pensions in Spain Sri Lanka 55 2014 Sweden 65 Switzerland 65 64 2017 The retirement age will be equalized for men and women at 65 in 2020 .", "6": "Taiwan 66 2015 In Taiwan the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 68 years by 2028 . Tajikistan 63 58 2011 Thailand 60 2015 Trinidad and Tobago 60 -- 65 2015 Turkmenistan 62 57 2011 Turkey 60 58 2014 In 1999 the retirement age was changed from 48 for men and 38 for women . Ukraine 60 57 2015 In Ukraine the retirement age is to be increased gradually to 60 years for women and 62 years for men - civil servants by 2021 . United Arab Emirates 65 In the United Arab Emirates the mandatory retirement age was raised from 60 to 65 in 2010 , enabling the UAE to retain its needed expat skilled work force longer for key construction projects . United Kingdom 65 2017 State pension age equalized at 65 in 2018 . Increasing to 66 by 2020 , 67 by 2028 and 68 by 2037 . See also : Pensions in the United Kingdom United States 66 2015 Main article : Pensions in the United States The earliest age workers may statutorily receive Social Security benefits and Medicare . Retirement Age in the US The age will be 67 by 2027 . Uzbekistan 60 55 2011 Venezuela 60 55 2015 Vietnam 60 55 2011 The average of statutory retirement age in the 34 countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) in 2014 was males 65 years and females 63.5 years , but the tendency all over the world is to increase the retirement age . This is also reflected by the findings that just over half the Asian investors surveyed region - wide said they agreed with raising the retirement age , with a quarter disagreeing and the remainder undecided . Gender inequality ( edit ) Men either retire later than women or at the same time . This inequality is being addressed in some countries where the retirement ages are being equalised .", "7": "Reform ( edit ) Reforms tend to be phased - in slowly when the retirement age ( or pension age ) is increased , with grandfathering ensuring a gradual change . In contrast , when the age of retirement is decreased , changes are often brought about rapidly . One such example of grandfathering are the transitional pension rules which were applied for staff aged 54 years or older , and to some extent for all staff in place , when in 2014 the retirement age of European civil servants was increased to 66 years of age . See also ( edit ) Pension Retirement Retirement in Europe Mandatory retirement History of retirement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Setting an Ideal Retirement Age ! '' . Centre for Public Policy Research ( CPPR ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Casa Judeteana de Pensii Arad '' . cjpensiiarad.ro . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Інформація про поточний пенсійний вік у різних країнах , Консультаційна компанія `` Стратегія Лайф '' ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Jubilación ordinaria o prestación por Vejez Jump up ^ `` Age Pension '' . humanservices.gov.au . ^ Jump up to : `` Etk.fi - Avain asiantuntijan työeläketietoon '' . etk.fi . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 2009 Ageing Report : Economic and budgetary projections for the EU - 27 Member States ( 2008 -- 2060 ) . Joint Report prepared by the European Commission ( DG ECFIN ) and the Economic Policy Committee ( AWG ) , ( 2 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ http://www.belta.by/infographica/view/pensionnyj-vozrast-v-belarusi-2908/ ^ Jump up to : Kłos B. , Wiek emerytalny kobiet i mężczyzn , `` infos '' , 7.02.", "8": "2008 Archived 2010 - 03 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference ban was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria por tempo de contribuição '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria por tempo de contribuição do professor '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria especial por tempo de contribuição '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria por invalidez '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria por tempo de contribuição da pessoa com deficiência '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria por idade da pessoa com deficiência '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria por idade '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retirement Age At 65 To Be Enforced In Public & Private Sectors '' . Island Sun . 17 April 2017 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.noi.bg/en/pensions/grantpensions/1854-posv13 Jump up ^ `` Canada Pension Plan Retirement Pension '' . servicecanada.gc.ca .", "9": "Jump up ^ `` Changes to the Old Age Security program '' . servicecanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` ¿ El trabajador que ha cumplido la edad de 65 años si es hombre o 60 años si es mujer , está obligado a seguir cotizando en la AFP a la cual se encuentra afiliado ? '' . dt.gob.cl . Jump up ^ `` State Council Circular on Issuing `` State Council Temporary Measures on Providing for Old , Weak , Sick , and Handicapped Cadres '' and `` State Council Temporary Measures on Workers ' Retirement , Resignation '' ( Chinese Text ) `` . Jump up ^ `` Retirement age will be pushed back '' . china.org.cn . Jump up ^ http://www.banderasnews.com/0903/nz-cubagoesgray.htm Jump up ^ http://www.etk.fi/en/the-pension-system-2/the-pension-system/international-comparison/retirement-ages/ ^ Jump up to : http://www.cssz.cz/en/pension-insurance/old-age-pension.htm Jump up ^ Part 3 of paragraph 32 of Czech law 155 / 1995 Jump up ^ Czech Social Security Administration : Old - age Pension Jump up ^ `` Pensiones - Colpensiones '' . mintrabajo.gov.co . Jump up ^ `` Adjust your savings to match your retirement expectations '' . english.pfa.dk . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark has world 's best pension system - The Local '' . thelocal.dk . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pensionikeskus '' . pensionikeskus.ee . Jump up ^ State poensions in Hungary Jump up ^ Admin . `` Retirement age of Central Govt Doctors '' . sapost.blogspot.in . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Winanti R , Anastasia ( 9 January 2014 ) . `` Indonesia Extends Retirement Age '' . The Jakarta Globe . Jakarta : BeritaSatu Media Holdings . Retrieved 10 March 2015 .", "10": "Jump up ^ https://www.knesset.gov.il/spokesman/heb/Result.asp?HodID=9453.pdf Jump up ^ `` Pensione anticipata per gli iscritti all'Assicurazione Generale Obbligatoria ( AGO ) e alla Gestione Separata '' . Jump up ^ `` Pensione di vecchiaia per gli iscritti all'Assicurazione Generale Obbligatoria AGO ( Fondo Pensioni Lavoratori Dipendenti FPLD e gestioni speciali dei lavoratori autonomi ) e alla Gestione Separata '' . Jump up ^ http://egov.kz/wps/portal/!ut/p/b0/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjc7PyChKtUvKTS3NT80r0w_Wj9KNgPM8U_cgoQ2MDEDA0MAVJ5STmpZcmpqfqRxaV6hfk5lqUOyoqAgDuJERZ/ Jump up ^ `` 한국 일보 : 오피니언 : 2016 국민 생활 이렇게 달라진다 '' . hankookilbo.com . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bitinas , Audrius ; Maccioni , Alessandro Fiori . `` Lithuanian Pension System 'S Reforms Transformations and Forecasts '' ( pdf ) . Universal Journal of Industrial and Business Management . Horizon Research Publishing . 2 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 23 . doi : 10.13189 / ujibm. 2014.020103 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Seputyte , Milda ( 9 June 2011 ) . `` Lithuania Raises Retirement Age to 65 to Help Narrow Budget Gap '' . Bloomberg . Vilnius : Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cuepacs wants government to consider retirement age from 60 to 62 -- Bernama - The Malaysian Insider '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 .", "11": "Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia 's retirement age stays at 60 - The Rakyat Post - The Rakyat Post '' . therakyatpost.com . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Dorothy ( 30 June 2013 ) . `` Bosses , workers welcome retirement at 60 '' . theSundaily . Kuala Lumpur : Sun Media Corporation Sdn . Bhd . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Pension Benefits . GIPF . Archived 2016 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 8 February 2016 Jump up ^ `` Govt probes early retirement age '' . The Namibian . namibian.com.na. 7 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ FFP . `` Pensioenrichtleeftijd naar 68 jaar '' . ffp.nl . Jump up ^ webcoordinator@msd.govt.nz. `` 65 years or older '' . workandincome.govt.nz . Jump up ^ `` Retirement pension for those born in and after 1963 - www.nav.no '' . NAV . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found '' . thepeninsulaqatar.com . Jump up ^ Philippines ( 1990 ) . Labor Code of the Philippines : as amended with implementing rules and regulations . Manila : Department of Labor and Employment . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Raquel Martins . `` Idade da reforma passa para os 66 anos em 2014 '' . PÚBLICO . Jump up ^ http://www.cjpensiiarad.ro/pensii6.php Jump up ^ `` Communists oppose government initiative to raise pension age '' . RT . 22 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Abdul Ghafour , P.K. ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` 62 to be the age of retirement '' . Arab News .", "12": "Jeddah : Saudi Research & Publishing Company . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Manpower ( 25 February 2015 ) . `` Retirement and Re-employment Act '' . Singapore : Government of Singapore . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pros and cons of extending the retirement age - Daily Mirror - Sri Lanka Latest Breaking News and Headline '' . Daily Mirror ( Sri Lanka ) . 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ https://businessinsider.com.pl/twoje-pieniadze/emerytury/jak-wyglada-wiek-emerytalny-w-europie/0f8xx61 ) Jump up ^ The National Insurance Board of Trinidad and Tobago ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ `` Emeklilik Yaşını Bekleyenler '' . sgk.gen.tr . Jump up ^ `` Рада приняла пенсионную реформу , повышающую пенсионный возраст '' . РИА Новости . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine Needs a Smaller and More Humane State -- VoxUkraine '' . voxukraine.org . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.expatinfodesk.com/news/2011/01/03/expat-retirement-age-in-uae-raised-from-60-to-65/ Jump up ^ https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/check-your-state-pension-age Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/news/proposed-new-timetable-for-state-pension-age-increases Jump up ^ http://www.ivss.gov.ve/contenido/Pension-por-Vejez Jump up ^ Scott , John ( 25 June 2014 ) . `` Aging Australians Balk at World 's Oldest Retirement Age '' . Jakarta : BeritaSatu Media Holdings . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Asians Want To See Official Retirement Ages Rise -- Manulife Survey '' . Hong Kong : The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company . 22 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 March 2015 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Catherine Blair ( 8 August 2014 ) . Securing Pension Provision : The Challenge of Reforming the Age of Entitlement . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 45397 - 6 . Jump up ^ Irene Souka ( July 2013 ) . `` Review of the Staff Regulations '' ( PDF ) . p. 12 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1248294721289676131	who plays jill bigelow in line of duty	[ "Polly Walker", "Polly Walker", "Polly Walker", "Polly Walker", "Polly Walker" ]	{ "0": "Line of Duty - wikipedia Line of Duty Jump to : navigation , search Line of Duty Genre British police drama Crime Detective fiction Thriller Created by Jed Mercurio Written by Jed Mercurio Directed by David Caffrey Douglas Mackinnon Daniel Nettheim Michael Keillor John Strickland Jed Mercurio Starring Martin Compston Vicky McClure Adrian Dunbar Craig Parkinson Neil Morrissey Keeley Hawes Maya Sondhi Theme music composer Carly Paradis Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Stephen Wright ( BBC ) Simon Heath ( World Productions ) Jed Mercurio ( Series 2 -- 4 ) Producer ( s ) Jed Mercurio ( Series 1 ) Peter Norris ( Series 2 -- 3 ) Cait Collins ( Series 4 ) Location ( s ) Birmingham ( Series 1 ) Belfast ( Series 2 -- 4 ) Cinematography Ruairi O'Brien ( Series 1 -- 2 ) Peter Robertson ( Series 3 ) Anna Valdez Hanks ( Series 4 ) Stephen Murphy ( Series 4 ) Running time 56 -- 58 minutes Production company ( s ) World Productions Distributor Content Media Release Original network BBC Two ( 2012 -- 16 ) BBC One ( 2017 -- ) Picture format 16 : 9 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital Original release 26 June 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 26 ) -- present External links BBC website Production website Line of Duty is a BBC police procedural television series created by Jed Mercurio that premiered on 26 June 2012 . It is the most popular drama series broadcast on BBC Two in the multichannel era and is a winner of the Royal Television Society Award for Best Drama Series .", "1": "Line of Duty was included in a list of the Top 50 BBC Two shows of all - time , in a list of the 80 best BBC shows of all time and was the highest ranked current series in a list of the best cop shows of all time . The first series was BBC Two 's best - performing drama series in ten years , with a consolidated audience of 4.1 million viewers . The drama was recommissioned for a second series and the first episode was broadcast on 12 February 2014 . The second series achieved widespread public and critical acclaim , and on 8 April 2014 , the BBC commissioned two more series . In an interview on 28 April 2016 , creator Jed Mercurio said that a fourth series would begin filming in the autumn . It commenced broadcast on BBC One on 26 March 2017 . A fifth series has been confirmed and will air in Spring 2019 . A sixth series has also been ordered by the BBC . In the United States , the first series was aired on Hulu in August 2012 as an exclusive series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast and characters 1.1 AC - 12 personnel 1.2 AC - 12 suspects 2 Supporting cast and characters 2.1 AC - 12 personnel 2.2 TO - 20 personnel 2.3 Armed Response personnel 2.4 Operation Trapdoor personnel 2.5 Other police personnel 2.6 Other supporting cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Inspiration 3.2 Locations 4 Series overview 5 Episodes 6 Awards and nominations 7 Censure by Ofcom 8 Home media releases 9 References 10 External links Main cast and characters ( edit ) AC - 12 personnel ( edit ) Martin Compston as Detective Sergeant Steve Arnott Arnott is a detective sergeant assigned to AC - 12 , the anti-corruption unit within Central Police . He initially served as an anti-terrorism officer , but was transferred after he refused to collude with his fellow colleagues following the shooting death of an innocent man . During series three , Arnott is accused of being a gangland informant known as The Caddy , framed for the murder of DI Lindsay Denton , and is later arrested .", "2": "He is cleared of all charges . Vicky McClure as Detective Constable Kate Fleming Fleming is originally a detective constable and an undercover specialist . A consummate professional , Kate is willing to investigate officers both within , and outside of , AC - 12 . In series two , Kate begins investigating DI Lindsay Denton . She is promoted to Sergeant at the end of series three . Kate has a son , though her ex-husband retains custody . Adrian Dunbar as Superintendent Ted Hastings Hastings , a police superintendent , is the Senior Investigating Officer of AC - 12 . He personally recruited Arnott , Fleming , and Cottan , and has a black - and - white view of the law . In series three , it is revealed that Hastings is a Freemason , which causes both Arnott and Fleming to doubt his commitment to AC - 12 . Craig Parkinson as Detective Inspector Matthew `` Dot '' Cottan ( series 1 -- 3 ) Originally a DS attached to TO - 20 , Cottan is promoted to DI and transfers to AC - 9 at the close of the Tony Gates investigation . During the Lindsey Denton investigation , he transfers to AC - 12 . Acting as Fleming and Arnott 's supervising officer , Cotton oversees numerous anti-corruption investigations , though he is later revealed to be the notorious `` Caddy '' . In series 3 , he shoots and kills Lindsay Denton , and is later shot and killed himself . AC - 12 suspects ( edit ) Lennie James as Detective Chief Inspector Anthony `` Tony '' Gates ( series 1 ) As the head of the serious crime unit TO - 20 , Tony Gates is renowned for returning the best crime figures of any unit in Central Police . It is this reputation , however , that leads AC - 12 to his team . Suspected of corruption , Gates faces an internal affairs investigation that adds further complications to his troubled home - life . Keeley Hawes as Detective Inspector Lindsay Denton ( series 2 & 3 ) Denton organises a convoy to transport a protected witness which is ambushed , resulting in the deaths of all the other police officers . As the only police survivor , Denton is arrested , charged with conspiracy to commit murder .", "3": "She attempts to convince AC - 12 of her innocence and regain her reputation , but eventually receives a life sentence . In series 3 , Denton is granted an appeal , and is acquitted on the basis of an improper sexual relationship Arnott had with her while she was being investigated . She discovers crucial evidence pertaining to the Danny Waldron murder investigation and historical child sex abuse , but after refusing to accept a bribe to conceal that evidence , she is murdered by `` The Caddy '' , a corrupt officer . Daniel Mays as Sergeant Danny Waldron ( series 3 ) Danny and his armed response unit are investigated by AC - 12 , as a matter of routine , following the shooting of a suspect during an operation . When Arnott and Fleming discover the shooting may not have been lawful , a deeper investigation is initiated . Danny is shot and killed by a colleague , and his death results in the opening of an investigation into historic child sex abuse , as well as leading to the unmasking of `` The Caddy '' . Thandie Newton as Detective Chief Inspector Roseanne `` Roz '' Huntley ( series 4 ) Huntley is the senior investigating pfficer of Operation Trapdoor and at the centre of an AC - 12 investigation for mishandling evidence . Supporting cast and characters ( edit ) AC - 12 personnel ( edit ) Jessica Raine as Detective Constable Georgia Trotman ( series 2 ) Assigned to AC - 12 following a stint as a patrol officer , Trotman is briefly partnered with Steve Arnott during the initial stages of the Lindsay Denton investigation before being pushed out of a hospital window and killed . Polly Walker as Gill Biggeloe ( series 3 ) Following the Lindsay Denton investigation , Biggeloe -- a Police and Crime Commissioner legal counsellor -- is assigned to AC - 12 in order to ensure its credibility is maintained . However , her presence is disliked by Hastings and Arnott , and numerous conversations imply a `` politicisation '' of the department by the Police Crime Commissioner . She later tenders her resignation at the end of Series 3 . Maya Sondhi as Police Constable Maneet Bindra ( series 3 & 4 ) Maneet is first seen during the Danny Waldron investigation and later handing sensitive material to ACC Derek Hilton during Series 4 .", "4": "Royce Pierreson as Detective Constable Jamie Desford ( series 4 ) Jamie is first seen during the Roz Huntley investigation . TO - 20 personnel ( edit ) Neil Morrissey as DC Nigel Morton ( series 1 -- 3 ) Claire Keelan as DS Leah Janson ( series 1 ) Nigel Boyle as DI , later DCI , Ian Buckells ( series 1 & 4 ) Faraz Ayub as DC Deepak Kapoor ( series 1 ) Armed Response personnel ( edit ) Arsher Ali as PC Harinderpal `` Hari '' Bains ( series 3 ) Leanne Best as PC Jackie Brickford ( series 3 ) Will Mellor as PC Rod Kennedy ( series 3 ) Lisa Palfrey as Insp . McAndrew ( series 3 ) Operation Trapdoor personnel ( edit ) Jason Watkins as FC Tim Ifield ( series 4 ) Claudia Jessie as DC Jodie Taylor ( series 4 ) Mark Stobbart as DS Neil Twyler ( series 4 ) Other police personnel ( edit ) Paul Higgins as Chief Supt. , later ACC , Derek Hilton ( series 1 & 4 ) Owen Teale as Chief Insp . Philip Osborne ( series 1 ) Tony Pitts as DCS Lester Hargreaves ( series 2 & 4 ) Christina Chong as DS Nicola Rogerson ( series 2 ) Mark Bonnar as DCC Mike Dryden ( series 2 ) Steve Toussaint as Chief Supt . Mallick ( series 2 ) Sacha Dhawan as DS Manish Prasad ( series 2 ) Aiysha Hart as DS Sam Railston ( series 3 & 4 ) Shaun Parkes as Chief Supt . Terry Reynolds ( series 3 ) George Costigan as Former Chief Supt .", "5": "Patrick Fairbank ( series 3 ) Other supporting cast and characters ( edit ) Gina McKee as Jackie Laverty ( series 1 ) Kate Ashfield as Jools Gates ( series 1 ) Brian McCardie as Tommy Hunter ( series 1 & 2 ) Liz White as Jo Dwyer ( series 2 ) Jonas Armstrong as Joe Nash ( series 3 ) Lee Ingleby as Nick Huntley ( series 4 ) Gaite Jansen as Hana Reznikova ( series 4 ) Scott Reid as Michael Farmer ( series 4 ) Patrick Baladi as Jimmy Lakewell ( series 4 ) Production ( edit ) Series one and two were created and written by Jed Mercurio and produced by World Productions , on behalf of BBC Two . David Caffrey and Douglas Mackinnon directed series one . Mackinnon was retained as director for series two 's first three episodes , whilst Daniel Nettheim directed series two 's last three episodes . Mercurio produced series one and acted as executive producer for series two , with Peter Norris taking over as producer for series two . Inspiration ( edit ) Although the police refused to co-operate with the programme 's producers , the production team was advised anonymously by serving officers and by retired police officers . Use was made of anonymous police blogs . Locations ( edit ) Series one was filmed in Birmingham ( including pub interiors in the Queens Arms ) and series two , three and four in Northern Ireland by BBC Northern Ireland . The name of the city is not mentioned . Maps of Birmingham appear on walls and telephone numbers use an 0121 area code , so would indicate Birmingham . The police force referred to in multiple series is the fictional East Midlands Constabulary . A photo gallery of exterior scenes from series two shows the 4th Street Station on Ormeau Avenue in Belfast . Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired DVD release date Series premiere Series finale Region 2 Region 1 5 26 June 2012 24 July 2012 3 February 2014 29 October 2013 6 12 February 2014", "6": "19 March 2014 24 March 2014 2 September 2014 6 24 March 2016 28 April 2016 2 May 2016 9 August 2016 6 26 March 2017 30 April 2017 8 May 2017 26 September 2017 Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Line of Duty episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result 2012 2012 Royal Television Society Awards Actor ( Male ) Lennie James Nominated Drama Series Line of Duty 1 Nominated Writer -- Drama Jed Mercurio Nominated 2012 Royal Television Society Midlands Awards Best Drama / Fictional Programme Line of Duty 1 Won Best Acting Performance ( Male ) Lennie James Won Best Acting Newcomer Gregory Piper Won 2012 Crime Thriller Awards The TV Dagger Line of Duty 1 Nominated 2013 2013 Broadcast Awards Best Drama Series or Serial Line of Duty 1 Nominated 2013 South Bank Sky Arts Awards TV Drama Line of Duty 1 Nominated Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best TV Drama Line of Duty 1 Nominated 2014 2014 Freesat Awards Best TV Drama Line of Duty 2 Won 2014 Crime Thriller Awards The TV Dagger Line of Duty 2 Nominated Best Actress Dagger Keeley Hawes Won Best Supporting Actress Dagger Vicky McClure Nominated BAFTA Scotland Best Actor -- Television Mark Bonnar", "7": "Nominated 2014 Royal Television Society Craft & Design Awards Best Editing -- Drama Andrew McClelland Won 2015 Writers ' Guild of Great Britain TV Drama -- Long Form Jed Mercurio Nominated 2015 Broadcast Awards Best Drama Series or Serial Line of Duty 2 Nominated International Programme Sales Line of Duty 2 Nominated Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best Drama Series Line of Duty 2 Nominated Best Drama Writer Jed Mercurio Nominated 2015 Royal Television Society Awards Best Drama Series Line of Duty 2 Won BAFTA Television Craft Awards Drama : Writer Jed Mercurio Nominated BAFTA Television Awards Leading Actress Keeley Hawes Nominated Supporting Actress Vicky McClure Nominated Drama Series Line of Duty 2 Nominated 2015 South Bank Sky Arts Awards TV Drama Line of Duty 2 Nominated Royal Television Society Northern Ireland Awards Best Drama Line of Duty 2 Won 2016 TV Choice Awards Best Drama Series Line of Duty 3 Nominated BAFTA Scotland Best Director -- Television Michael Keillor Nominated Royal Television Society Northern Ireland Best Drama Line of Duty 3 Nominated 2017 Broadcast Awards Best Drama Series or Serial Line of Duty 3 Nominated Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best TV Drama Series Line of Duty 3 Nominated Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best Actress Keeley Hawes Won 2017 Royal Television Society Awards Drama Series Line of Duty 3 Nominated 2017 Royal Television Society Awards Writer -- Drama Jed", "8": "Mercurio Nominated BAFTA Television Awards Supporting Actor Daniel Mays Nominated Virgin TV 's Must - See Moment Urgent Exit Required Nominated Celtic Media Festival Best Drama Series Line of Duty 3 Won Diversity in Media Awards TV Programme of the Year Line of Duty 3 Nominated TV Moment of the Year Urgent Exit Required Nominated TV Moment of the Year DCI Roz Huntley Interview Nominated TV Choice Awards Best Drama Line of Duty 4 Nominated British Screenwriters ' Awards Best Crime Writing on Television Jed Mercurio Won Royal Television Society Northern Ireland Best Drama Line of Duty 4 Won 2018 Writers ' Guild of Great Britain TV Drama -- Long Form Jed Mercurio Pending National Television Awards Crime Drama Line of Duty 4 Pending Irish Film and Television Academy Drama Line of Duty 4 Pending Actor in a Leading Role - Drama Adrian Dunbar Pending Censure by Ofcom ( edit ) Following the complaint of one viewer , the media regulator Ofcom found the BBC had breached Rule 1.28 of the Code in 2012 . Specifically that there was a `` serious lapse '' in its duty of care for a 13 - year - old actor , Gregory Piper , who had appeared in scenes which were `` of a particularly violent nature and included sexually explicit language '' by breaching broadcasting rules requiring that `` due care must be taken over the physical and emotional welfare and the dignity of people under 18 '' . In its full report , Ofcom cited the programme 's failure to involve an independent expert , such as a child psychiatrist , to determine the actor 's intellectual and emotional capacity to participate in the controversial scenes and that programme makers had not followed the best practice advice of the BBC 's Editorial Policy Unit .", "9": "However , the regulator found that there was no actual harm , distress or anxiety caused to the child actor . Home media releases ( edit ) Online iTunes releases for Line of Duty Name Release date Ep # Additional Information Line of Duty , Series One 30 August 2013 5 The complete first series Ability to buy single episode ( s ) or whole series Rated `` Caution '' by iTunes Standard - definition versions Line of Duty , Series Two 12 February 2014 6 The complete second series Ability to buy single episode ( s ) or whole series Rated `` Caution '' by iTunes High - definition & Standard - definition version Line of Duty , Series One & Two 26 June 2012 11 The complete first and second series Ability to buy single episode ( s ) or whole series one and two Rated `` Caution '' by iTunes Standard - definition version Blinkbox releases for Line of Duty Name Release date Ep # Additional Information Line of Duty , Series One 2013 5 The complete first series Ability to buy single episode ( s ) or whole series Certificate 15 Standard - definition version Line of Duty , Series Two 2014 6 The complete second series Ability to buy single episode ( s ) or whole series Certificate 15 High - definition & Standard - definition versions BBC Store releases for Line of Duty Name Release date Line of Duty , Series One -- Three 2016 Line of Duty , Series Four 2017 DVD DVD releases for Line of Duty Name Release dates Ep # Additional Information Region 2 Line of Duty Series 1 ( DVD ) 3 February 2014 5 The two - disc box set includes all five episodes from series one , with a classification age of 15 . Running time : 300 minutes . Line of Duty Series 2 ( DVD ) 24 March 2014 6 The two - disc box set includes all six episodes from series two , with a classification age of 15 . Running time : 360 minutes .", "10": "Line of Duty Series 1&2 ( DVD ) 24 March 2014 11 The four - disc box set includes all eleven episodes from series one and two , with a classification age of 15 . Running time : 660 minutes . Blu - ray Blu - ray releases for Line of Duty Name Release dates Ep # Additional Information Region B Line of Duty : Series 1 ( Blu - ray ) 10 April 2015 5 The two - disc box set includes all five episodes from series one , with a classification age of 16 . Running time : 300 minutes . Audio : English : DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 Line of Duty : Series 2 ( Blu - ray ) 25 September 2015 6 The two - disc box set includes all six episodes from series two , with a classification age of 16 . Running time : 369 minutes . Audio : English : DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 Line of Duty : Series 3 ( Blu - ray ) 20 January 2017 6 The two - disc box set includes all six episodes from series Three , with a classification age of 16 . Running time : 390 minutes . Audio : English : DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 28 April 2016 ) . `` Line of Duty outranks Wolf Hall to take BBC2 ratings crown '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RTS Programme Awards 2015 '' . Archived from the original on 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael et all ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` The Top 50 BBC Two shows of all - time '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Tate , Gabriel ; et al. ( 2 November 2016 ) . `` The 80 Best BBC Shows of All Time '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 7 November 2016 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al.", "11": "( link ) Jump up ^ Ross , Graeme ( 12 November 2016 ) . `` The 20 Greatest TV Cop Shows of All Time '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jed Mercurio : taking aim at target culture In - depth Broadcast Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel ( 25 July 2012 ) . `` ' Line of Duty ' renewed for second series by BBC '' . DigitalSpy . Archived from the original on 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Moir , Jan ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Is Line of Duty the best cop show ever ? '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Mark ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Line of Duty set to return for third and fourth series '' . Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Express.co.uk '' . 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jefferies , Mark ( 30 April 2017 ) . `` When is Line of Duty series 5 ? Creator Jed Mercurio reveals details after gripping season finale '' . The Mirror . Archived from the original on 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` Line Of Duty : renewed for series 6 '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , June ( 24 August 2012 ) , `` The Global Network '' , Slate , archived from the original on 2 February 2013 , retrieved 28 January 2013 Jump up ^ Jed Mercurio ( 26 June 2012 ) . `` Line of Duty -- a police drama that swaps reassurance for reality '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty '' .", "12": "Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes Photo Gallery '' . BBC . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ BBC censured over violent Line of Duty scene featuring child actor Archived 27 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , The Guardian , 17 December 2012 . Accessed 27 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin Issue number 220 ( PDF ) , 17 December 2012 , pp. 5 -- 17 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 December 2012 Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty -- Series One ( iTunes ) '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty -- Series Two ( iTunes ) '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty -- Series 1&2 ( iTunes ) '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty -- Series ( Blinkbox ) '' . blinkbox Entertainment Limited . Archived from the original on 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty -- Series 2 ( Blinkbox ) '' . blinkbox Entertainment Limited . Archived from the original on 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty -- Series One ( DVD ) '' . BBC Worldwide LTD . Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty -- Series Two ( DVD ) '' . BBC Worldwide LTD . Archived from the original on 27 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty -- Series 1&2 ( DVD ) '' . BBC Worldwide LTD .", "13": "Archived from the original on 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty -- Series One ( Blu - ray ) '' . BBC Worldwide LTD . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty -- Series Two ( Blu - ray ) '' . BBC Worldwide . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Line of Duty -- Series 3 ( Blu - ray ) '' . BBC Worldwide . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Line of Duty at BBC Programmes Line of Duty at Hulu Line of Duty on IMDb Line of Duty at epguides.com Line of Duty at TV.com Line of Duty , scripts at BBC TV Drama archive Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Line_of_Duty&oldid=820159561 '' Categories : 2012 British television programme debuts 2010s British drama television series BBC television dramas British crime drama television series English - language television programs Television shows set in England Thriller television series 2010s British crime television series Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 עברית 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 10 : 49 . 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-3434322761169401700	where does the paraguay river start and end	[ "from its headwaters in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso to its confluence with the Paraná River north of Corrientes and Resistencia", "Parecis plateau, Mato Grosso, Brazil", "Paraná River" ]	{ "0": "Paraguay River - wikipedia Paraguay River Jump to : navigation , search Paraguay River Rio Paraguai , Río Paraguay View of Paraguay River near Asunción Countries Paraguay , Brazil , Argentina , Bolivia Tributaries - left Rio Negro , Miranda River , Cuiabá River , Apa River , Tebicuary River - right Jauru River , Pilcomayo River , Bermejo River Source - location Parecis plateau , Mato Grosso , Brazil Mouth Paraná River - elevation 50 m ( 164 ft ) - coordinates 27 ° 18 ′ S 58 ° 38 ′ W / 27.300 ° S 58.633 ° W / - 27.300 ; - 58.633 Coordinates : 27 ° 18 ′ S 58 ° 38 ′ W / 27.300 ° S 58.633 ° W / - 27.300 ; - 58.633 Length 2,621 km ( 1,629 mi ) Basin 1,095,000 km ( 422,782 sq mi ) Discharge - average 2,700 m / s ( 95,000 cu ft / s ) Map of the Rio de la Plata Basin , showing the Paraguay River joining the Paraná River near Resistencia and Corrientes , south of Asunción . The Paraguay River ( Río Paraguay in Spanish , Rio Paraguai in Portuguese , Ysyry Paraguái in Guarani ) is a major river in south - central South America , running through Brazil , Bolivia , Paraguay and Argentina . It flows about 2,621 kilometres ( 1,629 mi ) from its headwaters in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso to its confluence with the Paraná River north of Corrientes and Resistencia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 2 Uses 3 Wetland controversy 4 Water characteristics 5 Fauna 6 See also 7 References 8 Additional references 9 External links Course ( edit ) The Paraguay 's source is south of Diamantino in the Mato Grosso state of Brazil .", "1": "It follows a generally southwesterly course , passing through the Brazilian city of Cáceres . It then turns in a generally southward direction , flowing through the Pantanal wetlands , the city of Corumbá , then running close to the Brazil - Bolivia border for a short distance in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul . From the city of Puerto Bahia Negra , Paraguay , the river forms the border between Paraguay and Brazil , flowing almost due south before the confluence with the Apa River . The Paraguay makes a long , gentle curve to the south - southeast before resuming a more south - southwesterly course , dividing the country of Paraguay into two distinct halves : the Gran Chaco region to the west , a largely uninhabited semi-arid region ; and the eastern forested departments of the country , accounting for some 98 % of the country 's inhabitants . As such the river is considered perhaps the key geographical feature of the country with which it shares its name . Some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) after flowing through the middle of Paraguay , at the confluence with the Pilcomayo River and passing the Paraguayan capital city , Asunción , the river forms the border with Argentina , flowing generally south - southwesterly for another 275 kilometres ( 171 mi ) before it reaches its end , joining with the Paraná River . Uses ( edit ) Deep water port on the River Paraguay in Asunción , Paraguay The Paraguay River is the second major river of the Rio de la Plata Basin , after the Paraná River . The Paraguay 's drainage basin , about 1,095,000 square kilometres ( 423,000 sq mi ) , covers a vast area that includes major portions of Argentina , southern Brazil , parts of Bolivia , and most of the country of Paraguay . Unlike many of the other great rivers of the Rio de la Plata Basin , the Paraguay has not been dammed for hydroelectric power generation ; for this reason it is navigable for a considerable distance , second to the Amazon River only in terms of navigable length on the continent . This makes it an important shipping and trade corridor , providing a much - needed link to the Atlantic Ocean for the otherwise landlocked nations of Paraguay and Bolivia .", "2": "It serves such important cities as Asunción and Concepción in Paraguay and Formosa in Argentina . The river also a source of commerce in the form of fishing , and provides irrigation for agriculture along its route . As such it provides a way of life for a number of poor fishermen who live along its banks and make the majority of their income selling fish in local markets , as well as supplying a major source of sustenance for their families . This has created issues in large cities such as Asunción , where poverty - stricken farmers from the country 's interior have populated the river 's banks in search of an easier lifestyle . Seasonal flooding of the river 's banks sometimes forces many thousands of displaced residents to seek temporary shelter until the waters recede from their homes . The Paraguayan military has been forced to dedicate land on one of its reserves in the capital to emergency housing for these displaced citizens . The river is a tourist attraction for its beauty . Wetland controversy ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Paraguay River is the primary waterway of the 147,629 - square - kilometre ( 57,000 sq mi ) Pantanal wetlands of southern Brazil , northern Paraguay and parts of Bolivia . The Pantanal is the world 's largest tropical wetland and is largely dependent upon waters provided by the Paraguay River . Paraguay River in the Amolar Mountains , in Corumbá , Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil . Owing to its importance as a navigable waterway serving Brazil , Argentina , and Paraguay , the river has been the focus of commercial and industrial development . In 1997 the governments of the nations of the La Plata Basin proposed a plan under the Hidrovia Inter-Governmental Commission ( CIH ) agency to develop the rivers into an industrial waterway system to help reduce the costs of exporting goods from the area , in particular the soybean crop that the area has embraced .", "3": "The plan entailed constructing more hydroelectric dams along some of the waterways , along with a massive effort to restructure the navigable waterways -- most notably the Paraguay River -- through dredging of the waterway , rock removal and channel restructuring . Studies indicated that the proposed river engineering of the Paraguay would have a devastating impact on the Pantanal wetlands . An effort by the Rios Vivos coalition to educate people on the effects of the project was successful in delaying the project , and the nations involved agreed to reformulate their plan . The final plan is still uncertain , along with the effect it will have on the Pantanal and the ecology of the entire Río de la Plata basin . The controversy over whether or not the project will have a disastrous effect on the local ecology , as well as the potential economic gains , continues to this day . Water characteristics ( edit ) The very clear waters of the Rio da Prata , part of the Paraguay River basin near Bonito , Brazil , is rich in fish , such as Brycon hilarii ( yellowish ) and Prochilodus lineatus ( dark ) The Paraguay River basin includes several distinctive habitats , ranging from very clear waters such as Rio da Prata ( pt ) near Bonito in the upper part to the sediment - rich Bermejo River in the lower part . The suspended load of the Paraguay River is about 100 milligrams per litre ( 5.8 × 10 oz / cu in ) before the inflow of Bermejo , but rises to about 600 milligrams per litre ( 0.00035 oz / cu in ) after . Directly after the inflow of Bermejo River , the pH of the Paraguay River may reach up to 8.2 . The typical pH of the Paraguay River is 5.8 -- 7.4 in the upper part ( defined as the section before the inflow of the first non-Pantanal tributary , the Apa River ) and 6.3 -- 7.9 in the lower part . The peak of the flood season in the Paraguay River ( measured at Corumbá ) is delayed 4 -- 6 months compared to the peak of the rainy season due to the slow passage of water through the Pantanal wetlands . There are significant temperature variations depending on season .", "4": "During the low water season , the water of the Paraguay River is relatively warm ( typically above 27 ° C or 81 ° F ) and clouded ( Secchi depth typically less than 32 cm or 13 in ) , but in the flood season it is colder ( typically 18 -- 26.3 ° C or 64.4 -- 79.3 ° F ) and clearer ( Secchi depth typically 26 -- 130 cm or 10 -- 51 in ) . The upper part of the Paraguay River is warmer than the lower and generally its temperature does not fall below 22.5 ° C ( 72.5 ° F ) , although some upper Paraguay tributaries may fall below this . Fauna ( edit ) A golden dorado ( foreground ) and four Brycon hilarii ( behind ) in Rio da Prata , part of the Paraguay River basin near Bonito , Brazil The Paraguay River ecoregion has high species richness with about 350 fish species , including more than 80 endemics . About 80 % of the fish species in the river are characiforms ( tetras and allies ) and siluriforms ( catfish ) . Several of these migrate up the Paraguay River to spawn , including Prochilodus lineatus and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans . Unsurprisingly many species in the river are essentially of Paraná River Basin origin , but the fauna also has a connection with two Amazonian rivers , the Guaporé and Mamoré . While flowing in different directions , the Paraguay , Guaporé and Mamoré all have their source in the same region in central South America . Among the species shared between these are the black phantom tetra , an important fish in the aquarium industry , and the golden dorado , which is important in the fishing industry . See also ( edit ) Paraguayan jaguar Tributaries of the Río de la Plata References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Río Paraguay at GEOnet Names Server ^ Jump up to : Varis , Olli ; Tortajada , Cecilia ; Biswas , Asit K. ( 2008 ) . Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes . Springer . p. 271 .", "5": "ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 74926 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Pantanal and the Upper Paraguay Basin , Paraguay river basin response to seasonal rainfall ^ Jump up to : Frutos , Poi de Neiff , and Neiff ( 2006 ) . Zooplankton of the Paraguay River : a comparison between sections and hydrological phases . Ann . Limnol . - Int. J. Lim. 42 ( 4 ) : 277 - 288 . Jump up ^ Fraser , L.H. , and P.A. Keddy ( 2005 ) . The World 's Largest Wetlands : Ecology and Conservation . p. 213 . ISBN 9780511113864 ^ Jump up to : Hales , J. , and P. Petry ( 2013 ) . Paraguay . Freshwater Ecoregions of the World . Retrieved 28 February 2013 Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2013 ) . `` Hyphessobrycon megalopterus '' in FishBase . February 2013 version . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2013 ) . `` Salminus brasiliensis '' in FishBase . February 2013 version . Jump up ^ Ziegler , M.F. ( 29 April 2013 ) . Estudo descobre 78 novas espécies de peixes no Rio Madeira . Ultimosegundo.com . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Additional references ( edit ) American University Trade and Environment data base ( 2004 ) . Itaipu Dam . American University Trade and Environment data base . ( 1999 ) . Hydrovia Canal Plan and Environment . Available online at http://www.american.edu/TED/hidrovia.htm . Bascheck , B. and Hegglin , M. ( 2004 ) . Plata / Paraná River Basin , A Case Study . Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology . Da Rosa , J.E. ( 1983 ) .", "6": "Economics , politics , and hydroelectric power : the Paraná River Basin . Latin American Research Review , VXVIII ( 3 ) , pp. 77 -- 107 . Elhance , A.P. ( 1999 ) . Hydropolitics in the 3rd World , Conflict and Cooperation in International River Basins . Washington , D.C. : United States Institute of Peace . Gleick , P.H. , ed . Water in Crisis . A Guide to the World 's Fresh Water Resources , New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 13 -- 24 . Kulshreshtha , S.N. ( 1993 ) . World Water Resources and Regional Vulnerability : Impact of Future Changes . RR - 93 - 10 , IIASA , Laxenburg , Austria . Lammers , O. , Moore , D. and Preakle , K. ( 1994 ) . Considering the Hidrovia : a preliminary report on the status of the proposed Paraguay / Parana waterway project . Working Paper 3 . Berkeley , California : International Rivers Network , July . Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database ( TFDD ) ( 2007 ) . Oregon State University . Available on - line at : http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/ United Nations . ( 1978 ) . Register of international rivers , Water Supply Management , 2 ( 1 ) . New York : Pergamon Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Río Paraguay . `` Case Study of Transboundary Dispute Resolution : the La Plata basin , '' Aaron T. Wolf and Joshua T. Newton Drainage Plan Will Devastate S. American Rivers , Groups Say National Geographic News article , July 31 , 2003 VIAF : 315526747 GND : 4358470 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguay_River&oldid=833497629 '' Categories : Paraguay River Rivers of Argentina Rivers of Mato Grosso Rivers of Mato Grosso do Sul Rivers of Paraguay Rivers of Santa Cruz Department ( Bolivia ) Landforms of", "7": "Formosa Province Brazil -- Paraguay border Argentina -- Paraguay border International rivers of South America La Plata basin Tributaries of the Paraguay River Tributaries of the Paraná River Border rivers Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar", "8": "მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 22 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3019067660651070778	who won best boy band i heart radio music awards	[ "BTS", "BTS", "BTS", "BTS" ]	{ "0": "2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards - wikipedia 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards Jump to : navigation , search 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards Date March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) Location The Forum , Inglewood Country United States Hosted by DJ Khaled and Hailey Baldwin Most awards Ed Sheeran ( 4 ) Most nominations Luis Fonsi Daddy Yankee ( 7 ) Television / radio coverage Network TBS , TNT , and truTV ← 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards The 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards were held on March 11 , 2018 at The Forum in Inglewood , California . The list of nominations was announced on January 10 , 2018 . DJ Khaled and Hailey Baldwin hosted the ceremony . TBS , TNT , and truTV broadcast the ceremony in the United States , while the red carpet was broadcast live on the network 's social media pages . Taylor Swift 's music video for her single `` Delicate '' premiered at the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Performers 2 Presenters 3 Winners & nominees 4 References Performers ( edit ) The following performed at the show : Artist ( s ) Song ( s ) Cardi B G - Eazy `` Bartier Cardi '' `` MotorSport '' `` No Limit '' `` Finesse '' `` Bodak Yellow '' Ed Sheeran `` Perfect '' ( live from Melbourne , Australia ) Camila Cabello Young Thug `` Havana '' Maroon 5 `` Wait '' Eminem Kehlani `` Nowhere Fast '' Bon Jovi `` It 's My Life '' `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' Charlie Puth `` How Long '' N.E.R.D.", "1": "`` Lemon '' Presenters ( edit ) Sean `` Diddy '' Combs and Christian Combs Shaun White Adam Devine Bebe Rexha Dustin Lynch G - Eazy Halsey Isla Fisher Jenna Dewan - Tatum Laverne Cox Marshmello Method Man Paris Hilton Rita Ora Pharrell Williams The Chainsmokers Source : Winners & nominees ( edit ) iHeartRadio presented the winners of seven categories in the seven days leading up to the Sunday telecast . Winners are highlighted in boldface . Song of the Year Female Artist of the Year `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber `` Something Just like This '' -- The Chainsmokers and Coldplay `` That 's What I Like '' -- Bruno Mars `` Wild Thoughts '' -- DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna and Bryson Tiller Taylor Swift Alessia Cara Halsey P ! nk Rihanna Male Artist of the Year Best New Artist Ed Sheeran Bruno Mars Shawn Mendes Charlie Puth The Weeknd Cardi B Niall Horan Luke Combs Christian Nodal Judah & the Lion Ozuna Khalid Best Duo / Group of the Year Album of the Year ( per genre ) Maroon 5 The Chainsmokers Imagine Dragons Migos Portugal .", "2": "The Man Pop : ÷ -- Ed Sheeran Rock : One More Light -- Linkin Park Alternative Rock : Evolve -- Imagine Dragons Country : From A Room : Volume 1 -- Chris Stapleton Dance : Memories ... Do Not Open -- The Chainsmokers Hip - Hop : Damn -- Kendrick Lamar R&B : American Teen -- Khalid Latin : El Dorado -- Shakira Best Collaboration Best New Pop Artist `` Something Just Like This '' -- The Chainsmokers and Coldplay `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber `` Do n't Wanna Know '' -- Maroon 5 featuring Kendrick Lamar `` Stay '' -- Zedd and Alessia Cara `` Wild Thoughts '' -- DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna and Bryson Tiller Niall Horan Camila Cabello Logic Julia Michaels Liam Payne Alternative Rock Song of the Year Alternative Rock Artist of the Year `` Feel It Still '' -- Portugal . The Man `` Believer '' -- Imagine Dragons `` Thunder '' -- Imagine Dragons `` Walk on Water '' -- Thirty Seconds To Mars `` Wish I Knew You '' -- The Revivalists Imagine Dragons Cage The Elephant Judah & the Lion Kings of Leon Portugal .", "3": "The Man Best New Rock / Alternative Rock Artist Rock Song of the Year Judah & the Lion Greta Van Fleet K. Flay Rag'n'Bone Man The Revivalists `` Run '' -- Foo Fighters `` Go to War '' -- Nothing More `` Help '' -- Papa Roach `` Rx ( Medicate ) '' -- Theory of a Deadman `` Song # 3 '' -- Stone Sour Rock Artist of the Year Country Song of the Year Metallica Foo Fighters Highly Suspect Papa Roach Royal Blood `` Body Like A Back Road '' -- Sam Hunt `` Dirt on My Boots '' -- Jon Pardi `` Hurricane '' -- Luke Combs `` Small Town Boy '' -- Dustin Lynch `` Unforgettable '' -- Thomas Rhett Country Artist of the Year Best New Country Artist Thomas Rhett Jason Aldean Luke Bryan Sam Hunt Blake Shelton Luke Combs Lauren Alaina Kane Brown Jon Pardi Brett Young Dance Song of the Year Dance Artist of the Year `` Stay '' -- Zedd and Alessia Cara `` It Ai n't Me '' -- Kygo and Selena Gomez `` No Promises '' -- Cheat Codes featuring Demi Lovato `` Rockabye '' -- Clean Bandit and Anne - Marie featuring Sean Paul `` Something Just Like This '' -- The Chainsmokers and Coldplay The Chainsmokers Calvin Harris Cheat Codes Kygo Zedd Hip - Hop Song of the Year Hip - Hop Artist of the Year `` Wild Thoughts '' -- DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna and Bryson Tiller `` Bad and Boujee '' -- Migos featuring Lil Uzi Vert `` Bodak Yellow '' -- Cardi B `` Humble '' -- Kendrick Lamar `` Rockstar '' -- Post Malone featuring 21 Savage Kendrick Lamar DJ Khaled Drake Future Migos Best New Hip - Hop Artist R&B Song of the Year Cardi B 21 Savage GoldLink Lil Uzi Vert Playboi Carti `` That 's What I Like '' -- Bruno Mars `` B.E.D. '' -- Jacquees `` Location '' -- Khalid `` Love Galore '' -- SZA featuring Travis Scott `` Redbone '' -- Childish Gambino", "4": "R&B Artist of the Year Best New R&B Artist Bruno Mars Khalid Childish Gambino Rihanna The Weeknd Khalid 6LACK Kehlani Kevin Ross SZA Latin Song of the Year Latin Artist of the Year ' `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee `` El Amante '' -- Nicky Jam `` Hey DJ '' -- CNCO `` Mi Gente '' -- J Balvin featuring Willy William `` Súbeme la Radio '' -- Enrique Iglesias Luis Fonsi CNCO J Balvin Nicky Jam Shakira Best New Latin Artist Regional Mexican Song of the Year Ozuna Abraham Mateo Bad Bunny Karol G Danny Ocean `` Adiós Amor '' -- Christian Nodal `` Ella Es Mi Mujer '' -- Banda Carnaval `` Las Ultras '' -- Calibre 50 `` Regresa Hermosa '' -- Gerardo Ortiz `` Siempre Te Voy A Querer '' -- Calibre 50 Regional Mexican Artist of the Year Best New Regional Mexican Artist Calibre 50 Banda Carnaval Banda Los Recoditos Banda Sinaloense MS de Sergio Lizarraga Gerardo Ortiz Christian Nodal Edwin Luna y La Trakalosa de Monterrey El Fantasma Ulices Chaidez y Sus Plebes Producer of the Year Best Lyrics Andrew Watt Benny Blanco Andrew `` Pop '' Wansel and Warren `` Oak '' Felder Steve Mac Justin Tranter `` Slow Hands '' - Niall Horan `` Bodak Yellow '' -- Cardi", "5": "B `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' -- Shawn Mendes `` Look What You Made Me Do '' -- Taylor Swift `` Perfect '' -- Ed Sheeran Best Cover Song Best Fan Army `` The Chain '' -- Harry Styles `` All We Got '' -- Shawn Mendes `` Bad Liar '' -- HAIM `` Issues '' -- Niall Horan `` Lost '' -- Khalid `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' -- Camila Cabello and Machine Gun Kelly `` Touch '' -- Ed Sheeran `` The Tribute Song '' -- Thirty Seconds To Mars BTS A.R.M.Y. - BTS Arianators - Ariana Grande Beliebers - Justin Bieber Camilizers - Camila Cabello EXO - L - EXO Harmonizers - Fifth Harmony Lovatics - Demi Lovato Mendes Army - Shawn Mendes Mixers - Little Mix Selenators - Selena Gomez Smilers - Miley Cyrus Swifties - Taylor Swift Best Music Video Social Star Award `` Sign of the Times '' - Harry Styles `` Bad Liar '' - Selena Gomez `` Bodak Yellow '' - Cardi B `` Despacito '' - Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee `` I 'm the One '' - DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo ,", "6": "Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne `` Look What You Made Me Do '' - Taylor Swift `` Malibu '' - Miley Cyrus `` New Rules '' - Dua Lipa `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran `` Sorry Not Sorry '' - Demi Lovato `` Swish Swish '' - Katy Perry featuring Nicki Minaj `` That 's What I Like '' - Bruno Mars `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' - Shawn Mendes Anitta Christian Collins dodie Andrew Huang Conor Maynard Gabbie Hanna JoJo Siwa Mariah Belgrod Max & Harvey RoomieOfficial Best Boy Band Best Solo Breakout BTS AJR CNCO In Real Life PRETTYMUCH The Vamps Why Do n't We Louis Tomlinson Camila Cabello Niall Horan Liam Payne Harry Styles Best Remix Cutest Musician 's Pet `` Reggaetón Lento '' - CNCO and Little Mix `` Bon Appétit '' - Katy Perry , Migos and 3LAU `` Despacito '' - Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber `` do re mi '' - blackbear featuring Gucci Mane `` Friends '' - Justin Bieber and BloodPop with Julia Michaels `` Havana '' - Camila Cabello and Daddy Yankee `` Homemade Dynamite '' - Lorde , Khalid , Post Malone and SZA `` May I Have This Dance '' - Francis & The Lights featuring Chance The Rapper `` Mi Gente '' - J Balvin and Willy William featuring Beyoncé Toulouse - Ariana Grande Batman - Demi Lovato Bear Rexha - Bebe Rexha Nugget - Katy Perry Olivia Benson - Taylor Swift Pig Pig - Miley Cyrus Most Thumbed - Up Song Most Thumbed - Up Artist `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Bruno Mars Best Tour Label of the Year U2 Republic Records Fangirls Award iHeartRadio Icon Award Camila Cabello Bon Jovi iHeartRadio Innovator Award Chance the Rapper References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards To Return on March 11 '' .", "7": "iHeartradio . June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Rihanna , Ed Sheeran & Bruno Mars Lead iHeartRadio Music Awards 2018 Nominees '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Cardi B , Camila Cabello and Ed Sheeran to Perform at iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi , Camila Cabello & Chance The Rapper To Be Honored At 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . Access . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Braca , Nina ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Taylor Swift to Release ' Delicate ' Music Video at iHeart Radio Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hussein , Wandera ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Eminem , Kehlani , N.E.R.D and G - Eazy Added to iHeartRadio Music Awards Performers '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem & N.E.R.D Join iHeartRadio Music Awards Performance Lineup '' . iHeartRadio . March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards : See The Full List of Nominees '' . iHeartRadio . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Katie ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` iHeartRadio Music Award Winners 2018 : Complete List '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters & Metallica Take Home iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . iHeartRadio . March 12 , 2018 .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons , Portugal . The Man & More Win iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mastrogiannis , Nicole ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` Thomas Rhett , Sam Hunt & More Take Home iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B , Chance The Rapper & More Take Home iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards Winners - Complete List ! '' . Broadway World . 12 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Fonsi Wins iHeartRadio Music Award for Latin Artist of the Year '' . iHeartRadio . ( hide ) iHeartRadio Music Awards Awards ceremonies 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_iHeartRadio_Music_Awards&oldid=835476671 '' Categories : IHeartRadio Music Awards 2018 in American music 2018 in Los Angeles 2018 music awards March 2018 events in the United States Inglewood , California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 22 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2839661864110242676	where was the statue of liberty originally built	[ "France", "Paris" ]	{ "0": "Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no .", "1": "1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 .", "2": "Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) .", "3": "According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye .", "4": "Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project .", "5": "But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building .", "6": "Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact .", "7": "He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers .", "8": "An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples .", "9": "According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it .", "10": "President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown .", "11": "Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade .", "12": "The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) .", "13": "Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events .", "14": "As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons .", "15": "A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 .", "16": "President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote .", "17": "A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark .", "18": "Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since .", "19": "That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear .", "20": "The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward .", "21": "In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years .", "22": "In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced .", "23": "Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade .", "24": "On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue .", "25": "The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour .", "26": "Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S.", "27": "Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide .", "28": "A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball .", "29": "The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl .", "30": "2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service .", "31": "Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 .", "32": "^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 .", "33": "Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 .", "34": "Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p.", "35": "19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Bartholdi 's statue until there is liberty for colored as well '' . The Cleveland Gazette . Cleveland , Ohio . November 27 , 1886 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To paint Miss Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1906 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How shall `` Miss Liberty '' 's toilet be made ? `` . The New York Times . July 29 , 1906 . pp. SM2 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p.", "36": "202 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ `` Honorees '' . Lapride.org . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Feminist Chronicles , 1953 -- 1993 -- 1970 -- Feminist Majority Foundation '' . Feminist.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac and Book of Facts , p. 996 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Daw , Jocelyne ( March 2006 ) . Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 .", "37": "Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times .", "38": "Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service .", "39": "Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 .", "40": "^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' .", "41": "Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia .", "42": "New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park ,", "43": "Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main : List of lighthouses in the United States", "44": "Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point", "45": "Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul 's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women 's Rights Erie Canalway Kate Mullany affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National Monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashores and Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National Wildlife Refuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune State parks Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe - Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil 's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W.", "46": "Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V.", "47": "Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic - Copake Falls Area Taconic - Rudd Pond Area Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuaries Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W.", "48": "Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen - Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C.", "49": "Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other ( lists ) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J.", "50": "Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt .", "51": "Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly New York Botanical Garden North and South Brother Islands Orchard Beach Pelham Bay Rodman 's Neck Playground 52 Poe Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary 's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary 's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington 's Walk Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det . Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr.", "52": "Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . Edward Byrne Powell 's Cove Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Rochdale Rockaway Community Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Tudor Udall 's Park Preserve Wayanda Staten Island Aesop Allison Pond Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Austen House Barrett Bayview Terrace Blood Root Valley Bloomingdale Blue Heron Park Preserve Blueberry Bradys Bunker Ponds Buono Beach Carlton Clove Lakes Clove 's Tail Conference House Corporal Thompson Crescent Beach Deere Eibs Pond Faber Fairview Father Macris Forest Grove Fort Hill Fort Wadsworth FDR Boardwalk and Beach Freshkills Gaeta Great Kills Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero High Rock Hoffman Island Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Ingram Woods Isle of Meadows Jones Woods Joseph Manna King Fisher Kingdom Pond Last Chance LaTourette Lemon Creek Long Pond Gen.", "53": "MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St.", "54": "Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Popular visitor attractions in New York City Times Square ( 35M ) Central Park ( 20M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 5.2 M ) High Line ( 5M ) Statue of Liberty ( 4.24 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 4M ) Empire State Building ( 4M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.67 M ) See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St .", "55": "Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. Harvey The Museum at FIT Museum of Mathematics Museum of Sex Rubin Museum of Art Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Tibet House Midtown ( 34th - 59th Sts ) Girl Scout Museum and Archives Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum Japan Society John M.", "56": "Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris -- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art See also : Museum Mile Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River", "57": "Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek West Kill Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake", "58": "Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York", "59": "Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge New Tappan Zee Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerder Kill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point LCCN : sh85127593 GND : 4122611 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=821440375 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France -- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration", "60": "to the United States Landmarks in Manhattan Liberty symbols Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Museums in Manhattan National Park Service National Monuments in New York City National personifications National symbols of the United States Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan Port of New York and New Jersey Richard Morris Hunt buildings Sculptures by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Tourist attractions in Manhattan World Heritage Sites in the United States National Park Service areas in New York City New Jersey Register of Historic Places Diplomatic gifts National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Allegorical sculptures in New York City Monuments and memorials in Manhattan Tourism in New York ( state ) Buildings and structures in Manhattan Lighthouses in New York City Transportation in Manhattan Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Structurae ID different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская", "61": "Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский", "62": "Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 13 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1403561686055024600	what language is the olympic anthem sang in	[ "Greek" ]	{ "0": "Olympic Hymn - wikipedia Olympic Hymn Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Olympic Hymn English : Olympic Anthem Official and Olympic anthem of Olympic Games and the International Olympic Committee Also known as Greek : Ολυμπιακός Ύμνος French : Hymne Olympique Lyrics Kostis Palamas Music Spyridon Samaras , 1896 Adopted 1958 Audio sample The Olympic Hymn file help The Olympic Hymn ( Greek : Ολυμπιακός Ύμνος , Olympiakós Ýmnos ) , also known informally as the Olympic Anthem , is a choral cantata by opera composer Spyridon Samaras ( 1861 - 1917 ) , with lyrics by Greek poet Kostis Palamas . Both poet and composer were the choice of the Greek Demetrius Vikelas , who was the first President of the International Olympic Committee . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lyrics 3 Languages in which anthem was performed 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the first edition at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . In the following years , every hosting nation commissioned to various musicians the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the games . The anthem by Samaras and Palamas was declared the official Olympic Anthem by the International Olympic Committee in 1958 at the 54th Session of the IOC in Tokyo , Japan . Since 1960 , it has been played at each Olympic Games : during the opening ceremony when the Olympic flag is hoisted , and during the closing ceremony when the Olympic flag is lowered .", "1": "Lyrics ( edit ) Original Greek Transliterated into Latin alphabet Αρχαίο Πνεύμα αθάνατο , αγνέ πατέρα του ωραίου , του μεγάλου και του αληθινού , Κατέβα , φανερώσου κι άστραψε εδώ πέρα στη δόξα της δικής σου γης και τ ' ουρανού . Στο δρόμο και στο πάλεμα και στο λιθάρι Στων ευγενών αγώνων λάμψε την ορμή Και με το αμάραντο στεφάνωσε κλωνάρι και σιδερένιο πλάσε και άξιο το κορμί . ( δις ) Κάμποι , βουνά και θάλασσες φέγγουνε μαζί σου σαν ένας λευκοπόρφυρος μέγας ναός . Και τρέχει στο ναό εδώ προσκυνητής σου ( δις ) Αρχαίο Πνεύμα αθάνατο , κάθε λαός .", "2": "( δις ) Arkhéo Pnévma athánato , aghné patéra tou oréou , tou meghálou ke tou alithinoú Katéva , fanerósou ki ástrapse edhó péra sti dhóksa tis dhikís sou ghis ke t'ouranoú . Sto dhrómo ke sto pálema ke sto lithári Ston evghenón aghónon lámpse tin ormí . Ke me to amáranto stefánose klonári ke sidherénio pláse ke áksio to kormí . ( 2x ) Kámpi , vouná ke thálasses féngoune mazí sou san énas lefkopórfyros méghas naós Ke trékhi sto naó edhó proskynitís sou ( 2x ) Arkhéo Pnévma athánato , káthe laós . ( 2x ) English translation ( literal ) English translation ( free ) O Ancient immortal Spirit , pure father Of beauty , of greatness and of truth , Descend , reveal yourself and flash like lightning here , within the glory of your own earth and sky . At running and at wrestling and at throwing , Shine in the momentum of noble contests , And crown with the unfading branch And make the body worthy and ironlike . ( 2x ) Plains , mountains and seas glow with you Like a white - and - purple great temple , And hastens to the temple here - your pilgrim , ( 2x ) O Ancient immortal Spirit - every nation . ( 2x ) Immortal spirit of antiquity Father of the true , beautiful and good Descend , appear , shed over us thy light Upon this ground and under this sky Which has first witnessed thy unperishable fame Give life and animation to these noble games ! Throw wreaths of fadeless flowers to the victors In the race and in the strife Create in our breasts , hearts of steel !", "3": "In thy light , plains , mountains and seas Shine in a roseate hue and form a vast temple To which all nations throng to adore thee Oh immortal spirit of antiquity ! English sung version Olympian flame immortal Whose beacon lights our way Emblaze our hearts with the fires of hope On this momentous day As now we come across the world To share these Games of old Let all the flags of every land In brotherhood unfold Sing out each nation , voices strong Rise up in harmony All hail our brave Olympians With strains of victory Olympic light burn on and on O'er seas and mountains and plains Unite , inspire , bring honor To these ascending games May valor reign victorious Along the path of golden way As tomorrow 's new champions now come forth Rising to the fervent spirit of the game Let splendour pervade each noble deed Crowned with glory and fame And let fraternity and fellowship Surround the soul of every nation Oh flame , eternal in your firmament so bright Illuminate us with your everlasting light That grace and beauty and magnificence Shine like the sun Blazing above Bestow on us your honor , truth and love Note : This version , although often performed at opening / closing ceremonies , appears to enjoy far less exposure than the original . Hence its words may be determined only by listening to performances ; correspondents will most probably disagree on the correct form . An alternate ending to the lyrics ( used at the opening ceremony of the 1984 Los Angeles games ) was `` Bestow on us the wondrous prize of honor , truth and love . '' and at the closing ceremony of the 2012 London games was to short the English lyrics to the ending . This version was sung at the 2018 Pyeongchang Olympics . French sung version Esprit antique et éternel , créateur auguste De la beauté , de la grandeur et de la vérité Descends ici , parais , brille comme l'éclair , Dans la gloire de la terre et de ton ciel .", "4": "Dans la course et la lutte et le poids Des nobles jeux éclaire l'élan , Prépare la couronne Faite de la branche immortelle , Et donne au corps la force De l'acier et la dignité . Les campagnes , les monts , Les mers brillent autour de toi , Comme un grand temple fait De pourpre et de blancheur , Et dans le temple ici accourent tous les peuples Pour se prosterner devant toi , Esprit antique et éternel . If the anthem is to be performed in English , then the English sung version is used , which has been usually in English - speaking countries . If it is to be performed in a language other than English or Greek , then the original version is translated to the language it is to be performed but in the 2008 Beijing games , Greek was also sung instead of Chinese and in the 2016 Rio de Janeiro games , English was also sung instead of Portuguese . The only Olympic games in which lyrics of the English version were used in translation were the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Donovan Seidle , associate music director during the games , arranged the anthem , translating some of the stanzas to French in recognition of the official bilingualism in Canada . Languages in which anthem was performed ( edit ) The anthem has been recorded and performed in many different languages , usually as a result of the hosting of either form of the Games in various countries . The IOC does n't require that the anthem be performed in either English or Greek . But in the 2008 Olympic opening and closing ceremonies in Beijing , China , Greek was sung instead of the host country 's official language , Mandarin . Also in the 2016 Olympic opening ceremonies in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , English was also sung instead of host country 's official language , Portuguese . Olympics City Language Performed Notes 1896 Summer Athens , Greece Greek The anthem was performed for the first time at the opening ceremony . 1960 Winter Squaw Valley , United States English This was the first time that the Olympic Hymn was performed since the Athens 1896 games .", "5": "1960 Summer Rome , Italy Italian 1964 Winter Innsbruck , Austria German 1964 Summer Tokyo , Japan Instrumental ( opening ) Japanese ( closing ) The anthem was sung in Japanese at the closing ceremony . 1968 Winter Grenoble , France French 1968 Summer Mexico City , Mexico Spanish 1972 Winter Sapporo , Japan Japanese 1972 Summer Munich , West Germany Instrumental An instrumental arrangement was used during the opening and closing ceremonies . 1976 Winter Innsbruck , Austria German and Latin 1976 Summer Montreal , Canada Greek The anthem was sung in Greek . 1980 Winter Lake Placid , United States English 1980 Summer Moscow , Soviet Union Russian ( opening ) Greek ( closing ) The anthem was sung in Russian at the opening ceremony then in Greek at the closing ceremony . 1984 Winter Sarajevo , Yugoslavia Serbo - Croatian 1984 Summer Los Angeles , United States English 1988 Winter Calgary , Canada Greek The anthem was sung in Greek . 1988 Summer Seoul , South Korea Korean 1992 Winter Albertville , France Instrumental The instrumental version of the anthem was played . 1992 Summer Barcelona , Spain Catalan / French ( opening ) Spanish , English ( closing ) At the opening ceremony , Alfredo Kraus sang the anthem 's first two stanzas in Catalan and the rest of the anthem in Spanish and French . At the closing ceremony , Plácido Domingo sang it in both Spanish and English lyrics . 1994 Winter Lillehammer , Norway Norwegian Sung at both the opening and closing ceremonies by Sissel Kyrkjebø with the Children 's chorus . 1996 Summer Atlanta , United States English Performed at the Opening Ceremony by the 300 voices of the Centennial Olympic Choir with the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and at the Closing Ceremony by Jennifer Larmore and the Morehouse College Glee Club with the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra . 1998 Winter Nagano , Japan Japanese Performed by the Nagano Festival Orchestra and sung by the Nagano City Children 's Chorus Group in Japanese .", "6": "2000 Summer Sydney , Australia Greek ( opening ) English ( closing ) These were the first Olympics until 2018 Winter Olympics in which the anthem was conducted in both languages preferred by the IOC . At the opening ceremony , performed in Greek by the Millennium Choir of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in recognition of the substantial Greek population of Australia . At closing ceremony , performed in English by Australian soprano Yvonne Kenny . 2002 Winter Salt Lake City , United States English Sung by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir at the Opening Ceremony and by Laura Garff - Lewis at the Closing Ceremony . 2004 Summer Athens , Greece Greek In Greek ; sung to the arrangement of John Psathas . 2006 Winter Turin , Italy Instrumental At these Olympics , an abbreviated version was performed at both the opening and closing ceremonies . 2008 Summer Beijing , China Greek The anthem was sung in Greek at both the opening ceremony and closing ceremony . 2010 Winter Vancouver , Canada English and French This was the only Olympics that the anthem was performed in both of the official languages of the Olympics . This was done to reflect the official bilingualism in Canada . Measha Brueggergosman at the opening ceremony and Ben Heppner at the closing ceremony sang the first two , the fourth , and sixth stanzas in English and the remainder in French . 2010 Youth Singapore Greek The anthem was sung in Greek . 2012 Youth Innsbruck , Austria Instrumental The instrumental version of the anthem was played at both opening and closing ceremonies . 2012 Summer London , United Kingdom Instrumental ( opening ) English ( closing ) Instrumental version played in the opening ceremony by the London Symphony Orchestra and the Grimethorpe Colliery Band . Sung in English at the closing ceremony by the London Welsh Male Voice Choir and the London Welsh Rugby Club choir with short lyrics . 2014 Winter Sochi , Russian Federation Russian ( opening ) Instrumental ( closing ) Sung in Russian in the same translation as in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . It performed by Anna Netrebko with the Sretensky Monastery Male Choir at the opening ceremony .", "7": "The Instrumental version which also played at the London 2012 Opening Ceremony by the London Symphony Orchestra and the Grimethorpe Colliery Band was used at the closing ceremony . 2014 Youth Nanjing , China Instrumental The Instrumental version played at the London 2012 Opening Ceremony by the London Symphony Orchestra and the Grimethorpe Colliery Band was used at both the opening and closing ceremonies . 2016 Youth Lillehammer , Norway Norwegian A choral version was sung in Norwegian at both opening and closing ceremonies using the same lyrics from the 1994 Winter Olympics 2016 Summer Rio de Janeiro , Brazil English The anthem was sung in English at both opening ceremony and closing ceremony by the More Project Youth Choir from Niteroi , a city from Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area . 2018 Winter Pyeongchang , South Korea Greek ( opening ) English ( Closing ) The first Olympics since 2000 Summer Olympics , in Sydney , Australia , and the only Winter Olympics so far in which the anthem was performed in both of the languages preferred by the IOC . It was performed in Greek by Sumi Hwang at the opening ceremony and in English by 11 year old Oh Yeon - joon at the closing ceremony . 2018 Youth Buenos Aires , Argentina Spanish ( Opening ) Greek ( Closing ) 2020 Youth Lausanne , Switzerland 2020 Summer Tokyo , Japan 2022 Winter Beijing , China 2024 Summer Paris , France 2028 Summer Los Angeles , United States See also ( edit ) Olympic symbols References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Olympic Anthem Symbolism '' ( PDF ) . LA84 Foundation . Jump up ^ Olympic Anthem Los Angeles 1984 Opening Ceremony ( video ) . ^ Jump up to : Measha Sings the Olympic Hymn. mp4 ( video ) . ^ Jump up to : Lederman , Marsha ( 17 February 2010 ) . `` More French in Closing Ceremonies , Executive Producer Says '' . The Globe and Mail . p . S1 . Jump up ^ Dave Pierce , Donovan Seidle ( 2010 ) . Sounds of Vancouver 2010 : Opening Ceremony Commemorative Album ( CD ) .", "8": "Jump up ^ Tokyo Olympiad Closing Ceremony digest ( video ) . 4 : 38 - 5 : 14 minutes in . Jump up ^ Olympische Hymne 72 Olympic anthem 1972 ( video ) . Jump up ^ Olympische Spiele München 1972 : Schlussfeier ( video ) . Jump up ^ Montreal 1976 Olympics Music - Olympic Hymn ( video ) . Jump up ^ 1980 Olympic Closing Ceremony -- Part IV Olympic Anthem & Extinguishing of the Flame ( video ) . Jump up ^ 1988 Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony Part 22 ( video ) . Jump up ^ 1988 Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony Part 23 ( video ) . Jump up ^ drapeau et flamme olympiques / Albertville ' 92 ( video ) . Jump up ^ Barcelona 1992 Opening Ceremony -- Entrance of Olympic Flag -- Olympic Anthem ( video ) . Jump up ^ Placido Domingo -- Olimpic Closing Ceremony Barcelona 1992 on YouTube Jump up ^ The Olympic Hymn ( video ) . Jump up ^ Olympic Anthem Athens 2004 ( video ) . Jump up ^ Olympic Anthem and Torino 2006 Anthem Claudio Baglioni 2006 ( video ) . Jump up ^ Olympics Beijing 2008 -- Hasteamento da bandeira olímpica -- Pequim 2008 ( video ) . Jump up ^ Opening Ceremony - London 2012 Olympic Games ( video ) . Jump up ^ London Hand Over To Rio ( Raising Of The Flags ) - Closing Ceremony London 2012 Olympics ( video ) .", "9": "Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkvUckI-WH8&t=57m48s External links ( edit ) The original score of the Olympic Hymn , transcribed at Wikisource ( hide ) Olympic symbols Olympic emblem Olympic flag Olympic flame Final torchbearers Torch relays designs Olympic Hymn Olympic mascot Olympic motto Olympic Oath Olympic Order Olympic poster Olive wreath Olympics portal Music portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_Hymn&oldid=833144529 '' Categories : Compositions by Spyridon Samaras 1896 compositions Anthems Athletic culture based on Greek antiquity Cantatas Olympic symbols Olympic theme songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from August 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 22 : 09 . 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-6081006991734955423	where did the battle of bonhomme richard take place	[ "near Flamborough Head", "near Flamborough Head" ]	{ "0": "USS Bonhomme Richard ( 1765 ) - wikipedia USS Bonhomme Richard ( 1765 ) Jump to : navigation , search For other ships with the same name , see USS Bonhomme Richard . History United States Name : Bonhomme Richard Builder : French East India Company Laid down : 1765 Launched : 1766 Acquired : 4 February 1779 In service : 4 February 1779 Out of service : 25 September 1779 Fate : Sunk General characteristics Tonnage : 998 Length : 152 ft ( 46 m ) Beam : 40 ft ( 12 m ) Draft : 19 ft ( 5.8 m ) Propulsion : Sail Complement : 380 officers and enlisted Armament : 28 × 12 - pound smoothbore 6 × 18 - pound smoothbore 8 × 9 - pound smoothbore Bonhomme Richard , formerly Duc de Duras , was a warship in the Continental Navy . She was originally an East Indiaman , a merchant ship built in France for the French East India Company in 1765 , for service between France and the Orient . She was placed at the disposal of John Paul Jones on 4 February 1779 , by King Louis XVI of France as a result of a loan to the United States by French shipping magnate , Jacques - Donatien Le Ray . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 First patrols 3 Battle of Flamborough Head 4 Search for the wreck 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origin ( edit ) Bonhomme Richard was originally an East Indiaman named Duc de Duras , a merchant ship built at Lorient according to the plan drawn up by the King 's Master Shipwright Antoine Groignard for the French East India Company in 1765 . Her design allowed her to be quickly transformed into a man - of - war in case of necessity to support the navy . She made two voyages to China , the first in 1766 and the second in 1769 .", "1": "At her return the French East India Company had been dissolved , and all its installations and ships transferred to the French Navy . As a naval ship she made a voyage to Isle de France before being sold to private shipowners in 1771 . She sailed in private service until she was purchased by King Louis XVI of France in early 1779 and placed under the command of John Paul Jones on 4 February . The size and armament of Duc de Duras made her roughly equivalent to half of a 64 - gun ship of the line . Jones renamed her Bon Homme Richard ( usually rendered in more correct French as Bonhomme Richard ) in honor of Benjamin Franklin , the American Commissioner at Paris whose Poor Richard 's Almanac was published in France under the title Les Maximes du Bonhomme Richard . First patrols ( edit ) On 19 June 1779 , Bonhomme Richard sailed from Lorient accompanied by USS Alliance , Pallas , Vengeance , and Cerf with troop transports and merchant vessels under convoy to Bordeaux and to cruise against the British in the Bay of Biscay . Forced to return to port for repair , the squadron sailed again 14 August 1779 . It went northwest around the west coast of the British Isles into the North Sea and then down the east coast . The squadron took 16 merchant vessels as prizes . Battle of Flamborough Head ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Flamborough Head Bonhomme Richard on fire On 23 September 1779 , the squadron encountered the Baltic Fleet of 41 sail under convoy of the HMS Serapis and HM hired armed vessel Countess of Scarborough near Flamborough Head . The Bonhomme Richard and Serapis entered a bitter engagement at about 6 : 00 p.m. The battle continued for the next four hours , costing the lives of nearly half of the American and British crews . British victory seemed inevitable , as the more heavily armed Serapis used its firepower to rake Bonhomme Richard with devastating effect . The commander of the Serapis finally called on Jones to surrender . He replied , `` Sir , I have not yet begun to fight ! '' Jones eventually managed to lash the ships together , nullifying his opponent 's greater maneuverability and allowing him to take advantage of the larger size and considerably more numerous crew of Bonhomme Richard .", "2": "An attempt by the Americans to board Serapis was repulsed , as was an attempt by the British to board Bonhomme Richard . Finally , after another of Jones 's ships joined the fight , the British captain was forced to surrender at about 10 : 30 p.m. The Bonhomme Richard -- shattered , on fire , leaking badly -- defied all efforts to save her and sank about 36 hours later at 11 : 00 a.m. on Saturday , 25 September 1779 . Jones sailed the captured Serapis to the Dutch United Provinces for repairs . Though the Bonhomme Richard sank after the battle , the battle 's outcome was one of the factors that convinced the French crown to back the colonies in their fight to become independent of British authority . Search for the wreck ( edit ) Bonhomme Richard 's final resting location is the subject of much speculation . A number of unsuccessful efforts have been conducted to locate the wreck . The location is presumed to be in approximately 180 feet ( 55 m ) of water off Flamborough Head , Yorkshire , a headland near where her final battle took place . The quantity of other wrecks in the area and a century of fishing trawler operations have complicated all searches . One season 's attempts to locate and retrieve the ship , or some artifacts from her , using USNS Grasp were filmed for the Discovery Channel 's Mighty Ships series in 2011 . The U.S. Navy 's mission was unsuccessful . See also ( edit ) Serapis flag References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Bonhomme Richard '' . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Le Duc de Duras . '' Archeologie & Modelisme d'Arsenal . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hill ( 1905 ) , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ LE BONHOMME - RICHARD , Échelle 1 / 48 par Pierre et Jacques Maillière , Commentaires G.D. Jump up ^ `` Grasp hunts for John Paul Jones ' ship '' . www.msc.navy.mil .", "3": "October 1 , 2011 . Sources This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Bibliography Allen , Gardner Weld ( 1913 ) . A Naval History of the American Revolution . II . Boston , New York : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 2613121 . Beach , Edward L. ( 1986 ) . The United States Navy 200 Years . New York : H. Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 044711 - 2 . OCLC 12104038 . Cooper , James Fenimore ( 1856 ) . History of the Navy of the United States of America . New York : Stringer & Townsend . OCLC 197401914 . Hill , Frederic Stanhope ( 1905 ) . Twenty - Six Historic Ships . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . OCLC 1667284 . Maclay , Edgar Stanton ; Smith , Roy Campbell ( 1898 ) ( 1893 ) . A History of the United States Navy , from 1775 to 1898 . 1 ( New ed . ) . New York : D. Appleton . OCLC 609036 . `` Navy Searches for John Paul Jones ' Ship '' . Navy News Service . 11 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Ryan , Melisa ( Fall -- Winter 2006 ) . `` Recapturing the Unsinkable Spirit of the Bonhomme Richard '' ( PDF ) . Wrack Lines Magazine . Groton : Connecticut Sea Grant . 6 ( 2 ) . ISSN 2151 - 2825 . OCLC 48206014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 07 - 07 . Smith , Roff ( August 2008 ) . `` The Ghost Ship of Filey Bay '' . National Geographic . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 6451257 .", "4": "External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Bonhomme Richard ( 1765 ) . Detailed Plank on Frame wooden model of the Bonhomme Richard Search for the Bonhomme Richard Clive Cussler recounts his elusive search for the Bonhomme Richard . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Bonhomme_Richard_(1765)&oldid=827621055 '' Categories : Ships of the Continental Navy Maritime incidents in 1779 Shipwrecks in the North Sea Sailing frigates of the United States Navy Ships built in France 1766 ships 1779 in England Protected Wrecks of England History of Yorkshire Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 19 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4718907808571954323	when does kc undercover season 3 episode 10 air	[ "November 10, 2017", "November 10, 2017" ]	{ "0": "List of K.C. Undercover episodes - Wikipedia List of K.C. Undercover episodes Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be split into articles titled K.C. Undercover ( season 1 ) , K.C. Undercover ( season 2 ) and K.C. Undercover ( season 3 ) . ( Discuss ) ( November 2017 ) K.C. Undercover is an American comedy television series created by Corinne Marshall that premiered on Disney Channel on January 18 , 2015 . The series stars Zendaya , Veronica Dunne , Kamil McFadden , Trinitee Stokes , Tammy Townsend , and Kadeem Hardison . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 - 18 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 27 January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 24 March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 24 July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "1": "viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Jon Rosenbaum Story by : Corinne Marshall Teleplay by : Rob Lotterstein and Corinne Marshall January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 3.51 Guest stars : Trevor Jackson as Lincoln , Tony Cavalero as Wally , Ashley Fink as Reena , Ashlee Fuss as Juli Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper `` My Sister from Another Mother ... Board '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein January 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) 102 3.05 K.C. tries to tell her parents that Ernie is ready to be a spy , even though he is clumsy . They then introduce them to Judy , who is a robot disguised to be a 10 year old , and tell Ernie that K.C and their parents are spies . K.C. takes Ernie on a mission and does not tell Craig or Kira to prove to them that Ernie is ready to be a spy . He crashes a van into the museum because he was parked in a loading zone and the police told him to move it , but he did not know how to drive . At the end , he becomes a spy after he reroutes the GPS of the person K.C. could not stop on the mission to their home . Guest star : Rick Hall as Agent `` Give Me a `` K '' ! Give Me a `` C '' ! ''", "2": "Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) 103 2.22 Guest stars : Mckenna Grace as Quinn , Leah Bateman as Alina `` Off the Grid '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) 106 2.76 Guest stars : Charlie Robinson as Pops , Roz Ryan as Grandma , Diane Delano as Honey , Tony Cavalero as Wally Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 5 5 `` Photo Bombed '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 104 2.60 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Marisa becomes a finalist for a contest to get a photo featured in magazines and billboards , but her photo is of K.C. After Craig tells K.C. that she should n't let Marisa enter the contest with a photo of her , K.C. tries to stop Marisa from entering the contest with a picture of her , which caused a row between them . Then Marisa takes a stand and says they should n't be friends anymore . In the end , K.C. tells Marisa that she is a spy for a secret organization that works against The Other Side . Meanwhile , Craig and Ernie make Judy do all of the chores Kira gave them . 6 6 `` How K.C. Got Her Swag Back '' Jon Rosenbaum Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 108 2.39 On messing up a mission and getting her mom in almost close danger , Kacie loses her swag and is not her normal self . She was offended when a boy said she plays like a girl and decided she would teach him how to play . As an excellent basketball player , she defeated him and was delighted to find that she got her swag back .", "3": "Guest star : Shainu Bala as Mikal Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 7 7 `` Daddy 's Little Princess '' Jon Rosenbaum Teri Schaffer & Raynelle Swilling March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 107 1.97 Guest stars : Tom Williamson as Prince Promomomo , Erron Jay as Olu Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 8 8 `` Assignment : Get That Assignment '' Kadeem Hardison Rob Lotterstein April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 118 1.54 Marisa turns in a paper report based on one of K.C. 's recent missions , not realizing that it could blow K.C. 's cover as a spy . K.C. and Marisa then try to get the paper back from her teacher , Mr. Forman . K.C. , disguised as a substitute teacher , goes into the teacher lounge , but is unsuccessful in retrieving the paper . Agent Beverly keeps calling K.C. to ask for the report and later disables her spy equipment until K.C. gives her the report . Meanwhile , Judy 's robotic friend Trudy visits , but they get into a fight over who is a better robot . Guest stars : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly , James DiGiacomo as Petey , David Shatraw as Mr. Forman , Madison Horcher as Trudy , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 9 9 `` Spy - anoia Will Destroy Ya '' Rich Correll Eileen Conn April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 105 2.58 K.C. gets mad when her English teacher gives her a B and she thinks he is a undercover spy . It turns out that K.C. is just being paranoid .", "4": "Meanwhile , Ernie finally has a girlfriend , whose name is Jolie , but when he brings her home , K.C. thinks she is an undercover spy as well . After attempting to prove it , and failing , K.C. eventually accidentally splashes some ketchup on Jolie 's shirt which causes her to lose concentration and speak Russian . Realizing she was right all along , K.C. tricks Jolie into following her to school by pretending she has hidden spy documents in her locker and is going to retrieve them . K.C. finally gets Jolie to admit she 's a Russian spy , there to obtain K.C. 's family weaknesses . After defeating her in a fight , K.C. gets Jolie to break up with Ernie . K.C also obtains a pair of earrings that are actually spy gadgets from Jolie . Special guest star : Bella Thorne as Jolie Guest star : Kurt Scholler as Mr. Enright Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 10 10 `` Double Crossed Part 1 '' Joel Zwick Jody Margolin Hahn Cat Davis & Eddie Quintana Eileen Conn May 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 29 ) 109 -- 110 2.40 K.C. has to go on an undercover mission with the Junior Spy of the Year Brett Willis . They must pretend to be a couple , though K.C. initially dislikes him . K.C. becomes jealous when Brett begins dating Marisa , who is aware that he is a spy . Later , Marisa ends their relationship . K.C. and Brett develop feelings for each other after they go undercover for a dancing competition . Craig and Kira 's 20th anniversary is coming and Kira is upset that Craig does not want a big party to celebrate . Kira receives flowers from Zane , Craig 's ex-partner , who became a double agent prior to K.C. 's birth due to jealousy that Kira did not like him . Craig allowed Zane to escape in exchange for his life . In a note to Kira , Zane informs the Coopers that he is planning revenge against them .", "5": "Later , Brett tells the family that Zane is imprisoned and that he had sent the flowers and note from a computer at the prison . Brett then calls his father , Zane , to inform him that the Coopers believed his false story regarding Zane 's imprisonment . Guest star : Ross Butler as Brett Willis 11 11 `` Double Crossed Part 2 '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein May 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 30 ) 111 1.82 K.C. starts hanging out with Brett more often , but Kira is suspicious of him . Craig thinks she is being paranoid . Brett convinces K.C. to go with him to a Beyoncé concert out of state , but he tricks K.C. and actually takes her to Zane 's barn , where she is then tied up . Zane has created a look - alike K.C. through laser cosmetic surgery . He sends the look - alike to the Cooper household to pose as the real K.C. Meanwhile , Judy becomes obsessed with a character in Ernie 's video game . Guest stars : Ross Butler as Brett Willis , Francois Chau as Zane 12 12 `` Double Crossed Part 3 '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 112 3.02 K.C. is captured by Zane and nobody knows because he created a K.C. look - alike whose name is Bernice , but Marisa is starting to realize K.C. is not the real K.C when she agrees to go to a party with Marissa . Then the K.C. look - alike locks Marisa in the barn with K.C. after Marisa realizes that the K.C. look - alike does not know that Marisa knows that K.C is a spy . However , Marisa has K.C. 's lipstick and K.C. breaks their handcuffs . K.C. then goes to the Organization to stop the K.C. look - alike and Brett . After a fight with Brett , K.C knocks him out and tells him that shes ' breaking up with him .", "6": "Meanwhile , Craig and Kira finally realize the K.C. look - alike is fake and go to the Organization , but have make a decision on who is the real K.C. when the K.C. look - alike arrives . Zane holds Ernie and Judy hostage at the Cooper house , but Craig defeats him while Kira distracts him . Guest stars : Ross Butler as Brett Willis , Francois Chau as Zane 13 13 `` Stakeout Takeout '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) 117 2.52 When K.C. is planning to go to Miami with Marisa for a vacation , Craig tells K.C. she must go on a stakeout to catch a notorious robber . During a phone call , she learned her dad lied so she could stay and she was never assigned to the case . K.C ends up not talking to Craig . Meanwhile , Ernie is mad at his dad and K.C. because they both think he 's just a computer geek . He goes to El Froyo Loco and sees the notorious robber and calls K.C. for help , but K.C. wants him to take the robber out to give him a chance to `` bake the biscuits '' and prove to his dad that he is more than just the computer guy . After the mission K.C. makes it to the beach . In a side story , Craig keeps getting mad at the takeout restaurant guy who tries to overcharge him for food he did n't want or order Guest stars : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly , Paras Patel as Delivery Guy , Daniel David Stewart as Stanley Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 14 14 `` The Neighborhood Watchdogs '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 122 1.95 Mrs. Goldfeder 's house has been robbed , so K.C. volunteers her dad to be the neighborhood watchdogs leader . However , he does n't think it 's a good idea . K.C.", "7": "then tries to sneak around and be the leader , but Craig finds out and yells at K.C. The burglar goes to Mrs. Goldfeder 's house and K.C. finds out it 's her dad . K.C. and Craig mistake a person who 's taking out the garbage for a burglar . Craig lets his teammate , Herb , use the bathroom in the Cooper house only to discover he 's the one who 's stealing everything . K.C. and Craig apologize to each other . Meanwhile , Judy is trying to get away from her friend at school who likes her and brings in her other friend Petey to pretend they 're dating , though Petey really thinks she likes him . Both of them go to El Froyo Loco and Pentatonix tries to help Judy tell Petey that she does n't like him by performing a rendition of Ariana Grande 's `` Problem '' through the credits , but he still does n't believe her . Guest stars : Pentatonix , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder , Fred Stoller as Herb , Dat Pham as Slippy Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 15 15 `` First Friend '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) 125 2.91 K.C. gets a mission at the University of Maryland to go undercover as a college student and protect the daughter of the president of the United States . K.C. ends up befriending Eliza , the president 's daughter even though she ca n't . Marisa becomes jealous and ends up lying about her name when meeting Eliza . However , Eliza finds out who K.C is and refuses to speak to her . Marisa then uses her party - finding skills to find Eliza and tell K.C.K.C goes to the party and helps protect Eliza against kidnappers after she ditches her Secret Service men , repairing their relationship . Meanwhile , Ernie reveals that he is an adventure scout and Judy wants to join .", "8": "Guest stars : McKaley Miller as Eliza , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Dat Pham as Slippy 16 16 `` Operation : Other Side , Part 1 '' Jon Rosenbaum Eileen Conn July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) 114 1.99 K.C. and Kira go undercover at a prison facility . K.C. 's disguise is a prisoner and Kira is a correctional officer . Their assignment is to find someone at the prison who is working undercover for a group of bad guys known as The Other Side . K.C. finds out it is Big Ange , a correctional officer , who offers K.C. an opportunity to join The Other Side . Kira tells K.C. that the Organization wants her to accept the offer and continue the undercover mission . K.C. continues her mission without Kira . Meanwhile , Petey keeps bothering Judy . Guest stars : Cocoa Brown as Big Ange , Vivian Marie Lamolli as Scar , James DiGiacomo as Petey Absent : Kamil McFadden as Ernie Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 17 17 `` Operation : Other Side , Part 2 '' Kimberly McCullough Rob Lotterstein July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) 115 2.17 K.C. enters the Other Side . She calls Craig and learns that her mission is to destroy a dangerous missile and recover a biological agent from the Other Side . When she has to take a hand - to - hand combat class it is revealed that Brett is her instructor . Brett helps her get to the missile and she deactivates the missile . However , the Other Side finds her and a fight ensues . When Victor , the leader of the Other Side , tries to destroy K.C. , Brett comes in and saves her and helps her escape . Judy wants Craig to buy her a dog . Craig says no because he 's more of a cat person . They reach a compromise when Craig buys Judy a robot dog named Snuggles .", "9": "Guest stars : Ross Butler as Brett Willis , Lee Reherman as Victor Absent : Kamil McFadden as Ernie Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 18 18 `` K.C. and the Vanishing Lady '' Rich Correll Cat Davis & Eddie Quintana July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) 119 2.14 Guest stars : Jonathan Schmock as Lloyd , Natalija Nogulich as Mrs. Vandervoort , Erin Matthews as Mrs. Andrews , Noah Crawford as Gabriel Absent : Veronica Dunne as Marisa Clark 19 19 `` Debutante Baller '' Jon Rosenbaum Raynelle Swilling & Teri Schaffer August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) 113 2.05 Guest stars : Telma Hopkins as Miss Holley , Reign Edwards as Kitten Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 20 20 `` K.C. 's the Man '' Rosario J. Roveto , Jr . Teri Schaffer & Raynelle Swilling August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) 127 1.89 Guest stars : Barrett Carnahan as Spencer , Dante Swain as Aaron , Sully Zack as Lorenzo 21 21 `` Runaway Robot '' Joel Zwick Rob Lotterstein September 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 07 ) 120 -- 121 2.45 Judy gets upset when she finds out she does not have a birthday . K.C. locates Judy 's creator , Simone , so they can meet each other . K.C. and Judy get into a huge argument . Judy runs away to live with her creator , but since Judy is understanding feelings she gets sad when nobody pays attention to her . Judy runs away again and gets tricked into working for The Other Side . She tries to run away from The Other Side . K.C. and Simone team up and work together to bring Judy home .", "10": "Meanwhile , Ernie and Marisa find out that they were flirting with each other when they were playing a video game . Special guest star : Raven - Symoné as Simone Guest stars : Chris Ellis as Christos , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Mike Lane as Paul Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 22 22 `` All Howl 's Eve '' Jon Rosenbaum Dava Savel October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 123 1.97 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Ernie and Judy 's mission to intercept an evil wolf serum at the Central Park Spooktacular goes a little off - track when they meet Emma Ross and Zuri Ross from Jessie . Back home , K.C. and Marisa throw a Halloween shindig of their own , with K.C. deciding to dress up as a spy in hopes of impressing River , the new boy in school but loses her expensive heart bracelet for communication with the Organization . Special guest stars : Peyton List as Emma , Skai Jackson as Zuri Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Chris O'Neal as River 23 23 `` The Get Along Vault '' Phill Lewis Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 126 2.39 Guest star : Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder 24 24 `` Enemy of the State '' Joel Zwick Eileen Conn November 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 124 2.06 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Kira is arrested by The Organization , with only 72 hours for K.C. and lawyer Maggie Summer to prove her innocence before she 's handed over to the Chinese Government for destroying a building in Hong Kong . K.C. later finds out that her lawyer is a fraud , turning out to be an ex-cohort of Kira . Meanwhile , Judy is accidentally mailed out of Washington , D.C.", "11": "Guest stars : Arden Myrin as Maggie , Patrick Cassidy as Chuck Maddox , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Michelle Noh as Real Maggie Note : Although Veronica Dunne does not appear in the episode as Marisa , she appears out of character alongside Kamil McFadden and Trinitee Stokes in a humorous public service announcement in the post-credits revolving around why you should n't send fellow siblings away in the mail . 25 25 `` ' Twas the Fight Before Christmas '' Joel Zwick Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 116 1.29 K.C. invites Craig 's father , Earl , over for the holidays , but it is discovered that they have been feuding with each other for quite a while because Earl is disappointed in Craig for not going to medical school and continuously brings up how he quit and gave up on that dream . Marisa later stops by and gives the Cooper family a gingerbread house , saying that her family really loves them ; however , Ernie finds a card and finds out the Marisa lied . Eventually , Craig has enough and kicks Earl out of the house , but Ernie hacks the airport 's computers so Earl can not leave , forcing him and Craig to attempt to make up . Meanwhile , Ernie and Kira go off on a mission , but Kira ends up being captured . After Ernie calls for help and K.C. , Craig , and Earl arrive , Craig orders Earl to remain in the car , but he later gets out and discovers that the Cooper family are spies . Craig and Earl later make up , but that does n't last long after Kira sprays Earl with the memory spray . Guest star : George Wallace as Pappa Earl 26 26 `` K.C. and Brett : The Final Chapter -- Part 1 '' David Kendall Rob Lotterstein January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) 128 2.50 Guest star : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly 27 27 `` K.C.", "12": "and Brett : The Final Chapter -- Part 2 '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 129 2.02 K.C. survives the car incident and both K.C. and Brett think they are safe from Ursula for now but they soon find out that Ursula too survived the car accident . Because The Organization has made it clear that Brett can not come back , the Cooper family is under constant threat of the Organization finding out that they are hiding Brett . K.C. and Ernie both take Brett to a Marissa 's Cabin that borders Canada so that Brett will be safe but then Ursula finds them and attacks them . While Ernie and Marissa safely evacuate , K.C and Brett try to take down Ursula . They ride away on horses and Ursula finds them and shoots Brett . K.C. injures Ursula and she rides away saying that she 'll be back for her . When K.C. goes to Brett to see if he is dead , Brett reveals that he was wearing a laser proof t - shirt . To be safe , Brett must ride to Canada and risk never seeing K.C. again . In light of recent events , the Coopers are removed from the Organization and Judy is reassigned to another spy family . Guest star : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 28 `` Coopers Reactivated ! '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) 201 -- 202 2.08 Guest stars : Chris Tavarez as Darien , James Logan as Jackal , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Jason Downs as Graham , Yetide Badaki as Penelope , Robert Michael Morris as Agent Nelson 29 `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? ''", "13": "Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 203 2.14 Guest stars : Chris Tavarez as Darien , Kara Royster as Abby 30 `` Rebel with a Cuz '' Robbie Countryman Eileen Conn March 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) 204 1.84 Guest stars : Chris Tavarez as Darien , Kara Royster as Abby , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 31 `` The Mother of All Missions '' Joel Zwick Darin Henry April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) 205 2.03 Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica Guest stars : Kara Royster as Abby , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Tyler Poelle as Agent Gibb Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 32 5 `` Accidents Will Happen '' Alfonso Ribeiro Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) 206 1.90 Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica Guest stars : Rick Fox as Richard , Kara Royster as Abby , Chris Tavarez as Darien , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Robert Gant as Jackson , Ethan Wacker as Collin 33 6 `` Brainwashed '' Joel Zwick Rob Lotterstein April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 207 1.82 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Erica and Abby force K.C. and Kira to sneak them past hotel security . Abby reveals the truth about her father . And K.C. now knows who the head of the other side is , yet she has no idea of a name or a face . In the end , men from the organization have him cornered but Abby 's father says it is not him , the organization believes him and he escapes with Erica and Abby .", "14": "Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica Guest stars : Rick Fox as Richard , Kara Royster as Abby , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Robert Gant as Jackson , Ethan Wacker as Collin Absent : Veronica Dunne as Marisa Clark , Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 34 7 `` The Truth Hurts '' Alfonso Ribeiro Vincent Brown May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 208 1.36 Guest stars : James DiGiacomo as Petey , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder , Mike McCafferty as Todd Clint Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 35 8 `` Down in the Dumps '' Gil Junger Cat Davis May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 209 1.79 Guest stars : Kevin Csolak as Adam , Nikki Castillo as Akina Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 36 9 `` Dance Like No One 's Watching '' Gil Junger Eddie Quintana May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 210 1.12 K.C. is undercover at a retirement home as a man . Her disguise name is Bernie . The target approaches the Senior Centre , speaking to his grandfather . K.C. then goes up to him and tries to hug him , using her own ways to manipulate him . K.C. then goes to meet this woman called Irma and they quickly become friends . They start to do these fun things together , including a coffee and a dance at the Olive Pit , reading magazines together , playing cards . Meanwhile , Judy tries to change Petey 's mind when he says machines are stupid . She does things such as electrocute the fridge when Petey touches it and water being sprayed at him . Petey is spooked when he sees the toaster rise and a machine chasing after him . At night , Judy comes into his bedroom with alarms and machines ringing and moving . Judy gets Petey to repeat machines are n't stupid over and over .", "15": "He then admits that machines are n't stupid . Also , K.C. and Marisa get into an argument when K.C. ca n't go to the dance to support the Food Bank because she is hanging out with Irma . Eventually , K.C. turns up to the dance . Guest stars : Florence Henderson as Irma , James DiGiacomo as Petey Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 37 10 `` The Love Jinx '' Joel Zwick Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 211 1.46 When an agent from the Other Side is arrested , Craig and Kira discover that he is the man who married them which K.C. then points out that Craig and Kira were never legally married . K.C proceeds to attempt to make them a do - over weeding . Meanwhile , she gives advice to Marissa and Ernie which messes up both of their relationships . Craig and Kira get into an argument which ends with them making up and getting re-married Guest stars : Charlie Robinson as Pops , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Nikki Castillo as Akina 38 11 `` K.C. Levels Up '' Danny Teeson Eileen Conn July 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 10 ) 212 1.24 Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder , Philip Labes as Jerk 39 12 `` Catch Him If You Can '' Eileen Conn Rob Lotterstein July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 213 1.31 Guest stars : Samm Levine as Noah , Cozi Zuehlsdorff as Pinky 40 13 `` Sup , Dawg ? '' Kadeem Hardison Eileen Conn July 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 24 ) 216 1.18 New canine spy Dexter , joins K.C.", "16": "on her next mission as she tries to stop a ring of firework smugglers . When K.C. and Dexter take a disliking to each other , K.C. is taken off the mission with Ernie taking her spot . Ernie is kidnapped by the smugglers until K.C. and Dexter come to save the day . But when K.C. is fired with a shot , Dexter takes the shot . Dexter survives . Meanwhile , Marisa gives Judy some of her old dolls but is disappointed when Judy throws them in the trash . That causes Marisa and Judy to play with the dolls together . Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 41 14 `` Tightrope of Doom '' Robbie Countryman Rob Lotterstein August 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) 219 1.88 Guest stars : Leslie Jordan as Cecil B. DeVille , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Jason Karasev as Laszlo , Jeremy Howard as Bob McCoy , Tati Gabrielle as Jackie , Daniel Browing Smith as Jeff 42 15 `` The Legend of Bad , Bad Cleo Brown '' Nzingha Stewart Raynelle Swilling & Teri Schaffer August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) 221 1.97 Guest stars : Roz Ryan as Grandma Gayle , Tom Wilson as Agent Whitman Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 43 16 `` Spy of the Year Awards '' Robbie Countryman Eddie Quintana September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) 218 1.31 Kira is excited to be nominated for an Orgi Award -- given to spies by The Organization -- for the first time in her career . She is upset to learn that K.C. has also been nominated for the same award . K.C. becomes sick with food poisoning and must stay home while her family attends the awards ceremony . Tolentinó , the son of an imprisoned criminal who was captured by one of The Organization 's spies , takes over the ceremony with help from his henchmen .", "17": "Tolentinó disables everyone 's electronic devices and intends to interrogate each spy until he locates the one who captured his father . Judy , who is still functional , sends a message to K.C. for help . K.C. recovers from her illness and has Marisa stay in an undercover van so she can guide her through the building using schematics . K.C. finds the ceremony room and rescues the audience . After Tolentinó is captured , the awards ceremony resumes , and Kira wins the nomination . Guest stars : John O'Hurley as Buck Marshall , Adam Irigoyen as Tolentinó 44 17 `` In Too Deep '' Rosario Roveto , Jr . Darin Henry September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 214 1.11 K.C. and Ernie are assigned to go undercover and join a suspicious group of environmental activists known as the Volunteens so they can learn more about them and their leader , a young woman named Keller . K.C. and Ernie 's cover is blown immediately as Keller knows they were sent to investigate her , which she allows them to do to prove that she has nothing to hide . Ernie becomes concerned that K.C. has been brainwashed into following the group 's beliefs , after she begins agreeing with Keller . Meanwhile , Craig is assigned to protect Rollin , the ambassador to Monrovia , who is also an old friend . Craig prepares several large food dishes for Rollin , but is disappointed to learn that he no longer consumes fattening meals . Rollin convinces Craig to join him at a gym , but after Craig begins using a stair climber , Kira and Judy inform him that the machine has been implanted with a bomb that will detonate if he slows down . Judy eventually disarms the bomb , which was meant for Rollin . When Ernie tells his family about his concern for K.C. , Craig tries unsuccessfully to convince him that she is simply maintaining her cover as one of Keller 's followers .", "18": "Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Alice Lee as Keller , Rafael Petardi as Rollin , Myko Olivier as Reese 45 18 `` In Too Deep , Part 2 '' Stephen Engel Jenn Lloud & Kevin Bonani September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 215 1.17 Keller assigns K.C. to kidnap Monrovian ambassador Rollin . K.C. , while wearing a mask , knocks her father unconscious and kidnaps Rollin . K.C. is surprised to learn that Rollin and Keller , after having a discussion , have decided to work together in a plot to become rich . K.C. reveals that she only kidnapped Rollin to maintain her cover as a new member of the Volunteens . When Ernie arrives , he accidentally foils K.C. 's attempt to stop Keller . K.C. and Ernie are tied up in a room with a smoke bomb while Rollin and Keller escape . Craig rescues K.C. and Ernie , and K.C. travels to an auction to stop Keller before she can bid on and obtain the Monrovian queen 's diamond ring . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Alice Lee as Keller , Rafael Petardi as Rollin Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 46 19 `` Virtual Insanity '' Chris Poulos Darin Henry October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 223 1.43 Ernie is kidnapped while he is in a virtual reality program . His kidnappers , Damon and Darci , plan to trick Ernie 's virtual self into revealing a secret code that they need . K.C. enters the virtual world , despite the fact that she will experience virtual disorientation , in which the user is briefly unable to recall details about their real life . K.C. 's mission is to stop Ernie from revealing the code and to learn where his kidnappers have taken his physical body . In the virtual world , Ernie is popular at school while K.C. enjoys make - up and dislikes studying , unlike their real - life personalities .", "19": "Damon and Darci have programmed a virtual version of Mrs. Goldfeder and Marisa to trick Ernie into revealing the code . K.C. eventually remembers her mission and real personality , and learns that Ernie was taken to a storage unit , which Damon and Darci are using as their headquarters . Ernie is rescued , and Damon and Darci are arrested . Afterward , K.C. uses the virtual reality machine to fantasize about herself spending time on a beach with Brett Willis . Guest stars : Ross Butler as Brett Willis , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder , David Hull as Damon , Natalie Lander as Darci Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 47 20 `` Undercover Mother '' Joely Fisher Cat Davis November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 222 1.36 Scholastic Accomplishments Quarterly chooses K.C. to be interviewed for their latest issue , as she is the smartest student at her school and in the Washington D.C. area . Ernie warns K.C. not to do the interview , as a precaution to protect her identity as a spy . K.C. disregards Ernie 's warning and meets with the magazine author , C.W. Barnes , who plans to follow her around for two days so he can write a detailed article about her life , making it a larger story than what she initially expected . C.W. also requests to meet her parents , who are out of town ; K.C. tells him that her father is an astronaut who is currently in space , and that her mother has a fear of leaving their house . C.W. then visits the Cooper residence , where K.C. disguises herself as her mother , Kira . To help K.C. , Marisa unexpectedly arrives at the house disguised as K.C. 's mother , unaware that K.C. is already portraying Kira . Marisa then claims to be K.C. 's other mother , before K.C. eventually zaps him unconscious with an electrical device . After Ernie and Marisa convince K.C. that she does not have to be the best at everything , she has C.W.", "20": "write instead about Alexis , the second smartest student at her school . Guest star : Noah Weisberg as C.W. Barnes Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 48 21 `` Trust No One '' Robbie Countryman Kurt Maloney November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 217 1.26 Because of the unexpected presence of enemies , K.C. is forced to abort a mission that only she and a few others knew about , which leads Agent Johnson to believe that there is a mole in The Organization who leaked out information about the mission . Johnson assigns K.C. to find the mole , and she decides to get advice from Zane to help her figure out who it could be . K.C. must memorize a code that allows her to access Zane 's secure cell at The Organization , as Johnson believes that it is too risky to write it down and leave a paper trail . Zane 's advice leads K.C. to suspect that either Marisa or one of her own family members may have leaked the information , but she eventually learns that she sleep - talks about her missions and that her room was bugged with a listening device . K.C. later discovers that Zane has escaped after someone overheard her mentioning the code in her sleep and used it to break him out . Meanwhile , Ernie donates some of Craig 's coats to a school charity sale , but later discovers that one of the coats was a $2 million spy jacket created by The Organization for missions . Ernie eventually tracks down the man who purchased the jacket and takes it from him while he is distracted listening to headphones . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Francois Chau as Zane Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 49 22 `` Holly Holly Not So Jolly '' Rosario Roveto , Jr . Rob Lotterstein December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 224 1.04 At the Cooper house , Marisa and the family are busy decorating a Christmas tree , which K.C. usually enjoys doing . However , K.C.", "21": "tells them that she needs to do some last - minute shopping for Christmas presents . Instead , K.C. actually visits The Organization 's therapist , Dr. Levinstein , as she is having anxiety over her job as a spy . Through clips from previous episodes , K.C. reminisces with Dr. Levinstein about her various past missions , including those in which she had to disguise herself as someone else . K.C. also remembers missions in which she and her family worked together as a team . When Dr. Levinstein suggests that K.C. quit her job , she realizes how much she enjoys being a spy and working with her family . K.C. returns home to spend time with her family and Marisa . Guest star : Joel Brooks as Dr. Levinstein Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 50 23 `` Collision Course '' Joel Zwick Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 225 1.30 When K.C. believes that she spotted Abby while driving in traffic , her family thinks that she is delusional and feeling guilty about killing her . However , Abby and her mother Erica are still alive and are planning to kidnap David Simmons , who created the security systems for the U.S. Treasury . They intend to gain knowledge from Simmons on how to break through the systems so they can steal money from the Treasury . When The Organization learns about The Other Side 's plan to kidnap Simmons , the Coopers are sent on a mission to locate him and keep him safe . Simmons had retired to live a life of seclusion , but Ernie discovers that he owns a biker club in West Virginia . K.C. enters the club as a biker , while her family is undercover as lost tourists . While searching the club for Simmons , K.C. spots Abby , who is also looking for him . After a motorcycle chase , K.C. runs Abby off the road and apprehends her . Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica King Guest stars : Rick Fox as Richard Martin , Kara Royster as Abby Martin , Joel Brooks as Dr.", "22": "Levinstein 51 24 `` Family Feud '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 226 1.18 After Abby is captured by The Organization , Richard and Erica kidnap K.C. 's family . Agent Johnson declines K.C. 's request to release Abby in exchange for her family members , stating that The Organization does not negotiate with criminals . K.C. breaks Abby out of prison and brings her to Richard and Erica , who tie up K.C. along with the rest of her family . Marisa realizes that K.C. needs help and figures out the location of Richard and Erica 's hideout . When Marisa arrives , Craig and Kira are surprised to learn that she knows about their spy profession . Marisa unties the Coopers so they can fight Richard , Erica and Abby , who are then captured and brought to The Organization . Despite breaking Abby out of prison , Agent Johnson allows K.C. to avoid prison time because she brought them Richard , the leader of The Other Side . While camping in a forest , Zane receives a phone call informing him that The Other Side 's leader has been captured . Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica King Guest stars : Rick Fox as Richard Martin , Kara Royster as Abby Martin , Francois Chau as Zane , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson Season 3 ( 2017 - 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Coopers on the Run '' Rosario Roveto , Jr . Robbie Countryman Rob Lotterstein July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 301 -- 302 1.24 K.C. , Marisa and the rest of the Coopers flee to a safe house in Rio de Janeiro after Zane and his men target them . After two weeks in the safe house -- a run - down apartment -- K.C. , Ernie and Marisa go into the city to contact The Organization .", "23": "While in the city , Ernie meets Zoe , a young woman from Kansas who likes him . However , K.C. is suspicious of Zoe and ends their conversation as the Coopers are not to speak to anyone because of the possibility that Zane could be tracking them . K.C. contacts The Organization and learns that Zane is unaware of their whereabouts . K.C. then signs up the family for a mission to capture Passaro Grande , a local smuggler of exotic birds . After capturing Grande , Craig , Kira and Judy take him to the local authorities while K.C. , Ernie and Marisa return to the safe house . A strong enemy agent named Sheena , who frequently talks to herself , breaks into the safe house and reveals that she was sent by Zane to kill them . After fighting K.C. and Ernie , Zoe breaks in and knocks out Sheena . Zoe reveals that she is an agent for The Organization who was assigned to protect the family . The group gets into a vehicle to head to a safe location , but K.C. must take a detour through the jungle after learning that Sheena is following them . The next day , Sheena locates the group and incapacitates Ernie , Marisa and Zoe with a small device that electrocutes them . K.C. and Sheena prepare to battle . Special guest star : China Anne McClain as Sheena Guest stars : Francois Chau as Zane , Haley Tju as Zoe 53 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' Robbie Countryman Rob Lotterstein July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 303 1.06 During battle , K.C. tosses a Brazilian jumping spider on Sheena to paralyze her . Ernie , Marisa and Zoe regain consciousness and discover that K.C. has also been paralyzed by the spider . They leave Sheena behind and carry K.C. through the jungle . Zoe eventually makes an antidote for K.C. out of jungle vegetation and snake saliva . Meanwhile , Marisa is upset that today is school picture day and she is not there to have her picture taken . Marisa wanted a yearbook picture to remember the fact that she became a high school senior despite her poor grades .", "24": "After wandering through the jungle , Craig , Kira and Judy find Sheena , who claims to be Zoe . They then find K.C. and the others . K.C. and Zoe apprehend Sheena , and Marisa and the Coopers later board a helicopter . During the flight , Zane reveals himself to be the pilot . Zane destroys the helicopter controls and parachutes out while the helicopter spirals out of control toward the ocean . Special guest star : China Anne McClain as Sheena Guest stars : Francois Chau as Zane , Haley Tju as Zoe 54 `` Out of the Water and into the Fire '' Robbie Countryman Rob Lotterstein July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) TBA 1.20 K.C. manages to land the helicopter safely in the ocean , and Marisa and the Coopers are rescued by a nearby military ship . The captain apprehends them after discovering that Judy is a robot , as he does not believe that the Coopers are spies and he has never heard of The Organization . Marisa and the Coopers escape from their cell after using Judy 's skeleton key . The Coopers return to Organization headquarters , where they discover a memorial service being held for them . The Coopers decide to keep their survival a secret to increase their chances of capturing Zane ; they recruit Kira 's parents , Othello and Gayle , so they can work together . Disguising her voice as Brett , Judy arranges to meet Zane at a laser tag facility , where K.C. and her family ambush him . After battling with real laser guns , Zane is apprehended , and K.C. declares that they no longer have to worry about The Other Side , unaware that a new enemy organization known as The Alternate has been formed . Guest stars : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly , Roz Ryan as Grandma Gayle , Charlie Robinson as Pops , Francois Chau as Zane , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , James McCauley as Captain 55 `` Web of Lies '' Robbie Countryman Darin Henry July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 305 1.48 K.C.", "25": "is upset to learn that she has received the same SAT score as Marisa : 1060 . K.C. later learns that Beverly had Craig change her SAT result because she received a perfect score . Less than one percent of the population receives a perfect score ; leaving the original score intact would draw unnecessary attention to K.C. , putting her spy career at risk . K.C. disagrees with Beverly 's decision as it will prevent her from being accepted into certain colleges . Beverly tells K.C. that The Organization wants her to remain a spy rather than go to college . K.C. drives to New York to retake her SAT test , while Ernie and Zoe team up for a mission to stop smugglers who are working in a party supplies warehouse . After completing the mission , Ernie asks Zoe to be his girlfriend , but she tells him that she has been assigned to a four - year mission in Antarctica . Ernie agrees to wait for Zoe until she concludes her mission . Meanwhile , Marisa wants K.C. to talk to The Organization about letting her become a spy . Marisa is insulted when K.C. tells her that she is not intelligent enough to be a spy . K.C. later tells Marisa that it would be better if she attended college rather than become a spy . Marisa , who does not want to attend college , becomes further upset at K.C. and decides to temporarily end their friendship . Two months later , K.C. learns that she has received a perfect SAT score . Guest stars : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly , Haley Tju as Zoe 56 5 `` Teen Drama '' Robbie Countryman David Tolentino August 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 04 ) 306 1.02 Marisa , who is still upset at K.C. for not allowing her to join The Organization , befriends a student named Brady , who says that he is part of The Organization . Brady tells Marisa that The Organization has been impressed with her for a while as she helped to capture the leader of The Other Side . Brady recruits Marisa as a spy for The Organization . Meanwhile , K.C. misses spending time with Marisa .", "26": "Ernie invites his fellow Model UN member , Monique , to the Cooper house to spend time with her , but he becomes upset at K.C. for befriending Monique and disrupting his plan to be with her . K.C. realizes that spending time with Monique is not the same as being with Marisa . Brady assigns Marisa to befriend K.C. , who he says could be providing intelligence to The Other Side . Marisa befriends K.C. again so she can learn whether she is working with The Other Side . Guest stars : Connor Weil as Brady , Chandler Kinney as Monique Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 57 6 `` K.C. Under Construction '' Eileen Conn Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) 307 1.18 K.C. is assigned to go undercover as a construction worker at a tall unfinished building , allowing her to spy on a nearby tower where a group of renegade spies are believed to be meeting so they can discuss weapons . K.C. 's male co-workers at the construction site mock her for being a female . K.C. meets a female construction worker , Crystal , who tells K.C. that the men will eventually ignore her . K.C. later learns that the renegade spy group is working on sonic brain imploders , capable of melting people 's brains . When Brady has Marisa gain knowledge about K.C. 's current mission , he warns his group that K.C. is spying on them and that she must be killed . A man is sent to the construction site to plant a brain imploder device . After a fight , K.C. takes down the man , but he says he does not know how to diffuse the imploder . Crystal has K.C. put the imploder into cement mix , which prevents it from detonating . Meanwhile , Judy gets in trouble at school after using mature logic to question a student 's belief in the tooth fairy . Ernie is tasked with teaching Judy to behave like a normal child , to help maintain her cover as a spy robot .", "27": "Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Connor Weil as Brady , Lex Medlin as Roy , Eris Baker as Diane , Tara Karsian as Crystal , Larry Poindexter as Foreman Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 58 7 `` The Storm Maker '' Robbie Countryman Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) 308 1.30 Ernie and Marisa mock K.C. , believing that she does not have a date for their final high school homecoming . On the night of the homecoming , K.C. goes on a mission to retrieve a weather - altering device known as the Storm Maker , which the remaining members of The Other Side plan to use to create man - made weather disasters . K.C. retrieves the device and hides it in her school locker , where she plans to keep it while she attends the homecoming . K.C. has Howard , a gadget inventor for The Organization , pose as her date at homecoming , telling him that it is actually practice so he can become a field agent . Marisa attends homecoming with Brady , while Ernie goes with Monique . Brady learns about the Storm Maker through Marisa after having her casually question K.C. about her latest mission . Brady , who is working for The Alternate , steals the device and places it in his locker , then deletes security footage of his theft before K.C. and Ernie can learn who took the device . Meanwhile , Craig and Judy attend a father - daughter dance at her school . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Connor Weil as Brady , Matthew Gold as Howard , Chandler Kinney as Monique Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 59 8 `` Keep on Truckin ' '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) TBA 1.20 K.C. and Craig discover that the Storm Maker device can not be powered without a rare chemical known as Dilithium .", "28": "They go undercover as workers at a truck stop restaurant so they can obtain the Dilithium from a truck that is delivering it . Meanwhile , Ernie gives Judy an emotion upgrade to increase her mental sensitivity , to help her maintain her cover as a real child . At school , Ernie overhears Brady during a phone conversation and discovers that he is an enemy agent . Brady uses memory spray to erase Ernie 's recent memory . Marisa visits the house to ask Ernie questions regarding K.C. 's latest mission . Ernie then overhears Marisa talking to Brady on a cellular phone , and learns that she is a spy . Marisa erases his recent memories with memory spray . At the truck stop , the driver of the Dilithium truck walks inside for lunch , allowing K.C. to obtain the chemicals . Brady , wearing a ski mask , takes the Dilithium and hijacks the truck . K.C. attempts to take control of the truck , and scratches part of Brady 's face through the mask opening , before falling off the truck . Later , K.C. meets Marisa and Brady at a restaurant , and notices the scratch marks on his face . Although he says the marks came from a cat , K.C. realizes that Brady was the truck hijacker . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Connor Weil as Brady Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 60 9 `` Unmasking the Enemy '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 310 1.37 K.C. suspects that Brady has been spying on her through a necklace that he gave Marisa , who is unaware of Brady 's Storm Maker theft . K.C. believes the necklace is bugged , so she creates a plan to trick and catch Brady . K.C. tells Marisa , who is wearing the necklace , that The Organization has created a device called the Rain Coat , capable of stopping the Storm Maker . K.C.", "29": "also says that she will be dropping off the plans for the device -- which is actually fictitious -- in an alley later that night , with the hope that Brady will arrive there to steal them . A masked man from The Alternate arrives to intercept the plans , but he is knocked out by K.C. , who realizes that the man is not Brady . Three additional masked men arrive , including Brady , but they are forced away when Marisa arrives and threatens them with a laser gun . Meanwhile , Kira is about to enjoy a day off when Lori , an agent of The Organization , drops off her baby at the Coopers ' house so she can go on a last - minute mission . Kira then puts Judy in charge of watching the baby , claiming that she has to go on a last - minute mission . Kira actually gets a massage and has her nails done , while Judy is unable to stop the baby from crying . Guest stars : Connor Weil as Brady , Ego Nwodim as Agent McKenzie 61 10 `` The Truth Will Set You Free '' Jon Rosenbaum Eileen Conn November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 311 1.34 Agent Johnson puts the Coopers in charge of collecting information on Brady . K.C. arranges a job interview for Marisa to become a junior agent - in - training for The Organization , which leads Marisa to question Brady , who had already told her that she was a junior agent . After being questioned , Brady eventually reveals to Marisa that he is a member of The Alternate . Brady also reveals that he has hours of audio footage in which Marisa states that K.C. may have become a rogue agent and agrees to work with him to take her down . Brady blackmails Marisa to continue spying on K.C. , or else he will release the audio footage and get her imprisoned for treason against the United States . Marisa confesses to K.C. that she has been spying for Brady , and K.C. discovers that Marisa 's necklace was never bugged . When unusual weather begins occurring around the world , the Coopers realize that the Storm Maker has been activated , so they instruct Marisa to gain information from Brady about the device . When Marisa fails , K.C.", "30": "goes in disguise as Marisa and confronts Brady , who kidnaps and takes her to The Alternate 's headquarters , as she planned . Meanwhile , Ernie wants to drive by Monique 's house in his father 's 1969 classic muscle car , but he crashes it before getting out of the driveway , scraping away the paint on one of the doors . Judy makes the situation worse by repainting the door a different color and then removing the paint entirely . Ernie and Judy blame the damage on The Alternate , but Craig does not believe them . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Connor Weil as Brady , Riley Litman as Reid 62 11 `` Stormy Weather '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 312 1.38 At The Alternate 's headquarters , K.C. comes out of disguise and escapes from a room where she had been locked up . K.C. frees an imprisoned scientist named Gwen , who leads her through the building in search of the Storm Maker , but Gwen later reveals she is part of The Alternate . Brady , Gwen , and Alternate member Reid plan to use the Storm Maker to have a massive storm hit the Capitol Building during the State of the Union address . Craig and Kira drive to the Capitol to warn people , but they encounter heavy rain and hail . Marisa enters The Alternate 's headquarters to help K.C. , and they rush to the rooftop to destroy the Storm Maker 's transmitter . After a brawl with Brady , K.C. destroys the transmitter with a laser gun . Brady escapes by parachuting off the rooftop , and Marisa decides that she does not want to interview to become a spy because of the hard work required by the job . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Connor Weil as Brady , Riley Litman as Reid , Christine Rodriguez as Gwen Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 63 12 `` Deleted ! ''", "31": "Kadeem Hardison Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) TBA 1.09 Judy 's memory is almost full , which requires her to visit The Organization to have her video footage downloaded . The Coopers realize that Judy has recorded everything they have done , including things that could get them excluded from The Organization again . The family decides to delete Judy 's incriminating videos , including footage showing that Marisa knows about the family being spies . After reminiscing through old footage , Craig deletes several videos , including important footage from their recent circus mission . When the family discovers that the circus footage can not be recovered , they worry about how Agent Johnson will react to them tampering with evidence . Ernie suggests reenacting the circus mission in their house and filming it to cover for the deletion of the real footage , which leads the family to reminisce through old videos about his previous bad ideas . The family also watches other old videos , until Agent Johnson arrives at the house to pick up Judy . The family hides Judy and convinces Johnson that she has already left to visit The Organization for the memory download . Afterwards , Judy expresses sorrow that her videos will need to be downloaded and removed , as they serve as her memories . Ernie devises a solution to back up Judy 's video footage to a separate hard drive so they can be reinstalled onto Judy after she downloads them for The Organization .", "32": "Guest star : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson 64 13 `` Second Chances '' TBA TBA January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) TBA TBD 65 14 `` Revenge of the Van People '' TBA TBA January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) TBA TBD 66 15 `` The Gammy Files '' TBA TBA January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) TBA TBD 67 16 `` Take Me Out '' TBA TBA January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) TBA TBD 68 17 `` Twin It to Win It '' TBA TBA January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) TBA TBD 69 18 `` Cassandra Undercover '' TBA TBA January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) TBA TBD 70 19 `` K.C.", "33": "Times Three '' TBA TBA January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) TBA TBD 71 20 `` The Domino Effect '' TBA TBA January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) TBA TBD 72 21 `` Domino 2 : Barbecued '' TBA TBA January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) TBA TBD 73 22 `` Domino 3 : Buggin ' Out '' TBA TBA January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) TBA TBD 74 23 `` Domino 4 : The Mask '' TBA TBA February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) TBA TBD 75 24 `` K.C. Undercover : The Final Chapter '' TBA TBA February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) TBA TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Undercover Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Undercover '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` K.C. Undercover Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 1.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 1.25. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily .", "34": "Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.1. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.29. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : 4.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Salem ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 4.19. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 5.29. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.30. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 5.31. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily .", "35": "Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 6.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 6.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 6.26. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.19. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.26. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 8.9. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 8.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 9.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 .", "36": "Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 10.4. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 10.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 11.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 12.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 1.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 1.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` K.C. Undercover Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.20.", "37": "2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 4.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 4.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 4.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 5.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 5.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 5.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 6.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily .", "38": "Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 8.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 8.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 9.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 9.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 9.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 10.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 11.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 11.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 .", "39": "Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 12.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` K.C. Undercover Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 8.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 8.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 8.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily .", "40": "Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 8.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr.", "41": "Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) K.C.", "42": "Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas It 's a Laugh Productions Series Current K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Former The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random !", "43": "( 2011 -- 12 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Crossovers `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) TV specials The Wizards Return : Alex vs.", "44": "Alex ( 2013 ) Related ABC Kids Disney Channel Disney XD Disney Channel Original Series Disney Channel Original Movies Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_K.C._Undercover_episodes&oldid=819537265 '' Categories : Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Lists of American comedy television series episodes Lists of American children 's television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles to be split from November 2017 All articles to be split Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Magyar Polski Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7341804957038262139	where does the ohio river and the mississippi river meet	[ "near the city of Cairo, Illinois", "near the city of Cairo, Illinois", "near the city of Cairo, Illinois", "Cairo, Illinois" ]	{ "0": "Ohio River - wikipedia Ohio River Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ohio River The widest point on the Ohio River is just north of downtown Louisville , where it is one mile ( 1.6 km ) wide Country United States States Pennsylvania , Ohio , West Virginia , Kentucky , Indiana , Illinois Tributaries - left Little Kanawha River , Kanawha River , Guyandotte River , Big Sandy River , Little Sandy River , Licking River , Kentucky River , Salt River , Green River , Cumberland River , Tennessee River - right Beaver River , Little Muskingum River , Muskingum River , Little Hocking River , Hocking River , Shade River , Scioto River , Little Miami River , Great Miami River , Wabash River Cities Pittsburgh , PA , East Liverpool , OH , Wheeling , WV , Huntington , WV , Parkersburg , WV , Cincinnati , OH , Louisville , KY , Owensboro , KY , Evansville , IN , Henderson , KY , Paducah , KY , Cairo , IL Source Allegheny River - location Allegany Township , Potter County , Pennsylvania - elevation 2,240 ft ( 683 m ) - coordinates 41 ° 52 ′ 22 '' N 77 ° 52 ′ 30 '' W / 41.87278 ° N 77.87500 ° W / 41.87278 ; - 77.87500 Secondary source Monongahela River - location Fairmont , West Virginia - elevation 880 ft ( 268 m ) - coordinates 39 ° 27 ′ 53 '' N 80 ° 09 ′ 13 '' W / 39.46472 ° N 80.15361 ° W / 39.46472 ; - 80.15361 Source confluence - location Pittsburgh ,", "1": "Pennsylvania - elevation 730 ft ( 223 m ) - coordinates 40 ° 26 ′ 32 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 52 '' W / 40.44222 ° N 80.01444 ° W / 40.44222 ; - 80.01444 Mouth Mississippi River - location at Cairo , Illinois / Ballard County , Kentucky - elevation 290 ft ( 88 m ) - coordinates 36 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 07 ′ 50 '' W / 36.98667 ° N 89.13056 ° W / 36.98667 ; - 89.13056 Coordinates : 36 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 07 ′ 50 '' W / 36.98667 ° N 89.13056 ° W / 36.98667 ; - 89.13056 Length 981 mi ( 1,579 km ) Basin 189,422 sq mi ( 490,601 km ) Discharge for Cairo , Illinois - average 281,000 cu ft / s ( 7,957 m / s ) ( 1951 -- 80 ) - max 1,850,000 cu ft / s ( 52,386 m / s ) Ohio River basin The Ohio River , which streams westward from Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , to Cairo , Illinois , is the largest tributary , by volume , of the Mississippi River in the United States . At the confluence , the Ohio is considerably bigger than the Mississippi ( Ohio at Cairo : 281,500 cu ft / s ( 7,960 m / s ) ; Mississippi at Thebes : 208,200 cu ft / s ( 5,897 m / s ) ) and , thus , is hydrologically the main stream of the whole river system . The 981 - mile ( 1,579 km ) river flows through or along the border of six states , and its drainage basin includes parts of 15 states . Through its largest tributary , the Tennessee River , the basin includes many of the states of the southeastern U.S. It is the source of drinking water for three million people .", "2": "It is named in Iroquoian or Seneca : Ohi : yó , lit . `` Good River '' or Shawnee : Pelewathiipi and Spelewathiipi . The river had great significance in the history of the Native Americans , as numerous civilizations formed along its valley . For thousands of years , Native Americans used the river as a major transportation and trading route . Its waters connected communities . In the five centuries before European conquest , the Mississippian culture built numerous regional chiefdoms and major earthwork mounds in the Ohio Valley , such as Angel Mounds near Evansville , Indiana , as well as in the Mississippi Valley and the Southeast . The Osage , Omaha , Ponca and Kaw lived in the Ohio Valley , but under pressure from the Iroquois to the northeast , migrated west of the Mississippi River to Missouri , Arkansas and Oklahoma in the 17th century . In 1669 , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle led a French expedition to the Ohio River , becoming the first Europeans to see it . After European - American settlement , the river served as a border between present - day Kentucky and Indian Territories . It was a primary transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U.S. In his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781 -- 82 , Thomas Jefferson stated : `` The Ohio is the most beautiful river on earth . Its current gentle , waters clear , and bosom smooth and unbroken by rocks and rapids , a single instance only excepted . '' During the 19th century , the river was the southern boundary of the Northwest Territory . It is sometimes considered as the western extension of the Mason -- Dixon Line that divided Pennsylvania from Maryland , and thus part of the border between free and slave territory , and between the Northern and Southern United States or Upper South . Where the river was narrow , it was the way to freedom for thousands of slaves escaping to the North , many helped by free blacks and whites of the Underground Railroad resistance movement . The Ohio River is a climatic transition area , as its water runs along the periphery of the humid subtropical and humid continental climate areas . It is inhabited by fauna and flora of both climates . In winter , it regularly freezes over at Pittsburgh but rarely further south toward Cincinnati and Louisville .", "3": "At Paducah , Kentucky , in the south , near the Ohio 's confluence with the Mississippi , it is ice - free year - round . Paducah was founded there because it is the northernmost ice - free reach of the Ohio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gallery 2 Geography and hydrography 2.1 Drainage basin 3 Geology 3.1 Upper Ohio River 3.2 Middle Ohio River 4 History 5 Pollution 6 River depth 7 Cities and towns along the river 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Gallery ( edit ) The Allegheny River , left , and Monongahela River join to form the Ohio River at Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , the largest metropolitan area on the river . Built between 1849 and 1851 , the Wheeling Suspension Bridge was the first bridge across the river . Louisville , Kentucky , The deepest point of the Ohio River is a scour hole just below Cannelton locks and dam ( river mile 720.7 ) . The widest point of the river is at the confluence of the Ohio and the Mississippi rivers . A barge hauls coal in the Louisville and Portland Canal , the only artificial portion of the Ohio River . The Tall Stacks festival celebrates the riverboats of Cincinnati , Ohio , every three or four years . Geography and hydrography ( edit ) Natural - color satellite image of the Wabash - Ohio confluence . The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at Point State Park in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . From there , it flows northwest through Allegheny and Beaver counties , before making an abrupt turn to the south - southwest at the West Virginia -- Ohio -- Pennsylvania triple - state line ( near East Liverpool , Ohio ; Chester , West Virginia ; and Midland , Pennsylvania ) . From there , it forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio , upstream of Wheeling , West Virginia . The river then follows a roughly southwest and then west - northwest course until Cincinnati , before bending to a west - southwest course for most of its length .", "4": "The course forms the northern borders of West Virginia and Kentucky ; and the southern borders of Ohio , Indiana and Illinois , until it joins the Mississippi River near the city of Cairo , Illinois . Major tributaries of the river , indicated by the location of the mouths , include : Allegheny River -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Monongahela River -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Saw Mill Run -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Chartiers Creek -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Montour Run -- Coraopolis , Pennsylvania Beaver River -- Rochester , Pennsylvania Breezewood Creek -- Beaver , Pennsylvania Raccoon Creek -- Center Township Little Beaver Creek -- East Liverpool , Ohio Wheeling Creek -- Wheeling , West Virginia Middle Island Creek -- St. Marys , West Virginia Little Muskingum River -- Ohio Duck Creek -- Marietta , Ohio Muskingum River -- Marietta , Ohio Little Kanawha River -- Parkersburg , West Virginia Hocking River -- Hockingport , Ohio Kanawha River -- Point Pleasant , West Virginia Guyandotte River -- Huntington , West Virginia Big Sandy River -- Kentucky - West Virginia border Little Sandy River -- Greenup , Kentucky Little Scioto River -- Sciotoville , Ohio Scioto River -- Portsmouth , Ohio Kinniconick Creek -- Vanceburg , Kentucky Little Miami River -- Cincinnati , Ohio Licking River -- Newport - Covington , Kentucky Mill Creek -- Cincinnati , Ohio Great Miami River -- Ohio - Indiana border Salt River -- West Point , Kentucky Kentucky River -- Carrollton , Kentucky Green River -- near Henderson , Kentucky Wabash River -- Indiana - Illinois - Kentucky border Saline River -- Illinois Cumberland River -- Smithland , Kentucky Tennessee River -- Paducah , Kentucky Cache River -- Illinois Drainage basin ( edit ) The Ohio 's drainage basin covers 189,422 square miles ( 490,600 km ) , encompassing the easternmost regions of the Mississippi Basin . The Ohio drains parts of 15 states in four regions . Northeast New York : a small area of the southern border along the headwaters of the Allegheny . Pennsylvania : a corridor from the southwestern corner to north central border . Mid-Atlantic / Upper South Maryland : a small corridor along the Youghiogheny River on the western border .", "5": "West Virginia : all but the Eastern Panhandle . Kentucky : all but a small part in the extreme west drained directly by the Mississippi . Tennessee : all but a small part in the extreme west drained directly by the Mississippi , and a very small area in the southeastern corner which is drained by the Conasauga River . Virginia : most of southwest Virginia . North Carolina : the western quarter . Midwest Ohio : the southern two - thirds Indiana : all but the northern area . Illinois : the southeast quarter . Deep South Georgia : the far northwest corner . Alabama : the northern portion . Mississippi : the northeast corner . South Carolina : less than 1 square mile in the northwest . Geology ( edit ) Glacial Lake Ohio From a geological standpoint , the Ohio River is young . The river formed on a piecemeal basis beginning between 2.5 and 3 million years ago . The earliest ice ages occurred at this time and dammed portions of north - flowing rivers . The Teays River was the largest of these rivers . The modern Ohio River flows within segments of the ancient Teays . The ancient rivers were rearranged or consumed by glaciers and lakes . Upper Ohio River ( edit ) The upper Ohio River formed when one of the glacial lakes overflowed into a south - flowing tributary of the Teays River . Prior to that event , the north - flowing Steubenville River ( no longer in existence ) ended between New Martinsville and Paden City , West Virginia . Likewise , the south - flowing Marietta River ( no longer in existence ) ended between the present - day cities . The overflowing lake carved through the separating hill and connected the rivers . The resulting floodwaters enlarged the small Marietta valley to a size more typical of a large river . The new large river subsequently drained glacial lakes and melting glaciers at the end of the Ice Age . The valley grew during and following the ice age . Many small rivers were altered or abandoned after the upper Ohio River formed . Valleys of some abandoned rivers can still be seen on satellite and aerial images of the hills of Ohio and West Virginia between Marietta , Ohio , and Huntington , West Virginia . As testimony to the major changes that occurred , such valleys are found on hilltops .", "6": "Middle Ohio River ( edit ) The middle Ohio River formed in a manner similar to formation of the upper Ohio River . A north - flowing river was temporarily dammed southwest of present - day Louisville , creating a large lake until the dam burst . A new route was carved to the Mississippi . Eventually the upper and middle sections combined to form what is essentially the modern Ohio River . History ( edit ) Steamboat `` Morning Star '' , a Louisville and Evansville mail packet , in 1858 . Pre-Columbian inhabitants of eastern North America considered the Ohio part of a single river continuing on through the lower Mississippi . The river 's name comes from the Seneca ( Iroquoian ) Ohiːyo ' , a proper name derived from ohiːyoːh , meaning `` good river '' . The combined Allegheny - Ohio river is 1,310 miles ( 2,110 km ) long and carries the largest volume of water of any tributary of the Mississippi . The Indians and early explorers and settlers of the region also often considered the Allegheny to be part of the Ohio . The forks ( the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at what is now Pittsburgh ) was considered a strategic military location . French fur traders operated in the area , and France built forts along the Allegheny River . In 1669 , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle , led an expedition of French traders who became the first Europeans to see the river . He traveled from Canada and entered the headwaters of the Ohio , traveling as far as the Falls of Ohio at present - day Louisville before turning back . He returned to explore the river again in other expeditions . An Italian cartographer traveling with him created the first map of the Ohio River . La Salle claimed the Ohio Valley for France . In 1749 , Great Britain established the Ohio Company to settle and trade in the area . Exploration of the territory and trade with the Indians in the region near the Forks by British colonials from Pennsylvania and Virginia -- both of which claimed the territory -- led to conflict with the French . In 1763 , following the Seven Years ' War , France ceded the area to Britain .", "7": "The 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix opened Kentucky to colonial settlement and established the Ohio River as a southern boundary for American Indian territory . In 1774 , the Quebec Act restored the land east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River to Quebec , in effect making the Ohio the southern boundary of Canada . This appeased the Canadien British subjects but angered the Thirteen Colonies . Lord Dunmore 's War south of the Ohio river also contributed to giving the land north to Quebec to stop further encroachment of the British colonials on native land . During the American Revolution , in 1776 the British military engineer John Montrésor created a map of the river showing the strategic location of Fort Pitt , including specific navigational information about the Ohio River 's rapids and tributaries in that area . However , the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) gave the entire Ohio Valley to the United States . The economic connection of the Ohio Country to the East was significantly increased in 1818 when the National Road being built westward from Cumberland , Maryland reached Wheeling , Virginia ( now West Virginia ) , providing an easier overland connection from the Potomac River to the Ohio River . Louisville was founded at the only major natural navigational barrier on the river , the Falls of the Ohio . The Falls were a series of rapids where the river dropped 26 feet ( 7.9 m ) in a stretch of about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) . In this area , the river flowed over hard , fossil - rich beds of limestone . The first locks on the river -- the Louisville and Portland Canal -- were built to circumnavigate the falls between 1825 and 1830 . Fears that Louisville 's transshipment industry would collapse proved ill - founded : the increasing size of steamships and barges on the river meant that the outdated locks could only service the smallest vessels until well after the Civil War . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers improvements were expanded again in the 1960s , forming the present - day McAlpine Locks and Dam . Because the Ohio River flowed westward , it became a convenient means of westward movement by pioneers traveling from western Pennsylvania . After reaching the mouth of the Ohio , settlers would travel north on the Mississippi River to St. Louis , Missouri .", "8": "There , some continued on up the Missouri River , some up the Mississippi , and some further west over land routes . In the early 19th century , river pirates such as Samuel Mason , operating out of Cave - In - Rock , Illinois , waylaid travelers on their way down the river . They killed travelers , stealing their goods and scuttling their boats . The folktales about Mike Fink recall the keelboats used for commerce in the early days of European settlement . The Ohio River boatmen were the inspiration for performer Dan Emmett , who in 1843 wrote the song `` The Boatman 's Dance '' . Trading boats and ships traveled south on the Mississippi to New Orleans , and sometimes beyond to the Gulf of Mexico and other ports in the Americas and Europe . This provided a much - needed export route for goods from the west , since the trek east over the Appalachian Mountains was long and arduous . The need for access to the port of New Orleans by settlers in the Ohio Valley led to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 . Because the river is the southern border of Ohio , Indiana , and Illinois , it was part of the border between free states and slave states in the years before the American Civil War . The expression `` sold down the river '' originated as a lament of Upper South slaves , especially from Kentucky , who were shipped via the Ohio and Mississippi to cotton and sugar plantations in the Deep South . Before and during the Civil War , the Ohio River was called the `` River Jordan '' by slaves crossing it to escape to freedom in the North via the Underground Railroad . More escaping slaves , estimated in the thousands , made their perilous journey north to freedom across the Ohio River than anywhere else across the north - south frontier . Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin , the bestselling novel that fueled abolitionist work , was the best known of the anti-slavery novels that portrayed such escapes across the Ohio . The times have been expressed by 20th - century novelists as well , such as the Nobel Prize - winning Toni Morrison , whose novel Beloved was adapted as a film of the same name . She also composed the libretto for the opera Margaret Garner ( 2005 ) , based on the life and trial of an enslaved woman who escaped with her family across the river .", "9": "The Ohio River is considered to separate Midwestern Great Lakes states from the Upper South states , which were historically border states in the Civil War . The colonial charter for Virginia defined its territory as extending to the north shore of the Ohio , so that the riverbed was `` owned '' by Virginia . Where the river serves as a boundary between states today , Congress designated the entire river to belong to the states on the east and south , i.e. , West Virginia and Kentucky at the time of admission to the Union , that were divided from Virginia . Thus Wheeling Island , the largest inhabited island in the Ohio River , belongs to West Virginia , although it is closer to the Ohio shore than to the West Virginia shore . Kentucky brought suit against Indiana in the early 1980s because of the building of the Marble Hill nuclear power plant in Indiana , which would have discharged its waste water into the river . The U.S. Supreme Court held that Kentucky 's jurisdiction ( and , implicitly , that of West Virginia ) extended only to the low - water mark of 1793 ( important because the river has been extensively dammed for navigation , so that the present river bank is north of the old low - water mark . ) Similarly , in the 1990s , Kentucky challenged Illinois ' right to collect taxes on a riverboat casino docked in Metropolis , citing its own control of the entire river . A private casino riverboat that docked in Evansville , Indiana , on the Ohio River opened about the same time . Although such boats cruised on the Ohio River in an oval pattern up and down , the state of Kentucky soon protested . Other states had to limit their cruises to going forwards , then reversing and going backwards on the Indiana shore only . Since 2002 , Indiana has allowed its riverboat casinos to be permanently docked . In the early 1980s , the Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area was established at Clarksville , Indiana . The confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers is at Cairo , Illinois . Carl D. Perkins Bridge in Portsmouth , Ohio with Ohio River and Scioto River tributary on right . Silver Bridge in Point Pleasant , West Virginia which collapsed into the Ohio River on December 15 , 1967 , killing 46 persons . Mouth of the Ohio , as it feeds into the Mississippi .", "10": "Cave - in - rock , view on the Ohio ( circa 1832 , Cave - In - Rock , Illinois ) : aquatint by Karl Bodmer from the book Maximilian , Prince of Wied 's Travels in the Interior of North America , during the years 1832 -- 1834 Pollution ( edit ) The Ohio River as a whole is ranked as the most polluted river in the US based on 2009 and 2010 data although the more industrial and regional Ohio tributary , Monongahela River , ranked behind 16 other American rivers for pollution at number 17 . The Ohio River was polluted with hundreds of thousands of pounds of PFOA by DuPont chemical company , from an outflow pipe , for several decades beginning in the 1950s . River depth ( edit ) Lawrenceburg , Indiana , is one of many towns that use the Ohio as a shipping avenue . The Ohio River is a naturally shallow river that was artificially deepened by a series of dams . The natural depth of the river varied from about 3 to 20 feet ( 0.91 to 6.10 m ) . The dams raise the water level and have turned the river largely into a series of reservoirs , eliminating shallow stretches and allowing for commercial navigation . From its origin to Cincinnati , the average depth is approximately 15 feet ( 5 m ) . The largest immediate drop in water level is below the McAlpine Locks and Dam at the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville , Kentucky , where flood stage is reached when the water reaches 23 feet ( 7 m ) on the lower gauge . However , the river 's deepest point is 168 feet ( 51 m ) on the western side of Louisville , Kentucky . From Louisville , the river loses depth very gradually until its confluence with the Mississippi at Cairo , Illinois , where it has an approximate depth of 19 feet ( 6 m ) . Water levels for the Ohio River from Smithland Lock and Dam upstream to Pittsburgh are predicted daily by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Ohio River Forecast Center .", "11": "The water depth predictions are relative to each local flood plain based upon predicted rainfall in the Ohio River basin in five reports as follows : Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , to Hannibal Locks and Dam , Ohio ( including the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers ) Willow Island Locks and Dam , Ohio , to Greenup Lock and Dam , Kentucky ( including the Kanawha River ) Portsmouth , Ohio , to Markland Locks and Dam , Kentucky McAlpine Locks and Dam , Kentucky , to Cannelton Locks and Dam , Indiana Newburgh Lock and Dam , Indiana , to Golconda , Illinois The water levels for the Ohio River from Smithland Lock and Dam to Cairo , Illinois , are predicted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Lower Mississippi River Forecast Center . Smithland Lock and Dam , Illinois , to Cairo , Illinois Panorama of the Ohio at its widest point , just west of downtown Louisville , Kentucky Cities and towns along the River ( edit ) Metro Area Population Pittsburgh 2.4 million Cincinnati 2.2 million Louisville 1.4 million Huntington - Ashland 365,419 Evansville 358,000 Parkersburg 160,000 Wheeling 145,000 Weirton - Steubenville 132,000 Owensboro 112,000 Cities along the Ohio River include : Pennsylvania Pittsburgh Sewickley McKees Rocks Coraopolis South Heights Ambridge Aliquippa Rochester Monaca Beaver Shippingport Midland Freedom Rochester Conway Neville Island Baden Bellevue Edgeworth Leetsdale Ohio East Liverpool Steubenville Martins Ferry Bellaire Marietta Belpre Pomeroy Gallipolis Ironton Portsmouth Manchester Aberdeen Ripley New Richmond Cincinnati West Virginia Chester Weirton Wheeling Moundsville New Martinsville Paden City Sistersville St.", "12": "Marys Parkersburg Ravenswood Point Pleasant Huntington Kenova Kentucky Big Bone Rabbit Hash Constance Hamilton Petersburg Belleview Henderson Uniontown Ashland Vanceburg Maysville Augusta Fort Thomas Newport Covington Ludlow Louisville Hawesville Lewisport Owensboro Paducah Smithland Warsaw Ghent Carrollton Brandenburg Bellevue Dayton Concord Indiana Lawrenceburg Aurora Rising Sun Vevay Madison Jeffersonville Clarksville New Albany Cannelton Tell City Troy Rockport Newburgh Evansville Mount Vernon Illinois Old Shawneetown Cave - In - Rock Elizabethtown Rosiclare Golconda Brookport Metropolis Mound City Cairo See also ( edit ) Geography of the United States Islands of the Midwest List of crossings of the Ohio River List of islands of West Virginia ( including islands on Ohio River ) List of locks and dams of the Ohio River List of rivers of Indiana List of rivers of Kentucky List of rivers of Ohio List of rivers of Pennsylvania List of variant names of the Ohio River Ohio and Erie Canal Ohio River Bridges Project Ohio River flood of 1937 Watersheds of Illinois List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) Ohio River Valley AVA Ohio Valley in Kentucky Ohio River Trail Ohio River Water Trail Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leeden , Frits van der ; Troise , Fred L. ; Todd , David Keith ( 1990 ) . The Water Encyclopedia ( 2nd ed . ) . Chelsea , Mich. : Lewis Publishers . p. 126 . ISBN 0 - 87371 - 120 - 3 . Jump up ^ Frits van der Leeden , Fred L. Troise , David Keith Todd : The Water Encyclopedia , 2nd edition , p. 126 , Chelsea , Mich .", "13": "( Lewis Publishers ) , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 87371 - 120 - 3 ( long term mean discharge ) Jump up ^ USGS stream gage 07022000 Mississippi River at Thebes , IL ( long term mean discharge ) Jump up ^ `` Ohio River Facts '' . Jump up ^ Bright , William ( 2004 ) . Native American Placenames of the United States . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 344 . ISBN 9780806135984 . OHIO River \\ ō hī ′ ō \\ . From Seneca ( Iroquoian ) ohi : yo ' , a proper name derived from ohi : yo : h ' good river ' . Jump up ^ `` Shawnees Webpage '' . Shawnee 's Reservation. 1997 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas , 1743 -- 1826 . Notes on the State of Virginia Archived August 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. ; the single instance refers to the former rapids near Louisville . Jump up ^ Bright , William ( 2004 ) . Native American placenames of the United States . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 344 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3598 - 4 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of Seneca County : Containing a Detailed Narrative of the Principal Events That Have Occurred Since Its First Settlement Down to the Present Time ; a History of the Indians That Formerly Resided Within Its Limits ; Geographical Descriptions , Early Customs , Biographical Sketches , &c. , &c. , With an Introd. , Containing a Brief History of the State , From the Discovery of the Mississippi River Down to the Year 1817 , to the Whole of Which Is Added an Appendix , Containing Tabular Views , &c . '' . Mocavo . Jump up ^ * Taylor , Alan ( 2006 ) . The Divided Ground : Indians , Settlers , and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 44 , see map on 39 .", "14": "ISBN 0 - 679 - 45471 - 3 . Jump up ^ Montrésor , John ( 1776 ) . `` Map of the Ohio River from Fort Pitt '' . World Digital Library . Pennsylvania . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Thaddeus Mortimer ( 1906 ) . `` Bird 's Eye View of Cumberland , Maryland 1906 '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ mginter . `` KET 's Underground Railroad -- Behind the Scenes -- Guy Mendes '' . Jump up ^ `` Put in Master 's Pocket : Interstate Slave Trading and the Black Appalachian Diaspora '' Archived August 18 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ mginter . `` KET 's Underground Railroad -- Community Research '' . Jump up ^ `` Report : Ohio River most polluted in U.S. '' . Pittsburgh Business Times . March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rich , Nathaniel ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Lawyer Who Became DuPont 's Worst Nightmare '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Ohio RFC '' . US Department of Commerce , NOAA , National Weather Service . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Mississippi RFC '' . US Department of Commerce , NOAA , National Weather Service . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Hay , Jerry ( 2010 ) . Ohio River Guidebook , 1st Edition Further reading ( edit ) Dunn , J.P. ( December 1912 ) . `` Names of the Ohio River '' . The Indiana Quarterly Magazine of History . 8 ( 4 ) : 166 -- 70 . JSTOR 27785389 . doi : 10.2307 / 27785389 ( inactive 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ohio River . Ohio River Flows and Forecasts U.S.", "15": "Geological Survey : PA stream gauging stations Ohio River Forecast Center , which issues official river forecasts for the Ohio River and its tributaries from Smithland Lock and Dam upstream Lower Mississippi River Forecast Center , which issues official river forecasts for the Ohio River and its tributaries downstream of Smithland Lock and Dam Texts on Wikisource : `` Ohio River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Ohio River '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . `` Ohio River '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Ohio , a river of the United States '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . `` Ohio , a river of the United States '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . 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2875495346792993998	who was the actor that played ben stone on law and order	[ "Michael Moriarty", "Michael Moriarty", "Michael Moriarty", "Michael Moriarty", "Michael Moriarty" ]	{ "0": "Michael Moriarty - Wikipedia Michael Moriarty Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Michael Moriarty , see Michael Moriarty ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . In particular : the last update on his career concerned activities in 2007 . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) Michael Moriarty ( 1941 - 04 - 05 ) April 5 , 1941 ( age 77 ) Detroit , Michigan , U.S. Residence Maple Ridge , British Columbia Alma mater Dartmouth College London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art Occupation Actor , musician Years active 1971 -- present Spouse ( s ) Francoise Martinet ( m . 1966 ; div. 1978 ) Anne Hamilton Martin ( m . 1978 ; div. 1997 ) Suzana Cabrita ( m . 1998 ; div. 1999 ) Margaret Brychka ( m . 1999 ) Michael Moriarty ( born April 5 , 1941 ) is an American - Canadian stage and screen actor and jazz musician . He received an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for his first acting role on American television as a Nazi SS officer in the 1978 mini-series Holocaust , and he played Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone for the first four seasons ( 1990 -- 1994 ) on the television show Law & Order . Moriarty is also known for his roles in films such as Bang the Drum Slowly , Who 'll Stop the Rain , Q : The Winged Serpent , The Stuff , Pale Rider , Troll , Courage Under Fire , and Shiloh .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting career 3 Musical career 4 Politics 5 Personal life 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Michael Moriarty was born in Detroit , Michigan on April 5 , 1941 . He is the son of Elinor ( née Paul ) and George Moriarty , a surgeon . His grandfather George Moriarty was a third baseman , umpire , and manager in the major leagues for nearly 40 years . Moriarty attended middle school at Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills before transferring to the University of Detroit Jesuit High School for high school . He then matriculated at Dartmouth College in the class of 1963 , where he was a theatre college major . After receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree , he left for London , England , where he enrolled in the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art , after receiving a Fulbright Scholarship . Acting career ( edit ) Before gaining fame in films , Moriarty worked for several years as an actor at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis . In 1973 , Moriarty was cast as the egocentric Henry Wiggen in Bang the Drum Slowly , a film about the unlikely friendship between two baseball teammates -- the second being Robert De Niro , a slow - thinking catcher who becomes terminally ill . In the same year , Moriarty starred in a TV movie adaptation of Tennessee Williams ' The Glass Menagerie with Katharine Hepburn . Coincidentally , the film also featured Sam Waterston , who later replaced Moriarty as the Executive Assistant District Attorney on Law & Order . Moriarty 's role in The Glass Menagerie ( as `` Jim , '' the Gentleman Caller ; Waterston played the son `` Tom '' ) won him an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor of the Year . In 1974 , Moriarty starred as rookie detective Bo Lockley in the acclaimed gritty police drama Report to the Commissioner . Moriarty won a Tony Award in 1974 for his performance in the play Find Your Way Home . His career on the screen was slow to develop , while his theatre career was flourishing .", "2": "He starred as a German SS officer in the television miniseries Holocaust , which earned him another Emmy . Through the 1980s , Moriarty starred in such Larry Cohen movies as Q , The Stuff , It 's Alive III : Island of the Alive , and A Return to Salem 's Lot ( much later , he appeared in Cohen 's Masters of Horror episode `` Pick Me Up '' ) , as well as Clint Eastwood 's Pale Rider and The Hanoi Hilton . In 1986 , he starred in the fantasy science fiction movie Troll , playing the role of Harry Potter Sr. ( unrelated to the 2001 Harry Potter series . ) In 1989 , Michael Moriarty starred in the HBO production Tailspin : Behind the Korean Airliner Tragedy , which dramatized the Soviet Union 's shoot - down of Korean Air Lines flight 007 in 1983 . He portrayed U.S. Air Force Major Hank Daniels , who was largely ignored if not ridiculed for showing how the ill - fated airliner had strayed off course into airspace known by the Soviets to be used by U.S. Air Force electronic surveillance planes as they approached Soviet airspace . From 1990 to 1994 , Moriarty starred as Ben Stone on Law & Order . He left the show in 1994 , alleging that his departure was a result of his threatening a lawsuit against then - Attorney General Janet Reno , who had cited Law & Order as offensively violent . Moriarty criticized Reno 's comment , and claimed that not only did she want to censor shows like Law & Order but also such fare as Murder , She Wrote . He later accused Law & Order executive producer Dick Wolf of not taking his concerns seriously , and claimed that Wolf and other network executives were `` caving in '' to Reno 's `` demands '' on the issue of TV violence . On September 20 , 1994 on The Howard Stern Show , he made an offer to NBC , claiming that he would return to his role on the show if Dick Wolf was fired . Moriarty published a full - page advertisement in a Hollywood trade magazine , calling upon fellow artists to stand up with him against attempts to censor TV show content . He subsequently wrote and published The Gift of Stern Angels , his account of this time in his life .", "3": "The character of Ben Stone has yet to reappear on the franchise . The February 7 , 2018 , episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit opens with Sam Waterston 's character of Jack McCoy delivering a eulogy at Ben Stone 's funeral . Wolf and others working on Law & Order tell a different story , however . On November 18 , 1993 , Moriarty and Wolf , along with other television executives , met with Reno to dissuade her from supporting any law that would censor the show . Wolf said that Moriarty overreacted to any effect the law was likely to have on the show . Law & Order producers claim they were forced to remove Moriarty from the series because of `` erratic behavior '' , an example of which reportedly happened during the filming of the episode `` Breeder '' when , according to the episode 's director , Arthur Forney , Moriarty was unable to deliver his lines with a straight face . Series and network officials deny any connection between his departure and Janet Reno . Wolf also denies that the show has become less violent , graphic or controversial since 1994 . Moriarty acted in The Last Detail , Courage Under Fire , Along Came a Spider , Shiloh , Emily of New Moon and James Dean , for which he won his third Emmy . In 2007 he debuted his first feature - length film as screenwriter and performed the role of a man who thinks he is Adolf Hitler in Hitler Meets Christ . Musical career ( edit ) In addition to his acting career , Moriarty is a semi-professional jazz pianist and singer , as well as a classical composer . He has recorded three jazz albums ( though the first , Reaching Out , went unreleased ) . He has performed live regularly in both New York and Vancouver with a jazz trio and quintet . In a 1990 concert review , New York Times reviewer Stephen Holden called Moriarty `` a jazz pianist of considerable skill , an oddball singer with more than one vocal personality , and a writer of eccentric , jivey jazz songs . '' Politics ( edit ) Moriarty is politically active , describing himself as a `` centrist '' , and sometimes as a `` realist '' .", "4": "Moriarty announced his intention to run for the presidency in 2008 in an interview in the November 2005 issue of Northwest Jazz Profile , but he never formally declared his candidacy . He later endorsed fellow former Law & Order actor Fred Thompson for the presidency during the 2008 Republican primaries , as well as Carly Fiorina during the 2016 primary election cycle . He has been a frequent contributor of numerous political columns to the ESR ( Enter Stage Right ) online Journal of Conservatism . Personal life ( edit ) Shortly after leaving Law & Order , Moriarty moved to Canada , declaring himself a political exile . He lived for a time in Halifax , Nova Scotia , where he was granted Canadian citizenship , and Toronto , Ontario before settling in Vancouver , British Columbia . Moriarty lives in Maple Ridge , British Columbia , where he still acts , writes and plays music . On the blog Enter Stage Right Moriarty writes that he was a `` very bad drunk '' , but that as of February 1 , 2004 , he had been sober for three years . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1971 My Old Man 's Place Trubee Pell 1972 Hickey & Boggs Ballard 1973 Bang the Drum Slowly Henry ' Author ' Wiggen 1973 A Summer Without Boys Abe Battle Television movie 1973 The Last Detail Marine O.D. 1973 The Glass Menagerie Jim O'Connor Television movie Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Shoot It Black , Shoot It Blue Herbert G. Rucker Report to the Commissioner Bo Lockley 1977 The Deadliest Season Gerry Miller Television movie , featuring Meryl Streep in her first movie role . 1978 Who 'll Stop the Rain John Converse 1978 The Winds of Kitty Hawk Wilbur Wright Television movie 1979 Too Far to Go Richard Maple Television movie 1981 Reborn ( es ) Mark 1982 The Sound of Murder Charles Norberry 1982 Q Jimmy Quinn 1982 Blood Link Keith Mannings 1985 Odd Birds Brother T.S.", "5": "Murphy 1985 Pale Rider Hull Barret 1985 The Stuff David ' Mo ' Rutherford 1986 Troll Harry Potter , Sr . The Hanoi Hilton Williamson It 's Alive III : Island of the Alive Jarvis A Return to Salem 's Lot Joe Weber 1988 Windmills of the Gods President Paul Ellison Television movie 1988 Frank Nitti : The Enforcer Hugh Kelly Television movie 1989 The Secret of the Ice Cave Manny Wise 1989 Dark Tower Dennis Randall 1989 Tailspin : Behind the Korean Airliner Tragedy U.S.A.F. Major Hank Daniels HBO Movie Full Fathom Five McKenzie Born Too Soon Fox Butterfield Television movie 1995 Children of the Dust John Maxwell Television movie 1995 Broken Silence Mulligan Chicago International Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actor Courage Under Fire General Hershberg Crime of the Century Governor Harold Hoffman Television movie Shiloh Ray Preston 1997 The Arrow President Dwight D. Eisenhower Television movie 1998 Earthquake in New York Captain Paul Stenning 1999 The Art of Murder Cole Sheridan 1999 Shiloh 2 : Shiloh Season Ray Preston 2000 Woman Wanted Richard Goddard 2000 Children of My Heart Rodrique Eymard Television movie 2001 House of Luk Mr. Kidd 2001 James Dean Winton Dean Television movie Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie 2001 Along Came a Spider Senator Hank Rose 2003 Cold Blooded Mark Solomon 2005 Fugitives Run Callohan 2005 Neverwas Dick 2006 12 Hours to Live Donald Saunders Television movie 2006 Deadly Skies General Dutton Television movie 2006 Santa Baby T.J. Hamilton ABC Family Television movie 2007 Hitler Meets Christ Hitler 2012 The Yellow Wallpaper Mr.", "6": "Isaac Hendricks 2018 The Sons of Summer Spectator Pre-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1978 Holocaust Eric Dorf 4 episodes Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie 1986 Cagney & Lacey Patrick Lowell Episode : `` Act of Conscience '' 1986 Hotel Brad Carlton Episode : `` Heroes '' The Equalizer Dr. Peter Kapik Episode : `` Encounter in a Closed Room '' 1988 The Twilight Zone Warren Cribbons Episode : `` 20 / 20 Vision '' 1989 The Equalizer Wayne ' Seti ' Virgil Episode : `` Starfire '' Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series 1990 -- 1994 Law & Order Executive A.D.A. Ben Stone 88 episodes Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series ( 1991 -- 94 ) 1995 Children of the Dust John Maxwell 2 episodes Miniseries 1997 -- 1999 PSI Factor : Chronicles of the Paranormal Michael Kelly 10 episodes 1997 Dead Man 's Gun John Pike Episode : `` Death Warrant '' 1998 Poltergeist : The Legacy Major Robert ' Johnathan ' Boyle Episode : `` Father to Son '' 1998 Touched by an Angel Dr. Charles Crayton Episode : `` Seek and Ye Shall Find '' 1998 Emily of New Moon Douglas Starr 3 episodes 1999 Strange World Unknown Episode : `` Pilot '' 2000 The Adventures of Jules Verne Dr.", "7": "Draco Episode : `` The Eyes of Lazzaro '' 2000 The Outer Limits Solicitor - General Wallace Gannon Episode : `` Final Appeal '' 2001 Mentors William Randolph Hearst Episode : `` Citizen Cates '' 2002 Stephen King 's Dead Zone Reverend Eugene ' Gene ' Purdy Episode : `` Unaired Pilot '' 2002 Taken Colonel Thomas Campbell Episode : `` Beyond the Sky '' 2002 Just Cause Dr. Hamilton Whitney Episode : `` Death 's Detail '' The 4400 Orson Bailey Episode : `` Pilot '' 2006 Masters of Horror Jim Wheeler Episode : `` Pick Me Up '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Michael Moriarty - I am Jack Ryan '' . Mmuuuhp.com. 2009 - 07 - 04 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Moriarty Biography ( 1941 - ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Michael ( May 15 , 2006 ) With Churchillian defiance `` , www.enterstageright.com . Jump up ^ Colon , Alicia ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` A Conversation With Former Law & Order Star Michael Moriarty '' . Irish Examiner USA . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database awards page for Moriarty Jump up ^ Moriarty , Michael ( 1997 ) . The Gift of Stern Angels . Exile Editions . ISBN 1 - 55096 - 183 - 7 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Courrier , Kevin ; Susan Green ( November 20 , 1999 ) . Law & Order : The Unofficial Companion . Renaissance Books . pp. 136 , 140 . ISBN 1 - 58063 - 108 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Review / Cabaret ; Singer , Actor And Pianist Rolled Into One '' . The New York Times . February 15 , 1990 .", "8": "Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Realists '' . American-partisan.com. 2001 - 08 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Moriarty : ' I 'm running for president in 2008 ' '' . Jump up ^ Actor Michael Moriarty Endorses Fellow Law & Order Star for President by Jim Kouri , CPP Archived 2011 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Thousand Year Peace : Chapter Seven : '' Off The Rose `` '' . Enter Stage Right . 2015 - 12 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Michael ( May 29 , 2006 ) `` RU486 or against it ? '' www.enterstageright.com External links ( edit ) Michael Moriarty on IMDb Michael Moriarty at the Internet Broadway Database Michael Moriarty at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Michael Moriarty at AllMovie Michael Moriarty at the TCM Movie Database Yahoo Movies : Michael Moriarty Michael Moriarty UUU fan site ( via archive.org ) : includes semi-regular blog posts by Moriarty Michael Moriarty ( Aveleyman ) Awards for Michael Moriarty Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Dennis Weaver ( 1959 ) Roddy McDowall ( 1961 ) Albert Paulsen ( 1964 ) James Daly ( 1966 ) Eli Wallach ( 1967 ) Milburn Stone ( 1968 ) James Brolin ( 1970 ) David Burns ( 1971 ) Jack Warden ( 1972 ) Scott Jacoby ( 1973 ) Michael Moriarty ( 1974 ) Will Geer ( 1975 ) Anthony Zerbe ( 1976 ) Gary Frank ( 1977 ) Robert", "9": "Vaughn ( 1978 ) Stuart Margolin ( 1979 ) Stuart Margolin ( 1980 ) Michael Conrad ( 1981 ) Michael Conrad ( 1982 ) James Coco ( 1983 ) Bruce Weitz ( 1984 ) Edward James Olmos ( 1985 ) John Karlen ( 1986 ) John Hillerman ( 1987 ) Larry Drake ( 1988 ) Larry Drake ( 1989 ) Jimmy Smits ( 1990 ) Timothy Busfield ( 1991 ) Richard Dysart ( 1992 ) Chad Lowe ( 1993 ) Fyvush Finkel ( 1994 ) Ray Walston ( 1995 ) Ray Walston ( 1996 ) Héctor Elizondo ( 1997 ) Gordon Clapp ( 1998 ) Michael Badalucco ( 1999 ) Richard Schiff ( 2000 ) Bradley Whitford ( 2001 ) John Spencer ( 2002 ) Joe Pantoliano ( 2003 ) Michael Imperioli ( 2004 ) William Shatner ( 2005 ) Alan Alda ( 2006 ) Terry O'Quinn ( 2007 ) Željko Ivanek ( 2008 ) Michael Emerson ( 2009 ) Aaron Paul ( 2010 ) Peter Dinklage ( 2011 ) Aaron Paul ( 2012 ) Bobby Cannavale ( 2013 ) Aaron Paul ( 2014 ) Peter Dinklage ( 2015 ) Ben Mendelsohn ( 2016 ) John Lithgow ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Robert Cummings ( 1955 ) Lloyd Nolan ( 1956 ) Jack Palance ( 1957 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1958 ) Fred Astaire ( 1959 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1960", "10": ") Maurice Evans ( 1961 ) Peter Falk ( 1962 ) Trevor Howard ( 1963 ) Jack Klugman ( 1964 ) Alfred Lunt ( 1965 ) Cliff Robertson ( 1966 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1967 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1968 ) Paul Scofield ( 1969 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1970 ) George C. Scott ( 1971 ) Keith Michell ( 1972 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1973 ) Anthony Murphy ( 1973 ) Hal Holbrook ( 1974 ) William Holden ( 1974 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1975 ) Peter Falk ( 1975 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1976 ) Hal Holbrook ( 1976 ) Ed Flanders ( 1977 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1977 ) Fred Astaire ( 1978 ) Michael Moriarty ( 1978 ) Peter Strauss ( 1979 ) Powers Boothe ( 1980 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1981 ) Mickey Rooney ( 1982 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 1983 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1984 ) Richard Crenna ( 1985 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1986 ) James Woods ( 1987 ) Jason Robards ( 1988 ) James Woods ( 1989 ) Hume Cronyn ( 1990 ) John Gielgud ( 1991 ) Beau Bridges ( 1992 ) Robert Morse ( 1993 ) Hume Cronyn ( 1994 ) Raúl Juliá ( 1995 ) Alan Rickman ( 1996 ) Armand Assante ( 1997 ) Gary Sinise ( 1998 ) Stanley Tucci ( 1999 ) Jack Lemmon ( 2000 ) Kenneth Branagh ( 2001 ) Albert Finney ( 2002 ) William H.", "11": "Macy ( 2003 ) Al Pacino ( 2004 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2005 ) Andre Braugher ( 2006 ) Robert Duvall ( 2007 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2008 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 2009 ) Al Pacino ( 2010 ) Barry Pepper ( 2011 ) Kevin Costner ( 2012 ) Michael Douglas ( 2013 ) Benedict Cumberbatch ( 2014 ) Richard Jenkins ( 2015 ) Courtney B. Vance ( 2016 ) Riz Ahmed ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Anthony Quayle ( 1975 ) Ed Flanders ( 1976 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1977 ) Howard Da Silva ( 1978 ) Marlon Brando ( 1979 ) George Grizzard ( 1980 ) David Warner ( 1981 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1982 ) Richard Kiley ( 1983 ) Art Carney ( 1984 ) Karl Malden ( 1985 ) John Malkovich ( 1986 ) Dabney Coleman ( 1987 ) John Shea ( 1988 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1989 ) Vincent Gardenia ( 1990 ) James Earl Jones ( 1991 ) Hume Cronyn ( 1992 ) Beau Bridges ( 1993 ) Michael A. Goorjian ( 1994 ) Donald Sutherland ( 1995 ) Tom Hulce ( 1996 ) Beau Bridges ( 1997 ) George C.", "12": "Scott ( 1998 ) Peter O'Toole ( 1999 ) Hank Azaria ( 2000 ) Brian Cox ( 2001 ) Michael Moriarty ( 2002 ) Ben Gazzara ( 2003 ) Jeffrey Wright ( 2004 ) Paul Newman ( 2005 ) Jeremy Irons ( 2006 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2007 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 2008 ) Ken Howard ( 2009 ) David Strathairn ( 2010 ) Guy Pearce ( 2011 ) Tom Berenger ( 2012 ) James Cromwell ( 2013 ) Martin Freeman ( 2014 ) Bill Murray ( 2015 ) Sterling K. Brown ( 2016 ) Alexander Skarsgård ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Mike Connors ( 1969 ) Peter Graves ( 1970 ) Robert Young ( 1971 ) Peter Falk ( 1972 ) James Stewart ( 1973 ) Telly Savalas ( 1974 ) Robert Blake / Telly Savalas ( 1975 ) Richard Jordan ( 1976 ) Edward Asner ( 1977 ) Michael Moriarty ( 1978 ) Edward Asner ( 1979 ) Richard Chamberlain ( 1980 ) Daniel J.", "13": "Travanti ( 1981 ) John Forsythe ( 1982 ) John Forsythe ( 1983 ) Tom Selleck ( 1984 ) Don Johnson ( 1985 ) Edward Woodward ( 1986 ) Richard Kiley ( 1987 ) Ron Perlman ( 1988 ) Ken Wahl ( 1989 ) Kyle MacLachlan ( 1990 ) Scott Bakula ( 1991 ) Sam Waterston ( 1992 ) David Caruso ( 1993 ) Dennis Franz ( 1994 ) Jimmy Smits ( 1995 ) David Duchovny ( 1996 ) Anthony Edwards ( 1997 ) Dylan McDermott ( 1998 ) James Gandolfini ( 1999 ) Martin Sheen ( 2000 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2001 ) Michael Chiklis ( 2002 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2003 ) Ian McShane ( 2004 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2005 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2006 ) Jon Hamm ( 2007 ) Gabriel Byrne ( 2008 ) Michael C. Hall ( 2009 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2010 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 2011 ) Damian Lewis ( 2012 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2013 ) Kevin Spacey ( 2014 ) Jon Hamm ( 2015 ) Billy Bob Thornton ( 2016 ) Sterling K. Brown ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play José Ferrer / Fredric March ( 1947 ) Henry Fonda / Paul Kelly / Basil Rathbone ( 1948 ) Rex Harrison ( 1949 ) Sidney Blackmer ( 1950 ) Claude Rains ( 1951 ) José Ferrer ( 1952 ) Tom Ewell ( 1953 ) David Wayne ( 1954 ) Alfred Lunt ( 1955 ) Paul Muni ( 1956 ) Fredric March ( 1957 ) Ralph Bellamy ( 1958 ) Jason Robards , Jr. ( 1959 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1960 ) Zero Mostel ( 1961 )", "14": "Paul Scofield ( 1962 ) Arthur Hill ( 1963 ) Alec Guinness ( 1964 ) Walter Matthau ( 1965 ) Hal Holbrook ( 1966 ) Paul Rogers ( 1967 ) Martin Balsam ( 1968 ) James Earl Jones ( 1969 ) Fritz Weaver ( 1970 ) Brian Bedford ( 1971 ) Cliff Gorman ( 1972 ) Alan Bates ( 1973 ) Michael Moriarty ( 1974 ) John Kani and Winston Ntshona ( 1975 ) John Wood ( 1976 ) Al Pacino ( 1977 ) Barnard Hughes ( 1978 ) Tom Conti ( 1979 ) John Rubinstein ( 1980 ) Ian McKellen ( 1981 ) Roger Rees ( 1982 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 1983 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1984 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1985 ) Judd Hirsch ( 1986 ) James Earl Jones ( 1987 ) Ron Silver ( 1988 ) Philip Bosco ( 1989 ) Robert Morse ( 1990 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1991 ) Judd Hirsch ( 1992 ) Ron Leibman ( 1993 ) Stephen Spinella ( 1994 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1995 ) George Grizzard ( 1996 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1997 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 1998 ) Brian Dennehy ( 1999 ) Stephen Dillane ( 2000 ) Richard Easton ( 2001 ) Alan Bates ( 2002 ) Brian Dennehy ( 2003 ) Jefferson Mays ( 2004 ) Bill Irwin ( 2005 ) Richard Griffiths ( 2006 ) Frank Langella ( 2007 ) Mark Rylance ( 2008 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2009 ) Denzel Washington ( 2010 ) Mark", "15": "Rylance ( 2011 ) James Corden ( 2012 ) Tracy Letts ( 2013 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2014 ) Alex Sharp ( 2015 ) Frank Langella ( 2016 ) Kevin Kline ( 2017 ) VIAF : 7574774 LCCN : no90021751 ISNI : 0000 0001 1740 3752 GND : 12922717X SUDOC : 148412394 BNF : cb13897715g ( data ) BNE : XX1360958 SNAC : w6475547 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Moriarty&oldid=833896757 '' Categories : 1941 births Living people American bloggers Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art American male film actors American emigrants to Canada American jazz pianists American people of Irish descent American male television actors Best Drama Actor Golden Globe ( television ) winners Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners Dartmouth College alumni Michigan Republicans Musicians from Detroit Naturalized citizens of Canada Male actors from Detroit People from Maple Ridge ,", "16": "British Columbia Tony Award winners University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy alumni 20th - century American pianists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with hCards Interlanguage link template link number Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 22 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-575282834093664171	where is tigris river located on the world map	[ "38°29′0″N 39°25′0″E / 38.48333°N 39.41667°E" ]	{ "0": "Tigris - wikipedia Tigris Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tigris ( disambiguation ) . Tigris Sumerian : 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idigna or Idigina , Akkadian : 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idiqlat , Arabic : دجلة ‎ ‎ Dijlah , Syriac : Deqlaṯ ܕܹܩܠܵܬ ‎ , Armenian : Տիգրիս Tigris , Դգլաթ Dglatʿ , Hebrew : ‎ Ḥîddeqel חידקל ‎ ‎ , biblical Hiddekel , Turkish : Dicle , Kurdish : Dîcle , Dîjla دیجلە ‎ River About 100 km from its source , the Tigris enables rich agriculture outside Diyarbakır , Turkey . Countries Turkey , Syria , Iraq Tributaries - left Batman , Garzan , Botan , Khabur , Greater Zab , Lesser Zab , ' Adhaim , Cizre , Diyala - right Wadi Tharthar Cities Diyarbakır , Mosul , Baghdad Source Lake Hazar - elevation 1,150 m ( 3,773 ft ) - coordinates 38 ° 29 ′ 0 '' N 39 ° 25 ′ 0 '' E / 38.48333 ° N 39.41667 ° E / 38.48333 ; 39.41667 Mouth Shatt al - Arab - location Al - Qurnah , Basra Governorate , Iraq Length 1,850 km ( 1,150 mi ) Basin 375,000 km ( 144,788 sq mi ) Discharge for Baghdad - average 1,014 m / s ( 35,809 cu ft / s ) - max 2,779 m / s ( 98,139 cu ft / s ) - min 337 m / s ( 11,", "1": "901 cu ft / s ) Map of the Tigris - Euphrates basin area Batman River The Tigris ( / ˈtaɪɡrɪs / ; Sumerian : 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idigna or Idigina ; Akkadian : 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idiqlat ; Arabic : دجلة ‎ ‎ Dijlah ( didʒlah ) ; Syriac : Deqlaṯ ܕܹܩܠܵܬ ‎ ; Armenian : Տիգրիս Tigris , Դգլաթ Dglatʿ ; Hebrew : ‎ Ḥîddeqel חידקל ‎ ‎ , biblical Hiddekel ; Turkish : Dicle ; Kurdish : Dîcle , Dîjla دیجلە ‎ ) is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia , the other being the Euphrates . The river flows south from the mountains of southeastern Turkey through Iraq and empties itself into the Persian Gulf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Navigation 3 Etymology 4 Management and water quality 5 Religion and mythology 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Geography ( edit ) The Tigris is 1,750 km long , rising in the Taurus Mountains of eastern Turkey about 25 km southeast of the city of Elazig and about 30 km from the headwaters of the Euphrates . The river then flows for 400 km through Turkish territory before becoming the border between Syria and Turkey . This stretch of 44 km is the only part of the river that is located in Syria . Close to its confluence with the Euphrates , the Tigris splits into several channels . First , the artificial Shatt al - Hayy branches off , to join the Euphrates near Nasiriyah . Second , the Shatt al - Muminah and Majar al - Kabir branch off to feed the Central Marshes .", "2": "Further downstream , two other distributary channels branch off ( the Al - Musharrah and Al - Kahla ) , which feed the Hawizeh Marshes . The main channel continues southwards and is joined by the Al - Kassarah , which drains the Hawizeh Marshes . Finally , the Tigris joins the Euphrates near al - Qurnah to form the Shatt - al - Arab . According to Pliny and other ancient historians , the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris . Baghdad , the capital of Iraq , stands on the banks of the Tigris . The port city of Basra straddles the Shatt al - Arab . In ancient times , many of the great cities of Mesopotamia stood on or near the Tigris , drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the Sumerians . Notable Tigris - side cities included Nineveh , Ctesiphon , and Seleucia , while the city of Lagash was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2900 B.C. Navigation ( edit ) The Tigris has long been an important transport route in a largely desert country . Shallow - draft vessels can go as far as Baghdad , but rafts are needed for transport upstream to Mosul . General Francis Rawdon Chesney hauled two steamers overland through Syria in 1836 to explore the possibility of an overland and river route to India . One steamer , the Tigris , was wrecked in a storm which sank and killed twenty . Chesney proved the river navigable to powered craft . Later , the Euphrates and Tigris Steam Navigation Company was established in 1861 by the Lynch Brothers trading company . They had 2 steamers in service . By 1908 ten steamers were on the river . Tourists boarded steam yachts to venture inland as this was the first age of archaeological tourism , and the sites of Ur and Ctesiphon became popular to European travellers . In the First World War , during the British conquest of Ottoman Mesopotamia , Indian and Thames River paddlers were used to supply General Townsend 's Army . See Siege of Kut and the Fall of Baghdad ( 1917 ) .", "3": "The Tigris Flotilla included vessels Clio , Espiegle , Lawrence , Odin , armed tug Comet , armed launches Lewis Pelly , Miner , Shaitan , Sumana , and stern wheelers Muzaffari / Mozaffir . These were joined by Royal Navy Fly - class gunboats Butterfly , Cranefly , Dragonfly , Mayfly , Sawfly , Snakefly , and Mantis , Moth , and Tarantula . After the war , river trade declined in importance during the 20th century as the Basra - Baghdad - Mosul railway , an unfinished portion of the Baghdad Railway , was completed and roads took over much of the freight traffic . Etymology ( edit ) Bedouin crossing the river Tigris with plunder ( c. 1860 ) The Ancient Greek form Tigris ( Τίγρις ) was borrowed from Old Persian Tigrā , itself from Elamite Tigra , itself from Sumerian Idigna . The original Sumerian Idigna or Idigina was probably from * id ( i ) gina `` running water '' , which can be interpreted as `` the swift river '' , contrasted to its neighbour , the Euphrates , whose leisurely pace caused it to deposit more silt and build up a higher bed than the Tigris . The Sumerian form was borrowed into Akkadian as Idiqlat , and from there into the other Semitic languages ( cf . Hebrew Ḥîddeqel , Syriac Deqlaṯ , Arabic Dijlah ) . Another name for the Tigris used in Middle Persian was Arvand Rud , literally `` swift river '' . Today , however , Arvand Rud ( New Persian : اروند رود ) refers to the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers ( known in Arabic as the Shatt al - Arab ) . In Kurdish , it is also known as Ava Mezin , `` the Great Water '' .", "4": "The name of the Tigris in languages that have been important in the region : Outside of Mosul , Iraq Language Name for Tigris Akkadian 𒁇𒄘𒃼 , Idiqlat Arabic دجلة , Dijlah ; حداقل , Ḥudaqil Aramaic ܕܝܓܠܐܬ , Diglath Armenian Տիգրիս , Tigris , Դգլաթ , Dglatʿ Greek ἡ Τίγρης , - ητος , hē Tígrēs , - ētos ; ἡ , ὁ Τίγρις , - ιδος , hē , ho Tígris , - idos Hebrew חידקל ‎ , Ḥîddeqel biblical Hiddekel Hurrian Aranzah Kurdish Dîcle , Dîjla دیجلە Persian Old Persian : 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 Tigrā ; Middle Persian : Tigr ; Modern Persian : دجله Dejle Sumerian 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idigna / Idigina Syriac ܕܹܩܠܵܬ Deqlaṯ Turkish Dicle Baghdad Management and water quality ( edit ) Mosul , Iraq The Tigris is heavily dammed in Iraq and Turkey to provide water for irrigating the arid and semi-desert regions bordering the river valley . Damming has also been important for averting floods in Iraq , to which the Tigris has historically been notoriously prone following April melting of snow in the Turkish mountains . Recent Turkish damming of the river has been the subject of some controversy , for both its environmental effects within Turkey and its potential to reduce the flow of water downstream . Mosul Dam is the largest dam in Iraq . Water from both rivers is used as a means of pressure during conflicts .", "5": "In 2014 a major breakthrough in developing consensus between multiple stakeholder representatives of Iraq and Turkey on a Plan of Action for promoting exchange and calibration of data and standards pertaining to Tigris river flows was achieved . The consensus which is referred to as the `` Geneva Consensus On Tigris River '' was reached at a meeting organized in Geneva by the think tank Strategic Foresight Group . In February 2016 , the United States Embassy in Iraq as well as the Prime Minister of Iraq Haider al - Abadi issued warnings that Mosul Dam could collapse . The United States warned people to evacuate the floodplain of the Tigris because between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were at risk of drowning due to flash flood if the dam collapses , and that the major Iraqi cities of Mosul , Tikrit , Samarra , and Baghdad were at risk . Religion and mythology ( edit ) In Sumerian mythology , the Tigris was created by the god Enki , who filled the river with flowing water . In Hittite and Hurrian mythology , Aranzah ( or Aranzahas in the Hittite nominative form ) is the Hurrian name of the Tigris River , which was divinized . He was the son of Kumarbi and the brother of Teshub and Tašmišu , one of the three gods spat out of Kumarbi 's mouth onto Mount Kanzuras . Later he colluded with Anu and the Teshub to destroy Kumarbi ( The Kumarbi Cycle ) . The Tigris appears twice in the Old Testament . First , in the Book of Genesis , it is the third of the four rivers branching off the river issuing out of the Garden of Eden . The second mention is in the Book of Daniel , wherein the prophet states he received one of his visions `` when I was by that great river the Tigris '' . The Tigris River is also mentioned in Islam . The tomb of Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal and Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani is in Baghdad and the flow of Tigris restricts the number of visitors .", "6": "Tigris River in Baghdad ( 2016 ) Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Iraq 1932 - 1959 depicting the two rivers , the confluence Shatt al - Arab and the date palm forest , which used to be the largest in the world The river featured on the coat of arms of Iraq from 1932 - 1959 . See also ( edit ) Assyria Cradle of civilization Ilisu Dam Campaign campaign against a planned dam on Tigris in Turkey List of places in Iraq Wildlife of Iraq Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Isaev , V.A. ; Mikhailova , M.V. ( 2009 ) . `` The hydrology , evolution , and hydrological regime of the mouth area of the Shatt al - Arab River '' . Water Resources . 36 ( 4 ) : 380 -- 395 . doi : 10.1134 / S0097807809040022 . Jump up ^ Kolars , J.F. ; Mitchell , W.A. ( 1991 ) . The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press . pp. 6 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 1572 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pliny : Natural History , VI , XXVI , 128 - 131 Jump up ^ `` Mesopotamia , Tigris - Euphrates , 1914 - 1917 , despatches , killed and died , medals '' . naval-history.net . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ F. Delitzsch , Sumerisches Glossar , Leipzig ( 1914 ) , IV , 6 , 21 . ^ Jump up to : Genesis 2 : 14 Jump up ^ E. Laroche , Glossaire de la langue Hourrite , Paris ( 1980 ) , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Vidal , John . `` Water supply key to outcome of conflicts in Iraq and Syria , experts warn '' The Guardian , 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis & Water Agenda '' . ORSAM . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Borger , Julian ( 29 February 2016 ) . `` Iraqi PM and US issue warnings over threat of Mosul dam collapse '' . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US warns of Mosul dam collapse in northern Iraq '' . BBC News . BBC . BBC . 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy A. Black , The Literature of Ancient Sumer , Oxford University Press 2004 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 926311 - 6 p. 220 - 221 Jump up ^ Daniel 10 : 4 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica ( 9th ed . ) article Tigris . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tigris . Livius.org : Tigris Hausleiter , A. , M. Roaf , St J. Simpson , R. Wenke , P. Flensted Jensen , R. Talbert , T. Elliott , S. Gillies . `` Places : 912964 ( Tigris / Diglitus fl . ) '' . Pleiades . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Managing the Tigris and Euphrates Watershed Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library Outline of WWI Battles involving the Tigris River The Tigris Countries Turkey ( 523 km ) Syria ( 40 km ) Iraq ( 1,377 km ) Cities Diyarbakır Bismil Hasankeyf Cizre Mosul Tikrit Samarra Kadhimiya Baghdad Amarah Al - Kūt Tributaries Ambar Kuru Pamuk Hazro Batman Garzan Göksu Savur Botan Little Khabur Great Zab Little Zab ' Adhaim Diyala", "8": "Dams Dicle Ilısu Cizre Mosul Badush Samarra Kut Ancient Mesopotamia Geography Modern Euphrates Upper Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Syrian Desert Taurus Mountains Tigris Zagros Mountains Ancient Akkad Assyria Babylonia Chaldea Elam Hittites Media Mitanni Sumer Urartu Cities History Pre - / Protohistory Acheulean Mousterian Trialetian Zarzian Natufian Nemrikian Khiamian Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( PPNB ) Hassuna / Samarra Halaf Ubaid Uruk Jemdet Nasr Kish civilization History Early Dynastic Akkadian Ur III Old Babylonian Kassite Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Seleucid Parthian Roman Sasanian Muslim conquest Timeline of the Assyrian Empire Languages Akkadian Amorite Aramaic Eblaite Elamite Gutian Hittite Hurrian Luwian Middle Persian Old Persian Parthian Proto - Armenian Sumerian Urartian Culture / Society Architecture Art Cuneiform script Akkadian literature Sumerian literature Music Religion", "9": "Archaeology Looting Destruction by ISIL Tell Portal Iraq articles History Ancient Sumer Akkadian Empire Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Sassanid Asorestan 638 -- 1958 Muslim conquest of Persia Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Kara Koyunlu Ak Koyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq ( Mamluk dynasty ) Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Arab Federation Republic 1958 -- 68 1968 -- 2003 2003 -- 11 2011 -- present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Iraq Region ( National Command ) Saddam Hussein Iran -- Iraq War Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Mosul liberation Geography Al - Faw Peninsula Al - Jazira Euphrates Hamrin Mountains Persian Gulf Islands Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Places Lakes Shatt al - Arab Syrian Desert Tigris Umm Qasr Zagros Mountains Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Council of Representatives ( legislative ) Elections Foreign aid Foreign relations Government Council of Ministers Presidency Council President Prime Minister Human rights in", "10": "pre-Saddam Iraq in Saddam Hussein 's Iraq in post-invasion Iraq in ISIL - controlled territory LGBT Freedom of religion Women Law Military Police Political parties Judiciary Wars and conflicts Economy Central Bank Dinar ( currency ) Infrastructure Oil Industry Oil reserves Reconstruction Stock Exchange Telecommunications Transportation Society Cuisine Culture Education Health Media Music Sports Demographics Iraqis diaspora refugees Languages Arabic Aramaic Kurdish Persian Turkmen Minorities Armenians Assyrians Circassians Kurds Mandaeans Marsh Arabs Persians Solluba Turkmen Religion Islam Christianity Jews Mandaeism Yazidis Outline Index Portal Rivers of Turkey by drainage basin Black Sea Sakarya Filyos Bartın Kızılırmak ( Halys ) Gök Terme Yeşilırmak Yağlıdere Aksu Gelevara Kara Dere Çoruh Marmara Biga Susurluk ( Simav ) Aegean Meriç ( Maritsa ) Tunca Karamenderes ( Scamander ) Bakırçay Gediz Küçük Menderes Büyük Menderes Mediterranean Aksu Manavgat Köprüçay Kaledran Dragon", "11": "Sini Babadıl Göksu Limonlu Alata ( Sorgun ) Tömük Karacaoğlan Tece Mezitli ( Liparis ) Efrenk ( Müftü ) Deliçay Berdan ( Tarsus ) Seyhan Ceyhan Payas Asi ( Orontes ) Deli Çay Persian Gulf Fırat ( Euphrates ) Dicle ( Tigris ) Hezil Caspian Aras Kura Coordinates : 38 ° 26 ′ 0 '' N 39 ° 46 ′ 22 '' E / 38.43333 ° N 39.77278 ° E / 38.43333 ; 39.77278 VIAF : 236538332 GND : 4372014 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigris&oldid=806416898 '' Categories : Tigris River International rivers of Asia Rivers of Iraq Rivers of Kurdistan Rivers of Syria Rivers of Turkey Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Tur Abdin Levant Geography of Iraqi Kurdistan Landforms of Elazığ Province Landforms of Diyarbakır Province Landforms of Batman Province Landforms of Siirt Province Landforms of Şırnak Province Border rivers Hidden categories : Articles containing Akkadian - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Syriac - language text Articles containing Armenian - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Kurdish - language text Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Aramaic - language text Articles containing Old Persian - language text CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Coordinates on", "12": "Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu", "13": "Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 22 : 08 . 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-302450126325076130	where do the phaeacians live in the odyssey	[ "Scheria", "Scheria", "Scheria (/ˈskɛriə/; Ancient Greek: Σχερίη or Σχερία)—also known as Scherie or Phaeacia", "Scheria" ]	{ "0": "Scheria - wikipedia Scheria Jump to : navigation , search Scheria ( / ˈskɛriə / ; Ancient Greek : Σχερίη or Σχερία ) -- also known as Scherie or Phaeacia -- was a region in Greek mythology , first mentioned in Homer 's Odyssey as the home of the Phaeacians and the last destination of Odysseus in his 10 - year journey before returning home to Ithaca . Contents ( hide ) 1 From Ogygia to Scheria ( Odysseus ) 2 Odysseus meets Nausicaa 3 The palace of King Alcinous 4 The Phaeacian ships 5 Geographical location of Scheria 5.1 Geographical account by Strabo 6 Notes 7 External links From Ogygia to Scheria ( Odysseus ) ( edit ) Before leaving Ogygia , Odysseus builds a raft and sails eastwards , instructed by Calypso to navigate using the stars as a celestial reference point . On the eighteenth day appear the shadowy mountains of the land of the Phaeacians , that looked like a shield in the misty deep . But Poseidon spots his raft and seeking vengeance for his son Polyphemus who was blinded by Odysseus , produces a storm that torments Odysseus . After three days of struggle with the waves , he is finally washed up on Scheria . Pieter Lastman : Odysseus and Nausicaa ( oil on panel , 1619 ; Alte Pinakothek , Munich ) Odysseus meets Nausicaa ( edit ) Francesco Hayez : Odysseus at the court of Alcinous ( oil on canvas , c. 1815 ; Galleria Nazionale di Capodimonte , Naples ) Meanwhile , the goddess Athena , who sneaks into the palace , disguises herself as a sea - captain 's daughter and instructs princess Nausicaa , the daughter of King Alcinous in her sleep to go to the seashore to wash her clothes .", "1": "The next morning , Nausicaa and her maids go to the seashore , and , after washing the clothes , they start to play a game on the beach , with laughs , giggles and shouts . Odysseus , who was exhausted from his adventure and was sleeping nearby , is awakened by the shouts . He covers his nakedness with thick leaves and goes to ask for help from the team . Upon seeing the unkempt Odysseus in this state , the maids run away , but , Nausicaa , encouraged by Athena , stands her ground and talks to him . To excuse the maids , she admits that the Phaeacians are `` the farthermost of men , and no other mortals are conversant with them '' , so they run away since they have never seen a stranger before . Nausicaa , being hospitable , provides clothes , food and drink to Odysseus , and then directs him to the palace of King Alcinous . The palace of King Alcinous ( edit ) Following Nausicaa 's orders , Odysseus sought to enter the palace of King Alcinous and plead for mercy from the queen , Arete , so he could marry her daughter . On his way to the palace , Odysseus meets Athena disguised as a local girl . In her disguised state , Athena advises him about how to enter the palace . Athena , knowledgeable that the Phaeacians were hostile towards men from the outlands , cloaked Odysseus in a mist that hid him from the Phaeacians ' gaze . Under Athena 's protection , Odysseus passes through all of the protection systems of the palace and enters the chamber of King Alcinous . Odysseus throws his arms around the queen 's legs and supplicates her . Naturally , Alcinous and his court are surprised to see a stranger walking into their secured palace . It was only after Echeneus , a Phaeacian elder , urged King Alcinous to welcome the stranger that they offered Odysseus hospitality The front doors of the palace are flanked with two dogs made of silver and gold , constructed by Hephaestus . The walls of the palace are made of bronze that `` shines like the sun '' and is secured with gates made of gold .", "2": "Within the walls , there is a magnificent garden with apple , pear , and pomegranate trees that grow year - round . The palace is even equipped with a lighting system comprising golden statues of young men bearing torches . After Odysseus tells Alcinous and his court the story of his adventures after the Trojan War , the Phaeacians take him to Ithaca on one of their ships . Claude Lorrain : Port Scene with the Departure of Odysseus from the Land of the Phaeacians ( oil on canvas , 1646 ; Louvre , Paris ) The Phaeacian ships ( edit ) The Phaeacians possessed remarkable ships . They were quite different from the penteconters , the ships used during the Trojan War , and they were steered by thought . King Alcinous says that Phaeacians carried Rhadamanthus to Euboea , `` which is the furthest of any place '' and came back on the same day . He also explains to Odysseus what sort of information the Phaeacian ships require in order to take him home to Ithaca . Tell me also your country , nation , and city , that our ships may shape their purpose accordingly and take you there . For the Phaeacians have no pilots ; their vessels have no rudders as those of other nations have , but the ships themselves understand what it is that we are thinking about and want ; they know all the cities and countries in the whole world , and can traverse the sea just as well even when it is covered with mist and cloud , so that there is no danger of being wrecked or coming to any harm . Homer describes the Phaeacian ships as fast as a falcon and gives a vivid description of the ship 's departure . The ship bounded forward on her way as a four in hand chariot flies over the course when the horses feel the whip . Her prow curvetted as it were the neck of a stallion , and a great wave of dark blue water seethed in her wake . She held steadily on her course , and even a falcon , swiftest of all birds , could not have kept pace with her .", "3": "Geographical location of Scheria ( edit ) Main article : Geography of the Odyssey Pontikonisi , the purported petrified ship of the Phaeaces , close to Corfu Many ancient and modern interpreters favour identification of Scheria with the island of Corfu , which is within 110 km ( 68 miles ) of Ithaca . Thucydides , in his Peloponnesian War , identifies Scheria as Corfu or , with its ancient name , Corcyra . In I. 25.4 , he records the Corinthians ' resentment of the Corcyraeans , who `` could not repress a pride in the high naval position of an island whose nautical renown dated from the days of its old inhabitants , the Phaeacians . '' Locals on Corfu had long claimed this , based on the rock outside Corfu harbour , which is supposedly the ship that carried Odysseus back to Ithaca , but was turned to stone by Poseidon , to punish the Phaeacians for helping his enemy , ( ... ) with one blow from the flat of his hand turned her ( the ship ) into stone and rooted her to the sea bottom . The Phaeacians did not participate in the Trojan War . The Greek name Φαίακες is derived from phaiós ( φαιός `` gray '' ) . However , the Phaeacians in the Odyssey did not know Odysseus ( although they knew of him , as evidenced by the tales of Demodocus ) , so they called him a `` stranger '' . Odysseus however was the king of the majority of the Ionian Islands , not only of Ithaca , but also `` of Cephallenia , Neritum , Crocylea , Aegilips , Same and Zacynthus '' so if Scheria was Corfu , it would be surprising that the citizens of one of the Ionian Islands did not know Odysseus . Furthermore , when Odysseus reveals his identity , he says to the nobles : `` ( ... ) if I outlive this time of sorrow , I may be counted as your friend , though I live so far away from all of you '' indicating that Scheria was far away from Ithaca .", "4": "Many characteristics of the Phaeacians , including their seafaring and relaxed lifestyle are suggestive of Minoan Crete . Aside from the seafaring prowess , the palace walls that shone like the Sun are read to be covered not by bronze but orichalcum . The latter similarities make Scheria also suggestive of Plato 's account of Atlantis . Helena Blavatsky proposed in her Secret Doctrine ( 1888 ) that it was Homer before Plato who first wrote of Atlantis . From the ancient times , some scholars having examined the work and the geography of Homer have suggested that Scheria was located in the Atlantic Ocean . Among them were Strabo and Plutarch . Geographical account by Strabo ( edit ) Approximately eight centuries after Homer , the geographer Strabo criticized Polybius on the geography of the Odyssey . Strabo proposed that Scheria and Ogygia were located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean . At another instance he ( Polybius ) suppresses statements . For Homer says also `` Now after the ship had left the river - stream of Oceanus '' and `` In the island of Ogygia , where is the navel of the sea , '' where the daughter of Atlas lives ; and again , regarding the Phaeacians , `` Far apart we live in the wash of the waves , the farthermost of men , and no other mortals are conversant with us . '' All these ( incidents ) clearly suggest that he ( Homer ) composed them to take place in the Atlantic Ocean . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey , 5 , 270 ^ Jump up to : Homer , Odyssey , 6.204 Jump up ^ Lattimore , Richard ( 1967 ) . Homer 's The Odyssey , Book 6 , Line 160 . New York , NY : Harper & Row Publishers , Inc. p. 112 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093195 - 7 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey , 7.320 Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey , Book VIII 555 -- 563 ^ Jump up to : Odyssey , Book XIII 84 -- 88 Jump up ^ Entry `` φαιός '' in Liddell & Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon .", "5": "Jump up ^ Map of Ionian Islands Jump up ^ Iliad , II . Jump up ^ Odyssey , IX , 17 . Jump up ^ `` It was not he ( Plato ) who invented it ( the story of Atlantis ) , since Homer , who preceded him by many centuries , also speaks of the Atlantes and of their island in his Odyssey . '' Secret Doctrine , vol 2 , pt. 3 , ch. 6 . Jump up ^ Odyssey , XII , 1 . Jump up ^ Odyssey , I , 50 . Jump up ^ Strabo , 1.2. 18 . The original text of this passage by Strabo is `` ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα φανερῶς ἐν τῷ Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει πλαττόμενα δηλοῦται . '' External links ( edit ) Odyssey by Homer Homer 's Odyssey resources on the Web Strabo : The Geography Atlantis , Poseidonis ,", "6": "Ogygia and Scheria ( on page 8 ) Places visited by Odysseus in Homer 's Odyssey Ismarus The island of Lotus - eaters The island of Polyphemus Aeolia Telepylos Aeaea The Underworld The Sirens Scylla and Charybdis Thrinacia Ogygia Scheria Ithaca Characters in the Odyssey House of Odysseus Penelope ( wife ) Telemachus ( son ) Anticlea ( mother ) Laërtes ( father ) Autolycus ( grandfather ) Eurycleia ( chief servant ) Mentor ( advisor ) Phemius ( musician ) Eumaeus ( swineherd ) Philoetius ( cowherd ) Melanthius ( goatherd ) Argos ( pet - dog ) Monarchs and royals Alcinous of Phaeacia Arete of Phaeacia Nestor of Pylos Menelaus of Sparta Princess Nausicaa of Phaeacia Agamemnon of Mycenae Gods Athena Apollo Artemis Atlas Calypso Circe Hermes Poseidon Zeus Oceanus Others Achilles Aeolus Ajax Amphimedon Anticlus Antiphates Antiphus Aretus Cyclopes Demodocus Demoptolemus Deucalion Dolius Echephron Echetus Elpenor Eupeithes Euryalus Eurylochus Halitherses Helen Heracles Idomeneus Irus Kikonians Laodamas Laestrygones Medon Melantho Mentes Old Man of the Sea Peisistratus Perimedes Perseus Polites Polydamna Polyphemus Scylla and Charybdis Sirens Stratichus Tiresias Theoclymenus Thrasymedes Suitors Agelaus Amphinomus Antinous Ctesippus Eurymachus Leodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "7": "php?title=Scheria&oldid=818632627 '' Categories : Mythological islands Geography of the Odyssey Locations in Greek mythology Corcyraean mythology Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Latina Polski Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 18 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-714884244600608354	who invented the glasses that give sight to the blind	[ "Conrad Lewis", "2006", "Conrad Lewis", "Conrad Lewis" ]	{ "0": "ESight - wikipedia ESight Jump to : navigation , search This article contains paid contributions . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia 's content policies , particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . ( December 2017 ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia 's content policies , particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) eSight is a wearable medical device designed to improve the functional vision of those living with low vision or legal blindness . The device was developed by Canadian - based company eSight Corp . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Specifications 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) eSight was founded in 2006 by Conrad Lewis , a Canadian electrical engineer with two legally blind sisters . His motivation was to build a device that would enable his sisters to see , be able to work and independently perform virtually all activities of daily living ( ADLs ) . The first generation of the device , eSight 1 , was released in October 2013 . The second generation , eSight 2 , was released in May 2015 and contained several hardware upgrades , including HD OLED screens , enhanced color and screen resolution and a longer battery life . The current generation , eSight 3 , was released in February 2017 . In May 2017 , Time magazine included eSight on its list of `` The Best Tech of 2017 So Far . '' Buzzfeed also included it in its list of the `` 6 Inventions Changing British People 's Lives In 2017 . '' Specifications ( edit ) eSight includes two HD color displays , one in front of each eye , with prescription lenses tailored to the user 's particular prescription . The displays integrate dual independent and high contrast OLED screens , 1024x768 resolution and a 37.5 degree field - of - view . The camera on the front of the device captures video in Ultra HD at 21.5 MP and allows for up to 24x zoom .", "1": "eSight 's user interface also features HDMI and USB inputs , Bluetooth , Wi - Fi and removable SD cards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andrews , Malika ( 5 January 2017 ) . `` Glasses from eSight help legally blind Colts fan see game for first time '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` eSight : helping the legally blind see '' . InvestinOntario. 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wearable technology expands mobility for visually impaired '' . Ophthalmology Times . 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Liedtke , Michael ( 24 February 2017 ) . `` Toronto company eSight helping the visually impaired see '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Wearable Breakthrough Announced : eSight 3 sets the gold standard for the most sophisticated low vision glasses of its kind anywhere in the world , enabling the legally blind to actually see , be mobile , and independently carry out virtually all Activities of Daily Living '' ( Press release ) . Market Wired. 15 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rains , Ben ( 6 August 2017 ) . `` eSight Helps Blind Man Watch Soccer Decades After Soccer Accident '' . Sport Techie . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Gadgets of 2017 '' . Time magazine . 31 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Oakes , Kelly ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` 6 Inventions Changing British People 's Lives In 2017 '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 2 September 2017 .", "2": "External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ESight&oldid=823870078 '' Categories : Wearable devices Products introduced in 2013 Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 23 : 12 . 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-3344403727454433038	when do we find out luke and leia are siblings	[ "In Return of the Jedi (1983)", "In Return of the Jedi", "Return of the Jedi" ]	{ "0": "Princess Leia - wikipedia Princess Leia Jump to : navigation , search Princess Leia Star Wars character Promotional photo of Fisher as Princess Leia for the original 1977 Star Wars film First appearance Star Wars ( 1977 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Carrie Fisher ( Episodes IV -- VIII , Holiday Special ) Aidan Barton ( infant , Episode III ) Ingvild Deila ( Rogue One ; motion capture ) Voiced by Carrie Fisher ( Holiday Special animated sequence , Super Star Wars : Return of the Jedi , Robot Chicken : Star Wars Episode II , Lego : Episode VII , Rogue One ; archival audio ) Other : ( show ) Ann Sachs ( radio dramatizations ) Lisa Fuson ( Shadows of the Empire , Star Wars : Masters of Teräs Käsi , Star Wars : Rebellion , Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds and Lego Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Out ) Patricia Parris ( Read - along storybook CDs ) Grey DeLisle ( Star Wars : Force Commander ) Joyce Kurtz ( Star Wars : Rogue Squadron III : Rebel Strike and Star Wars : Battlefront II ) Catherine Taber ( Star Wars : The Force Unleashed , Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II and Star Wars : Detours ) Heather Doerksen ( Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales ) April Winchell ( Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars ) Anna Graves ( Disney Infinity 3.0 ) Julie Dolan ( Star Wars : Uprising , Star Wars Rebels , Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures , Disney Infinity 3.", "1": "0 ) Misty Lee ( Star Wars Battlefront and Star Wars Battlefront II ) Shelby Young ( Star Wars Forces of Destiny ) Information Aliases Boushh ( Return of the Jedi ) Gender Female Occupation Supreme commander of the Resistance Republic Senator of Alderaan ( formerly ) Imperial Senate Ambassador ( formerly ) Princess of Alderaan Legends : Chief of State of the New Republic Jedi Knight Affiliation Imperial Senate Rebel Alliance New Republic Resistance Legends : Galactic Alliance Jedi Council Jedi Coalition Title General Family Anakin Skywalker ( biological father ) Padmé Amidala ( biological mother ) Luke Skywalker ( twin brother ) Bail Organa ( adoptive father ) Breha Organa ( adoptive mother ) Spouse ( s ) Han Solo Children Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Legends : Jaina Solo Jacen Solo Anakin Solo Relatives Shmi Skywalker ( paternal grandmother ) Legends : Mara Jade ( sister - in - law ) Ben Skywalker ( nephew ) Allana Solo ( granddaughter ) Winter Celchu ( adoptive sister ) Homeworld Alderaan ( homeworld ) Polis Massa ( birthplace ) Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan ( also Senator Leia Organa or General Leia Organa ) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher . Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977 , Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan , a member of the Imperial Senate and an agent of the Rebel Alliance . She thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire 's cataclysmic superweapon , the Death Star . In The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler , Han Solo . In Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt , and is revealed to be Vader 's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker . The prequel film Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) establishes that the twins ' mother is Senator ( and former queen ) Padmé Amidala of Naboo , who dies after childbirth .", "2": "Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan . In The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) and The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order . She and Han have a son named Ben , who adopted the name Kylo Ren after turning to the dark side of the Force . In the original Star Wars expanded universe ( 1977 -- 2014 ) of novels , comics and video games , which are set in an alternate continuity , Leia continues her adventures with Han and Luke after Return of the Jedi , fighting Imperial resurgences and new threats to the galaxy . She becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic and a Jedi Master , and is the mother to three children by Han : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . One of the more popular Star Wars characters , Leia has been called a 1980s icon , a feminist hero and model for other adventure heroines . She has appeared in many derivative works and merchandising , and has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films . Her `` cinnamon buns '' hairstyle from Star Wars ( 1977 ) and metal bikini from Return of the Jedi have become cultural icons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and casting 2 Character 3 Appearances 3.1 Feature films 3.1. 1 Star Wars 3.1. 2 The Empire Strikes Back 3.1. 3 Return of the Jedi 3.1. 4 Revenge of the Sith 3.1. 5 The Force Awakens 3.1. 6 The Last Jedi 3.1. 7 Episode IX 3.2 Anthology films 3.2. 1 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story 3.3 Novels 3.4 Comics 3.5 Television 3.5. 1 Star Wars Holiday Special 3.5. 2 Star Wars Rebels 3.5. 3 Star Wars : Forces of Destiny 3.6 Legends works 3.6. 1 Novels 3.6. 1.1 Post-Return of the Jedi 3.6.", "3": "1.2 Works set between films 3.6. 1.3 New Jedi Order 3.6. 1.4 Legacy of the Force 3.6. 2 Comics 3.6. 2.1 Dark Empire 4 Cultural impact 4.1 `` Cinnamon buns '' hairstyle 4.2 Feminist analysis 4.2. 1 Metal bikini 5 Family tree 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Creation and casting ( edit ) Leia was created by Star Wars creator George Lucas . In 1999 , Lucas explained his early development of Leia , Luke and Obi - Wan Kenobi : The first ( version ) talked about a princess and an old general . The second version involved a father , his son , and his daughter ; the daughter was the heroine of the film . Now the daughter has become Luke , Mark Hamill 's character . There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister . The older brother was imprisoned , and the young sister had to rescue him and bring him back to their dad . Film historian Laurent Bouzereau notes in his 1997 book Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays that in the rough draft of Star Wars , Leia is the spoiled teenage daughter of King Kayos and Queen Breha of Aquilae , with two brothers , Biggs and Windy ; Biggs returned to the fourth draft as a childhood friend of Luke . According to Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas ( 1999 ) , Luke Skywalker was originally Luke Starkiller and Leia was `` the daughter of Owen Lars and his wife Beru and seems to be Luke 's cousin -- together they visit the grave of his mother , who perished with his father on a planet destroyed by the Death Star . '' J.W. Rinzler explains in The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( 2007 ) that a later story synopsis establishes Leia as `` Leia Antilles '' , the daughter of Bail Antilles from the peaceful world of Organa Major . In the fourth draft it was established that `` Leia Organa '' came instead from Alderaan .", "4": "Fisher was 19 when she was cast as Princess Leia , with actresses including Amy Irving , Cindy Williams and Jodie Foster also up for the role . In 2014 , InkTank reported that the extended list of `` more than two dozen actresses '' who had auditioned for Leia included Glenn Close , Farrah Fawcett , Jessica Lange , Sissy Spacek , Sigourney Weaver , Cybill Shepherd , Jane Seymour , Anjelica Huston , Kim Basinger , Kathleen Turner , Geena Davis and Meryl Streep . Asked about Streep in 2015 , Fisher said , `` I 've never heard that one . But Jodie Foster was up for it ... that one I knew the most . Amy Irving and Jodie . And I got it . '' The second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi - Wan tells Luke he has a twin sister . She and their mother were `` sent to the protection of friends in a distant system . The mother died shortly thereafter , and Luke 's sister was adopted by Ben 's friends , the governor of Alderaan and his wife . '' Fisher explained in 1983 : `` Leia 's real father left her mother when she was pregnant , so her mother married this King Organa . I was adopted and grew up set apart from other people because I was a princess . '' Composer John Williams created a musical leitmotif for Leia which recurs throughout the Star Wars saga . `` Princess Leia 's Theme '' was recorded as a concert suite ( 4 : 18 length ) for the score of the 1977 film . Character ( edit ) Anthony Breznican of Entertainment Weekly describes Leia as a `` diplomat , spy , warrior , undercover agent '' . Mark Edlitz calls her `` a smart , feisty , brave diplomat and warrior '' in The Huffington Post . Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1983 : There are a lot of people who do n't like my character in these movies ; they think I 'm some kind of space bitch . She has no friends , no family ; her planet was blown up in seconds ... so all she has is a cause . From the first film ( Star Wars ) , she was just a soldier , front line and center .", "5": "The only way they knew to make the character strong was to make her angry . In Return of the Jedi , she gets to be more feminine , more supportive , more affectionate . She said in 2014 : I would rather have played Han Solo . When I first read the script I thought that 's the part to be , always wry and sardonic . He 's always that . I feel like a lot of the time Leia 's either worried or pissed or , thank God , sort of snarky . But I 'm much more worried and pissed than Han Solo ever was , and those are n't fun things to play ... I had a lot of fun killing Jabba the Hutt . They asked me on the day if I wanted to have a stunt double kill Jabba . No ! That 's the best time I ever had as an actor . And the only reason to go into acting is if you can kill a giant monster . Appearances ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Star Wars ( edit ) Introduced in the original 1977 film Star Wars , Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan is a member of the Imperial Senate . She is captured by Darth Vader on board the ship Tantive IV , where she is acting as a spy for the Rebel Alliance . Leia has secretly hidden the plans for the Death Star , the Empire 's moon - sized battle station , inside the astromech droid R2 - D2 and has sent it to find one of the last remaining Jedi , Obi - Wan Kenobi , on the nearby planet of Tatooine . Vader arrests Leia and has her tortured , but she resists revealing anything . Death Star commander Grand Moff Tarkin threatens to destroy her home planet Alderaan with the Death Star unless she reveals the location of the hidden Rebel base . She provides the location of an old , abandoned base , but Tarkin orders Alderaan to be destroyed anyway . Leia is rescued by Obi - Wan , Luke Skywalker , Han Solo , the Wookiee Chewbacca and the two droids R2 - D2 and C - 3PO , and they escape aboard Han 's ship , the Millennium Falcon .", "6": "After analyzing the Death Star 's plans , the Rebels find a tiny weakness in the battle station , which Luke uses to destroy it in his X-wing fighter . The battle won , Leia bestows medals on its heroes at the hidden Rebel base on Yavin 4 . Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post writes of Leia in the film : Leia 's nerves as a revolutionary are clear from the moment she arrives on screen ... She takes shots at the Storm Troopers boarding her ship , gets stunned with a blaster in her hand , then has the audacity to try to make Darth Vader feel ashamed of himself ... She has enough energy left over after a nasty session of torture to insult Grand Moff Tarkin . And while she grieves when her home planet , Alderaan , is destroyed by the Death Star , Leia 's not paralyzed : when her unexpected rescuers show up , she 's ready to go , and to gripe about their operational sloppiness . Rosenberg also notes that , though Han is almost immediately attracted to Leia , they conflict because she insists on asserting command and he automatically resists , even as she proves herself to be worthy of it . And despite her initial disdain for the smuggler , whom she sees as selfish , Leia later acknowledges `` I knew there was more to you than money '' when Han comes through for the Rebellion . Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1980 that in the original script , when Luke and Han come to rescue a captured Leia , `` I was hanging upside down with yellow eyes , like in The Exorcist ... Some form of radar torture was done to me and I was in a beam , bruised and beaten up , suspended in midair . The reason it was cut from the film was because I was unconscious and the Wookiee would have had to carry me for , like , the next fifteen minutes . '' The Empire Strikes Back ( edit ) In The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , Leia is at the Rebel base on Hoth . She leads its evacuation during an Imperial attack , and then flees with Han , Chewbacca and C - 3PO on Han 's ship , the Millennium Falcon . They dodge pursuing Imperial TIE fighters by flying into an asteroid field when the Falcon 's hyperdrive breaks down , with Leia piloting the ship at one point .", "7": "Romance blossoms between Leia and Han during their flight from the Empire ; while hiding in the stomach of a space slug , they finally share a kiss . With his ship needing repairs , Han seeks out his old friend Lando Calrissian in Cloud City , the floating city over Bespin . Though he welcomes them graciously , Lando soon turns them over to a newly arrived Darth Vader , who hopes to use them as bait to capture Luke . Leia confesses her love for Han as he is frozen in carbonite and then handed over to bounty hunter Boba Fett , who is charged with bringing him to gangster Jabba the Hutt . Lando helps Leia , Chewbacca and the two droids escape . Leia senses that Luke is in trouble , and goes back to save him after he is nearly killed during a lightsaber duel with Vader . Rosenberg notes : Yes , it 's slightly ridiculous ... that ( Han ) tries to pry a confession of affection out of her on Hoth , as Leia is trying to manage an evacuation with just an ion cannon for defense . But Han 's not wrong that if Leia does n't figure out that she 's a person with needs , she 's going to burn out ... In a way , it 's an early confession of love : Han 's anxious about the bounty hunters who are still pursuing him ... But he would stay and give his love and support to Leia if she could just acknowledge that she needs him . Return of the Jedi ( edit ) In Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , Leia infiltrates Jabba 's palace on Tatooine disguised as the Ubese bounty hunter Boushh , and brings a captive Chewbacca with her as part of the ruse . She frees Han from the carbonite , but they are recaptured by Jabba . Leia is now chained to Jabba as his slave , outfitted in a metal bikini . After Luke arrives and kills Jabba 's Rancor , Jabba sentences Luke , Han and Chewbacca to be fed to the Sarlacc . Lando ( disguised as a guard ) helps them overpower their captors , and Leia seizes the moment to strangle Jabba with her chain . Luke and Leia swing to safety , blowing up Jabba 's barge behind them .", "8": "Later , the heroes go to the forest moon of Endor to prepare for a battle with the Empire . There , Luke reveals to Leia that she is his twin sister and that Vader is their father . Leia joins Han in leading the Rebels in battle with Imperial troops as the Rebel Fleet attacks the second Death Star . Leia is slightly injured , but the Rebels , with help from the Ewoks , defeat the forces of the Empire . Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1983 , `` In Return of the Jedi , ( Leia ) gets to be more feminine , more supportive , more affectionate . But let 's not forget that these movies are basically boys ' fantasies . So the other way they made her more female in this one was to have her take off her clothes . '' Rosenberg writes of Han and Leia : And we know those two crazy kids are locked for life in Return of the Jedi when it turns out that Han has accepted a Generalship in the Rebellion , keeping it a secret from Leia . In A New Hope , Leia was grumbling about the quality of Han as a rescuer ... But when she finds out what Han 's done , accepting a rank he once found insulting and a mission she knows to be dangerous , Leia is the first person to volunteer to join his strike team . In Star Wars , that 's what love looks like : trusting your partner 's commitment to the cause and respecting his strategic and technical judgement . In the film , Leia says that she has vague memories of her real mother , who she describes as `` kind ... but sad '' . Bouzereau quoted Lucas in 1997 : The part that I never really developed is the death of Luke and Leia 's mother . I had a backstory for her in earlier drafts , but it basically did n't survive . When I got to Jedi , I wanted one of the kids to have some kind of memory of her because she will be a key figure in the new episodes I 'm writing . But I really debated whether or not Leia should remember her . Revenge of the Sith ( edit ) In the prequel film Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , Padmé Amidala is pregnant with Anakin Skywalker 's twins near the end of the Clone Wars .", "9": "After Anakin turns to the dark side of the Force and becomes Darth Vader , Padmé gives birth to Luke and Leia on Polis Massa and then dies . Leia is adopted by Senator Bail Organa and his wife Queen Breha of Alderaan . Film critic Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote , `` As we watch Anakin nearly melt in the lava , only to be put together , Frankenstein style , in a lab while Lucas intercuts scenes of Padme giving birth to the twins Luke and Leia , a link to genuine feeling is established at last . '' The Force Awakens ( edit ) Carrie Fisher reprised the role of Leia in Star Wars : The Force Awakens in 2015 . In March 2013 , Fisher confirmed that she would reprise her role as Leia in Star Wars : The Force Awakens . Set 30 years after Return of the Jedi , The Force Awakens reintroduces a Leia who is `` a little more battle weary , a little more broken hearted '' . In November 2015 , director J.J. Abrams said of Leia , `` She 's referred to as General but ... there 's a moment in the movie where a character sort of slips and calls her ' Princess . ' '' Commenting on the story he added , `` The stakes are pretty high in the story for her , so there 's not much goofing around where Leia 's concerned . '' Asked how Leia is handling things in the film , Fisher said , `` Not easily ... ( she is ) solitary . Under a lot of pressure . Committed as ever to her cause , but I would imagine feeling somewhat defeated , tired , and pissed . '' In the film , Leia is the leader of the Resistance , a group formed by the New Republic to fight a proxy war with the First Order and trying to find Luke , who disappeared years earlier . When her forces foil a First Order attack searching for the Resistance astromech droid BB - 8 , Leia is reunited with Han , who has helped the renegade stormtrooper Finn and orphaned scavenger Rey bring the droid this far . Han and Leia have been estranged for many years ; their marriage fell apart after their son , Ben , fell to the dark side and became the First Order commander Kylo Ren . Leia believes Ben can still be brought back to the light side .", "10": "Han volunteers for a mission to infiltrate the First Order 's Starkiller Base to disable its defensive shields . Confronting Ren , Han tries to convince his son to leave the First Order , but Ren instead impales his father on his lightsaber . Leia senses Han 's death through the Force , and later shares a moment of grief with Rey , who had thought of Han as a mentor . Leia sees Rey , Chewbacca , and R2 - D2 off when they depart to locate Luke , saying , `` may the Force be with you '' . Asked why Leia is not shown to be a Jedi in The Force Awakens ( as she is in the Star Wars expanded universe works ) , Abrams told IGN , `` It was a great question , and one that we talked about quite a bit , even with Carrie ( Fisher ) . Why did she not take advantage of this natural Force strength that this character had . And one of the answers was that it was simply a choice that she made , that her decision to run the Rebellion , and ultimately this Resistance , and consider herself a General , as opposed to a Jedi . It was simply a choice that she took '' . He also added , `` I would like to think that there really is n't much of a ticking clock , and it 's never too late ... clearly we 've seen , and we do again , that she still is Force strong . And it 's something that I think is an intrinsic piece of her character . Fisher was nominated for a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal . The last Jedi ( edit ) In December 2015 , producer Kathleen Kennedy confirmed that Fisher would reprise the role of Leia in the next installment , then known as Star Wars : Episode VIII , but later named Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Fisher died on December 27 , 2016 , after going into cardiac arrest . It was confirmed that she had completed filming her role in the film shortly before her death . In the film , Leia is among those on the bridge of her flagship , the Raddus , who are expelled into space when the ship is attacked by the First Order . Leia uses the Force to pull herself back to the ship . After recovering , she shoots and stuns Poe Dameron , who has mutinied against her successor , Vice Admiral Holdo .", "11": "From his solitude on Ahch - To , Luke projects himself through the Force to the Resistance stronghold on Crait and reunites with Leia , apologizing for what happened to Ben . Leia replies that she knows her son is gone . While Luke distracts Kylo and his attacking First Order troops , Leia is among the remaining Resistance forces who escape from Crait in the Millennium Falcon . Episode IX ( edit ) Following Fisher 's death , Variety reported that she was slated to appear in Star Wars : Episode IX and speculated that Lucasfilm would need to find a way to address her death and what would become of her character . Filming is expected to begin in 2018 . Lucasfilm announced in January 2017 that they had `` no plans to digitally recreate Carrie Fisher 's performance as Princess or General Leia Organa '' . In April 2017 , Fisher 's family granted Disney and Lucasfilm the rights to use recent footage of the late actress in Episode IX . However , Kennedy subsequently said that Fisher would not appear in the film . Anthology films ( edit ) Rogue one : a Star Wars story ( edit ) Leia makes a brief appearance in the final scene of the 2016 film Rogue One , receiving the plans for the Death Star as a lead - up to the beginning of A New Hope . Since this movie takes place prior to the original Star Wars trilogy , a very young Leia was required . To achieve that effect , a computer - generated image of a young Carrie Fisher was superimposed over Norwegian actress Ingvild Deila 's face ; archival audio of Fisher saying `` Hope '' was used to voice the character . Novels ( edit ) Leia makes her first literary appearance in Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , the novelization of the original 1977 film Star Wars , which was released six months before the film in November 1976 . Credited to Lucas but ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster , the novel was based on Lucas ' screenplay . Leia later appeared in the novelizations The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) by James Kahn . She is also a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Foster .", "12": "Foster 's 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye was commissioned by Lucas as the basis for a potential low - budget sequel to Star Wars should the film prove unsuccessful . In the story , Luke and Leia seek a crystal on a swampy planet and eventually face Vader in combat . Leia also appears in the Journey to Star Wars : The Force Awakens line of novels and comic books , introduced in conjunction with The Force Awakens to connect the film with previous installments . She is the lead character in the young adult novel Moving Target : A Princess Leia Adventure ( 2015 ) by Cecil Castellucci and Jason Fry , which is set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , and Claudia Gray 's novels Star Wars : Bloodline ( 2016 ) and Leia : Princess of Alderaan ( 2017 ) . The former is set six years before The Force Awakens , while the latter features a 16 - year - old Leia before the events of A New Hope . Comics ( edit ) Leia is the lead character in the five - part comic limited series Star Wars : Princess Leia ( 2015 ) , set between Episode IV : A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back . She is featured prominently in the four - part comic limited series Star Wars : Shattered Empire ( 2015 ) , set immediately after Return of the Jedi . In Princess Leia # 2 and Shattered Empire , Leia is seen using her Force sensitivities to sense the past , and in Star Wars # 12 , she uses a lightsaber as a weapon for the first time canonically . Princess Leia reveals Leia to have had royal training in martial arts and explores her reaction to the destruction of Alderaan , while Shattered Empire also portrays her as a skilled pilot who undertakes a dangerous mission alongside Poe Dameron 's mother . Television ( edit ) Star Wars Holiday Special ( edit ) Leia appears briefly in the 1978 Star Wars Holiday Special TV film as a leader and administrator of the new Rebel Alliance base . She and C - 3PO contact Chewbacca 's wife Mallatobuck for assistance in finding Chewbacca and Han . Leia also appears in the cartoon segment at a different Rebel Base , located in an asteroid field , and at the Life Day ceremony at the end of the film .", "13": "Fisher also appeared in and hosted the November 18 , 1978 episode of Saturday Night Live that aired one day after the holiday special . The Summer 1983 issue of Rolling Stone magazine poked fun at this appearance . Star Wars Rebels ( edit ) A teenage version of Princess Leia , voiced by Julie Dolan , appears in a 2016 episode of the animated series Star Wars Rebels , which is set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope . In the episode , Leia is sent on a secret mission to assist the titular rebels . Executive producer Dave Filoni said of the appearance : We thought we had an opportunity to show her learning to be a leader , experimenting with the personality that becomes the stronger more resolute character you see in A New Hope . One of the complex challenges of depicting Leia in Rebels is that we have to remind the audience that at this point she is part of the Empire . She does n't believe in the Empire , but she is acting the part , almost a double agent . Star Wars : forces of Destiny ( edit ) Leia appears in the animated series Star Wars : Forces of Destiny , voiced by Shelby Young . Legends works ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars expanded universe The original three Star Wars films have spawned a large franchise of works that include novels , comic books , video games and animated television series . Leia appears in much of this material . In April 2014 ( with the sequel film The Force Awakens in production ) , Lucasfilm separated the Star Wars expanded universe ( rebranded as Star Wars Legends ) from official Star Wars canon . Novels ( edit ) The 1991 New York Times bestselling novel Heir to the Empire by Timothy Zahn began what would become a large collection of works set before , between and especially after the original films . Post-return of the Jedi ( edit ) The bestselling Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 93 ) by Timothy Zahn begins five years after the events of Return of the Jedi . In Heir to the Empire ( 1991 ) , Leia is married to Han and three months pregnant with twins . Noghri commandos repeatedly attempt to kidnap her as part of Grand Admiral Thrawn 's plan to restore the Empire and crush the New Republic .", "14": "In Dark Force Rising ( 1992 ) , Leia realizes that Darth Vader and the Empire deceived the Noghri to secure their allegiance , and by revealing the truth she turns the alien race to the side of the New Republic . In The Last Command ( 1993 ) , Leia gives birth to the twins Jaina and Jacen on Coruscant during Thrawn 's siege . Leia , now the Chief of State of the New Republic , is a minor character in the Jedi Academy trilogy ( 1994 ) by Kevin J. Anderson , set after the Thrawn trilogy . Next in the timeline is the Callista trilogy : Children of the Jedi ( 1995 ) by Barbara Hambly , Darksaber ( 1995 ) by Anderson and Planet of Twilight ( 1997 ) by Hambly . In The Crystal Star ( 1994 ) by Vonda McIntyre , young Jacen , Jaina and their three - year - old brother Anakin are kidnapped in a plot to restore the Empire , but are rescued by Leia and Chewbacca . Leia struggles with the responsibilities of her position in The Black Fleet Crisis trilogy ( 1996 ) by Michael P. Kube - McDowell . In The New Rebellion ( 1996 ) by Kristine Kathryn Rusch , she avoids an assassination attempt and then aids in the defeat of the Dark Jedi Kueller , whom she shoots to death . The Corellian trilogy ( 1995 ) by Roger MacBride Allen finds Han and Leia swept up in a civil war while visiting his homeworld of Corellia with their children . In the two Hand of Thrawn novels by Timothy Zahn ( 1997 's Specter of the Past and 1998 's Vision of the Future ) , Leia tries to hold the New Republic together as Moff Disra conspires for its volatile factions to destroy each other . Leia appears periodically in the Young Jedi Knights series ( 1995 -- 98 ) by Kevin J. Anderson and Rebecca Moesta . The 14 - volume young adult fiction series covers the Jedi training of Jacen and Jaina . In The Truce at Bakura ( 1993 ) by Kathy Tyers , set one day after the ending of Return of the Jedi , Leia establishes New Alderaan , a sanctuary for the destroyed planet 's surviving inhabitants .", "15": "The spirit of Anakin Skywalker appears to Leia and pleads for her forgiveness , but she angrily banishes him . The six - volume Jedi Prince series ( 1992 -- 93 ) by Paul Davids and Hollace Davids , later contradicted by other novels , is set within a year after Return of the Jedi . In The Glove of Darth Vader ( 1992 ) , the self - proclaimed son of the defeated Emperor Palpatine , Trioculus , seeks the titular glove to cement himself as the new Emperor . Entranced by Leia 's beauty in The Lost City of the Jedi ( 1992 ) , Trioculus vows to make her his queen . He captures her in Zorba the Hutt 's Revenge ( 1992 ) , but Jabba the Hutt 's vengeful father , Zorba , offers to trade his own prisoner Ken -- Palpatine 's real grandson whom Trioculus has been seeking -- for Leia , his son 's killer . But Leia and Ken are rescued and Trioculus is frozen in carbonate by Zorba . Mission from Mount Yoda ( 1993 ) finds Ken 's father Triclops alive and willing to join the Rebels against the Empire . Leia , now engaged to Han , is captured by Zorba in Queen of the Empire ( 1993 ) . Trioculus is revived and seizes Leia before Zorba can kill her . Leia is rescued and replaced with a lookalike droid decoy , which kills Trioculus . In Prophets of the Dark Side ( 1993 ) , Leia looks forward to her wedding to Han and has a vision of their two children . Matthew Stover 's 2008 standalone novel Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor picks up the story soon after , as Luke , Leia and the Rebels fight the Sith Lord Shadowspawn . In The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) by Dave Wolverton , set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy , Leia is presented with an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes . A jealous Han abducts Leia and takes her to the planet Dathomir ; Luke and Isolder follow , and there they all find the hidden forces of the Imperial warlord Zsinj . Defeating him , Han and Leia marry .", "16": "The 2003 novels A Forest Apart and Tatooine Ghost by Troy Denning are set immediately after The Courtship of Princess Leia . The newly married Leia fears that any children she has may succumb to the dark side like her father . During an adventure on Tatooine in Tatooine Ghost , she discovers the diary of her grandmother Shmi Skywalker and meets some of young Anakin 's childhood friends . When she learns of Anakin 's childhood as a slave and the traumatic death of his mother , Leia learns to forgive her father . Works set between films ( edit ) In Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) by Steve Perry , the only Star Wars novel set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , Leia is searching for Boba Fett to find a captive Han . She is bewitched by the crime lord Prince Xizor using pheromones , but Chewbacca helps her elude the seduction . Allegiance ( 2007 ) and Choices of One ( 2011 ) by Timothy Zahn are set between Star Wars : A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back , and feature Leia and her cohorts seeking new allies for their Rebellion against the Empire . Razor 's Edge ( 2013 ) by Martha Wells and Honor Among Thieves ( 2014 ) by James S.A. Corey take place in the same time period and also chronicle the adventures of Leia and Han . New Jedi Order ( edit ) In the New Jedi Order series ( 1999 -- 2003 ) , Leia resigns as Chief of State , and on the heels of her warnings before the Senate , the alien Yuuzhan Vong invade the galaxy . They destroy system after system and defeat both the Jedi and the New Republic forces in countless battles . Chewbacca dies in Vector Prime ( 1999 ) by R.A. Salvatore , which sends Han into a deep depression that causes a rift between him and Leia . They reunite after Leia is gravely wounded at the Battle of Duro in Kathy Tyers ' Balance Point ( 2000 ) . She is targeted by a deadly Voxyn slayer in Troy Dennings ' Star By Star ( 2001 ) , and though she manages to evade death , her son Anakin is later killed during a mission to prevent more Voxyn from being cloned .", "17": "The Vong are finally defeated in The Unifying Force ( 2003 ) by James Luceno . In Denning 's The Dark Nest trilogy ( 2005 ) , Leia , Han and several Jedi become involved in an escalating border dispute between the Chiss and the insidious insectoid Killiks , and Leia makes a bitter enemy in the Twi'lek warrior Alema Rar . In The Joiner King ( 2005 ) , Leia asks Saba Sebatyne to train her as a Jedi Knight . R2 - D2 malfunctions in The Unseen Queen ( 2005 ) and shows Luke a holoclip of his father Anakin and a pregnant woman , whom Luke learns is his and Leia 's biological mother , Padmé Amidala . Anakin and Padmé are discussing a dream of Anakin 's in which Padmé dies in childbirth ; later , Luke and Leia watch a clip in which Padmé is talking to Obi - Wan Kenobi about Anakin . Tenel Ka , Queen Mother of the Hapes Consortium , has a daughter , Allana , secretly fathered by Jacen . In The Swarm War ( 2005 ) , Luke and Leia view holoclips of their mother 's death , and Leia is promoted to Jedi Knight . Legacy of the Force ( edit ) The bestselling Legacy of the Force series ( 2006 -- 08 ) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia 's son Jacen to the dark side of the Force while the Jedi , Solos and Skywalkers fight against his growing power . In Betrayal ( 2006 ) by Aaron Allston , Jacen turns to the dark side , believing that it is the only way to save the galaxy from the chaos brewing among the member systems of the Galactic Alliance . Jacen realizes in Bloodlines ( 2006 ) by Karen Traviss that the Sith discipline will require him to kill one of his loved ones , which he decides is an acceptable sacrifice to save the galaxy . In Troy Denning 's Tempest ( 2006 ) , Han and Leia thwart the assassination of Tenel Ka and Allana , but become caught up in a Corellian conspiracy . They are almost killed when the Millennium Falcon is attacked by a Star Destroyer controlled by an increasingly powerful Jacen -- who knows that his parents are on board .", "18": "With Han injured , Leia and Lando further investigate the Corellians in Aaron Allston 's Exile ( 2007 ) , but Alema reappears to exact her vengeance on Leia . Sacrifice ( 2007 ) by Karen Traviss finds Leia and Han on the run , hunted by Jacen as traitors to the Galactic Alliance . He kills Luke 's wife Mara Jade as his final sacrifice to become Darth Caedus , the new ruler of the Sith . In Inferno ( 2007 ) by Troy Denning , Han and Leia are faced with the reality that their son , now Joint Chief of State , is the enemy . Leia attempts unsuccessfully to manipulate Jacen in Aaron Allston 's Fury ( 2007 ) so that the Jedi can both thwart him and neutralize Alema . Finally , in Invincible ( 2008 ) by Troy Denning , Jaina kills Jacen in lightsaber duel . At Tenel Ka 's request , Leia and Han adopt Allana , disguised with the name `` Amelia '' to protect her from any future vengeance against Cadeus or the Hapes Consortium . Multiple novels in the series made the New York Times Best Seller list . The nine - volume Fate of the Jedi series ( 2009 -- 12 ) by Aaron Allston , Troy Denning and Christie Golden finds Han and Leia become caught up in the intensifying conflict between the Galactic Alliance and the Jedi . In the wake of Darth Cadeus ' death , the now - peaceful Galactic Alliance harbors a growing mistrust toward the Jedi , and the situation is worsened by a Force - induced psychosis that begins afflicting individual Jedi , sending them on violent rampages . In Millennium Falcon ( 2008 ) by James Luceno , set between Legacy of the Force and Fate of the Jedi , a mysterious device hidden inside the eponymous spacecraft sends Han , Leia and Allana on an adventure to investigate the ship 's past before it came into Han 's possession . Troy Denning 's Crucible ( 2013 ) , set after Fate of the Jedi and the last novel to date in the Star Wars Legends chronology , reunites Leia , Han and Luke with Lando as they aid him to thwart a vast criminal enterprise threatening his asteroid mineral refinery in the Chilean Rift nebula .", "19": "Comics ( edit ) Dark Empire ( edit ) During the events of the comic series Dark Empire ( 1991 -- 92 ) , Palpatine has been resurrected in a young clone body and seduces Luke to the dark side of the Force as part of his plan to restore the Empire . A captive Leia , resisting Palpatine 's attempts to turn her as well , escapes with an artifact he needs to secure his power , the Jedi Holocron . Luke pursues her , and Leia manages to turn him back . Brother and sister then fight Palpatine with the light side of the Force , turning his own Force - generated storm against him and destroying Palpatine and his Star Destroyer . In Dark Empire II ( 1994 -- 95 ) , Leia gives birth to a third child by Han , whom she names Anakin . Palpatine is reborn in an inferior , rapidly deteriorating clone body in Empire 's End ( 1995 ) , and seeks to possess the body of the infant Anakin . Cultural impact ( edit ) Princess Leia cosplay ( Star Wars Celebration in Anaheim , California , April 2015 ) Princess Leia has been called a 1980s icon , a feminist hero and `` an exemplary personification of female empowerment '' . In 2008 , Leia was selected by Empire magazine as the 89th greatest film character of all time , and IGN listed her as their 8th top Star Wars hero . UGO Networks listed Leia as one of their best heroes of all time in 2010 . The character has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films , and celebrated in cosplay . Fisher appeared in the Leia metal bikini on the cover of the Summer 1983 issue of Rolling Stone , and a painting of Leia and other characters surrounding Lucas appeared on the cover of the May 25 , 1983 issue of Time announcing Return of the Jedi . In 2013 , cartoonist Jeffrey Brown published the bestselling Star Wars : Vader 's Little Princess , a comic strip - style book featuring Darth Vader and a young Leia in humorous father - daughter situations . Princess Leia appears on a 2007 US postage stamp and a 2015 UK stamp .", "20": "Leia has also been used in a wide range of Star Wars merchandise , including statuettes , action figures and other toys , household items and clothing , office supplies , food products , and bubble bath and shampoo in Leia - shaped bottles with her head as the cap . In her one - woman show Wishful Drinking , Fisher called the Princess Leia Pez dispenser one of the `` merchandising horrors '' of the series . In a 2011 interview , Fisher said : I signed away my likeness for free . In those days , there was no such thing as a `` likeness '' ... There was no merchandising tied to movies . No one could have known the extent of the franchise . Not that I do n't think I 'm cute or anything , but when I looked in the mirror , I did n't think I was signing away anything of value . Lately I feel like I 'm Minnie Mouse -- the identity of Princess Leia so eclipses any other identity that I 've ever had . After the 2012 acquisition of LucasFilm by the Walt Disney Company , the Disney Store stated in May 2014 that the company had `` no plans for Leia products '' . After public criticism , Disney told Time in June 2014 that it would be releasing several Leia products . Funko has since produced several versions of Leia ( at least one for each film ) in their POP ! line of 4.5 inch vinyl figures in the Japanese super deformed style . Hasbro is set to release an action figure of Leia as she appears in the Star Wars Rebels animated series . `` Cinnamon buns '' hairstyle ( edit ) Hopi girl with `` squash blossom '' hairdo ( Edward S. Curtis , 1922 ) Lady of Elche Leia 's unique hairdo in 1977 's A New Hope has come to be known as the `` doughnut '' or `` cinnamon buns '' hairstyle , and is iconic of the character and series . A February 1978 cover story for the British teen magazine Jackie included step - by - step instructions on how to replicate Leia 's hair buns . In the 1978 short film parody Hardware Wars , Princess Anne - Droid has actual cinnamon buns on the side of her head .", "21": "Miss Piggy of The Muppet Show copied the hairdo in a Star Wars - themed episode of the series in February 1980 . In the 1987 Mel Brooks comedy film Spaceballs , Princess Vespa ( Daphne Zuniga ) appears to have the hairstyle , which is soon revealed to in fact be a large pair of headphones . In the parody film Thumb Wars , the role of Leia was filled by a character named Princess Bunhead , who has two cinnamon rolls for hair . In 2015 , Fisher 's daughter Billie Lourd 's character in the horror - comedy TV series Scream Queens , a rich and disaffected sorority girl known as Chanel No. 3 , wears earmuffs in every scene as an homage to Fisher 's iconic Leia hairstyle . Lourd also has a cameo in The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) in which she wears Leia 's distinctive hair buns . Asked about his inspiration for the hairstyle , George Lucas told Time in 2008 , `` In the 1977 film , I was working very hard to create something different that was n't fashion , so I went with a kind of Southwestern Pancho Villa woman revolutionary look , which is what that is . The buns are basically from turn - of - the - century Mexico . '' However , in 2015 Linda Rodriguez McRobbie of Mental Floss recounted research suggesting that while female Mexican revolutionaries of that time did not have such elaborate hairstyles , young marriageable Hopi women did , and their `` squash blossom whorls '' superficially resemble Leia 's hair buns . McRobbie also relates Michael Heilemann 's theory that Leia 's hairstyle was likely also inspired by that of two earlier characters : Queen Fria in the 1939 Flash Gordon comic strip `` The Ice Kingdom of Mongo '' , and scientist Barnes Wallis ' wife Molly ( played by Ursula Jeans ) in the 1955 war film The Dam Busters . Lucas was influenced by the Flash Gordon serials , and the Battle of Yavin in Star Wars is an homage to the penultimate bombing sequence in The Dam Busters . Comparisons have also been made to the 4th century BC Iberian sculpture Lady of Elche , as well as the 1920s `` earphones '' hairstyle .", "22": "Feminist analysis ( edit ) Protest sign from the Amsterdam Women 's March in 2017 reading `` A Woman 's Place is in the Resistance '' over a photograph of Princess Leia . Leia has been the subject of feminist analysis . Mark Edlitz wrote for The Huffington Post in 2010 that `` Leia is an exemplary personification of female empowerment . '' David Bushman , television curator at the Paley Center for Media , said in 2012 , `` From the male perspective ... Princess Leia was a very creditable character for her time -- not perfect , but certainly defiant , assertive , and strong . '' Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post wrote in 2015 , `` Leia was n't just the first great heroine of science fiction and fantasy to capture my imagination . She was one of the first characters I encountered whose power came from her political conviction and acumen . '' In her 2007 article `` Feminism and the Force : Empowerment and Disillusionment in a Galaxy Far , Far Away '' , Diana Dominguez cited Leia as a welcome change from the previous portrayals of women in film and TV . She wrote : Here was a woman who could play like and with the boys , but who did n't have to become one of the boys and who could , if and when she wanted to , show she liked the boys , a woman who is outspoken , unashamed , and , most importantly , unpunished for being so . She is n't a flirty sex - pot , tossing her hair around seductively to distract the enemy ... She does n't play the role of `` Maternal caretaker '' , although she does display caring and compassion , or `` the sweet innocent damsel '' who stands passively by while the men do all the work , but does step aside to let them do what they 're good at when it is wise to do so ... Leia is a hero without losing her gendered status ; she does not have to play the cute , helpless sex kitten or become sexless and androgynous to get what she wants . She can be strong , sassy , outspoken , bossy , and bitchy , and still be respected and seen as feminine .", "23": "Rosenberg writes that , though at first Luke is an apolitical innocent in search of adventure and Han is a detached opportunist in search of money , both are `` influenced by Leia 's passion ( and ) take their places as full participants in the Rebellion '' . She notes , `` Everyone else eventually comes around to Leia 's view of the world . '' Leia herself , singularly dedicated to her political movement against the Empire , `` finds a partner in Han , acknowledging that personal happiness can help her sustain her commitment to building a better galactic order '' . Rosenberg cites `` Leia 's willingness to see the best in him , and Han 's desire to live up to her belief in him '' as a foundation of their relationship , also pointing out his attempts to make her recognize that she has needs like anyone else and should acknowledge that she needs him . In their 2012 essay `` Lightsabers , Political Arenas , and Marriages '' , Ray Merlock and Kathy Merlock Jackson cite Leia as the successor of earlier science fiction heroines Wilma Deering of Buck Rogers and Dale Arden of Flash Gordon , and the embodiment of `` a new stage in the ongoing presentation of the fairy - tale princess in jeopardy '' . Writing that `` after Leia , no longer would princesses be passive and salvaged simply with a kiss , '' they note the reflection of the character in later Disney Princess animated films and in woman warriors such as Ellen Ripley from the Alien franchise and Xena of the adventure TV series Xena : Warrior Princess . A.O. Scott of The New York Times described Leia as `` a foremother of Hermione Granger and Katniss Everdeen and of countless latter - day Disney princesses . She also foretold the recent , somewhat belated feminist turn in the Star Wars cycle itself '' . Fisher herself described Leia as a `` huge '' feminist icon , dismissing the suggestion that the character was ever a `` damsel in distress '' . Fisher said of Leia , `` She bossed them around . I do n't know what your idea of distress is , but that was n't it ! And I was n't some babe running through the galaxy with my tits bouncing around . So I was n't threatening to women '' , adding `` I like Princess Leia . I like how she was feisty .", "24": "I like how she killed Jabba the Hutt '' . Metal bikini ( edit ) Main article : Princess Leia 's bikini Actress Olivia Munn cosplaying in the iconic Princess Leia `` metal bikini '' slave outfit from Return of the Jedi Leia 's slave costume when she is held captive by Jabba the Hutt at the beginning of Return of the Jedi -- made of brass and dubbed Leia 's `` Metal Bikini '' or `` Gold Bikini '' -- immediately made the character ( and Fisher ) a `` generational sex symbol '' celebrated by pin - up posters , and later merchandising and cosplay . The outfit has gained a cult following of its own . Rosenberg noted that `` the costume has become culturally iconic in a way that has slipped loose from the context of the scenes in which Leia wore it and the things she does after she is forced into the outfit . '' Philip Chien of the website Wired wrote in 2006 , `` There 's no doubt that the sight of Carrie Fisher in the gold sci - fi swimsuit was burned into the sweaty subconscious of a generation of fanboys hitting puberty in the spring of 1983 . '' Acknowledging the opinion of some that the `` Slave Leia '' iconography tarnishes the character 's position as `` feminist hero '' , Rosenberg argues : Leia may be captive in these scenes , but she 's not exactly a compliant fantasy . Instead , she 's biding her time for the moment when she can put that fury into action , carrying out a carefully laid plan to rescue her lover . And when that moment comes , the bikini does n't condemn Leia to passivity . She rises , and uses the very chains that bind her to strangle the creature who tried to take away her power by turning her into a sex object . Science fiction filmmaker Letia Clouston concurs , saying `` Sci - fi has had a long history of strong female characters . Yes , Princess Leia was in a gold bikini , but she was also the one who single - handedly killed Jabba . When you take into account movies and TV shows like Terminator , Aliens , Battlestar Galactica , and even video games like Metroid , you can see sci - fi has consistently promoted the strength of women more than any other genre . ''", "25": "Family tree ( edit ) Main articles : Skywalker family and Solo family ( hide ) Skywalker family tree Aika Lars Cliegg Lars Shmi Skywalker Jobal Naberrie Ruwee Naberrie Beru Whitesun Owen Lars Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Bail Organa Breha Organa Luke Skywalker Leia Organa Han Solo Ben Solo References : Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker .", "26": "Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . See also ( edit ) Comics portal Fictional characters portal Film in the United States portal Star Wars portal Television in the United States portal 1970s portal List of Kenner Star Wars action figures Solo family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chatting With Julie Dolan - The New Voice Of Princess Leia ! '' . disneyinfinitycodes.com. April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Dyer ( @ MitchyD ) ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm trying to avoid spoilers , but @ misty_lee 's Leia was such an important role when we see the Rebellion and she absolutely nailed it . She captures the empathy and heart of the character beautifully '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Clouzot , Claire ( 1999 ) . `` The Morning of the Magician : George Lucas and Star Wars '' . In Kline , Sally . The George Lucas Interviews . Jackson : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 57 -- 58 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 125 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent ( September 8 , 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 40981 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pollock , Dale ( 1999 ) . Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas . New York : Da Capo Press . p. 146 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80904 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rinzler , J.W. ( April 24 , 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film .", "27": "LucasBooks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49476 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Maev ( May 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars original cast looked ' a little melted ' for Episode VII -- Carrie Fisher '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Star Wars Screen Tests : Meeting Han , Leia and Luke '' . BBC . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Total Film Interview -- Jodie Foster '' . GamesRadar . December 1 , 2005 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Willans , Joel ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` 20 things you did n't know about Carrie Fisher and Star Wars '' . InkTank . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Candace ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars actress Carrie Fisher turns 59 ! '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm in a Business Where the Only Things that Matter Are Weight and Appearance '' . Good Housekeeping . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Carrie Fisher 's Crazy Star Wars Ride : Cocaine , the Rolling Stones , and That Slave Bikini '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . p. 270 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , Carol ( July 21 , 1983 ) . `` Carrie Fisher : A Few Words on Princess Leia , Fame and Feminism '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Leia 's Return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 .", "28": "^ Jump up to : Edlitz , Mark ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Fashion by Jabba the Hutt '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Alyssa ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Princess Leia , political icon '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Timothy ( July 24 , 1980 ) . `` Slaves to the Empire : The Star Wars Kids Talk Back '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . p. 291 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 13 , 2005 ) . `` Review : Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Confirms She 'll Return as Princess Leia in Star Wars : Episode VII '' . Collider.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` She 's Not Called ' Princess ' Leia Anymore '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` We Need to Talk About Kylo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Jason ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars 7 : J.J. Abrams on Why Leia Did n't Become a Jedi '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Saturn Awards nominations are announced for 2016 ! '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( December 17 , 2015 ) .", "29": "`` Star Wars producer Kathleen Kennedy confirms that entire cast will return for eighth film '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Title for Star Wars : Episode VIII Revealed '' . StarWars.com . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blankstein , Andrew ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Actress Carrie Fisher Dies at 60 After Suffering Heart Attack '' . NBC News . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Fisher , who had recently wrapped the filming of Star Wars : Episode VIII ... Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Completed Work on Star Wars : Episode VIII Before Her Death '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wrapped Filming on Star Wars : Episode VIII : What Does Her Death Mean for Episode IX ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Wade ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher to appear in new Family Guy shows , Star Wars : Episode VIII '' . UPI . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Statement Regarding New Rumors '' . StarWars.com . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desorbough , James ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The late Carrie Fisher will appear in final Star Wars movie , says brother Todd Fisher '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Manne ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wo n't Appear in Star Wars : Episode IX '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Will Not Appear in Star Wars : Episode IX '' . The Hollywood Reporter .", "30": "Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One 's CGI Princess Leia : The sands of time are so cruel you ca n't even do motion capture for your younger self '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` How a Holby City actor brought one of Star Wars ' most iconic characters back to life '' . Radio Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Nate ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's Talk About the Ending of Rogue One '' . New York . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Weird Differences Between the First Star Wars Movie and Its Preceding Novelization '' . Tor.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Alan Dean ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter I '' . The Force Awakens ( e-book ) . ISBN 9781101965504 . Jump up ^ Fry , Jason ( July -- August 2000 ) . `` Alan Dean Foster : Author of the Mind 's Eye '' . Star Wars Insider ( 50 ) . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars to release 20 books in journey to The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherer , Jay ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Moving Target : A Princess Leia Adventure by Cecil Castellucci and Jason Fry '' . SF Signal . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Freeman ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` The new canon books to read before you see Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Deseret News . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( February 4 , 2016 ) .", "31": "`` Exclusive : Read an excerpt from Star Wars : Bloodline '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Templeton , Molly ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` A Political Thriller with a Personal Core : Star Wars : Bloodline by Claudia Gray '' . Tor.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Rucka feels Rebellious for Star Wars comic '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Waid , Mark ; Terry , Dodson . Star Wars : Princess Leia . Marvel Comics . ISBN 0785193170 . ^ Jump up to : Rucka , Greg . Star Wars : Shattered Empire . Marvel Comics . ISBN 0785197818 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` 5 Marvelous Moments in Marvel 's Star Wars Comics '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Holiday Special ( Television film ) . CBS . November 17 , 1978 . Jump up ^ Robb , Brian J. , ed . ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` Luke & Leia '' . Star Wars Insider . Titan Magazines ( 97 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Checklist : 10 Strange Star Wars Magazine Covers ( Rolling Stone ) '' . StarWars.com . November 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` July -- August 1983 cover '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sands , Rich ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels Scoop : Princess Leia Set to Appear on the Disney XD Animated Series '' . TV Insider . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 13 , 2017 ) .", "32": "`` Star Wars highlights female heroes in Forces of Destiny '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critical Opinion : Heir to the Empire Reviews '' . StarWars.com. April 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zahn , Timothy ( 1991 ) . Heir to the Empire . ISBN 0 - 553 - 07327 - 3 . Jump up ^ Zahn , Timothy ( 1992 ) . Dark Force Rising . ISBN 0 - 553 - 08574 - 3 . Jump up ^ Zahn , Timothy ( 1993 ) . The Last Command . ISBN 0 - 553 - 09186 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` How the Abandoned Star Wars Expanded Universe Inspired Force Awakens '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bouie , Jamelle ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` How The Force Awakens Remixes the Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . Slate . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kendrick , Ben ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars 7 : Kylo Ren Backstory Explained '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Saavedra , John ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Easter Eggs and Reference Guide ( Kylo Ren / Ben Solo and the Knights of Ren ) '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Courtship of Princess Leia ( Review ) '' . Kirkus Reviews . May 20 , 2010 .", "33": "Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolverton , Dave ( 1994 ) . The Courtship of Princess Leia . Bantam Spectra . ISBN 0 - 553 - 08928 - 5 . Jump up ^ Perry , Steve ( April 1 , 1996 ) . Shadows of the Empire . Bantam Spectra . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 10089 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : June 18 , 2006 ( Betrayal ) '' . The New York Times . June 18 , 2006 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paperback Best Sellers : March 18 , 2007 ( Exile ) '' . The New York Times . March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paperback Best Sellers : September 16 , 2007 ( Inferno ) '' . The New York Times . September 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paperback Best Sellers : Fiction : Mass - Market : December 16 , 2007 ( Fury ) '' . The New York Times . December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : Fiction : Sunday , June 1 , 2008 ( Invincible ) '' . The New York Times . June 1 , 2008 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schou , Silvej ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` The new Star Wars and women : Female sci - fi directors on Leia , Amidala , and what lies ahead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Alyssa ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` The fraught history of Princess Leia 's infamous bikini '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire . 2008 .", "34": "Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( August 14 , 2008 ) . `` Top 25 Star Wars Heroes : Day 4 '' . IGN . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Heroes of All Time '' . UGO Networks . January 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Labrecque , Jeff ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Princess Leia on film and TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vokes - Dudgeon , Sophie ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris and His Kids Win Halloween Again With Amazing Star Wars Outfits '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miskell , Kyle ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Everybody 's Favorite Droids Grace the Cover of Time Magazine '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cover : May 25 , 1983 '' . Time . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Darth Vader 's Little Princess : Sith Lord no match for teen Leia '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Farah L. ( May 4 , 2013 ) . `` Star Wars : Vader 's Little Princess Imagines How The Sith Lord Would Have Parented A Young Princess Leia '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stephan ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` See 10 images from Vader 's Little Princess and Darth Vader and Son '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 .", "35": "Jump up ^ `` Stamp Announcement 07 - 14 : Star Wars Stamps '' . United States Postal Service . April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Leia and R2 - D2 Star Wars US postage stamp '' . Geeks of Doom . March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kohut , Tania ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars stamps revealed ahead of new film '' . Global News . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGuire Gresock , Brandy ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Characters Grace British Stamps '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Leia UK 1st class stamp '' . Royal Mail . 2015 . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Carrie Fisher on how George Lucas stole her identity '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Baxter , Joseph ( November 7 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : 15 important and / or insane pieces of Slave Leia merchandise '' . Blastr . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Princess Leia '' . Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Carrie ( May 16 , 1999 ) . `` Postcards From the Edge of the Galaxy '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2001 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luke , I Am Your Lather ' : Star Wars Shampoo , Soap , and Bubble Bath '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Leia Figural Bubble Bath '' . Star Wars Collectors Archive .", "36": "Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Tim ( February 2 , 2012 ) . `` Wishful Drinking makes rough landing at the Hippodrome , but still flies '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dockterman , Eliana ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Disney Says Star Wars Toys for Girls Are Coming '' . Time . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` NYCC 2016 : Grand Admiral Thrawn Leads Star Wars Hasbro Figures '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Merlock , Ray ; Merlock Jackson , Kathy ( 2012 ) . `` Lightsabers , Political Arenas , and Marriages for Princess Leia and Queen Amidala '' . In Brode , Douglas ; Deyneka , Leah . Sex , Politics , and Religion in Star Wars : An Anthology . The Scarecrow Press . pp. 77 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8514 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Checklist : 10 Strange Star Wars Magazine Covers ( Jackie ) '' . StarWars.com . November 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` February 4 , 1978 cover '' . Jackie . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calhoun , Bob ( May 21 , 2002 ) . `` Hardware Wars : The movie , the legend , the household appliances '' . Salon . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Muppet Show Season 4 -- Episode 17 : Mark Hamill '' . SideReel . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bui , Hoai - Tran ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` The royal reason for Scream Queens earmuffs '' . USA Today .", "37": "Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Princess Leia 's Daughter Is Reprising That Iconic Star Wars Look '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tauber , Chris ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` First Look : See Carrie Fisher 's Daughter in Star Wars : The Force Awakens -- with Princess Leia 's Hairdo ! '' . People . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonagh , Ross ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` FIRST LOOK : Carrie Fisher 's daughter Billie Lourd 's character in The Force Awakens revealed ... with a VERY Princess Leia hairdo '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : A collection of cameos and Easter eggs : Friend of the General '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cagle , Jess ( 2002 ) . `` So , What 's the Deal with Leia 's Hair ? '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez McRobbie , Linda ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` A Brief History of Princess Leia 's Buns '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Heilemann , Michael . `` Princess Hair ( with photos ) '' . Kitbashed . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Edward S. `` A Hopiland Beauty ( 1906 ) '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vroman , A.C. `` Hopi Maiden ( 1901 ) '' . UCR / California Museum of Photography . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 .", "38": "Jump up ^ Serafino , Jason ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Films That Inspired The Star Wars Saga '' . Tech Times . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robey , Tim ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` 10 films that influenced Star Wars '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Speak the Culture : Spain . Thorogood Publishing . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85418 - 605 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's 1920s Hairstyles : An Overview '' . Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook . April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dominguez , Diana ( 2007 ) . `` Feminism and the Force : Empowerment and Disillusionment in a Galaxy Far , Far Away '' . In Silvio , Carl ; Vinci , Tony . Culture , Identities and Technology in the Star Wars Films : Essays on the Two Trilogies . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . pp. 109 -- 133 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` A Princess , a Rebel and a Brave Comic Voice '' . The New York Times . p . A17 . Jump up ^ Hiatt , Brian ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Strikes Back : Behind the Scenes of the Biggest Movie of the Year '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Merlock ; Merlock Jackson ( 2012 ) . `` Lightsabers , Political Arenas , and Marriages '' . Sex , Politics , and Religion in Star Wars . p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Townsend , Allie ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Princess Leia 's Gold Bikini in Return of the Jedi '' . Time . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chien , Philip ( July 11 , 2006 ) .", "39": "`` The Cult of Leia 's Metal Bikini '' . Wired . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . 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-1269617643231220405	who wrote the original little red riding hood story	[ "Charles Perrault" ]	{ "0": "Little Red Riding Hood - wikipedia Little Red Riding Hood Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the folk tale . For other uses , see Little Red Riding Hood ( disambiguation ) . `` Little Red Cap '' redirects here . For the poem by Carol Ann Duffy , see Little Red Cap ( poem ) . Little Red Riding Hood Folk tale Name Little Red Riding Hood Also known as Little Red Ridinghood Data Aarne - Thompson grouping 333 Mythology European Origin Date 17th Century Published in Italian Folktales Related Peter and the Wolf Little Red Riding Hood The version found in The Book of Fables and Folk Stories by Horace E. Scudder . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Little Red Riding Hood '' is a European fairy tale about a young girl and a Big Bad Wolf . Its origins can be traced back to the 10th century by several European folk tales , including one from Italy called The False Grandmother ( Italian : La finta nonna ) , later written among others by Italo Calvino in the Italian Folktales collection ; the best known versions were written by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm. . The story has been changed considerably in various retellings and subjected to numerous modern adaptations and readings . Other names for the story are : `` Little Red Ridinghood '' , `` Little Red Cap '' or simply `` Red Riding Hood '' . It is number 333 in the Aarne - Thompson classification system for folktales . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tale 1.1 Relationship to other tales 2 Tale 's history 2.1 Earliest versions 2.2 Charles Perrault 2.3 Grimm Brothers 2.4 After the Grimms 3 Interpretations 3.1 Natural cycles 3.2 Rite 3.3 Rebirth 3.4 Norse myth 4 Modern uses and adaptations 4.1 Erotic , romantic , or rape connotations 4.1. 1 Animations , films , and TV shows 4.1. 2 Lipstick 4.1. 3 Literature 4.1.", "1": "4 Music 4.2 Other adaptations 4.2. 1 Animations and films 4.2. 2 Games 4.2. 3 Literature 4.2. 4 Music 4.2. 5 Musicals 4.2. 6 Television 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Tale ( edit ) Little Red Riding Hood , illustrated in a 1927 story anthology The story revolves around a girl called Little Red Riding Hood . In Grimms ' and Perrault 's versions of the tale , she is named after her magical red hooded cape / cloak that she wears . The girl walks through the woods to deliver food to her sickly grandmother ( wine and cake depending on the translation ) . In the Grimms ' version , her mother had ordered her to stay strictly on the path . A Big Bad Wolf wants to eat the girl and the food in the basket . He secretly stalks her behind trees , bushes , shrubs , and patches of little and tall grass . He approaches Little Red Riding Hood , and she naively tells him where she is going . He suggests that the girl pick some flowers , which she does . In the meantime , he goes to the grandmother 's house and gains entry by pretending to be the girl . He swallows the grandmother whole ( in some stories , he locks her in the closet ) and waits for the girl , disguised as the grandma . Gustave Doré 's engraving of the scene : `` She was astonished to see how her grandmother looked '' When the girl arrives , she notices that her grandmother looks very strange . Little Red then says , `` What a deep voice you have ! '' ( `` The better to greet you with '' , responds the wolf ) , `` Goodness , what big eyes you have ! '' ( `` The better to see you with '' , responds the wolf ) , `` And what big hands you have ! '' ( `` The better to hug / grab you with '' , responds the wolf ) , and lastly , `` What a big mouth you have '' ( `` The better to eat you with ! '' , responds the wolf ) , at which point the wolf jumps out of bed and eats her up too . Then he falls asleep .", "2": "In Charles Perrault 's version of the story ( the first version to be published ) , the tale ends here . However , in later versions the story continues generally as follows : A woodcutter in the French version , but a hunter in the Brothers Grimm and traditional German versions , comes to the rescue and with his axe cuts open the sleeping wolf . Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother emerge unharmed . They then fill the wolf 's body with heavy stones . The wolf awakens and tries to flee , but the stones cause him to collapse and die . Sanitized versions of the story have the grandmother locked in the closet instead of eaten and some have Little Red Riding Hood saved by the lumberjack as the wolf advances on her rather than after she is eaten where the woodcutter kills the wolf with his ax . `` Little Red Riding Hood '' illustration by Arthur Rackham . The tale makes the clearest contrast between the safe world of the village and the dangers of the forest , conventional antitheses that are essentially medieval , though no written versions are as old as that . It also warns about the dangers of not obeying one 's mother ( at least in the Grimms ' version ) . Relationship to other tales ( edit ) A very similar story also belongs to the North African tradition , namely in Kabylia , where a number of versions are attested . The theme of the little girl who visits her ( grand - ) dad in his cabin and is recognized by the sound of her bracelets constitutes the refrain of a well - known song by the modern singer Idir , A Vava Inouva : ' I beseech you , open the door for me , father . Jingle your bracelets , oh my daughter Ghriba . I 'm afraid of the monster in the forest , father . I , too , am afraid , oh my daughter Ghriba . ' The theme of the ravening wolf and of the creature released unharmed from its belly is also reflected in the Russian tale Peter and the Wolf and another Grimm tale The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids , but its general theme of restoration is at least as old as the biblical story , Jonah and the Whale .", "3": "The theme also appears in the story of the life of Saint Margaret , wherein the saint emerges unharmed from the belly of a dragon , and in the epic `` The Red Path '' by Jim C. Hines . The story displays many similarities to stories from classical Greece and Rome . Scholar Graham Anderson has compared the story to a local legend recounted by Pausanias in which , each year , a virgin girl was offered to a malevolent spirit dressed in the skin of a wolf , who raped the girl . Then , one year , the boxer Euthymos came along , slew the spirit , and married the girl who had been offered up as a sacrifice . There are also a number of different stories recounted by Greek authors involving a woman named Pyrrha ( literally `` Fire '' ) and a man with some name meaning `` wolf '' . The Roman poet Horace alludes to a tale in which a male child is rescued alive from the belly of Lamia , a female ogress in classical mythology . The dialogue between the Big Bad Wolf and Little Red Riding Hood has its analogies to the Norse Þrymskviða from the Elder Edda ; the giant Þrymr had stolen Mjölner , Thor 's hammer , and demanded Freyja as his bride for its return . Instead , the gods dressed Thor as a bride and sent him . When the giants note Thor 's unladylike eyes , eating , and drinking , Loki explains them as Freyja 's not having slept , or eaten , or drunk , out of longing for the wedding . Tale 's History ( edit ) `` The better to see you with '' : woodcut by Walter Crane Earliest versions ( edit ) The origins of the Little Red Riding Hood story can be traced to versions from various European countries and more than likely preceding the 17th century , of which several exist , some significantly different from the currently known , Grimms - inspired version . It was told by French peasants in the 10th century and recorded by the cathedral schoolmaster Egbert of Liege . In Italy , the Little Red Riding Hood was told by peasants in the fourteenth century , where a number of versions exist , including La finta nonna ( The False Grandmother ) , written among others by Italo Calvino in the Italian Folktales collection .", "4": "It has also been called `` The Story of Grandmother '' . It is also possible that this early tale has roots in very similar East Asian tales ( e.g. `` Grandaunt Tiger '' ) . These early variations of the tale , do differ from the currently known version in several ways . The antagonist is not always a wolf , but sometimes an ogre , vampire , or a ' bzou ' ( werewolf ) , making these tales relevant to the werewolf - trials ( similar to witch trials ) of the time ( e.g. the trial of Peter Stumpp ) . The wolf usually leaves the grandmother 's blood and meat for the girl to eat , who then unwittingly cannibalizes her own grandmother . Furthermore , the wolf was also known to ask her to remove her clothing and toss it into the fire . In some versions , the wolf eats the girl after she gets into bed with him , and the story ends there . In others , she sees through his disguise and tries to escape , complaining to her `` grandmother '' that she needs to defecate and would not wish to do so in the bed . The wolf reluctantly lets her go , tied to a piece of string so she does not get away . However , the girl slips the string over something else and runs off . In these stories she escapes with no help from any male or older female figure , instead using her own cunning , or in some versions the help of a younger boy who she happens to run into . Sometimes , though more rarely , the red hood is even non-existent . In other tellings of the story , the wolf chases after Little Red Riding Hood . She escapes with the help of some laundresses , who spread a sheet taut over a river so she may escape . When the wolf follows Red over the bridge of cloth , the sheet is released and the wolf drowns in the river . And in another version the wolf is pushed into the fire , while he is preparing the meat of the grandmother to be eaten by the girl . Charles Perrault ( edit ) The earliest known printed version was known as Le Petit Chaperon Rouge and may have had its origins in 17th - century French folklore . It was included in the collection Tales and Stories of the Past with Morals .", "5": "Tales of Mother Goose ( Histoires et contes du temps passé , avec des moralités . Contes de ma mère l'Oye ) , in 1697 , by Charles Perrault . As the title implies , this version is both more sinister and more overtly moralized than the later ones . The redness of the hood , which has been given symbolic significance in many interpretations of the tale , was a detail introduced by Perrault . French images , like this 19th - century painting , show the much shorter red chaperon being worn The story had as its subject an `` attractive , well - bred young lady '' , a village girl of the country being deceived into giving a wolf she encountered the information he needed to find her grandmother 's house successfully and eat the old woman while at the same time avoiding being noticed by woodcutters working in the nearby forest . Then he proceeded to lay a trap for the Red Riding Hood. Little Red Riding Hood ends up being asked to climb into the bed before being eaten by the wolf , where the story ends . The wolf emerges the victor of the encounter and there is no happy ending . Charles Perrault explained the ' moral ' at the end of the tale : so that no doubt is left to his intended meaning : From this story one learns that children , especially young lasses , pretty , courteous and well - bred , do very wrong to listen to strangers , And it is not an unheard thing if the Wolf is thereby provided with his dinner . I say Wolf , for all wolves are not of the same sort ; there is one kind with an amenable disposition -- neither noisy , nor hateful , nor angry , but tame , obliging and gentle , following the young maids in the streets , even into their homes . Alas ! Who does not know that these gentle wolves are of all such creatures the most dangerous ! This , the presumed original , version of the tale was written for late seventeenth - century French court of King Louis XIV . This audience , whom the King entertained with extravagant parties , presumably would take from the story the intended meaning . Grimm Brothers ( edit ) Wilhelm ( left ) and Jacob Grimm ( right ) from an 1855 painting by Elisabeth Jerichau - Baumann .", "6": "In the 19th century two separate German versions were retold to Jacob Grimm and his younger brother Wilhelm Grimm , known as the Brothers Grimm , the first by Jeanette Hassenpflug ( 1791 -- 1860 ) and the second by Marie Hassenpflug ( 1788 -- 1856 ) . The brothers turned the first version to the main body of the story and the second into a sequel of it . The story as Rotkäppchen was included in the first edition of their collection Kinder - und Hausmärchen ( Children 's and Household Tales ( 1812 ) ) . The earlier parts of the tale agree so closely with Perrault 's variant that it is almost certainly the source of the tale . However , they modified the ending ; this version had the little girl and her grandmother saved by a huntsman who was after the wolf 's skin ; this ending is identical to that in the tale The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids , which appears to be the source . The second part featured the girl and her grandmother trapping and killing another wolf , this time anticipating his moves based on their experience with the previous one . The girl did not leave the path when the wolf spoke to her , her grandmother locked the door to keep it out , and when the wolf lurked , the grandmother had Little Red Riding Hood put a trough under the chimney and fill it with water that sausages had been cooked in ; the smell lured the wolf down , and it drowned . The Brothers further revised the story in later editions and it reached the above - mentioned final and better - known version in the 1857 edition of their work . It is notably tamer than the older stories which contained darker themes . After the Grimms ( edit ) An engraving from the Cyclopedia of Wit and Humor . Numerous authors have rewritten or adapted this tale . Andrew Lang included a variant called `` The True History of Little Goldenhood '' in The Red Fairy Book ( 1890 ) . He derived it from the works of Charles Marelles , in Contes of Charles Marelles . This version explicitly states that the story had been mistold earlier . The girl is saved , but not by the huntsman ; when the wolf tries to eat her , its mouth is burned by the golden hood she wears , which is enchanted .", "7": "James N. Barker wrote a variation of Little Red Riding Hood in 1827 as an approximately 1000 - word story . It was later reprinted in 1858 in a book of collected stories edited by William E Burton , called the Cyclopedia of Wit and Humor . The reprint also features a wood engraving of a clothed wolf on bended knee holding Little Red Riding Hood 's hand . In the 20th century , the popularity of the tale appeared to snowball , with many new versions being written and produced , especially in the wake of Freudian analysis , deconstruction and feminist critical theory . ( See `` Modern uses and adaptations '' below . ) This trend has also led to a number of academic texts being written that focus on Little Red Riding Hood , including works by Alan Dundes and Jack Zipes . Interpretations ( edit ) A depiction by Gustave Doré , 1883 . Besides the overt warning about talking to strangers , there are many interpretations of the classic fairy tale , many of them sexual . Some are listed below . Natural cycles ( edit ) Folklorists and cultural anthropologists , such as P. Saintyves and Edward Burnett Tylor , saw `` Little Red Riding Hood '' in terms of solar myths and other naturally occurring cycles . Her red hood could represent the bright sun which is ultimately swallowed by the terrible night ( the wolf ) , and the variations in which she is cut out of the wolf 's belly represent the dawn . In this interpretation , there is a connection between the wolf of this tale and Sköll , the wolf in Norse mythology that will swallow the personified Sun at Ragnarök , or Fenrir . Alternatively , the tale could be about the season of spring or the month of May , escaping the winter . Red Riding Hood by George Frederic Watts Rite ( edit ) The tale has been interpreted as a puberty rite , stemming from a prehistoric origin ( sometimes an origin stemming from a previous matriarchal era ) . The girl , leaving home , enters a liminal state and by going through the acts of the tale , is transformed into an adult woman by the act of coming out of the wolf 's stomach .", "8": "Rebirth ( edit ) Bruno Bettelheim , in The Uses of Enchantment : The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales ( 1976 ) , recast the Little Red Riding Hood motif in terms of classic Freudian analysis , that shows how fairy tales educate , support , and liberate children 's emotions . The motif of the huntsman cutting open the wolf he interpreted as a `` rebirth '' ; the girl who foolishly listened to the wolf has been reborn as a new person . Norse myth ( edit ) The poem `` Þrymskviða '' from the Poetic Edda mirrors some elements of Red Riding Hood . Loki 's explanations for the strange behavior of `` Freyja '' ( actually Thor disguised as Freyja ) mirror the wolf 's explanations for his strange appearance . The red hood has often been given great importance in many interpretations , with a significance from the dawn to blood . Modern uses and adaptations ( edit ) Works Progress Administration poster by Kenneth Whitley , 1939 . Main article : Adaptations of Little Red Riding Hood Erotic , Romantic , or rape connotations ( edit ) A sexual analysis of the tale may also include negative connotations in terms of rape or abduction . In Against Our Will , Susan Brownmiller describes the fairy tale as a description of rape . However , many revisionist retellings choose to focus on empowerment , and depict Little Red Riding Hood or the grandmother successfully defending herself against the wolf . Such tellings bear some similarity to the `` animal bridegroom '' tales , such as Beauty and the Beast or The Frog Prince , but where the heroines of those tales transform the hero into a prince , these tellings of Little Red Riding Hood reveal to the heroine that she has a wild nature like the hero 's . These interpretations refuse to characterize Little Red Riding Hood as a victim ; these are tales of female empowerment . Animations , films , and TV shows ( edit ) In Tex Avery 's short animated cartoon , Red Hot Riding Hood ( 1943 ) , the story is recast in an adult - oriented urban setting , with the suave , sharp - dressed Wolf howling after the nightclub singer Red . Avery used the same cast and themes in a subsequent series of cartoons .", "9": "Neil Jordan 's film version of The Company of Wolves ( 1984 ) is about the journey of a young girl into womanhood , which can be interpreted as her menstruating for the first time ( at the start of the tale , she is in bed with a stomachache , according to her sister ) , but also of sexual awakening ( in it , she wears red lipstick in bed ) . The wolf in this version of the tale is in fact a werewolf , which comes to the newly menstruating Red Riding Hood in the forest , in the form of a charming hunter . He turns into a wolf and eats her grandmother , and is about to devour Red Riding Hood as well , but she is equally seductive and ends up lying with the wolf man . Lipstick ( edit ) Allusions to the tale can be more or less overtly sexual , as when the color of a lipstick is advertised as `` Riding Hood Red '' . Literature ( edit ) Charles Perrault 's `` Le Petit Chaperon rouge '' ( `` Little Red Riding Hood '' ) is centered on an erotic metaphor . Little Red Riding Hood appears in Angela Carter 's short story `` The Company of Wolves '' , published in The Bloody Chamber ( 1979 ) , her collection of `` dark , feminist fables '' filled with `` bestial and ferocious '' heroines . In her revision of the classic , Carter examines female lust , which according to author Catherine Orenstein is `` healthy , but also challenging and sometimes disturbing , unbridled and feral lust that delivers up contradictions . '' As Orenstein points out , Carter does this by unravelling the original tale 's `` underlying sexual currents '' and by impregnating the new Little Red Riding Hood ( Rosaleen played by Sarah Patterson ) with `` animal instincts '' that lead to her transformation . In Michelle Augello - Page 's story `` Wolf Moon '' , Little Red is an adult who has been irrevocably changed by the events in her childhood , and it is the hunter who saves her `` once upon a time , and again '' in this tale of sexual awakening , bdsm , relationships , female rites and rebirth . In the manga Tokyo Akazukin the protagonist is an 11 - year - old girl nicknamed `` Red Riding Hood '' or `` Red Hood '' . Akazukin means red hood in Japanese .", "10": "Music ( edit ) A.P. Randolph 's `` How Could Red Riding Hood ( Have Been So Very Good ) ? '' ( 1925 ) was the first song known to be banned from radio because of its sexual suggestiveness . Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 's hit song , `` Li'l Red Riding Hood '' ( 1966 ) , takes the Wolf 's point of view , implying that he wants love rather than blood . Here , the Wolf befriends Little Red Riding Hood disguised as a sheep and offers to protect her on her journey through the woods . The Kelly Family 's `` The Wolf '' ( 1994 ) is inspired by the tale , warning the children that there 's a Wolf out there . During the instrumental bridge in live shows , the song 's lead singer , Joey , does both the Little Red Riding Hood 's and the Wolf 's part , where the child asks her grandmother about the big eyes , ears and mouth . Other adaptations ( edit ) Animations and films ( edit ) Soyuzmultfilm ( 1937 ) is a classic Soviet , black - and - white , animated film by the sisters Brumberg , `` grandmothers of the Russian animation '' . Its plot differs slightly from the original fairy tale . It was issued on videotapes in various collections in the 1980s , via the SECAM system , and in the 1990s , via the PAL system , in collections of animated films of a videostudio `` Soyuz '' ( since 1994 ) . ( And 1995 ) . The Big Bad Wolf is an animated short released on 13 April 1934 by United Artists , produced by Walt Disney and directed by Burt Gillett as part of the Silly Symphony series . Acting as an adaptation of the fairy - tale Little Red Riding Hood , with the Big Bad Wolf from 1933 's Three Little Pigs acting as the adversary to Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother . In the USSR - based animated film Petya and Little Red Riding Hood ( 1958 ) , directed by Boris Stepantsev and Evgeny Raykovsky , the main character ( a boy named Petya Ivanov ) see the Grey Wolf deceived a trusting girl and risks his life to rescue her and her grandmother .", "11": "Now , the animated movie is considered a cult film , many phrases have become part of popular culture , and in 1959 and 1960 , the film received awards at festivals in Kiev , Ukraine and Ansi , Estonia . In Russia , it is repeatedly republished on DVD in collections of animated films . Hoodwinked ! ( 2005 ) is a retelling of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' as a police investigation . The film Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) is a musical movie based upon this tale . The film Red Riding Hood ( 2011 ) is loosely based upon this tale . The wolf appears in the Shrek franchise of films . He is wearing the grandmother 's clothing as in the fairytale , though the films imply he merely prefers wearing the gown and is not dangerous . Red Riding Hood briefly appears in the film Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) , wherein she is frightened by Shrek and Fiona and runs off . Red Riding Hood is one of the main characters in the film adaptation of the musical `` Into the Woods '' ( 2014 ) portrayed by Lilla Crawford . Little Red Riding Hood is parodied in the Warner Bros. cartoons Little Red Riding Rabbit ( 1944 , Merrie Melodies ) and The Windblown Hare ( 1949 , Looney Tunes ) , with Bugs Bunny , and Red Riding Hoodwinked ( 1955 , Looney Tunes ) with Tweety and Sylvester Games ( edit ) In the Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) video game , she is playable and appears as a friend of Shrek 's . She joins him , Fiona , and Donkey on their journey to Far Far Away , despite not knowing Shrek or his friends in the film . In Dark Parables 4 ( computer game ) The Red Riding Hood Sisters ( 2013 ) computer game , the original red riding hood was orphaned when a wolf killed her grandma . A hunter killed the wolf before it could kill her . He took her in as his own out of pity . The red riding hood of this story convinced the hunter to teach her how to fight . They protected the forest together until the hunter was killed during a wolf attack . The red riding hood continued on protecting the forest and took in other orphaned girls and taught them to fight too .", "12": "They take up wearing a red riding hood and cape to honor their teacher . Even after the death of the original red riding hood the girls continue doing what she did in life . In the fighting game Darkstalkers 3 ( 1997 ) , the character Baby Bonnie Hood is a parody of Little Red Riding Hood , complete with childish look , red hood and picnic basket . But instead of food , her basket is full of guns and grenades . Her personality is somewhat psychotic , guerrilla - crazy . During the fights , a small dog named Harry watches the action from the sidelines and reacts to her taking damage in battle . Two rifle - wielding huntsmen named John and Arthur briefly appear alongside her in a special power - up move titled `` Beautiful Hunting '' that inflicts extra damage on opponents . Literature ( edit ) Jerry Pinkney adapted the story for a children 's picture book of the same name ( 2007 ) Anne Sexton wrote an adaptation as a poem called `` Red Riding Hood '' in her collection Transformations ( 1971 ) , a book in which she re-envisions 16 of the Grimm 's Fairy tales . James Finn Garner wrote an adaptation in his book `` Politically Correct Bedtime Stories : Modern Tales for Our Life and Times '' , a book in which thirteen fairy tales were rewritten . Garner 's adaptation of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' brings up topics like feminism and gender norms . Michael Buckley wrote the children 's series , The Sisters Grimm which included characters from the fairytale into the storyline . Dark & Darker Faerie Tales by Two Sisters is a collection of dark fairy tales which features Little Red Riding Hood , revealing what happened to her after her encounter with the wolf . Music ( edit ) `` Little Red Riding Hood '' is a raw hardstyle song by Da Tweekaz Sunny 's concept photo for Girls ' Generation 's third studio album The Boys was inspired by `` Little Red Riding Hood '' . Musicals ( edit ) Little Red Riding Hood is one of the central characters in the Broadway musical Into the Woods ( 1987 ) by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine . In the song , `` I Know Things Now '' , she speaks of how the wolf made her feel `` excited , well , excited and scared '' , in a reference to the sexual undertones of their relationship .", "13": "Red Riding Hood 's cape is also one of the musical 's four quest items that are emblematic of fairy tales . Television ( edit ) In the pilot episode `` Wolf Moon '' of the MTV hit series Teen Wolf the protagonist Scott McCall wears a red hoody , when he gets attacked by an alpha werewolf in the woods in the night of a fullmoon . The pilot episode of NBC 's TV series Grimm reveals that the Red Riding Hood stories were inspired by fabled blutbaden attacks , werewolf - like beings who have a deeply ingrained bloodlust and a weakness for victims wearing red . Red Riding Hood is a character in ABC 's Once Upon a Time ( 2011 ) TV series . In this version of the tale , Red ( portrayed by Meghan Ory ) is a werewolf , and her cape is the only thing that can prevent her from turning during a full moon . Her Storybrooke persona is Ruby . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal France portal Italy portal Freeway ( 1996 film ) Hard Candy ( film ) Ladle Rat Rotten Hut `` Little Red Cap '' ( poem ) The Path ( video game ) , a psychological horror art game References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Berlioz , Jacques ( 2005 ) . `` Il faut sauver Le petit chaperon rouge '' . Les Collections de L'Histoires ( 36 ) : 63 . Jump up ^ Bottigheimer , Ruth ( 2008 ) . `` Before Contes du temps passe ( 1697 ) : Charles Perrault 's Griselidis , Souhaits and Peau '' `` . The Romantic Review . 99 ( 3 ) : 175 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Ashliman , D.L. Little Red Riding Hood and other tales of Aarne - Thompson - Uther type 333 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Spurgeon , Maureen ( 1990 ) . Red Riding Hood . England : Brown Watson . ISBN 0709706928 . Jump up ^ Tatar 2004 , pp.", "14": "xxxviii Jump up ^ The oldest source is the tale Rova in : Leo Frobenius , Volksmärchen und Volksdichtungen Afrikas / Band III , Jena 1921 : 126 - 129 , fairy tale # 33 . Jump up ^ Quoted from : Jane E. Goodman , Berber Culture on the World Stage : From Village to Video , Indiana University Press , 2005 : 62 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Graham ( 2000 ) . Fairytale in the Ancient World . Routledge . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23702 - 4 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Graham ( 2000 ) . Fairytale in the Ancient World . Routledge . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23702 - 4 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Graham ( 2000 ) . Fairytale in the Ancient World . Routledge . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23702 - 4 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Opie , Iona & Peter . The Classic Fairy Tales . pp. 93 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 211559 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ J.M. Ziolkowski , `` A fairy tale from before fairy tales : Egbert of Liege 's ' De puella a lupellis seruata ' and the medieval background of ' Little Red Riding Hood ' '' , Speculum 67 ( 1992 ) : 549 -- 575 . Jump up ^ Jack Zipes , In Hungarian folklore , the story is known as `` Piroska '' ( Little Red ) , is still told in mostly the original version described above .", "15": "The Great Fairy Tale Tradition : From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm , p 744 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 97636 - X Jump up ^ Alan Dundes , little ducking Jump up ^ Beckett , S.L. ( 2008 ) . Little Red Riding Hood . In D. Haase , The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairytales : G-P ( pp. 466 - 492 ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . Jump up ^ Catherine Orenstein , Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked : Sex , Morality and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale , pp 92 - 106 , ISBN 0 - 465 - 04126 - 4 Jump up ^ Zipes , Jack ( 1993 ) . The Trials and Tribulations of Little Red Riding Hood ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Routledge . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90835 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Darnton , Robert ( 1985 ) . The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 0 - 394 - 72927 - 7 . Jump up ^ Beckett , S.L. ( 2008 ) . Little Red Riding Hood . In D. Haase , The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairytales : G-P ( pp. 522 - 534 ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . Jump up ^ Beckett , S.L. ( 2008 ) . Little Red Riding Hood . In D. Haase , The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairytales : G-P ( pp. 583 - 588 ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . Jump up ^ Iona and Peter Opie , The Classic Fairy Tales . p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 211559 - 6 Jump up ^ Charles Perrault , `` Le Petit Chaperon Rouge '' Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , p 17 , The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales , ISBN 0 - 393 - 05163 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Little Red Riding Hood Charles Perrault '' . Pitt.Edu . University of Pittsburgh .", "16": "21 September 2003 . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . And , saying these words , this wicked wolf fell upon Little Red Riding Hood , and ate her all up . Jump up ^ Jacob and Wilheim Grimm , `` Little Red Cap '' Jump up ^ Harry Velten , `` The Influences of Charles Perrault 's Contes de ma Mère L'oie on German Folklore '' , p 966 , Jack Zipes , ed . The Great Fairy Tale Tradition : From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm , ISBN 0 - 393 - 97636 - X Jump up ^ Harry Velten , `` The Influences of Charles Perrault 's Contes de ma Mère L'oie on German Folklore '' , p 967 , Jack Zipes , ed . The Great Fairy Tale Tradition : From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm , ISBN 0 - 393 - 97636 - X Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , The Annotated Brothers Grimm , p 149 W.W. Norton & company , London , New York , 2004 ISBN 0 - 393 - 05848 - 4 Jump up ^ Jacob and Wilheim Grimm , `` Little Red Cap '' Jump up ^ Andrew Lang , `` The True History of Little Goldenhood '' , The Red Fairy Book ( 1890 ) Jump up ^ The proper name of this French author is Charles Marelle ( 1827 - 19 ... ) , there is a typo in Andrew Lang 's Red Fairy Book . See BNF note online . Jump up ^ Jane Yolen , Touch Magic p 25 , ISBN 0 - 87483 - 591 - 7 Jump up ^ Tatar , Maria . The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05163 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dundes , Alan & McGlathery , James M. ( ed . ) . `` Intrepreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically '' . The Brothers Grimm and Folktale . pp. 26 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01549 - 5 .", "17": "CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dundes , Alan & McGlathery , James M. ( ed . ) . `` Intrepreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically '' . The Brothers Grimm and Folktale . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01549 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dundes , Alan & McGlathery , James M. ( ed . ) . `` Intrepreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically '' . The Brothers Grimm and Folktale . pp. 27 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01549 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dundes , Alan & McGlathery , James M. ( ed . ) . `` Intrepreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically '' . The Brothers Grimm and Folktale . pp. 27 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01549 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tatar , Maria . The Annotated Brothers Grimm . p. 148 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05848 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dundes , Alan & McGlathery , James M. ( ed . ) . `` Intrepreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically '' . The Brothers Grimm and Folktale . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01549 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Orenstein , Catherine . Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked : Sex , Morality , and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale . p. 145 .", "18": "ISBN 0 - 465 - 04125 - 6 . Jump up ^ Orenstein , Catherine . Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked : Sex , Morality , and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04125 - 6 . Jump up ^ Orenstein , Catherine . Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked : Sex , Morality , and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale . pp. 172 -- 173 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04125 - 6 . Jump up ^ Orenstein , Catherine . Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked : Sex , Morality , and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale . pp. 112 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04125 - 6 . Jump up ^ Orenstein , Catherine . Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked : Sex , Morality , and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale . pp. 166 -- 167 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04125 - 6 . Jump up ^ Orenstein , Catherine . Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked : Sex , Morality , and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale . p. 126 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04125 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hanks , Carol & Hanks , D.T. , Jr. ( 1978 ) . Children 's Literature. 7 . pp. 68 -- 77 , 10.1353 / chl. 0.0528 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Orenstein , Catherine . Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked : Sex , Morality , and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale . p. 165 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04125 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Orenstein , Catherine . Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked : Sex , Morality , and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale . p. 167 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04125 - 6 . Jump up ^ Augello - Page , Michelle . `` Wolf Moon '' . Into the Woods . pp.", "19": "59 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 291 - 75208 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview With ' Red Riding Hood ' Director Catherine Hardwicke '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiMare , Philip , ed. ( 2011 ) . Movies in American History : An Encyclopedia ( 3 volumes ) : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 443 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 598 - 84297 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Anne ( 1971 ) . Transformations . Jump up ^ Garner , James Finn ( 1994 ) . Politically Correct Bedtime Stories : Modern Tales for Our Life and Times . Souvenir Press . ISBN 0285640410 . Jump up ^ Da Tweekaz . `` Little Red Riding Hood '' . Soundclou . Jump up ^ Sondheim , Steven ; Lapine , James ( 1987 ) . Into the Woods . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Meghan Ory Dishes on Big Bad Wolf Twist ! Plus , What 's Next for Ruby ? '' . E Online . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Little Red Riding Hood Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little Red Riding Hood . Free printable `` Little Red Riding - hood '' eBook and worksheets for grades K - 3 . Terri Windling 's ' The Path of Needles or Pins : Little Red Riding Hood ' -- a thorough article on the history of Little Red Riding Hood . The Little Red Riding Hood Collection at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia contains hundreds of editions of the story , as well as ephemera , artifacts , and original artworks Read Little Red Riding Hood by Charles Perrault ( sad ending ) , or Little Red Cap by Brothers Grimm ( happy ending ) A Translation of Grimm 's Fairy Tale Little Red Cap The Brothers Grimm Key articles Jacob Grimm Wilhelm Grimm", "20": "Grimms ' Fairy Tales Deutsche Sagen Deutsche Mythologie Notable tales `` Bearskin '' `` The Brave Little Tailor '' `` Brother and Sister '' `` Cat and Mouse in Partnership '' `` Cinderella '' `` The Devil with the Three Golden Hairs '' `` The Dog and the Sparrow '' `` The Elves and the Shoemaker '' `` The Four Skillful Brothers '' `` The Frog Prince '' `` The Fisherman and His Wife '' `` The Golden Bird '' `` The Golden Goose '' `` The Goose Girl '' `` The Goose - Girl at the Well '' `` Hans My Hedgehog '' `` Hansel and Gretel '' `` The Hut in the Forest '' `` Jorinde and Joringel '' `` The Juniper Tree '' `` The King of the Golden Mountain '' `` King Thrushbeard '' `` Little Red Riding Hood '' `` Mary 's Child '' `` Mother Holle '' `` Old Hildebrand '' `` Old Sultan '' `` The Queen Bee '' `` Rapunzel '' `` The Riddle '' Rumpelstiltskin `` The Seven Ravens '' `` The Six Servants '' `` The Six Swans '' `` Sleeping Beauty '' `` Snow White '' `` Snow - White and Rose - Red '' `` The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was '' `` The Three Little Men in the Wood '' `` The Three Spinners '' `` Thumbling '' `` Town Musicians of Bremen '' `` Trusty John '' `` The Turnip '' `` The Twelve Brothers '' `` The Twelve Dancing Princesses '' The White Snake `` The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats '' `` The Wonderful Musician '' Other Grimm 's law Göttingen Seven Grim Tales The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm Grimm 's Fairy Tale Classics The Brothers Grimm Grimm Tales The Sisters Grimm Fairy tale", "21": "American McGee 's Grimm German Fairy Tale Route Grimm Once Upon a Time `` Little Red Riding Hood '' by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Film Red Riding Hood ( 1901 ) Little Red Riding Hood ( 1920 ) Little Red Riding Hood ( 1954 ) Rotkäppchen ( 1962 ) About the Little Red Riding Hood ( 1977 ) Red Riding Hood ( 1989 ) Little Red Riding Hood ( 1997 ) Red Riding Hood ( 2003 ) Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) Red Riding Hood ( 2011 ) Animation Little Red Riding Hood ( 1922 cartoon ) Dizzy Red Riding Hood ( 1931 film ) Little Red Walking Hood ( 1937 cartoon ) The Big Bad Wolf ( 1934 cartoon ) Red Hot Riding Hood ( 1943 cartoon ) Little Red Riding Rabbit ( 1944 cartoon ) Little Rural Riding Hood ( 1949 cartoon ) Little Red Rodent Hood ( 1952 cartoon ) Red Riding Hoodwinked ( 1955 cartoon ) Red Riding Hoodlum ( 1957 cartoon ) Little Red Riding Hood ( 1995 film ) Redux Riding Hood ( 1997 film ) Hoodwinked ! ( 2005 film ) Hoodwinked Too ! Hood vs.", "22": "Evil ( 2011 film ) Video games Little Red Riding Hood 's Zombie BBQ ( 2008 ) The Path ( 2009 ) Overlord : Dark Legend ( 2009 ) Dragon Fin Soup ( 2015 ) Stage adaptations Little Red Riding Hood ( 1911 opera ) Grimm ( 2014 musical ) Literary adaptations The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck ( 1908 ) Anguish Languish ( 1956 ) Flossie & the Fox ( 1986 ) Lon Po Po : A Red - Riding Hood Story from China ( 1989 ) Wolf ( 1990 ) Little Red Cap ( 1999 ) Scarlet ( 2013 ) Other adaptations Li'l Red Riding Hood ( 1966 ) The Company of Wolves ( 1984 ) The Red Spectacles ( 1987 ) Freeway ( 1996 ) Black XXX - Mas ( 1999 ) Jin - Roh : The Wolf Brigade ( 1999 ) Tokyo Red Hood ( 2003 ) A Wicked Tale ( 2005 ) `` Red - Handed '' ( 2012 ) `` Child of the Moon '' ( 2012 ) Related Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Akazukin Chacha ( 1994 anime series ) Goldilocks and the Jivin ' Bears Now Hare This Deadtime Stories Baby Bear and the Big , Bad Wolf Big Bad Wolf ( character ) Red ( character ) Charles Perrault Works Histoires ou contes du temps passé ( 1697 ) Griselidis ( 1695 ) The Ridiculous Wishes ( 1695 ) Donkeyskin ( 1695 ) Cinderella ( 1697 ) Little Red Riding Hood ( 1697 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1697 ) Puss in Boots ( 1697 ) Bluebeard ( 1697 ) Diamonds and Toads ( 1697 ) Riquet with the Tuft ( 1697 ) Hop - o ' - My - Thumb ( 1697 ) Related Marie - Jeanne L'Héritier Brothers Grimm LCCN : sh88005840 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.", "23": "org/w/index.php?title=Little_Red_Riding_Hood&oldid=837918510 '' Categories : Grimms ' Fairy Tales Works by Charles Perrault Fairy tales Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Wolves in folklore ,", "24": "religion and mythology Fictional French people Child characters in literature Child characters in film Female characters in fairy tales European folklore characters European fairy tales French fairy tales Little Red Riding Hood Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Cross-dressing in literature Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Papiamentu Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 20 : 30 .", "25": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3610488274381813727	what are the four main types of precipitation	[ "drizzle", "rain", "sleet", "snow", "graupel", "hail", "drizzle", "rain", "sleet", "snow", "graupel", "hail" ]	{ "0": "Precipitation - wikipedia Precipitation Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Precipitation ( disambiguation ) . Long - term mean precipitation by month Countries by average annual precipitation In meteorology , precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity . The main forms of precipitation include drizzle , rain , sleet , snow , graupel and hail . Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor , so that the water condenses and `` precipitates '' . Thus , fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions , because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate . Two processes , possibly acting together , can lead to air becoming saturated : cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air . Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud . Short , intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called `` showers . '' Moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain . This process is typically active when freezing rain occurs . A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain and serves as the foci for forcing and rising air . Provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content , the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds , namely stratus and cumulonimbus . Eventually , the cloud droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops and descend toward the Earth where they will freeze on contact with exposed objects . Where relatively warm water bodies are present , for example due to water evaporation from lakes , lake - effect snowfall becomes a concern downwind of the warm lakes within the cold cyclonic flow around the backside of extratropical cyclones . Lake - effect snowfall can be locally heavy . Thundersnow is possible within a cyclone 's comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands . In mountainous areas , heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation . On the leeward side of mountains , desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating . Most precipitation occurs within the tropics and is caused by convection .", "1": "The movement of the monsoon trough , or intertropical convergence zone , brings rainy seasons to savannah climes . Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle , and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet . Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres ( 121,000 cu mi ) of water falls as precipitation each year ; 398,000 cubic kilometres ( 95,000 cu mi ) of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres ( 26,000 cu mi ) over land . Given the Earth 's surface area , that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres ( 39 in ) , but over land it is only 715 millimetres ( 28.1 in ) . Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes . Precipitation may occur on other celestial bodies , e.g. when it gets cold , Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost , rather than rain or snow .", "2": "Part of the nature series Weather Calendar seasons Winter Spring Summer Autumn Tropical seasons Dry season Wet season Storms Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Precipitation Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) Graupel Hail Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) Rain ( Freezing rain ) Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush Topics Atmospheric river Atmospheric convection Air pollution Climate Cloud Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather Weather forecasting Weather portal Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 2 How the air becomes saturated 2.1 Cooling air to its dew point 2.2 Adding moisture to the air 3 Formation 3.1 Raindrops 3.2 Ice pellets 3.3 Hail 3.4 Snowflakes 3.5 Diamond dust 4 Causes 4.1 Frontal activity 4.2 Convection 4.3 Orographic effects 4.4 Snow 4.5 Within the tropics 4.6 Large - scale geographical distribution 5 Measurement 5.1 Hydrometeor definition 5.2 Satellite estimates 5.", "3": "3 Satellite data sets 6 Return period 7 Role in Köppen climate classification 8 Effect on agriculture 9 Changes due to global warming 10 Changes due to urban heat island 11 Forecasting 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Types ( edit ) Main article : Precipitation types A thunderstorm with heavy precipitation Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle , and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet . Approximately 505,000 km ( 121,000 mi ) of water falls as precipitation each year , 398,000 km ( 95,000 cu mi ) of it over the oceans . Given the Earth 's surface area , that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres ( 39 in ) . Mechanisms of producing precipitation include convective , stratiform , and orographic rainfall . Convective processes involve strong vertical motions that can cause the overturning of the atmosphere in that location within an hour and cause heavy precipitation , while stratiform processes involve weaker upward motions and less intense precipitation . Precipitation can be divided into three categories , based on whether it falls as liquid water , liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface , or ice . Mixtures of different types of precipitation , including types in different categories , can fall simultaneously . Liquid forms of precipitation include rain and drizzle . Rain or drizzle that freezes on contact within a subfreezing air mass is called `` freezing rain '' or `` freezing drizzle '' . Frozen forms of precipitation include snow , ice needles , ice pellets , hail , and graupel . How the air becomes saturated ( edit ) Cooling air to its dew Point ( edit ) Late - summer rainstorm in Denmark Lenticular cloud forming due to mountains over Wyoming The dew point is the temperature to which a parcel must be cooled in order to become saturated , and ( unless super-saturation occurs ) condenses to water . Water vapour normally begins to condense on condensation nuclei such as dust , ice , and salt in order to form clouds . An elevated portion of a frontal zone forces broad areas of lift , which form clouds decks such as altostratus or cirrostratus .", "4": "Stratus is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool , stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass . It can also form due to the lifting of advection fog during breezy conditions . There are four main mechanisms for cooling the air to its dew point : adiabatic cooling , conductive cooling , radiational coolin g , and evaporative cooling . Adiabatic cooling occurs when air rises and expands . The air can rise due to convection , large - scale atmospheric motions , or a physical barrier such as a mountain ( orographic lift ) . Conductive cooling occurs when the air comes into contact with a colder surface , usually by being blown from one surface to another , for example from a liquid water surface to colder land . Radiational cooling occurs due to the emission of infrared radiation , either by the air or by the surface underneath . Evaporative cooling occurs when moisture is added to the air through evaporation , which forces the air temperature to cool to its wet - bulb temperature , or until it reaches saturation . Adding moisture to the air ( edit ) The main ways water vapour is added to the air are : wind convergence into areas of upward motion , precipitation or virga falling from above , daytime heating evaporating water from the surface of oceans , water bodies or wet land , transpiration from plants , cool or dry air moving over warmer water , and lifting air over mountains . Formation ( edit ) Main article : Water cycle Condensation and coalescence are important parts of the water cycle . Raindrops ( edit ) Coalescence occurs when water droplets fuse to create larger water droplets , or when water droplets freeze onto an ice crystal , which is known as the Bergeron process . The fall rate of very small droplets is negligible , hence clouds do not fall out of the sky ; precipitation will only occur when these coalesce into larger drops . When air turbulence occurs , water droplets collide , producing larger droplets . As these larger water droplets descend , coalescence continues , so that drops become heavy enough to overcome air resistance and fall as rain . Raindrops have sizes ranging from 0.1 millimetres ( 0.0039 in ) to 9 millimetres ( 0.35 in ) mean diameter , above which they tend to break up .", "5": "Smaller drops are called cloud droplets , and their shape is spherical . As a raindrop increases in size , its shape becomes more oblate , with its largest cross-section facing the oncoming airflow . Contrary to the cartoon pictures of raindrops , their shape does not resemble a teardrop . Intensity and duration of rainfall are usually inversely related , i.e. , high intensity storms are likely to be of short duration and low intensity storms can have a long duration . Rain drops associated with melting hail tend to be larger than other rain drops . The METAR code for rain is RA , while the coding for rain showers is SHRA . Ice pellets ( edit ) Main article : Ice pellets An accumulation of ice pellets Ice pellets or sleet are a form of precipitation consisting of small , translucent balls of ice . Ice pellets are usually ( but not always ) smaller than hailstones . They often bounce when they hit the ground , and generally do not freeze into a solid mass unless mixed with freezing rain . The METAR code for ice pellets is PL . Ice pellets form when a layer of above - freezing air exists with sub-freezing air both above and below . This causes the partial or complete melting of any snowflakes falling through the warm layer . As they fall back into the sub-freezing layer closer to the surface , they re-freeze into ice pellets . However , if the sub-freezing layer beneath the warm layer is too small , the precipitation will not have time to re-freeze , and freezing rain will be the result at the surface . A temperature profile showing a warm layer above the ground is most likely to be found in advance of a warm front during the cold season , but can occasionally be found behind a passing cold front . Hail ( edit ) Main article : Hail A large hailstone , about 6 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) in diameter Like other precipitation , hail forms in storm clouds when supercooled water droplets freeze on contact with condensation nuclei , such as dust or dirt . The storm 's updraft blows the hailstones to the upper part of the cloud . The updraft dissipates and the hailstones fall down , back into the updraft , and are lifted again . Hail has a diameter of 5 millimetres ( 0.20 in ) or more .", "6": "Within METAR code , GR is used to indicate larger hail , of a diameter of at least 6.4 millimetres ( 0.25 in ) . GR is derived from the French word grêle . Smaller - sized hail , as well as snow pellets , use the coding of GS , which is short for the French word grésil . Stones just larger than golf ball - sized are one of the most frequently reported hail sizes . Hailstones can grow to 15 centimetres ( 6 in ) and weigh more than 500 grams ( 1 lb ) . In large hailstones , latent heat released by further freezing may melt the outer shell of the hailstone . The hailstone then may undergo ' wet growth ' , where the liquid outer shell collects other smaller hailstones . The hailstone gains an ice layer and grows increasingly larger with each ascent . Once a hailstone becomes too heavy to be supported by the storm 's updraft , it falls from the cloud . Snowflakes ( edit ) Main article : Snowflake Snowflake viewed in an optical microscope Snow crystals form when tiny supercooled cloud droplets ( about 10 μm in diameter ) freeze . Once a droplet has frozen , it grows in the supersaturated environment . Because water droplets are more numerous than the ice crystals the crystals are able to grow to hundreds of micrometers in size at the expense of the water droplets . This process is known as the Wegener -- Bergeron -- Findeisen process . The corresponding depletion of water vapour causes the droplets to evaporate , meaning that the ice crystals grow at the droplets ' expense . These large crystals are an efficient source of precipitation , since they fall through the atmosphere due to their mass , and may collide and stick together in clusters , or aggregates . These aggregates are snowflakes , and are usually the type of ice particle that falls to the ground . Guinness World Records list the world 's largest snowflakes as those of January 1887 at Fort Keogh , Montana ; allegedly one measured 38 cm ( 15 inches ) wide . The exact details of the sticking mechanism remain a subject of research .", "7": "Although the ice is clear , scattering of light by the crystal facets and hollows / imperfections mean that the crystals often appear white in color due to diffuse reflection of the whole spectrum of light by the small ice particles . The shape of the snowflake is determined broadly by the temperature and humidity at which it is formed . Rarely , at a temperature of around − 2 ° C ( 28 ° F ) , snowflakes can form in threefold symmetry -- triangular snowflakes . The most common snow particles are visibly irregular , although near - perfect snowflakes may be more common in pictures because they are more visually appealing . No two snowflakes are alike , as they grow at different rates and in different patterns depending on the changing temperature and humidity within the atmosphere through which they fall on their way to the ground . The METAR code for snow is SN , while snow showers are coded SHSN . Diamond dust ( edit ) Main article : Diamond dust Diamond dust , also known as ice needles or ice crystals , forms at temperatures approaching − 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F ) due to air with slightly higher moisture from aloft mixing with colder , surface based air . They are made of simple ice crystals that are hexagonal in shape . The METAR identifier for diamond dust within international hourly weather reports is IC . Causes ( edit ) Frontal activity ( edit ) Main article : Weather fronts Stratiform or dynamic precipitation occurs as a consequence of slow ascent of air in synoptic systems ( on the order of cm / s ) , such as over surface cold fronts , and over and ahead of warm fronts . Similar ascent is seen around tropical cyclones outside of the eyewall , and in comma - head precipitation patterns around mid-latitude cyclones . A wide variety of weather can be found along an occluded front , with thunderstorms possible , but usually their passage is associated with a drying of the air mass . Occluded fronts usually form around mature low - pressure areas . Precipitation may occur on celestial bodies other than Earth . When it gets cold , Mars has precipitation that most likely takes the form of ice needles , rather than rain or snow . Convection ( edit ) Convective precipitation Convective rain , or showery precipitation , occurs from convective clouds , e.g. , cumulonimbus or cumulus congestus .", "8": "It falls as showers with rapidly changing intensity . Convective precipitation falls over a certain area for a relatively short time , as convective clouds have limited horizontal extent . Most precipitation in the tropics appears to be convective ; however , it has been suggested that stratiform precipitation also occurs . Graupel and hail indicate convection . In mid-latitudes , convective precipitation is intermittent and often associated with baroclinic boundaries such as cold fronts , squall lines , and warm fronts . Orographic effects ( edit ) See also : Orographic lift and Precipitation types Orographic precipitation Orographic precipitation occurs on the windward side of mountains and is caused by the rising air motion of a large - scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge , resulting in adiabatic cooling and condensation . In mountainous parts of the world subjected to relatively consistent winds ( for example , the trade winds ) , a more moist climate usually prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the leeward or downwind side . Moisture is removed by orographic lift , leaving drier air ( see katabatic wind ) on the descending and generally warming , leeward side where a rain shadow is observed . In Hawaii , Mount Waiʻaleʻale , on the island of Kauai , is notable for its extreme rainfall , as it has the second highest average annual rainfall on Earth , with 12,000 millimetres ( 460 in ) . Storm systems affect the state with heavy rains between October and March . Local climates vary considerably on each island due to their topography , divisible into windward ( Ko ʻolau ) and leeward ( Kona ) regions based upon location relative to the higher mountains . Windward sides face the east to northeast trade winds and receive much more rainfall ; leeward sides are drier and sunnier , with less rain and less cloud cover . In South America , the Andes mountain range blocks Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent , resulting in a desertlike climate just downwind across western Argentina . The Sierra Nevada range creates the same effect in North America forming the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts . Similarly , in Asia , the Himalaya mountains create an obstacle to monsoons which leads to extremely high precipitation on the southern side and lower precipitation levels on the northern side .", "9": "Snow ( edit ) Main article : Snow Lake - effect snow bands near the Korean Peninsula in early - December 2008 . Extratropical cyclones can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding 119 km / h ( 74 mph ) , ( sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe ) . The band of precipitation that is associated with their warm front is often extensive , forced by weak upward vertical motion of air over the frontal boundary which condenses as it cools and produces precipitation within an elongated band , which is wide and stratiform , meaning falling out of nimbostratus clouds . When moist air tries to dislodge an arctic air mass , overrunning snow can result within the poleward side of the elongated precipitation band . In the Northern Hemisphere , poleward is towards the North Pole , or north . Within the Southern Hemisphere , poleward is towards the South Pole , or south . Southwest of extratropical cyclones , curved cyclonic flow bringing cold air across the relatively warm water bodies can lead to narrow lake - effect snow bands . Those bands bring strong localized snowfall which can be understood as follows : Large water bodies such as lakes efficiently store heat that results in significant temperature differences ( larger than 13 ° C or 23 ° F ) between the water surface and the air above . Because of this temperature difference , warmth and moisture are transported upward , condensing into vertically oriented clouds ( see satellite picture ) which produce snow showers . The temperature decrease with height and cloud depth are directly affected by both the water temperature and the large - scale environment . The stronger the temperature decrease with height , the deeper the clouds get , and the greater the precipitation rate becomes . In mountainous areas , heavy snowfall accumulates when air is forced to ascend the mountains and squeeze out precipitation along their windward slopes , which in cold conditions , falls in the form of snow . Because of the ruggedness of terrain , forecasting the location of heavy snowfall remains a significant challenge . Within the tropics ( edit ) Main article : Wet season See also : Monsoon and Tropical cyclone Rainfall distribution by month in Cairns showing the extent of the wet season at that location The wet , or rainy , season is the time of year , covering one or more months , when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls .", "10": "The term green season is also sometimes used as a euphemism by tourist authorities . Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the tropics and subtropics . Savanna climates and areas with monsoon regimes have wet summers and dry winters . Tropical rainforests technically do not have dry or wet seasons , since their rainfall is equally distributed through the year . Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mid-season when the intertropical convergence zone or monsoon trough move poleward of their location during the middle of the warm season . When the wet season occurs during the warm season , or summer , rain falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening hours . The wet season is a time when air quality improves , freshwater quality improves , and vegetation grows significantly . Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases . Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime . The previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season , as the crops have yet to mature . Developing countries have noted that their populations show seasonal weight fluctuations due to food shortages seen before the first harvest , which occurs late in the wet season . Tropical cyclones , a source of very heavy rainfall , consist of large air masses several hundred miles across with low pressure at the centre and with winds blowing inward towards the centre in either a clockwise direction ( southern hemisphere ) or counterclockwise ( northern hemisphere ) . Although cyclones can take an enormous toll in lives and personal property , they may be important factors in the precipitation regimes of places they impact , as they may bring much - needed precipitation to otherwise dry regions . Areas in their path can receive a year 's worth of rainfall from a tropical cyclone passage . Large - scale geographical distribution ( edit ) See also : Earth rainfall climatology On the large scale , the highest precipitation amounts outside topography fall in the tropics , closely tied to the Intertropical Convergence Zone , itself the ascending branch of the Hadley cell . Mountainous locales near the equator in Colombia are amongst the wettest places on Earth . North and south of this are regions of descending air that form subtropical ridges where precipitation is low ; the land surface underneath these ridges is usually arid , and these regions make up most of the Earth 's deserts .", "11": "An exception to this rule is in Hawaii , where upslope flow due to the trade winds lead to one of the wettest locations on Earth . Otherwise , the flow of the Westerlies into the Rocky Mountains lead to the wettest , and at elevation snowiest , locations within North America . In Asia during the wet season , the flow of moist air into the Himalayas leads to some of the greatest rainfall amounts measured on Earth in northeast India . Measurement ( edit ) See also : Rain gauge , Disdrometer , and Snow gauge Standard rain gauge The standard way of measuring rainfall or snowfall is the standard rain gauge , which can be found in 100 mm ( 4 in ) plastic and 200 mm ( 8 in ) metal varieties . The inner cylinder is filled by 25 mm ( 1 in ) of rain , with overflow flowing into the outer cylinder . Plastic gauges have markings on the inner cylinder down to 0.25 mm ( 0.01 in ) resolution , while metal gauges require use of a stick designed with the appropriate 0.25 mm ( 0.01 in ) markings . After the inner cylinder is filled , the amount inside it is discarded , then filled with the remaining rainfall in the outer cylinder until all the fluid in the outer cylinder is gone , adding to the overall total until the outer cylinder is empty . These gauges are used in the winter by removing the funnel and inner cylinder and allowing snow and freezing rain to collect inside the outer cylinder . Some add anti-freeze to their gauge so they do not have to melt the snow or ice that falls into the gauge . Once the snowfall / ice is finished accumulating , or as 300 mm ( 12 in ) is approached , one can either bring it inside to melt , or use lukewarm water to fill the inner cylinder with in order to melt the frozen precipitation in the outer cylinder , keeping track of the warm fluid added , which is subsequently subtracted from the overall total once all the ice / snow is melted . Other types of gauges include the popular wedge gauge ( the cheapest rain gauge and most fragile ) , the tipping bucket rain gauge , and the weighing rain gauge . The wedge and tipping bucket gauges will have problems with snow .", "12": "Attempts to compensate for snow / ice by warming the tipping bucket meet with limited success , since snow may sublimate if the gauge is kept much above freezing . Weighing gauges with antifreeze should do fine with snow , but again , the funnel needs to be removed before the event begins . For those looking to measure rainfall the most inexpensively , a can that is cylindrical with straight sides will act as a rain gauge if left out in the open , but its accuracy will depend on what ruler is used to measure the rain with . Any of the above rain gauges can be made at home , with enough know - how . When a precipitation measurement is made , various networks exist across the United States and elsewhere where rainfall measurements can be submitted through the Internet , such as CoCoRAHS or GLOBE . If a network is not available in the area where one lives , the nearest local weather office will likely be interested in the measurement . Hydrometeor definition ( edit ) A concept used in precipitation measurement is the hydrometeor . Bits of liquid or solid water in the atmosphere are known as hydrometeors . Formations due to condensation , such as clouds , haze , fog , and mist , are composed of hydrometeors . All precipitation types are made up of hydrometeors by definition , including virga , which is precipitation which evaporates before reaching the ground . Particles blown from the Earth 's surface by wind , such as blowing snow and blowing sea spray , are also hydrometeors . Satellite estimates ( edit ) Although surface precipitation gauges are considered the standard for measuring precipitation , there are many areas in which their use is not feasible . This includes the vast expanses of ocean and remote land areas . In other cases , social , technical or administrative issues prevent the dissemination of gauge observations . As a result , the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations . Satellite sensors work by remotely sensing precipitation -- recording various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that theory and practice show are related to the occurrence and intensity of precipitation . The sensors are almost exclusively passive , recording what they see , similar to a camera , in contrast to active sensors ( radar , lidar ) that send out a signal and detect its impact on the area being observed . Satellite sensors now in practical use for precipitation fall into two categories .", "13": "Thermal infrared ( IR ) sensors record a channel around 11 micron wavelength and primarily give information about cloud tops . Due to the typical structure of the atmosphere , cloud - top temperatures are approximately inversely related to cloud - top heights , meaning colder clouds almost always occur at higher altitudes . Further , cloud tops with a lot of small - scale variation are likely to be more vigorous than smooth - topped clouds . Various mathematical schemes , or algorithms , use these and other properties to estimate precipitation from the IR data . The second category of sensor channels is in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum . The frequencies in use range from about 10 gigahertz to a few hundred GHz . Channels up to about 37 GHz primarily provide information on the liquid hydrometeors ( rain and drizzle ) in the lower parts of clouds , with larger amounts of liquid emitting higher amounts of microwave radiant energy . Channels above 37 GHz display emission signals , but are dominated by the action of solid hydrometeors ( snow , graupel , etc . ) to scatter microwave radiant energy . Satellites such as the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ( TRMM ) and the Global Precipitation Measurement ( GPM ) mission employ microwave sensors to form precipitation estimates . Additional sensor channels and products have been demonstrated to provide additional useful information including visible channels , additional IR channels , water vapor channels and atmospheric sounding retrievals . However , most precipitation data sets in current use do not employ these data sources . Satellite data sets ( edit ) The IR estimates have rather low skill at short time and space scales , but are available very frequently ( 15 minutes or more often ) from satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit . IR works best in cases of deep , vigorous convection -- such as the tropics -- and becomes progressively less useful in areas where stratiform ( layered ) precipitation dominates , especially in mid - and high - latitude regions . The more - direct physical connection between hydrometeors and microwave channels gives the microwave estimates greater skill on short time and space scales than is true for IR . However , microwave sensors fly only on low Earth orbit satellites , and there are few enough of them that the average time between observations exceeds three hours .", "14": "This several - hour interval is insufficient to adequately document precipitation because of the transient nature of most precipitation systems as well as the inability of a single satellite to appropriately capture the typical daily cycle of precipitation at a given location . Since the late 1990s , several algorithms have been developed to combine precipitation data from multiple satellites ' sensors , seeking to emphasize the strengths and minimize the weaknesses of the individual input data sets . The goal is to provide `` best '' estimates of precipitation on a uniform time / space grid , usually for as much of the globe as possible . In some cases the long - term homogeneity of the dataset is emphasized , which is the Climate Data Record standard . In other cases , the goal is producing the best instantaneous satellite estimate , which is the High Resolution Precipitation Product approach . In either case , of course , the less - emphasized goal is also considered desirable . One key result of the multi-satellite studies is that including even a small amount of surface gauge data is very useful for controlling the biases that are endemic to satellite estimates . The difficulties in using gauge data are that 1 ) their availability is limited , as noted above , and 2 ) the best analyses of gauge data take two months or more after the observation time to undergo the necessary transmission , assembly , processing and quality control . Thus , precipitation estimates that include gauge data tend to be produced further after the observation time than the no - gauge estimates . As a result , while estimates that include gauge data may provide a more accurate depiction of the `` true '' precipitation , they are generally not suited for real - or near - real - time applications . The work described has resulted in a variety of datasets possessing different formats , time / space grids , periods of record and regions of coverage , input datasets , and analysis procedures , as well as many different forms of dataset version designators . In many cases , one of the modern multi-satellite data sets is the best choice for general use . Return period ( edit ) See also : 100 - year flood The likelihood or probability of an event with a specified intensity and duration , is called the return period or frequency . The intensity of a storm can be predicted for any return period and storm duration , from charts based on historic data for the location .", "15": "The term 1 in 10 year storm describes a rainfall event which is rare and is only likely to occur once every 10 years , so it has a 10 percent likelihood any given year . The rainfall will be greater and the flooding will be worse than the worst storm expected in any single year . The term 1 in 100 year storm describes a rainfall event which is extremely rare and which will occur with a likelihood of only once in a century , so has a 1 percent likelihood in any given year . The rainfall will be extreme and flooding to be worse than a 1 in 10 year event . As with all probability events , it is possible though unlikely to have two `` 1 in 100 Year Storms '' in a single year . Role in Köppen climate classification ( edit ) Main article : Köppen climate classification Updated Köppen - Geiger climate map Af Am Aw BWh BWk BSh BSk Csa Csb Cwa Cwb Cfa Cfb Cfc Dsa Dsb Dsc Dsd Dwa Dwb Dwc Dwd Dfa Dfb Dfc Dfd ET EF The Köppen classification depends on average monthly values of temperature and precipitation . The most commonly used form of the Köppen classification has five primary types labeled A through E. Specifically , the primary types are A , tropical ; B , dry ; C , mild mid-latitude ; D , cold mid-latitude ; and E , polar . The five primary classifications can be further divided into secondary classifications such as rain forest , monsoon , tropical savanna , humid subtropical , humid continental , oceanic climate , Mediterranean climate , steppe , subarctic climate , tundra , polar ice cap , and desert . Rain forests are characterized by high rainfall , with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1,750 and 2,000 mm ( 69 and 79 in ) . A tropical savanna is a grassland biome located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes , with rainfall between 750 and 1,270 mm ( 30 and 50 in ) a year . They are widespread on Africa , and are also found in India , the northern parts of South America , Malaysia , and Australia .", "16": "The humid subtropical climate zone is where winter rainfall ( and sometimes snowfall ) is associated with large storms that the westerlies steer from west to east . Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms and from occasional tropical cyclones . Humid subtropical climates lie on the east side continents , roughly between latitudes 20 ° and 40 ° degrees away from the equator . An oceanic ( or maritime ) climate is typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of all the world 's continents , bordering cool oceans , as well as southeastern Australia , and is accompanied by plentiful precipitation year - round . The Mediterranean climate regime resembles the climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin , parts of western North America , parts of Western and South Australia , in southwestern South Africa and in parts of central Chile . The climate is characterized by hot , dry summers and cool , wet winters . A steppe is a dry grassland . Subarctic climates are cold with continuous permafrost and little precipitation . Effect on agriculture ( edit ) Rainfall estimates for southern Japan and the surrounding region from July 20 to 27 , 2009 . Precipitation , especially rain , has a dramatic effect on agriculture . All plants need at least some water to survive , therefore rain ( being the most effective means of watering ) is important to agriculture . While a regular rain pattern is usually vital to healthy plants , too much or too little rainfall can be harmful , even devastating to crops . Drought can kill crops and increase erosion , while overly wet weather can cause harmful fungus growth . Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive . For example , certain cacti require small amounts of water , while tropical plants may need up to hundreds of inches of rain per year to survive . In areas with wet and dry seasons , soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases during the wet season . Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime . The previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season , as the crops have yet to mature . Developing countries have noted that their populations show seasonal weight fluctuations due to food shortages seen before the first harvest , which occurs late in the wet season . Changes due to Global warming ( edit ) See also : Global warming Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which leads to more precipitation .", "17": "Precipitation has generally increased over land north of 30 ° N from 1900 to 2005 but has declined over the tropics since the 1970s . Globally there has been no statistically significant overall trend in precipitation over the past century , although trends have varied widely by region and over time . Eastern portions of North and South America , northern Europe , and northern and central Asia have become wetter . The Sahel , the Mediterranean , southern Africa and parts of southern Asia have become drier . There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century , as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts -- especially in the tropics and subtropics . Changes in precipitation and evaporation over the oceans are suggested by the decreased salinity of mid - and high - latitude waters ( implying more precipitation ) , along with increased salinity in lower latitudes ( implying less precipitation , more evaporation , or both ) . Over the contiguous United States , total annual precipitation increased at an average rate of 6.1 % per century since 1900 , with the greatest increases within the East North Central climate region ( 11.6 % per century ) and the South ( 11.1 % ) . Hawaii was the only region to show a decrease ( - 9.25 % ) . Changes due to urban heat island ( edit ) See also : Urban heat island Image of Atlanta , Georgia , showing temperature distribution , with hot areas appearing white The urban heat island warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 ° C ( 1.1 to 10.1 ° F ) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas . This extra heat leads to greater upward motion , which can induce additional shower and thunderstorm activity . Rainfall rates downwind of cities are increased between 48 % and 116 % . Partly as a result of this warming , monthly rainfall is about 28 % greater between 32 to 64 kilometres ( 20 to 40 mi ) downwind of cities , compared with upwind . Some cities induce a total precipitation increase of 51 % .", "18": "Forecasting ( edit ) Main articles : Probability of precipitation and Quantitative precipitation forecast Example of a five - day rainfall forecast from the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center The Quantitative Precipitation Forecast ( abbreviated QPF ) is the expected amount of liquid precipitation accumulated over a specified time period over a specified area . A QPF will be specified when a measurable precipitation type reaching a minimum threshold is forecast for any hour during a QPF valid period . Precipitation forecasts tend to be bound by synoptic hours such as 0000 , 0600 , 1200 and 1800 GMT . Terrain is considered in QPFs by use of topography or based upon climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail . Starting in the mid to late 1990s , QPFs were used within hydrologic forecast models to simulate impact to rivers throughout the United States . Forecast models show significant sensitivity to humidity levels within the planetary boundary layer , or in the lowest levels of the atmosphere , which decreases with height . QPF can be generated on a quantitative , forecasting amounts , or a qualitative , forecasting the probability of a specific amount , basis . Radar imagery forecasting techniques show higher skill than model forecasts within six to seven hours of the time of the radar image . The forecasts can be verified through use of rain gauge measurements , weather radar estimates , or a combination of both . Various skill scores can be determined to measure the value of the rainfall forecast . See also ( edit ) List of meteorology topics Basic precipitation Bioprecipitation , the concept of rain - making bacteria . Mango showers , pre-monsoon showers in the Indian states of Karnataka and Kerala that help in the ripening of mangoes . Sunshower , an unusual meteorological phenomenon in which rain falls while the sun is shining . Wintry showers , an informal meteorological term for various mixtures of rain , freezing rain , sleet and snow . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karger , Dirk Nikolaus ; Conrad , Olaf ; Böhner , Jürgen ; Kawohl , Tobias ; Kreft , Holger ; Soria - Auza , Rodrigo W. ; Zimmermann , Niklaus ; Linder , H. Peter ; Michael , Kessler ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) .", "19": "`` Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas '' . arXiv : 1607.00217 ( physics. ao - ph ) . Jump up ^ `` Precipitation '' . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Scott Sistek ( December 26 , 2015 ) . `` What 's the difference between ' rain ' and ' showers ' ? '' . KOMO - TV . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . 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Craig & Ulrich Schumann ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Sensitivity of quantitative precipitation forecast to height dependent changes in humidity '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 35 ( 9 ) : L09812 . Bibcode : 2008GeoRL ... 3509812K . doi : 10.1029 / 2008GL033657 . Jump up ^ P. Reggiani & A.H. Weerts ( 2007 ) . `` Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Forecast for Flood Prediction : An Application '' . Journal of Hydrometeorology. 9 ( 1 ) : 76 -- 95 . Bibcode : 2008JHyMe ... 9 ... 76R . doi : 10.1175 / 2007JHM858. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Charles Lin ( 2005 ) . `` Quantitative Precipitation Forecast ( QPF ) from Weather Prediction Models and Radar Nowcasts , and Atmospheric Hydrological Modelling for Flood Simulation '' ( PDF ) . Achieving Technological Innovation in Flood Forecasting Project . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Look up precipitation in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Precipitation ( weather ) .", "33": "Current map of the global precipitation forecast for the next three hours Report local rainfall inside the United States at this site ( CoCoRaHS ) Report local rainfall related to tropical cyclones worldwide at this site Global Precipitation Climatology Centre GPCC ( hide ) Meteorological data and variables General Adiabatic processes Advection Buoyancy Lapse rate Lightning Surface solar radiation Surface weather analysis Visibility Vorticity Wind Wind shear Condensation Cloud Cloud condensation nuclei ( CCN ) Fog Convective condensation level ( CCL ) Lifted condensation level ( LCL ) Precipitation Water vapor Convection Convective available potential energy ( CAPE ) Convective inhibition ( CIN ) Convective instability Convective momentum transport Convective temperature ( T ) Equilibrium level ( EL ) Free convective layer ( FCL ) Helicity K Index Level of free convection ( LFC ) Lifted index ( LI ) Maximum parcel level ( MPL ) Bulk Richardson number ( BRN ) Temperature Dew point ( T ) Dew point depression Dry - bulb temperature Equivalent temperature ( T ) Forest fire weather index Haines Index Heat index Humidex Humidity Relative humidity ( RH ) Mixing ratio Potential temperature ( θ ) Equivalent potential temperature ( θ ) Sea surface temperature ( SST ) Thermodynamic temperature Vapor pressure Virtual temperature Wet - bulb temperature Wet - bulb potential temperature Wind chill Pressure Atmospheric pressure Baroclinity Barotropicity Pressure gradient Pressure - gradient force ( PGF ) GND : 4132260 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Precipitation&oldid=818710072 '' Categories : Basic meteorological concepts and phenomena Precipitation Clouds , fog and precipitation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk", "34": "Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Plattdüütsch", "35": "Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 03 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2528164310441623185	who won the men's ice skating 2018	[ "Yuzuru Hanyu", "Yuzuru Hanyu", "Yuzuru Hanyu", "Yuzuru Hanyu", "Yuzuru Hanyu" ]	{ "0": "Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles - wikipedia Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Men 's singles at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games Venue Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung , South Korea Dates 16 -- 17 February Competitors 30 from 21 nations Winning score 317.85 Medalists 01 ! Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 02 ! Shoma Uno Japan 03 ! Javier Fernández Spain ← 2014 2022 → Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification Singles men ladies Pairs mixed Ice dancing mixed Team event mixed The men 's single figure skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held on 16 and 17 February 2018 at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung , South Korea . The short program was held on 16 February and the free skating was held on 17 February . This medal event was the 1000th medal event in the history of the Winter Olympic Games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Qualification 3 Schedule 4 Results 4.1 Short program 4.2 Free skating 4.3 Overall 5 References Summary ( edit ) With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics , Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button , who did so in 1952 . Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal , and Spain 's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal . Fernández won Spain 's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics . After the short program , Hanyu , Fernández , Uno , and Jin Boyang were first , second , third , and fourth respectively . Nathan Chen , originally one of the favorites for the podium , skated an uncharacteristically poor short program that placed him at 17th , but fought back to win the free skating with a score of 215.08 -- 8.91 points above the second place free skating by Hanyu . He ended up fifth overall .", "1": "In the free program , Jin Boyang overtook Chen by less than a point overall , and placed fourth . In the victory ceremony , the medals were presented by Tsunekazu Takeda , member of the International Olympic Committee , accompanied by Alexander Lakernik , ISU Figure Skating Vice President . Vincent Zhou landed the first quadruple lutz at the Olympics . Nathan Chen became the first to ever land six quads , five clean . He also landed the first quadruple flip at the Olympics . With these jumps he holds the new record for highest free skating technical score . For complete list of figure skating records , see list of highest scores in figure skating . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete for the event , with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three . 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy . Each country decided the entry of its teams , and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete . All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score , which does not include component scores . For the short program this was 25.00 and the free skating 45.00 . Schedule ( edit ) All times are ( UTC + 9 ) . Date Time Round 16 February 10 : 00 Short program 17 February 10 : 00 Free skating Results ( edit ) Short program ( edit ) The short program was held on 16 February 2018 . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 111.68 63.18 48.50 9.71 9.43 9.86 9.75 9.75 0.00 25 Javier Fernández Spain 107.58 59.79 47.79 9.36 9.36 9.71 9.68 9.68 0.", "2": "00 29 Shoma Uno Japan 104.17 58.13 46.04 9.29 9.00 9.25 9.29 9.21 0.00 28 Jin Boyang China 103.32 60.27 43.05 8.79 8.29 8.82 8.54 8.61 0.00 30 5 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 98.98 56.98 42.00 8.43 8.11 8.50 8.50 8.46 0.00 20 6 Patrick Chan Canada 90.01 45.08 45.93 9.36 9.07 9.00 9.29 9.21 -- 1.00 21 7 Adam Rippon United States 87.95 44.48 43.47 8.57 8.43 8.86 8.68 8.93 0.00 19 8 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 86.69 43.84 43.85 8.96 8.54 8.64 8.82 8.89 -- 1.00 27 9 Michal Březina Czech Republic 85.15 44.34 40.81 8.25 7.89 8.25 8.21 8.21 0.00 13 10 Keegan Messing Canada 85.11 45.50 40.61 8.04 7.96 8.07 8.29 8.25 − 1.00 12 11 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 84.74 44.17 40.", "3": "57 7.96 7.89 8.25 8.18 8.29 0.00 17 12 Vincent Zhou United States 84.53 48.50 36.03 7.39 6.96 7.11 7.32 7.25 0.00 13 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 84.13 43.63 40.50 7.93 7.71 8.36 8.18 8.32 0.00 23 14 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 83.90 41.75 42.15 8.18 8.18 8.54 8.46 8.79 0.00 16 15 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 83.43 43.79 39.64 7.93 7.68 8.07 8.00 7.96 0.00 14 16 Brendan Kerry Australia 83.06 45.49 37.57 7.57 7.36 7.61 7.57 7.46 0.00 10 17 Nathan Chen United States 82.27 41.39 41.88 8.46 8.32 8.14 8.57 8.39 -- 1.00 26 18 Daniel Samohin Israel 80.69 43.29 38.40 7.79 7.29 7.79 7.71 7.82 -- 1.00 18 19 Yan Han China 80.63 40.99 40.64 8.46 8.07 7.86 8.18 8.07 − 1.", "4": "00 8 20 Keiji Tanaka Japan 80.05 40.30 40.75 8.36 7.86 8.07 8.21 8.25 -- 1.00 22 21 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 79.52 39.34 41.18 8.25 8.00 8.18 8.39 8.36 -- 1.00 24 22 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 76.56 40.88 36.68 7.46 7.11 7.32 7.43 7.36 − 1.00 11 23 Matteo Rizzo Italy 75.63 39.23 36.40 7.29 7.11 7.29 7.39 7.32 0.00 5 24 Paul Fentz Germany 74.73 37.71 37.02 7.46 7.25 7.46 7.46 7.39 0.00 15 Did not advance to free skating 25 Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 38.37 35.21 7.07 6.82 7.11 7.14 7.07 0.00 9 26 Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 38.41 33.69 6.79 6.29 6.89 6.86 6.86 0.00 27 Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 30.77 39.35 8.11 7.82 7.46 8.07 7.89 0.00 28 Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 26.", "5": "04 29.52 5.96 5.64 5.96 6.00 5.96 0.00 6 29 Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 22.59 30.82 6.25 6.07 6.00 6.25 6.25 − 1.00 30 Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 18.68 29.90 6.43 5.79 5.61 6.21 5.86 − 2.00 7 Notes : WR - World record TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Free skating ( edit ) The free skating was held on 17 February 2018 . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Nathan Chen United States 215.08 127.64 87.44 8.82 8.32 9.04 8.79 8.75 0.00 9 Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 206.17 109.55 96.62 9.71 9.50 9.64 9.71 9.75 0.00 22 Shoma Uno Japan 202.73 111.01 92.72 9.36 9.07 9.25 9.32 9.36 -- 1.00 24 Javier Fernández Spain 197.66 101.52 96.14 9.46 9.43 9.64 9.79 9.75 0.", "6": "00 23 5 Jin Boyang China 194.45 109.69 85.76 8.71 8.21 8.64 8.68 8.64 -- 1.00 20 6 Vincent Zhou United States 192.16 112.24 79.92 8.04 7.71 8.25 7.96 8.00 0.00 15 7 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 177.56 91.62 87.94 9.00 8.64 8.68 8.86 8.72 -- 2.00 16 8 Patrick Chan Canada 173.42 81.56 91.86 9.32 9.14 8.66 9.29 9.32 0.00 21 9 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 172.88 89.08 83.80 8.39 8.04 8.61 8.43 8.43 0.00 7 10 Adam Rippon United States 171.41 84.47 86.94 8.75 8.54 8.68 8.71 8.79 0.00 18 11 Daniel Samohin Israel 170.75 89.03 81.72 8.32 7.75 8.32 8.18 8.29 0.00 8 12 Keegan Messing Canada 170.32 84.88 85.44 8.50 8.29 8.61 8.61 8.71 0.00 14 13 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 168.53 85.39 85.", "7": "13 8.64 8.39 8.32 8.61 8.61 -- 2.00 19 14 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 165.16 84.94 81.22 8.21 7.86 8.25 8.11 8.18 -- 1.00 13 15 Keiji Tanaka Japan 164.78 85.64 81.14 8.36 7.89 8.00 8.18 8.14 -- 2.00 5 16 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 164.21 81.79 82.42 8.25 7.96 8.36 8.25 8.39 0.00 13 17 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 161.04 74.96 86.08 8.46 8.36 8.54 8.75 8.93 0.00 10 18 Michal Březina Czech Republic 160.92 76.58 84.34 8.57 8.21 8.39 8.57 8.43 0.00 17 19 Matteo Rizzo Italy 156.78 80.86 75.92 7.64 7.32 7.79 7.64 7.57 0.00 20 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 155.06 76.42 80.64 8.14 7.86 7.96 8.18 8.18 -- 2.00 21 Brendan Kerry Australia 150.75 73.33 77.42 7.96 7.54 7.68 7.82 7.", "8": "71 0.00 12 22 Paul Fentz Germany 139.82 66.98 72.84 7.50 7.14 7.14 7.39 7.25 0.00 23 Yan Han China 132.38 53.80 79.58 8.56 7.82 7.57 8.04 8.00 -- 1.00 24 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 128.01 63.35 70.66 7.34 6.86 6.68 7.32 7.04 -- 6.00 6 Notes : TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Overall ( edit ) The skaters were ranked according to their overall score . Rank Name Nation TP SP FS 01 ! Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 317.85 111.68 206.17 02 ! Shoma Uno Japan 306.90 104.17 202.73 03 ! Javier Fernández Spain 305.24 107.58 197.66 Jin Boyang China 297.77 103.32 194.45 5 5 Nathan Chen United States 297.35 82.27 17 215.08 6 Vincent Zhou United States 276.69 84.53 12 192.16 6 7 Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 267.51 98.98 5 168.53 13 8 Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 264.25 86.69 8 177.", "9": "56 7 9 Patrick Chan Canada 263.43 90.01 6 173.42 8 10 Adam Rippon United States 259.36 87.95 7 171.41 10 11 Oleksii Bychenko Israel 257.01 84.13 13 172.88 9 12 Keegan Messing Canada 255.43 85.11 10 170.32 12 13 Daniel Samohin Israel 251.44 80.69 18 170.75 11 14 Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 248.95 84.74 11 164.21 16 15 Cha Jun - hwan South Korea 248.59 83.43 15 165.16 14 16 Michal Březina Czech Republic 246.07 85.15 9 160.92 18 17 Misha Ge Uzbekistan 244.94 83.90 14 161.04 17 18 Keiji Tanaka Japan 244.83 80.05 20 164.78 15 19 Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 234.58 79.52 21 155.06 20 20 Brendan Kerry Australia 233.81 83.06 16 150.75 21 21 Matteo Rizzo Italy 232.41 75.63 23 156.78 19 22 Paul Fentz Germany 214.55 74.73 24 139.82 22 23 Yan Han China 213.01 80.63 19 132.38 23 24 Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 204.57 76.", "10": "56 22 128.01 24 Did not advance to free skating 25 Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 25 26 Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 26 27 Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 27 28 Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 28 29 Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 29 30 Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 30 TP - Total points ; SP - Short program ; FS - Free skating References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venues '' . www.pyeongchang2018.com/ . Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Start list ^ Jump up to : `` Schedule '' . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hanyu edges out YOG star for skating gold '' . olympic.org. 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Chen Makes Olympic History With 6 Quad Jumps '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Bests '' . www.isuresults.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 , Figure skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extract from ISU Communication 2097 '' . www.iceskating.org.uk/ . National Ice Skating Association ( UK ) . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Short Program Results '' ( PDF ) . International Skating Union ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Free Skating Results '' ( PDF ) .", "11": "International Skating Union ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater : Figure Skating Men 's Total Results '' . International Skating Union . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Olympic champions in figure skating -- Men 's singles 1908 : Ulrich Salchow ( SWE ) 1920 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1924 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1928 : Gillis Grafström ( SWE ) 1932 : Karl Schäfer ( AUT ) 1936 : Karl Schäfer ( AUT ) 1948 : Dick Button ( USA ) 1952 : Dick Button ( USA ) 1956 : Hayes Alan Jenkins ( USA ) 1960 : David Jenkins ( USA ) 1964 : Manfred Schnelldorfer ( EUA ) 1968 : Wolfgang Schwarz ( AUT ) 1972 : Ondrej Nepela ( TCH ) 1976 : John Curry ( GBR ) 1980 : Robin Cousins ( GBR ) 1984 : Scott Hamilton ( USA ) 1988 : Brian Boitano ( USA ) 1992 : Viktor Petrenko ( EUN ) 1994 : Alexei Urmanov ( RUS ) 1998 : Ilia Kulik ( RUS ) 2002 : Alexei Yagudin ( RUS ) 2006 : Evgeni Plushenko ( RUS ) 2010 : Evan Lysacek ( USA ) 2014 : Yuzuru Hanyu ( JPN ) 2018 : Yuzuru Hanyu ( JPN ) Record scores in figure skating Combined total ( Total ) Short program ( SP ) Free skating ( FS ) Short dance ( SD ) Free dance ( FD ) Juniors ( J ) Men Total : Yuzuru Hanyu 330.43 SP : Yuzuru Hanyu 112.72 FS : Yuzuru Hanyu 223.20 Total ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 258.11 SP ( J ) : Shoma Uno 84.", "12": "87 FS ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 179.24 Ladies Total : Evgenia Medvedeva 241.31 SP : Alina Zagitova 82.92 FS : Evgenia Medvedeva 160.46 Total ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 225.52 SP ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 73.25 FS ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 153.49 Pairs Total : Aliona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 245.84 SP : Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 84.17 FS : Savchenko / Massot 162.86 Total ( J ) : Anna Dušková / Martin Bidař 181.82 SP ( J ) : Amina Atakhanova / Ilia Spiridonov 64.79 FS ( J ) : Sui Wenjing / Han Cong 118.54 Ice dance Total : Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 207.20 SD : Papadakis / Cizeron 83.73 FD : Papadakis / Cizeron 123.47 Total ( J ) : Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 164.83 SD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 67.88 FD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 97.54 See also Progression of record scores Record technical and component scores Highest technical element scores Highest program component scores See also ( J ) Record junior scores Progression of record scores ( J ) Record technical and component scores ( J ) Highest technical element scores ( J ) Highest program component scores ( J ) 2017 -- 18 figure skating season Olympics Qualification Men 's singles Ladies ' singles Pair skating Ice dancing Team event ISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Rostelecom Cup Skate Canada International Cup of China NHK Trophy Internationaux de France Skate America Grand Prix Final ISU Challenger Series U.S.", "13": "Classic Lombardia Trophy Autumn Classic Ondrej Nepela Trophy Nebelhorn Trophy Finlandia Trophy Minsk - Arena Ice Star Warsaw Cup Tallinn Trophy Golden Spin of Zagreb Junior internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix Junior Grand Prix Final National championships Canada China Germany Japan Russia South Korea United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_ -- _Men % 27s_singles&oldid = 833477722 '' Categories : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Men 's events at the 2018 Winter Olympics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 20 : 06 . 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-1725899096851471109	number of employees in the department of health and human services	[ "79,540", "79,540 (2015)", "79,540", "79,540" ]	{ "0": "United States Department of Health and Human Services - wikipedia United States Department of Health and Human Services Jump to : navigation , search `` DHHS '' redirects here . For Druid Hills High School , see Druid Hills High School . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States Department of Health and Human Services Seal of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Flag of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Hubert H. Humphrey Building , Department Headquarters Department overview Formed April 11 , 1953 ; 65 years ago ( 1953 - 04 - 11 ) ( as Department of Health , Education , and Welfare ) May 4 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 04 ) ( as United States Department of Health and Human Services ) Preceding agencies Federal Security Agency United States Department of Health , Education , and Welfare Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Hubert H. Humphrey Building Washington , D.C. , U.S. Employees 79,540 ( 2015 ) Department executives Alex Azar , Secretary Eric Hargan , Deputy Secretary Website www.hhs.gov The HHS headquarters in Washington , D.C. The United States Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , also known as the Health Department , is a cabinet - level department of the U.S. federal government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services . Its motto is `` Improving the health , safety , and well - being of America '' . Before the separate federal Department of Education was created in 1979 , it was called the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare ( HEW ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Federal Security Agency 1.1. 1 Origins 1.1. 2 Early years 1.1. 3 Post-WWII 1.1.", "1": "4 List of Federal Security Agency Administrators 1.2 Department of Health , Education , and Welfare 1.3 Department of Health and Human Services 1.4 Federal , state , and local health departments 1.5 Office of Inspector General 2 Strengthening Communities Fund 3 Organization 4 Budget and finances 4.1 Historical budgets 5 Former operating divisions and agencies 6 Programs 7 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 8 Health care reform 9 Related legislation 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 External links History ( edit ) Federal Security Agency ( edit ) The Federal Security Agency ( FSA ) was established on July 1 , 1939 , under the Reorganization Act of 1939 , P.L. 76 - 19 . The objective was to bring together in one agency all federal programs in the fields of health , education , and social security . The first Federal Security Administrator was Paul V. McNutt . The new agency originally consisted of the following major components : ( 1 ) Office of the Administrator , ( 2 ) Public Health Service ( PHS ) , ( 3 ) Office of Education , ( 4 ) Civilian Conservation Corps , and ( 5 ) Social Security Board . Origins ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) These components , however , are traceable to the early days of the Republic .", "2": "On July 16 , 1798 , President John Adams signed an act creating the Marine Hospital Service to furnish treatment to sick and disabled American merchant seamen . On April 29 , 1878 , the first Federal Quarantine Act enlarged the Service 's responsibilities to include prevention of epidemics from abroad . On August 14 , 1912 , the name was changed to the Public Health Service ( PHS ) . On May 26 , 1930 , the Hygienic Laboratory of the Service was redesignated the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) . PHS was transferred from the Treasury Department to the FSA in 1939 . Even though the first steps toward public education were taken in 1647 by the Massachusetts Bay Colony and land was set aside for public schools by the Congress of the Confederation in 1785 , the idea of universal , free public schools did not become firmly established until the Civil War era . Even then , only half of the States had an efficient public school system . In 1867 , Congress established the Department of Education to promote the cause of education and collect and disseminate facts and statistics about education . Until it was transferred to the FSA , the Office of Education and its predecessor organization had been part of the Department of the Interior . The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) was born during the Great Depression to provide employment for American youth and advance conservation of the Nation 's natural resources . It operated from April 5 , 1933 , until June 30 , 1942 . During that time , the CCC provided work training to 3 million men and advanced conservation by more than 25 years . It was an independent agency until it came to FSA . The Nation 's social security and public assistance programs also were born during the Depression with approval of the Social Security Act on August 14 , 1935 . The initial Act of 1935 established the Social Security Board to administer Titles I , II , III , IV , and X of the Act . It remained an independent organization until its transfer to FSA . The Social Security Act Amendments of 1939 revised and expanded basic provisions of the program and eligibility requirements and extended protection to aged wives , dependent children and certain survivors of insured workers .", "3": "Organized in 1855 and incorporated by the Kentucky Legislature in 1858 , the American Printing House for the Blind was established to produce educational materials for the blind and since 1879 has received an allocation of federal funds to help support this activity . Federal responsibility regarding the Printing House was transferred to FSA from the Treasury Department on July 1 , 1939 . Established in 1935 to provide youth with work training , the National Youth Administration later trained young people for jobs in war industries . It was supervised by the Office of the Administrator from the time FSA was created in 1939 until 1942 , when it was transferred to the War Manpower Commission . Early years ( edit ) Under a Reorganization Plan that became effective on June 30 , 1940 , the organization of the Federal Security Agency ( FSA ) was enlarged : The Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) was transferred from the Department of Agriculture ; and Saint Elizabeth 's Hospital , Freedmen 's Hospital , and Federal functions relating to Howard University and the Columbia Institution for the Deaf were transferred to FSA from the Department of the Interior As a result of pressure for the federal government to control adulterated and misbranded foods and drugs , the Food and Drugs Act was enacted on June 30 , 1906 . These responsibilities were entrusted to the Bureau of Chemistry in the Department of Agriculture in 1907 and were organized into a Food , Drug and Insecticide Administration in 1927 , renamed the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) in 1931 . Transferred to FSA in 1940 , FDA also was responsible for administering the Tea Importation Act ( 1897 ) , the Filled Milk Act ( 1923 ) , the Caustic Poison Act ( 1927 ) , and the Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act ( 1938 ) . Saint Elizabeths Hospital , created by Act of Congress in 1852 as the Government Hospital for the Insane , received its first patients on January 15 , 1855 . Founder of Saint Elizabeth 's was Dorothea Dix , the most prominent humanitarian of the era . The name was changed by Act of Congress in 1916 .", "4": "Freedmen 's Hospital was an outgrowth of the Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees authorized by the Act of March 3 , 1865 . In 1871 , the hospital was transferred to the Department of the Interior . Howard University ' was established by an act of March 2 , 1867 , to provide higher education for Negroes . Education for the deaf was made available in the District of Columbia through the Columbia Institution for the Deaf established by the Act of February 16 , 1857 . The name was changed to Gallaudet College in 1954 . The Vocational Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1943 expanded functions relating to vocational rehabilitation and assigned them to the Federal Security Administrator , who established the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation on September 4 , 1943 , to carry out these functions . Since the original Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920 , certain vocational rehabilitation and vocational education activities had been a responsibility of the Office of Education , first when it was part of the Department of Interior , then after it became part of FSA in 1939 . Impact of World War II World War II had a broad impact on the social programs of FSA . Between 1941 and 1947 , the Government recognized the need to maintain essential health and welfare services . The Federal Security Administrator also served as coordinator of the Office of Health , Welfare , and related Defense Activities , renamed the Office of Defense , Health , and Welfare Services in September 1941 , which provided health care , education , and related services necessitated by the war effort . It was responsible for adjusting the distribution of remaining professional personnel to meet the requirements of the population . In 1943 , the Office 's title was again changed to the Office of Community War Services , which was abolished on June 30 , 1947 . The FDA during the war was charged with maintaining food standards to insure delivery of properly tested foods and drugs to the military establishment . The Public Health Service was in charge of protecting both the general population and military personnel against epidemics and carrying out medical research . DHHS history Post-wwii ( edit ) Organizational Changes When the war ended , President Truman moved to `` strengthen the arm of the federal government for better integration of services in the fields of health , education , and welfare . '' 1946 Reorganization Plan No.", "5": "2 of 1946 , effective July 16 , 1946 , abolished the three - member Social Security Board , creating in its place , the Social Security Administration , headed by a Commissioner of Social Security . The plan transferred the Children 's Bureau ( created in 1912 ) , exclusive of its Industrial Division , from the Department of Labor to FSA , where it became part of the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) ; the US Employees Compensation Commission , formerly an independent organization , to the Office of the Administrator of FSA ; functions of the Department of Commerce regarding vital statistics to the FSA Administrator , who delegated them to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service . Legislation of major importance to the Agency also was passed in 1946 : the National Mental Health Act ; the Vocational Education Act ; the Federal Employees Health Act ; the 1946 Amendments to the Social Security Act ; and the Hospital Survey and Construction Act . 1947 . In 1947 , the Administrator directed the establishment of a central library , consolidating the resources of three independent libraries at the SSA , the Office of Education , and the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation . This library eventually became the central library of the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare . 1948 By 1948 , the retail price of food had risen 114 percent over the 1935 - 39 base , yet the monthly benefits under Social Security had not changed since the 1939 amendments had established a base level . On October 1 , 1948 , increases in Social Security benefits were authorized . Other key pieces of legislation passed in 1948 included bills creating the National Heart Institute and the National Institute of Dental Research . On June 16 , 1948 , the name of the National Institute of Health was changed to the National Institutes of Health . On June 30 , 1948 , the President signed the Water Pollution Bill , delegating national water pollution responsibilities to the Public Health Service . Also in 1948 , legislation authorized the transfer of the Federal Credit Union program from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to the SSA . 1949 The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 gave the Federal Security Administrator authority to dispose of surplus federal propel property to tax - supported or nonprofit educational institutions for health or educational purposes .", "6": "During 1949 , the Federal Security Agency began the establishment of 10 FSA regional offices to replace the 11 previously operated by the SSA and consolidated those being operated by other FSA constituents into one common regional office structure . Previous to the consolidation , constituent agencies were maintaining five and , in some cases , six independent regional offices in a single city . 1950 On May 24 , 1950 , Reorganization Plan No. 19 of 1950 transferred from FSA to the Department of Labor the Bureau of Employees Compensation and the Employees Compensation Appeals Board . Then , the FSA abolished the Office of Special Services that had administered the two transferred units plus the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation ( OVR ) and the Food and Drug Administration . The effect of this action was to elevate OVR and FDA to agency status . In 1950 , two important national conferences required months of staff work by FSA personnel . The Mid-century White House Conference on Children and Youth was held in Washington , D.C. in December 1950 . Nearly 6,000 representatives of 100,000 local and community groups throughout the country met to discuss the `` spiritual values , democractic practice , and the dignity and worth of the individual . '' In August of that year , a Conference on Aging was called by the FSA Administrator to study the needs and problems of the older segment of the population . In September 1950 , Congress authorized the impacted aid program - to relieve the impact on local school facilities of a heavy influx of federal civilian and military personnel - and in FY 1951 appropriated $96.5 million for school construction under P.L. 81 - 815 , September 23 , 1950 , and $23 million for school operating expenses under P.L. 81 - 874 , September 30 , 1950 . The Social Security Act Amendments of 1950 added to the social security rolls about 10 million persons who previously had been ineligible . These persons included agricultural workers and selfemployed small shop owners . Others who benefitted from the changes were the elderly and those who had job - related disabilities . This expansion of beneficiaries was made possible by revisions to the oldage and survivors insurance and long - term disability insurance sections of the original Act . 1951 .", "7": "In May 1951 , a citizens committee , the National Mid-century Committee for Children and Youth , was established to provide national follow - up to the problems discussed at the White House Conference . Staff of the Children 's Bureau worked closely with the Committee until it was dissolved in 1953 . 1952 . The year 1952 was a period of transition for FSA . Despite the contributions made by the Agency during and before the Korean War , most of the defense - related activities in FSA were being phased out . The FDA continued to study chemical and bacteriological warfare agents but other FSA components were mobilized to provide disaster relief and health care assistance to a number of foreign countries . Technical assistance , under the federal `` Point IV '' and Mutual Security Agency programs , provided needed help to many underdeveloped countries . The Agency also furnished guidance for foreign representatives sent to this country to study American programs and methods in the fields of health and education . Later in the year , FSA accelerated its response to the Nation 's social needs . 1953 . FSA Becomes DHEW By 1953 , the Federal Security Agency 's programs in health , education , and social security had grown to such importance that its annual budget exceeded the combined budgets of the Departments of Commerce , Justice , Labor and Interior and affected the lives of millions of people . Consequently , in accordance with the Reorganization Act of 1949 , President Eisenhower submitted to the Congress on March 12 , 1953 , Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 , which called for the dissolution of the Federal Security Agency and elevation of the agency to Cabinet status as the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare . All of the responsibilities of the Federal Security Administrator would be transferred to the Secretary of Health , Education , end Welfare and the components of FSA would be transferred to the Department . A major objective of the reorganization was to improve administration of the functions of the Federal Security Agency . The plan was approved April 1 , 1953 , and became effective on April 11 , 1953 . Unlike statutes authorizing the creation of other executive departments , the contents of Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 were never properly codified within the United States Code , although Congress did codify a later statute ratifying the Plan .", "8": "Today , the Plan is included as an appendix to Title 5 of the United States Code . The result is that HHS is the only executive department whose statutory foundation today rests on a confusing combination of several codified and uncodified statutes . List of Federal Security Agency Administrators ( edit ) Name Dates of service Paul V. McNutt July 13 , 1939 -- September 14 , 1945 Watson B. Miller October 11 , 1945 -- August 26 , 1947 Oscar R. Ewing August 27 , 1947 -- January 20 , 1953 Oveta Culp Hobby January 21 , 1953 -- April 11 , 1953 Department of Health , Education , and Welfare ( edit ) The seal of the U.S. Department of Health , Education , and Welfare , the flag of the U.S. Department of Health , Education , and Welfare , the flag of the U.S. Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare , the flag of the U.S. Under Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare , and the flag of the U.S. Assistant Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare . The Department of Health , Education , and Welfare ( HEW ) was created on April 11 , 1953 , when Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 became effective . HEW thus became the first new Cabinet - level department since the Department of Labor was created in 1913 . The Reorganization Plan abolished the FSA and transferred all of its functions to the Secretary of HEW and all components of the Agency to the Department . The first Secretary of HEW was Oveta Culp Hobby , a native of Texas , who had served as Commander of the Women 's Army Corps in World War II and was editor and publisher of the Houston Post . Sworn in on April 11 , 1953 , as Secretary , she had been FSA Administrator since January 21 , 1953 . The six major program - operating components of the new Department were the Public Health Service , the Office of Education , the Food and Drug Administration , the Social Security Administration , the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation , and St. Elizabeth 's Hospital .", "9": "The Department was also responsible for three federally aided corporations : Howard University , the American Printing House for the Blind , and the Columbia Institution for the Deaf ( Gallaudet College since 1954 ) . List of Secretaries of Health , Education , and Welfare Name Dates of service Oveta Culp Hobby April 11 , 1953 -- July 31 , 1955 Marion B. Folsom August 1 , 1955 -- July 31 , 1958 Arthur Flemming August 1 , 1958 -- January 19 , 1961 Abraham Ribicoff January 21 , 1961 -- July 13 , 1962 Anthony J. Celebrezze July 31 , 1962 -- August 17 , 1965 John W. Gardner August 18 , 1965 -- March 1 , 1968 Wilbur J. Cohen ( designate ) March 22 , 1968 -- May 16 , 1968 Wilbur J. Cohen May 16 , 1968 -- January 20 , 1969 Robert H. Finch January 21 , 1969 -- June 23 , 1970 Elliot L. Richardson June 24 , 1970 -- January 29 , 1973 Caspar W. Weinberger February 12 , 1973 -- August 8 , 1975 Forrest David Mathews August 8 , 1975 -- January 20 , 1977 Joseph A. Califano Jr . January 20 , 1977 -- August 3 , 1979 Patricia Roberts Harris August 3 , 1979 -- May 4 , 1980 Department of Health and Human Services ( edit ) The Department of Health , Education , and Welfare was renamed the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) in 1979 , when its education functions were transferred to the newly created United States Department of Education under the Department of Education Organization Act . HHS was left in charge of the Social Security Administration , agencies constituting the Public Health Service , and Family Support Administration . In 1995 , the Social Security Administration was removed from the Department of Health and Human Services , and established as an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States Government .", "10": "HHS is administered by the Secretary of Health and Human Services , who is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate . The United States Public Health Service ( PHS ) is the main division of the HHS and is led by the Assistant Secretary for Health . The current Secretary , Alex Azar , assumed office on January 29 , 2018 , upon his appointment by President Trump and confirmation by the Senate . The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , the uniformed service of the PHS , is led by the Surgeon General who is responsible for addressing matters concerning public health as authorized by the Secretary or by the Assistant Secretary of Health in addition to his or her primary mission of administering the Commissioned Corps . Federal , state , and local Health departments ( edit ) There are three tiers of health departments , the federal health department , state health department and local health department . In relation with state and local government , the federal government provides states with funding to ensure that states are able to retain current programs and are able to implement new programs . The coordination between all three health departments is critical to ensure the programs being implemented are well structured and suited to the corresponding level of health department . The health department at state level needs to safeguard good relations with legislators as well as governors in order to acquire legal and financial aid to guarantee the development and enhancements of the programs . Assemblies are set up to guide the relationships between state and local health departments . The state sets up the regulations and health policies whereas the local health departments are the ones implementing the health policies and services . Office of Inspector General ( edit ) The Office of the Inspector General ( OIG ) investigates criminal activity for HHS . The special agents who work for OIG have the same title series `` 1811 '' , training and authority as other federal criminal investigators , such as the FBI , ATF , DEA and Secret Service . However , OIG Special Agents have special skills in investigating white collar crime related to Medicare and Medicaid fraud and abuse . Organized crime has dominated the criminal activity relative to this type of fraud . HHS - OIG investigates tens of millions of dollars in Medicare fraud each year .", "11": "In addition , OIG will continue its coverage of all 50 states and the District of Columbia by its multi-agency task forces ( PSOC Task Forces ) that identify , investigate , and prosecute individuals who willfully avoid payment of their child support obligations under the Child Support Recovery Act . HHS - OIG agents also provide protective services to the Secretary of HHS , and other department executives as necessary . In 2002 , the department released Healthy People 2010 , a national strategic initiative for improving the health of Americans . With the passage of the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 of 2009 , and the Affordable Care Act of 2010 , the Office of the Inspector General has taken an emboldened stance against healthcare related non-compliance , most notably for violations of Stark Law and the Anti-Kickback Statute . In 2015 , the OIG issued a fraud alert as a warning to hospitals and healthcare systems to monitor and comply with their physician compensation arrangements . Recent years have seen dramatic increases in both the number and the amounts of Stark Law violation settlements , prompting healthcare experts to identify a need for automated solutions that manage physician arrangements by centralizing necessary information with regard to physician - hospital integration . Contract management software companies such as Meditract provide options for health systems to organize and store physician contracts . Ludi Inc introduced DocTime Log ® , an SaaS solution that specifically addresses this growing concern , automating physician time logging in compliance with contract terms to eliminate Stark Law and Anti-Kickback Statute violations . Strengthening Communities Fund ( edit ) In June 2010 , the Department of Health and Human Services created the Strengthening Communities Fund as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act . The fund was appropriated $50 million to be given as grants to organizations in the United States who were engaged in Capacity Building programs . The grants were given to two different types of capacity builders : State , Local and Tribal governments engaged in capacity building : grants will go to state local and tribal governments to equip them with the capacity to more effectively partner with faith - based or non-faith based nonprofit organizations . Capacity building in this program will involve education and outreach that catalyzes more involvement of nonprofit organizations in economic recovery and building up nonprofit organization 's abilities to tackle economic problems .", "12": "State , Local and Tribal governments can receive up to $250,000 in two year grants Nonprofit Social Service Providers engaged in capacity building : they will make grants available to nonprofit organizations who can assist other nonprofit organizations in organizational development , program development , leadership , and evaluations . Nonprofits can receive up to $1 million in two year grants . Organization ( edit ) The Department of Health and Human Services is led by the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services , a member of the United States Cabinet appointed by the President of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate . The Secretary is assisted in managing the Department by the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services , who is also appointed by the President . The Secretary and Deputy Secretary are further assisted by seven Assistant Secretaries , who serve as top Departmental administrators . As of Jan. 20 , 2018 , this is the top level of the organizational chart . HHS provides further organizational detail on its website . Several agencies within HHS are components of the Public Health Service ( PHS ) , as noted below .", "13": "Secretary , Deputy Secretary , and Chief of Staff The Executive Secretariat ( ES ) Office of Intergovernmental and External Affairs ( IEA ) Headquarters Staff Regional Offices Office of Human Resources Office of Health Reform ( OHR ) Office of the Secretary Office of the Assistant Secretary for Administration ( ASA ) Office of the Assistant Secretary for Financial Resources ( ASFR ) Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health ( OASH ) Office of the Assistant Secretary for Legislation ( ASL ) Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation ( ASPE ) Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response ( ASPR ) - PHS component Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs ( ASPA ) Office for Civil Rights ( OCR ) Departmental Appeals Board ( DAB ) Office of the General Counsel ( OGC ) Office of Global Affairs ( OGA ) - PHS component Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals ( OMHA ) Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology ( ONC ) Operating Divisions Administration for Children and Families ( ACF ) Administration for Community Living ( ACL ) Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( AHRQ ) - PHS component Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR ) - PHS component Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) - PHS component Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ( CMS ) Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) - PHS component Health Resources and Services Administration ( HRSA ) - PHS component Indian Health Service ( IHS ) - PHS component National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) - PHS component Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration ( SAMHSA ) - PHS component Budget and finances ( edit ) The Department of Health and Human Services was authorized a budget for fiscal year 2015 of $1.020 trillion .", "14": "The budget authorization is broken down as follows : Program Funding ( in billions ) Management and Finance Departmental Management $1.4 Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund $1.4 Operating Divisions Food and Drug Administration $2.6 Health Resources and Services Administration $10.4 Indian Health Service $4.8 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention $6.7 National Institutes of Health $30.4 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration $3.4 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality $0.4 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services $906.8 Administration for Children and Families $51.3 Administration for Community Living $2.1 TOTAL 1,020.3 Historical budgets ( edit ) HHS.Gov provides complete details on current and historical budgets for that agency . Budgets for fiscal years prior to 2014 are archived by Archive - It as requested by HHS . All HHS budget collections 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Former operating divisions and agencies ( edit ) Social Security Administration , made independent in 1995 . Health Care Financing Administration , renamed to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Programs ( edit ) The Department of Health and Human Services ' administers 115 programs across its 11 operating divisions . The United States Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) aims to `` protect the health of all Americans and provide essential human services , especially for those who are least able to help themselves . '' These federal programs consist of social service programs , civil rights and healthcare privacy programs , disaster preparedness programs , and health related research . HHS offers a variety of social service programs geared toward persons with low income , disabilities , military families , and senior citizens . Healthcare rights are defined under HHS in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA ) which protect patient 's privacy in regards to medical information , protects workers health insurance when unemployed , and sets guidelines surrounding some health insurance . HHS collaborates with the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response and Office of Emergency Management to prepare and respond to health emergencies .", "15": "A broad array of health related research is supported or completed under the HHS ; secondarily under HHS , the Health Resources & Service Administration houses data warehouses and makes health data available surrounding a multitude of topics . HHS also has vast offering of health related resources and tools to help educate the public on health policies and pertinent population health information . Some examples of available resources include disease prevention , wellness , health insurance information , as well as links to healthcare providers and facilities , meaningful health related materials , public health and safety information . Some highlights include : Health and social science research Preventing disease , including immunization services Assuring food and drug safety Medicare ( health insurance for elderly and disabled Americans ) and Medicaid ( health insurance for low - income people ) Health information technology Financial assistance and services for low - income families Improving maternal and infant health , including a Nurse Home Visitation to support first - time mothers Head Start ( pre-school education and services ) Faith - based and community initiatives Preventing child abuse and domestic violence Substance abuse treatment and prevention Services for older Americans , including home - delivered meals Comprehensive health services for Native Americans Assets for Independence Medical preparedness for emergencies , including potential terrorism Child support enforcement Freedom of information Act processing Performance ( edit ) In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act ( United States ) ( FOIA ) requests published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data , the most recent years available ) , the DHHS ranked second to last , earning an F by scoring 57 out of a possible 100 points , largely due to a low score on its particular disclosure rules . It had deteriorated from a D - in 2013 . Health care reform ( edit ) The 2010 United States federal budget established a reserve fund of more than $630 billion over 10 years to finance fundamental reform of the health care system .", "16": "Related legislation ( edit ) 1946 : Hospital Survey and Construction Act ( Hill - Burton Act ) PL 79 - 725 1949 : Hospital Construction Act PL 81 - 380 1950 : Public Health Services Act Amendments PL 81 - 692 1955 : Poliomyelitis Vaccination Assistance Act PL 84 - 377 1956 : Health Research Facilities Act PL 84 - 835 1960 : Social Security Amendments ( Kerr - Mill aid ) PL 86 - 778 1961 : Community Health Services and Facilities Act PL 87 - 395 1962 : Public Health Service Act PL 87 - 838 1962 : Vaccination Assistance PL 87 - 868 1963 : Mental Retardation Facilities Construction Act / Community Mental Health Centers Act PL 88 - 164 1964 : Nurse Training Act PL 88 - 581 1965 : Community Health Services and Facilities Act PL 89 - 109 1965 : Medicare PL 89 - 97 1965 : Mental Health Centers Act Amendments PL 89 - 105 1965 : Heart Disease , Cancer , and Stroke Amendments PL 89 - 239 1966 : Comprehensive Health Planning and Service Act PL 89 - 749 1970 : Community Mental Health Service Act PL 91 - 211 1970 : Family Planning Services and Population Research Act PL 91 - 572 1970 : Lead - Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act PL 91 - 695 1971 : National Cancer Act PL 92 - 218 1974 : Research on Aging Act PL 93 - 296 1974 : National Health Planning and Resources Development Act PL 93 - 641 1979 : Department of Education Organization Act ( removed education functions ) PL 96 - 88 1987 : Department of Transportation Appropriations Act PL 100 - 202 1988 : Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act PL 100 - 360 1989 : Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act PL 101 - 164 1996 : Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act PL 104 - 191 2000 : Child Abuse Reform and Enforcement Act P.L.", "17": "106 - 177 2010 : Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act PL 111 - 148 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Health and fitness portal Medicine portal American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ( ARRA ) Early Head Start Emergency Care Coordination Center Global Health Security Initiative Head Start Health information technology Health professional Healthy People 2010 Human experimentation in the United States Rural health Stark Law Supporting Healthy Marriage Project William R. Steiger Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( ASFR ) , Office of Budget ( OB ) , Assistant Secretary for Financial Resources ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` 2015 Budget in Brief '' . Jump up ^ `` About HHS '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Department of Health , Education , and Welfare . A Common Thread of Service : An Historical Guide to HEW . DHEW Publication No . ( OS ) 73 - 45 '' . July 1 , 1972 . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Preliminary inventory of the records of the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare ( PI 181 , Record Group 235 ) , National Archives and Records Service , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Law Revision Counsel , U.S. House of Representatives , Title 20 , Section 3508 '' . house.gov . Jump up ^ Full text of the Department of Education Organization Act , P.L. 96 - 88 . Jump up ^ `` Policy Statement Development Process '' . American Public Health Association . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The State Health Department '' . American public health department . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Becker 's Hospital Review '' . Jump up ^ `` Becker 's Hospital Review '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Becker 's Hospital Review '' . Jump up ^ `` Ludi , Inc . Closes $1 M in Series A Financing '' . Business Wire . Jump up ^ `` Strengthening Communities Fund '' . U.S.", "18": "Department of Health and Human Services . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Strengthening Communities Fund : American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Implementation Plan '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . May 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2015 Department of Health and Human Services Budget - in - Brief , pg 10 , United States Department of Health and Human Services , Accessed July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2018 Budget & Performance '' . United States Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Budget and Performance '' . United States Department of Health and Human Services . Archive - It . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Budget Documents & Performance Information '' . United States Department of Health and Human Services . Archive - It . September 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` FY 2010 President 's Budget for HHS '' . United States Department of Health and Human Services . Archive - It . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` FY 2011 President 's Budget for HHS '' . United States Department of Health and Human Services . Archive - It . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` FY 2012 President 's Budget for HHS '' . United States Department of Health and Human Services . Archive - It . Retrieved November 20 , 217 Jump up ^ `` FY 2013 President 's Budget for HHS '' . United States Department of Health and Human Services . Archive - It . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ ( dead link ) . United States Department of Health and Human Services . Jump up ^ `` FY 2015 Budget & Performance '' . United States Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` FY 2018 Budget & Performance '' . United States Department of Health and Human Services .", "19": "Retrieved November 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Budget and Performance . HHS.gov . Retrieved on April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( ASPA ) , Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Programs & Services '' . HHS.gov . Jump up ^ ( ASPA ) , Digital Communications Division ( DCD ) , Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Social Services '' . hhs.gov . Jump up ^ `` Preparedness Home - PHE '' . www.phe.gov . Jump up ^ `` Office of Emergency Management - PHE '' . www.phe.gov . Jump up ^ ( ASPA ) , Digital Communications Division ( DCD ) , Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Research '' . hhs.gov . Jump up ^ `` HealthData.gov '' . www.healthdata.gov . Jump up ^ ( ASPA ) , Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Programs & Services '' . HHS.gov . Jump up ^ ( ASPA ) , Digital Communications Division ( DCD ) , Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Prevention & Wellness '' . hhs.gov . Jump up ^ ( ASPA ) , Digital Communications Division ( DCD ) , Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Health Insurance '' . hhs.gov . Jump up ^ ( ASPA ) , Digital Communications Division ( DCD ) , Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Providers & Facilities '' . hhs.gov . Jump up ^ ( ASPA ) , Digital Communications Division ( DCD ) , Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Featured Topic Sites '' . hhs.gov . Jump up ^ ( ASPA ) , Digital Communications Division ( DCD ) , Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Public Health & Safety '' . hhs.gov . Jump up ^ `` Home - Office of Child Support Enforcement - Administration for Children and Families '' .", "20": "Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/assets/fy2010_new_era/A_New_Era_of_Responsibility2.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Health and Human Services . Official website Department of Health and Human Services in the Federal Register National Archives , RG 235 , General Records of the Department of Health , Education and Welfare Agencies of the United States Department of Health and Human Services Headquarters : Hubert H. Humphrey Building Alex Azar , Secretary of Health and Human Services Eric Hargan , Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Secretariate staff offices Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services Office of the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Organizations directly under the Secretary of Health and Human Services Administration for Community Living Organizations under the Assistant Secretary for Health Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health Public Health Service Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Surgeon General Office of Public Health and Science Administration for Children and Families Administration on Aging Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Food and Drug Administration Health Resources and Services Administration Indian Health Service National Institutes of Health Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality Programs Child Welfare Information Gateway National Toxicology Program Federal executive departments of the United States of America Executive Departments Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Former Air Force Army Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "21": "php?title=United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services&oldid=836555384 '' Categories : 1953 establishments in the United States Government agencies established in 1953 United States Department of Health and Human Services United States federal executive departments Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2015 Articles that may contain original research from October 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing POV - check from October 2015 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 14 : 04 . 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5262336130893308488	which is the fastest train in india and what is its speed	[ "12951/52 Mumbai Rajdhani Express", "maximum speed 160 km/h", "average speed 112 km/h", "Mumbai Rajdhani Express", "maximum speed 160 km/h", "average speed 112 km/h", "Gatiman", "160km/hour" ]	{ "0": "Express trains in India - Wikipedia Express trains in India Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Indian locomotive class WAP - 5 hauling the second - fastest train of India , Bhopal Shatabdi Express , to New Delhi Indian Railways Rajdhani / Shatabdi Lines Mail / Express trains are Regular Express rail services of India . Express trains make a small number of stops , unlike Passenger / Local trains . In some cases , trains run express where there is overlapping local train service available , and run local at the tail ends of the line , where there is no supplemental local service . Because of their limited stops , these trains are able to obtain the highest speeds of any trains in India . An express train is one where the average speed , excluding halts , is greater than 36 km / h . Including halts the speed may sometimes fall into the region of around 20 km / h for express trains . The Duronto Express trains introduced in 2009 ( which run between major cities without any intermediate halts ) are projected to be the fastest trains in India when new services are introduced with a higher speed limit of 120 - 130 km / h . Despite being limited to a lower speed limit , they take as much time as a Rajdhani or Shatabdi on the same route , courtesy the non-stop nature of their journey . Rajdhani Express which was introduced in 1969 to connect New Delhi with the state capitals in India , travels at speeds up to 130 km / h . Contents ( hide ) 1 Non reserved travelling on Express trains 2 Competition 3 Tracks 4 Locomotives 5 Coaches 6 Speed 7 Gallery 8 Stops 9 See also 10 References Non reserved travelling on Express trains ( edit ) Indian railways run non-reserved train as have unreserved / general compartment on Express / Mail trains . Non reserved trains Indian railways run non reserved trains under the brand Jan Sadharan Express . These trains have all Unreserved / General coaches .", "1": "A new series of Antyodaya Express is also proposed in rail budget 2016 - 2017 which will operate on peak routes having more rush . These trains will have all non reserved coaches . The following Jan Sadharan Express run in India : 13257 / 13258 - Rajendranagar Anand Vihar Jan Sadharan Express ( Daily ) 12597 / 12598 - Gorakhpur Mumbai Jan Sadharan Express ( Weekly ) 15101 / 15102 - Tirora - Mumbai ( Weekly ) 13257 / 13258 - Danapur - Anand Vihar ( Delhi ) ( Daily ) 15559 / 15560 - Darbhanga - Ahmedabad ( Weekly ) 15269 / 15270 - Muzaffarpur - Ahmedabad ( Monthly - Twise ) 12635 - Vaigai - Madurai ( Daily ) The following trains are proposed under Antyodaya brand : 22877 / 22877 Howrah - Ernakulam Antyodaya Express 22841 / 22841 Santragachi - Chennai Central Antyodaya Express 22921 / 22922 Bandra Terminus - Gorakhpur Antyodaya Express 22895 / 22896 Bilaspur - Firozpur Antyodaya Express 15563 / 15564 Jaynagar - Udhna Antyodaya Express 22885 / 22886 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Tatanagar Antyodaya Express 15567 / 15568 Darbhanga - Jalandhar City Antyodaya Express 22631 / 22632 - Bikaner - Chennai Antyodaya Express 16355 / 16356 - Kochuveli - Mangaluru Jn Antyodaya Express Unreserved coaches Apart from Antyodaya and Jan Sadharan trains , unreserved / general coaches are non reserved coaches on normal Express / Mail . The restriction on such coaches is for 24 hours journey . A new series of Deen Dayalu coaches has also been proposed in rail budget 2016 - 2017 for long distance trains .", "2": "The Deen Dayalu coaches will be more comfortable than the old coaches Competition ( edit ) Like elsewhere , railways in India compete with air travel and road transport . The advantages of travelling by air between cities are the greater frequency of flights , and shorter travel time . Rail travel , with few exceptions ( if any ) , offers lower cost . Rail transport also faces competition from the use of roads improved under National Highways Development Project . People owning cars can , for short distances , benefit in terms of shorter travel time , given the lack of commute to and from a railway station at both ends of a journey . This is also balanced against the need to maintain one 's vehicle and its security during such trips . Tracks ( edit ) Duronto , Shatabdi , and Rajdhani trains run on Indian broad - gauge which is 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) . These tracks are multi-purpose supporting all passenger and freight traffic , and are not made exclusively for lighter load fast - express passenger trains . They run on tracks with classifications Group A , permitting speed up to 160 km / h , and Group B for speed up to 130 km / h . Lower speed limits apply when they are on tracks or railway switches , which have lower speed limits . The design of the railway switches , with a speed limit of 50 -- 90 km / h , is the major bottleneck to higher speed . Another constraint is the need to accommodate freight trains at the current top speed of 70 km / h . These constraints to speed are consequences of sharing tracks with freight and lower speed suburban passenger trains . But currently , as of 2010 , a separate freight corridor construction work is in progress with land acquisitions and other hurdles being slowly overcome . Locomotives ( edit ) Duronto , Shatabdi , and Rajdhani trains are hauled by powerful electric locomotives built by the Chittaranjan Locomotive Works , such as WAP - 4 , WAP - 5 , or WAP - 7 , each with an output of more than 5,000 hp .", "3": "WAP - 4 hauling Rajdhani Express WAP - 5 hauling Rajdhani Express WAP - 7 hauling Rajdhani Express WCAM - 2 hauling Rajdhani Express WDP - 4 loco hauling Rajdhani Express WDP - 3A loco hauling Trivandrum Rajdhani Express Coaches ( edit ) The coaches in these trains are of crash - worthy design from Alstom - LHB , built by Rail Coach Factory at Kapurthala . These Alstom - LHB coaches can be pulled to a speed of 160 km / h without any modification . New fast - express coaches are made partly or completely of stainless steel , primarily motivated by lower maintenance , and higher availability . Stainless steel construction also reduces empty weight , enabling more passengers per coach . The bogies , design from Fiat , has 2 disk brakes per axle essential for safe operations especially at the speed of fast - express trains . Speed ( edit ) The average speed of super-fast trains , range from 55 kilometres per hour ( 34 mph ) to 112 kilometres per hour ( 70 mph ) . Of this , counting up and down trains separately , 23 trains have an average speed more than 80 km / h , whereas , 72 trains have an average speed between 70 and 80 km / h . The speed of express trains is calculated from the latest Indian Railways Time - Table . Regular unbranded express trains on the same route are only slightly slower , since the same locomotives haul them . Fastest train in India : 12951 / 52 Mumbai Rajdhani Express considering average speed including halts 12049 / 50 : Agra Cantonment - H. Nizamuddin Gatimaan Express - maximum speed 160 km / h , average speed 112 km / h Second - fastest train in India : 12002 New Delhi - Bhopal Habibganj Shatabdi Express - maximum speed 150 km / h , average speed 80 km / h Third - fastest train in India : 12259 / 60 New Delhi - Sealdah Duronto Express , 12034 New Delhi - Kanpur Shatabdi Express and 12249 Howrah New Delhi Yuva Express - maximum speed 140 km / h ,", "4": "average speed is between 85 and 90 km / h Fourth - fastest train in India : 12302 New Delhi - Howrah Rajdhani Express - maximum speed 135 km / h , average speed is between 80 and 85 km / h Fifth - fastest train in India : 12273 New Delhi - Howrah Duronto Express , New Delhi - Allahabad Duronto Express - maximum speed is between 120 and 130 km / h , average speed is between 80 and 85 km / h Fastest Rajdhani : 12951 Mumbai - New Delhi Rajdhani Express - 140 km / h Fastest Shatabdi : 12001 / 02 New Delhi - Bhopal Habibganj Shatabdi Express - 150 km / h Fastest Suvidha : 22355 / 56 Patna - Mumbai CST Suvidha Superfast Express - 110 km / h Fastest Duronto : 12259 / 60 New Delhi - Sealdah Duronto Express - 135 km / h Fastest Yuva : 12249 / 50 Howrah New Delhi Yuva Express - 130 km / h Fastest Garib Rath : 12910 H. Nizamuddin -- Bandra Garib Rath - 130 km / h Fastest Jan Shatabdi : 12059 Kota - H. Nizamuddin Jan Shatabdi Express - 110 km / h Fastest Sampark Kranti : 12908 Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express - 110 km / h Fastest Double Decker : 12932 Mumbai Central - Ahmedabad AC Double Decker Express - 130 km / h Fastest Air - Conditioned Superfast : 22109 Mumbai LTT - H.", "5": "Nizamuddin AC SF Express - 130 km / h Fastest Superfast train : 12908 Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express - 110 km / h Fastest Passenger train : 56719 Nagercoil -- Kanyakumari Passenger -- 62 km / h Fastest EMU / MEMU / DEMU train : 31213 Sealdah -- Barrackpore EMU -- 66 km / h Fastest fully diesel hauled Shatabdi : 12041 Howrah - Njp Howrah NJP Shatabdi Express - 130kmph maximum permissible speed , 72kmph avarage speed The india 's fastest train now called Gatiman express its ranges 160km / hour between Delhi to Agra In 100 min its cross 180km Gallery ( edit ) A WAP 5 hauled Gatimaan express Chandru Express 12302 Howrah Rajdhani Express - AC First Class 12259 Sealdah - New Delhi Duronto Express 12322 Mumbai Mail Superfast Express at Barddhaman Junction 12510 Kaziranga Superfast Express ( SBC - Guwahati ) at Bagnan 12105 Vidarbha Superfast Express at Chandur 12073 ( Howrah - Bhubaneswar ) Jan Shatabdi Express ( pic by Sarbamit Chowdhury ) 12727 Godavari Superfast Express at Marripalem Howrah Duronto Express 12113 Garib Rath Express at Nagpur 17036 Telangana Express at Moulali Deccan Queen Express 18237 Chhattisgarh Express 15483 Mahananda Express at Siliguri Town 18625 ( Patna - Hatia ) Express 12864 Yesvantpur - Howrah Superfast Express at Marripalem Stops ( edit ) Frequent stops reduce the average running speed of a train greatly by preventing it from gaining higher speed . Duronto , Shatabdi , and Rajdhani express trains have very few stops .", "6": "The distance between stops is as short as 2 km between New Bongaigaon - Bongaigaon on the Howrah - Dibrugarh Kamrup Express , and as long as 528 km between Vadodara - kota on the Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express . See also ( edit ) High - speed rail in India Rajdhani Express Shatabdi Express Duronto Express AC Express Jan Shatabdi Express Garib Rath Rajya Rani Express Humsafar Express Kavi Guru Express Sampark Kranti Express Swarna Jayanti Express Vivek Express Yuva Express References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chauhan , Arvind ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` India 's fastest train completes final test run in record time '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Routes and Timetables of New Tejas , Uday , Humsafar and Antyodaya Trains '' . 24 Coaches. 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` High Speed -- T.R. Natarajan , Indian Railways '' . Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Government of India Ministry of Railways ( Railway Board ) ( December 2009 ) . `` Indian Railways 2020 Vision '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Verma , Lalmani ( 25 January 2010 ) . `` To make fast - express trains safe , new design of coach on anvil '' . indianexpress.com . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rlys may raise stainless steel coach production '' . BusinessLine. 22 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Synopsis of Papers Presented in Seminar on ' LHB Coach and New Manufacturing Technologies ' Held at RCF , Kapurthala on 4th and 5th November 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Ramesh R. `` Stainless Steel in Rail Transportation : The Scenario in India '' ( PDF ) . Indian Stainless Steel Development Association .", "7": "Retrieved 11 March 2013 . ( hide ) Indian Railways Authority Ministry of Railways Railway Board Related Organisations BWE BSC Braithwaite & Co . CCI DFCCI HSRI IRFC IRCTC Ircon International KRC MRVC RVNL RailTel RITES CORE COFMOW RDSO CRIS RRCB RLDA Zones Central Railway East Central Railway East Coast Railway Eastern Railway North Central Railway North Eastern Railway North Western Railway Northeast Frontier Railway Northern Railway South Central Railway South East Central Railway South Eastern Railway South Western Railway Southern Railway West Central Railway Western Railway Konkan Railway Rolling stock Locomotives of India MEMU Wagon numbering system in India Manufacturing units Chittaranjan Locomotive Works , Chittaranjan Diesel Locomotive Factory , Marhowra Diesel Locomotive Works , Varanasi Diesel - Loco Modernisation Works , Patiala Electric Locomotive Factory , Madhepura Integral Coach Factory , Chennai Modern Coach Factory , Raebareli Rail Coach Factory , Kapurthala Rail Wheel Factory , Bengaluru Rail Wheel Plant , Bela Railway depots Diesel Ernakulam Erode Golden Rock Gooty Guntakal Kalyan Mhow Pune Samastipur Ratlam Vatwa Bandra Marshalling Yard Bhagat ki Kothi Abu Road Phulera Kurla Itarsi Tughlakabad Raipur Tondiarpet Kazipet Maula Ali Krishnarajapuram Vishakhapatnam Shakurbasti Ludhiana Lucknow Mughalsarai Jhansi Gwalior Agra Izzatnagar Malda Town Siliguri Howrah Andal Burdwan Jamalpur Patratu", "8": "Samastipur Kharagpur Bondamunda Bokaro Steel City Neral Hubli Electric Ajni Bhusawal Kalyan Angul Visakhapatnam Mughal Sarai Asansol Howrah Jhansi Gonda Ghaziabad Khanalampura Ludhiana Vijayawada Kazipet Lalaguda Bhilai Bokaro Steel City Bondamunda Santragachi Tatanagar Arakkonam Erode Royapuram Itarsi New Katni Tuglakabad Valsad Vadodara Gomoh MEMU Kollam Vadodara Bhilai Rajahmundry Asansol Palakkad EMU Mumbai Central Kandivali Virar Rajahmundry Sanpada Kalwa Tambaram Avadi Maula Ali Ghaziabad Gholsapur Barasat Bandel Howrah Sealdah Sonarpur Tikiapara Panskura Kharagpur Kurla Shakurbasti Main lines and Suburban lines Chennai Suburban Railway Chennai MRTS Delhi Suburban Railway Howrah -- Allahabad -- Mumbai line Howrah -- Chennai main line Howrah -- Delhi main line Howrah -- Gaya -- Delhi line Howrah -- Nagpur -- Mumbai line Hyderabad MMTS Kolkata Suburban Railway Mumbai -- Chennai line Mumbai Suburban Railway New Delhi -- Chennai main line New Delhi -- Mumbai main line Pune Suburban Railway Passenger trains Antyodaya Express AC Express Express", "9": "trains Fast Passenger Double Decker Express Duronto Garib Rath Express Gatimaan Express Humsafar Express Intercity Express Jan Sadharan Express Jan Shatabdi Express Kavi Guru Express Mahamana Express Premium Express ( Suvidha Express ) Rajdhani Express Rajya Rani Express Shatabdi Express Sampark Kranti Express Superfast Express Tejas Express Uday Express Vivek Express Yuva Express Special trains Lifeline Express Red Ribbon Express Sanskriti Express Science Express Luxury trains Fairy Queen Deccan Odyssey Maharajas ' Express Palace on Wheels Royal Orient Train Royal Rajasthan on Wheels Golden Chariot Mahaparinirvan Express Training institutes Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering Indian Railway Institute of Electrical Engineering Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Indian Railway Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications Indian Railway Institute of Transportation Management Railway Protection Force Academy Railway Staff College Trade unions All India Station Masters ' Association ( AISMA ) All India Railwaymen 's Federation ( AIRF ) All India Railway Employees ' Confederation ( AIREC ) Related articles Railway Budget Railway Schools Last vehicle board RailRadar Indian Railways Fan Club Templates Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Express_trains_in_India&oldid=817421491 '' Categories : Indian Railways trains Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 ,", "10": "at 07 : 54 . 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-7052052953885262396	who are the permanent member of un security council	[ "China (formerly the Republic of China), Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), France, the United Kingdom, and the United States", "China", "France", "Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States", "China", "Russia", "France", "United Kingdom", "United States", "China", "Russia", "France", "United Kingdom", "United States" ]	{ "0": "Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council - wikipedia Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council Jump to : navigation , search The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( also known as the Permanent Five , Big Five , or P5 ) are the five states which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council ( UNSC ) : China ( formerly the Republic of China ) , Russia ( formerly the Soviet Union ) , France , the United Kingdom , and the United States . These countries were all allies in World War II , which they won . They are also all nuclear weapons states . A total of 15 UN member states serve on the UNSC , the remainder of which are elected . Only the five permanent members have the power of veto , which enables them to prevent the adoption of any `` substantive '' draft Council resolution , regardless of its level of international support .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Current permanent members 1.1 Veto power 2 Expansion 3 Current leaders of the permanent members 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Current permanent members ( edit ) See also : China and the United Nations , France and the United Nations , Russia and the United Nations , Soviet Union and the United Nations , United Kingdom and the United Nations , and United States and the United Nations Country Current state representation Former state representation Current leaders Current representative China People 's Republic of China ( since 1971 ) Republic of China ( 1945 -- 1949 ) ( on both Mainland China and Taiwan ) Republic of China ( 1949 -- 1971 ) ( only on Taiwan ) President : Xi Jinping Premier : Li Keqiang Ma Zhaoxu France French Fifth Republic ( since 1958 ) Provisional Government of the French Republic ( 1945 -- 1946 ) French Fourth Republic ( 1946 -- 1958 ) President : Emmanuel Macron Prime Minister : Édouard Philippe François Delattre Russia Russian Federation ( since 1991 ) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( 1945 -- 1991 ) President : Vladimir Putin Prime Minister : Dmitry Medvedev Vasily Nebenzya United Kingdom United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( since 1945 ) -- Monarch : Queen Elizabeth II Prime Minister : Theresa May Karen Pierce United States United States of America ( since 1945 ) -- President : Donald Trump Vice President : Mike Pence Nikki Haley The original permanent members of the United Nations Security Council in 1945 ( dark blue ) with their respective colonies and other holdings shown ( pale blue ) . At the UN 's founding in 1945 , the five permanent members of the Security Council were the French Republic , the Republic of China , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States . There have been two seat changes since then , although not reflected in Article 23 of the United Nations Charter as it has not been accordingly amended : Leaders of the five permanent member states at a summit in 2000 . Clockwise from front left : Chinese President Jiang Zemin , U.S.", "2": "President Bill Clinton , UK Prime Minister Tony Blair , Russian President Vladimir Putin , and French President Jacques Chirac . China 's seat was originally held by the Nationalist government of the Republic of China . However , it lost the Chinese Civil War and retreated to the island of Taiwan in 1949 . The Communist Party won control of mainland China and established the People 's Republic of China . In 1971 , UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 recognized the Government of People 's Republic of China as the legal representative of China in the UN , and gave it the seat on the Security Council that had been held by the Republic of China , which was expelled from the UN altogether . Both governments still officially claim one another 's territory . However , only 20 states continue to officially recognize the Republic of China 's sovereignty . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Russia was recognized as the legal successor state of the Soviet Union and maintained the latter 's position on the Security Council . Additionally , France reformed its provisional government into the French Fourth Republic in 1946 and later into the French Fifth Republic in 1958 , both under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle . France maintained its seat as there was no change in its international status or recognition , although many of its overseas possessions eventually became independent . The five permanent members of the Security Council were the victorious powers in World War II and have maintained the world 's most powerful military forces ever since . They annually top the list of countries with the highest military expenditures ; in 2011 , they spent over US $ 1 trillion combined on defense , accounting for over 60 % of global military expenditures ( the U.S. alone accounting for over 40 % ) . They are also five of the world 's six largest arms exporters , along with Germany and are the only nations officially recognized as `` nuclear - weapon states '' under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ( NPT ) , though there are other states known or believed to be in possession of nuclear weapons . Veto power ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Security Council veto power The `` power of veto '' refers to the veto power wielded solely by the permanent members , enabling them to prevent the adoption of any `` substantive '' draft Council resolution , regardless of the level of international support for the draft .", "3": "The veto does not apply to procedural votes , which is significant in that the Security Council 's permanent membership can vote against a `` procedural '' draft resolution , without necessarily blocking its adoption by the Council . The veto is exercised when any permanent member -- the so - called `` P5 '' -- casts a `` negative '' vote on a `` substantive '' draft resolution . Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted . Expansion ( edit ) Main article : Reform of the United Nations Security Council The G4 nations that support one another 's bids for permanent seats on the UN Security Council There have been proposals suggesting the introduction of new permanent members . The candidates usually mentioned are Brazil , Germany , India , and Japan . They comprise the group of four countries known as the G4 nations , which mutually support one another 's bids for permanent seats . This sort of reform has traditionally been opposed by the `` Uniting for Consensus '' group , which is composed primarily of nations that are regional rivals and economic competitors of the G4 . The group is led by Italy and Spain ( opposing Germany ) , Mexico , Colombia , and Argentina ( opposing Brazil ) , and South Korea ( opposing Japan ) , in addition to Turkey , Indonesia and others . Since 1992 , Italy and other council members have instead proposed semi-permanent seats or expanding the number of temporary seats . Most of the leading candidates for permanent membership are regularly elected onto the Security Council by their respective groups . Japan was elected for eleven two - year terms , Brazil for ten terms , and Germany for three terms . India has been elected to the council seven times in total , with the most recent successful bid being in 2010 after a gap of almost twenty years since 1991 -- 92 . In 2013 , the P5 and G4 members of the UN Security Council accounted for eight of the world 's ten largest defense budgets , according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ) .", "4": "Current leaders of the permanent members ( edit ) The following are the heads of state and government that represent the permanent members of the UN Security Council as of 2018 : Xi Jinping President of the People 's Republic of China since 14 March 2013 ( General Secretary as de facto leader since 15 November 2012 ) Emmanuel Macron President of the French Republic since 14 May 2017 Vladimir Putin President of the Russian Federation since 7 May 2012 ( de facto leader since 7 May 2000 ) Theresa May Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 13 July 2016 Donald Trump President of the United States of America since 20 January 2017 See also ( edit ) List of country groupings Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The de jure head of government of China is the Premier , whose current holder is Li Keqiang . The President of China is legally a ceremonial office , but the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China ( de facto leader ) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of transition , and the current paramount leader is President Xi Jinping . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The UN Security Council '' . unfoundation.org . United Nations Foundation . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of heads of missions '' ( PDF ) . ( 60.1 KB ) Jump up ^ Nichols , Michelle ( 2012 - 07 - 27 ) . `` United Nations fails to agree landmark arms - trade treaty '' . Reuters . NewsDaily . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . One of the reasons this month 's negotiations are taking place is that the United States , the world 's biggest arms trader accounting for over 40 percent of global conventional arms transfers , reversed U.S. policy on the issue after Barack Obama became president and decided in 2009 to support a treaty ... The other five top arms suppliers are Britain , China , France , Germany and Russia . Jump up ^ `` Countries Welcome Work Plan as Security Council Reform Process Commences New Phase Center for UN Reform Education '' . CenterforUNReform.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Model '' ( PDF ) .", "5": "Global Policy Forum. 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 19 , 2009 . ( hide ) Security Council of the United Nations Power Chapter V Chapter VII Veto Resolution Organization Military Observer Peacebuilding Commission Counter-Terrorism Committee Peacekeeping Missions United Nations Command Unified Task Force Members Permanent China France Russia United Kingdom United States 2016 -- 2017 Egypt Japan Senegal Ukraine Uruguay 2017 Italy 2017 -- 2018 Bolivia Ethiopia Kazakhstan Sweden United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary - General Miroslav Lajčák , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs General Assembly President Security Council Members Economic and Social Council Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General Under - Secretary - General International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Sexual Violence in Conflict Programmes and specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF", "6": "UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNSSC UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2006 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2012 2016 ) Security Council ( 2015 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact ICC International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World International Years", "7": "UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture ( hide ) United Nations Charter Text Preamble Chapter I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX Amendments History 1919 Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles Covenant of the League of Nations 1943 Moscow Conference 1943 Tehran Conference 1944 Dumbarton Oaks Conference 1945 Conference on International Organization Signatories Organs created Security Council General Assembly Economic and Social Council Trusteeship Council International Court of Justice ( statute ) Secretariat Military Staff Committee Complete text UN portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "8": "php?title=Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council&oldid=838514911 '' Categories : United Nations Security Council International security China and the United Nations France and the United Nations Russia and the United Nations United Kingdom and the United Nations United States and the United Nations Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català فارسی हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Português Shqip Српски / srpski Tagalog 文言中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 14 : 19 . 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4826602256490942616	what is the enrollment at university of miami	[ "16,801 students", "16,801" ]	{ "0": "University of Miami - wikipedia University of Miami Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the university in Florida . For the university in Ohio , see Miami University . University of Miami Latin : Universitas Miamiensis Motto Magna est veritas ( Latin ) Motto in English Great is the truth Type Private Established 1925 ; 93 years ago ( 1925 ) Academic affiliations NAICU SURA ORAU Endowment $949 million ( 2017 ) Budget $3.3 billion ( 2016 ) Chairman Richard D. Fain President Julio Frenk Provost Jeffrey Duerk Academic staff 3,045 Administrative staff 10,985 Students 16,801 Undergraduates 10,849 Postgraduates 5,952 Location Coral Gables , Florida , U.S. Campus Suburban Total 453 acres ( 1.83 km ) Colors Orange , Green , White Nickname Hurricanes Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I -- ACC Mascot Sebastian the Ibis Website www.miami.edu The University of Miami ( informally referred to as UM , U of M , or The U ) is a private , nonsectarian research university in Coral Gables , Florida , United States . As of 2016 , the university enrolls 16,801 students in 12 separate colleges / schools , including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami 's Health District , a law school on the main campus , and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key , with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami - Dade County . The university offers 116 undergraduate , 105 master 's , and 63 doctoral degree programs , of which 59 are research / scholarship and four professional areas of study . Over the years , the university 's students have represented all 50 states and close to 150 foreign countries . With more than 14,000 full and part - time faculty and staff , As of 2005 , UM is the sixth largest employer in Miami - Dade County .", "1": "UM 's main campus in Coral Gables has 239 acres and over 5.7 million square feet of buildings . In the 2017 U.S. News and World Report study of colleges and universities , UM is ranked the 44th best national university in the United States . Research is a component of each academic division , with UM attracting $346.6 million per year in sponsored research grants . UM offers a large library system with over 3.1 million volumes and exceptional holdings in Cuban heritage and music . UM also offers a wide range of student activities , including fraternities and sororities , a student newspaper and radio station . UM 's intercollegiate athletic teams , collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes , compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . UM 's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Campus 2.1 Coral Gables campus 2.1. 1 Student housing 2.2 Medical campus 2.3 RSMAS / Marine Campus 2.4 South Campus 2.5 Richmond Campus 2.6 Sustainability 3 Student body 4 Academics 4.1 Organization 4.2 Rankings 4.3 Libraries 5 Research 6 Student life 7 Athletics 7.1 Football program 7.2 Baseball program 7.3 Other sports 8 People 8.1 Notable alumni 8.2 Notable faculty 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) A group of citizens chartered the University of Miami ( UM ) in 1925 with the intent to offer `` unique opportunities to develop inter-American studies , to further creative work in the arts and letters , and to conduct teaching and research programs in tropical studies '' . They believed that a local university would benefit their community . They were overly optimistic about future financial support for UM because the South Florida land boom was at its peak .", "2": "During the Jim Crow era , there were three large state - funded universities in Florida for white males , white females , and black coeds ( UF , FSU , and FAMU , respectively ) ; in this accord , UM was founded as a white , coeducational institution . The university began in earnest in 1925 when George E. Merrick , the founder of Coral Gables , gave 160 acres ( 0.6 km ) and nearly $5 million , ( $69.8 million , adjusted for current inflation ) to the effort . These contributions were land contracts and mortgages on real estate that had been sold in the city . The university was chartered on April 18 , 1925 by the Circuit Court for Dade County . By the fall of 1926 , when the first class of 372 students enrolled at UM , the land boom had collapsed , and hopes for a speedy recovery were dashed by a major hurricane . For the next 15 years the university barely remained solvent . The construction of the first building on campus , now known as the Merrick Building , was left half built for over two decades due to economic difficulties . In the meantime , classes were held at the nearby Anastasia Hotel , with partitions separating classrooms , giving the university the early nickname of `` Cardboard College . '' In 1929 , Walsh and the other members of the Board of Regents resigned in the wake of the collapse of the Florida economy . UM 's plight was so severe that students went door to door in Coral Gables collecting funds to keep it open . A reconstituted ten - member Board was chaired by UM 's first president Bowman Foster Ashe ( 1926 -- 1952 ) . The new board included Merrick , Theodore Dickinson , E.B. Douglas , David Fairchild , James H. Gilman , Richardson Saunders , Frank B. Shutts , Joseph H. Adams , and J.C. Penney . In 1930 , several faculty members and more than 60 students came to UM when the University of Havana closed due to political unrest . UM filed for bankruptcy in 1932 . In July 1934 , the University of Miami was reincorporated and a Board of Trustees replaced the Board of Regents . By 1940 , community leaders were replacing faculty and administration as trustees . The university survived this early turmoil .", "3": "During Ashe 's presidency , the university added the School of Law ( 1928 ) , the School of Business Administration ( 1929 ) , the School of Education ( 1929 ) , the Graduate School ( 1941 ) , the Marine Laboratory ( 1943 , renamed in 1969 as the Rosenstiel School ) , the School of Engineering ( 1947 ) , and the School of Medicine ( 1952 ) . Walkway leading to the Otto G. Richter Library on the campus of the University of Miami During World War II , UM was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V - 12 Navy College Training Program , which offered students a path to a Navy commission . One of Ashe 's longtime assistants , Jay F.W. Pearson , assumed the presidency in 1952 . A charter faculty member and a marine biologist by trade , Pearson retained the position until 1962 . During his presidency , UM awarded its first doctorate degrees and saw an increase in enrollment of more than 4,000 . The social changes of the 1960s and 1970s were reflected at UM . In 1961 , UM dropped its policy of racial segregation and began to admit black students . African Americans were also allowed full participation in student activities and sports teams . After President Stanford pressed for minority athletes , in December 1966 , UM signed Ray Bellamy , an African American football player . With Bellamy , UM became the first major college in the Deep South with a Black football player on scholarship . UM established an Office of Minority Affairs to promote diversity in both undergraduate and professional school admissions . With the start of the 1968 football season , President Henry Stanford barred the playing of `` Dixie '' by the university 's band . Historically , UM regulated female student conduct more than men 's conduct with a staff under the Dean of Women watching over the women . UM combined the separate Dean of Men and Dean of Women positions in 1971 . In 1971 , UM formed a Women 's Commission which issued a 1974 report on the status of women on campus . The result was UM 's first female commencement speaker , day care , and a Women 's Study minor .", "4": "Following the enactment of Title IX in 1972 , and decades of litigation , all organizations , including honorary societies were open to women . The Women 's Commission also sought more equitable funding for women 's sports . Terry Williams Munz became the first woman in America awarded an athletic scholarship when she accepted a golf scholarship from UM in 1973 . From 1961 to 1968 , UM leased buildings on its South Campus to serve as the covert headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency 's JMWAVE operation against Fidel Castro 's government in Cuba . In 1968 , after Ramparts magazine exposed CIA operations on other campuses , JMWAVE was moved off the UM campus out of concern for embarrassing the university . The university no longer owns land at the south campus . Henry King Stanford became UM 's third president in 1962 . The Stanford presidency saw increased emphasis on research , reorganization of administrative structure and construction of new facilities . Among the new research centers established were the Center for Advanced International Studies ( 1964 ) , the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Evolution ( 1964 ) , the Center for Theoretical Studies ( 1965 ) , and the Institute for the Study of Aging ( 1975 ) . Under Stanford , in 1965 , UM began to recruit international students . In 1981 , Edward T. Foote II became the school 's fourth president . Under Foote 's leadership , on campus student housing was converted into a system of residential colleges . In addition , Foote initiated a five - year $400 million fundraising campaign that began in 1984 and raised $517.5 million . He saw the endowment expand from $47.4 million in 1981 to $465.2 million in 2000 . Foote was succeeded by Donna Shalala , who assumed the UM presidency in 2001 . Under Shalala , Miami built new libraries , dormitories , symphony rehearsal halls , and classroom buildings . The university 's academic quality and student quality also have improved as a result . During Shalala 's leadership of the University of Miami , Miami hosted one of three nationally televised U.S. presidential debates of the 2004 U.S. Presidential election .", "5": "Starting in 2002 , UM conducted a fundraising campaign titled `` Momentum : The Campaign for the University of Miami '' that ultimately raised $1.37 billion , the most money raised by any college in Florida as of February 8 , 2008 . Of that amount , $854 million went to the medical campus . On November 30 , 2007 , UM acquired the Cedars Medical Center and renamed it the `` University of Miami Hospital '' , giving the Miller School of Medicine an in - house teaching hospital rather than being merely affiliated with area hospitals . See also : University of Miami 2006 custodial workers ' strike On February 28 , 2006 , custodial workers at the University of Miami , who are contracted to the university by a Boston , Massachusetts - based company , UNICCO , began a strike prompted by allegations of unfair labor practices , substandard pay , lack of health benefits , and workplace safety . After students began a hunger strike and on - campus vigil , the strike was settled on May 1 , 2006 . The settlement resulted in a card count which led to the recognition of the first union - represented bargaining unit at UM . UM raised wages from $6.40 to $8.35 per hour and provided health insurance . In 2008 -- 09 , UM responded to the economic slowdown by tightening expenditures . While its endowment lost over 26.8 % of its value , impacting endowment income , the school receives more than 98 % of its operating budget from other sources . In 2011 , UM was ranked the nation 's most fiscally - responsible nonprofit organization by Worth magazine , in a report issued in collaboration with nonprofit watchdog Charity Navigator . Campus ( edit ) Coral Gables campus ( edit ) See also : Frost School of Music , Lowe Art Museum , University of Miami School of Business Administration , and University of Miami School of Law The John C. Gifford Arboretum on the University of Miami campus UM 's main campus spans 239 acres ( 0.97 km ) in Coral Gables , located immediately south of the city of Miami . Most of the University of Miami 's academic programs are located on the main campus in Coral Gables , which houses seven schools and two colleges including the University of Miami School of Law .", "6": "The campus has over 5,900,000 sq ft ( 550,000 m ) of building space valued at over $657 million . The university also has a campus theater , the Jerry Herman Ring Theatre , which is used for student plays and musicals . The John C. Gifford Arboretum , a campus arboretum and botanical garden , is located on the northwest corner of the main campus in Coral Gables . The Jorge M. Perez Architecture Center is the lecture hall and gallery of the School of Architecture that displays exhibitions focusing on architecture and design . The Coral Gables campus is served by the Miami Metrorail at the University Station . The Metro connects UM to downtown Miami , Brickell , Coconut Grove , Civic Center , and other Miami neighborhoods . The UM campus is about a 15 - minute train ride from Downtown and Brickell . The Hurry ' Canes shuttle bus service operates two routes on campus ( as well as to the University Station ) and weekend routes to various off - campus stores and facilities during the school year ; an additional shuttle route provides service to the RSMAS campus on Virginia Key and Vizcaya Station . Miami also has a Zipcar service . There is also a lake called Lake Osceola located at the center of campus . It contains a large fountain , which serves as a landmark to many university students . Student housing ( edit ) UM residence halls Year built Room capacity Apartment Area 1948 est. 500 Eaton Residential College 1954 400 Mahoney Residential College 1958 750 Pearson Residential College 1962 750 Hecht Residential College 1968 900 Stanford Residential College 1968 900 University Village 2006 800 Total 4,500 ( 29 % of UM students ) The Coral Gables campus houses 4,500 enrolled students . This group is disproportionately freshmen ( 84 % of new freshmen live on campus compared with 43 % of all degree undergraduates ) . UM 's on - campus housing consists of five residential colleges and one apartment - style housing area available only to undergraduate degree - seeking students . The residential colleges are divided into two dormitory - style residence halls and three suite - style residence halls .", "7": "The McDonald and Pentland Towers of Hecht Residential College and the Walsh and Rosborough Towers of Stanford Residential College are commonly referred to as the `` Freshman Towers '' , as the single - sex by floor ( with shared bathroom facilities ) co-ed dormitories generally house new students . Eaton Residential College , which originally housed only women , and the Mahoney / Pearson Residential Colleges have suite - style housing with every two double - occupancy rooms connected by a shared bathroom . In addition to these five residential colleges , Miami also has an area called the University Village which consists of seven buildings with apartment - style annual contract housing , fully furnished with kitchen facilities . The University Village is only open to juniors and seniors , but was previously open to graduate students and students of the School of Law up until July 31 , 2009 ; after this date , there has been no housing available for any graduate students on the Coral Gables campus . The University of Miami also has a series of fraternity houses , opposite the intramural fields on San Amaro Drive , dubbed `` Fraternity Row '' ; the sororities do not possess any such facilities . Miami previously had a series of seven buildings set aside for student residences called the Apartment Area , consisting of the oldest dormitories on campus which were originally built to house married veterans and their families . These buildings also featured fully furnished apartments with kitchen facilities , but they were not leased to students as in the University Village . These residences were closed at the end of the Spring 2010 semester , although several others of these original dormitories continue to be used as office space for departments such as the Office of Student Employment , the Air Force ROTC Detachment 155 , and the Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Education PIER 21 . The University of Miami does not offer housing for students with children or for married students . UM abolished its separate dorms for athletes in 1990 . Medical campus ( edit ) Main article : Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine See also : Jackson Memorial Hospital , Miami Project to Cure Paralysis , and UM Department of Community Service The Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine campus , located in Miami city proper in Civic Center , trains 1,000 students in various health - related programs . It consists of 68 acres ( 280,000 m ) within the 153 acres ( 620,000 m ) University of Miami / Jackson Memorial Medical Center complex .", "8": "The medical center includes three UM - owned hospitals : University of Miami Hospital , Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center , and Anne Bates Leach Eye Hospital . Jackson Memorial Hospital , Holtz Children 's Hospital , and the Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center are also a part of the medical center and are affiliated with UM , but are not owned by UM . The heart of this campus is `` The Alamo '' -- the original City of Miami Hospital , which opened in 1918 , that is on the National Register of Historic Places . In 2006 , UM opened the 300,000 sq ft ( 28,000 m ) , 15 - story Clinical Research Building and Wellness Center . In 2009 , a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) certified , nine - story Biomedical Research Building , a 182,000 sq ft ( 16,900 m ) laboratory and office facility , opened to house the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and the Miami Institute for Human Genomics . UM has started to build a 2,000,000 sq ft ( 190,000 m ) UM Life Science Park adjacent to the UM medical campus . These additional Gold LEED certified buildings are being built by Wexford Science & Technology , a private developer , on land leased from UM . The Medical campus is connected to UM 's main campus by the Miami Metrorail with direct stations at University Station for the main campus , and Civic Center Station for the medical campus . On December 1 , 2007 , the university purchased the Cedars Medical Center , renaming it as the University of Miami Hospital . Situated in the Miami Health District , the hospital is close to the Jackson Memorial Hospital , which has been used by the UM students and faculty to provide patient care for many years . Starting in 2004 , the Miller School began offering instruction on the campus of Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton , Florida . MD candidates were admitted to either the Miami or Boca Raton programs and spent the first two years studying on the selected campus and the last two on the main campus in Miami . In April 2005 , the Boca Raton program was expanded to include a third clinical year in Palm Beach County . In 2010 , when Florida Atlantic University made plans to establish their own medical school , no future classes of the regional campus were accepted .", "9": "The last class to complete the first three years of training in Boca Raton is the Class of 2013 . There is no on campus housing for students of the Miller School of Medicine in Miami or Boca Raton . The Miami and Boca Raton campuses charge identical tuition , with a lower tuition for in - state students . RSMAS / Marine campus ( edit ) Main article : Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science The Applied Marine Physics Building at UM 's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science on Virginia Key In 1945 , construction began on the Rickenbacker Causeway to make Virginia Key accessible by car . The county offered to give UM a part of the island adjacent to the Miami Seaquarium in exchange for UM operating the aquarium . However , the aquarium construction was delayed when a bond referendum failed , so UM leased the land in 1951 . In 1953 , UM built classroom and lab buildings on a 16 - acre ( 65,000 m2 ) campus to house what would become the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science ( RSMAS ) . Additional buildings were added in 1957 , 1959 and 1965 . The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory is located across the Rickenbacker Causeway from the campus . From 1947 to 1959 , the State of Florida funded the UM Marine Lab on Virginia Key until the State built a separate marine lab in St. Petersburg . In 2009 , UM received a $15 million federal grant to help construct a new $43.8 million , 56,500 square feet ( 5,250 m ) Marine Technology and Life Sciences Seawater Research Building . There is no housing on the RSMAS campus . As part of its campus - wide free shuttle service , UM operates a route from the Coral Gables campus to the RSMAS campus , which includes stops at the Vizcaya Metrorail station on weekdays . South campus ( edit ) Main articles : JMWAVE and Richmond Naval Air Station In 1946 , UM acquired the former Richmond Naval Air Station , in southwestern Miami , located 12 mi ( 19 km ) south of the main campus in order to accommodate the post-war increase in students .", "10": "The campus was acquired immediately following World War II and provided classrooms , housing , and other amenities for about 1,100 students ( mostly freshmen ) for two academic years . In 1948 it was repurposed as a research facility . In the 1960s , some of the buildings were leased to the Central Intelligence Agency . The South Campus Grove was a 350 acres ( 1,400,000 m ) plot for agricultural research and horticultural studies that was established in 1948 . For 20 years , UM used radioactive isotopes in biological research on the South Campus , and buried materials included irradiated animals on the site . In August 2006 , UM agreed to reimburse the Army Corps of Engineers $393,473 for clean - up costs under the Superfund law . Its six buildings provide 63,800 sq ft ( 5,930 m ) to currently house : the Global Public Health Research Group , Miami Institute for Human Genomics , Forensic Toxicology Laboratory ( for analysis of DUI suspect blood samples ) , and Microbiology and Immunology . The University of Miami once planned to build a south campus on the property but opted to sell 80 acres of land instead . The university no longer owns land at the south campus . Richmond campus ( edit ) The Richmond campus is a 76 acres ( 310,000 m ) site that was formerly the United States Naval Observatory Secondary National Time Standard Facility , which already had buildings and a 20M antenna used for Very Long Baseline Interferometry ( VLBI ) . The Rosenstiel School 's Center for Southeastern Tropical Advanced Remote Sensing ( CSTARS ) and Richmond Satellite Operations Center ( RSOC ) have research facilities located on a portion of the new campus . Sustainability ( edit ) Since 2005 , UM has a `` Green U '' initiative which includes LEED certification for buildings and the use of biofuels by the campus bus fleet . UM established the Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy . As a part of the Abess Center , UM launched the R.J. Dunlap Marine Conservation Program to educate students on the importance of protecting the marine environment . In 2008 , UM replaced the chiller plant on its Virginia Key campus to improve its carbon footprint .", "11": "UM also planted mangroves , sea grape trees , and other dune plants on Virginia Key to protect its sand dunes and to protect the campus from storm damage . Student body ( edit ) University of Miami demographics Ethnic enrollment , 2016 Undergraduates Graduates Black 8 % 8 % Asian 11 % 14 % Hispanic ( of any race ) 26 % 25 % non-Hispanic White 45 % 37 % Two or More Races 3 % 2 % Unknown 6 % 14 % In 2015 , UM received 33,416 applicants for 2,082 available openings in its freshman class . About 63 percent of new freshmen admitted to the university graduated in the top 10 percent of their high school class , with an average GPA of 4.0 , median ACT score of 30 , and median SAT score of 1300 . In 2015 , undergraduates were composed of : 27 % from the Greater Miami area , 10 % from other parts of Florida , 48 % from other U.S. states , and 15 % were international students . Graduate students were composed of : 36 % from the Greater Miami area , 12 % from other parts of Florida , 33 % from other U.S. states , and 19 % were international students . As of 2009 , UM reported the following graduation rates : 68 % graduating within 4 years , 79 % graduating within 5 years , and 82 % graduating within 6 years . Male student athletes have a 52 % 4 - year graduation rate , and 72 % of female student athletes graduate within 4 years .", "12": "Academics ( edit ) Undergraduate New Freshman Statistics 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Applicants 33,416 31,608 28,907 27,757 27,745 25,895 Admitted 12,625 12,064 11,691 11,020 10,635 10,157 Percent Admitted 37.8 % 38.2 % 40.4 % 39.7 % 38.3 % 39.2 % Average High School GPA 4.0 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 Median SAT ( out of 1600 ) 1300 1320 1320 1320 1330 1320 There are currently 2,616 full - time faculty members , with 96 % of regular faculty holding doctorates or terminal degrees in their field . UM has a student - faculty ratio of 12 : 1 . The University of Miami is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and 23 additional professional and educational accrediting agencies . It is a member of the American Association of University Women , the American Council on Education , the American Council of Learned Societies , the Association of American Colleges and Universities , the Florida Association of Colleges and Universities , the Independent Colleges & Universities of Florida , and the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities . Organization ( edit ) UM is led by a board of trustees , which holds two meetings each year . The board has 48 elected members , 3 alumni representatives , 23 senior members , 4 national members , 6 ex officio members , 14 emeriti members and 1 student representative . Ex officio members , who serve by virtue of their positions in the university , include the president of the university ; the president and immediate past president of the citizens board ; and the president , president - elect and immediate past president of the alumni association . Since 1982 , the board has eleven visiting committees , which include both trustees and outside experts , to help oversee the individual academic units .", "13": "UM 's president is the university 's chief executive officer , with a 2012 salary of $1.16 million , and each academic unit is headed by a dean . On April 13 , 2015 , the university announced that Dr. Julio Frenk would be the university 's 6th president . Frenk previously served as dean of Harvard University 's T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Mexico 's minister of health . 2015 - 2016 Tuition School Tuition Total Cost Undergraduate $44,400 $64,306 Graduate School $44,400 $67,486 Law School $46,800 $74,815 Medical School ( FL ) $36,117 Medical School ( non-FL ) $41,580 Undergraduate & graduate School of Architecture College of Arts and Sciences School of Business Administration School of Communication School of Education and Human Development College of Engineering Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Phillip and Patricia Frost School of Music School of Nursing and Health Studies Graduate only The Graduate School Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine University of Miami School of Law In addition , UM also has a division of continuing and international education and a program in executive education as part of its school of business administration . A partnership with nearby Florida International University , also allows students from both schools to take graduate classes at either university , allowing graduate students to take a wider variety of courses . In addition , the Miller School of Medicine offers separate PhD and MD / PhD programs in several biomedical sciences . The Department of Community Service , staffed by volunteer medical students and physicians from UM 's Leonard M. School of Medicine , provides free medical and other community services in Miami and surrounding communities . For the fiscal year ending May 2012 , UM had $2,403,500,000 in total revenues and $2,431,500,000 in functional expenses . Rankings ( edit ) US University Ranking U.S. News & World Report - National 44 Washington Monthly - National 247 Forbes - National 112 Academic Ranking of World Universities - National 65 - 77 U.S.", "14": "News & World Report - World 155 Academic Ranking of World Universities - World 151 -- 200 Times Higher Education - World 161 QS - World 280 In the 2017 issue of U.S. News & World Report 's `` America 's Best Colleges , '' the University of Miami was ranked 44th among national universities . U.S. News 's 2016 ranking of U.S. medical schools ranked the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine as the 44th best medical school for research in the nation , while US News ranked the School of Law as the 60th best law school in the nation . In 2008 , U.S. News & World Report ranked the University of Miami Physical Therapy Department 7th in the nation and the Department of Psychology 's Clinical Training Program 25th in the nation . The National Science Foundation ranks UM 112th out of 630 research institutions in the number of granted doctorate degrees in its FY 2006 survey . It ranked 65th out of 634 institutions in terms of total research and development expenditures in 2014 . The Academic Ranking of World Universities rates UM one of the world 's top 150 academic institutions In Forbes magazine 's 2010 rankings of 600 undergraduate institutions , UM ranked 293rd . In 2012 , Forbes gave the University of Miami a 132 overall ranking and ranked it among the 115 top private universities and among the top 53 research universities in the nation . In the 2009 edition of Best 371 Colleges , The Princeton Review ranks UM one of the 141 `` Best Southeastern Colleges '' and ranks it first in the nation in its `` Lots of Race / Class Interaction '' category . Libraries ( edit ) The Otto G. Richter Library , the University of Miami 's main library , houses collections that serve the arts , architecture , humanities , social sciences , and the sciences . It is a depository for federal and state government publications . Rare books , maps , manuscript collections , and the University of Miami Archives are housed in the Special Collections Division and in the Cuban Heritage Collection .", "15": "In addition to the Richter Library , the Libraries include facilities that support programs in architecture , business , marine science , and music : Judi Prokop Newman Information Resources Center ( Business ) Marta and Austin Weeks Music Library Paul Buisson Architecture Library Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Library The university also has specialized libraries for medicine and law : Louis Calder Memorial Library ( Medicine ) University of Miami Law Library Within the Miller School of Medicine , there are two specialized departmental libraries for ophthalmology and psychiatry that are open to the public : Mary and Edward Norton Library ( Ophthalmology ) Pomerance Library ( Psychiatry ) Combined holdings of the libraries include over 3.4 million volumes , 87,125 current serials titles , 75,521 electronic journals , 630,756 electronic books , 4.1 million microforms , and 172,560 audio , film , video , and cartographic materials . The Libraries have a staff of 86 Librarians and 115 support staff . In January 2017 , the Jay I. Kislak Foundation announced that it was making a substantial donation of rare books , maps , and manuscripts to the UM Libraries and to Miami Dade College . The collection includes the earliest published copies of Columbus 's letter on the first voyage . Research ( edit ) Sponsored research expenditures for fiscal year 2008 reached a record of more than $326 million . Those funds support over 5,000 graduate students and postdoctoral trainees . In Fiscal Year 2006 , UM received $127 million in federal research funding , including $89.5 million from the Department of Health and Human Services and $16.7 million from the National Science Foundation . Of the $8.2 billion appropriated by Congress in 2009 as a part of the stimulus bill for research priorities of the National Institutes of Health , the Miller School received $40.5 million .", "16": "In addition to research conducted in the individual academic schools and departments , Miami has the following university - wide research centers : The Center for Computational Science The Center for Hemispheric Policy The Institute for Cuban and Cuban - American Studies ( ICCAS ) Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy The Miami European Union Center : This group is a consortium with Florida International University ( FIU ) established in Fall 2001 with a grant from the European Commission through its delegation in Washington , D.C. , intended to research economic , social , and political issues of interest to the European Union . The Sue and Leonard Miller Center for Contemporary Judaic Studies John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics -- studies possible causes of Parkinson 's disease , Alzheimer 's disease and macular degeneration . Center on Research and Education for Aging and Technology Enhancement ( CREATE ) Wallace H. Coulter Center for Translational Research The Miller School of Medicine receives more than $200 million per year in external grants and contracts to fund 1,500 ongoing projects . The medical campus includes more than 500,000 sq ft ( 46,000 m ) of research space with plans underway to build a new UM Life Science Park , which will add an additional 2,000,000 sq ft ( 190,000 m ) of space adjacent to the medical campus . UM 's Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute seeks to understand the biology of stem cells and translate basic research into new regenerative therapies . In 2007 , Joshua Hare , MD and colleagues reported that a new stem cell therapy was safe for the treatment of myocardial infarction and reduced complications from the condition . As of 2008 , the Rosenstiel School receives $50 million in annual external research funding . Their laboratories include a salt - water wave tank , a five - tank Conditioning and Spawning System , multi-tank Aplysia Culture Laboratory , Controlled Corals Climate Tanks , and DNA analysis equipment . The campus also houses an invertebrate museum with 400,000 specimens and operates the Bimini Biological Field Station , an array of oceanographic high - frequency radar along the US east coast , and the Bermuda aerosol observatory .", "17": "UM also owns the Little Salt Spring , a site on the National Register of Historic Places , in North Port , Florida , where RSMAS performs archaeological and paleontological research . UM built a brain imaging annex to the James M. Cox Jr . Science Center within the College of Arts and Sciences . The building includes a human functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) laboratory , where scientists , clinicians , and engineers can study fundamental aspects of brain function . Construction of the lab was funded in part by a $14.8 million in stimulus money grant from the National Institute of Health . In 2004 the university received $124 million in science and engineering funding from the U.S. federal government , the largest Hispanic - serving recipient and 54th overall . $92 million of the funding was through the Department of Health and Human Services and was used largely for the medical campus . UM maintains one of the largest centralized academic cyber infrastructures in the country with numerous assets . The Center for Computational Science High Performance Computing group has been in continuous operation since 2007 . Over that time the core has grown from a zero HPC cyberinfrastructure to a regional high - performance computing environment that currently supports more than 1,200 users , 220 TFlops of computational power , and more than 3 Petabytes of disk storage . The center 's latest system acquisition , an IBM IDataPlex system , was ranked at number 389 on the November 2012 Top 500 Supercomputers . Student Life ( edit ) See also : Iron Arrow Honor Society , Jerry Herman Ring Theatre , The Miami Hurricane , and WVUM The university is affiliated with 31 fraternities and sororities . Six of them ( Alpha Epsilon Pi , Alpha Sigma Phi , Lambda Chi Alpha , Sigma Alpha Epsilon , Sigma Chi , and Zeta Beta Tau ) have houses on campus . Among the service groups organized by students are Amnesty International and Habitat for Humanity . Students organize the Ibis yearbook , UMTV ( a cable TV channel carried on Comcast Channel 96 , which includes nine programs , many of which have won national awards ) , UniMiami ( a Spanish - speaking Cable TV broadcast ) , the student - run Distraction Magazine and the campus radio station WVUM . Since 1929 , students have published The Miami Hurricane newspaper twice - weekly .", "18": "The paper has been honored in the Associated Collegiate Press Hall of Fame . UM has appointed individuals in the various departments to handle students ' problems and complaints called `` Troubleshooters . '' UM also has an Ombudsman to mediate complaints that can not be resolved by the troubleshooters . Since 1986 , UM has an Honor Code governing student conduct . The university has a number of student honor societies . The Iron Arrow Honor Society ( which also inducts faculty , staff , and alumni ) is the highest honor awarded by the university . The university maintains a chapter of Mortar Board . In 1959 , the Order of Omega was founded at UM , and it remained a one - campus honorary until 1964 . It is now a national honorary for fraternity and sorority members with a chapter continuing at UM . Athletics ( edit ) University of Miami mascot Sebastian the Ibis makes the signature `` The U '' hand gesture . Main article : Miami Hurricanes See also : Miami Hurricanes baseball , Miami Hurricanes football , List of Miami Hurricanes in the NFL , Miami Hurricanes men 's basketball , and 2011 University of Miami athletics scandal The University of Miami 's athletic teams are the Hurricanes , commonly referred to as the `` Canes '' . They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I level , competing primarily in the Atlantic Coast Conference for all sports since the 2004 -- 05 season . The Hurricanes previously competed in the Big East Conference from 1991 -- 92 to 2003 -- 04 . Men 's teams compete in baseball , basketball , cross-country , diving , football , tennis , and track and field ; while women 's teams compete in basketball , cross-country , diving , golf , rowing , soccer , swimming , tennis , track and field , and volleyball . The University of Miami 's mascot is Sebastian the Ibis . Its marching band is the Band of the Hour . The Miami Maniac is the mascot for baseball games .", "19": "Football Program ( edit ) See also : Miami Hurricanes football , List of Miami Hurricanes in the NFL , and The U ( film ) The football program has been named national champion five times over the past three decades ( 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , and 2001 ) and has appeared in the AP Top 25 frequently during this time . Alumni of the Miami Hurricanes football team include five members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and two Heisman Trophy winners . Mark Richt was hired as the 24th head football coach on December 4 , 2015 . For 70 years , from 1937 through 2007 , the Hurricanes played their home football games at the Miami Orange Bowl . Beginning with the 2008 season , the University of Miami began playing its home football games at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens . The university signed a 25 - year contract to play there through 2033 . On December 12 , 2009 , the global sports network ESPN aired a documentary on the UM football program , The U , which drew 2.3 million viewers , the most ever for a documentary on the sports cable network . As of the 2011 National Football League season , UM had the most players active in the NFL of any university in the nation , with 42 . Baseball Program ( edit ) See also : Miami Hurricanes baseball The UM baseball team , coached currently by Jim Morris , has won four national championships ( 1982 , 1985 , 1999 and 2001 ) . Ryan Braun was named `` National Freshman of the Year '' by Baseball America while playing for the school in 2003 , and won the Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Player of the Year award as a junior . They play their home games at the on - campus baseball stadium , Alex Rodriguez Park at Mark Light Field , named for New York Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez , who contributed $3.9 million toward the stadium 's 2007 -- 2009 renovation . Other sports ( edit ) See also : Miami Hurricanes men 's basketball A smaller facility , Cobb Stadium , is located on the University of Miami campus and is used by the university 's women 's soccer and men 's and women 's track and field teams .", "20": "UM 's men 's and women 's basketball teams play their home games at Watsco Center on the Coral Gables campus . Jim Larrañaga is the head coach of UM 's men 's basketball team . UM 's men 's basketball team has twice reached the NCAA Championship 's `` Sweet 16 '' ( 1999 -- 2000 and 2012 -- 2013 ) . Katie Meier is the head coach of UM 's women 's basketball team . People ( edit ) Notable alumni ( edit ) Main article : List of University of Miami alumni Alumni of the University of Miami include a number of prominent people , including entertainers such as actors and musicians ie : actor Sylvester Stallone , singer Grace Slick ; athletes from Major League Baseball , the National Football League , the National Basketball Association , and the Olympic Games ; chief executive officers of various companies ; public officials and scientists . Notable faculty ( edit ) Main article : List of University of Miami faculty The University of Miami faculty includes ( or has included ) , by way of example , physicists Paul Dirac and Carolyne M. Van Vliet , Judge Marilyn Milian , geologist Cesare Emiliani , marine biologist Samuel H. Gruber , economist Neil Wallace , audio engineer Bill Porter , artist and architect Bonnie Seeman , architect Elizabeth Plater - Zyberk , sociologist Lowell Juilliard Carr , constitutional law expert John Hart Ely , head of the Administrative Conference of the United States , legal expert Paul R. Verkuil , bassist Jaco Pastorius , guitarist Pat Metheny , artist Walter Darby Bannard , and philosopher Colin McGinn . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NAICU Members Archived November 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : U Miami Home . `` Fast Facts '' . Welcome.miami.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Trustees '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faculty & Employees -- Fall 2016 University of Miami '' . Miami.edu .", "21": "Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Student Enrollment '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Campuses of the University of Miami '' . Miami.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` University of Miami Visual Identity Manual '' ( PDF ) . April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCoy , Jeffrey ( January 14 , 2007 ) . `` DefenseLink News Article : America Supports You : University of Miami ' Adopts ' Sailors in Iraq '' . American Forces Press Service . US Department of Defense . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . Maybe we 'll see ' the U ' in a BCS Bowl Game next year . Jump up ^ Lesmerises , Doug ( 2009 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Ohio State football finding increasingly fertile recruiting ground in Florida '' . Cleveland Plain Dealer . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . This was a generation that grew up rooting for Miami , the school known as `` The U , '' which won 34 straight games from 2000 -- 02 . Jump up ^ https://welcome.miami.edu/about-um/fast-facts/student-enrollment/index.html Jump up ^ `` Your UM Connection '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2006 . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Faculty & Employees -- Fall 2014 University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` University of Miami 's Economic Impact Grows to $3.9 Billion University of Miami '' . University of Miami . August 23 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2006 . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ U.S. News and World Report 2017 rankings Archived May 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved September 15 , 2016 .", "22": "Jump up ^ U Miami Home ( 2015 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Fast Facts '' . Miami.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast Facts '' . University of Miami . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miami ( Florida ) '' . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jones Jr. , Robert C. ( 2007 ) . `` Born and Bred '' . Miami : The University of Miami Magazine . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . miami.edu . University of Miami . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parks , Arva Moore ( 2006 ) . George Merrick 's Coral Gables : Where Your ' Castles in Spain ' Are Made Real . Indianapolis : Centennial Press . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 9741589 - 6 - 8 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to the George Merrick Papers '' . Historical Museum of Southern Florida . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tebeau , Charlton W. ( 1976 ) . The University of Miami . Coral Gables , FL : University of Miami Press . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 87024 - 297 - 0 . Jump up ^ Special Correspondence ( April 18 , 1925 ) . `` City University in Miami Goal '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Boston : 15 . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Secretary of the Corporation . `` University of Miami : Board of Trustees '' . University of Miami . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Berlow , Grade ( April 23 , 1950 ) . `` 10,000 University of Miami Students Attest to Growth of Sunshine School '' . Miami News . p.", "23": "44 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miami magazine : Bold Beginnings Bright Tomorrows '' . Miami Magazine . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` University of Miami History -- Chronology 1920s '' . UM Library . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cardboard College No More '' . The Miami News . February 28 , 1968 . p. 18A . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RECEIVER FOR U. OF MIAMI. ; Federal Judge Names Board Member to Handle Affairs . ( subscription required ) '' . New York Times . December 11 , 1932 . p. 30 . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Law Students Will Get Degrees '' . Miami News . June 2 , 1929 . p. 8 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World War II '' . Coral Gables , Florida : University of Miami . 2011 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. J.F.W. Pearson Named President of Miami University '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . January 13 , 1953 . p. 3 . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Education : Growing Up in Miami -- TIME '' . Time . June 23 , 1961 . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The University of Miami Drops Its Color Barrier '' . New York Times . February 1 , 1961 . p. 33 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Football History -- MIAMI OFFICIAL ATHLETIC SITE '' . UM Sports Information . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2006 . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Wolff , Alexander ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` Breaking down barriers How two people helped change face of college football '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minority Affairs '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Women 's Commission Dissertation ( PDF ) . University of Miami . p. 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 30 , 2004 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Women 's Commission Dissertation ( PDF ) . University of Miami . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 30 , 2004 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Commencement History and Traditions '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Women 's Commission Dissertation ( PDF ) . University of Miami . pp. 21 -- 30 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 30 , 2004 . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UM Milestones '' . University of Miami News and Events. 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Bohning , Don ( 2005 ) . The Castro Obsession : U.S. Covert Operations in Cuba , 1959 -- 1965 . Potomac Books Inc. p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 675 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bohning , Don ( 2005 ) . The Castro Obsession : U.S. Covert Operations in Cuba , 1959 -- 1965 . Potomac Books Inc. p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 675 - 7 . Jump up ^ Baggs , Bill ( April 17 , 1962 ) . `` The 3rd President '' . Miami News . p. 10A .", "25": "Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thames , Rick ( June 24 , 1981 ) . `` It 's first day on job for U-M 's new president '' . Miami News . p. 1A . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mell , Randall ( October 17 , 1990 ) . `` UM to Eliminate Its Athletic Dorms '' . Sun Sentinel . p. 1C . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Next fall , incoming freshman athletes will draw for residential college rooms ^ Jump up to : `` Foote Notes '' . Miami Magazine ( Spring 2001 ) . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UM Starts Ambitious Fund Drive Five Year Goal is $400 Million '' . Miami Herald . November 30 , 1984 . p. 1D . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Shalala Is to Lead University of Miami '' . New York Times . November 19 , 2000 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dahlburg , John - Thor ( January 3 , 2003 ) . `` ' Suntan U ' Tries to Shed Cushy Image -- Los Angeles Times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CPD : 2004 Debates '' . Commission on Presidential Debates . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2008 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` University of Miami Campaign Overview -- Research '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` University of Miami Campaign Overview -- Progress '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 .", "26": "Jump up ^ Corral , Oscar ( February 9 , 2008 ) . `` UM fundraising drive brings in $1.4 billion '' . Miami Herald . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Prized Hospital Joins UM Tradition of Excellence '' . Medicine , the alumni magazine . University of Miami . Spring 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bell , Maya ( June 16 , 2006 ) . `` UM janitors vote to unionize '' . Sun Sentinel Miami News . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Menèndez , Ana ( April 26 , 2006 ) . `` At UM Tent City Among The Trees , Hope Resounds '' . Miami Herald . p . B1 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Janitor 's Fight '' . Miami Herald . April 27 , 2006 . p. 30A . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steven ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` Walkout Ends at University of Miami as Janitors ' Pact Is Reached '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Shalala , Donna ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Letter to Alumni '' . University of Miami . Retrieved October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NACUBO Endowment Study '' ( PDF ) . National Association of College and University Business Officers . p. 3 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Worth Worth '' . Worth . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Miami Educational Experience '' . McDonald Communications . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Estate & Facilities University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 .", "27": "Jump up ^ `` Jerry Herman Ring Theatre , U of M '' . Miami Sun Sentinel . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parks & Recreation Amenities '' . City of Coral Gables . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cultural Programming '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2006 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A New Sensibility '' . Traditional Building . April 2006 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miami - Dade County -- Transit '' . Miami Dade County . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metrorail schedule '' ( PDF ) . Miami Dade County . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UM Housing '' . UM Department of Residence Halls . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statement on Closing the Apartment Area '' ( PDF ) . University of Miami . December 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hecht Residential College University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford Residential College University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eaton Residential College University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 .", "28": "Jump up ^ `` Mahoney Residential College University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pearson Residential College University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` University Village University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Graduate / Law / Medical University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Housing Information for RSMAS Students '' . Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apartment Area University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Off Campus Undergraduate -- Married Students / Students with Children University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Campus Webcam Tour '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2006 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Campuses and Facilities '' . University of Miami . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dade County listings at National Register of Historic Places U.S. Dept. of Interior . Retrieved February 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts , Figures , Accolades , and Accomplishments '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Campus '' . University of Miami .", "29": "Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bandell , Brian ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` UM ready to break ground on life sciences park '' . South Florida Business Journal . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` University Journal '' . Miami Magazine . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UMSM@FAM University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UM / FAU Medical School Partnership Receives Final Approval '' . Florida Atlantic University . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Finding a Place to Live in Miami / Boca '' . UMMSM : Office of Admissions . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tuition '' . University of Miami . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2009 . Retrieved November 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bandell , Brian ( July 20 , 2009 ) . `` UM marine science school awarded $15 M in stimulus '' . South Florida Business Journal . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shuttle Schedule : Spring 2010 '' . Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science . December 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Display Selected University of Miami Legacy Images '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` $400,000 Tab for Environmental Violations '' . Inside Higher Education . August 25 , 2006 . Retrieved November 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Phonebook University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 .", "30": "Jump up ^ Eric Kalis ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Developer buys land from University of Miami '' . The Real Deal . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University of Miami '' ( PDF ) . University of Miami . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 7 , 2004 . Retrieved November 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Krebs , Brenda ( April 16 , 2007 ) . `` Green U -- in The News -- Culture Change University of Miami '' . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2010 . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leonard and Jayne Abess endow Ecosystem Science and Policy Center with a $5 million gift '' . University of Miami . October 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Barbra ( January 19 , 2010 ) . `` New R.J. Dunlap Marine Conservation Program at University of Miami Fosters Ocean Science for Future Generations '' . Innovations Report . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chiller Plant '' . The Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science at the University of Miami . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Green : Mangroves Restoration '' . The Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science at the University of Miami . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Student Enrollment , Fall 2016 '' . Univ. of Miami . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` University of Miami - Fast Facts '' . University of Miami . February 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graduation and Retention Rates '' . University of Miami . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University of Miami ( Florida ) Cohort Graduation Rates '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletics Association . p. 1 .", "31": "Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Graduation Success Rate Report '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletics Association . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Student Enrollment - Fall 2014 '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Admissions Statistics '' ( PDF ) . University of Miami . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faculty and Employees -- Fall 2015 - University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Membership Member List '' . Association of American Colleges and Universities . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2002 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Building a Brighter Florida '' ( PDF ) . Independent Colleges & Universities of Florida . p. 1 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NAICU -- Member Directory '' . National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Travis , Scott ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Florida universities rank high in presidential pay '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived April 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Annual Student Costs '' . University of Miami . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Graduate School University of Miami '' . University of Miami . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIU / UM Doctoral Exchange Program '' . Florida International University . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABOUT THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES '' . University of Miami . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 .", "32": "Jump up ^ `` MD / PhD Program -- Graduate '' . University of Miami . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2004 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Canes in the Community : 2012 President 's Report '' ( PDF ) . University of Miami . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Universities Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Universities Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USNews.com : Graduate School : University of Miami ( Law ) : At a glance '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` USNews.com '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Clinical Psychology Programs '' . U.S. News and World Report . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Higher education R&D expenditures , ranked by FY 2014 R&D expenditures '' . National Science Foundation . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities , 2010 '' . ShanghaiRanking Consultancy . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` # 479 University of Miami '' . Forbes Inc . August 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` University of Miami '' . Forbes . 2012 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Best Southeastern Colleges '' . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UM Featured in Princeton Review 's `` The Best 371 Colleges '' `` . Princeton Review . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 .", "33": "Jump up ^ `` Princeton Review : University of Miami '' . Princeton Review . Retrieved October 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Princeton Review : University of Miami '' . Princeton Review . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Otto G. Richter Library '' . librarytechnology.org . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . 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-6074449039700263907	what is the average height of a chinese man	[ "167.1 cm (5 ft 6 in)", "167.1 cm (5 ft 6 in)", "5 ft 6 in" ]	{ "0": "List of average Human height worldwide - wikipedia List of average Human height worldwide Jump to : navigation , search Below are average adult human heights by country or geographical region . The original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured , surveyed , or considered . As with any statistical data , the accuracy of such data may be questionable for various reasons : Some studies may allow subjects to self - report values . Generally speaking , self - reported height tends to be taller than its measured height , although the overestimation of height depends on the reporting subject 's height , age , gender and region . Test subjects may have been invited instead of chosen at random , resulting in sampling bias . Some countries may have significant height gaps between different regions . For instance , one survey shows there is 10.8 cm ( 4 ⁄ in ) gap between the tallest state and the shortest state in Germany . Under such circumstances , the mean height may not represent the total population unless sample subjects are appropriately taken from all regions with using weighted average of the different regional groups . Different social groups can show different mean height . According to a study in France , executives and professionals are 2.6 cm ( 1 in ) taller , and university students are 2.55 cm ( 1 in ) taller than the national average . As this case shows , data taken from a particular social group may not represent a total population in some countries . A relatively small sample of the population may have been measured , which makes it uncertain whether this sample accurately represents the entire population . The height of persons can vary over the course of a day , due to factors such as a height decrease from exercise done directly before measurement ( i.e. inversely correlated ) , or a height increase since lying down for a significant period of time ( i.e. positively correlated ) . For example , one study revealed a mean decrease of 1.54 centimetres ( 0.61 in ) in the heights of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day . Such factors may not have been controlled in some of the studies . Data is representative of the majority of the country or region 's adult population . Note : Letters in grey indicate non-measured height .", "1": "Country / Region Average male height Average female height Stature ratio ( male to female ) Sample population / age range Share of pop . over 18 covered Methodology Year Source Albania 174.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 29 ( N = m : 649 f : 1,806 ) 23.5 % Measured 2008 -- 2009 Argentina N / A 159.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 19 -- 49 60.4 % Measured 2004 -- 2005 Argentina 174.46 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.01 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 Healthy , 18 ( N = m : 90 f : 97 , SD = m : 7.43 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.99 cm ( 3 in ) ) 2.9 % Measured 1998 -- 2001 Armenia N / A 158.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,218 , SD = f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) 48.6 % Self - reported 2005 Australia 175.6 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 + 100.0 % Measured 2011 -- 2012 Australia 177.8 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 -- 24 12.4 % Measured 2011 -- 2012 Austria 179 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 54.", "2": "3 % Measured 2006 Austria 180 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 24 7.7 % Measured 2006 Austria 178.80 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A 1.07 30 -- 34 7.8 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Austria 179.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 167.6 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.07 21 ( N = m : 53 f : 69 , SD = m : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.5 % Self - reported 2001 Azerbaijan 171.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 165.4 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.04 16 + 106.5 % Measured 2005 Bahrain 165.1 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 154.2 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) 1.07 19 + ( N = m : 1,120 f : 1,181 , SD = m : 9.0 cm ( 3 ⁄ in ) f : 7.8 cm ( 3 in ) ) 97.7 % Measured 2002 Bahrain 171.0 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 156.6 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 1.9 % Measured 2009 Bangladesh N / A 150.6 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 7,368 , SD = f : 5.5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 56.2 % Self - reported 2007 Belgium 178.", "3": "70 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.1 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Belgium 178.6 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 168.1 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.06 21 ( N = m : 20 -- 49 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.7 % Self - reported 2001 Benin N / A 159.3 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 11,015 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.5 % Self - reported 2006 Bolivia N / A 151.8 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 10,302 , SD = f : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.6 % Self - reported 2003 Bolivia 160.0 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 142.2 cm ( 4 ft 8 in ) 1.13 Aymara , 20 -- 29 N / A Measured 1970 Bosnia and Herzegovina 183.9 cm ( 6 ft ⁄ in ) 171.1 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 1.07 Students at UBL , 19 -- 32 ( N = m : 178 f : 34 , SD = m : 7.11 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.56 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.4 % Measured 2014 Brazil 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 + ( N = m : 62,", "4": "037 f : 65,696 ) 100.0 % Measured 2009 Brazil 173.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 161.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 8,299 f : 7,938 ) 13.0 % Measured 2009 Brazil -- Urban 173.5 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 6,360 f : 6,305 ) 10.9 % Measured 2009 Brazil -- Rural 170.9 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 1,939 f : 1,633 ) 2.1 % Measured 2009 Bulgaria 175.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 163.2 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 N / A N / A N / A Bulgaria -- Sofia 178.1 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 N / A N / A N / A Burkina Faso N / A 161.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 7,337 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.5 % Self - reported 2003 Cambodia N / A 152.4 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 5,081 , SD = f : 5.4 cm ( 2 in ) ) 52.2 % Self - reported 2005 Cameroon -- Urban 170.", "5": "6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.06 15 + ( N = m : 3,746 f : 5,078 ) 53.6 % Measured 2003 Cameroon -- Urban 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 162.0 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.06 35 - 44 ( N = m : 558 f : 1,156 ) 8.7 % Measured 2003 Canada 175.1 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 162.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 18 -- 79 94.7 % Measured 2007 -- 2009 Canada 176.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 163.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 25 -- 44 36.5 % Measured 2005 Central African Republic N / A 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,408 , SD = f : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 50.0 % Self - reported 1994 Chad N / A 162.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,393 , SD = f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 51.9 % Self - reported Chile 169.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 156.1 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.09 15 + 107.2 % Measured 2009 -- 2010 Chile 171.2 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 157.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.09 25 -- 44 41.", "6": "2 % Measured 2009 -- 2010 Chile 171 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 15 -- 24 23.7 % Measured 2009 -- 2010 China , People 's Republic of 167.1 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 155.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 + 100.0 % Measured 2012 China , Mainland 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 160.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 19 2.1 % Measured China , People 's Republic of -- Urban 170.2 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 17 0.6 % Measured 2002 China , People 's Republic of -- Rural 166.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 157.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.06 17 1.6 % Measured 2002 China , People 's Republic of -- Beijing 174.7 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 21 0.2 % Measured China , People 's Republic of -- Sichuan 169.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 158.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 0.7 % Measured Colombia 170.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 -- 22 ( N = m : 1,528,875 f : 1,468,110 ) 14.", "7": "1 % Measured 2002 Colombia N / A 155.0 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 22,947 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.8 % Self - reported Comoros N / A 154.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 644 , SD = f : 5.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 49.8 % Self - reported Congo , Democratic Republic of the N / A 157.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,727 , SD = f : 8.0 cm ( 3 in ) ) 52.7 % Self - reported 2005 Congo , Republic of the N / A 159.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 3,922 , SD = f : 8.1 cm ( 3 in ) ) 55.7 % Self - reported 2007 Croatia 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 166.49 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 ( N = m : 358 f : 360 , SD = m : 6.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.6 % Measured 2006 -- 2008 Cuba -- Urban 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 156 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.08 15 + 79.2 % Measured 1999 Czech Republic 180.31 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.22 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 17 1.", "8": "6 % Measured 2001 Denmark 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 20 ( N = m : 38,025 ) 5.3 % Measured 2012 Denmark 181.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 1.5 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Denmark 182.6 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 168.7 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.08 23 ( N = m : -- 20 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : NA f : 7.4 cm ( 3 in ) ) 1.6 % Self - reported 2001 Dinaric Alps 185.6 cm ( 6 ft 1 in ) 171.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 1.08 17 N / A Measured 2005 Dominican Republic 172.7 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,763 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.8 % Self - reported 2014 El Salvador N / A 160.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 50.9 % Self - reported 2007 Egypt 170.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 845 f : 1,059 ) 16.6 % Measured 2008 Egypt N / A 159.5 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 13,813 , SD = f : 6.", "9": "0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.2 % Self - reported 2008 Estonia 179.1 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 17 2.3 % Measured 2003 Ethiopia N / A 157.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 3,868 , SD = f : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.8 % Self - reported 1997 Europe 177.6 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 17 -- 29 N / A Measured and Self - reported 2001 -- 2012 Finland 178.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 25 -- 34 ( N = m / f : 2,305 ) 19.0 % Measured 1994 Finland 180.7 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 − 25 ( N = m / f : 26,636 ) 9.2 % Measured 2010 -- 2011 Finland 177.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.4 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 France 175.6 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 162.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 18 -- 70 ( N = m / f : 11,562 ) 85.9 % Measured 2003 -- 2004 France 174.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 + 96.6 % Measured 2001 France 177.", "10": "0 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 164.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 20 -- 29 17.5 % Measured 2001 France 176.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.3 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Gabon N / A 158.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,576 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.1 % Self - reported 2000 Gambia -- Rural 168.0 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 157.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.06 21 -- 49 ( N = m : 9,559 f : 13,160 , SD = m : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) ) N / A Measured 1950 -- 1974 Germany 175.4 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 162.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 18 -- 79 ( N = m / f : 19,768 ) 94.3 % Measured 2007 Germany 178.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 166.1 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 -- 37 29.2 % Measured 2007 Germany -- Urban 180.6 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 168.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 -- 37 7.1 % Measured 2007 Germany 180.17 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 7.", "11": "2 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Germany 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 165 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 + ( N = m : 25,112 f : 25,560 ) 100.0 % Self - reported 2009 Germany 181 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 18 -- 25 ( N = m : 2,501 f : 2,227 ) 11.3 % Self - reported 2009 Ghana N / A 159.3 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,958 , SD = f : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.4 % Self - reported 2008 Ghana 169.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 158.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 29 14.7 % Measured 1987 -- 1989 Greece 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 165 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.07 18 -- 49 56.3 % Measured 2003 Greece 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 8.5 % Measured 2003 Greece 178.06 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 26 ( N = m : 3,982 , SD = m : 7.05 cm ( 3 in ) ) 13.7 % Measured 2006 -- 2007 Greece 177.29 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 9.", "12": "5 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Greece 178.3 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 166.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 21 ( N = m : 20 -- 49 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.8 % Self - reported 2001 Guatemala N / A 147.3 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,773 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.3 % Self - reported 1998 Guinea N / A 158.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,563 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.9 % Self - reported 2005 Haiti N / A 158.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,932 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.8 % Self - reported 2005 Honduras N / A 152.0 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 11,219 , SD = f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.3 % Self - reported 2005 Hong Kong 171.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 ( N = m : 468 f : 453 , SD = m : 5.5 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.", "13": "4 % Measured 2006 Hong Kong 173.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 160.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.08 University students , 19 -- 20 ( N = m : 291 f : 200 , SD = m : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.2 cm ( 2 in ) ) 0.6 % Measured 2005 Hungary 176 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 Adults N / A Measured 2000s Hungary 177.3 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 18 ( N = m : 1,080 , SD = m : 5.99 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.7 % Measured 2005 India 164.7 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 151.9 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 ( N = m : 69,245 f : 118,796 ) 69.8 % Measured 2005 -- 2006 Iceland 181 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 43.6 % Self - reported 2007 India -- Rural 161.2 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 152.1 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.06 17 + ( SD = m : 7.0 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 72.1 % Measured 2007 India 166.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 152.6 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.09 20 3.", "14": "0 % Predicted 2005 -- 2006 Indonesia 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 147 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) 1.07 50 + ( N = m : 2,041 f : 2,396 , Median = m : 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) f : 147 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) ) 22.5 % Self - reported 1997 Iran 170.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 157.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 21 + ( N = m / f : 89,532 , SD = m : 8.05 cm ( 3 in ) f : 7.22 cm ( 3 in ) ) 88.1 % Measured 2005 Iran 173.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 159.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.09 21 -- 25 17.9 % Measured 2005 Iraq -- Baghdad 165.4 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 155.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.06 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 700 f : 800 , SD = m : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) f : 16.0 cm ( 6 ⁄ in ) ) 76.3 % Measured 1999 -- 2000 Ireland 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 20 -- 49 61.8 % Measured 2007 Ireland 179 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.10 20 -- 24 10.4 % Measured 2007 Ireland 176.60 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 1.", "15": "7 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Ireland 177.5 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 21 ( N = m : 54 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 7.6 cm ( 3 in ) ) 2.4 % Self - reported 2001 Israel 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 -- 21 9.7 % Measured Italy 176.5 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 18 1.4 % Measured 1999 -- 2004 Italy 174.48 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 1.6 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Italy 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 167.8 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.06 21 ( N = m : 106 f : 92 , SD = m : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.4 % Self - reported 2001 Ivory Coast 170.1 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 29 ( SD = m : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.67 cm ( 2 in ) ) 14.6 % Measured 1985 -- 1987 Ivory Coast N / A 159.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,600 , SD = f : 6.", "16": "2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.4 % Self - reported 1998 Jamaica 171.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 160.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 74 71.4 % Measured 1994 -- 1996 Japan 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 47.2 % Measured 2005 Japan 172.0 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158.70 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 1,708 f : 1,559 , SD = m : 5.42 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.30 cm ( 2 in ) ) 7.2 % Measured Japan 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 17 1.2 % Measured 2013 Jordan N / A 158.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,484 , SD = f : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.6 % Self - reported 2007 Kazakhstan N / A 159.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,600 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.7 % Self - reported 1999 Kenya 169.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) N / A N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,600 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.", "17": "7 % Summary 2016 Kenya N / A 158.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,856 , SD = f : 7.3 cm ( 3 in ) ) 52.5 % Survey 2016 Korea , North North Korea 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 154.9 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 Defectors , 20 -- 39 ( N = m / f : 1,075 ) 46.4 % Measured 2005 Korea , South South Korea 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 157.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 20 + ( N = m : 2,750 f : 2,445 , Median = m : 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) f : 157.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) , SD = m : 6.40 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.99 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 96.5 % Measured Korea , South South Korea 173.5 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 160.4 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.08 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 378 f : 298 , Median = m : 174.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) f : 160.5 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) , SD = m : 5.16 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.26 cm ( 2 in ) ) 8.0 % Measured Korea , South South Korea 173.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 19 ( N = m : 339,716 ) 3.8 % Measured 2016 Korea , South South Korea -- Seoul 173.", "18": "3 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 19 ( N = m : 60,039 ) 0.8 % Measured 2016 Kosovo - Prishtina 179.52 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.72 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) N / A Conscripts , 18 - 20 ( N = m : 830 f : 793 , SD = m : 7.02 cm , f : 4.93 cm ) 63.0 % Measured 2017 Kyrgyzstan N / A 158.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,424 , SD = f : 5.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.4 % Self - reported 1997 Lesotho N / A 157.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,879 , SD = f : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 49.8 % Self - reported Liberia N / A 157.3 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,281 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.8 % Self - reported 2006 Lithuania 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 -- 25 ( N = m : 197 SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 14.7 % Measured 2005 Lithuania -- Urban 178.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 -- 25 ( N = m : 91 SD = m : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 9.", "19": "9 % Measured 2005 Lithuania -- Rural 176.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 -- 25 ( N = m : 106 SD = m : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 4.9 % Measured 2005 Lithuania 181.3 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 167.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 18 2.1 % Measured 2001 Madagascar N / A 154.3 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 5,024 , SD = f : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.6 % Self - reported 2003 Malawi -- Urban 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 155 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 16 -- 60 ( N = m : 583 f : 315 , SD = m : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 9.4 cm ( 3 ⁄ in ) ) 101.1 % Measured 2000 Malaysia 166.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 154.7 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 Malay , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 749 f : 893 , Median = m : 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) f : 155 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) , SD = m : 6.46 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.04 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 9.7 % Measured Malaysia 168.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 158.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.07 Chinese , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 407 f : 453 ,", "20": "Median = m : 169 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) f : 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) , SD = m : 6.98 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.72 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 4.1 % Measured Malaysia 169.1 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 155.4 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.09 Indian , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 113 f : 140 , Median = m : 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) f : 156 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , SD = m : 5.84 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.18 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.2 % Measured Malaysia 163.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 151.9 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.08 Other indigenous , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 257 f : 380 , Median = m : 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) f : 152 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) , SD = m : 6.26 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.95 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.4 % Measured Mali -- Southern Mali 171.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 160.4 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 Rural adults ( N = m : 121 f : 320 , SD = m : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) N / A Measured Malta 169.9 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 159.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.06 18 + 100.0 % Self - reported 2003 Malta 175.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 163.", "21": "8 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 34 17.5 % Self - reported 2003 Mexico 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 65 62.0 % Measured 2014 Mexico -- Bajío 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Adults N / A Measured N / A Mexico -- Central N / A 162 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 26 -- 39 N / A Measured N / A Moldova N / A 161.2 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,757 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 45.9 % Self - reported 2005 Mongolia 168.4 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 157.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.07 25 -- 34 ( N = m : 158 f : 181 ) 27.6 % Measured 2006 Montenegro 183.2 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 168.4 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Students at UCG , 18 -- 37 ( N = m : 178 f : 107 , SD = m : 7.06 cm ( 3 in ) f : 5.27 cm ( 2 in ) ) 3.2 % Measured 2011 Morocco N / A 158.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 10,334 , SD = f : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.", "22": "7 % Self - reported 2003 Mozambique N / A 156 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 6,912 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.0 % Self - reported 2003 Namibia N / A 160.7 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 5,575 , SD = f : 7.1 cm ( 3 in ) ) 50.4 % Self - reported 2006 Nepal 163.0 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 150.8 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 6,280 , SD = f : 5.5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 52.9 % Self - reported 2006 Netherlands 181 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 169 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.07 Caucasians , 16 -- 18 ( N = m : 37 f : 52 , SD = m : 6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 3.7 % Measured 2003 Netherlands 182.70 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 7.8 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Netherlands 180.8 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 20 + 96.8 % Self - reported Netherlands 183.2 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 169.9 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 1.08 20 -- 30 16.9 % Self - reported Netherlands 183.8 cm ( 6 ft ⁄ in ) 170.", "23": "7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 1.08 21 ( N = m : 74 f : 50 , SD = m : 7.1 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.5 % Self - reported 2009 New Zealand 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 56.9 % Measured 2007 New Zealand 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 20 -- 24 9.1 % Measured 2007 Nicaragua N / A 153.7 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 54.1 % Self - reported 2001 Nigeria 163.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 157.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.04 18 -- 74 98.6 % Measured 1994 -- 1996 Nigeria 167.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 160.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.04 20 -- 29 ( N = m : 139 f : 76 , SD = m : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) 33.2 % Measured 2011 Norway 180.0 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 18,297 ) 36.0 % Measured 2011 Norway -- Vest - Agder 181.7 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 770 ) 1.", "24": "33 % Measured 2011 Norway -- Oslo 179.8 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 1,297 ) 4.78 % Measured 2011 Norway -- Finnmark 177.5 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 218 ) 0.54 % Measured 2011 Norway 179.63 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.5 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Norway 180.3 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 85 ( N = m : 1534 f : 1743 ) 93.6 % Self - reported 2008 -- 2009 Norway 182.4 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.09 20 -- 25 ( SD = m : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 9.5 % Self - reported 2008 -- 2009 Norway 181.6 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 168.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 26 -- 35 ( SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 17.0 % Self - reported 2008 -- 2009 Peru 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 151 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 1.09 20 + 93.8 % Measured 2005 Philippines 165.", "25": "6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) N / A N / A 18 + - Measured 1980 Poland 178.7 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.1 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 ( N = m : 846 f : 1,126 ) 1.6 % Measured Portugal 173.9 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 18 ( N = m : 696 ) 1.5 % Measured 2008 Portugal 172.30 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 9.7 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Portugal 171 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 161 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.06 20 -- 50 56.7 % Self - reported 2001 Portugal 173.7 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 163.7 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.06 21 ( N = m : 87 f : 106 , SD = m : 8.2 cm ( 3 in ) f : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.9 % Self - reported 2001 Qatar 170.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 161.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.06 18 1.9 % Measured 2005 Rwanda N / A 157.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 3,202 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.2 % Self - reported 2005 Romania 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 157 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.", "26": "10 N / A N / A Measured 2007 Russia 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.1 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 24 1.9 % Measured Samoa N / A 166.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) N / A 18 -- 28 ( N = f : 55 SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 32.6 % Measured Saudi Arabia 168.9 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 156.3 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 3.0 % Measured Senegal N / A 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,533 , SD = f : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.4 % Self - reported 2005 Serbia 182.0 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 166.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Students at UNS , 18 -- 30 ( N = m : 318 f : 76 , SD = m : 6.74 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.88 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.7 % Measured 2012 Singapore 171 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 160 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 Chinese students at TP , 16 -- 18 ( N = m : 52 f : 49 , SD = m : 6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 0.3 % Measured 2003 Slovakia 179.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 2.", "27": "0 % Measured Slovenia -- Ljubljana 180.3 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.4 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 19 0.2 % Measured 2011 South Africa 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.06 19 ( N = m : 121 f : 118 ) 3.6 % Measured 2003 Sri Lanka 163.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 151.4 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 + ( N = m : 1,768 f : 2,709 , SD = m : 6.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 100.0 % Measured 2005 -- 2006 Sri Lanka 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 154.0 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 -- 29 ( N = m : 312 f : 427 , SD = m : 7.1 cm ( 3 in ) f : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 30.7 % Measured 2005 -- 2006 Spain 173.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A 18 -- 70 ( N = m : 1,298 ) 88.2 % Measured 2013 -- 2014 Spain N / A 159.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 18 -- 70 ( N = f : 8,217 ) 83.5 % Measured 2007 -- 2008 Spain 175.3 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) N / A N / A 18 -- 34 ( N = m : 554 - 1,061 ) 26.", "28": "8 % Measured 2013 -- 2014 Spain N / A 162.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 18 -- 19 ( N = f : 656 ) 2.4 % Measured 2007 -- 2008 Spain 175.5 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 11.1 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Spain 174 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.07 20 -- 49 57.0 % Self - reported 2007 Spain 176 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.06 20 -- 24 7.5 % Self - reported 2007 Spain 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 166.2 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 21 ( N = m : 111 f : 94 , SD = m : 6.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.8 % Self - reported 2001 Swaziland N / A 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,612 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 51.0 % Self - reported 2006 Sweden 181.5 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 166.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.09 20 -- 29 15.6 % Measured 2008 Sweden 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A 30 8.0 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Sweden 177.", "29": "9 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 20 -- 74 86.3 % Self - reported 1987 -- 1994 Switzerland 178.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 ( N = m : 12,447 , Median = m : 178.0 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) , SD = m : 6.52 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.5 % Measured 2009 Switzerland 175.4 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 74 88.8 % Self - reported 1987 -- 1994 Taiwan 171.4 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 159.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 17 ( N = m : 200 f : 200 ) 1.7 % Measured 2011 Tanzania N / A 156.6 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 6,033 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.8 % Self - reported Thailand 170.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 STOU students , 15 -- 19 ( N = m : 839 f : 1,636 , SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.2 % Self - reported 2005 Togo N / A 159.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,728 , SD = f : 6.", "30": "1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.4 % Self - reported 1998 Tonga 176.1 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 165.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.07 40 ( N = m : 241 f : 299 ) 1.5 % Measured 2001 Turkey 173.6 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 - 22 ( N = m : 322 f : 247 ) 8.3 % Measured 2007 Turkey -- Ankara 174.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.10 18 -- 59 ( N = m : 703 f : 512 , Median = m : 169.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) f : 157.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) , SD = m : 6.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 5.1 % Measured 2004 -- 2006 Turkey -- Ankara 176.1 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 18 -- 29 ( N = m : 390 f : 163 , Median = m : 173.9 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) f : 164.5 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) , SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 7.0 cm ( 3 in ) ) 2.0 % Measured 2004 -- 2006 Turkey N / A 156.4 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,393 , SD = f : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) ) 54.", "31": "5 % Self - reported 2003 Uganda N / A 159.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,666 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.4 % Self - reported 2006 United Arab Emirates 173.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 156.4 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.11 N / A N / A N / A N / A United Kingdom -- England 175.3 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 16 + ( N = m : 3,154 f : 3,956 ) 103.2 % Measured 2012 United Kingdom -- England 177.8 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.5 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 25 -- 34 ( N = m : 415 f : 611 ) 17.2 % Measured 2012 United Kingdom -- Scotland 175.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 16 + ( N = m : 2,512 f : 3,180 , Median = m : 174.8 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) f : 161.2 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) ) 103.0 % Measured 2008 United Kingdom -- Scotland 178.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 25 -- 34 ( N = m : 286 f : 413 , Median = m : 178.0 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) f : 163.9 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) ) 15.", "32": "7 % Measured 2008 United Kingdom -- Wales 177.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162.0 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 16 + 103.2 % Self - reported 2009 United States 175.7 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.09 All Americans , 20 + ( N = m : 5,232 f : 5,547 , Median = m : 175.6 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) f : 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) ) 69 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States 176.4 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162.9 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 All Americans , 20 -- 29 ( N = m : 937 f : 928 , Median = m : 176.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) f : 162.9 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) ) 13.9 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- African Americans 177.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 African Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 405 f : 418 , Median = m : 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) f : 163.7 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) ) 3.4 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Hispanic and Latino Americans 172.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 Hispanic / Latino Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 385 f : 428 , Median = m : 172.3 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) f : 159.", "33": "1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) ) 4.4 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Mexican Americans 172.2 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 158.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Mexican Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 233 f : 247 , Median = m : 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) f : 158.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) ) 2.8 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Asian Americans 172.3 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 158.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Non-Hispanic Asians , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 260 f : 272 , Median = m : 172.2 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) f : 158.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) ) 1.3 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Non-Hispanic whites 178.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 165.0 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 Non-Hispanic White Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 715 f : 689 , Median = m : 178.3 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) f : 164.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) ) 17.1 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 Uruguay 170 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 Adults ( N = m : 2,249 f : 2,114 ) N / A Measured Uzbekistan N / A 159.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,635 , SD = f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.", "34": "6 % Self - reported Vietnam 162.1 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 152.2 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.07 25 -- 29 ( SD = m : 5.39 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.39 cm ( 2 in ) ) 15.9 % Measured 1992 -- 1993 Vietnam 165.7 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 155.2 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 Students , 20 -- 25 ( N = m : 1,000 f : 1,000 , SD = m : 6.55 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.32 cm ( 2 in ) ) 2.0 % Measured 2006 -- 2007 Zambia N / A 158.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,091 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.2 % Self - reported 2007 Zimbabwe N / A 160.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,746 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 47.3 % Self - reported 2005 Notes Jump up ^ In this case , data that are representative of the majority of the country or region 's adult population are those that factor in over 50 % of the country or region 's population aged 18 or over . References Jump up ^ Arno J. Krul ; Hein A.M. Daanen ; Hyegjoo Choi ( 2010 ) . `` Self - reported and measured weight , height and body mass index ( BMI ) in Italy , the Netherlands and North America '' . European Journal of Public Health . 21 : 414 -- 419 . doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / ckp228 .", "35": "Jump up ^ Lucca A , JMoura EC ( 2010 ) . `` Validity and reliability of self - reported weight , height and body mass index from telephone interviews '' . Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 26 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 22 . doi : 10.1590 / s0102 - 311x2010000100012 . PMID 20209215 . ^ Jump up to : Shields , Margot ; Gorber , Sarah Connor & Tremblay , Mark S. ( 2009 ) . `` Methodological Issues in Anthropometry : Self - reported versus Measured Height and Weight '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of Statistic s Canada Symposium 2008 . Data Collection : Challenges , Achievements and New Directions . ^ Jump up to : Moody , Alison ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` 10 : Adult anthropometric measures , overweight and obesity '' . In Craig , Rachel ; Mindell , Jennifer . Health Survey for England -- 2012 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Volume 1 : Health , social care and lifestyles . Health and Social Care Information Centre . p. 20 . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : WWC Web World Center GmbH G.R.P. Institut für Rationelle Psychologie KÖRPERMASSE BUNDESLÄNDER & STÄDTE Archived 2012 - 08 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . 31 . Oktober 2007 Jump up ^ Although the mean height of university students are slightly shorter than the national mean height aged 20 -- 29 in this study . ^ Jump up to : Herpin , Nicolas ( 2003 ) . `` La taille des hommes : son incidence sur la vie en couple et la carrière professionnelle '' ( PDF ) . Économie et Statistique. 361 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 90 . doi : 10.3406 / estat. 2003.7355 . Jump up ^ Buckler JM . `` Variations in height throughout the day '' . Arch Dis Child . 53 : 762 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 53.9. 762 .", "36": "PMC 1545095 . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ del Pino , Mariana ; Bay , Luisa ; Lejarraga , Horacio ; Kovalskys , Irina ; Berner , Enrique ; Herscovici , Cecile Rausch ( 2005 ) . `` Peso y estatura de una muestra nacional de 1.971 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años : las referencias argentinas continúan vigentes '' . Archivos argentinos de pediatría ( in Spanish ) . 103 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Subramanian , S.V. ; Özaltin , Emre ; Finlay , Jocelyn E. ( 2011 ) . `` Height of Nations : A Socioeconomic Analysis of Cohort Differences and Patterns among Women in 54 Low - to Middle - Income Countries '' . Public Library of Science .", "37": "6 ( 4 ) : e18962 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0018962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Health Survey : First Results '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Society at a Glance 2009 : OECD Social Indicators '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy J. Hatton , Bernice E Bray , etc . Long Run Trends in the Heights of European Men , 19th -- 20th Centuries ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Jaume ( 2007 ) . `` The Evolution of Adult Height in Europe : A Brief Note '' ( PDF ) . Economics and human biology . 5 ( 2 ) : 340 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ehb. 2007.02. 002 . PMID 17412655 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee , 2005 '' . Today.az. 2005 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEY FOR ADULT BAHRAINIS AGED 19 YEARS AND ABOVE '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Health , Kingdom of Bahrain. 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gharib NM , Shah P ( 2009 ) . `` Anthropometry and body composition of school children in Bahrain '' . Annals of Saudi Medicine . 29 ( supplement 4 ) : 258 -- 69 . PMC 2841452 . 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Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Note : Calculated using a weighted average of the different age groups . ^ Jump up to : `` Софиянци : високи , главно непушачи , средно дебели '' . Bnews.bg. 2010 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Kamadjeu RM , Edwards R , Atanga JS , Kiawi EC , Unwin N , Mbanya JC ( 2006 ) . `` Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon : an update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey '' . BMC Public Health . 6 : 228 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 6 - 228 . PMC 1579217 . PMID 16970806 . Jump up ^ Shields , Margot ; Gorber , Sarah Connor ; Janssen , Ian & Tremblay , Mark S. ( 2011 ) . `` Bias in self - reported estimates of obesity in Canadian health surveys : An update on correction equations for adult '' ( PDF ) . Health reports / Statistics Canada , Canadian Centre for Health Information = Rapports sur la sante / Statistique Canada , Centre canadien d'information sur la sante.", "39": "22 ( 3 ) : 35 -- 45 . PMID 22106788 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capítulo V : Resultados '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Growing is tied to big problems '' . The Standard . Sing Tao Newspaper Limited . 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 年国民体质监测公报 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Yang XG , Li YP , Ma GS , Hu XQ , Wang JZ , Cui ZH , Wang ZH , Yu WT , Yang ZX , Zhai FY ( 2005 ) . `` ( Study on weight and height of the Chinese people and the differences between 1992 and 2002 ) '' . Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi ( in Chinese ) . 26 ( 7 ) : 489 -- 93 . PMID 16334998 . Jump up ^ Beijing 's population in 2010 from Beijing Shi General Information Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , GEOHIVE . Jump up ^ 北京市 2010 年国民体质监测结果公报 Jump up ^ Sichuan 's population in 2010 from Sichuan Province General Information Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , GEOHIVE . Jump up ^ 2010 年四川省第三次国民体质监测公报 Archived 2014 - 04 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Meisel , Adolfo & Vega , Margarita . `` A TROPICAL SUCCESS STORY : A CENTURY OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BIOLOGICAL STANDARD OF LIVING , COLOMBIA 1910 -- 2002 '' ( PDF ) .", "40": "Paper prepared for The Fifth World Congress of Cliometrics , Venice International University , Venice , Italy , July 8 -- 11 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Jureša , Vesna ; Musil , Vera & Kujundžić Tiljak , Mirjana ( 2012 ) . `` Growth charts for Croatian school children and secular trends in past twenty years '' . Collegium Antropologicum. 36 ( supplement 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` CÁLCULOS DE PESO Y TALLA PROMEDIO DE LA POBLACION POR PROVINCIAS Y CUBA '' . II Encuesta de Factores de Riesgo para la Salud y Enfermedades no Transmisibles , 2001 ( in Spanish ) . Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas de Cuba . 2008 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Vignerová , J. ; Brabec , M. ; Bláha , P. ( 2006 ) . `` Two centuries of growth among Czech children and youth '' . Econ Hum Biol. 2006 Jun ; 4 ( 2 ) : 237 - 52 . Epub 2005 Dec 20 . Economics and Human Biology . Jump up ^ `` Conscription result with conscripts BMI and height '' ( PDF ) . Forsvarets rekruttering , Kingdom of Denmark . 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Pineau JC , Delamarche P , Bozinovic S ( 2005 ) . `` ( Average height of adolescents in the Dinaric Alps ) '' . Comptes Rendus Biologies ( in French ) . 328 ( 9 ) : 841 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. crvi. 2005.07. 004 . PMID 16168365 ... Note : Authors added + 1 cm to the height mean of the male sample to compensate unfinished growth . Jump up ^ `` A century of trends in adult human height '' . Jump up ^ Egypt -- Demographic and Health Survey 2008 . Jump up ^ Lintsi M , Kaarma H ( 2006 ) .", "41": "`` Growth of Estonian seventeen - year - old boys during the last two centuries '' . Economics and Human Biology . 4 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 103 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ehb. 2005.05. 007 . PMID 15993666 . Jump up ^ In this study , the average height of European males is calculated as a weighted average of 42 European Nations ' mean hegiht . Jump up ^ Data for 17 year olds are added extra 1 cm ( ⁄ in ) because of unfinished growth . ^ Jump up to : `` Lasten kasvunseurannan uudistaminen , Asiantuntijaryhmän raportti '' ( PDF ) . National Institute for Health and Welfare. 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Uudet kasvukäyrät '' . thl.fi. 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` La Campagne Nationale de Mensuration '' ( PDF ) . ifth.org. 2006 - 02 - 02 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Mode & Couture '' ( PDF ) . Educatel une formation pour chaque projet . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sear , Rebecca . `` Size , body condition and adult mortality in rural Gambia : a life history perspective '' ( PDF ) . London School of Economics . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ In this survey , the urban area is composed by 38 most populated cities from Berlin to Rostock , being approximately 24 % of total German population . Jump up ^ Germany 's regional population in 2011 from Gemeinden in Deutschland nach Bevölkerung am 31.12. 2011 auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011 und früherer Zählungen im Excel - Format , Statistisches Bundesamt ( Destatis ) .", "42": "^ Jump up to : `` Mikrozensus -- Fragen zur Gesundheit -- Körpermaße der Bevölkerung '' ( PDF ) . Statistisches Bundesamt , Wiesbaden. 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Productive Benefits of Improving Health : Evidence from Low - Income Countries , T. Paul Schultz * '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Papadimitriou A , Fytanidis G , Douros K , Papadimitriou DT , Nicolaidou P , Fretzayas A ( 2008 ) . `` Greek young men grow taller '' . Acta Paediatrica. 97 ( 8 ) : 1105 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1651 - 2227.2008. 00855. x . PMID 18477057 . Jump up ^ So HK , Nelson EA , Li AM , Wong EM , Lau JT , Guldan GS , Mak KH , Wang Y , Fok TF , Sung RY ( 2008 ) . `` Secular changes in height , weight and body mass index in Hong Kong Children '' ( PDF ) . BMC Public Health . 8 : 320 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 8 - 320 . PMC 2572616 . PMID 18803873 . Jump up ^ The university participation rate is approximately 20 % in 2005 . Key Statistics on Post-secondary Education , Committee on Self - financing Post-secondary Education Jump up ^ Jones , Shirley F. ; Cooper , John A. ; Dransfield , Mark T. ( October 2005 ) . `` SINGLE MEASUREMENTS OF INSPIRATORY CAPACITY ARE NOT BETTER THAN FEV1 IN PREDICTING SYMPTOM SCORES IN COPD '' . Chest. 128 ( 4 ) : 247S . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 128.3. 1297 .", "43": "Jump up ^ Average height of men and women ( National Geographic , Hungarian ) Jump up ^ Mészáros Z , Mészáros J , Völgyi E , Sziva A , Pampakas P , Prókai A , Szmodis M ( 2008 ) . `` Body mass and body fat in Hungarian schoolboys : Differences between 1980 -- 2005 '' . Journal of physiological anthropology. 27 ( 5 ) : 241 -- 5 . doi : 10.2114 / jpa2. 27.241 . PMID 18838839 . Jump up ^ Mamidi , RS ; Kulkarni , B ; Singh , A ( 2011 ) . `` Secular trends in height in different states of India in relation to socioeconomic characteristics and dietary intakes '' . Food and nutrition bulletin. 32 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 34 . PMID 21560461 . ^ Jump up to : Venkaiah K , Damayanti K , Nayak MU , Vijayaraghavan K ( 2002 ) . `` Diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India '' . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 ( 11 ) : 1119 -- 25 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ejcn. 1601457 . PMID 12428178 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Family Life Survey , 1997 '' . Repositories.cdlib.org. 2003 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Haghdoost , AA ; Mirzazadeh , A & Alikhani , S ( 2008 ) . `` Secular Trend of Height Variations in Iranian Population Born between 1940 and 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Iranian J Publ Health . 37 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tawfeek H ( 2002 ) . `` Relationship between waist circumference and blood pressure among the population in Baghdad , Iraq '' ( PDF ) . Food and nutrition bulletin. 23 ( 4 ) : 402 -- 6 .", "44": "PMID 16619749 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` נתוני גובה ממוצע '' . Health-pages.co.il. 2007 - 05 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cacciari ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height , weight and BMI ( 2 to 20 yr ) '' . Journal of Endocrinological Investigation . 29 : 581 -- 93 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03344156 . PMID 16957405 . ^ Jump up to : Okosun IS , Cooper RS , Rotimi CN , Osotimehin B , Forrester T ( 1998 ) . `` Association of waist circumference with risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Nigerians , Jamaicans , and African - Americans '' . Diabetes Care . 21 ( 11 ) : 1836 -- 42 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 21.11. 1836 . PMID 9802730 . Jump up ^ `` Official Statistics by Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Official Statistics by Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology . e-stat.go.jp '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kenyans becoming shorter : Study '' . Daily Nation . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Post unification discrimination potential '' . Yeolchae. 2006 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` 사이즈 코리아 남성 / 여성 연령대 별 표준 체형 지수 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 .", "45": "^ Jump up to : `` 징병 검사 현황 -- 신장 분포 , 청별 '' . Korean Statistical Information Service . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ ARIFI , Fitim et al. Stature and its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Kosovan Adults : National Survey . Int. J. Morphol . ( online ) . 2017 , vol. 35 , n. 3 , pp. 1161 - 1167 . ISSN 0717 - 9502 . ^ Jump up to : Note : In this study , the subjects ' height was measured twice . The first measurement presumably took place in 2004 and the average height of the conscripts was 176.4 cm . When they measured the same group after a year , the mean height of the conscripts was 177.2 cm ^ Jump up to : `` Anthropometrical data and physical fitness of Lithuanian soldiers according to the sociodemographic characteristics '' ( PDF ) . medicina.kmu.lt . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tutkuviene J. ( 2005 ) . `` Sex and gender differences in secular trend of body size and frame indices of Lithuanians '' . Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Bericht uber die biologisch - anthropologische Literatur. 63 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 44 . JSTOR 29542614 . PMID 15830586 . Jump up ^ Msamati BC , Igbigbi PS ( 2000 ) . `` Anthropometric profile of urban adult black Malawians '' . East African Medical Journal . 77 ( 7 ) : 364 -- 8 . doi : 10.4314 / eamj. v77i7. 46663 . PMID 12862154 . ^ Jump up to : Ethnic population ratio ( 1995 ) from Historical Overview of Malaysia 's Experience in Enhancing Equity and Quality of Education , Hazri Jamil . ^ Jump up to : Lim TO , Ding LM , Zaki M , et al. ( March 2000 ) .", "46": "`` Distribution of Body Weight , Height and Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Malaysian Adults '' ( PDF ) . Med. J. Malaysia . 55 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 28 . PMID 11072496 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Katherine A. Dettwyler ( July 1992 ) . `` Nutritional status of adults in rural Mali '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 88 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 321 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330880306 . PMID 1642319 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE MALTESE WAY OF LIFE ... '' News Release . National Statistics Office -- Malta. 2003 - 12 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 04 . Note : A 2007 Eurostat study revealed the same results : the average Maltese person is 164.9 cm ( 5 ' 4.9 `` ) compared to the EU average of 169.6 cm ( 5 ' 6.7 '' ) . Jump up ^ `` Admixture in Latin America : Geographic Structure , Phenotypic Diversity and Self - Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals '' table 1 , Plosgenetics , 25 September 2014 . Retrieved on 8 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ¿ Cuánto miden los mexicanos ? '' . Mexicanbusinessweb.mx. 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors 2006 . WHO ( 2007 ) . ISBN 9992998040 Jump up ^ Enrollment at UCG from University of Montenegro Guide for Incoming Students , University of Montenegro . Jump up ^ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5 ( ± 0.7 ) for male and 17.6 ( ± 0.6 ) for female .", "47": "Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18 . Jump up ^ Ethnic population ratio from Netherlands Demographics Profile 2014 , IndexMundi . ^ Jump up to : Deurenberg P , Bhaskaran K , Lian PL ( 2003 ) . `` Singaporean Chinese adolescents have more subcutaneous adipose tissue than Dutch Caucasians of the same age and body mass index '' . Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 12 ( 3 ) : 261 -- 5 . PMID 14505987 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reported height , 20 years or older , Central Bureau of Statistics , 15 February 2012 '' . Statline.cbs.nl . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Schönbeck , Yvonne ; Talma , Henk ; Van Dommelen , Paula ; Bakker , Boudewijn ; Buitendijk , Simone E. ; Hirasing , Remy A. ; Van Buuren , Stef ( 2012 ) . `` The world 's tallest nation has stopped growing taller : The height of Dutch children from 1955 to 2009 '' . Pediatric Research . 73 ( 3 ) : 371 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / pr. 2012.189 . PMID 23222908 . Jump up ^ Ter Goon D , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` The relationship between arm span and stature in Nigerian adults '' ( PDF ) . Kinesiology. 43 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistisk årbok 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Norway . 2011 . p. 126 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fysisk aktivitet blant voksne og eldre i Norge '' ( PDF ) . Resultater fra en kartlegging i 2008 og 2009 ( in Norwegian ) . Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs . 2009 . p. 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 .", "48": "Jump up ^ `` Encuesta Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales , Bioquímicos , Socioeconómicos y Culturales relacionados con las Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Dirección Ejecutiva de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional ( DEVAN ) , Instituto Nacional de Salud ( INS ) . 5 June 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://ourworldindata.org/human-height/ Jump up ^ Kułaga Z , Litwin M , Tkaczyk M , Palczewska I , Zajączkowska M , Zwolińska D , Krynicki T , Wasilewska A , Moczulska A , Morawiec - Knysak A , Barwicka K , Grajda A , Gurzkowska B , Napieralska E , Pan H ( 2011 ) . `` Polish 2010 growth references for school - aged children and adolescents '' . European journal of pediatrics. 170 ( 5 ) : 599 -- 609 . doi : 10.1007 / s00431 - 010 - 1329 - x . PMC 3078309 . PMID 20972688 . Note : The values represent averages , not medians listed in the study . Jump up ^ Sardinha ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Portuguese youth : A study in a representative sample of 10 -- 18 - year - old children and adolescents '' . International Journal of Pediatric Obesity , Informa Healthcare . 6 : e124 -- 8 . doi : 10.3109 / 17477166.2010. 490263 . PMID 20919807 . Jump up ^ Bener A1 , Kamal AA. ( 2008 ) . `` Growth patterns of Qatari school children and adolescents aged 6 -- 18 years '' . Journal of Health , Population and Nutrition. 23 ( supplement 3 ) : 250 -- 8 . PMID 16262022 .", "49": "Jump up ^ Evenimente Sibiul 2007 Jump up ^ Brainerd E. ( 2006 ) . `` Reassessing the Standard of Living in the Soviet Union : An Analysis Using Archival and Anthropometric Data '' ( PDF ) . William Davidson Institute Working Paper . Jump up ^ `` Body Size and Composition , Lifestyle and Health Among Native Samoan Women '' ( PDF ) . Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ El Mouzan ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children and adolescents '' . Annals of Saudi Medicine . 30 ( supplement 3 ) : 203 -- 208 . doi : 10.4103 / 0256 - 4947.62833 . PMC 2886870 . PMID 20427936 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at UNS from University of Novi Sad Facts and Figures , University of Novi Sad . Jump up ^ Popovic S , et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Serbian Adults '' ( PDF ) . Int. J. Morphol. 31 ( 1 ) : 271 -- 279 . doi : 10.4067 / S0717 - 95022013000100043 . Jump up ^ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5 ( ± 0.6 ) . Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at Temasek Polytechnic from Temasek Polytechnic , UNI AGENTS . Jump up ^ Ethnic population ratio from Singapore Demographics Profile 2014 , indexMundi . Jump up ^ Ševčíková , Ľ. ; Nováková , J. ; Hamade , J. and Tatara , M. ( 2004 ) Rast a vývojové trendy slovenských detí a mládeže za posledných 10 rokov ( Growth and development trends in Slovak children and adolescents during the last 10 years ) .", "50": "In : Životné podmienky a zdravie ( Living conditions and health ) . Editor : Ľubica Ághová . Bratislava . Jump up ^ Ljubljana 's population in 2011 from UNdata , United Nations . Jump up ^ Starc G , Strel J. `` Is there a rationale for establishing Slovenian body mass index references of school - aged children and adolescents '' ( PDF ) . Anthropological Notebooks. 17 ( 3 ) : 89 -- 100 . lastauthoramp = yes Jump up ^ `` SOUTH AFRICA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY -- 2003 '' ( PDF ) . doh.gov.za . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Ranasinghe , Priyanga ; Jayawardana , M.A. Naveen A.A.D. ; Constantine , Godwin R. ; Sheriff , M.H. Rezvi ; Matthews , David R. ; Katulanda , Prasad ( 2010 ) . `` Patterns and correlates of adult height in Sri Lanka '' . Economics and Human Biology . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 1,583 ( 12 -- 70 ) and the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 70 is 82 % . ^ Jump up to : `` Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica > Metodología '' . Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica '' . Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` El estudio antropométrico realizado por el IBV desvela las medidas actuales del hombre español '' . Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015 - 03 - 12 .", "51": "Jump up ^ The total sample size is 10,415 ( 12 -- 70 ) , and the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 70 is 78.9 % . ^ Jump up to : `` Estudio Antropométrico de la Población Femenina en España '' ( PDF ) . Ministerio de Sanidad , Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. 2008 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 1,583 ( 12 -- 70 ) , the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 29 is 35 % and the one between 30 -- 49 is 32 % . Therefore the ratio between 18 -- 34 is between 35 -- 67 % . Jump up ^ ( 2015 ) . 20minutos.es . `` El español medio mide 173 centímetros y el 46 , 7 % de ellos presenta un peso normal '' Jump up ^ `` Las tallas del hombre español medio '' . EL MUNDO. 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 10,415 ( 12 -- 70 ) and the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 19 is 6.3 % . Jump up ^ `` Svenskarna längre och tyngre '' . Dagens Nyheter. 2008 - 02 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Cavelaars , A.E.J.M. , Kunst , A.E. , Geurts , J.J.M. , Crialesi , R. , Grotvedt , L. , Helmert U. ( 2000 ) . `` Persistent variations in average height between countries and between socio - economic groups : an overview of 10 European countries '' . Annals of Human Biology . 27 ( 4 ) : 407 -- 21 . doi : 10.1080 / 03014460050044883 . PMID 10942348 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Staub , Kaspar ; Rühli , Frank ; Woitek , Ulrich ; Pfister , Christian ( 2011 ) .", "52": "`` The average height of 18 - and 19 - year - old conscripts ( N = 458,322 ) in Switzerland from 1992 to 2009 , and the secular height trend since 1878 '' . Swiss Medical Weekly . doi : 10.4414 / smw. 2011.13238 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan -- 2011 '' . Ministry of Health and Welfare . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Survey explanation -- 2011 '' . Ministry of Health and Welfare . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Methodology -- 2011 '' . Ministry of Health and Welfare . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at STOU from Institutional Profile : Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University , ICDE . Jump up ^ Jordan S , Lim L , Seubsman SA , Bain C , Sleigh A ( 2012 ) . `` Secular changes and predictors of adult height for 86105 male and female members of the Thai Cohort Study born between 1940 and 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of epidemiology and community health . 66 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 80 . doi : 10.1136 / jech. 2010.113043 . PMC 3230828 . PMID 20805198 . Jump up ^ `` Differences in body composition between Tongans and Australians : time to rethink the healthy weight ranges ? '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Obesity. 25 : 1806 -- 1814 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ijo. 0801822 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Iseri A. ; Arslan N. ( 2008 ) . `` Obesity in adults in Turkey : age and regional effects '' . European Journal of Public Health . 19 ( supplement 1 ) : 91 -- 4 .", "53": "doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / ckn107 . PMID 19091784 . ^ Jump up to : Ankara 's population in 2000 from Turkey : Provinces and Major Cities , CITY POPULATION . ^ Jump up to : Özer , Basak Koca ( 2008 ) . `` Secular trend in body height and weight of Turkish adults '' . Anthropological Science . 116 ( 3 ) : 191 -- 199 . doi : 10.1537 / ase. 061213 . Jump up ^ Abdulrazzaq , Yousef M ; Moussa , Mohamed A ; Nagelkerke , Nicolaas ( 2008 ) . `` National Growth Charts for the United Arab Emirates '' . J Epidemiol. 18 ( 6 ) : 295 -- 303 . doi : 10.2188 / jea. JE2008037 . PMID 19075495 . ^ Jump up to : regional population data in the UK in 2011 from 2011 Census , Population Estimates by single year of age and sex for Local Authorities in the United Kingdom , Office for National Statistics . ^ Jump up to : `` The Scottish Health Survey 2008 '' . Scotland.gov.uk. 2009 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Welsh Health Survey 2009 , p. 58 '' ( PDF ) . Wales.gov.uk. 2010 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : US Dept. of Health and Human Services ; et al. ( August 2016 ) . `` Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults : United States , 2011 -- 2014 '' ( PDF ) . National Health Statistics Reports . 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ethnic population ratio from State & County QuickFacts Archived 2008 - 04 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Cruzada por lo alto : los petisos denuncian dura discriminación '' ( in Spanish ) . El País. 2006 - 05 - 27 .", "54": "Jump up ^ The university participation rate is 195 per 10,000 Population in 2009 . Viet Nam : Preparing the Higher Education Sector Development Project ( HESDP ) , Asian Development Bank Jump up ^ Hung , Mai Van & Park , Sunyoung ( 2008 ) . `` The impact of environment on morphological and physical indexes of Vietnamese and South Korean students '' ( PDF ) . VNU Journal of Science , Natural Sciences and Technology . 24 : 50 -- 55 . External links A century of trends in adult human height by NCD Risk Factor Collaboration ( NCD - RisC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_average_human_height_worldwide&oldid=835546747 '' Categories : Size Statistics - related lists Human height Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2015 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with dead external links from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source About Wikipedia Deutsch Српски / srpski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 10 : 34 . 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7184006124686030926	a concave mirror can form a real image which is a copy of an object that forms	[ "inverted", "in the plane of convergence for the light rays that originate from a given object", "only if the object is placed further away from the mirror/lens than the focal point" ]	{ "0": "Real image - wikipedia Real image Jump to : navigation , search Top : The formation of a real image using a convex lens . Bottom : The formation of a real image using a concave mirror . In both diagrams , f is the focal point , O is the object , and I is the image . Solid blue lines indicate light rays . It can be seen that the image is formed by actual light rays and thus can form a visible image on a screen placed at the position of the image . Producing a real image . Each region of the detector or retina indicates the light produced by a corresponding region of the object . In optics , a real image is an image which is located in the plane of convergence for the light rays that originate from a given object . If a screen is placed in the plane of a real image the image will generally become visible on the screen . Examples of real images include the image seen on a cinema screen ( the source being the projector ) , the image produced on a detector in the rear of a camera , and the image produced on an eyeball retina ( the camera and eye focus light through an internal convex lens ) . In ray diagrams ( such as the images on the right ) , real rays of light are always represented by full , solid lines ; perceived or extrapolated rays of light are represented by dashed lines . A real image occurs where rays converge , whereas a virtual image occurs where rays only appear to converge . Real images can be produced by concave mirrors and converging lenses , only if the object is placed further away from the mirror / lens than the focal point and this real image is inverted . As the object approaches the focal point the image approaches infinity , and when the object passes the focal point the image becomes virtual and is not inverted .", "1": "See also ( edit ) Virtual image Focal plane Image plane Lens Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_image&oldid=821129752 '' Categories : Optics Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français 한국어 हिन्दी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 15 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-219343909406145028	which abbott and costello movie has who on first	[ "One Night in the Tropics", "The Naughty Nineties", "One Night in the Tropics", "The Naughty Nineties", "One Night in the Tropics", "The Naughty Nineties", "One Night in the Tropics", "The Naughty Nineties" ]	{ "0": "Who 's on First ? - Wikipedia Who 's on First ? Jump to : navigation , search For the Blackford Oakes novel , see Who 's on First ( novel ) . Abbott and Costello performing `` Who 's on First ? '' `` Who 's on First ? '' is a comedy routine made famous by Abbott and Costello . The premise of the sketch is that Abbott is identifying the players on a baseball team for Costello , but their names and nicknames can be interpreted as non-responsive answers to Costello 's questions . For example , the first baseman is named `` Who '' ; thus , the utterance `` Who 's on first '' is ambiguous between the question ( `` Which person is the first baseman ? '' ) and the answer ( `` The name of the first baseman is ' Who ' '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Sketch 3 Writing credit 4 Notable performances and derivatives 5 Real - life parallels 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) `` Who 's on First ? '' is descended from turn - of - the - century burlesque sketches that used plays on words and names . Examples are `` The Baker Scene '' ( the shop is located on Watt Street ) and `` Who Dyed '' ( the owner is named `` Who '' ) . In the 1930 movie Cracked Nuts , comedians Bert Wheeler and Robert Woolsey examine a map of a mythical kingdom with dialogue like this : `` What is next to Which . '' `` What is the name of the town next to Which ? '' `` Yes . '' In British music halls , comedian Will Hay performed a routine in the early 1930s ( and possibly earlier ) as a schoolmaster interviewing a schoolboy named Howe who came from Ware but now lives in Wye . By the early 1930s , a `` Baseball Routine '' had become a standard bit for burlesque comics across the United States . Abbott 's wife recalled him performing the routine with another comedian before teaming with Costello . Bud Abbott stated that it was taken from an older routine called `` Who 's The Boss ? ''", "1": ", a performance of which can be heard in an episode of the radio comedy program It Pays to Be Ignorant from the 1940s . After they formally teamed up in burlesque in 1936 , he and Costello continued to hone the sketch . It was a big hit in 1937 , when they performed the routine in a touring vaudeville revue called `` Hollywood Bandwagon '' . In February 1938 , Abbott and Costello joined the cast of The Kate Smith Hour radio program , and the sketch was first performed for a national radio audience that March . The routine may have been further polished before this broadcast by burlesque producer John Grant , who became the team 's writer , and Will Glickman , a staff writer on the radio show . Glickman may have added the nicknames of then - contemporary baseball players like Dizzy and Daffy Dean to set up the routine 's premise . This version , with extensive wordplay based on the fact that most of the fictional baseball team 's players had `` strange nicknames '' that seemed to be questions , became known as `` Who 's on First ? '' Some versions continue with references to Enos Slaughter , which Costello misunderstands as `` He knows '' Slaughter . By 1944 , Abbott and Costello had the routine copyrighted . Abbott and Costello performed `` Who 's on First ? '' numerous times in their careers , rarely performing it exactly the same way twice . They did the routine for President Franklin Roosevelt several times . An abridged version was featured in the team 's 1940 film debut , One Night in the Tropics . The duo reprised the bit in their 1945 film The Naughty Nineties , and it is that longer version which is considered their finest recorded rendition . They also performed `` Who 's on First ? '' numerous times on radio and television ( notably in The Abbott and Costello Show episode `` The Actor 's Home '' , widely considered the definitive version ) . In 1956 , a gold record of `` Who 's on First ? '' was placed in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York . A video ( taken from The Naughty Nineties ) now plays continuously on screens at the Hall .", "2": "In the 1970s , Selchow and Righter published a `` Who 's on First ? '' board game . In 1999 , Time named the routine Best Comedy Sketch of the 20th century . An early radio recording was placed in the Library of Congress 's National Recording Registry in 2003 . In 2005 , the line `` Who 's on First ? '' was included on the American Film Institute 's list of 100 memorable movie quotations . Sketch ( edit ) The names given in the routine for the players at each position are : Position Player First base Who Second base What Third base I Do n't Know Left field Why Center field Because Pitcher Tomorrow Catcher Today Shortstop I Do n't Give a Darn or I Do n't Care The name of the shortstop is not given until the very end of the routine , and the right fielder is never identified . In the Selchow and Righter board game , the right fielder 's name is `` Nobody '' . At one point in the routine , Costello thinks that the first baseman is named Naturally : Abbott : You throw the ball to first base . Costello : Then who gets it ? Abbott : Naturally . Costello : Naturally . Abbott : Now you 've got it . Costello : I throw the ball to Naturally . Abbott : You do n't ! You throw it to Who ! Costello : Naturally . Abbott : Well , that 's it -- say it that way . Costello : That 's what I said . Abbott : You did not . Costello : I said I throw the ball to Naturally . Abbott : You do n't ! You throw it to Who ! Costello : Naturally . Abbott 's explanations leave Costello hopelessly confused and infuriated , until the end of the routine when Costello appears to parody Abbott by saying what appears to be gibberish to him , incidentally getting it right : Costello : Now I throw the ball to first base , whoever it is drops the ball , so the guy runs to second . Who picks up the ball and throws it to What . What throws it to I Do n't Know .", "3": "I Do n't Know throws it back to Tomorrow -- a triple play . Abbott : Yeah , it could be . Costello : Another guy gets up and it 's a long fly ball to Because . Why ? I do n't know . He 's on third , and I do n't give a darn ! Abbott : What was that ? Costello : I said , I DON 'T GIVE A DARN ! Abbott : Oh , that 's our shortstop ! That is the most commonly heard ending . `` I Do n't Care '' and `` I Do n't Give a Damn '' have also turned up on occasion , depending on the perceived sensibilities of the audience . The skit was usually performed on the team 's radio series at the start of the baseball season . In one instance it serves as a climax for a broadcast which begins with Costello receiving a telegram from Joe DiMaggio asking Costello to take over for him due to his injury . ( In this case , the unidentified right fielder would have been Costello himself . While Joe DiMaggio was best known as a center fielder , when Abbott and Costello honed the sketch in 1936 - 7 , Joe DiMaggio had played a number of games at right field ( 20 in 1936 ) . ) Writing credit ( edit ) Numerous people over the years have claimed credit for writing the sketch , but such claims typically lack reasonable corroboration . For example , in a 1993 obituary of comedy sketch writer Michael J. Musto , it stated that shortly after Abbott and Costello teamed up , they paid Musto $15 to write the script . Furthermore , several 1996 obituaries of songwriter Irving Gordon mention that he had written the sketch . Notable performances and derivatives ( edit ) The sketch has been reprised , updated , alluded to , and parodied innumerable times over the decades in all forms of media . Some notable examples include : The comedy troupe The Credibility Gap did a rock group variation on this routine involving a promoter , played by Harry Shearer , and a newspaper advertising salesman , played by David L. Lander , confusing the night 's acts as proper nouns . The acts were The Who , The Guess Who and Yes .", "4": "Johnny Carson did a variation of the routine involving the then president Ronald Reagan preparing for a press briefing . In the 1988 film Rain Man , one of the film 's main characters played by actor Dustin Hoffman begins to nervously repeat the skit when his brother Charlie , played by actor Tom Cruise , makes him anxious by meddling with his personal effects . Eugene Levy and Tony Rosato performed a variation on this theme on the TV series SCTV , with the rock groups The Band , The Who , and Yes . The final punchline changed to `` This is for the birds ( The Byrds ) ! '' `` Ah , they broke up long ago ! '' In an episode of Animaniacs , Slappy and Skippy Squirrel attend the 1969 Woodstock Festival , where they pay homage to the routine . Similar to the SCTV version , Slappy confuses The Who , The Band , and Yes for proper nouns . In an episode of The Simpsons , Superintendent Chalmers and Principal Skinner attempt to perform the routine , but Chalmers gives up after Skinner says his first line : `` Not the pronoun , but rather a player with the unlikely name of ' Who ' is on first . '' In 2002 playwright Jim Sherman wrote a variation called `` Hu 's on First '' featuring George W. Bush being confused when Condoleezza Rice tells him that the new leader of China is named Hu , pronounced similarly to the word `` Who '' . Bush also misunderstands Rice 's references to Yassir Arafat ( `` yes , sir '' ) and Kofi Annan ( `` coffee '' ) . The biography of Lou Costello written by his daughter Chris is titled Lou 's on First . Comedy duo Slovin & Allen performed a version of the routine updated to substitute the actual names of the mid-1990s NY Yankees for `` who '' , `` what '' , etc . The video game Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes contains a puzzle based on and named after Who 's on First , where the two players must communicate verbally to describe the contents and layout of a screen , using words and homophones of words a person would normally use in that situation . A variant of unknown origin , called `` Abbot and Costello do Hebrew , '' is popular in the Jewish American community .", "5": "Its humor draws from the homophonic similarity of a number of words in English -- who , he , me , ma ( mother ) , and dag are homophones of the hebrew words for he , she , who , what , and fish respectively . The skit is an easter egg on the Google Assistant and Siri . When asking `` OK Google , Who 's on first ? '' she will reply with `` Yes , he is . '' or `` Exactly . '' When asking Siri , she says `` Correct . Who is on first . '' The Shakespeare Theatre of NJ performed a Shakespearean version of the skit in 2006 . In the special , `` Unhinged in Hollywood '' , Jeff Dunham performs an iteration of the skit with Little Jeff , a ventriloquist puppet modeled after him . The skit involves Jeff getting confused by the names of Little Jeff 's pets . He also makes it clear that this is an allusion to the original skit . Real - life parallels ( edit ) On October 3 , 1920 , Allie Watt played one game at second base for the Washington Senators so that , for a brief time , ' What 's on second ' . In September 2007 , Los Angeles Dodgers shortstop Chin - Lung Hu , a late - season callup from Albuquerque , got his first major league hit against the Arizona Diamondbacks ; upon stopping at first base , Dodgers announcer Vin Scully said , `` Shades of Abbott and Costello , I can finally say , ' Hu is on first base ' . '' See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Propositional attitude Four Candles , a sketch from the British sketch comedy program The Two Ronnies with a similar premise involving misinterpreted phrases . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On the recording , one can hear muffled laughter in the background coming from the film crew , who are trying , but failing , not to crack up during the taping . After several takes , director Jean Yarbrough decided that it was a hopeless task to get them to stop laughing , so on the last take he left the laughter in . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Furmanek , Bob ; Palumbo , Ron ( 1991 ) . Abbott and Costello in Hollywood . New York : Perigee .", "6": "ISBN 0 - 399 - 51605 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` What did the baggy pants - leg say to the other ? '' . It Pays To Be Ignorant . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 -- via Archive.org . Jump up ^ This claim is made by Glickman 's son . Glickman 's obituary in Variety ( March 23 , 1983 ) does not list the sketch among his credits . Jump up ^ `` Best of the Century '' . Time . December 26 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Abbott & Costello Fan Club . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Abbott and Costello - Whos On First Original 30 Min Live '' ( Radio ) . Abbot & Costello. Old Time Radio ( OTR ) . # 94 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` Joe DiMaggio '' . Baseball Reference . Statistics and History . Jump up ^ Neill , Brian ( November 1 , 1993 ) . `` Michael Musto , 76 , writer , filmmaker Series '' . Obituaries . St. Petersburg Times . p. 5B -- via ProQuest . Jump up ^ `` Irving Gordon '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Myrna ( December 3 , 1996 ) . `` Irving Gordon : Composer of ' Unforgettable ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( November 10 , 1999 ) . `` Sketch Artists '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Carson as Reagan , a `` Who 's On First '' spoof `` . YouTube . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0095953/quotes Jump up ^ `` SCTV : Midnight Express Special : Cast , Reviews , Summary , and Awards '' . Allmovie.com . September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ragamuffins / Woodstock Slappy '' . Animaniacs . Episode 59 .", "7": "March 1 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Mendoza , N.F. ( August 14 , 1994 ) . `` Shows for Youngsters and Their Parents Too : ' Animaniacs ' Get on the Peace Train ; Disney 's ' Red ' Gets a Court Trial '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marge Simpson in ' Screaming Yellow Honkers ' ( 1999 ) : Quotes '' . IMDb.com . Jump up ^ `` Hey George , Hu is the new leader of China '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Costello , Chris ( 1982 ) . Lou 's on First . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0312499140 . Jump up ^ https://stuff.mit.edu/people/dpolicar/writing/netsam/hebrewLesson.html Jump up ^ `` Google Assistant 101 : 70 Easter Eggs & Interesting Voice Commands '' . WonderHowTo . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Siri - isms : Who 's on first ? '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare 's Who 's On First '' . December 24 , 2006 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Allie Watt Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Jump up ^ Golda , Gregory J. `` Who 's on First '' . Integrative Arts 10 : The Popular Arts . Pennsylvania State University . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krell , David . Pattison , Mark ; Larkin , Kevin , eds. `` Lou Costello '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 -- via SABR.org . External links ( edit ) `` Who 's on First ? '' by Abbott and Costello - on Baseball Almanac - accessed 2008 - 08 - 28 Who 's on First ?", "8": "at BoardGameGeek An Abbott and Costello FAQ which mentions the game ( hide ) Abbott and Costello Bud Abbott Lou Costello Films One Night in the Tropics Buck Privates In the Navy Hold That Ghost Keep ' Em Flying Ride ' Em Cowboy Rio Rita Pardon My Sarong Who Done It ? It Ai n't Hay Hit the Ice In Society Lost in a Harem Here Come the Co-Eds The Naughty Nineties Abbott and Costello in Hollywood Little Giant The Time of Their Lives Buck Privates Come Home The Wistful Widow of Wagon Gap The Noose Hangs High Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein Mexican Hayride Africa Screams Abbott and Costello Meet the Killer , Boris Karloff Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man Comin ' Round the Mountain Jack and the Beanstalk Lost in Alaska Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd Abbott and Costello Go to Mars Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Abbott and Costello Meet the Keystone Kops Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy Dance with Me , Henry The 30 Foot Bride of Candy Rock ( Costello only ) The World of Abbott and Costello Shorts 10,000 Kids and a Cop Television The Abbott and Costello Show ( List of episodes ) The Abbott and Costello Cartoon Show ( Abbott only ) Bits Who 's on First ? Key personnel John Grant Arthur Lubin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_on_First%3F&oldid=837240170 '' Categories : Baseball culture Comedy sketches English phrases Quotations from film and television Sports in fiction United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2015 Use mdy dates from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Norsk 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 15 : 52 .", "9": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1928973707594149608	who does the voice of the beast in the new movie	[ "Dan Stevens", "Dan Stevens", "Dan Stevens", "Dan Stevens" ]	{ "0": "Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.263 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 .", "1": "Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production design , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 and the 10th - highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Years later , in the village of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier .", "2": "Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a birthday gift to Belle . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed when her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the herb - wife Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime but is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return .", "3": "He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as The Prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the Prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs.", "4": "Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form . The film is released posthumously after Davies ' Death . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the Prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack .", "5": "Tom Turner as The King , the Prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the Prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Baker , Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' Mother , an unnamed seamstress who is the mother of the Village Lasses . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach .", "6": "But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons .", "7": "According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken .", "8": "In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 Beauty and the Beast duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' .", "9": "She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song Beauty and the Beast recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the Beauty and the Beast title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film release . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song `` Beauty and the Beast '' on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since attained over 100 million video views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , United Kingdom ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day .", "10": "In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly !", "11": "( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year .", "12": "Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records .", "13": "This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families .", "14": "The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions .", "15": "It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 .", "16": "It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) .", "17": "In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens .", "18": "Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) .", "19": "In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , cast performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume designs , production design , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews ... On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 296 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O.", "20": "Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as `` enthralling '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song .", "21": "Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor .", "22": "David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he sensed that the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref .", "23": "MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Beauty and the Beast Best Original Score Best Animation / Family TV Spot Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Choice Liplock Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Dan Stevens Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot .", "24": "In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . The film also received criticsm over its portrayal of LeFou , as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation . LeFou 's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney 's queercoding of villains in the past , and his infatuation with Gaston was seen as relying on a stereotype of gay men being predatory towards straight men . Furthermore , the only gay interaction LeFou has is a three second clip of him dancing with another man at the end of the film . Many saw this as Disney cheating its LGBT+ audiences . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible to fall in love with someone who is holding you prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) .", "25": "Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) .", "26": "`` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' .", "27": "Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) .", "28": "`` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.slashfilm.com/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) .", "29": "`` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) .", "30": "`` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 .", "31": "Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 .", "32": "Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com .", "33": "Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson .", "34": "`` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' .", "35": "^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo .", "36": "Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) .", "37": "`` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter .", "38": "Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly .", "39": "Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) .", "40": "`` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' .", "41": "The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) .", "42": "`` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) .", "43": "`` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) .", "44": "`` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 .", "45": "Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 2017 ) '' . Reelviews . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) .", "46": "`` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 .", "47": "Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 .", "48": "Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Houlihan , Ryan . `` Disney Making LeFou Gay Is n't the Representation I Need '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` How Beauty and the Beast & Power Rangers Cheated Gay Fans '' . Screen Rant. 2017 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cautiously Guarded About Beauty and the Beast 's LeFou Being Disney 's `` First Gay Character '' `` . www.themarysue.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Report Says LGBTQ People Are `` Nearly Invisible '' in Hollywood `` . Flare. 2017 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) .", "49": "`` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert . '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it. `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts ,", "50": "2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's", "51": "Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts", "52": "Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Kilala Princess Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr.", "53": "Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr.", "54": "Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr.", "55": "Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=807122052 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films", "56": "2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2010s romance films 2010s romantic drama films American films American 3D films American fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Disney film remakes Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Feminist films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about bibliophilia Films about curses Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on adaptations Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films based on multiple works Films based on musicals based on films Film scores by Alan Menken Films directed by Bill Condon Films set in the 18th century Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in Paris Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films using computer - generated imagery Historical romance films IMAX films Mandeville Films films Performance capture in film Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - 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5933037193128057305	when did the first wireless beats come out	[ "October 2012", "October 2012", "October 2012", "October 2012" ]	{ "0": "Beats Electronics - wikipedia Beats Electronics Jump to : navigation , search Beats Electronics LLC Formerly called Beats by Dr. Dre Type Subsidiary Industry Audio Consumer electronics Founded 2006 ; 12 years ago ( 2006 ) Founders Andre `` Dr. Dre '' Young Jimmy Iovine Headquarters Cupertino , California , United States Area served Worldwide Key people Luke Wood ( President ) Matthew Costello ( COO ) will.i.am ( partner ) Noel Lee ( Inventor ) Products Headphones Bluetooth - enabled accessories Speakers Revenue US $ 1.5 billion ( 2013 ) Number of employees 700 ( As of 2014 ) Parent HTC ( 50.1 % ; 2010 -- 2012 , 24.84 % ; 2012 -- 2013 ) Apple Inc. ( 2014 -- present ) Website beatsbydre.com Beats Electronics ( formerly Beats by Dr. Dre , or simply Beats by Dre ) is a subsidiary of Apple Inc. that produces audio products . Headquartered in Culver City , California , U.S. , the company was founded by music producer and rapper Dr. Dre and former Interscope Geffen A&M Records chairman Jimmy Iovine . The subsidiary 's product line is primarily focused on headphones and speakers . The company 's original product line was manufactured in partnership with the AV equipment company Monster Cable Products . Following the end of its contract with the company , Beats took further development of its products in - house . In 2014 , the company expanded into the online music market with the launch of its subscription - based streaming service , Beats Music . In 2011 , NPD Group reported that Beats ' market share was 64 % in the U.S for headphones priced higher than $ 100 , and the brand was valued at US $1 billion in September 2013 . For a period , the company was majority - owned by Taiwanese smartphone maker HTC . The company reduced its stake to 25 % in 2012 , and sold its remaining stake back to the company in 2013 . Concurrently , Carlyle Group replaced HTC as a minority shareholder , alongside Dr.", "1": "Dre and Iovine in late 2013 . On August 1 , 2014 , Apple Inc. acquired Beats for US $3 billion in a cash and stock deal , the largest acquisition in Apple 's history . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation 1.2 HTC purchase and non-renewal of Monster contract 1.3 HTC sale and Beats Music 1.4 Subsidiary of Apple ( 2014 -- present ) 1.5 Bose lawsuit 1.6 Monster lawsuit 2 Products 2.1 Personal audio 2.2 Beats Audio 2.2. 1 Car audio 2.3 Beats Music 3 Critical reception 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) Dr. Dre ( seen in 2012 ) , company co-founder Jimmy Iovine & David Guetta The company was formally established in 2006 , a time when Iovine perceived two key problems in the music industry : the impact of piracy on music sales and the substandard audio quality provided by Apple 's plastic earbuds . Iovine later recalled that Dre said to him : `` Man , it 's one thing that people steal my music . It 's another thing to destroy the feeling of what I 've worked on . '' Iovine sought the opinions of musicians with `` great taste '' , such as M.I.A. , Pharrell Williams , will.i.am , and Gwen Stefani during the early developmental stage . Beats initially partnered with Monster Cable , an audio and video component manufacturer based in Brisbane , California , to manufacture and develop the first Beats - branded products , and debuted its first product , Beats by Dr. Dre Studio headphones , in late 2008 . To promote its products , Beats primarily relied on endorsements by pop and hip - hop music performers , including product placement within music videos , and partnering with musicians and other celebrities to develop co-branded products . Beats ' use of endorsements by musicians helped the company aggressively target the young adult demographics .", "2": "HTC purchase and non-renewal of Monster contract ( edit ) In August 2010 , mobile phone manufacturer HTC acquired a 50.1 % majority share in Beats for US $309 million . The purchase was intended to allow HTC to compete with other cellphone makers by associating themselves with the Beats brand , as the purchase also granted HTC exclusive rights to manufacture smartphones with Beats - branded audio systems . Despite its majority acquisition , HTC allowed Beats to operate as an autonomous company . Luke Wood , President of Beats in May 2014 , joined the company in January 2010 , when the company was a `` licensing business '' . Wood had previously worked under Iovine at Interscope Records . On January 19 , 2012 , BusinessWeek reported that Beats and Monster would not renew their production contract and their partnership ceased at the end of 2012 . Dre and Iovine subsequently decided to oversee the entire operation of the company , from manufacturing to R&D , and aimed to double its workforce to around 300 employees . Monster would ultimately begin marketing its own competing line of premium headphones aimed towards an older demographic . At the time , neither Dre , Iovine or Wood were experienced in the operation of a company at such a grand level , but Nani Wood explained in 2014 : I did n't have manufacturing experience , but I had experience of building something from scratch ... Every time we put out an album , it was basically like building a new business -- a unique cast of characters , unique challenges and opportunities , and trying to figure out a unique path to market . In October 2012 , Beats unveiled its first two self - developed products , `` Beats Executive '' headphones and `` Beats Pill '' wireless speakers -- Iovine believed that the company would now have to `` control ( its ) own destiny '' in order to continue its growth . Iovine also commented on how other headphone makers had attempted to emulate Beats ' celebrity endorsement business model ( including Monster themselves , who unveiled Earth , Wind and Fire and Miles Davis - themed headphones at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show ) , stating that `` some of our competitors are cheap engineers who have never been to a recording studio . You ca n't just stick someone 's name on a headphone that does n't know anything about sound . ''", "3": "Following the decision to transform Beats into an autonomous entity , the company 's revenues reached the US $1 - billion mark , according to Iovine . HTC sale and Beats music ( edit ) In July 2012 , HTC sold back half of its stake in Beats for US $150 million , remaining the largest shareholder with 25.1 percent . The sale was intended to provide `` flexibility for global expansion while maintaining HTC 's major stake and commercial exclusivity in mobile . '' In August 2013 , reports surfaced that Beats ' founders planned to buy back HTC 's remaining minority stake in the company , and pursue a new , unspecified partner for a future investment . On September 27 , 2013 , HTC confirmed that it would sell its remaining 24.84 % stake in Beats back to the company for US $265 million . Concurrently , Beats announced that the Carlyle Group would make a US $500 million minority investment in the company . The overall deal valued Beats Electronics at US $1 billion and helped HTC turn a net profit of US $10.3 million for the fourth quarter of 2013 , following HTC 's first quarterly loss in company history . The appointment of a new chief operating officer ( COO ) , a role previously filled by Wood , was announced in early November 2013 . Matthew Costello , formerly of IKEA and HTC , was formally appointed into the role in May 2014 . On January 21 , 2014 , the company launched Beats Music , a subscription - based online music streaming service . Prior to the launch of the service , Beats stated that it intends to provide a different type of streaming experience to what was available on the market at the time . Additionally , the service would only be available to consumers in the U.S. at inception . Chief executive of Beats at the time , Ian Rogers , said : We wanted to build a music service that combined the freedom of an on - demand subscription service -- unlimited , uninterrupted streaming and downloads of tens of millions of songs -- but layer on top features that would give you that feeling only music that moves you can give . The right song at the right time will give you a chill . Make you pull someone close . Nod your head . Sing in the mirror . Roll down the car window and crank the volume to the right .", "4": "Subsidiary of Apple ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) On May 8 , 2014 , the Financial Times reported that Apple was in negotiations with Beats to purchase the company for US $3.2 billion -- the largest purchase in Apple 's history , ahead of its US $429 million purchase of NeXT in 1996 . The impending deal was prematurely and indirectly revealed in a photo and YouTube video posted to Facebook by Tyrese Gibson on May 8 , 2014 ; the video documented a celebration in which Gibson and Dr. Dre made boasting remarks about the acquisition , with Dre declaring himself the `` first billionaire in hip hop '' , while Gibson declared that the `` Forbes list '' had changed . Both the photo and video were removed from Facebook the following morning , but both remain on Gibson 's YouTube channel . Indeed , analysts estimated that the rumored deal would make Dr. Dre the first billionaire in the hip - hop music industry in terms of net worth , assuming that he held at least 15 % ownership in the company prior to the deal . Dr. Dre was listed with a net worth of US $550 million on Forbes ' The World 's Billionaires 2014 list . It was also estimated that the Carlyle Group would receive a profit of US $1 billion from its minority stake in the company . On May 28 , 2014 , Apple officially announced its intention to acquire Beats Electronics for US $3 billion -- with $400 million to be paid in Apple stock and the remainder in cash . Some reports suggested that the reduction in value may have been a result of lower - than - expected subscriber numbers for the Beats Music service . Iovine felt that Beats had always `` belonged '' with Apple , as the company modeled itself after Apple 's `` unmatched ability to marry culture and technology . '' In regard to the deal , Apple CEO Tim Cook stated that `` Music is such an important part of all of our lives and holds a special place within our hearts at Apple . That 's why we have kept investing in music and are bringing together these extraordinary teams so we can continue to create the most innovative music products and services in the world . ''", "5": "Beyond stocking Beats products at its retail outlets , Apple did not provide any further indications over how Beats would be integrated into its product line at the time , and whether Beats Music , which competed with Apple 's own iTunes Radio service , would continue to operate after the finalization of the acquisition . The acquisition closed on August 1 , 2014 ; to eliminate redundancy , Apple planned to lay off 200 workers from Beats ' workforce of around 700 . Beats Music was discontinued effective immediately with the launch of Apple Music on June 30 , 2015 . Bose lawsuit ( edit ) In July 2014 , Bose Corporation sued Beats Electronics , alleging that its `` Studio '' line incorporated noise cancellation technology that infringed five patents held by the company . Bose has also sought an injunction which would ban the infringing products from being imported or sold in the United States . The lawsuit was settled out of court . Apple pulled all Bose products from its retail outlets , although it is unclear whether it was in response to the lawsuit , an ambush marketing conflict involving Beats and the NFL ( which had recently named Bose as one of its official sponsors , and thus fined a player for displaying the Beats logo during an official activity ) , or as a result of Apple 's acquisition of Beats . However , two months later , Bose products returned to the shelves of Apple Stores . The companies settled in October 2014 : details were not disclosed . Monster lawsuit ( edit ) In January 2015 , Monster Inc. sued Beats for fraud , alleging that the company had used illicit tactics to force Monster out of the venture whilst retaining rights to the technologies and products that it had co-developed , and engaged in collusion to harm Monster 's own audio products business . Monster argued that the acquisition of Beats by HTC and its founders ' subsequent buyback was a `` sham '' to take control of Monster 's stake in the company -- which could have been valued at over $100 million in the Apple purchase , that the company had `` concealed '' the role of Monster and its CEO Noel Lee in the design and engineering of its products , and that `` had the partnership expired on its own terms , there would have been no transfer of Monster 's years of work ( onto the company ) . ''", "6": "Monster also alleged that Beats had partaken in anti-competitive practices with retailers to force those offering Beats products to not offer Monster 's competing products . In June 2015 , the Wall Street Journal reported that in retaliation for the lawsuit , Apple Inc. revoked Monster 's membership in the MFi Program on May 5 , 2015 , meaning that Monster can no longer manufacture licensed accessories for iPhone , iPod and iPad products , and must cease the sale of existing licensed products that contain the certification or technology licensed through the program by September 2015 . The case was dismissed in August 2016 , with a Supreme Court ruling that Beats `` had the right to terminate the agreement as of January 7th , 2013 or when there was a transaction resulting in a change of control of Beats '' , and that Monster `` did not obtain the right to approve the change of control . Nor did the agreement require that any change of control had to be objectively reasonable '' . Products ( edit ) Personal audio ( edit ) Beats ' original product line were Beats by Dre headphones . In promotional materials , Dre outlined the line 's advantages by alleging that listeners were not able to hear `` all '' of the music with most headphones , and that Beats would allow people to `` hear what the artists hear , and listen to the music the way they should : the way I do . '' In comparison to most headphones , Beats products were characterized by an emphasis towards producing larger amounts of bass , and are particularly optimized towards hip - hop and pop music . In October 2012 , Beats unveiled its first two self - developed products , the Beats Executive noise - cancelling headphones ( to compete with similar offerings by Bose and Sennheiser ) and the Beats Pill portable speaker . In October 2015 , Beats launched a new collection of speakers including the upgraded Beats Pill+ Speaker . Beats audio ( edit ) The company has also licensed the Beats brand , under the name Beats Audio ( rendered beats audio ) , and technology to other manufacturers . In 2009 , HP began to offer personal computers equipped with Beats Audio systems , beginning with its HP Envy line . The system features a software equalizer with a preset that HP marketed as being optimized for higher quality sound output . Beats Electronics ceased its partnership with HP following its purchase by Apple Inc.", "7": "; HP subsequently entered into a similar agreement with Bang & Olufsen . Following its acquisition of a stake in the company , most new HTC smartphones began to be released with Beats Audio software , beginning with the HTC Sensation XE / XL with Beats Audio in September 2011 . The software was to be included in most new HTC devices , such as the One series . The Sensation XE and Rezound were also bundled with Beats by Dre earbuds , but HTC abandoned the practice on future devices . A HTC product executive claimed that despite the prominence of the Beats brand , `` an accessory like the headphone does n't factor in when someone is buying a smartphone . '' Car audio ( edit ) In 2011 , Beats reached a deal with Chrysler LLC to feature Beats - branded audio systems in its vehicles . The first vehicle under the partnership was its 2012 Chrysler 300S luxury vehicle , which included a 10 - speaker Beats by Dr. Dre sound system . Beats audio systems have also been included in models from Fiat Chrysler Automobiles ' other marques . FCA marques that currently have Beats audio systems available in its vehicles are Dodge , Chrysler , Jeep , and Fiat . Beats music ( edit ) Main article : Beats Music On July 2 , 2012 , Beats announced it had acquired the online music service MOG , in a purchase reported to have been between $10 million to $16 million . Beats stated that the acquisition was part of the company 's goal to develop a `` truly end - to - end music experience . '' The acquisition did not include the company 's blog and advertising network , the MOG Music Network , which was sold in a separate transaction to the broadcasting company Townsquare Media in August 2012 . While MOG indicated that it would continue to operate independently with no immediate change in service , Beats subsequently announced a new subscription - based online music service , known as Beats Music , which launched in January 2014 . In comparison to its competitors , such as Spotify and Google Play Music , the service emphasizes recommendations by music professionals alongside algorithmic recommendations . MOG was shut down on May 31 , 2014 , and existing users were directed to Beats Music .", "8": "Beats Music was in turn replaced by Apple Music in June 2015 ; the service also incorporates a Beats - branded online radio station , Beats1 . Critical reception ( edit ) Some critics claim that Beats products emphasize appearance over quality and function , arguing that more durable and better - sounding products are available for the same price or lower . Tests done on an HTC smartphone with Beats Audio indicated that the audio technology is a combination of audio equalization that boosts the low ( bass ) and high ends of the audio range , audio compression , and audio amplification . On accusations that Beats ' products were `` bass heavy '' , Beats current president denies it , citing that their products are not for reference , but rather for playback . See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Technology portal Loudness war Pear Cables Audiophile controversies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burt Helm ( 28 May 2014 ) . `` What Beats ' President Said About Expansion -- Before Apple Bought It For $3 Billion '' . Inc . Mansueto Ventures . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . 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His take ? $0 . Now he 's suing for his share '' . Bloomberg. 22 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Revokes Monster 's Authority to Make Licensed Accessories '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monster 's lawsuit against Beats has gone very poorly '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 25 December 2016 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Are Beats by Dr. Dre headphones worth the money ? '' . Consumer Reports . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans , Joel . `` Review : Beats by Dr. Dre headphones '' . Geek.com . Archived from the original on 28 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beats Pill+ Speaker Launches Alongside New Colors for Solo2 Headphones '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . 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Retrieved 13 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Charlie Warzel ( 2 July 2012 ) . `` Beats Electronics Acquires Mog Rapper Dr. Dre 's headphone makers scoop up digital streaming service '' . Adweek . Adweek . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhian Jones ( 24 August 2012 ) . `` Remaining half of Mog Music Network sells to Townsquare Media Group '' . MusicWeek . Intent Media . Archived from the original on 9 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beats Music Beefs Up Curation Team , Says Service Is ' Coming Soon ' '' . Billboard.biz . Archived from the original on 28 August 2013 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MOG streaming music service shut down '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on 15 August 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are Beats by Dr. Dre headphones worth the money ? '' . consumerreports.org . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mario Aguilar . `` Are Beats Headphones Really Designed To Trick You ? '' . Gizmodo . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` What Beats Audio actually does '' . Imgur . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharif Sakr . `` HTC Sensation XE with Beats Audio review '' . Engadget . AOL . Archived from the original on 22 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beats by Dre president defends headphone bass quality '' . BBC Newsbeat . Archived from the original on 19 February 2015 .", "16": "Retrieved 7 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Fred D. 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4848720236288493629	how did the california gold rush affect the growth of california	[ "propelled California from a sleepy, little-known backwater to a center of the global imagination and the destination of hundreds of thousands of people." ]	{ "0": "California gold Rush - wikipedia California gold Rush Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see California Gold Rush ( film ) . California Gold Rush Prospectors working California gold placer deposits in 1850 Date January 24 , 1848 ( 1848 - 01 - 24 ) -- 1855 Location Sierra Nevada and Northern California goldfields Coordinates 38 ° 48 ′ 09 '' N 120 ° 53 ′ 41 '' W / 38.80250 ° N 120.89472 ° W / 38.80250 ; - 120.89472 Coordinates : 38 ° 48 ′ 09 '' N 120 ° 53 ′ 41 '' W / 38.80250 ° N 120.89472 ° W / 38.80250 ; - 120.89472 Participants 300,000 prospectors Outcome California becomes a U.S. state California Genocide Advertisement about sailing to California , circa 1850 The California Gold Rush ( 1848 -- 1855 ) began on January 24 , 1848 , when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter 's Mill in Coloma , California . The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad . The sudden influx of immigration and gold into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy , and California became one of the few American states to go directly to statehood without first being a territory , in the Compromise of 1850 . The Gold Rush had severe effects on Native Californians and resulted in a precipitous population decline from disease , genocide and starvation . By the time it ended , California had gone from a thinly populated ex-Mexican territory , to the home state of the first presidential nominee for the new Republican Party , in 1856 . The effects of the Gold Rush were substantial . Whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold - seekers , called `` forty - niners '' ( referring to 1849 ) . The first to hear confirmed information of the gold rush were the people in Oregon , the Sandwich Islands ( Hawaii ) , and Latin America , and they were the first to start flocking to the state in late 1848 .", "1": "Of the 300,000 people who came to America during the Gold Rush , approximately half arrived by sea and half came overland on the California Trail and the Gila River trail ; forty - niners often faced substantial hardships on the trip . While most of the newly arrived were Americans , the Gold Rush attracted tens of thousands from Latin America , Europe , Australia , and China . Agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers . San Francisco grew from a small settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36,000 by 1852 . Roads , churches , schools and other towns were built throughout California . In 1849 a state constitution was written . The new constitution was adopted by referendum vote , and the future state 's interim first governor and legislature were chosen . In September , 1850 , California became a state . At the beginning of the Gold Rush , there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of `` staking claims '' was developed . Prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques , such as panning . Although the mining caused environmental harm , more sophisticated methods of gold recovery were developed and later adopted around the world . New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service . By 1869 railroads were built across the country from California to the eastern United States . At its peak , technological advances reached a point where significant financing was required , increasing the proportion of gold companies to individual miners . Gold worth tens of billions of today 's dollars was recovered , which led to great wealth for a few . However , many returned home with little more than they had started with .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Discovery announced 1.2 Transportation to California 1.3 Supplies and goods needed 1.4 Northern California strikes 1.5 Indigenous driven out 1.6 Earlier discoveries of gold 2 Forty - niners 2.1 Homosexuality 3 Legal rights 4 Development of gold - recovery techniques 5 Profits 5.1 Path of the gold 6 Near - term effects 6.1 Development of government and commerce 6.2 Impact on Native Americans 6.3 World - wide economic stimulation 7 Longer - term effects 8 Cultural references 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History California goldfields ( red ) in the Sierra Nevada and northern California The Mexican -- American War ended on February 3 , 1848 , although California was firmly in American hands before that . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided for , among other things , the formal transfer of Upper California to the United States . The California Gold Rush began at Sutter 's Mill , near Coloma . On January 24 , 1848 , James W. Marshall , a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter , found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River . Marshall brought what he found to John Sutter , and the two privately tested the metal . After the tests showed that it was gold , Sutter expressed dismay : he wanted to keep the news quiet because he feared what would happen to his plans for an agricultural empire if there were a mass search for gold . Discovery announced However , rumors soon started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan . The most famous quote of the California Gold Rush was by Brannan ; after he had hurriedly set up a store to sell gold prospecting supplies , Brannan strode through the streets of San Francisco , holding aloft a vial of gold , shouting `` Gold ! Gold ! Gold from the American River ! ''", "3": "On August 19 , 1848 , the New York Herald was the first major newspaper on the East Coast to report the discovery of gold . On December 5 , 1848 , President James Polk confirmed the discovery of gold in an address to Congress . Soon , waves of immigrants from around the world , later called the `` forty - niners , '' invaded the Gold Country of California or `` Mother Lode '' . As Sutter had feared , he was ruined ; his workers left in search of gold , and squatters took over his land and stole his crops and cattle . San Francisco had been a tiny settlement before the rush began . When residents learned about the discovery , it at first became a ghost town of abandoned ships and businesses , but then boomed as merchants and new people arrived . The population of San Francisco exploded from perhaps about 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 full - time residents by 1850 . Miners lived in tents , wood shanties , or deck cabins removed from abandoned ships . Transportation to California In what has been referred to as the `` first world - class gold rush , '' there was no easy way to get to California ; forty - niners faced hardship and often death on the way . At first , most Argonauts , as they were also known , traveled by sea . From the East Coast , a sailing voyage around the tip of South America would take five to eight months , and cover some 18,000 nautical miles ( 33,000 kilometres ) . An alternative was to sail to the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama , take canoes and mules for a week through the jungle , and then on the Pacific side , wait for a ship sailing for San Francisco . There was also a route across Mexico starting at Veracruz . Many gold - seekers took the overland route across the continental United States , particularly along the California Trail . Each of these routes had its own deadly hazards , from shipwreck to typhoid fever and cholera . Supplies and goods needed To meet the demands of the arrivals , ships bearing goods from around the world came to San Francisco as well . Ships ' captains found that their crews deserted to go to the goldfields .", "4": "The wharves and docks of San Francisco became a forest of masts , as hundreds of ships were abandoned . Enterprising San Franciscans turned the abandoned ships into warehouses , stores , taverns , hotels , and one into a jail . Many of these ships were later destroyed and used for landfill to create more buildable land in the boomtown . Northern California strikes Merchant ships fill San Francisco harbor , 1850 -- 51 Within a few years , there was an important but lesser - known surge of prospectors into far Northern California , specifically into present - day Siskiyou , Shasta and Trinity Counties . Discovery of gold nuggets at the site of present - day Yreka in 1851 brought thousands of gold - seekers up the Siskiyou Trail and throughout California 's northern counties . Settlements of the Gold Rush era , such as Portuguese Flat on the Sacramento River , sprang into existence and then faded . The Gold Rush town of Weaverville on the Trinity River today retains the oldest continuously used Taoist temple in California , a legacy of Chinese miners who came . While there are not many Gold Rush era ghost towns still in existence , the remains of the once - bustling town of Shasta have been preserved in a California State Historic Park in Northern California . Gold was also discovered in Southern California but on a much smaller scale . The first discovery of gold , at Rancho San Francisco in the mountains north of present - day Los Angeles , had been in 1842 , six years before Marshall 's discovery , while California was still part of Mexico . However , these first deposits , and later discoveries in Southern California mountains , attracted little notice and were of limited consequence economically . Indigenous driven out By 1850 , most of the easily accessible gold had been collected , and attention turned to extracting gold from more difficult locations . Faced with gold increasingly difficult to retrieve , Americans began to drive out foreigners to get at the most accessible gold that remained . The new California State Legislature passed a foreign miners tax of twenty dollars per month ( $590 per month as of 2018 ) , and American prospectors began organized attacks on foreign miners , particularly Latin Americans and Chinese . In addition , the huge numbers of newcomers were driving Native Americans out of their traditional hunting , fishing and food - gathering areas .", "5": "To protect their homes and livelihood , some Native Americans responded by attacking the miners . This provoked counter-attacks on native villages . The Native Americans , out - gunned , were often slaughtered . Those who escaped massacres were many times unable to survive without access to their food - gathering areas , and they starved to death . Novelist and poet Joaquin Miller vividly captured one such attack in his semi-autobiographical work , Life Amongst the Modocs . Earlier discoveries of gold The first gold found in California was made on March 9 , 1842 . Francisco Lopez , a native California , was searching for stray horses . He stopped on the bank of a small creek in what later was known as Placerita Canyon , about 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east of the present - day Newhall , California , and about 35 miles ( 56 km ) northwest of Los Angeles . While the horses grazed , Lopez dug up some wild onions and found a small gold nugget in the roots among the onion bulbs . He looked further and found more gold . Lopez took the gold to authorities who confirmed its worth . Lopez and others began to search for other steambeds with gold deposits in the area . They found several in the northeastern section of the forest , within present - day Ventura County . In 1843 he found gold in San Feliciano Canyon near his first discovery . Mexican miners from Sonora worked the placer deposits until 1846 , when the Californios began to agitate for independence from Mexico , and the Bear Flag Revolt caused many Mexicans to leave California . Forty - niners Panning for gold on the Mokelumne River `` Independent Gold Hunter on His Way to California '' , circa 1850 . The gold hunter is loaded down with every conceivable appliance , much of which would be useless in California . The prospector says : `` I am sorry I did not follow the advice of Granny and go around the Horn , through the Straights , or by Chagres ( Panama ) . '' The first people to rush to the goldfields , beginning in the spring of 1848 , were the residents of California themselves -- primarily agriculturally oriented Americans and Europeans living in Northern California , along with Native Americans and some Californios ( Spanish - speaking Californians ) .", "6": "These first miners tended to be families in which everyone helped in the effort . Women and children of all ethnicities were often found panning next to the men . Some enterprising families set up boarding houses to accommodate the influx of men ; in such cases , the women often brought in steady income while their husbands searched for gold . Word of the Gold Rush spread slowly at first . The earliest gold - seekers were people who lived near California or people who heard the news from ships on the fastest sailing routes from California . The first large group of Americans to arrive were several thousand Oregonians who came down the Siskiyou Trail . Next came people from the Sandwich Islands , and several thousand Latin Americans , including people from Mexico , from Peru and from as far away as Chile , both by ship and overland . By the end of 1848 , some 6,000 Argonauts had come to California . Only a small number ( probably fewer than 500 ) traveled overland from the United States that year . Some of these `` forty - eighters '' , as the earliest gold - seekers were sometimes called , were able to collect large amounts of easily accessible gold -- in some cases , thousands of dollars worth each day . Even ordinary prospectors averaged daily gold finds worth 10 to 15 times the daily wage of a laborer on the East Coast . A person could work for six months in the goldfields and find the equivalent of six years ' wages back home . Some hoped to get rich quick and return home , and others wished to start businesses in California . By the beginning of 1849 , word of the Gold Rush had spread around the world , and an overwhelming number of gold - seekers and merchants began to arrive from virtually every continent . The largest group of forty - niners in 1849 were Americans , arriving by the tens of thousands overland across the continent and along various sailing routes ( the name `` forty - niner '' was derived from the year 1849 ) . Many from the East Coast negotiated a crossing of the Appalachian Mountains , taking to riverboats in Pennsylvania , poling the keelboats to Missouri River wagon train assembly ports , and then travelling in a wagon train along the California Trail . Many others came by way of the Isthmus of Panama and the steamships of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company .", "7": "Australians and New Zealanders picked up the news from ships carrying Hawaiian newspapers , and thousands , infected with `` gold fever '' , boarded ships for California . Forty - niners came from Latin America , particularly from the Mexican mining districts near Sonora and Chile . Gold - seekers and merchants from Asia , primarily from China , began arriving in 1849 , at first in modest numbers to Gum San ( `` Gold Mountain '' ) , the name given to California in Chinese . The first immigrants from Europe , reeling from the effects of the Revolutions of 1848 and with a longer distance to travel , began arriving in late 1849 , mostly from France , with some Germans , Italians , and Britons . Chinese gold miners in California It is estimated that approximately 90,000 people arrived in California in 1849 -- about half by land and half by sea . Of these , perhaps 50,000 to 60,000 were Americans , and the rest were from other countries . By 1855 , it is estimated at least 300,000 gold - seekers , merchants , and other immigrants had arrived in California from around the world . The largest group continued to be Americans , but there were tens of thousands each of Mexicans , Chinese , Britons , Australians , French , and Latin Americans , together with many smaller groups of miners , such as African Americans , Filipinos , Basques and Turks . People from small villages in the hills near Genova , Italy were among the first to settle permanently in the Sierra Nevada foothills ; they brought with them traditional agricultural skills , developed to survive cold winters . A modest number of miners of African ancestry ( probably less than 4,000 ) had come from the Southern States , the Caribbean and Brazil . A number of immigrants were from China . Several hundred Chinese arrived in California in 1849 and 1850 , and in 1852 more than 20,000 landed in San Francisco . Their distinctive dress and appearance was highly recognizable in the goldfields . Chinese miners suffered enormously , enduring violent racism from white miners who aimed their frustrations at foreigners . To this day , there has been no justice for known victims . Further animosity toward the Chinese led to legislation such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and Foreign Miners Tax . There were also women in the Gold Rush . However , their numbers were small .", "8": "Of the 40,000 people who arrived by ship in the San Francisco harbor in 1849 , only 700 were women . They held various roles including prostitutes , single entrepreneurs , married women , poor and wealthy women . They were of various ethnicities including Anglo - American , African - American , Hispanic , Native , European , Chinese , and Jewish . The reasons they came varied : some came with their husbands , refusing to be left behind to fend for themselves , some came because their husbands sent for them , and others came ( singles and widows ) for the adventure and economic opportunities . On the trail many people died from accidents , cholera , fever , and myriad other causes , and many women became widows before even setting eyes on California . While in California , women became widows quite frequently due to mining accidents , disease , or mining disputes of their husbands . Life in the goldfields offered opportunities for women to break from their traditional work . Homosexuality The disproportionate number of men to women in San Francisco created an environment for homosexuality and gay cultures to flourish . The Barbary Coast was a district where men went to gamble and pay for sex from female impersonators and women alike . Described as the `` city of bachelors '' men often went to the Barbary Coast district to pay for prostitution and pleasure with other men . Legal rights When the Gold Rush began , the California goldfields were peculiarly lawless places . When gold was discovered at Sutter 's Mill , California was still technically part of Mexico , under American military occupation as the result of the Mexican -- American War . With the signing of the treaty ending the war on February 2 , 1848 , California became a possession of the United States , but it was not a formal `` territory '' and did not become a state until September 9 , 1850 . California existed in the unusual condition of a region under military control . There was no civil legislature , executive or judicial body for the entire region . Local residents operated under a confusing and changing mixture of Mexican rules , American principles , and personal dictates . Lax enforcement of federal laws , such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , encouraged the arrival of free blacks and escaped slaves . While the treaty ending the Mexican -- American War obliged the United States to honor Mexican land grants , almost all the goldfields were outside those grants .", "9": "Instead , the goldfields were primarily on `` public land '' , meaning land formally owned by the United States government . However , there were no legal rules yet in place , and no practical enforcement mechanisms . The benefit to the forty - niners was that the gold was simply `` free for the taking '' at first . In the goldfields at the beginning , there was no private property , no licensing fees , and no taxes . The miners informally adapted Mexican mining law that had existed in California . For example , the rules attempted to balance the rights of early arrivers at a site with later arrivers ; a `` claim '' could be `` staked '' by a prospector , but that claim was valid only as long as it was being actively worked . Miners worked at a claim only long enough to determine its potential . If a claim was deemed as low - value -- as most were -- miners would abandon the site in search for a better one . In the case where a claim was abandoned or not worked upon , other miners would `` claim - jump '' the land . `` Claim - jumping '' meant that a miner began work on a previously claimed site . Disputes were often handled personally and violently , and were sometimes addressed by groups of prospectors acting as arbitrators . This often led to heightened ethnic tensions . In some areas the influx of many prospectors could lead to a reduction of the existing claim size by simple pressure . Development of gold - recovery techniques Four hundred million years ago , California lay at the bottom of a large sea ; underwater volcanoes deposited lava and minerals ( including gold ) onto the sea floor . By tectonic forces these minerals and rocks came to the surface of the Sierra Nevada , and eroded . Water carried the exposed gold downstream and deposited it in quiet gravel beds along the sides of old rivers and streams . The forty - niners first focused their efforts on these deposits of gold . Because the gold in the California gravel beds was so richly concentrated , early forty - niners were able to retrieve loose gold flakes and nuggets with their hands , or simply `` pan '' for gold in rivers and streams . However , panning can not take place on a large scale , and industrious miners and groups of miners graduated to placer mining , using `` cradles '' and `` rockers '' or `` long - toms '' to process larger volumes of gravel .", "10": "Miners would also engage in `` coyoteing '' , a method that involved digging a shaft 6 to 13 meters ( 20 to 43 ft ) deep into placer deposits along a stream . Tunnels were then dug in all directions to reach the richest veins of pay dirt . In the most complex placer mining , groups of prospectors would divert the water from an entire river into a sluice alongside the river , and then dig for gold in the newly exposed river bottom . Modern estimates by the U.S. Geological Survey are that some 12 million ounces ( 370 t ) of gold were removed in the first five years of the Gold Rush ( worth over US $ 16 billion at December 2010 prices ) . In the next stage , by 1853 , hydraulic mining was used on ancient gold - bearing gravel beds on hillsides and bluffs in the goldfields . In a modern style of hydraulic mining first developed in California , and later used around the world , a high - pressure hose directed a powerful stream or jet of water at gold - bearing gravel beds . The loosened gravel and gold would then pass over sluices , with the gold settling to the bottom where it was collected . By the mid-1880s , it is estimated that 11 million ounces ( 340 t ) of gold ( worth approximately US $15 billion at December 2010 prices ) had been recovered by `` hydraulicking '' . A byproduct of these extraction methods was that large amounts of gravel , silt , heavy metals , and other pollutants went into streams and rivers . As of 1999 many areas still bear the scars of hydraulic mining , since the resulting exposed earth and downstream gravel deposits do not support plant life . After the Gold Rush had concluded , gold recovery operations continued . The final stage to recover loose gold was to prospect for gold that had slowly washed down into the flat river bottoms and sandbars of California 's Central Valley and other gold - bearing areas of California ( such as Scott Valley in Siskiyou County ) . By the late 1890s , dredging technology ( also invented in California ) had become economical , and it is estimated that more than 20 million ounces ( 620 t ) were recovered by dredging ( worth approximately US $28 billion at December 2010 prices ) .", "11": "Both during the Gold Rush and in the decades that followed , gold - seekers also engaged in `` hard - rock '' mining , that is , extracting the gold directly from the rock that contained it ( typically quartz ) , usually by digging and blasting to follow and remove veins of the gold - bearing quartz . By 1851 , quartz mining had become the major industry of Coloma . Once the gold - bearing rocks were brought to surface , the rocks were crushed and the gold separated , either using separation in water , using its density difference from quartz sand , or by washing the sand over copper plates coated with mercury ( with which gold forms an amalgam ) . Loss of mercury in the amalgamation process was a source of environmental contamination . Eventually , hard - rock mining wound up becoming the single largest source of gold produced in the Gold Country . The total production of gold in California from then till now is estimated at 118 million ounces ( 3700 t ) . Forty - niner panning for gold Sluice for separation of gold from dirt with water Excavating a river bed after the water has been diverted Crushing quartz ore prior to washing out gold Excavating a gravel bed with jets , circa 1863 Profits Recent scholarship confirms that merchants made far more money than miners during the Gold Rush . The wealthiest man in California during the early years of the rush was Samuel Brannan , a tireless self - promoter , shopkeeper and newspaper publisher . Brannan opened the first supply stores in Sacramento , Coloma , and other spots in the goldfields . Just as the rush began he purchased all the prospecting supplies available in San Francisco and re-sold them at a substantial profit . Some gold - seekers made a significant amount of money . On average , half the gold - seekers made a modest profit , after taking all expenses into account ; economic historians have suggested that white miners were more successful than black , Indian , or Chinese miners . However , taxes such as the California foreign miners tax passed in 1851 , targeted mainly Latino miners and kept them from making as much money as whites , who did n't have any taxes imposed on them . In California Most late arrivals made little or wound up losing money . Similarly , many unlucky merchants set up in settlements which disappeared , or which succumbed to one of the calamitous fires that swept the towns that sprang up .", "12": "By contrast , a businessman who went on to great success was Levi Strauss , who first began selling denim overalls in San Francisco in 1853 . Other businessmen reaped great rewards in retail , shipping , entertainment , lodging , or transportation . Boardinghouses , food preparation , sewing , and laundry were highly profitable businesses often run by women ( married , single , or widowed ) who realized men would pay well for a service done by a woman . Brothels also brought in large profits , especially when combined with saloons and gaming houses . By 1855 , the economic climate had changed dramatically . Gold could be retrieved profitably from the goldfields only by medium to large groups of workers , either in partnerships or as employees . By the mid-1850s , it was the owners of these gold - mining companies who made the money . Also , the population and economy of California had become large and diverse enough that money could be made in a wide variety of conventional businesses . Path of the gold Portsmouth Square , San Francisco , during the Gold Rush , 1851 Once extracted , the gold itself took many paths . First , much of the gold was used locally to purchase food , supplies and lodging for the miners . It also went towards entertainment , which consisted of anything from a traveling theater to alcohol , gambling , and prostitutes . These transactions often took place using the recently recovered gold , carefully weighed out . These merchants and vendors in turn used the gold to purchase supplies from ship captains or packers bringing goods to California . The gold then left California aboard ships or mules to go to the makers of the goods from around the world . A second path was the Argonauts themselves who , having personally acquired a sufficient amount , sent the gold home , or returned home taking with them their hard - earned `` diggings '' . For example , one estimate is that some US $ 80 million worth of California gold was sent to France by French prospectors and merchants . As the Gold Rush progressed , local banks and gold dealers issued `` banknotes '' or `` drafts '' -- locally accepted paper currency -- in exchange for gold , and private mints created private gold coins . With the building of the San Francisco Mint in 1854 , gold bullion was turned into official United States gold coins for circulation . The gold was also later sent by California banks to U.S.", "13": "national banks in exchange for national paper currency to be used in the booming California economy . Near - term effects The arrival of hundreds of thousands of new people in California within a few years , compared to a population of some 15,000 Europeans and Californios beforehand , had many dramatic effects . A 2017 study attributes the record - long economic expansion of the United States in the recession - free period of 1841 -- 1856 primarily to `` a boom in transportation - goods investment following the discovery of gold in California . '' Development of government and commerce The Gold Rush propelled California from a sleepy , little - known backwater to a center of the global imagination and the destination of hundreds of thousands of people . The new immigrants often showed remarkable inventiveness and civic - mindedness . For example , in the midst of the Gold Rush , towns and cities were chartered , a state constitutional convention was convened , a state constitution written , elections held , and representatives sent to Washington , D.C. to negotiate the admission of California as a state . Large - scale agriculture ( California 's second `` Gold Rush '' ) began during this time . Roads , schools , churches , and civic organizations quickly came into existence . The vast majority of the immigrants were Americans . Pressure grew for better communications and political connections to the rest of the United States , leading to statehood for California on September 9 , 1850 , in the Compromise of 1850 as the 31st state of the United States . Between 1847 and 1870 , the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000 . The Gold Rush wealth and population increase led to significantly improved transportation between California and the East Coast . The Panama Railway , spanning the Isthmus of Panama , was finished in 1855 . Steamships , including those owned by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company , began regular service from San Francisco to Panama , where passengers , goods and mail would take the train across the Isthmus and board steamships headed to the East Coast . One ill - fated journey , that of the S.S. Central America , ended in disaster as the ship sank in a hurricane off the coast of the Carolinas in 1857 , with approximately three tons of California gold aboard .", "14": "Impact on Native Americans Protecting The Settlers illustration by JR Browne for his work The Indians Of California 1864 Photo caption , `` The Heathen Chinee Prospecting '' indicates early prejudice against Chinese gold miners . California , 1852 The human and environmental costs of the Gold Rush were substantial . Native Americans , dependent on traditional hunting , gathering and agriculture , became the victims of starvation and disease , as gravel , silt and toxic chemicals from prospecting operations killed fish and destroyed habitats . The surge in the mining population also resulted in the disappearance of game and food gathering locales as gold camps and other settlements were built amidst them . Later farming spread to supply the settlers ' camps , taking more land away from the Native Americans . In some areas , systematic attacks against tribespeople in or near mining districts occurred . Various conflicts were fought between natives and settlers. Miners often saw Native Americans as impediments to their mining activities . Ed Allen , interpretive lead for Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park , reported that there were times when miners would kill up to 50 or more Natives in one day . Retribution attacks on solitary miners could result in larger scale attacks against Native populations , at times tribes or villages not involved in the original act . During the 1852 Bridge Gulch Massacre , a group of settlers attacked a band of Wintu Indians in response to the killing of a citizen named J.R. Anderson . After his killing , the sheriff led a group of men to track down the Indians , whom the men then attacked . Only three children survived the massacre that was against a different band of Wintu than the one that had killed Anderson . Historian Benjamin Madley recorded the numbers of killings of California Indians between 1846 and 1873 and estimated that during this period at least 9,400 to 16,000 California Indians were killed by non-Indians , mostly occurring in more than 370 massacres ( defined as the `` intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants , including women , children , and prisoners , whether in the context of a battle or otherwise '' ) . According to demographer Russell Thornton , between 1849 and 1890 , the Indigenous population of California fell below 20,000 -- primarily because of the killings .", "15": "According to the government of California , some 4,500 Native Americans suffered violent deaths between 1849 and 1870 . Furthermore , California stood in opposition of ratifying the eighteen treaties signed between tribal leaders and federal agents in 1851 . The state government , in support of miner activities funded and supported death squads , appropriating over 1 million dollars towards the funding and operation of the paramilitary organizations . Peter Burnett , California 's first governor declared that California was a battleground between the races and that there were only two options towards California Indians , extermination or removal . `` That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the two races until the Indian race becomes extinct , must be expected . While we can not anticipate the result with but painful regret , the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power and wisdom of man to avert . '' For Burnett , like many of his contemporaries , the genocide was part of God 's plan , and it was necessary for Burnett 's constituency to move forward in California . The Act for the Government and Protection of Indians , passed on April 22 , 1850 by the California Legislature , allowed settlers to capture and use Native people as bonded workers , prohibited Native peoples ' testimony against settlers , and allowed the adoption of Native children by settlers , often for labor purposes . After the initial boom had ended , explicitly anti-foreign and racist attacks , laws and confiscatory taxes sought to drive out foreigners -- not just Native Americans -- from the mines , especially the Chinese and Latin American immigrants mostly from Sonora , Mexico and Chile . The toll on the American immigrants was severe as well : one in twelve forty - niners perished , as the death and crime rates during the Gold Rush were extraordinarily high , and the resulting vigilantism also took its toll . World - wide economic stimulation Chilean wheat exports to California from 1848 to 1854 ( in qqm ) Year Grains Flour 1848 3000 n / a 1849 87,000 69,000 1850 277,000 221,000 1854 63,000 50,000 The Gold Rush stimulated economies around the world as well .", "16": "Farmers in Chile , Australia , and Hawaii found a huge new market for their food ; British manufactured goods were in high demand ; clothing and even prefabricated houses arrived from China . The return of large amounts of California gold to pay for these goods raised prices and stimulated investment and the creation of jobs around the world . Australian prospector Edward Hargraves , noting similarities between the geography of California and his home country , returned to Australia to discover gold and spark the Australian gold rushes . Preceding the Gold Rush , the United States was on a bi-metallic standard , but the sudden increase in physical gold supply increased the relative value of physical silver and drove silver money from circulation . The increase in gold supply also created a monetary supply shock . Within a few years after the end of the Gold Rush , in 1863 , the groundbreaking ceremony for the western leg of the First Transcontinental Railroad was held in Sacramento . The line 's completion , some six years later , financed in part with Gold Rush money , united California with the central and eastern United States . Travel that had taken weeks or even months could now be accomplished in days . Longer - term effects Legacy ( 1 ) State motto , `` Eureka '' on the Seal of California . ( 2 ) California state route shield , with the number 49 and shaped like a miner 's spade. ( 3 ) Commemorative coin from 1925 . California 's name became indelibly connected with the Gold Rush , and fast success in a new world became known as the `` California Dream . '' California was perceived as a place of new beginnings , where great wealth could reward hard work and good luck . Historian H.W. Brands noted that in the years after the Gold Rush , the California Dream spread across the nation : The old American Dream ... was the dream of the Puritans , of Benjamin Franklin 's `` Poor Richard '' ... of men and women content to accumulate their modest fortunes a little at a time , year by year by year . The new dream was the dream of instant wealth , won in a twinkling by audacity and good luck . ( This ) golden dream ... became a prominent part of the American psyche only after Sutter 's Mill . Overnight California gained the international reputation as the `` golden state '' .", "17": "Generations of immigrants have been attracted by the California Dream . California farmers , oil drillers , movie makers , airplane builders , and `` dot - com '' entrepreneurs have each had their boom times in the decades after the Gold Rush . Included among the modern legacies of the California Gold Rush are the California state motto , `` Eureka '' ( `` I have found it '' ) , Gold Rush images on the California State Seal , and the state nickname , `` The Golden State '' , as well as place names , such as Placer County , Rough and Ready , Placerville ( formerly named `` Dry Diggings '' and then `` Hangtown '' during rush time ) , Whiskeytown , Drytown , Angels Camp , Happy Camp , and Sawyers Bar . The San Francisco 49ers National Football League team , and the similarly named athletic teams of California State University , Long Beach , are named for the prospectors of the California Gold Rush . In addition , the standard route shield of state highways in California is in the shape of a miner 's spade to honor the California Gold Rush . Today , aptly named State Route 49 travels through the Sierra Nevada foothills , connecting many Gold Rush - era towns such as Placerville , Auburn , Grass Valley , Nevada City , Coloma , Jackson , and Sonora . This state highway also passes very near Columbia State Historic Park , a protected area encompassing the historic business district of the town of Columbia ; the park has preserved many Gold Rush - era buildings , which are presently occupied by tourist - oriented businesses . Cultural references The literary history of the Gold Rush is reflected in the works of Mark Twain ( The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County ) , Bret Harte ( A Millionaire of Rough - and - Ready ) , Joaquin Miller ( Life Amongst the Modocs ) , and many others . See also San Francisco Bay Area portal California portal Barbary Coast California Mining and Mineral Museum Gold in California Mercury contamination in California waterways Women in the California Gold Rush Notes Jump up ^ `` ( E ) vents from January 1848 through December 1855 ( are ) generally acknowledged as the ' Gold Rush ' . After 1855 , California gold mining changed and is outside the ' rush ' era . '' `` The Gold Rush of California : A Bibliography of Periodical Articles '' .", "18": "California State University , Stanislaus. 2002 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` California Gold Rush , 1848 -- 1864 '' . Learn California.org , a site designed for the California Secretary of State . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ For a detailed map , see California Historic Gold Mines Archived December 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , published by the State of California . Retrieved December 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bancroft , Hubert Howe ( 1889 ) . History of California , Volume 23 : 1848 -- 1859 . San Francisco : The History Company . pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . pp. 39 to 41 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) . Rush for riches ; gold fever and the making of California . Oakland , California , Berkeley and Los Angeles : Oakland Museum of California and University of California Press . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 55 to 56 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) . California : a history . New York : The Modern Library . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California . 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 103 to 105 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 59 to 60 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , p. 51 ( `` 800 residents '' ) Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . )", "19": "( 1999 ) . A golden state : mining and economic development in Gold Rush California ( California History Sesquicentennial Series , 2 ) . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 187 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) . Gold : the California story . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) . The age of gold : the California Gold Rush and the new American dream . New York : Anchor ( reprint ed . ) . pp. 103 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 75 -- 85 . Another route across Nicaragua was developed in 1851 ; it was not as popular as the Panama option . Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 252 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , pp. 101 , 107 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , p. 80 ; `` Shipping is the Foundation of San Francisco -- Literally '' . Oakland Museum of California . 1998 . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 363 to 366 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Richard ( 1975 ) . Siskiyou Trail . New York : McGraw Hill . pp. 361 -- 362 . Jump up ^ Wells , Harry L. ( 1881 ) . History of Siskiyou County , California . Oakland , California : D.J. Stewart & Co. pp.", "20": "60 -- 64 . Jump up ^ The buildings of Bodie , the best - known ghost town in California , date from the 1870s and later , well after the end of the Gold Rush . ^ Jump up to : Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Joaquin ( 1873 ) . Life amongst the Modocs : unwritten history . Berkeley : Heyday Books ; reprint edition ( January 1996 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blakely , Jim ; Barnette , Karen ( July 1985 ) . Historical Overview : Los Padres National Forest ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 43 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Ruth B. , Armitage , Susan , and Dichamp , Christiane Fischer ( eds . ) ( 1990 ) . So Much to Be Done . Lincoln : U Nebraska , p. 3 Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) . Rooted in barbarous soil : people , culture , and community in Gold Rush California . Berkeley and Los Angeles : Univ. of California Press . pp. 50 -- 54 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 48 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 50 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Caughey , John Walton ( 1975 ) . The California Gold Rush . University of California Press . p. 17 .", "21": "ISBN 0 - 520 - 02763 - 9 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 197 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) p. 63 . Holliday notes these luckiest prospectors were recovering , in short amounts of time , gold worth in excess of $1 million when valued at the dollars of today . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 57 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 53 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 53 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Susan Lee ( 2001 ) . Roaring camp : the social world of the California Gold Rush ( 1st ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32099 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Magagnini , Stephen ( January 18 , 1998 ) `` Chinese transformed ' Gold Mountain ' '' , The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 93 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 57 -- 61 . Other estimates range from 70,000 to 90,000 arrivals during 1849 ( ibid . p. 57 ) . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , p. 25 .", "22": "Jump up ^ `` Exploration and Settlement -- John Bull and Uncle Sam : Four Centuries of British - American Relations -- Exhibitions ( Library of Congress ) '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 193 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , p. 62 . Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Trail '' . isu.edu . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Neary , J. , & Robbins , H. ( 2015 ) . African American Literature of the Gold Rush . Mapping Region in Early American Writing , 226 Jump up ^ Freguli , Carolyn . ( eds . ) ( 2008 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Another estimate is 2,500 forty - niners of African ancestry . Rawls , James , J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ African Americans who were slaves and came to California during the Gold Rush could gain their freedom . One of the miners was African American Edmond Edward Wysinger ( 1816 -- 1891 ) , see also Moses Rodgers ( 1835 -- 1900 ) Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 67 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Out of Many , 5th Edition Volume 1 , Faragher 2006 ( p. 411 ) Jump up ^ The Gold Rush American Experience , KQED 2006 Jump up ^ `` Men : Women in Early San Francisco '' . FoundSF. 2016 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Key Points in Black History and the Gold Rush -- Instructional Materials ( CA Dept of Education ) '' . Cde.ca.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Ruth B. , Armitage , Susan , and Dichamp , Christiane Fischer ( eds . )", "23": "( 1990 ) , pp. 3 -- 8 Jump up ^ Levy , Joann ( 1992 ) . They saw the elephant : Women in the California Gold Rush . Archon : N.p. , pp. xxii , 92 Jump up ^ By one account , in late 1850 , the population of California was over 110,000 , not including the Californios or the California Indians . The surviving U.S. census counts in California add up to 92,600 , not including the lost censuses of San Francisco ( the largest city in California at that time ) , Contra Costa county and Santa Clara County . The women who came to California in the early years were a distinct minority , consisting of less than 10 % of the population . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , Nan Alamilla ( 2003 ) . Wide - Open Town . University of California Press . p. 27 -- via Project MUSE . As early gay cultures developed inside San Francisco 's many bars and taverns , they were bolstered by the disproportionate number of men in the city . Jump up ^ Boyd , Nan Alamilla ( 2003 ) . Wide - Open Town . University of California Press . p. 26 -- via Project MUSE . Here , the rough - and - tumble saloons of the Gold Rush developed into dance halls , honky - tonks , and bawdy houses that provided a space for men to gamble , dance , and satisfy their sexual desires . ^ Jump up to : Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) . Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 111 -- 112 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , pp. 115 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Neary , J. , & Robbins , H. ( 2015 ) . African American Literature of the Gold Rush . Mapping Region in Early American Writing , 226 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 235 .", "24": "^ Jump up to : Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 123 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 127 . There were fewer than 1,000 U.S. soldiers in California at the beginning of the Gold Rush . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ The federal law in place at the time of the California Gold Rush was the Preemption Act of 1841 , which allowed `` squatters '' to improve federal land , then buy it from the government after 14 months . Jump up ^ Paul , Rodman W. ( 1947 ) California Gold , Lincoln : Univ . Nebraska Press , p. 211 -- 213 . ^ Jump up to : Clay , Karen and Wright , Gavin . ( 2005 ) , pp. 155 -- 183 . ^ Jump up to : Clappe , Louise Amelia Knapp Smith ( 2001 ) ( 1922 ) . The Shirley Letters from the California Mines , 1851 -- 1852 . Heyday Books , Berkeley , California . p. 109 . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 00 - 7 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . `` Dame Shirley '' was the name adopted by Louise Amelia Knapp Smith Clappe as she wrote a series of letters to her family describing in detail her life in the Feather River goldfields . The letters were originally published in 1854 -- 1855 by The Pioneer magazine . Jump up ^ The rules of mining claims adopted by the forty - niners spread with each new mining rush throughout the western United States . The U.S. Congress finally legalized the practice in the `` Chaffee laws '' of 1866 and the `` placer law '' of 1870 . Lindley , Curtis H. ( 1914 ) A Treatise on the American Law Relating to Mines and Mineral Lands , San Francisco : Bancroft - Whitney , p. 89 -- 92 . Karen Clay and Gavin Wright , `` Order Without Law ?", "25": "Property Rights During the California Gold Rush . '' Explorations in Economic History 2005 42 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 183 . See also John F. Burns , and Richard J. Orsi , eds ; Taming the Elephant : Politics , Government , and Law in Pioneer California University of California Press , 2003 Jump up ^ Information Sharing During the Klondike Gold Rush , p. 13 -- 14 . Douglas W. Allen , Simon Fraser University Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) , pp. 169 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) , pp. 94 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) . Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 106 -- 108 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) , pp. 105 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) . Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 108 -- 110 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 198 -- 200 . Jump up ^ `` goldrushtrail.net '' . goldrushtrail.net . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 87 to 88 . Jump up ^ Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) . Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 110 -- 111 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 90 . Jump up ^ The Troy weight system is traditionally used to measure precious metals , not the more familiar avoirdupois weight system .", "26": "The term `` ounces '' used in this article to refer to gold typically refers to troy ounces . There are some historical uses where , because of the age of the use , the intention is ambiguous . ^ Jump up to : Mining History and Geology of the Mother Lode ( accessed October 16 , 2006 ) . Archived June 17 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Use of volumes of water in large - scale gold - mining dates at least to the time of the Roman Empire . ( See Roman - era gold mines in Spain . ) Roman engineers built extensive aqueducts and reservoirs above gold - bearing areas , and released the stored water in a flood so as to remove over-burden and expose gold - bearing bedrock , a process known as hushing . The bedrock was then attacked using fire and mechanical means , and volumes of water were used again to remove debris , and to process the resulting ore . Examples of this Roman mining technology may be found at Las Médulas in Spain and Dolaucothi in South Wales . The gold recovered using these methods was used to finance the expansion of the Roman Empire . Hushing was also used in lead and tin mining in Northern Britain and Cornwall . There is , however , no evidence of the earlier use of hoses , nozzles and continuous jets of water in the manner developed in California during the Gold Rush . ^ Jump up to : Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 32 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 116 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 36 -- 39 . Jump up ^ `` Amador City , California -- Historic Gold Mining Town . ( full text ) ( book links ) '' . readme-ebooks.org , The Pierian Press , 8 August 1999 .", "27": "Online . Internet . May 18 , 1743 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 39 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Charles N. Alpers ; Michael P. Hunerlach ; Jason T. May ; Roger L. Hothem. `` Mercury Contamination from Historical Gold Mining in California '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hausel , Dan . `` California -- Gold , Geology & Prospecting '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karen Clay and Randall Jones , `` Migrating to Riches ? Evidence from the California Gold Rush , '' Journal of Economic History , December 2008 , Vol. 68 Issue 4 , pp 997 -- 1027 Jump up ^ Rohrbough , Malcolm J. ( 1998 ) . Days of Gold : The California Gold Rush and the American Nation . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21659 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Zerbe , R.O. , & Anderson , C.L. ( 2001 ) . Culture and fairness in the development of institutions in the California gold fields . The Journal of Economic History , 61 ( 01 ) , 114 -- 143 Jump up ^ Sears , Clare ( 2014 ) . Arresting Dress : Cross-Dressing , Law , and Fascination in Nineteenth - Century San Francisco . Duke University Press Books . p. 68 . In 1852 the California state legislature targeted Chinese residents for a `` foreign miners '' tax ( ... ) Jump up ^ Clay and Jones , `` Migrating to Riches ? Evidence from the California Gold Rush , '' Journal of Economic History , 2008 . Jump up ^ Levi 's jeans were not invented until the 1870s .", "28": "Lynn Downey , Levi Strauss & Co. ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ James Lick made a fortune running a hotel and engaging in land speculation in San Francisco . Lick 's fortune was used to build Lick Observatory . Jump up ^ Four particularly successful Gold Rush era merchants were Leland Stanford , Collis P. Huntington , Mark Hopkins and Charles Crocker , Sacramento area businessmen ( later known as the Big Four ) who financed the western leg of the First Transcontinental Railroad , and became very wealthy as a result . Jump up ^ Susan Lee Johnson , Roaring Camp : The social world of the California Gold Rush . ( 2000 ) , pp. 164 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 52 -- 68 , 193 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 212 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) . Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 256 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) p. 90 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 193 -- 197 ; 214 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 226 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , p. 50 .", "29": "Other estimates are that there were 7,000 -- 13,000 non-Native Americans in California before January 1848 . See Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , pp. 26 , 51 . Jump up ^ Historians have reflected on the Gold Rush and its effect on California . Historian Kevin Starr stated that for all its problems and benefits , the Gold Rush established the `` founding patterns , the DNA code , of American California '' , and quotes from The Annals of San Francisco in 1855 that the Gold Rush advanced California into a `` rapid , monstrous maturity '' . See Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , p. 80 and Starr , Kevin ( 1973 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Davis , Joseph ; Weidenmier , Marc D. ( 2017 ) . `` America 's First Great Moderation '' . The Journal of Economic History . 77 ( 4 ) : 1116 -- 1143 . doi : 10.1017 / S002205071700081X . ISSN 0022 - 0507 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , pp. 91 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 243 -- 248 . By 1860 , California had over 200 flour mills , and was exporting wheat and flour around the world . Ibid . at 278 -- 280 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 1973 ) . Americans and the California dream : 1850 -- 1915 . New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 69 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Caughey , 1975 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1870 , U.S. Bureau of the Census Jump up ^ Harper 's New Monthly Magazine March 1855 , Volume 10 , Issue 58 , p. 543 . Jump up ^ S.S. Central America information ; Final voyage of the S.S. Central America .", "30": "Retrieved April 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) , pp. 192 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Another notable ship wreck was the steamship Winfield Scott , bound to Panama from San Francisco , which crashed into Anacapa Island off the Southern California coast in December 1853 . All hands and passengers were saved , along with the cargo of gold , but the ship was a total loss . Jump up ^ `` Focus On the West '' . Jump up ^ Castillo , Edward D. ( 1998 ) . `` California Indian History '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Native History : California Gold Rush Begins , Devastates Native Population '' . Indian Country Today Media Network.com . January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Native History : California Gold Rush Begins , Devastates Native Population '' . Indian Country Today Media Network.com . Jump up ^ While the Bloody Island Massacre occurred during this time period , it did not occur in the Gold Rush era mining districts . Jump up ^ `` Trinity County California '' . visittrinity.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Madley , Benjamin , An American Genocide , The United States and the California Catastrophe , 1846 -- 1873 , Yale University Press , 2016 , 692 pages , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 18136 - 4 , p. 11 , p. 351 Jump up ^ Thornton 1987 , pp. 107 -- 109 . Jump up ^ `` Minorities During the Gold Rush '' . California Secretary of State . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Norton , Jack ( 1979 ) . Genocide in northwestern California : when our worlds cried . San Francisco : Indian Historian Press . ISBN 0 - 913436 - 26 - 7 . pp. 70 -- 73 Jump up ^ `` Indians of California -- American Period '' . www.cabrillo.edu .", "31": "Jump up ^ Lindsay , Brenden C ( 2012 ) . `` Murder State : California 's Native American Genocide , 1846 -- 1873 . '' University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln and London . p. 231 Jump up ^ Lindsay , Brenden C ( 2012 ) . `` Murder State : California 's Native American Genocide , 1846 -- 1873 . '' University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln and London . p. 148 Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 56 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , pp. 84 -- 87 . Joaquin Murrieta was a famous Mexican bandit during the Gold Rush of the 1850s. The Last of the California Rangers ( 1928 ) , `` 16 . California Banditti , '' by Jill L. Cossley - Batt Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Villalobos , Sergio ; Silva , Osvaldo ; Silva , Fernando and Estelle , Patricio. 1974 . Historia De Chile . Editorial Universitaria , Chile . p 481 - 485 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 285 -- 286 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 287 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Younger , R.M. ' Wondrous Gold ' in Australia and the Australians : A New Concise History , Rigby , Sydney , 1970 Jump up ^ Narron , James ; Morgan , Don ( 7 Aug 2015 ) . `` Crisis Chronicles -- The California Gold Rush and the Gold Standard '' . New York Fed . Liberty Street Economics . New York , NY : Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Retrieved 8 Aug 2015 . The gold rush constituted a positive monetary supply shock because the United States was on the gold standard at the time . The nation had switched from a bimetallic ( gold and silver ) standard to a de facto gold standard in 1834 .", "32": "Under the latter , the U.S. government stood ready to buy gold for $20.67 per ounce , a parity that prevailed until 1933 . That commitment anchored prices , but the large gold discovery functioned like a monetary easing by a central bank , with more gold chasing the same amount of goods and services . The increase in spending ultimately led to higher prices because nothing real had changed except the availability of a shiny yellow metal . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Historians James Rawls and Walton Bean have postulated that were it not for the discovery of gold , Oregon might have been granted statehood ahead of California , and therefore the first `` Pacific Railroad might have been built to that state . '' See Rawls , James , J. , and Walton Bean ( 2003 ) , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Kevin Starr , Americans and the California Dream , 1850 -- 1915 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , p. 442 . Jump up ^ A perception of lawlessness also was connected with California . See , Robert A. Burchell , `` The Loss of a Reputation ; or , The Image of California in Britain before 1875 , '' California Historical Quarterly 53 ( Summer I974 ) : 115 - 30 ( stories about Gold Rush lawlessness deterred some immigration for two decades ) . Jump up ^ `` ( A ) griculture dominated the post-Gold Rush sequence of development , employing more people than mining by 1869 ... and surpassing mining in 1879 as the leading element of the California economy . '' Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Signal Hill , California , Bakersfield , California ; Los Angeles , California Jump up ^ 20th Century - Fox , MGM , Paramount , RKO , Warner Bros.", "33": ", Universal Pictures , Columbia Pictures , and United Artists are among the most recognized entertainment industry names centered in California ; see also Film studio Jump up ^ Hughes Aircraft , Douglas Aircraft , North American Aviation , Northrop , Lockheed Aircraft were among the complex of companies in the aerospace industry which flourished in California during and after World War II Jump up ^ Gaither , Chris ; Chmielewski , Dawn C ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` Google Bets Big on Videos '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2006 . Retrieved October 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gold Rush images on the state seal include a forty - niner digging with a pick and shovel , a pan for panning gold , and a `` long - tom . '' In addition , the ships on the water suggest the sailing ships filling the Sacramento River and San Francisco Bay during the Gold Rush era . Jump up ^ `` Economic Development History of State Route 99 in California '' . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . In the 1960s , green and white CA - 99 signs that resemble miners ' spades replaced the black and white U.S. 99 shields Jump up ^ Papoulias , Alexander ( January 4 , 2008 ) . `` Car Sales Curbed Along El Camino '' . Palo Alto Weekly . Office of California State Senator Leland Yee . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . State routes can be identified by the green State Highway Route shield , which is in the shape of a spade in honor of the California Gold Rush , and bears the route 's number Jump up ^ `` Your guide to the Mother Lode : Complete map of historic Hwy 49 '' . historichwy49.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Watson ( 2005 ) looks at Bret Harte 's notion of Western partnership in such California gold rush stories as `` The Luck of Roaring Camp ' ( 1868 ) , `` Tennessee 's Partner '' ( 1869 ) , and `` Miggles '' ( 1869 ) .", "34": "While critics have long recognized Harte 's interest in gender constructs , Harte 's depictions of Western partnerships also explore changing dynamics of economic relationships and gendered relationships through terms of contract , mutual support , and the bonds of labor . Matthew A. Watson , `` The Argonauts of ' 49 : Class , Gender , and Partnership in Bret Harte 's West . '' Western American Literature 2005 40 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 53 . References Bancroft , Hubert Howe ( 1888 ) . History of California : 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) . The age of gold : the California Gold Rush and the new American dream . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 72088 - 5 . Clappe , Louise Amelia Knapp Smith ( 2001 ) ( 1922 ) . The Shirley Letters from the California Mines , 1851 -- 1852 . Heyday Books , Berkeley , California . p. 109 . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 00 - 7 . Clay , Karen ; Gavin Wright ( April 2005 ) . `` Order Without Law ? Property Rights During the California Gold Rush '' ( PDF ) . Explorations in Economic History . 42 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 183 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2004.05. 003 . Dillon , Richard ( 1975 ) . Siskiyou Trail : the Hudson 's Bay Company route to California . New York : McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 016980 - 2 . Gaither , Chris ; Chmielewski , Dawn C. ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` Google Bets Big on Videos '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved October 10 , 2006 . Harper 's New Monthly Magazine March 1855 , volume 10 , issue 58 , p. 543 , complete text online . Heizer , Robert F.", "35": "( 1974 ) . The destruction of California Indians . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7262 - 6 . Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) . Gold : the California story . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21547 - 8 . Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) . Rush for riches : Gold fever and the making of California . Oakland , California , Berkeley and Los Angeles : Oakland Museum of California and University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21401 - 3 . Johnson , Susan Lee ( 2001 ) . Roaring Camp : the social world of the California Gold Rush . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32099 - 5 . Levy , JoAnn ( 1992 ) ( 1990 ) . They saw the elephant : women in the California Gold Rush . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2473 - 3 . Miller , Joaquin ( 1873 ) . Life amongst the Modocs : unwritten history . Berkeley : Heyday Books ; reprint edition ( January 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 930588 - 79 - 7 . Moynihan , Ruth B. ; Armitage , Susan ; Dichamp , Christiane Fischer , eds. ( 1990 ) . So much to be done : Women settlers on the mining and ranching frontier , 2d ed . ( Women in the West ) . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8248 - 6 . Rawls , James , J. ; Bean , Walton ( 2003 ) . California : An interpretive history . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 255255 - 7 . Rawls , James , J. and Richard J. Orsi ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) . A golden state : mining and economic development in Gold Rush California .", "36": "California History Sesquicentennial , 2 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21771 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Starr , Kevin ( 1973 ) . Americans and the California dream : 1850 -- 1915 . New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504233 - 6 . Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) . California : a history . New York : Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64240 - 4 . Starr , Kevin and Richard J. Orsi ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) . Rooted in barbarous soil : people , culture , and community in Gold Rush California . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22496 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Thornton , Russel ( 1987 ) . American Indian Holocaust and Survival : A Population History Since 1492 . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2074 - 4 . Wells , Harry L. ( 1971 ) ( 1881 ) . History of Siskiyou County , California . Siskiyou Historical Society . OCLC 6150902 . ASIN B0006YP8IE , . Further reading Burchell , Robert A. ( Summer 1974 ) . `` The Loss of a Reputation ; or , The Image of California in Britain before 1875 '' . California Historical Quarterly . 53 ( 3 ) : 115 -- 130 . doi : 10.2307 / 25157500 . ISSN 0097 - 6059 . Burns , John F. and Richard J. Orsi ( eds . ) ( 2003 ) . Taming the Elephant : Politics , Government , and Law in Pioneer California . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23413 - 8 .", "37": "Retrieved February 14 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Drager , K. ; C. Fracchia ( 1997 ) . The Golden Dream : California from Gold Rush to Statehood . Portland , Oregon : Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 55868 - 312 - 7 . Dwyer , Richard A. ; Richard E. Lingenfelter ; David Cohen ( 1964 ) . The Songs of the Gold Rush . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . Eifler , Mark A. ( 2002 ) . Gold Rush Capitalists : Greed and Growth in Sacramento . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2822 - 9 . Hart , Eugene ( 2003 ) . A Guide to the California Gold Rush . Merced : Freewheel Publications . ISBN 0 - 9634197 - 2 - 2 . Helper , Hinton Rowan ( 1855 ) . The Land of Gold : Reality Versus Fiction . Baltimore : H. Taylor . Holliday , J.S. ; William Swain ( 2002 ) ( 1981 ) . The World Rushed in : The California Gold Rush Experience . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3464 - X . Hurtado , Albert L. ( 2006 ) . John Sutter : A Life on the North American Frontier . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3772 - X . Klare , Normand E. ( 2005 ) . The Final Voyage of the SS Central America 1857 . Ashland , Oregon : Klare Taylor Publishers . ISBN 0 - 9764403 - 0 - X . Knorr , Lawrence ( 2008 ) . A Pennsylvania Mennonite and the California Gold Rush . Camp Hill : Sunbury Press . ISBN 0 - 9760925 - 8 - 1 . Lienhard , Heinrich .", "38": "`` Wenn Du absolut nach Amerika willst , so gehe in Gottesnamen ! '' , Erinnerungen an den California Trail , John A. Sutter und den Goldrausch 1846 -- 1849 . Herausgegeben von ( edited by ) Christa Landert , mit einem Vorwort von ( foreword by ) Leo Schelbert . Zürich : Limmat Verlag , 2010 , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 85791 - 504 - 8 Owens , Kenneth N. ( ed . ) ( 2002 ) . Riches for All : The California Gold Rush and the World . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8617 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) `` Haun Collection Archive '' . Roberts , Brian ( 2000 ) . American Alchemy : The California Gold Rush and Middle - class Culture . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4856 - 5 . Rohrbough , Malcolm J. ( 1998 ) . Days of Gold : The California Gold Rush and the American Nation . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21659 - 8 . online edition Watson , Matthew A. ( 2005 ) . `` The Argonauts of ' 49 : Class , Gender , and Partnership in Bret Harte 's West '' . Western American Literature. 40 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 53 . ISSN 0043 - 3462 . Witschi , N.S. ( 2004 ) . `` Bret Harte . '' Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature . Ed . Jay Parini . New York : Oxford University Press . 154 -- 157 . Witschi , N.S. ( 2002 ) . Traces of Gold : California 's Natural Resources and the Claim to Realism in Western American Literature . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1117 - 3 .", "39": "External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to California Gold Rush . Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` California Gold Rush '' dated 2009 - 04 - 09 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles California Gold Rush at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) California Gold Rush chronology at The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco Gold at the website of United States Geological Survey Gold Country Museum in Placer County , California `` California as I Saw It : '' First - Person Narratives of California 's Early Years , 1849 -- 1900 Library of Congress American Memory Project University of California , Berkeley , Bancroft Library The University of California , Calisphere , 1848 -- 1865 : The Gold Rush Era California State Library , `` California As We Saw It '' : Exploring the California Gold Rush , online exhibit Map of North America during the California Gold Rush at omniatlas.com California gold rush letter , MSS SC 1180 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Harold B. 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-5548201381317088445	when did the first pair of yeezys come out	[ "February 14, 2015", "February 14, 2015", "February 14, 2015", "February 14, 2015", "February 14, 2015" ]	{ "0": "Adidas Yeezy - wikipedia Adidas Yeezy Jump to : navigation , search Adidas ' Yeezy Boost 350 in the ' Turtle Dove ' colorway - the first of the 350 line to commercially release . Adidas Yeezy Boost is the official collaboration sneaker by Kanye West and Adidas . The Adidas Yeezy 750 Boost `` Light Brown '' was the first sneaker to release from this collaboration on February 14 , 2015 . The second shoe to release was the Adidas Yeezy Boost 350 `` Turtle Dove '' . `` Yeezy Season 1 '' was the first and only apparel collection to release from this collaboration . It was officially released on October 29 , 2015 . The Adidas Yeezy 950 Boost was also part of this collection and it was released in four different colorways . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Clothing 3 Footwear 3.1 Yeezy Boost 750 3.2 Yeezy Boost 350 3.3 Yeezy 950 3.4 Yeezy 350 Cleat 3.5 Yeezy Boost 350 V2 3.6 Yeezy Powerphase 3.7 Yeezy Boost 700 3.8 Yeezy 500 Desert Rat 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Kanye West originally designed a shoe for Adidas in 2006 , but it never came out . The first brand to officially collaborate with Kanye West and have a shoe line was Nike . This collaboration lasted for five years and a total of three sneaker styles were released . In 2013 , after the release of the `` Red Octobers '' Kanye West left Nike . Kanye West wanted Nike to grant him royalties , but they denied his request . Kanye West reached out to Adidas and they agreed to give him royalties . A year after the confirmation of the Adidas and Kanye West collaboration , there was still no product . February 2015 was when the collaboration officially debuted . `` Yeezy Season 1 '' had been very anticipated and celebrities such as Rihanna , Diddy , and Kim Kardashian were at the showing .", "1": "Clothing ( edit ) `` Yeezy Season 1 '' officially released on October 29 , 2015 . This collection was noted for its stripped down , ready - to - wear style , which drew on military clothing and flesh - toned colors . Prices ranged from $600 sweatpants to $3,000 jackets . Although , the footwear sold out quickly , the apparel collection did not . After the `` Yeezy Season 1 '' show , Adidas announced they would no longer be a part of Yeezy apparel . Instead , they will only be collaborating on footwear . Footwear ( edit ) As of December , 2017 , a total of 19 colorways and 6 designs have been released between the Adidas and Yeezy collaboration . Through a combination of factors including popularization by celebrities , Adidas Yeezy sneakers have come to be extremely influential and highly coveted . Yeezy Boost 750 ( edit ) On December 3 , 2013 , Adidas confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West . On February 8 , 2015 , the name and design for the Kanye West and Adidas collaboration shoe was revealed . On February 10 Adidas revealed posters of the Yeezy Boost 750 `` Light Brown '' all throughout their flagship stores . The Yeezy boost 750 `` Light Brown '' was initially released on February 14 , 2015 , exclusively for those who confirmed a reservation through the Adidas mobile app . This initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boost 750 `` Light Brown '' was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app ; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes . Between February 21 and February 28 the Yeezy Boost 750 `` Light Brown '' was available through a wider range of retailers and boutiques . The shoe retailed for $350 . On June 11 , 2016 , Yeezy Season 2 began with the second set of releases of the Yeezy Boost 750 `` Glow in the Dark '' . The shoe was sold in an all - grey color scheme with a phosphorescent ( glow - in - the - dark ) gum outsole . This was the first time a glow - in - the - dark sole has been featured since the ( Nike Air Yeezy ) line .", "2": "The shoe features improved materials such as higher quality suede and leather . Like the previous 750s , this was sold for a retail price of $350 . The next Yeezy Boost 750 featured a brown suede and leather upper with the same fluorescent sole as the previous model . This colorway was dubbed `` Chocolate '' and retailed for $350 like all previous 750 models . There have been no further releases of the sneaker . Yeezy Boost 350 ( edit ) Adidas Yeezy Boost `` Oxford Tan '' On June 27 , 2015 , the second shoe from the collaboration , the Yeezy Boost 350 was made available through a worldwide release . The shoe was first released in a white and grey `` Turtle Dove '' Color scheme . On August 22 , 2015 , an all - black version of the Yeezy Boost 350 released , known as the `` Pirate Black . '' An olivine variant , the `` Moonrock , '' was released exclusively to stores who were vendors for the Yeezy Season 1 clothing line . The fourth and final version of Season 1 's 350 Boost was the `` Oxford Tan , '' which featured a light - brown color scheme . In early 2016 , a revised version of the Pirate Black colorway was released . Revisions included additional support and padding to the heel . However , both iterations are relatively identical in appearance . All variants of the shoe retailed for $200 . On August 27 , 2016 , the Yeezy Boost 350 re-released in infant sizes . The shoe was released in the `` Turtle Dove '' and `` Pirate Black '' color scheme . There have been no further releases or restocks of the sneaker . Yeezy 950 ( edit ) The Yeezy 950 was first released on October 29 , 2015 at select retail stores and online . It was part of the Yeezy season 1 collection and came in three different colorways : Peyote , Moonrock , Chocolate , and Pirate black . Each shoe was retailed at $585 USD . `` The Adidas Yeezy 950 extended the Kanye West and Adidas partnership outside of the sneaker space with its military duckboot inspired design . '' There have been no further releases of the sneaker .", "3": "Yeezy 350 cleat ( edit ) The Adidas Yeezy 350 Football Boost `` Turtle dove '' colorway was originally released on September 15 , 2016 . The Yeezy 350 cleat `` Turtle Dove '' is the first athletic footwear product from the Adidas and Yeezy collaboration . `` The shoe took the overall look and feel of the adidas Yeezy Boost 350 however they installed a Primeknit upper reinforced with SprintSkin sitting on a 5 - star cleat frame . '' The cleat was designed for football and it had made its first appearance in a 2016 NFL kickoff game . Texans wide receiver DeAndre Hopkins was fined $6,000 for wearing the cleats because they broke the NFL uniform policy by not having a solid base color . Adidas Yeezy Boost v2 `` Zebra '' There have been no further releases of this cleat Yeezy Boost 350 V2 ( edit ) The Yeezy Boost 350 V2 `` Beluga '' was revealed at the Yeezy Season 3 show and was released on September 24 , 2016 . It is considered a remake of the previous Yeezy Boost 350 and features several outer changes , such as a different pattern , removed heel tab , and a large stripe running around the outer side of the shoe with the characters `` SPLY - 350 '' . The sole also has been updated to be transparent and features full - length visibility of the boost material midsole through a grid - pattern opening on the outsole . September 24 , 2016 , was the release date of the Yeezy Boost V2 `` Beluga '' . It featured an all Grey outsole and primeknit , with a large colored orange stripe with the words `` SPLY - 350 '' . On November 23 , 2016 , three new colorways released , `` Copper '' , `` Green '' , and `` Red '' , featuring an all black outsole and primeknit , with a large colored stripe with the words `` SPLY - 350 '' . A Core Black / Core White colorway , dubbed `` Oreo '' , was released December 17 , 2016 , which also featured a black outsole and prime knit , as well as a white stripe across the shoe .", "4": "A notable adaption to the Yeezy Boost 350 V2 line was made when a black and red `` Bred '' colorway released February 11 , 2017 . The colorway possesses a `` triple black '' colorway , with the `` SPLY - 350 '' displayed in a red tint . Additionally , it officially became the first to opt out the prominent stripe on previous models . A `` Zebra '' colorway was released on February 25 , 2017 and later restocked online and in various adidas stores and retailers on June 24 , 2017 . The colorway featured prominent black stripes over a never before seen white overlay , prompting a surge of value and hype from the sneaker community . On April 29 , 2017 , a long - awaited model labeled as `` Cream White '' was released to the public . All shoe colorways have been released for a retail price of $220 . Three new colorways of the Yeezy 350 V2 model have surfaced . A `` Semi-Frozen Yellow '' colorway featuring a bright yellow prime knit upper and unique `` gum soles '' released on November 18 , 2017 in limited quantity . Additionally , a colorway with a strikingly familiar pattern to the first release of the Yeezy 350 V2 , dubbed the `` Beluga 2.0 , '' released at various retailers in large quantity seven days after the `` Semi-Frozen Yellow '' on November 25 , 2017 . It subsequently restocked on the 30th of November . The third colorway , `` Blue Tint , '' will be releasing on the 16th of December . All colorways have opted to possess consistent prime knit patterns without a prominent stripe on the sides , however , the iconic `` SPLY - 350 '' will still be retained on all three pairs with prices being set at $220 . Several other iterations of the shoe have been rumored to make its return in 2018 ; featuring one with a displaced `` SPLY - 350 '' and a dull grey primeknit pattern , a `` Sesame '' graphic featuring a gum sole similar to that of the `` Semi-Frozen Yellow '' , and a `` Ice Yellow '' similar to the `` Cream White '' colorway are all rumored to release in the summer of 2018 . All rumors are subject to change .", "5": "Yeezy Powerphase ( edit ) The Adidas Powerphase `` Calabasas '' was released on March 28 , 2017 . `` The retro sneakers are an update of an Adidas trainer from the ' 80s . They feature a premium white leather upper with perforated striped , green Adidas branding and a red Trefoil logo . '' A tonal grey colorway released globally on the 9th of December for a retail price of $120 . Yeezy Boost 700 ( edit ) The Adidas Yeezy Boost 700 is the official name for Kanye West 's new Adidas Yeezy running shoe . It debuted during the Yeezy Season 5 fashion show in 2017 . The shoe released on August 12 , 2017 for $300 exclusively via the Yeezy Supply online store . Two colorways of white / gum and black are also expected to release in 2018 . The shoe itself has faced large amounts of controversy due to its appearance . Yeezy 500 desert rat ( edit ) This Adidas Yeezy 500 was released in December 2017 , as a pre-order with delivery slated for March 2018 , It was only available in a Super Moon Yellow colourway , and only available in a bundle with a hoodie and sweat shorts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Adidas Yeezy 750 Boost Light Brown / Carbon White - Light Brown '' . Sole Collector . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Yeezy Boost 350 `` Turtle Dove '' adidas Sole Collector `` . Sole Collector . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West & adidas : How the Collab Happened '' . Highsnobiety . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` adidas YEEZY Season 1 Release Date - SneakerNews.com '' . Sneaker News . October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Fall Colorways of Kanye West 's adidas Yeezy 950 Boot '' . Sole Collector . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 .", "6": "Jump up ^ `` Kanye West & adidas : How the Collab Happened '' . Highsnobiety . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` adidas YEEZY Season 1 Release Date '' . Sneaker News . October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Banks , Tim . `` Yeezy Fall 2015 Ready - to - Wear Collection '' . Vogue . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West & adidas : How the Collab Happened '' . Highsnobiety . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West & adidas : How the Collab Happened '' . Highsnobiety . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete Yeezy Price Guide - Adidas Yeezy 350 Boost `` Turtledove '' `` . Sole Collector . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Yeezys Are the Most Influential Sneakers of 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Little , Lyneka ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Adidas Confirms New Deal with Kanye West '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West 's Yeezy 750 Boost Sneakers Restock After Selling Out '' . bet.com . February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Briguglio , Mario . `` adidas YEEZY 750 BOOST Online Release Date '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Originals Officially Announces Yeezy Boost 350 '' . Jump up ^ Briguglio , Mario ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Adidas Yeezy 350 Boost `` Black '' Drops Tomorrow `` . Jump up ^ Briguglio , Mario ( November 13 , 2015 ) .", "7": "`` adidas Yeezy 350 Boost Moonrock Release Date -- Sneaker Bar Detroit '' . Jump up ^ Briguglio , Mario ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About the adidas Yeezy 350 Boost `` Oxford Tan '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Here 's What the New Yeezy Boost 350 Pretty Much Looks Like '' . Jump up ^ Briguglio , Mario . `` Adidas Yeezy 350 Boost Low Release Date -- Sneaker Bar Detroit '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete Yeezy Price Guide - Adidas Yeezy 350 Boost Infant `` Pirate Black '' `` . Sole Collector . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` adidas YEEZY 950 Duckboot Price + Release Info '' . Sneaker News . October 28 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Fall Colorways of Kanye West 's adidas Yeezy 950 Boot '' . Sole Collector . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Yeezy 950 adidas Sole Collector '' . Sole Collector . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Yeezy 350 Football Boot `` Turtle Dove '' `` . Sole Collector . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Yeezy 350 Cleat '' . Sole Collector . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Texans ' Hopkins fined $6 K for his Yeezy cleats '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Yeezy Boost 350 V2 `` Beluga '' `` . Sole Collector . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas YEEZY Boost 350 V2 `` Core Black / Red '' Release Date Confirmed `` . Highsnobiety . February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 .", "8": "Jump up ^ Chris Danforth ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` Adidas YEEZY Boost 350 V2 `` Zebra : '' Here 's Your Best Look Yet `` . Highsnobiety . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Yeezy Boost 350 V2 Triple White April 2017 '' . Sneaker News . March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://sneakernews.com/2017/10/18/adidas-yeezy-boost-350-v2-semi-frozen-yellow-release-date/ Jump up ^ https://sneakernews.com/2017/10/24/adidas-yeezy-boost-350-v2-beluga-2-0-release-date/ Jump up ^ https://www.kicksonfire.com/adidas-yeezy-boost-350-v2-ice-yellow-release-info/ Jump up ^ `` The Complete Yeezy Price Guide - Adidas Yeezy Powerphase `` Calabasas '' `` . Sole Collector . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jones , Riley ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kanye West 's Calabasas x Adidas Yeezy Powerphase Sneakers Will be Rereleased on June 4 '' . Footwear News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ https://sneakernews.com/2017/12/01/adiads-yeezy-powerphase-calabasas-grey-store-list/ Jump up ^ `` Adidas Yeezy Boost 700 - Latest Release Info '' . Sneaker News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 .", "9": "External links ( edit ) Adidas Yeezy official website Adidas Adidas Group Adidas brands Adidas Originals Adicolor Adidas 1 Adidas Superstar Adidas Stan Smith TaylorMade - Adidas Adidas Yeezy Three stripes Football equipment Adidas Copa Mundial Adidas Finale Adidas Etrusco Unico Adidas Questra Adidas Azteca Adidas Fevernova Adidas Predator Adidas Pelias Adidas Jabulani Adidas Samba Adidas Roteiro Adidas Tango Adidas Brazuca Adidas Teamgeist Adidas Telstar Adidas Tricolore AdiPure Related List of Adidas sponsorships Reebok Runtastic Kanye West Discography Production discography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums The College Dropout Late Registration Graduation 808s & Heartbreak My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Watch the Throne ( with Jay - Z ) Yeezus The Life of Pablo Live albums Late Orchestration VH1 Storytellers Compilations Cruel Summer Mixtapes Ca n't Tell Me Nothing DVDs The College Dropout Video Anthology Late Orchestration Films We Were Once a Fairytale Runaway Cruel Summer Tours Vertigo Tour Glow in the Dark Tour Fame Kills : Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga Watch the Throne Tour The Yeezus Tour Saint Pablo Tour Books Glow in the Dark Related articles Roc - A-Fella Records GOOD Music Very GOOD Beats GOOD Fridays Child Rebel Soldier Nike Air Yeezy Adidas Yeezy Shutter Shades Kanye Zone Jay - Z Kim Kardashian Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adidas_Yeezy&oldid=821997950 '' Categories : Shoes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "10": ", a non-profit organization . 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-7615960389617916651	who wrote the song be thankful for what you got	[ "William DeVaughn", "William DeVaughn", "William DeVaughn", "William DeVaughn", "William DeVaughn" ]	{ "0": "Be Thankful for What You Got - Wikipedia Be Thankful for What You Got Jump to : navigation , search `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' Single by William DeVaughn from the album Be Thankful for What You Got B - side `` Be Thankful For What You Got , Part 2 '' Released March 1974 Recorded 1972 Genre Soul Length 7 : 12 ( album version ) 3 : 25 ( single edit ) Label Roxbury Records Songwriter ( s ) William DeVaughn Producer ( s ) Frank Fioravanti , John Davis `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' is a soul song written and first performed by William DeVaughn . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Sampled 1.2 References 2 Covers 2.1 Massive Attack version 2.2 Lipbone Redding version 3 Notes 4 Sources History ( edit ) DeVaughn wrote `` A Cadillac Do n't Come Easy '' eventually re-written to become `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' in 1972 , and spent $900 toward its development to Omega Sound ( a Philadelphia production house ) . The producers at Omega ( Frank Fioravanti and sax player / MFSB session group member , John Davis ) decided to go for a strong groove with a smooth , almost jazzy arrangement , eventually booking time to record at Sigma Sound Studio in Philadelphia . The session featured members of the MFSB group -- guitarist Norman Harris , drummer Earl Young , bassist Ron Baker , and vibist Vince Montana -- secured by Allan Felder , who also developed the separate ad lib back - up chorus with his sister 's vocal choir. ( The B - Side of the single entitled `` Diamond in the Back '' was the same title adopted by Ludacris 2004 ) Frank Fioravanti could have released the record on the company 's own label Sound Gems , but it was just starting out and instead secured its release on the Roxbury Records record label , run by producer - songwriter Wes Farrell . The record sold nearly two million copies on its release in spring 1974 , reaching # 1 on the U.S.", "1": "R&B charts and # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . With a sound and content influenced by Curtis Mayfield ( and often erroneously attributed to him ) , its simple and encouraging lyrics hit home , to the extent that it became featured on gospel radio stations . The edited version , which is the first part of the song , became a hit . The other half of the song is a longer instrumental with the repeated chords and rhythm before the final chorus comes in . The song is seven minutes long and radio stations preferred the sung portions over the instrumental portions . The song is noted for its repeated line : `` Diamond in the back , / Sun roof top , / Diggi'n the scene , with a gangsta lean '' . DeVaughn 's second album Figures Ca n't Calculate ( TEC , 1980 ) included a remake . The song is featured in the films Bug ( 2002 ) , Be Cool ( 2005 ) and La Mission ( 2010 ) . Preceded by `` I 'm in Love '' by Aretha Franklin Billboard Hot Soul Singles number one single June 1 , 1974 Succeeded by `` Hollywood Swinging '' by Kool & the Gang Sampled ( edit ) The song has been sampled several times , such as by N.W.A in `` Gangsta Gangsta '' , Ludacris in `` Diamond in the Back '' and Ice Cube in `` Stand Tall '' . References ( edit ) The song is referenced in the Parliament - Funkadelic song `` P. Funk ( Wants to Get Funked Up ) '' , with the lyric : `` Gangster lean ; Y'all should dig my sun - roof top . '' The song was also referenced in the late guitarist Gabor Szabo 's 1976 song , `` Keep Smiling , '' except the `` diamond in the back '' lyric was changed to `` digging the scene with a Philly lean , '' possibly referring to the song 's co-author and producer ( and Vaughn 's Philadelphia International Records label - mate ) Bunny Sigler . In the song `` Still Fly '' by Big Tymers the last verse mentions an ' old - school Caddy with a diamond in the back ' and imitates DeVaughn 's higher tone .", "2": "The song is referenced in the Rihanna song `` Shut Up and Drive ( Rihanna song ) '' , with the phrase : `` I 'm a fine - tuned super-sonic speed machine , with a sunroof top and a gangsta lean . '' Covers ( edit ) The song was covered in 1974 by Arthur Lee and Love on their Reel to Real album ; Reggae versions were done by Donovan Carless in 1974 , Bunny Clarke ( produced by Lee `` Scratch '' Perry ) in 1975 , and by Winston Curtis in 1984 ( on World International Records ) ; in 1991 by the British trip hop band Massive Attack on their album Blue Lines , in 1993 by Portrait on the soundtrack album Addams Family Values : Music from the Motion Picture , by Peter Blakeley as the opening theme for the movie The Taking of Beverly Hills , by Yo La Tengo on its 1997 `` Little Honda '' EP and by Lawrence `` Lipbone '' Redding on his 2009 Science of Bootyism album . The song has been covered by Rumer ( musician ) in her EP `` Love is the Answer '' . The song , titled `` Be Thankful '' , was covered by Omar Lye - Fook featuring Erykah Badu on his 2001 album `` Best By Far '' . The song was also covered by Cleveland Watkiss on `` Blessing in Disguise '' ( Polydor 1991 ) . Massive Attack version ( edit ) Massive Attack 's cover version , retitled `` Be Thankful for What You 've Got '' , was featured on their 1991 debut album Blue Lines . A music video was produced for the song ; however , it was not released as a stand - alone commercial single . Instead , a remix by Paul Oakenfold was also included on their 1992 single release Massive Attack EP .", "3": "Massive Attack EP track listing : `` Hymn of the Big Wheel '' ( Nellee Hooper Remix ) -- 4 : 47 `` Home of the Whale '' -- 4 : 02 `` Be Thankful for What You 've Got '' ( Paul Oakenfold Remix ) -- 4 : 36 `` Any Love '' ( Larry Heard Remix ) -- 4 : 27 `` Be Thankful for What You 've Got '' Single by Lipbone Redding from the album Science of Bootyism EP Released April 21 , 2009 Format CD Genre Soul Length 5 : 10 6 : 12 ( long version ) Songwriter ( s ) William DeVaughn Producer ( s ) Jeff Eyrich for Lipbone Redding Lipbone Redding version ( edit ) Lawrence `` Lipbone '' Redding 's cover version , `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' , appeared on his 2009 EP Lipbone Redding and the LipBone Orchestra : Science of Bootyism , BePop Records . The EP contains two versions of the song . Science of Bootyism EP track listing : `` The Land of Drunk and Stoned '' -- 4 : 24 `` Sweet Melinda '' -- 4 : 56 `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' -- 5 : 10 `` Old Tattoo '' -- 4 : 58 `` Ghetto Girl ( Downtown Deep Ghetto Mix '' ) - 7 : 00 `` Ghetto Girl ( Uptown Slum Club Mix ) '' - 5 : 51 `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' ( long version ) - 6 : 12 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Record Details '' . 45cat.com . 45cat . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Chart positions and sales figure : Nathan . Jump up ^ `` Be Thankful '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Massive Attack - Massive Attack E.P. at Discogs Sources ( edit ) Nathan , David . Notes for William DeVaughn : Be Thankful for What You Got : A Golden Classics Edition .", "4": "Collectables ( sic ) CD COL - 5271 . Collectables ( sic ) Record Corp. , 1994 . ( hide ) Massive Attack 3D Daddy G Mushroom Studio albums Blue Lines Protection Mezzanine 100th Window Heligoland Remix albums No Protection Singles `` Daydreaming '' `` Unfinished Sympathy '' `` Safe from Harm '' `` Sly '' `` Protection '' `` Karmacoma '' `` Risingson '' `` Teardrop '' `` Angel '' `` Inertia Creeps '' `` Special Cases '' `` Butterfly Caught '' `` Live with Me '' `` Four Walls '' `` The Spoils '' EPs Splitting the Atom Ritual Spirit Compilations Singles 90 / 98 Collected Others `` I Want You '' ( with Madonna ) Danny the Dog DJ - Kicks : Daddy G See also Discography Tricky Shara Nelson Horace Andy Angelo Bruschini Neil Davidge The Wild Bunch Trip hop Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Be_Thankful_for_What_You_Got&oldid=817217476 '' Categories : 1974 singles 1992 singles 2009 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Massive Attack songs 1972 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 23 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7778233237890403173	where did they film the show the crossing	[ "British Columbia, Canada", "British Columbia, Canada", "British Columbia, Canada" ]	{ "0": "The Crossing ( tv series ) - wikipedia The Crossing ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Crossing Created by Jay Beattie Dan Dworkin Starring Steve Zahn Natalie Martinez Sandrine Holt Opening theme `` Letting the Cables Sleep '' by Bush Composer ( s ) Robert Duncan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 4 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Matt Olmstead Jason T. Reed Jay Beattie Dan Dworkin Matthew Fernandes Arthur Spanos Vanessa Wong David Von Ancken Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Dworkin / Beattie Brick Moon ABC Studios Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Original release April 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Crossing is an American science fiction thriller series that airs on ABC and CTV . The series debuted on April 2 , 2018 . On March 20 , 2018 , ABC released the pilot episode on their website . The series is filmed in British Columbia , Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Refugees fleeing a war seek asylum in an American town -- but they claim to be from America , 180 years in the future . Moreover , at least one of the refugees exhibits apparently superhuman powers that may make them a threat .", "1": "Cast ( edit ) Steve Zahn as Sheriff Jude Ellis Natalie Martinez as Reece Sandrine Holt as Agent Emma Ren Tommy Bastow as Marshall Rob Campbell as Paul Rick Gomez as Nestor Rosario Marcuis W. Harris as Caleb Grant Harvey as Roy Aronson Jay Karnes as Craig Lindauer Simone Kessell as Rebecca Kelley Missal as Hannah Luc Roderique as Bryce Foster Bailey Skodje as Leah John D'Leo as Will Georgina Haig as Dr. Sophie Forbin Production ( edit ) Set in the fictional town of Port Canaan , Oregon and in Seattle , the series was filmed in coastal areas of British Columbia and in the city of Vancouver , British Columbia in 2017 . The beach where the refugees arrive is near Ucluelet on Vancouver Island while the sheriff 's office and some other locations were filmed in and around the village of Britannia Beach , north of Vancouver . The Oceanic Plaza in Vancouver was the setting for the Seattle offices of the show 's Homeland Security and other scenes were filmed in and around the city . Additional shooting locations in BC were in Steveston , British Columbia and in New Westminster . Filming in Vancouver started in July and wrapped in late November , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Rob Bowman Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie April 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) 5.40 People are deep underwater in the ocean . A woman pushes a child toward the surface and disappears below . Sheriff Jude Ellis is called to the beach to investigate a body that washed ashore . Upon arriving , he and his deputy discover more bodies on the beach and hundreds more in the water . There are a total of 47 survivors , all claiming to be fleeing a war 180 years in the future . They heard of a way to bend time to get to `` The Long Peace '' . They were running from Apex , a race of more evolved humans with extraordinary abilities that took over all governments and began exterminating normal humans . FBI Agent Emma Ren takes charge and restricts the sheriff 's access .", "2": "The woman shown previously is rescued by fishermen , sees a televised report of only dead washing ashore ( an FBI cover story ) , ambushes Jude and orders him to take her to the dead . She does not find the girl she tried to help . Jude tells her the child is alive . When armed security agents close in , the woman overpowers both of them and Jude and escapes , revealing herself to be an Apex by her incredible physical abilities . She later appears in Jude 's home , where he learns that her name is Reece and that she is looking for her daughter , Leah . Thomas , a survivor , claims that their group was not the first to cross . He meets Ren 's boss , Craig Lindauer , the deputy head of Homeland Security , but to his horror recognizes Lindauer as part of the earlier migration . `` A Shadow Out of Time '' David Von Ancken Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 4.48 Reece and Leah 's backstory is told in a series of flashbacks . In 2187 , Reece and another armed Apex agent search a building for `` Commons '' , non-mutated humans . Inside they find a dead man , killed by the incurable disease Apex created to wipe out normal humanity . They also discover a healthy baby . Reece 's partner prepares to shoot the infant , per standard procedure , but Reece kills him and raises the baby in secret . When Leah is a young girl , she contracts the disease . Reece buys black market medical help ; the man gives Leah some of Reece 's blood in the hope that Reece 's Apex immunity can help Leah fight the disease . When Reece 's superiors find out about Leah and confront Reece , she shoots them and flees . In the present , Jude makes a bargain with her : he will help her find Leah in exchange for her leaving town . He tries to arrange a meeting between Reece and Ren , but Ren notifies Lindauer , who sends heavily armed men . Reece is shot , but gets away . Meanwhile , Leah is found to have the disease and is quickly quarantined .", "3": "`` Pax Americana '' Ken Girotti Michael Narducci April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 4.09 Reece is tracked in the forest by Lindauer 's heavily armed men , but she easily neutralizes them . She kills the head of the search team when he , thinking he has her incapacitated , reveals he is an earlier migrant . Roy , a guard , is attracted to survivor Hannah . Luke threatens to expose Hannah 's past to the others unless she cooperates with him . She sneaks out of camp in the back of Roy 's pickup truck . At a concert , part of the town 's `` Harborfest '' celebration , Hannah meets Marshall . After a while , she spots a young man who looks exactly like the guy in the photo in her lost locket . Roy finds Hannah and takes her back , with Jude 's help . Jude is enjoying Harborfest with his son Oliver , who was dropped off by Oliver 's mother . When Jude is called away to check out a dead body ( Reece 's victim ) , Oliver disappears . Lindauer recruits Thomas , then sends virologist Dr. Sophie Forbin to find out all she can about the disease , but states that saving Leah 's life is not a priority . After speaking with Forbin , Ren starts to suspect that Lindauer has a hidden agenda . She reaches out to Jude , but he no longer trusts her . `` The Face of Oblivion '' Tara Nicole Weyr Evan Bleiweiss April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) 4.08 When Jude calls Oliver 's phone , Reece answers . She wants to exchange his child for hers in four hours . Jude contacts Ren , who informs him that Leah is dying of a highly infectious disease . Jude pressures Forbin to go with him to the exchange point . After they apprise Reece of the situation , Forbin offers to take Oliver 's place . Jude returns home to find his son alive and well . Meanwhile , Hannah 's dark secret comes to light : she became an Apex collaborator after they caught and tortured her father .", "4": "A survivor named Paul asks a guard to locate a woman from the earlier migration : his wife . The guard turns over his drawing over to Ren , who identifies and goes to question the woman . The woman claims Paul joined a cult , but when Ren sees a photograph on the wall showing a gathering in which Lindauer is present , the woman shoots her . 5 `` Ten Years Gone '' Jeffrey Hunt Rebecca Sonnenshine April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) TBD 6 `` LKA '' Hanelle Culpepper Vivian Tse May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) TBD 7 `` Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream '' TBA TBA May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 69 % based on 16 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 12 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No .", "5": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' April 2 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.40 0.7 2.97 1.6 8.37 `` A Shadow Out of Time '' April 9 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.48 0.6 2.80 1.4 7.28 `` Pax Americana '' April 16 , 2018 0.7 / 3 4.09 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` The Face of Oblivion '' April 23 , 2018 0.7 / 3 4.08 TBD TBD TBD TBD See also ( edit ) The Refugees ( TV series ) Hispano - britanic serie ( 2015 ) The 4400 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The first episode was released online on March 19 , 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - the crossing on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Releases The Pilot Episode of Its Upcoming New Drama THE CROSSING '' . Broadway World . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dove , Steve ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Crossing '' Coming Soon to ABC `` . ABC . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ABC Television Network ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) , The Crossing - Trailer , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' : Jay Karnes , Simone Kessell & Grant Harvey Join ABC Drama Pilot '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 .", "6": "Jump up ^ `` Natalie Martinez as Reece '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sandrine Holt as Emma Ren '' . ABC . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Steve Zahn To Topline ' The Crossing ' ABC Drama Pilot ; Rob Campbell Also Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Simone Kessell as Rebecca '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kelley Missal as Hannah '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luc Roderique as Bryce Foster '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bailey Skodje as Leah '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Georgina Haig as Dr. Sophie Forbin '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Andrew ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` TV pilot ' The Crossing ' filmed in Ucluelet '' . Westerlynews.ca . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of film production : Britannia Beach '' . Squamish - Lillooet Regional District . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where is The Crossing filmed ? Locations for the new ABC series '' . Atlasofwonders.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : That 's a wrap for Sirens , The Crossing , Six - as Riverdale goes on hold '' . insidevancouver.ca . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Releases The Pilot Episode of Its Upcoming New Drama THE CROSSING '' . Broadway Worldwide . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 .", "7": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 105 ) `` Ten Years Gone '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 106 ) `` LKA '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crossing : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crossing ( 2018 ) Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 .", "8": "External links ( edit ) Official website The Crossing on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Alex , Inc. 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-5631645752168123789	when was the movie cool hand luke made	[ "1967", "1967", "1967", "1967" ]	{ "0": "Cool Hand Luke - wikipedia Cool Hand Luke Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Cool Hand Luke ( disambiguation ) . Cool Hand Luke Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold Directed by Stuart Rosenberg Produced by Gordon Carroll Screenplay by Donn Pearce Frank R. Pierson Based on Cool Hand Luke by Donn Pearce Starring Paul Newman George Kennedy J.D. Cannon Robert Drivas Lou Antonio Strother Martin Jo Van Fleet Music by Lalo Schifrin Cinematography Conrad Hall Edited by Sam O'Steen Distributed by Warner Bros. - Seven Arts Release date November 1 , 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 01 ) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3.2 million Box office $16,217,773 Cool Hand Luke is a 1967 American prison drama film directed by Stuart Rosenberg , starring Paul Newman and featuring George Kennedy in an Oscar - winning performance . Newman stars in the title role as Luke , a prisoner in a Florida prison camp who refuses to submit to the system . The film , set in the early 1950s , is based on Donn Pearce 's 1965 novel of the same name . Pearce sold the story to Warner Bros. , who then hired him to write the script . Due to Pearce 's lack of film experience , the studio added Frank Pierson to rework the screenplay . Newman 's biographer Marie Edelman Borden states that the `` tough , honest '' script drew together threads from earlier movies , especially Hombre , Newman 's earlier film of 1967 . The film has been cited by Roger Ebert as an anti-establishment film which was shot during the time of the Vietnam War , in which Newman 's character endures `` physical punishment , psychological cruelty , hopelessness and equal parts of sadism and masochism . '' His influence on his prison mates and the torture that he endures is compared to that of Jesus , and Christian symbolism is used throughout the film , culminating in a photograph superimposed over crossroads at the end of the film in comparison to the crucifixion .", "1": "Filming took place on the San Joaquin River Delta , and the set , imitating a southern prison farm , was built in Stockton , California . The filmmakers sent a crew to Tavares Road Prison in Tavares , Florida , to take photographs and measurements . Upon its release , Cool Hand Luke received favorable reviews and became a box - office success . The film cemented Newman 's status as one of the era 's top box - office actors , while the film was described as the `` touchstone of an era . '' Newman was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor , George Kennedy won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , Pearce and Pierson were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , and the score by Lalo Schifrin was also nominated for the Best Original Score . In 2005 , the United States Library of Congress selected it for the National Film Registry , considering it to be `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' It has a 100 % rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes . The quotation used by the prison warden ( Strother Martin ) in the film , which begins with `` What we 've got here is failure to communicate , '' was listed at No. 11 on the American Film Institute 's list of the 100 most memorable movie lines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Script 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Soundtrack 4 Themes 4.1 Christian imagery 4.2 Use of traffic signs and signals 4.3 `` Failure to communicate '' 5 Release and reception 5.1 Legacy 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Decorated war veteran Lucas `` Luke '' Jackson ( Paul Newman ) , is arrested for cutting the `` heads '' off parking meters ( cutting the meters off their poles ) one drunken night . He is sentenced to two years in prison and sent to a Florida chain gang prison run by a stern warden , the Captain ( Strother Martin ) , and a stoic rifleman , Walking Boss Godfrey ( Morgan Woodward ) , whose eyes are always covered by a pair of mirrored sunglasses.", "2": "Carr ( Clifton James ) the floorwalker , tells the rules to the new set of prisoners , with any violations resulting in spending the night in `` the box , '' a small square room with limited air and very little room to move . Luke refuses to observe the established pecking order among the prisoners and quickly runs afoul of the prisoners ' leader , Dragline ( George Kennedy ) . When the pair have a boxing match , the prisoners and guards watch with interest . Although Luke is severely outmatched by his larger opponent , he refuses to acquiesce . Eventually , Dragline refuses to continue the fight . Luke 's tenacity earns the prisoners ' respect and draws the attention of the guards . Later , Luke wins a poker game by bluffing with a hand worth nothing . Luke comments that `` sometimes , nothing can be a real cool hand '' , prompting Dragline to nickname him `` Cool Hand Luke '' . Luke and the chain gang finish paving the road After a visit from his sick mother , Arletta ( Jo Van Fleet ) , Luke becomes more optimistic about his situation . He continually confronts the Captain and the guards , and his sense of humor and independence prove to be both contagious and inspiring to the other prisoners . Luke 's struggle for supremacy peaks when he leads a work crew in a seemingly impossible but successful effort to complete a road - paving job in less than one day . The other prisoners start to idolize him after he makes and wins a spur - of - the moment bet that he can eat fifty hard - boiled eggs in one hour . One day , Luke picks up a deadly rattlesnake from the grassy ditch and holds it up for Boss Godfrey to shoot with his rifle . Luke tosses the snake to the boss as a joke , before he hands him his walking cane . Dragline advises Luke to be more careful about his actions pertaining to the `` man with no eyes . '' A rainstorm causes everyone to prematurely end their work . Before he joins the other prisoners in the truck , Luke shouts to God , testing him . On that same evening , Luke receives a letter stating that his mother has died . After news of his mother 's death reaches Luke , the Captain , anticipating that Luke might attempt to escape in order to attend his mother 's funeral , has him locked in the prison punishment box .", "3": "After being released from the box , receiving word that his mother 's burial is completed and being told to forget about her , Luke is determined to escape . Under the cover of a Fourth of July celebration , he makes his initial escape attempt . He is later recaptured by local police and returned to the chain gang , but not before one of the bloodhounds sent after him dies from strain caused by struggling through barbed - wire fences . After his capture and return , the Captain has Luke fitted with leg - irons and delivers a warning speech to the other inmates , explaining , `` What we 've got here is failure to communicate . Some men you just ca n't reach . So you get what we had here last week , which is the way he wants it . Well , he gets it . I do n't like it any more than you men . '' A short time later , Luke escapes again by using string to shake a bush and distract the guards , visiting a nearby house where he uses an axe to remove his shackles . To keep the guard dogs from following his scent , he spreads curry powder and chili powder across the ground to send them into sneezing fits and overload their sensitive sense of smell . While free , Luke mails Dragline a magazine that includes a photograph of him with two beautiful women . He is soon recaptured , beaten , returned to the prison camp , and fitted with two sets of leg irons . Luke is warned by the Captain that if he ever attempts to escape again , he will be killed on the spot . Luke is now annoyed by the other prisoners fawning over the magazine photo and reveals it to be a fake . At first , the other prisoners are angry , but after a long stay in the box , when Luke is forced to eat a huge serving of rice , they come to help him finish it . As punishment for his escape , he is forced to repeatedly dig a grave - sized hole in the prison camp yard , fill it back in , and then be beaten . The prisoners observe his persecution , singing spirituals . Finally , as the other prisoners watch from the windows of the bunkhouse , an exhausted Luke collapses in the hole , begging God for mercy and pleads with the bosses not to hit him again . Believing Luke is finally broken , the Captain stops the punishment .", "4": "Boss Paul warns Luke that he will be killed if ever he runs away again , which Luke promises in tears not to do . The prisoners begin to lose their idealized image of Luke , and one tears up the photograph of Luke with the women . Luke defies the authorities for the last time Seemingly broken , and again working on the chain gang , Luke stops working to give water to a prisoner . Watched by the disappointed prisoners , he runs to one of the trucks to take Boss Godfrey 's rifle to him . After Boss Godfrey shoots a snapping turtle , Luke retrieves it from a slough for him , complimenting the boss for his shot . Luke takes one last stab at freedom when he is ordered to take the turtle to the truck . He steals the dump truck , as well as the keys to the other trucks . In the excitement of the moment , Dragline jumps in the dump truck and joins Luke in his escape . Later , after abandoning the truck , Luke tells Dragline that they should part ways . Dragline agrees and leaves . Luke enters a church , where he talks to God and blames Him for sabotaging him so he can not win in life . Moments later , police cars arrive . Dragline walks in and tells Luke that the police and bosses have promised not to hurt Luke if he surrenders peacefully . But Luke , feeling that his life is no longer worth living , walks to a window facing the police and mocks the Captain by repeating the first part of his speech ( `` What we 've got here is a failure to communicate . '' ) . He is immediately shot in the neck by Boss Godfrey . Dragline carries Luke outside , then charges at Boss Godfrey and attempts to strangle him until he is beaten and subdued by the other guards . In tears , Dragline implores Luke to live . The local police want to take Luke to a nearby hospital , but the Captain tells them to take him to the prison hospital instead , a long enough distance that Luke 's chances of survival are slim . As the captain 's car drives away , it crushes Boss Godfrey 's glasses . After Luke 's implied death , Dragline and the other prisoners reminisce about him . In the final scene , the prison crew is seen working near a rural intersection close to where Luke was shot .", "5": "Dragline is now wearing leg irons , and there is a new Walking Boss . As the camera zooms out , the torn photograph of Luke grinning with the two women is superimposed on a bird 's eye view of the cross-shaped road junction . Cast ( edit ) Paul Newman as Lucas `` Luke '' Jackson George Kennedy as Dragline Strother Martin as the Captain Jo Van Fleet as Luke 's mother , Arletta Joy Harmon as The Girl ( Lucille ) Morgan Woodward as Boss Godfrey Luke Askew as Boss Paul Robert Donner as Boss Shorty Clifton James as Carr John McLiam as Boss Keen Andre Trottier as Boss Popler Charles Tyner as Boss Higgins J.D. Cannon as Society Red Lou Antonio as Koko Robert Drivas as Loudmouth Steve Marc Cavell as Rabbitt Richard Davalos as Blind Dick Warren Finnerty as Tattoo Dennis Hopper as Babalugats Wayne Rogers as Gambler Harry Dean Stanton as Tramp Ralph Waite as Alibi Anthony Zerbe as Dog Boy Buck Kartalian as Dynamite Joe Don Baker as Fixer Production ( edit ) Script ( edit ) Pearce , a merchant seaman who later became a counterfeiter and safe cracker , wrote the novel Cool Hand Luke , about his experiences working on a chain gang while serving in a Florida prison . He sold the story to Warner Bros. for US $80,000 and received another US $15,000 to write the screenplay . After working in television for over a decade , Rosenberg chose it to make it his directorial debut in cinema . He took the idea to Jalem Productions , owned by Jack Lemmon . Since Pearce had no experience writing screenplays , his draft was reworked by Frank Pierson . Conrad Hall was hired as the cinematographer , while Paul Newman 's brother , Arthur , was hired as the unit production manager . Newman 's biographer Marie Edelman Borden states that the `` tough , honest '' script drew together threads from earlier movies , especially Hombre , Newman 's earlier film of 1967 . Director Stuart Rosenberg altered the original ending in the script , adding `` an upbeat ending that would reprise the protagonist 's ( and Paul Newman 's ) trademark smile . ''", "6": "Casting ( edit ) Paul Newman 's character , Luke , is a decorated war veteran who is sentenced to serve two years in a Florida rural prison . He constantly defies the authorities of the facility , becoming a leader among the prisoners , as well as escaping multiple times . While the script was being developed , the leading role was initially considered for Jack Lemmon or Telly Savalas . Newman asked to play the leading role after hearing about the project . In order to develop his character , he traveled to West Virginia , where he recorded local accents and surveyed people 's behavior . George Kennedy turned in an Academy Award - winning performance as the leader of the prisoners , Dragline , who fights Luke , and comes to respect him . During the nomination process , worried about the box office success of Camelot and Bonnie and Clyde , Kennedy invested US $5,000 in trade advertising to promote himself . Kennedy later stated that thanks to the award his salary was `` multiplied by ten the minute ( he ) won , '' also adding `` the happiest part was that I did n't have to play only villains anymore . '' Strother Martin , known for his appearances in westerns , was cast as the Captain , a prison warden who is depicted as a cruel and insensitive leader , severely punishing Luke for his escapes . The role of Luke 's dying mother , Arletta , who visits him in prison , was passed to Jo Van Fleet after it was rejected by Bette Davis . Morgan Woodward was cast as Boss Godfrey , a laconic , cruel and remorseless prison officer who Woodward described as a `` walking Mephistopheles . '' He was dubbed `` the man with no eyes '' by the inmates for his mirrored sunglasses . The blonde Joy Harmon was cast for the scene where she teases the prisoners in washing her car after her manager , Leon Lance , contacted the producers . She auditioned in front of Rosenberg and Newman wearing a bikini , without speaking . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place on the San Joaquin River Delta . The set , imitating a southern prison farm , was built in Stockton , California . The filmmakers sent a crew to Tavares Road Prison in Tavares , Florida to take photographs and measurements , where Pearce had served his time .", "7": "The structures that were built in Stockton included barracks , a mess hall , the warden 's quarters , a guard shack and dog kennels . The trees on the set were decorated with spanish moss that the producers took to the area . The construction soon attracted the attention of a county building inspector who confused it with migrant worker housing and ordered it `` condemned for code violations . '' The opening scene where Newman cuts the parking meters was filmed in Lodi , California . Meanwhile , the scene in which Luke is chased by bloodhounds and other exteriors were shot in Jacksonville , Florida , at Callahan Road Prison . Luke was played by a stunt actor , using dogs from the Florida Department of Corrections . Rosenberg wanted the cast to internalize life on a chain gang and banned the presence of wives on set . After Joy Harmon arrived on location , she remained for two days in her hotel room , and was n't seen by the rest of the cast until shooting commenced . Despite the directors ' intentions , the scene was ultimately filmed separately . Rosenberg instructed an unaware Harmon of the different movements and expressions he wanted . Originally planned to be shot in half a day , Harmon 's scene took three . For the part of the scene featuring the chain gang , Rosenberg substituted a teenage cheerleader , who wore an overcoat . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Cool Hand Luke ( soundtrack ) The Academy Award nominated original score was composed by Lalo Schifrin , who created tunes with a background in popular music and jazz . While some of the tracks include the use of guitars , banjos and harmonicas , others include trumpets , violins , flutes and piano . An edited version of the musical cue from the Tar Sequence ( where the inmates are energetically paving the road ) has been used for years as the theme music for local television stations ' news programs around the world , mostly those owned and operated by ABC in the United States . Although the music was written for the film , it became more familiar for its association with television news , in part because its staccato melody resembles the sound of a telegraph . Themes ( edit ) Christian imagery ( edit ) Pierson included in his draft explicit religious symbolism . The film contains several elements based on Christian themes , including the concept of Luke as a Saint who wins over the crowds and is ultimately sacrificed .", "8": "Newman 's character of Luke is portrayed as a `` Jesus - like redeemer figure . '' After winning the egg - eating bet , Luke lies exhausted on the table in the position of Jesus as depicted on his crucifixion . After learning about the death of his mother , Luke sings `` Plastic Jesus . '' Greg Garrett also compares Luke to Jesus , in that like Jesus , he was not physically threatening to society because of his actions , and like Jesus ' crucifixion , his punishment was `` out of all proportion . '' Luke challenges God during the rainstorm on the road , telling him to do anything to him . Later , while he is digging and filling trenches and confronted by the guards , an inmate performs the spiritual `` No Grave Gonna Keep my Body Down . '' Toward the end of the film , Luke speaks to God , evoking the conversation between God and Jesus at the Garden of Gethsemane , depicted in the Gospel of Luke . Following Luke 's talk , the film depicts Dragline as a Judas , who delivers Luke to the authorities , trying to convince him to surrender . In the final scene , Dragline eulogizes Luke . He explains that despite Luke 's death , his actions succeeded in defeating the system . The closing shot shows inmates working on crossroads with the repaired photo of Luke and the two women superimposed . Use of traffic signs and signals ( edit ) Different traffic signs are used throughout the film , complementing the actions of the characters during the scenes . At the beginning , while Luke cuts the heads off the parking meters , the word `` Violation '' appears . Stop signs are also seen . Instances include the road - paving scene and the last scene , where the road meets at a cross section . Traffic lights turn from green to red in the background at the time Luke is arrested , while at the end , when he is fatally wounded , a green light in the background turns to red . `` Failure to communicate '' ( edit ) After beating Luke to the ground , the Captain delivers the statement . What we 've got here is failure to communicate . Some men you just ca n't reach . So you get what we had here last week . Which is the way he wants it . Well , he gets it . And I do n't like it any more than you men .", "9": "After writing the line , Pierson worried that the phrase was too complex for the warden . To explain its origin , he created a backstory that was included in the stage directions . Pierson explained that in order to advance in the Florida prison system , officers had to take criminology and penology courses at the state university , showing how the warden might know such words . Strother Martin later clarified that he felt the line was the kind that his character would very likely have heard or read from some `` pointy - headed intellectuals '' who had begun to infiltrate his character 's world under the general rubric of a new , enlightened approach to incarceration . Some authors believe that the quotation was a metaphor for the ongoing Vietnam War conflict which was taking place during the filming , and others have applied it towards corporations and even teenagers . The quotation was listed at number 11 on the American Film Institute 's list of the 100 most memorable movie lines . An audio sample of the line is included in the Guns N ' Roses songs `` Civil War '' and `` Madagascar . '' Release and reception ( edit ) Cool Hand Luke opened on November 1 , 1967 at Loew 's State Theatre in New York City . The proceeds of the premiere went to charities . The film became a box - office success , grossing US $16,217,773 in domestic screenings . Kennedy won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Newman was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor , while Pearce and Pierson were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and Schiffrin was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score . Rosenberg was nominated for best director by the Writers Guild of America and Conrad Hall was nominated for best cinematography by the National Society of Film Critics . Variety described Newman 's performance as `` excellent , '' noting the supporting cast as `` versatile and competent . '' The New York Times praised the film , remarking that Pearce and Pierson 's `` sharp script , '' Rosenberg 's `` ruthlessly realistic and plausible '' staging and direction and Newman 's `` splendid '' performance with an `` unfaultable '' cast , `` elevates '' it among other prison films .", "10": "Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 100 % `` Certified Fresh '' approval rating based on 45 reviews , with an average of 8.8 out of 10 . The site 's consensus is that `` Though hampered by Stuart Rosenberg 's direction , Cool Hand Luke is held aloft by a stellar script and one of Paul Newman 's most indelible performances . '' Empire rated it five stars out of five , declaring the movie one of Newman 's best performances . Slant rated the film three stars out of four . It described Newman 's role as `` iconic , '' also praising its cinematography and sound score . Allmovie praised Newman 's performance as `` one of the most indelible anti-authoritarian heroes in movie history . '' The Paul Newman smile , the reason why the movie works according to Roger Ebert Critic Roger Ebert included the film in his review collection The Great Movies , rating it four stars out of four . Ebert stated that it was a `` great '' film and also an anti-establishment one during the time of the Vietnam War . He believed that the film was a product of its time and that no major film company would be interested in producing a film of such `` physical punishment , psychological cruelty , hopelessness and equal parts of sadism and masochism '' today . He praised the cinematography , capturing the `` punishing heat '' of the location , and stated that `` the physical presence of Paul Newman is the reason this movie works : The smile , the innocent blue eyes , the lack of strutting , '' which no other actor could have produced as effectively . Contrary to the general consensus , Newman 's biographer Lawrence J. Quirk thought that it was one of Newman 's weaker performances , stating `` For once , even Newman 's famed charisma fails him , for in Cool Hand Luke he completely lacks the charm that , say , Al Pacino in Scarecrow effortlessly exhibits when he plays a screw - up who also winds up ( briefly ) incarcerated . '' However , Quirk added that Newman 's performance was stronger in the second half and said that `` to be fair to Newman , he was trying his damnedest to play an impossible part , since Luke is a convict 's rationalization fantasy and never a real character . '' Some authors have criticized the film 's depiction of prison life at the time .", "11": "In a review entitled `` Sheer Beauty in the Wrong Place , '' Life , while praising the film 's photography , criticized the influence of the visual styles in the depictions of the prison camp . The magazine declared that the landscapes turned it into `` a rest camp ( in which ) the men are getting plenty of sleep , food and healthy outdoor exercise , '' that despite the presence of the guards showed that there were `` worse ways to pay one 's debt with society . '' Ron Clooney also remarked that prisons `` were not hotels and certainly not the stuff of Cool Hand Luke movies . '' Legacy ( edit ) In 2003 , AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains rated Luke as the number 30 greatest hero in American cinema , and three years later , AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers : America 's Most Inspiring Movies rated Cool Hand Luke number 71 . In 2006 , Luke was ranked 53rd in Empire magazine 's `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters . '' The movie solidified Newman 's status as a box - office star , while the film is considered a touchstone of the era . In 2005 , the United States Library of Congress deemed the film to be `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . The book was adapted into a West End play by Emma Reeves . It opened at London 's Aldwych Theatre starring Marc Warren , but closed after less than two months , following poor reviews . The show was chosen by The Times both as `` Critic 's Choice '' and `` What the Critics Would Pay To See . '' An episode of the TV show The Dukes of Hazzard entitled `` Cool Hands Luke and Bo '' was shown with Morgan Woodward playing `` Colonel Cassius Claiborne '' the boss of a neighboring county and warden of its prison farm . He wears the trademark shades of Boss Godfrey throughout the episode . Nashville - based Christian alternative rock band Cool Hand Luke is named after the film . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1967 List of films with a 100 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , a film review aggregator website Prisoner abuse Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hannan , Brian ( 2016 ) .", "12": "Coming Back to a Theater Near You : A History of Hollywood Reissues , 1914 -- 2014 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc. , pg. 178 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 2389 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Hand Luke - Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Hand Luke '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eagan , Daniel 2010 , p. 628 . Jump up ^ Levy , Shawn 2009 , p. 203 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Shawn 2009 , p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Nixon , Rob 2010 . Jump up ^ Borden 2010 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Grant 2008 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Dimare , Phillip 2011 , p . Cool Hand Luke , p. 106 , at Google Books - Cool Hand Luke , p. 107 , at Google Books . Jump up ^ Debolt , Abbe ; Baugess , James 2011 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter 1981 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ McKay , James 2010 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Langman , Larry ; Ebner , David 2001 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Reed , John Shelton 2003 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Burr , Sherri 2007 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger 2010 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Lisanti , Tom 2000 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Florida Department of Corrections 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lisanti , Tom 2000 , p. 115 , 116 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Laurence 2013 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Laurence 2013 , p. 230 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Allora , Jennifer ; Ruf , Beatrix ; Calzadilla , Guillermo 2009 , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Reinhartz , Adele 2012 , p. 69 - 72 . Jump up ^ Greenspoon , Beau & Hamm 2000 , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Fairbanks , Brian 2005 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Gregg 2007 , p. 36 - 40 . Jump up ^ May , John 2001 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Hook , Sue Vander 2010 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Jarvis , Brian 2004 , p. 184 -- 187 . Jump up ^ `` listen '' . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Charlotte , Susan 1993 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Brode , Douglas 1990 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Nolte 2003 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ DeMar , p. 87 . Jump up ^ AFI 2005 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Eric 1991 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Film Daily staff 1967 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Magill , Frank 1983 , p. 755 . Jump up ^ Nash Information Services staff 2009 . Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob 2013 . Jump up ^ Variety staff 1966 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley 1967 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes staff 2013 . Jump up ^ Empire Magazine staff 2005 . Jump up ^ Weber , Bill 2008 . Jump up ^ Doberman , Matthew 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Hand Luke '' . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quirk 2009 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Quirk 2009 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard 1967 , p . Cool Hand Luke , p.", "14": "10 , at Google Books . Jump up ^ Clooney 2011 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ AFI 2003 . Jump up ^ AFI 2007 . Jump up ^ Empire Magazine staff 2 2005 . Jump up ^ DiLeo , John 2010 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Dewitt , Joanne 2011 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt 2011 . Jump up ^ Purves , Libby 2011 . References ( edit ) AFI ( 2003 ) . `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' . American Film Institute . AFI ( 2005 ) . `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' . American Film Institute . AFI ( 2007 ) . `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' . American Film Institute . Allora , Jennifer ; Ruf , Beatrix ; Calzadilla , Guillermo ( 2009 ) . Allora & Calzadilla . JRP Ringier . ISBN 978 - 3 - 03764 - 027 - 2 . Borden , Marian Edelman ( November 1 , 2010 ) . Paul Newman : A Biography . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38310 - 6 . Brode , Douglas ( 1990 ) . The films of the sixties . Carol Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 0798 - 9 . Brown , Peter ( 1981 ) . The real Oscar : the story behind the Academy Awards . Arlington House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87000 - 498 - 8 . Burr , Sherri ( 2007 ) . Entertainment law in a nutshell . Thomson / West . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 17176 - 4 . Charlotte , Susan ( 1993 ) . Creativity : Conversations With 28 Who Excel . Monumentum Books , LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 879094 - 11 - 6 .", "15": "Clooney , Ron ( 2011 ) . Mr. Mojo Risin ' ( Ai n't Dead ) . Troubador Publishing Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84876 - 757 - 7 . Crowther , Bosley ( 1967 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Cool Hand Luke ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Debolt , Abbe ; Baugess , James ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of the Sixties : A Decade of Culture and Counterculture . ABC - Clio . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32944 - 9 . DeMar , Carol . It Takes a Backbone to Raise Terrific Kids . American Vision . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60702 - 167 - 4 . Dewitt , Joanne ( 2011 ) . Inside the Walls of Butner Prison . Xlibris Corporation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 5282 - 5 . DiLeo , John ( 2010 ) . Tennessee Williams and Company : His Essential Screen Actors . Hansen Publishing Group , LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60182 - 425 - 7 . Dimare , Phillip ( 2011 ) . Movies in American History : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - Clio . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 297 - 5 . Doberman , Matthew ( 2009 ) . `` Cool Hand Luke '' . Allmovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Eagan , Daniel ( 2010 ) . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 2977 - 3 . Ebert , Roger ( 2010 ) . The Great Movies III . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 18211 - 7 . Empire Magazine staff ( 2005 ) . `` Cool Hand Luke '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media .", "16": "Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Empire Magazine staff 2 ( 2005 ) . `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters 53 . Luke Empire '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Fairbanks , Brian ( 2005 ) . I Saw That Movie , Too : Selected Film Reviews . Lulu.com . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 3535 - 7 . Film Daily staff ( 1967 ) . `` Cool Hand Luke to Open with Benefit November 1 '' . The Film Daily . 131 . Wid 's Films and Film Folk Incorporated . Florida Department of Corrections ( 2010 ) . `` Florida Corrections - Centuries of Progress 1966 -- 1969 '' . State of Florida . Garrett , Gregg ( 2007 ) . The Gospel According to Hollywood . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 23052 - 4 . Grant , Barry Keith ( 2008 ) . American Cinema of the 1960s : Themes and Variations . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4219 - 5 . Greenspoon , Leonard ; Beau , Bryan F. Le ; Hamm , Dennis ( November 1 , 2000 ) . The Historical Jesus Through Catholic and Jewish Eyes . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56338 - 322 - 9 . Hook , Sue Vander ( 2010 ) . How to Analyze the Roles of Paul Newman . ABDO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61758 - 785 - 6 . * Jarvis , Brian ( 2004 ) . Cruel and unusual : punishment and US culture . Pluto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7453 - 1543 - 0 . Langman , Larry ; Ebner , David ( 2001 ) . Hollywood 's Image of the South : A Century of Southern Films . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31886 - 3 . Levy , Shawn ( 2009 ) .", "17": "Paul Newman : A Life . Random House Digital , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 46253 - 4 . Lisanti , Tom ( 2000 ) . Fantasy Femmes of Sixties Cinema : Interviews with 20 Actresses from Biker , Beach , and Elvis Movies . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0868 - 9 . MacDonald , Laurence ( 2013 ) . The Invisible Art of Film Music : A Comprehensive History . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8398 - 7 . Magill , Frank ( 1983 ) . Magill 's American film guide . 1 . Salem Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89356 - 250 - 2 . May , John ( 2001 ) . Nourishing Faith Through Fiction : Reflections of the Apostles ' Creed in Literature and Film . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58051 - 106 - 3 . McClure , Arthur ( 1971 ) . The movies : an American idiom : readings in the social history of the American motion picture . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 7824 - 4 . McKay , James ( 2010 ) . Dana Andrews : The Face of Noir . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5676 - 5 . Nash Information Services staff ( 2009 ) . `` Cool Hand Luke - Box Office '' . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Nixon , Rob ( 2013 ) . `` Trivia and fun facts about Cool Hand Luke '' . TCM . Turner Entertainment Networks , Inc . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Nixon , Rob ( 2010 ) . `` Behind the camera on Cool Hand Luke '' . Turner Classic Movies . Nolte , Scott ( December 1 , 2003 ) . We Support You ! Love , America . Xulon Press .", "18": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 59160 - 431 - 0 . Purves , Libby ( 2011 ) . `` Cool Hand Luke at the Aldwych Theatre , WC2 '' . The Times . London . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Quirk , Lawrence J. ( September 16 , 2009 ) . Paul Newman : A Life , Updated . Taylor Trade Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 438 - 2 . Rasmussen , Eric ( 1991 ) . The Blues and Gospel Impulses in the Rock Dialogic : Guns N ' Roses and Bruce Springsteen . University of Wisconsin - Madison . Reinhartz , Adele ( 2012 ) . Bible and Cinema : Fifty Key Films . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 18399 - 7 . Reed , John Shelton ( 2003 ) . Minding the South . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 6453 - 4 . Rotten Tomatoes staff ( 2013 ) . `` Cool Hand Luke - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Schickel , Richard ( 1967 ) . Sheer Beauty in the Wrong Place . Life . 63 . Time Inc . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Trueman , Matt ( 2011 ) . `` Cool Hand Luke 's West End gamble fails as show closes early '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Variety staff ( 1966 ) . `` Review : ' Cool Hand Luke ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Weber , Bill ( 2008 ) . `` Cool Hand Luke '' . Slant Magazine . Slantmagazine.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cool Hand Luke .", "19": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cool Hand Luke Cool Hand Luke at the American Film Institute Catalog Cool Hand Luke on IMDb Cool Hand Luke at the TCM Movie Database Cool Hand Luke at AllMovie Cool Hand Luke at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Stuart Rosenberg Murder , Inc. ( 1960 ) Question 7 ( 1961 ) Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) The April Fools ( 1969 ) Move ( 1970 ) WUSA ( 1970 ) Pocket Money ( 1972 ) The Laughing Policeman ( 1973 ) The Drowning Pool ( 1975 ) Voyage of the Damned ( 1976 ) Love and Bullets ( 1979 ) The Amityville Horror ( 1979 ) Brubaker ( 1980 ) The Pope of Greenwich Village ( 1984 ) Let 's Get Harry ( 1986 ) My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys ( 1991 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cool_Hand_Luke&oldid=806310901 '' Categories : 1967 films English - language films 1960s crime drama films 1960s prison films American crime drama films American films American prison films Film scores by Lalo Schifrin Films based on American novels Films directed by Stuart Rosenberg Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films set in Florida Films set in the 1950s Films shot in California Films shot in Jacksonville , Florida United States National Film Registry films Warner Bros.", "20": "films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 04 : 13 . 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8838716539218945006	who says that which we call a rose	[ "Juliet", "William Shakespeare", "Juliet" ]	{ "0": "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet - wikipedia A rose by any other name would smell as sweet Jump to : navigation , search `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' is a popular reference to William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet , in which Juliet seems to argue that it does not matter that Romeo is from her family 's rival house of Montague , that is , that he is named `` Montague '' . The reference is often used to imply that the names of things do not affect what they really are . This formulation is , however , a paraphrase of Shakespeare 's actual language . Juliet compares Romeo to a rose saying that if he was not named Romeo he would still be handsome and be Juliet 's love . This states that if he was not Romeo , then he would not be a Montague and she would be able to get married with no problem at all . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Original texts 3 See also 4 References Origin ( edit ) In Act II , Scene II of the play , the line is said by Juliet in reference to Romeo 's house , Montague which would imply that his name means nothing and they should be together . Juliet : O Romeo , Romeo ! wherefore art thou Romeo ? Deny thy father and refuse thy name ; Or , if thou wilt not , be but sworn my love , And I 'll no longer be a Capulet . Romeo : ( Aside ) Shall I hear more , or shall I speak at this ? Juliet : ' Tis but thy name that is my enemy ; Thou art thyself , though not a Montague . What 's Montague ? It is nor hand , nor foot , Nor arm , nor face , nor any other part Belonging to a man . O , be some other name ! What 's in a name ? that which we call a rose By any other word would smell as sweet ; So Romeo would , were he not Romeo call 'd , Retain that dear perfection which he owes Without that title . Romeo , doff thy name , And for that name which is no part of thee Take all myself .", "1": "Romeo : I take thee at thy word : Call me but love , and I 'll be new baptized ; Henceforth I never will be Romeo . Original texts ( edit ) Although it is one of the most famous quotes from the work of Shakespeare , no printing in Shakespeare 's lifetime presents the text in the form known to modern readers : it is a skillful amalgam assembled by Edmond Malone , an editor in the eighteenth century . Romeo and Juliet was published twice , in two very different versions . The first version of 1597 , named `` Q1 '' , is believed to have been an unauthorised pirate copy or bad quarto provided to the printer by actors off the books : a memorial reconstruction . It may also , separately , represent a version of the play improved and trimmed after rehearsals for more dramatic impact . It runs : ' Tis but thy name that is mine enemy : What 's Montague ? It is not hand nor foot , Nor arm , nor face , nor any other part . What 's in a name ? That which we call a rose , By any other name would smell as sweet . Q2 , a superior 1599 printing , is believed to be a more official version printed from Shakespeare 's original manuscript although perhaps not with Shakespeare 's personal input . This is believed since there are textual oddities such as `` false starts '' for speeches that were presumably not clearly crossed out enough for the printer to spot . It uses the text : ' Tis but thy name that is my enemy : Thou art thyself , though not a Montague , What 's Montague ? It is not hand nor foot , Nor arm nor face . O be some other name belonging to a man ! What 's in a name ? That which we call a rose , By any other word would smell as sweet . Malone reasoned that the awkward half - line of ' belonging to a man ' could be reconnected into verse through correction with Q1 . Modern editors have generally concurred .", "2": "See also ( edit ) Law of identity Rhetorical device The Importance of Being Earnest References ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet on MIT 's website Jump up ^ Belsey , Catherine ( 2014 ) . Romeo and Juliet Language and Writing . London : Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 9781472539441 . William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c.", "3": "1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name . ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Foreign Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Romeo and Juliet ( Spanish 1940 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo ,", "4": "Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) Los Tarantos ( Spanish 1963 ) Fury of Johnny Kid ( Italian 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( Italian 1971 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 1978 ) Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 1979 ) Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( Hindi 1981 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( Hindi 1988 ) Saudagar ( Hindi 1991 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( Telugu 1996 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Kalisundam Raa ( Telugu 2000 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( Hindi 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( English / Hindi 2002 ) Amar te duele ( Spanish 2002 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 2005 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( Hindi 2013 ) Issaq ( Hindi 2013 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo", "5": "y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet (", "6": "1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On !", "7": "Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_rose_by_any_other_name_would_smell_as_sweet&oldid=812788486 '' Categories : Quotations Shakespearean phrases Romeo and Juliet Philosophy of love Identity Metaphors referring to objects Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 21 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6686589476706381891	who proposed the first accurate model of dna	[ "Watson", "Crick" ]	{ "0": "Semiconservative replication - wikipedia Semiconservative replication Jump to : navigation , search A summary of the three postulated methods of DNA synthesis Semiconservative replication describes the mechanism by which DNA is replicated in all known cells . It derives its name from the fact that this mechanism of transcription was one of three models originally proposed for DNA replication : Semiconservative replication would produce two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand . Conservative replication would leave the two original template DNA strands together in a double helix and would produce a copy composed of two new strands containing all of the new DNA base pairs . Dispersive replication would produce two copies of the DNA , both containing distinct regions of DNA composed of either both original strands or both new strands . The deciphering of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 suggested that each strand of the double helix would serve as a template for synthesis of a new strand . However , there was no way of knowing how the newly synthesized strands might combine with the template strands to form two double helical DNA molecules . The semiconservative model seemed most reasonable since it would allow each daughter strand to remain associated with its template strand . The semiconservative model was supported by the Meselson - Stahl experiment and other even more revealing experiments that allowed for autoradiographic visualization of the distribution of old and new strands within replicated chromosomes . Experimental evidence confirmed that two lines were observed , therefore offering compelling evidence for the semi-conservative theory . Rate and accuracy ( edit ) The rate of semiconservative DNA replication in a living cell was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA strand elongation in phage - infected E. coli . During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 ° C , the rate of strand elongation was 749 nucleotides per second . The mutation rate per base pair per round of replication during phage T4 DNA synthesis is 2.4 x 10 . Thus semiconservative DNA replication is both rapid and accurate . See also ( edit ) Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anthony J.F. Griffiths ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` 8 . The Structure and Replication of DNA '' . An Introduction to genetic analysis .", "1": "San Francisco : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3520 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Meselson , M. ; Stahl , F.W. ( 1958 ) . `` The Replication of DNA in Escherichia coli '' . PNAS. 44 : 671 -- 82 . PMC 528642 . PMID 16590258 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 44.7. 671 . Jump up ^ Meselson M , Stahl FW. ( 2007 ) Demonstration of the semiconservative mode of DNA duplication . In `` Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology '' ( editors Cairns J , Stent GS , Watson JD ) . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press ISBN 9780879698003 Jump up ^ McCarthy D ; Minner C ; Bernstein H ; Bernstein C ( October 1976 ) . `` DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild - type phage T4 and a DNA - delay amber mutant '' . J. Mol. Biol. 106 ( 4 ) : 963 -- 81 . PMID 789903 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 76 ) 90346 - 6 . Jump up ^ Drake JW ; Charlesworth B ; Charlesworth D ; Crow JF ( April 1998 ) . `` Rates of spontaneous mutation '' . Genetics . 148 ( 4 ) : 1667 -- 86 . PMC 1460098 . PMID 9560386 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semiconservative_replication&oldid=800109890 '' Categories : DNA replication Talk About Wikipedia Čeština 한국어 Hrvatski 日本語 Polski Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 15 : 28 .", "2": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4907737409043643902	where is the hero golf challenge being played	[ "Albany development in the Bahamas", "The Bahamas", "the Albany development in the Bahamas", "the Albany development in the Bahamas" ]	{ "0": "Hero World Challenge - Wikipedia Hero World Challenge Jump to : navigation , search Hero World Challenge Tournament information Location The Bahamas Established 2000 Course ( s ) Albany , New Providence ( 2015 -- 17 ) Isleworth Golf & Country Club ( 2014 ) Sherwood Country Club ( Dec 2000 -- 13 ) Greyhawk Golf Club ( Jan 2000 ) Par 72 Length 7,302 yards ( 6,677 m ) Tour ( s ) PGA Tour ( unofficial event ) Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 3,500,000 Month played December Tournament record score Aggregate 262 Jordan Spieth ( 2014 ) To par − 26 Jordan Spieth ( 2014 ) Current champion Rickie Fowler Albany Location in the Bahamas The Hero World Challenge is a golf tournament hosted by Tiger Woods , which takes place each December . It features a small number ( currently 18 ) of top - ranked golf pros . The tournament is a benefit for the Tiger Woods Foundation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 History 3 Television 4 Winners 5 References 6 External links Format ( edit ) Initially , the tournament had a 16 - man field composed of the defending champion , the top 11 available players from the Official World Golf Ranking , and four sponsors exemptions chosen by the Tiger Woods Foundation . In 2008 , the field was increased to 18 players , consisting of the most recent winners of the four major PGA tournaments , the top 11 available players from the Official World Golf Ranking , the defending champion , and two special exemption players selected by the foundation . Prize money won by the players is not included in money rankings on any of the world 's professional golf tours , but the tournament is recognized as an unofficial money event by the PGA Tour . Since 2009 , the event offers Official World Golf Ranking points . In 2007 the total prize fund was $5.75 million , similar to many official PGA Tour events , which usually have fields of about 150 players . In 2014 , the first prize was $1 million , and the total purse was $3.5 million . Woods usually donates his prize money to his foundation .", "1": "Hero World Challenge tournament is preceded by a pro-am competition , in which professional golfers play with amateurs . Hero World Challenge pro-am is usually organized two days before the first round of professional play . `` Am - Am outing '' takes place on the first day , `` Official Pro-Am '' on the second day . The access to the pro-am competition is limited only to the tournament partners . The pro-am tournament is closed to public . The amateur participants of the 2016 pro-am included , for instance , Derek Jeter and Tino Martinez . History ( edit ) In 2000 the tournament was staged twice Tom Lehman won the first event in January . The tournament then moved to December of that year Davis Love III won that event . It has been played in December ever since . The January 2000 event was played at Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale , Arizona . From December 2000 to 2013 , the event took place at Sherwood Country Club , a course designed by Jack Nicklaus , in Thousand Oaks , California . In 2008 , Woods did not compete due to knee surgery following his 2008 U.S. Open victory , even though he was the two - time defending champion . He did not play in 2009 due to time spent away from golf related to personal matters . Woods returned to the event in 2010 . In 2011 , Woods won the tournament with a score of − 10 , defeating Zach Johnson by one shot . Woods made birdie on the final two holes to win ; it was his first win in over two years , since the 2009 Australian Masters . It was called the Chevron World Challenge from 2008 through 2011 . It previously went by the names Williams World Challenge and Target World Challenge . In 2012 , new sponsor Northwestern Mutual was the presenting sponsor instead of a title sponsor . They became the title sponsor in 2013 . In 2014 , Hero MotoCorp became the title sponsor . Beginning in 2015 , the event will be played at the Albany development in the Bahamas , for at least three years . Television ( edit ) The first World Challenge was televised by the USA Network and NBC Sports . It was then covered by USA and ABC Sports from 2000 -- 2006 .", "2": "It has been televised by Golf Channel and a returning NBC since 2007 . Winners ( edit ) Year Winner Country Score Margin of victory Runner - up Winner 's share ( $ ) Hero World Challenge 2017 Rickie Fowler United States 270 ( − 18 ) 4 strokes Charley Hoffman 1,000,000 2016 Hideki Matsuyama Japan 270 ( − 18 ) 2 strokes Henrik Stenson 1,000,000 2015 Bubba Watson United States 263 ( − 25 ) 3 strokes Patrick Reed 1,000,000 2014 Jordan Spieth United States 262 ( − 26 ) 10 strokes Henrik Stenson 1,000,000 Northwestern Mutual World Challenge 2013 Zach Johnson United States 275 ( − 13 ) Playoff Tiger Woods 1,000,000 World Challenge presented by Northwestern Mutual 2012 Graeme McDowell ( 2 ) Northern Ireland 271 ( − 17 ) 3 strokes Keegan Bradley 1,000,000 Chevron World Challenge 2011 Tiger Woods ( 5 ) United States 278 ( − 10 ) 1 stroke Zach Johnson 1,200,000 Graeme McDowell Northern Ireland 272 ( − 16 ) Playoff Tiger Woods 1,200,000 Chevron World Challenge presented by Bank of America 2009 Jim Furyk United States 275 ( − 13 ) 1 stroke Graeme McDowell 1,350,000 2008 Vijay Singh Fiji 277 ( − 11 ) 1 stroke Steve Stricker 1,350,000 Target World Challenge presented by Countrywide 2007 Tiger Woods ( 4 ) United States 266 ( − 22 ) 7 strokes Zach Johnson 1,350,000 2006 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) United States 272 ( − 16 ) 4 strokes Geoff Ogilvy 1,350,", "3": "000 2005 Luke Donald England 272 ( − 16 ) 2 strokes Darren Clarke 1,300,000 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) United States 268 ( − 16 ) 2 strokes Pádraig Harrington 1,250,000 Target World Challenge presented by Williams 2003 Davis Love III ( 2 ) United States 277 ( − 11 ) 2 strokes Tiger Woods 1,200,000 2002 Pádraig Harrington Ireland 268 ( − 20 ) 2 strokes Tiger Woods 1,000,000 Williams World Challenge Tiger Woods United States 273 ( − 15 ) 3 strokes Vijay Singh 1,000,000 2000 ( Dec ) Davis Love III United States 266 ( − 22 ) 2 strokes Tiger Woods 1,000,000 2000 ( Jan ) Tom Lehman United States 267 ( − 13 ) 3 strokes David Duval 1,000,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chevron World Challenge - Furyk Keeps Lead , Couples Three Back '' . Golf Digest . Associated Press . December 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods , in most events in 7 years , to figure out how much is too much '' . Fox News . Associated Press . October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger returns to golf for 2014 Hero World Challenge '' . TigerWoods.com . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Photo Gallery : Hero World Challenge , Pro-am & Round 1 Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' event star - studded '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Title sponsor steps up for Tiger event '' . ESPN .", "4": "Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hero MotoCorp clinches the title sponsorship of the PGA Tour 's golfing event '' . The Economic Times . September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ballengee , Ryan ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Is Tiger Woods on his way to being worth $2 billion ? '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site Tiger Woods Family Elin Nordegren ( ex-wife ) Earl Woods ( father ) Cheyenne Woods ( niece ) Golf achievements Professional career Career achievements Tournament performances Foundation Quicken Loans National Learning Center Hero World Challenge Tiger Woods Design The Cliffs at High Carolina Al Ruwaya Golf Course Punta Brava Other ventures PGA Tour Monday Night Golf Films and television The Tiger Woods Story Related Steve Williams ( caddie ) PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Dean & DeLuca Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St.", "5": "Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National Greenbrier Classic John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . Coordinates : 25 ° 00 ′ 43 '' N 77 ° 30 ′ 14 '' W / 25.012 ° N 77.504 ° W / 25.012 ; - 77.504 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hero_World_Challenge&oldid=822314479 '' Categories : PGA Tour unofficial money events Golf in Arizona Golf in California Golf in Florida Sports in Scottsdale , Arizona Sports in Ventura County , California Sports in Thousand Oaks , California Tiger Woods Recurring sporting events established in 1999 1999 establishments in Arizona Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 17 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8938104563522346543	who has the most sacks in college football	[ "Mike Czerwien", "Mike Czerwien", "Mike Czerwien, Waynesburg University, 2002–04" ]	{ "0": "List of NCAA Football Records - wikipedia List of NCAA Football Records Jump to : navigation , search This sports - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This is a list of individual National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) American football records , including Division I ( FBS , and FCS ) , II , and III . Contents ( hide ) 1 Offense 1.1 Total offense 1.1. 1 Season yards per game 1.1. 2 Career yards 1.1. 3 Season yards 1.1. 4 Single game yards 1.1. 5 Most games gaining 400 yards or more , season 1.1. 6 Most games gaining 400 yards or more , career 1.2 Rushing 1.2. 1 Most rushing attempts , career 1.2. 2 Most rushing attempts , season 1.2. 3 Most rushing attempts , game 1.2. 4 Most consecutive rushing attempts without losing a fumble , career 1.2. 5 Most consecutive rushing attempts without losing a fumble , season 1.2. 6 Highest average rushing yards per game , career ( minimum 2,500 yards ) 1.2. 7 Highest average rushing yards per game , season 1.2. 8 Most yards rushing , career 1.2. 9 Most yards rushing , season 1.2. 10 Most yards rushing , game 1.2. 11 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career 1.2. 12 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , season 1.2. 13 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , game 1.2. 14 Most rushing touchdowns , career 1.2. 15 Most rushing touchdowns , season 1.2. 16 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , career 1.2. 17 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , season 1.2. 18 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , game 1.2. 19 Most games with 100 + rushing yards , career 1.3 Passing 1.3. 1 Highest passing efficiency rating , career 1.3.", "1": "2 Highest passing efficiency rating , season ( min . 15 attempts per game ) 1.3. 3 Highest passing efficiency rating , game 1.3. 4 Highest percentage of passes completed , game 1.3. 5 Highest percentage of passes completed , career 1.3. 6 Highest percentage of passes completed , season 1.3. 7 Most yards passing , career 1.3. 8 Most yards passing , season 1.3. 9 Most yards passing , game 1.3. 10 Most yards passing per game , season 1.3. 11 Most passes attempted , career 1.3. 12 Most passes attempted , season 1.3. 13 Most passes attempted , game 1.3. 14 Most passes completed , career 1.3. 15 Most passes completed , season 1.3. 16 Most passes completed , game 1.3. 17 Most passes completed per game , career 1.3. 18 Most passes completed per game , season 1.3. 19 Most touchdown passes , career 1.3. 20 Most touchdown passes , season 1.3. 21 Most touchdown passes , game 1.3. 22 Most consecutive games throwing touchdown pass 1.3. 23 Most passes intercepted , career 1.3. 24 Most passes intercepted , season 1.3. 25 Most passes intercepted , game 1.3. 26 Most pass attempts without an interception , game 1.3. 27 Most consecutive pass attempts without an interception 1.3. 28 Lowest percentage of passes intercepted , career 1.3. 29 Lowest percentage of passes intercepted , season 1.3. 30 Most consecutive completions in a single game 1.3. 31 Most consecutive completions in one or more games 1.4 Receiving 1.4. 1 Most receptions , career 1.4. 2 Most receptions , season 1.4. 3 Most receptions , game 1.4. 4 Most consecutive games with a reception 1.4. 5 Most yards receiving , career 1.4.", "2": "6 Most yards receiving , season 1.4. 7 Most yards receiving by a tight end , season 1.4. 8 Most yards receiving , game 1.4. 9 Highest receiving yards per game , career 1.4. 10 Highest receiving yards per game , season 1.4. 11 Most games with 100 yards receiving , career 1.4. 12 Most receiving touchdowns , career 1.4. 13 Most receiving touchdowns , season 1.4. 14 Most receiving touchdowns , game 1.5 Scoring 1.5. 1 Most touchdowns responsible for , career 1.5. 2 Most touchdowns responsible for , season 1.5. 3 Most touchdowns responsible for , game 1.5. 4 Most points responsible for , career 1.5. 5 Most points responsible for , season 1.5. 6 Most points responsible for , game 1.5. 7 Most points scored by kicker , career 1.5. 8 Most points scored by kicker , season 1.5. 9 Most points scored by kicker , game 1.5. 10 Most points scored by non-kicker , career 1.5. 11 Most points scored by non-kicker , season 1.5. 12 Most points scored by non-kicker , game 2 Defense 2.1 Interceptions 2.1. 1 Most interceptions , career 2.1. 2 Most interceptions , season 2.1. 3 Most team interceptions , game 2.1. 4 Most interceptions , game 2.1. 5 Consecutive games with an interception 2.1. 6 Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , career 2.1. 7 Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , season 2.1. 8 Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , game 2.1. 9 Most interception return yards , career 2.1. 10 Most interception return yards , season 2.1. 11 Most interception return yards , game 2.2 Tackles 2.2. 1 Most tackles , career 2.2.", "3": "2 Highest tackles per game average , career 2.2. 3 Most tackles , season 2.2. 4 Highest tackles per game average , season 2.2. 5 Most tackles , game 2.2. 6 Most solo tackles , career 2.2. 7 Highest solo tackles per game average , career 2.2. 8 Most solo tackles , season 2.2. 9 Highest solo tackles per game average , season 2.2. 10 Most solo tackles , game 2.2. 11 Most tackles for loss , career 2.2. 12 Highest tackles for loss per game average , career 2.2. 13 Most tackles for loss , season 2.2. 14 Highest tackles for loss per game average , season 2.2. 15 Most tackles for loss , game 2.2. 16 Most sacks , career 2.2. 17 Highest sacks per game average , career 2.2. 18 Most sacks , season 2.2. 19 Highest sacks per game average , season 2.2. 20 Most sacks , game 3 Special teams 3.1 Punting 3.1. 1 Most punts , career 3.1. 2 Most punts , season 3.1. 3 Most punts , game 3.1. 4 Highest punting average , career 3.1. 5 Highest punting average , season 3.1. 6 Highest punting average , game 3.1. 7 Most punting yards , career 3.1. 8 Most punting yards , season 3.1. 9 Most punting yards , game 3.1. 10 Longest punt 3.2 Punt returns 3.2. 1 Highest average gain per return , career 3.2. 2 Highest average gain per return , season 3.2. 3 Highest average gain per return , game 3.2. 4 Most punts returned , career 3.2. 5 Most punts returned , game 3.2.", "4": "6 Most punts returned , season 3.2. 7 Most yards on punt returns , career 3.2. 8 Most yards on punt returns , season 3.2. 9 Most yards on punt returns , game 3.2. 10 Most touchdowns scored on punt returns , career 3.2. 11 Most touchdowns scored on punt returns , season 3.2. 12 Most touchdowns scored on punt returns , game 3.3 Kickoff returns 3.3. 1 Highest average gain per return , career 3.3. 2 Highest average gain per return , season 3.3. 3 Most kickoff returns , career 3.3. 4 Most kickoff returns , season 3.3. 5 Most kickoff returns , game 3.3. 6 Most yards on kickoff returns , career 3.3. 7 Most yards on kickoff returns , season 3.3. 8 Most yards on kickoff returns , game 3.3. 9 Most touchdowns on kickoff returns , career 3.3. 10 Most touchdowns on kickoff returns , season 3.3. 11 Most touchdowns on kickoff returns , game 3.3. 12 Most touchdowns scored on combined kick returns , career 3.4 Field goals 3.4. 1 Highest percentage of field goals made , career 3.4. 2 Most field goals made , career 3.4. 3 Most field goals made , season 3.4. 4 Most field goals made , game 3.4. 5 Most consecutive field goals made , career 3.4. 6 Most consecutive field goals made , season 3.4. 7 Longest field goal made 4 References Offense ( edit ) Total offense ( edit ) Season yards per game ( edit ) FBS : 474.6 -- David Klingler , Houston , 1990 , 11 games FCS : 527.2 -- Steve McNair , Alcorn State , 1994 , 11 games Div II : 436.7 -- J.J.", "5": "Harp , Eastern New Mexico , 2009 , 10 games Div III : 465.1 -- Justin Peery , Westminster ( MO ) , 1998 , 10 games Career yards ( edit ) FBS : 20,114 -- Case Keenum , Houston , 2007 -- 11 , 19,217 passing , 897 rushing FCS : 16,823 -- Steve McNair , Alcorn State , 1991 -- 94 , 14,496 passing , 2,327 rushing Div II : 16,432 -- Bo Cordell , Tusculum , 2009 -- 13 , 16,265 passing , 167 rushing Div III : 14,568 -- Kevin Burke , Mount Union , 2011 -- 14 , 12,087 passing , 2,481 rushing Season yards ( edit ) FBS : 5,976 -- B.J. Symons , Texas Tech , 2003 , 5,833 passing , 143 rushing FCS : 5,799 -- Steve McNair , Alcorn State , 1994 , 4,863 passing , 936 rushing Div II : 5,363 -- Chad Friehauf , Colorado Mines , 2004 , 4,646 passing , 717 rushing Div III : 5,363 -- Joe Callahan , Wesley , 2015 , 5,068 passing , 398 rushing Single game yards ( edit ) FBS : 819 -- Patrick Mahomes , Texas Tech vs. Oklahoma , Oct. 22 , 2016 , 734 passing , 85 rushing FCS : 791 -- Taylor Heinicke , Old Dominion vs. New Hampshire , Sep. 22 , 2012 , 730 passing , 61 rushing Div II : 681 -- J.J. Harp , Eastern New Mexico vs. Southeastern Oklahoma , Sep. 12 , 2009 , 695 passing , − 14 rushing Div III : 719 -- Sam Durley , Eureka vs. Knox , Sep. 1 , 2012 , 736 passing , − 17 rushing Most games gaining 400 yards or more , season ( edit ) FBS : 11 -- B.J.", "6": "Symons , Texas Tech , 2003 FCS : 9 -- Steve McNair , Alcorn State , 1994 Div II : Div III : Most games gaining 400 yards or more , career ( edit ) FBS : 21 -- Case Keenum * , Houston , 2007 -- 11 ; Graham Harrell , Texas Tech , 2006 -- 08 FCS : 15 -- Steve McNair , Alcorn State , 1991 -- 94 Div II : Div III : Rushing ( edit ) Most rushing attempts , career ( edit ) FBS : 1,215 -- Steve Bartalo , Colorado State , 1983 -- 86 , 4,813 yards FCS : 1,240 -- Jordan Scott , Colgate , 2005 -- 08 , 5,621 yards Div II : 1,271 -- Xavier Omon , Northwest Missouri State , 2004 -- 07 , 7,073 yards DIV III : 1,324 -- Levell Coppage , Wisconsin -- Whitewater , 2008 -- 11 , 7,795 yards Most rushing attempts , season ( edit ) FBS : 450 -- Kevin Smith , UCF , 2007 , 2,567 yards FCS : 450 -- Jamaal Branch , Colgate , 2003 , 2,326 yards Div II : 385 -- Joe Gough , Wayne State ( MI ) , 1994 , 1,593 yards Div III : 463 -- Dante Washington , Carthage , 2004 , 1990 yards Most rushing attempts , game ( edit ) FBS : 58 -- Tony Sands , Kansas vs. Missouri , Nov. 23 , 1991 , 396 yards FCS : 56 -- Arnold Mickens , Butler vs. Valparaiso , Oct. 8 , 1994 , 295 yards Div II : 62 -- Rahmann Lee , Glenville vs. WVWC , Sep. 10 , 2015 , 412 yards Div III : 59 -- John Ortiz , King 's ( PA ) vs. Albright , Sep. 24 , 2005 , 267 yards Most consecutive rushing attempts without losing a fumble ,", "7": "career ( edit ) FBS : 1,005 -- Mike Hart , University of Michigan , 2004 -- 08 FCS : Div II : Div III : Most consecutive rushing attempts without losing a fumble , season ( edit ) FBS : 365 -- Travis Prentice , Miami ( OH ) , 1998 FCS : Div II : Div III : Highest average rushing yards per game , career ( minimum 2,500 yards ) ( edit ) FBS : 174.6 -- Ed Marinaro , Cornell , 1969 -- 71 , 4,715 yards in 27 games FCS : 190.7 -- Arnold Mickens , Butler , 1994 -- 95 , 3,813 in 20 Div II : 183.4 -- Anthony Gray , Western New Mexico , 1997 -- 98 , 3,484 in 19 Div III : 187.1 -- Tony Sutton , Wooster , 2002 -- 04 , 5,613 in 30 Highest average rushing yards per game , season ( edit ) FBS : 238.9 -- Barry Sanders , Oklahoma State , 1988 , 2,628 yards in 11 games FCS : 225.5 -- Arnold Mickens , Butler , 1994 , 2,255 in 10 Div II : 222.0 -- Anthony Gray , Western New Mexico , 1997 , 2,220 in 10 Div III : 238.5 -- Dante Brown , Marietta , 1996 , 2,385 in 10 Most yards rushing , career ( edit ) FBS : 6,405 -- Donnel Pumphrey , San Diego State , 2013 -- 16 , 1059 rushes FCS : 7,590 -- Adrian Peterson , Georgia Southern University , 1998 -- 2001 , 996 rushes ( Note : Not the same Adrian Peterson who played for University of Oklahoma ) Div II : 7,962 -- Danny Woodhead , Chadron State , 2004 -- 07 , 1,156 rushes Div III : 8,074 -- Nate Kmic , Mount Union , 2005 -- 08 , 1,189 rushes Most yards rushing , season ( edit ) FBS : 2,", "8": "628 -- Barry Sanders , Oklahoma State , 1988 , 344 rushes , 11 games FCS : 2,519 -- Terrance West , Towson , 2013 , 413 rushes , 16 games Div II : 2,756 -- Danny Woodhead , Chadron State , 2006 , 344 rushes Div III : 2,790 -- Nate Kmic , Mount Union , 2008 , 377 rushes Most yards rushing , game ( edit ) FBS : 427 -- Samaje Perine , University of Oklahoma vs. Kansas , Nov. 22 , 2014 , 34 carries FCS : 437 -- Maurice Hicks , North Carolina A&T vs. Morgan State , Oct. 6 , 2001 , 34 rushes Div II : 418 -- Jarom Freeman , Southern Connecticut State vs. Bryant , Nov. 2 , 2007 , 34 rushes Div III : 465 -- Cartel Brooks , Heidelberg vs. Baldwin Wallace , Nov. 16 , 2013 , 38 rushes Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career ( edit ) FBS : 4,559 -- Keenan Reynolds , Navy , 2012 -- 15 , 977 rushes FCS : 4,852 -- Matt Cannon , Southern Utah , 1997 -- 2000 , 674 rushes Div II : 5,953 -- Jason Vander Laan , Ferris State , 2012 -- 15 , 1010 rushes Div III : 4,242 -- Ayrton Scott , Augsburg , 2012 -- 15 , 722 rushes Most rushing yards by a quarterback , season ( edit ) FBS : 1,920 -- Jordan Lynch , Northern Illinois , 2013 , 292 rushes FCS : 1,844 -- Jayson Foster , Georgia Southern , 2007 , 261 rushes Div II : 1,607 -- Jason Vander Laan , Ferris State , 2013 , 265 rushes Div III : 1,941 -- Chris Sharpe , Springfield , 2006 , 261 rushes Most rushing yards by a quarterback , game ( edit ) FBS : 327 -- Khalil Tate , Arizona vs. Colorado , Oct.", "9": "7 , 2017 , 14 rushes FCS : 316 -- Jerick McKinnon , Georgia Southern vs. Central Arkansas , Dec. 1 , 2012 , 34 rushes Div II : 323 -- Shawn Graves , Wofford vs. Lenoir -- Rhyne , Sep. 15 , 1990 , 23 rushes Div III : 342 -- Matt Roe , Augustana ( IL ) vs. Wheaton ( IL ) , Nov. 13 , 2004 , 44 rushes Most rushing touchdowns , career ( edit ) FBS : 88 -- Keenan Reynolds , Navy , 2012 -- 15 FCS : 84 -- Adrian Peterson , Georgia Southern , 1998 -- 2001 Div II : 107 -- Germaine Race , Pittsburg State , 2003 -- 06 Div III : 125 -- Nate Kmic , Mount Union , 2005 -- 08 Most rushing touchdowns , season ( edit ) FBS : 37 -- Barry Sanders , Oklahoma State Cowboys , 1988 , 11 games FCS : 41 -- Terrance West , Towson University 2013 , 16 games Div III : 44 - Nate Kmic , Mount Union Purple Raiders , 2008 , 15 games Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , career ( edit ) FBS : 88 -- Keenan Reynolds , Navy , 2012 -- 15 FCS : 69 -- Matt Cannon , Southern Utah , 1997 - 2000 Div II : 81 -- Jason Vander Laan , Ferris State , 2012 -- 15 Div III : 70 -- Chris Sharpe , Springfield , 2004 -- 06 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , season ( edit ) FBS : 31 -- Keenan Reynolds , Navy , 2013 FCS : 27 -- Chaz Williams , Georgia Southern , 2002 Div II : 24 -- Shawn Graves , Wofford , 1989 ; Jason Vander Laan , Ferris State , 2015 Div III : 35 -- Chris Sharpe , Springfield , 2006 , 12 games Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , game ( edit ) FBS : 7 -- Keenan Reynolds , Navy vs.", "10": "San Jose State , Nov 22 , 2013 FCS : Div II : Div III : 7 -- Chris Sharpe , Springfield , vs. St. John Fisher Most games with 100 + rushing yards , career ( edit ) FBS : 34 -- DeAngelo Williams , Memphis , 2002 -- 05 FCS : 40 -- Adrian Peterson , Georgia Southern , 1998 -- 2001 Div III : 42 -- Levell Coppage , Wisconsin -- Whitewater , 2008 -- 11 Passing ( edit ) Highest passing efficiency rating , career ( edit ) FBS : 175.6 -- Sam Bradford , Oklahoma , 2007 -- 09 ( min . 325 completions ) FCS : 176.7 -- Josh Johnson , San Diego , 2004 -- 07 ( min . 300 completions ) Div II : 190.8 -- Dusty Bonner , Valdosta State , 2000 -- 01 ( min . 375 completions ) Div III : 197.4 -- Greg Micheli , Mount Union , 2005 -- 08 ( min . 325 completions ) Highest passing efficiency rating , season ( min . 15 attempts per game ) ( edit ) FBS : 196.4 -- Baker Mayfield , Oklahoma , 2016 FCS : 204.6 -- Shawn Knight , William & Mary , 1993 Div II : 210.1 -- Boyd Crawford , Albertson , 1953 Div III : 225.0 -- Mike Simpson , Eureka , 1994 Highest passing efficiency rating , game ( edit ) FBS : 403.4 -- Tim Clifford , Indiana vs Colorado , 1980 ( min . 12 attempts ) ; 317.4 -- Bruce Gradkowski , Toledo vs Buffalo , 2003 ( min . 25 attempts ) ; 248.0 -- Geno Smith , West Virginia vs Baylor , 2012 ( min . 50 attempts ) FCS : 302.2 -- Vernon Adams , Eastern Washington vs Montana State , 2013 ( min . 15 attempts ) Div II : Div III : Highest percentage of passes completed , game ( edit ) FBS : 90.6 % -- Seth Doege , Texas Tech vs.", "11": "New Mexico , Sep. 17 , 2011 ( min . 40 completions ) ; 93.9 % -- Kyle Allen , Houston vs. Rice , Sep. 16 , 2017 ( min . 30 completions ) ; 96.0 % -- Greyson Lambert , Georgia Bulldogs vs. South Carolina , Sep. 18 , 2015 ( min . 20 completions ) FCS : 88.9 % -- Richie Williams , Appalachian State vs. Furman , Oct. 9 , 2004 ( min . 30 completions ) ; 96.2 % -- Ricky Santos , New Hampshire vs. Northeastern , Oct. 22 , 2005 ( min . 20 completions ) Div II : 90.0 % -- Lance Parker , Ouachita Baptist vs. Southwest Baptist , Oct. 25 , 2008 ( min . 35 completions ) ; 96.0 % -- Zack Eskridge , Midwestern State vs. Texas A&M -- Kingsville , Oct. 17 , 2009 ( min . 20 completions ) Div III : 84.9 % -- Ian Kolste , Whitworth vs. George Fox , Oct. 1 , 2016 ( min . 35 completions ) ; 95.5 % -- Mark Petruziello , John Carroll vs. Thomas More , Sep. 6 , 2008 ( min .", "12": "20 completions ) Highest percentage of passes completed , career ( edit ) FBS : 70.4 % -- Colt Brennan , Hawai ʻi , 2005 -- 07 ( minimum 875 attempts ) FCS : 69.6 % -- Eric Sanders , Northern Iowa , 2004 -- 07 ( minimum 750 attempts ) Div II : 72.7 % -- Dusty Bonner , Valdosta State , 2000 -- 01 ( minimum 500 attempts ) Div III : 74.1 % -- Greg Micheli , Mount Union , 2005 -- 08 ( minimum 750 attempts ) Highest percentage of passes completed , season ( edit ) FBS : 76.7 % -- Colt McCoy , Texas , 2008 ( minimum 150 attempts ) FCS : 75.2 % -- Eric Sanders , Northern Iowa , 2007 ( minimum 200 attempts ) Div II : 76.9 % -- Troy Weatherhead , Hillsdale , 2010 ( minimum 250 attempts ) Div III : 75.0 % -- Greg Micheli , Mount Union , 2008 ( minimum 250 attempts ) Most yards passing , career ( edit ) FBS : 19,217 -- Case Keenum * , Houston , 2007 -- 11 FCS : 14,496 -- Steve McNair , Alcorn State , 1991 -- 94 Div II : 16,265 -- Bo Cordell , Tusculum , 2009 -- 13 Div III : 14,249 -- Alex Tanney , Monmouth ( IL ) , 2007 -- 11 Most yards passing , season ( edit ) FBS : 5,833 -- B.J. Symons , Texas Tech , 2003 FCS : 5,076 -- Taylor Heinicke , Old Dominion , 2012 Div II : 5,207 -- Eric Czerniewski , Central Missouri , 2010 Div III : 5,068 -- Joe Callahan , Wesley , 2015 Most yards passing , game ( edit ) FBS : 734 -- Connor Halliday , Washington State vs Cal , Oct. 4 , 2014 ; Patrick Mahomes , Texas Tech vs Oklahoma , Oct.", "13": "22 , 2016 FCS : 730 -- Taylor Heinicke , Old Dominion vs. New Hampshire , Sep. 22 , 2012 Div II : 695 -- J.J. Harp , Eastern New Mexico vs. Southeastern Oklahoma , Sep. 12 , 2009 Div III : 736 -- Sam Durley , Eureka College vs. Knox College , Sep. 1 , 2012 Most yards passing per game , season ( edit ) FBS : 467.3 -- David Klingler , Houston , 1990 FCS : 455.7 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley , 1984 Div II : 437.3 -- J.J. Harp , Eastern New Mexico , 2009 Div III : 450.1 -- Justin Peery , Westminster ( MO ) , 1998 Most passes attempted , career ( edit ) FBS : 2,436 -- Timmy Chang , Hawaii , 2000 -- 04 FCS : 1,893 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin , 2007 -- 10 Div II : 2,187 -- Bo Cordell , Tusculum , 2009 -- 13 Div III : 1,982 -- Josh Vogelbach , Guilford , 2005 -- 08 Most passes attempted , season ( edit ) FBS : 719 -- B.J. Symons , Texas Tech , 2003 FCS : 598 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin , 2008 Div II : 670 -- Eric Czerniewski , Central Missouri , 2010 Div III : 575 -- Brett Dietz , Hanover , 2003 Most passes attempted , game ( edit ) FBS : 89 -- Connor Halliday , Washington State vs. Oregon , October 19 , 2013 FCS : 85 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin vs. Sam Houston State , Nov. 1 , 2008 Div II : 94 -- J.J. Harp , Eastern New Mexico vs. Southeastern Oklahoma , Sep. 12 , 2009 Div III : 84 -- Evan Jones , Carthage vs. North Central ( IL ) , Oct.", "14": "17 , 2009 ; Mackenzie McGrady , Alma vs. Wisconsin -- River Falls , Sep. 26 , 2009 ; McCallum Foote , Middlebury vs. Amherst , Oct. 5 , 2013 Most passes completed , career ( edit ) FBS : 1,546 -- Case Keenum * , Houston , 2007 -- 11 FCS : 1,184 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin , 2007 -- 10 Div II : 1,397 -- Bo Cordell , Tusculum , 2009 -- 13 Div III : 1,205 -- Alex Tanney , Monmouth , 2007 -- 11 Most passes completed , season ( edit ) FBS : 512 -- Graham Harrell , Texas Tech , 2007 FCS : 385 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin , 2009 ; Brett Gordon , Villanova , 2002 Div II : 447 -- Eric Czerniewski , Central Missouri , 2010 Div III : 360 -- Brett Dietz , Hanover , 2003 Most passes completed , game ( edit ) FBS : 58 -- Andy Schmitt , Eastern Michigan vs. Central Michigan , Nov. 28 , 2008 ; Connor Halliday , Washington State vs. Oregon , Oct. 19 , 2013 FCS : 57 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin vs. Sam Houston State , Nov. 1 , 2008 Div II : 64 -- J.J. Harp , Eastern New Mexico vs. Southeastern Oklahoma , Sep. 12 , 2009 Div III : 58 -- Bryan Peterson , Whitworth vs. La Verne , Sep.", "15": "20 , 2014 Most passes completed per game , career ( edit ) FBS : 31.2 -- Graham Harrell , Texas Tech , 2005 -- 08 FCS : 26.9 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin , 2007 -- 10 Div II : 30.4 -- Bo Cordell , Tusculum , 2009 -- 13 Div III : 29.7 -- Josh Vogelbach , Guilford , 2005 -- 08 Most passes completed per game , season ( edit ) FBS : 39.4 -- Graham Harrell , Texas Tech , 2007 FCS : 32.4 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley , 1984 Div II : 40.4 -- J.J. Harp , Eastern New Mexico , 2009 Div III : 34.0 -- Bryan Peterson , Whitworth University ( WA ) , 2014 Most touchdown passes , career ( edit ) FBS : 155 -- Case Keenum , Houston , 2007 -- 11 FCS : 140 -- Bruce Eugene , Grambling State , 2001 -- 05 Div II : 148 -- Jimmy Terwilliger , East Stroudsburg , 2003 -- 06 Div III : 157 -- Alex Tanney , Monmouth ( IL ) , 2007 -- 11 Most touchdown passes , season ( edit ) FBS : 58 -- Colt Brennan , Hawaii , 2006 FCS : 57 -- Jeremiah Briscoe , Sam Houston State , 2016 Div II : 54 -- Dusty Bonner , Valdosta State , 2000 Zach Zulli , Shippensburg , 2012 Div III : 61 -- Brett Elliott , Linfield , 2004 Most touchdown passes , game ( edit ) FBS : 11 -- David Klingler , Houston vs. Eastern Washington , Nov. 17 , 1990 FCS : 9 -- Drew Hubel , Portland State vs. Weber State , Oct. 27 , 2007 ; Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley vs. Kentucky State , Sep. 1 , 1984 Div II : 10 -- Bruce Swanson , North Park vs. North Central ( IL ) , Oct.", "16": "12 , 1968 Div III : 9 -- Joe Zarlinga , Ohio Northern vs. Capital , Nov. 14 , 1998 Most consecutive games throwing touchdown pass ( edit ) FBS : 46 - Rakeem Cato , Marshall , 2011 -- 14 FCS : 42 -- Dominic Randolph , Holy Cross , 2006 -- 09 Div II : 46 -- Mike Reilly , Central Washington , 2005 -- 08 Div III : 40 -- Bill Borchert , Mount Union , 1994 -- 97 Most passes intercepted , career ( edit ) FBS : 80 -- Timmy Chang , Hawaii , 2000 -- 04 FCS : 75 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley , 1982 -- 85 Div II : 88 -- Bob McLaughlin , Lock Haven , 1992 -- 95 Div III : 117 -- Steve Hendry , Wisconsin -- Superior , 1980 -- 83 Most passes intercepted , season ( edit ) FBS : 34 -- John Eckman , Wichita State , 1966 FCS : 29 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley , 1985 Div II : 32 -- Joe Stetser , Cal State Chico , 1967 Div III : 43 -- Steve Hendry , Wisconsin -- Superior , 1982 Most passes intercepted , game ( edit ) FBS : 9 -- John Reaves , Florida vs. Auburn , Nov. 1 , 1969 FCS : 7 -- Dan Crowley , Towson vs. Maine , Nov. 16 , 1991 ; Carlton Jenkins , Mississippi Valley vs. Prairie View , Oct. 31 , 1987 ; Charles Hebert , Southeastern Louisiana vs. Northwestern State , Nov. 12 , 1983 ; Mick Spoon , Idaho State vs. Montana , Oct. 21 , 1978 Div II : 9 -- Pat Brennan , Franklin vs. Saginaw Valley , Sep. 24 , 1983 ; Henry Schafer , Johns Hopkins vs. Haverford , Oct. 16 , 1965 Div III : 8 -- Jason Clark , Ohio Northern vs. John Carroll , Nov.", "17": "9 , 1991 ; Jim Higgins , Brockport vs. Buffalo State , Sep. 29 , 1990 ; Dennis Bogacz , Wisconsin -- Oshkosh vs. Wisconsin -- Stevens Point , Oct. 29 , 1988 ; Kevin Karwath , Canisius vs. Liberty , Nov. 19 , 1979 Most pass attempts without an interception , game ( edit ) FBS : 77 -- David Piland , Houston vs. Louisiana Tech , Sep. 8 , 2012 FCS : 79 -- Taylor Heinicke , Old Dominion vs. New Hampshire , Sep. 22 , 2012 Div II : 74 -- Michael Pierce , St. Anselm vs. Stonehill , Oct. 24 , 2009 Div III : 82 -- Bryan Peterson , Whitworth ( WA ) vs. LaVerne , Sep. 20 , 2014 Most consecutive pass attempts without an interception ( edit ) FBS : 444 -- Colby Cameron , Louisiana Tech , 2011 -- 12 FCS : 342 -- Jimmy Blanchard , Portland State , 1999 Div II : 280 -- Jesse Showerda , New Haven , 1996 Div III : 305 -- Brad Boyle , Coe , 2009 Lowest percentage of passes intercepted , career ( edit ) FBS : 1.20 % -- Marcus Mariota , Oregon , 2012 -- 14 ( min . 600 attempts ) FCS : 1.41 % -- Josh Johnson , San Diego , 2004 -- 07 ( min . 750 attempts ) Div II : 1.60 % -- Billy Cundiff , Ashland , 2006 -- 09 ( min . 1,000 attempts ) Div III : 1.15 % -- Greg Micheli , Mount Union , 2005 -- 08 ( min . 750 attempts ) ; 1.47 % -- Bobby Swallow , Washington & Jefferson , 2005 -- 08 ( min .", "18": "1,000 attempts ) Lowest percentage of passes intercepted , season ( edit ) FBS : 0.0 % -- Matt Blundin , Virginia , 1991 ( 150 -- 349 attempts ) ; 0.70 % -- Kellen Moore , Boise State , 2009 ( min . 350 attempts ) FCS : 0.33 % -- Taylor Heinicke , Old Dominion , 2011 ( 175 -- 324 attempts ) ; 0.78 % -- Pat Devlin , Delaware , 2010 ( min . 325 attempts ) Div II : 0.32 % -- Billy Cundiff , Ashland , 2009 ( min . 300 attempts ) Div III : 0.2 % -- Matt Behrendt , Wisconsin -- Whitewater , 2013 ( min . 150 attempts ) Most consecutive completions in a single game ( edit ) FBS : 26 -- Dominique Davis , East Carolina vs. Navy , Oct. 22 , 2011 FCS : 29 -- Quinn Epperly , Princeton vs. Cornell , Nov. 2 , 2013 Div II : 20 -- Scott Buisson , Arkansas -- Monticello vs. Henderson State , Sep. 22 , 2008 ; Todd Cunningham , Presbyterian vs. Wingate , Oct. 20 , 1999 ; Chris Hatcher , Valdosta State vs. New Haven , Oct. 8 , 1994 ; Rod Bockwoldt , Weber State vs. South Dakota State , Nov. 6 , 1976 Div III : 21 -- Chris Edwards , Washington & Jefferson vs. Allegheny , Sep. 17 , 2005 Most consecutive completions in one or more games ( edit ) FBS : 36 -- Dominique Davis , East Carolina , last 10 attempts vs. Memphis , Oct. 15 , 2011 and first 26 vs. Navy , Oct. 22 , 2011 FCS : Same as record for most consecutive completions in one game , above Div II : 23 -- Mike Ganey , Allegheny , last 16 attempts vs. Carnegie Mellon , Oct. 9 , 1967 and first seven attempts vs.", "19": "Oberlin , Oct. 16 , 1967 Div III : 29 -- Chris Edwards , Washington & Jefferson . last eight attempts vs. Hanover , Sep. 10 , 2005 and first 21 attempts vs. Allegheny , Sep. 17 , 2005 Receiving ( edit ) Most receptions , career ( edit ) FBS : 399 -- Zay Jones , East Carolina , 2013 -- 16 FCS : 428 -- Cooper Kupp , Eastern Washington , 2011 -- 16 Div II : 386 -- Justin Bernard , Saint Anselm College 2010 -- 14 Div III : 463 -- Michael Zweifel , Wisconsin -- River Falls and University of Dubuque , 2007 -- 11 Most receptions , season ( edit ) FBS : 158 -- Zay Jones , East Carolina , 2013 -- 16 FCS : 136 -- Erik Lora , Eastern Illinois , 2012 Div II : 143 -- Nick Smart , Southwest Baptist , 2007 Div III : 140 -- Michael Zweifel , Dubuque ( IA ) , 2011 Most receptions , game ( edit ) FBS : 23 -- Tyler Jones , Eastern Michigan vs. Central Michigan , Nov. 28 , 2008 ; Randy Gatewood , UNLV vs. Idaho , Sep. 17 , 1994 FCS : 24 -- Chas Gessner , Brown vs. Rhode Island , Oct. 5 , 2002 ; Jerry Rice , Mississippi Valley vs. Southern , Oct. 1 , 1983 Div II : 23 -- Mitchell Shegos , Notre Dame College vs. Glenville State , Oct. 25 , 2014 ; Chris George , Glenville State vs. West Virginia Wesleyan , Oct. 15 , 1994 ; Barry Wagner , Alabama A&M vs. Clark Atlanta , Nov. 4 , 1989 Div III : 25 -- Daniel Passafiume , Hanover vs. Franklin College , Nov.", "20": "15 , 2009 Most consecutive games with a reception ( edit ) FBS : 54 -- Bryan Anderson , Central Michigan , 2006 -- 09 FCS : 52 -- Cooper Kupp , Eastern Washington , 2013 -- 2016 Div II : 50 -- Mike Washington , West Chester , 2005 -- 08 Div III : 50 -- Fritz Waldvogel , St. Thomas ( MN ) , 2008 -- 11 Most yards receiving , career ( edit ) FBS : 5,278 -- Corey Davis , Western Michigan , 2013 - 16 FCS : 6,464 -- Cooper Kupp , Eastern Washington , 2013 -- 16 Div II : 4,983 -- Clarence Coleman , Ferris State , 1998 -- 2001 Div III : 6,108 -- Scott Pingel , Westminster ( MO ) , 1996 -- 99 Most yards receiving , season ( edit ) FBS : 2,060 -- Trevor Insley , Nevada , 1999 FCS : 1,850 -- Brandon Kaufman , Eastern Washington , 2012 Div II : 1,876 -- Chris George , Glenville State , 1993 Div III : 2,157 -- Scott Pingel , Westminster ( MO ) , 1998 Most yards receiving by a tight end , season ( edit ) FBS : 1,352 -- Jace Amaro , Texas Tech , 2013 FCS : Div II : Div III : 1,290 -- Don Moehling , Wisconsin -- Stevens Point , 1988 Most yards receiving , game ( edit ) FBS : 405 -- Troy Edwards , Louisiana Tech vs. Nebraska , Aug. 29 , 1998 FCS : 376 -- Kassim Osgood , Cal Poly vs. Northern Iowa , Nov. 4 , 2000 Div II : 425 -- Trey McVay , Northeastern State vs. Harding , Oct. 15 , 2011 Div III : 418 -- Lewis Howes , Principia vs. Martin Luther , Oct.", "21": "12 , 2002 Highest receiving yards per game , career ( edit ) FBS : 140.9 -- Alex Van Dyke , Nevada , 1994 -- 95 FCS : 124.3 -- Cooper Kupp , Eastern Washington , 2013 -- 16 Div II : 160.8 -- Chris George , Glenville State , 1993 -- 94 Div III : 156.6 -- Scott Pingel , Westminster ( MO ) , 1996 -- 99 Highest receiving yards per game , season ( edit ) FBS : 187.3 -- Trevor Insley , Nevada , 1999 FCS : 168.2 -- Jerry Rice , Mississippi Valley , 1984 Div II : 187.6 -- Chris George , Glenville State , 1993 Div III : 215.7 -- Scott Pingel , Westminster ( MO ) , 1998 Most games with 100 yards receiving , career ( edit ) FBS : 26 - Jazeel McNee , Coral Springs Charter , 2010 - 17 FCS : 29 -- Cooper Kupp , Eastern Washington , 2013 -- 16 Div II : 30 - Patrick Ondis Briley , Langston , 82 - 85 Div III : Most receiving touchdowns , career ( edit ) FBS : 60 -- Jarett Dillard , Rice , 2005 -- 08 FCS : 73 -- Cooper Kupp , Eastern Washington University , 2013 -- 16 Div II : 78 -- Dallas Mall , Bentley , 2001 -- 04 Div III : 75 -- Scott Pingel , Westminster ( MO ) , 1996 -- 99 Most receiving touchdowns , season ( edit ) FBS : 27 -- Troy Edwards , Louisiana Tech , 1998 FCS : 27 -- Jerry Rice , Mississippi Valley , 1984 Div II : 35 -- David Kircus , Grand Valley State , 2002 Div III : 26 -- Jack Phelan , Hartwick , 2008 ; Scott Pingel , Westminster ( MO ) , 1998 Most receiving touchdowns , game ( edit ) FBS : 7 -- Rashaun Woods , Oklahoma State vs. SMU , Sep.", "22": "20 , 2003 FCS : 6 -- Cos DeMatteo , Chattanooga vs. Mississippi Valley , Sep. 16 , 2000 Div II : 8 -- Paul Zaeske , North Park vs. North Central ( IL ) , Oct. 12 , 1968 Div III : 7 -- Matt Perceval , Wesleyan ( CT ) vs. Middlebury , Sep. 26 , 1998 Scoring ( edit ) Most touchdowns responsible for , career ( edit ) FBS : 178 -- Case Keenum * , Houston , 2007 -- 11 FCS : 159 -- Bruce Eugene , Grambling , 2001 -- 05 Div II : 161 -- Jimmy Terwilliger , East , 2003 -- 06 Div III : 168 -- Justin Peery , Westminster ( MO ) , 1996 -- 99 ; Kevin Burke , Mount Union , 2011 -- 14 Most touchdowns responsible for , season ( edit ) FBS : 63 -- Colt Brennan , Hawaii , 2006 FCS : 61 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley , 1984 Div II : 55 -- Dusty Bonner , Valdosta State , 2000 Div III : 61 -- Brett Elliott , Linfield , 2004 Most touchdowns responsible for , game ( edit ) FBS : 11 -- David Klingler , Houston vs. Eastern Washington , Nov. 17 , 1990 FCS : 9 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley vs. Kentucky State , Sep. 1 , 1984 and vs. Prairie View , Oct. 27 , 1984 ; Drew Hubel , Portland State vs. Weber State , Oct. 27 , 2007 ; Neil Lomax , Portland State vs. Delaware State , Nov. 8 , 1980 Div II : 10 -- Bruce Swanson , North Park vs. North Central ( IL ) , Oct.", "23": "12 , 1968 Div III : Most points responsible for , career ( edit ) FBS : 1,078 -- Case Keenum * , Houston , 2007 -- 11 FCS : 960 -- Bruce Eugene , Grambling , 2001 -- 05 Div II : 966 -- Jimmy Terwilliger , East Stroudsburg , 2003 -- 06 Div III : Most points responsible for , season ( edit ) FBS : 384 -- Colt Brennan , Hawaii , 2006 FCS : 368 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley , 1984 Div II : 330 -- Dusty Bonner , Valdosta State , 2000 Div III : Most points responsible for , game ( edit ) FBS : 66 -- David Klingler , Houston vs. Eastern Washington , Nov. 17 , 1990 FCS : 56 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley vs. Kentucky State , Sep. 1 , 1984 Div II : 60 -- Bruce Swanson , North Park vs. North Central ( IL ) , Oct. 12 , 1968 Div III : Most points scored by kicker , career ( edit ) FBS : 494 -- Zane Gonzalez , Arizona State , 2013 -- 16 ( 492 kicking , 2 via two - point conversion ) FCS : 407 -- Dan Carpenter , Montana , 2004 -- 07 Div II : 420 -- Jeff Glas , North Dakota , 2002 -- 05 Div III : 383 -- Mike Zimmerman , Mount Union , 2005 -- 07 Most points scored by kicker , season ( edit ) FBS : 157 -- Roberto Aguayo , Florida State , 2013 FCS : 127 -- Julian Rauch , Appalachian State , 2007 ; Jon Striefsky , Delaware , 2007 Div II : 138 -- Jeff Glas , North Dakota , 2005 Div III : 183 - Edward Ruhnke , Mount Union , 2014 Most points scored by kicker , game ( edit ) FBS : 24 -- Mike Prindle , Western Michigan vs. Marshall , Sep. 29 , 1984 FCS : 24 -- Goran Lingmerth , Northern Arizona vs.", "24": "Idaho , Oct. 25 , 1986 Div II : 20 -- Clarence Joseph , Central State ( OH ) vs. Kentucky State , Oct. 16 , 1982 Div III : 20 -- Jim Hever , Rhodes vs. Millsaps , Sep. 22 , 1984 Most points scored by non-kicker , career ( edit ) FBS : 530 -- Keenan Reynolds , Navy , 2012 -- 15 FCS : 544 -- Brian Westbrook , Villanova , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 Div II : 656 -- Germaine Race , Pittsburg State , 2003 -- 06 Div III : 780 -- Nate Kmic , Mount Union , 2005 -- 08 Most points scored by non-kicker , season ( edit ) FBS : 236 -- Montee Ball , Wisconsin , 2011 FCS : 234 -- Omar Cuff , Delaware , 2007 Div II : 228 -- Xavier Omon , Northwest Missouri State , 2007 ; Danny Woodhead , Chadron State , 2006 Div III : 264 -- Nate Kmic , Mount Union , 2008 Most points scored by non-kicker , game ( edit ) FBS : 48 -- Kalen Ballage , Arizona State vs. Texas Tech , Sep. 10 , 2016 ; Howard Griffith , Illinois vs. Southern Illinois , Sep. 22 , 1990 FCS : 42 -- Omar Cuff , Delaware vs. William & Mary , Aug. 30 , 2007 ; Jessie Burton , McNeese State vs. Southern Utah , Sep. 19 , 1998 ; Archie Amerson , Northern Arizona vs. Weber State , Oct. 5 , 1996 Div II : 48 -- Paul Zaeske , North Park vs. North Central ( IL ) , Oct. 12 , 1968 ; Junior Wolf , Oklahoma Panhandle vs. St. Mary ( KS ) , Nov. 8 , 1958 Div III : 48 -- Carey Bender , Coe vs. Beloit , Nov.", "25": "12 , 1994 Defense ( edit ) Interceptions ( edit ) Most interceptions , career ( edit ) FBS : 29 -- Al Brosky , Illinois , 1950 -- 52 FCS : 31 -- Rashean Mathis , Bethune -- Cookman , 1999 -- 2003 Div II : 37 -- Tom Collins , Indianapolis , 1982 -- 85 Div III : 32 -- Zach Autenrieb , Thomas More College ( KY ) 2009 -- 12 Most interceptions , season ( edit ) FBS : 14 -- Al Worley , Washington , 1968 ; Gerod Holliman , Louisville , 2014 FCS : 14 -- Rashean Mathis , Bethune -- Cookman , 2002 Div II : 14 -- Seven times . Most recent : Dan Peters , Shepherd , 2006 Div III : 15 -- Ben Matthews , Bethel ( MN ) , 2000 ; Mark Dorner , Juniata , 1987 Most team interceptions , game ( edit ) FBS : 10 -- Oklahoma St. vs. Detroit , Nov. 28 , 1942 ; UCLA vs. California , Oct. 21 , 1978 Div II : 11 -- St. Cloud State College vs Bemidji , 1970 . 5 by Bill Trewick , 3 by Mark Swedlund and 3 by Ted Lockett. Oct. 31 . 1970 . The NCAA lists two different records for team interceptions in a game . The listed record is for `` Most passes intercepted by against a major - college opponent '' . The unrestricted `` Most passes intercepted by '' is held by Brown , with 11 , in a game versus Rhode Island , Oct. 8 , 1949 . Most interceptions , game ( edit ) FBS : 5 -- Lee Cook , Oklahoma St. vs. Detroit , Nov. 28 , 1942 ; Walt Pastuszak , Brown vs. Rhode Island , Oct. 8 , 1949 ; Byron Beaver , Houston vs. Baylor , Sep. 22 , 1962 ; Dan Rebsch , Miami ( OH ) vs. Western Mich. , Nov.", "26": "4 , 1972 FCS : 5 -- Mark Cordes , Eastern Washington vs. Boise State , Sep. 6 , 1986 ; Michael Richardson , Northwestern State vs. Southeastern Louisiana , Nov. 12 , 1983 ; Karl Johnson , Jackson State vs. Grambling , Oct. 23 , 1982 Div II : 5 -- Five times . Most recent : Gary Evans , Truman vs. Missouri S&T , Oct. 18 , 1975 . Div III : 5 -- 11 times . Most recent : James Patrick , Stillman vs. Edward Waters , Nov. 2 , 2002 The NCAA record book includes a special note about 6 interceptions by Dick Miller ( Akron ) versus Baldwin - Wallace on Oct. 23 , 1937 before the collection of division records . Tulane University lists 5 interceptions by Mitchell Price in a game versus Tennessee -- Chattanooga September 3 , 1988 which is not recognized as an official statistic by the NCAA . Consecutive games with an interception ( edit ) FBS : 15 -- Al Brosky , Illinois , Nov. 11 , 1950 to Oct.", "27": "18 , 1952 FCS : 8 -- Jamar Williams , Morgan State University , 1998 -- 2001 Div II : 8 -- Darin Nix , Missouri S&T , 1993 -- 94 Div III : 9 -- Brent Sands , Cornell College , 1992 Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , career ( edit ) FBS : 5 -- Darrent Williams , Oklahoma State , 2001 -- 04 ; Deltha O'Neal , California , 1996 -- 99 ; Ken Thomas , San Jose State , 1979 -- 82 ; Jackie Walker , Tennessee , 1969 -- 71 FCS : 6 -- William Hampton , Murray State , 1993 -- 96 , Marcus Williams , North Dakota State 2010 -- 13 Div II : Div III : Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , season ( edit ) FBS : 4 -- Deltha O'Neal , California , 1999 FCS : 4 -- William Hampton , Murray State , 1995 ; Joseph Vaughn , Cal State Northridge , 1994 ; Robert Turner , Jackson State , 1990 Div II : 4 -- Stevie Harden , Valdosta State , 2010 ; Quintez Smith , Shaw , 2009 ; Clay Blalack , UT Martin , 1976 Div III : 4 -- Phil Terio , Salve Regina , 2012 Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , game ( edit ) FBS : 3 -- Johnnie Jackson , Houston vs. Texas , Nov. 7 , 1987 FCS : 2 -- 23 times . Most recent : Taylor Reynolds , James Madison University vs. University of Richmond , Nov. 15 , 2014 Div II : Div III : 3 -- Many times .", "28": "Most interception return yards , career ( edit ) FBS : 501 -- Terrell Buckley , Florida State , 1989 -- 91 FCS : 682 -- Rashean Mathis , Bethune -- Cookman , 1999 -- 2002 Div II : 528 -- Pierre Thomas , Missouri Western State , 2000 -- 03 Div III : 448 -- Todd Schoelzel , Wisconsin -- Oshkosh , 1985 -- 88 Most interception return yards , season ( edit ) FBS : 302 -- Charles Phillips , Southern California , 1974 FCS : 455 -- Rashean Mathis , Bethune -- Cookman , 2002 Div II : 362 -- Pierre Thomas , Missouri Western State , 2003 Div III : 358 -- Rod Pesek , Whittier , 1987 Most interception return yards , game ( edit ) FBS : 182 -- Ashley Lee , Virginia Tech vs. Vanderbilt , Nov. 12 , 1983 FCS : 216 -- Keiron Bigby , Brown vs. Yale , Sep. 29 , 1984 Div II : 194 -- Quintez Smith , Shaw vs. Elizabeth City State , Aug. 29 , 2009 Div III : 164 -- Rick Conner , McDaniel vs. Dickinson , Oct.", "29": "15 , 1983 Tackles ( edit ) Since the 1960 season Most tackles , career ( edit ) FBS : 634 -- Rick Razzano , Virginia Tech 1976 -- 79 FCS : 550 -- Boomer Grigsby , Illinois State , 2001 -- 04 Div II : 551 -- Connor Harris , Lindenwood ( MO ) , 2012 -- 16 Div III : 545 -- Kyle McGivney , Luther , 2008 -- 11 Highest tackles per game average , career ( edit ) FBS : 14.00 -- Luke Kuechly , Boston College , 2009 -- 11 FCS : 13.2 -- Josh Cain , Chattanooga , 2000 -- 02 Div II : 13.95 -- Jason Ocean , Livingstone , 2000 -- 03 Div III : 13.41 -- Tavarski Wallace , Adrian , 2003 -- 06 Most tackles , season ( edit ) FBS : 193 -- Lawrence Flugence , Texas Tech , 2002 FCS : 195 -- Kevin Talley , Norfolk State , 2003 Div II : 169 -- B.J. Russell , Mesa State , 2004 Div III : 198 -- Kyle McGivney , Luther , 2010 Mike Singletary ( Baylor ) Recorded 232 tackles in 1978 but the NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 Highest tackles per game average , season ( edit ) FBS : 15.92 -- Luke Kuechly , Boston College , 2011 FCS : 16.3 -- Boomer Grigsby , Illinois State , 2002 ; Kevin Talley , Norfolk State , 2003 Div II : 15.9 -- Allen Minus , Lincoln ( MO ) , 2004 Div III : 19.8 -- Kyle McGivney , Luther , 2010 Joe Norman ( Indiana ) recorded 199 tackles in 11 games in 1978 for an 18.09 average , but the NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 . Most tackles , game ( edit ) FBS : 30 -- Rick Razzano , Virginia Tech vs University of Kentucky , Sep.", "30": "15 , 1977 FCS : 30 -- Josh Cain , Chattanooga vs. Citadel , Nov. 3 , 2001 Div II : 30 * * -- Shaun Maloney , Minnesota -- Morris vs. Minnesota State Moorhead , Oct. 27 , 2001 Div III : 30 -- Bryan Meuse , Nichols vs. Endicott , Oct. 29 , 2005 Mike Singletary ( Baylor ) Recorded 35 tackles against Houston and 33 tackles against Arkansas in 1978 but the NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 Lee Roy Jordan ( University of Alabama ) Recorded 31 tackles against Oklahoma University in the 1962 Orange Bowl , but the NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 Larry Mertz - Kutztown University - Recorded 31 tackles against Clarion University in November 22 , 1980 but NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 Most solo tackles , career ( edit ) FBS : 360 -- Rod Davis , Southern Miss. , 2000 -- 03 FCS : 325 -- Boomer Grigsby , Illinois State , 2001 -- 04 Div II : 323 -- Connor Harris , Lindenwood , 2012 -- 16 Div III : 302 -- Kyle Follweiler , Wilkes , 2004 -- 07 Highest solo tackles per game average , career ( edit ) FBS : 8.80 -- E.J. Henderson , Maryland , 2000 -- 02 FCS : 8.00 -- Josh Cain , Chattanooga , 2000 -- 02 Div II : 6.73 -- Connor Harris , Lindenwood , 2012 -- 16 Div III : 7.35 -- Casey McConnell , Kenyon , 2001 -- 03 Most solo tackles , season ( edit ) FBS : 135 -- E.J.", "31": "Henderson , Maryland , 2002 FCS : 113 -- Josh Cain , Chattanooga , 2002 Div II : 97 -- Tyke Kozeal , University of Nebraska - Kearney , 2016 Div III : 106 -- Robert Gunn , Earlham , 2000 Joe Norman ( Indiana ) recorded 141 solo tackles in 1978 , but the NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 . Highest solo tackles per game average , season ( edit ) FBS : 10.20 -- Rick Sherrod , West Virginia , 2001 FCS : 9.82 -- Boomer Grigsby , Illinois State , 2002 Div II : 8.81 -- Tyke Kozeal , Nebraska -- Kearney , 2016 Div III : 10.6 -- Robert Gunn , Earlham , 2000 Joe Norman ( Indiana ) recorded 141 solo tackles in 11 games in 1978 for a 12.81 average , but the NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 . Most solo tackles , game ( edit ) FBS : 20 -- Tyrell Johnson , Arkansas State vs. North Texas , Nov. 26 , 2005 FCS : 21 -- Dan Adams , Holy Cross , Oct. 22 , 2005 Div II : 19 -- Eric Portley , Fayetteville State vs. N.C. Central , Oct. 8 , 2005 Div III : 21 -- Tim Rotenberry , North Park vs. Millikin , Oct. 16 , 2004 ; Ryan Martin , Hanover College vs. Anderson ( IN ) , Oct.", "32": "17 , 2015 Most tackles for loss , career ( edit ) FBS : 75 -- Khalil Mack , Buffalo , 2010 -- 13 , Jason Babin , Western Michigan , 2000 -- 03 FCS : 80 -- James Cowser , Southern Utah , 2012 - 15 Div II : 79.5 -- Zachary Blair , UVA Wise , 2013 - 2016 Div III : 1061⁄2 -- Steven Wilson , King 's ( PA ) , 2000 -- 02 Highest tackles for loss per game average , career ( edit ) FBS : 1.92 -- Sammy Brown , Houston , 2010 - 11 FCS : 2.48 -- Steve Baggs , Bethune - Cookman , 2002 - 03 Div II : 2.58 -- Charlie Cook , C.W. Post , 2000 - 01 Div III : 3.33 -- Steven Wilson , King 's ( PA ) , 2000 - 02 Most tackles for loss , season ( edit ) FBS : 32 -- Jason Babin , Western Michigan , 2003 FCS : 36 -- Steve Baggs , Bethune -- Cookman , 2003 Div II : 37 -- Charlie Cook , C.W. Post , 2001 Div III : 39 -- Steven Wilson , King 's ( PA ) , 2002 Highest tackles for loss per game average , season ( edit ) FBS : 2.77 -- Kenny Philpot , Eastern Michigan , 2001 FCS : 3.00 -- Steve Baggs , Bethune -- Cookman , 2003 Div II : 3.1 -- Charlie Cook , C.W. Post , 2001 Div III : 3.9 -- Steven Wilson , King 's ( PA ) , 2001 Most tackles for loss , game ( edit ) FBS : 8 -- Nate Irving , North Carolina State vs. Wake Forest , Nov. 13 , 2010 FCS : 8 -- Sherrod Coates , Western Kentucky vs. Indiana State , Oct. 26 , 2002 Div II : 9 -- Darryl Wilson , Concord vs. West Virginia State , Oct.", "33": "8 , 2005 ; Ron Ellington , Catawba vs. Mars Hill , Oct. 1 , 2005 Div III : 91⁄2 -- Ernest Wiggins , Husson vs. SUNY Maritime , Oct. 27 , 2012 Most sacks , Career ( edit ) FBS : 44 -- Terrell Suggs , Arizona State , 2000 -- 02 FCS : 43 -- James Cowser , Southern Utah , 2012 -- 15 Div II : 46 -- Marc Schiechl , Colorado Mines , 2007 -- 10 Div III : 531⁄2 -- Mike Czerwien , Waynesburg University , 2002 -- 04 Derrick Thomas ( Alabama ) and Tedy Bruschi ( Arizona ) each recorded 52 sacks , but the NCAA did not start collecting official defensive statistics until 2000 . Highest sacks per game average , career ( edit ) FBS : 1.61 -- Dwight Freeney , Syracuse , 2000 -- 01 FCS : 1.26 -- Robert Mathis , Alabama A&M , 2000 -- 02 Div II : 1.42 -- Charlie Cook , C.W. Post , 2000 -- 01 Div III : 1.53 -- Steven Wilson , King 's ( PA ) , 2000 -- 02 Most sacks , season ( edit ) FBS : 24 -- Terrell Suggs , Arizona State , 2002 FCS : 21 -- Chris McNeil , North Carolina A&T State , 1997 Div II : 201⁄2 -- Charlie Cook , C.W. Post , 2001 Div III : 24 -- Russ Watson , Worcester State , 2000 Derrick Thomas ( Alabama ) recorded 27 sacks in 1988 , but the NCAA did not start collecting official defensive statistics until 2000 . Highest sacks per game average , season ( edit ) FBS : 1.71 -- Terrell Suggs , Arizona State , 2002 FCS : 1.89 -- Andrew Hollingsworth , Towson , 2000 Div II : 1.8 -- Damien Gilyard , C.W.", "34": "Post , 2004 Div III : 2.7 -- Russ Watson , Worcester State , 2000 Most sacks , game ( edit ) FBS : 6 -- Ameer Ismail , Western Michigan vs. Ball State , Oct. 21 , 2006 ; Elvis Dumervil , Louisville vs. Kentucky , Sep. 4 , 2005 FCS : 6 -- Damien Huren , Southeastern Louisiana vs. Northern Colorado , Oct. 9 , 2004 ; Pat Dowd , University of Dayton vs. Drake University , Nov. 9 , 2013 Div II : 7 -- Ron Ellington , Catawba vs. Mars Hill , Oct. 1 , 2005 Div III : 71⁄2 -- Kevin McNamara , St. John 's ( MN ) vs. Monmouth ( IL ) , Nov. 19 , 2005 Shay Muirbrook ( BYU ) recorded 6 sacks in the 1997 Cotton Bowl , but the NCAA did not start collecting official defensive statistics until 2000 and does not recognize bowl game statistics for any category prior to 2002 . Special Teams ( edit ) Punting ( edit ) Most punts , career ( edit ) FBS : 337 -- Alex Kinal , Wake Forest , 2012 -- 15 FCS : 301 -- Barry Bowman , Louisiana Tech , 1983 -- 86 Div II : 328 -- Dan Brown , Nicholls State , 1976 -- 79 Div III : 280 -- Mark Diedrichsen , Rowan , 2013 -- 16 Most punts , season ( edit ) FBS : To infinity and beyond Trevor Daniel 2017 FBS : 101 -- Jim Bailey , VMI , 1969 FCS : 117 -- Tony Epperson , Weber State University , 2013 Div II : 98 -- John Tassi , Lincoln ( MO ) , 1981 Div III : 106 -- Bob Blake , Wisconsin -- Superior , 1977 Most punts , game ( edit ) FBS : 26 -- Charlie Calhoun , Texas Tech vs. Centenary ( LA ) , Nov.", "35": "11 , 1939 FCS : 16 -- Matt Stover , Louisiana Tech vs. Louisiana -- Monroe , Nov. 18 , 1988 Div II : 32 -- Jan Jones , Sam Houston State vs. Texas A&M -- Commerce , Nov. 2 , 1946 Div III : 17 -- Jerry Williams , Frostburg State vs. Salisbury , Sep. 30 , 1978 Highest punting average , career ( edit ) FBS : 46.3 -- Todd Sauerbrun , West Virginia , 1991 -- 94 ( 150 -- 199 punts ) ; 45.3 -- Ryan Plackemeier , Wake Forest , 2002 -- 05 ( 200 -- 249 punts ) ; 45.2 -- Daniel Sepulveda , Baylor , 2003 -- 06 ( min . 250 punts ) FCS : 44.8 -- Mark Gould , Northern Arizona , 2000 -- 03 ( min . 150 punts ) Div II : 44.9 -- Jeff Williams , Adams State , 2002 -- 05 ( min . 100 punts ) Div III : 43.4 -- Jeff Shea , Cal Lutheran , 1994 -- 97 ( min . 100 punts ) Highest punting average , season ( edit ) FBS : 50.3 -- Chad Kessler , LSU , 1997 ( 36 -- 39 punts ) ; 49.8 -- Reggie Roby , Iowa , 1981 ( 40 -- 49 punts ) ; 48.4 -- Todd Sauerbrun , West Virginia , 1994 ( 50 -- 74 punts ) ; 46.6 -- Bill Marinangel , Vanderbilt , 1996 ( min . 75 punts ) FCS : 48.2 -- Mark Gould , Northern Arizona , 2002 ( min . 60 punts ) Div II : 49.1 -- Steve Ecker , Shippensburg , 1965 ( min . 20 punts ) ; 48.0 -- Jeff Williams , Adams State , 2004 ( min . 40 punts ) Div III : 46.2 -- Ryan Anderson , Olivet , 2016 ( min .", "36": "40 punts ) Highest punting average , game ( edit ) FBS : 60.4 -- Lee Johnson , BYU vs. Wyoming , Oct. 8 , 1983 ( 5 -- 9 punts ) ; 53.6 -- Jim Benien , Oklahoma State vs. Colorado , Nov. 13 , 1971 ( min . 10 punts ) FCS : 61.5 -- Eddie Johnson , Idaho State vs. Cal Poly , Nov. 16 , 2002 ( 5 -- 9 punts ) ; 52.2 -- Stuart Dodds , Montana State vs. Northern Arizona , Oct. 20 , 1979 ( min . 10 punts ) Div II : 57.5 -- Tim Baer , Colorado Mines vs. Fort Lewis , Oct. 25 , 1986 ( min . 5 punts ) Div III : 58.4 - Danny Breslow , Kumeyaay vs. Tierrasanta , Nov. 1 , 1999 ( min . 6 punts ) Most punting yards , career ( edit ) FBS : 13,911 -- Alex Kinal , Wake Forest , 2012 -- 15 FCS : Div II : 10,780 - Jeff Williams , Adams State , 2002 -- 2005 ( min . 200 punts ) Div III : Most punting yards , season ( edit ) FBS : 4,138 -- Johnny Pingel , Michigan State , 1938 FCS : Div II : 3,686 - Luke Jones , New Mexico Highlands , 2016 ( min . 70 punts ) Div III : 4,026 - Danny Breslow , DePortola , 2002 Most punting yards , game ( edit ) FBS : 1,318 -- Charlie Calhoun , Texas Tech vs. Centenary ( LA ) Nov. 11 , 1939 FCS : Div II : Div III : Longest punt ( edit ) FBS : 99 -- Pat Brady , Nevada vs. Loyola Marymount , 1950 FCS : 93 -- Tyler Grogan , Northeastern vs. Villanova , Sep.", "37": "8 , 2001 Div II : 97 -- Earl Hurst , Emporia State . vs. Central Missouri , Oct. 3 , 1964 Div III : 91 -- Gunnar Rastenburg , Maranatha Baptist vs. Presentation , Oct. 11 , 2014 Punt returns ( edit ) Highest average gain per return , career ( edit ) Minimum of 1.2 returns per game FBS : 23.6 -- Jack Mitchell , Oklahoma , 1946 -- 48 ( 39 for 922 ) FCS : 17.7 -- LeRoy Vann , Florida A&M , 2006 -- 09 Div II : 26.2 -- Billy Johnson , Widener , 1971 -- 72 Div III : 22.9 -- Keith Winston , Knoxville , 1986 -- 87 Highest average gain per return , season ( edit ) Minimum of 1.2 returns per game FBS : 28.5 -- Maurice Jones - Drew , UCLA , 2005 FCS : 26.5 -- Curtis DeLoatch , North Carolina A&T , 2001 Div II : 34.1 -- Billy Johnson , Widener , 1972 Div III : 31.2 -- Chuck Downey , Stony Brook , 1986 Highest average gain per return , game ( edit ) FBS : 43.8 -- Golden Richards , BYU vs. Texas , Sep. 10 , 1971 ( min . 5 returns ) FCS : 43.2 -- Ricky Pearsall , Northern Arizona vs. Western New Mexico , Aug. 29 , 1996 ( min . 5 returns ) Div II : 66.3 -- Billy Johnson , Widener vs. St. John 's ( NY ) , Sep. 23 , 1972 ( min .", "38": "4 returns ) Div III : Most punts returned , career ( edit ) FBS : 153 -- Vai Sikahema , BYU , 1980 -- 82 , 1984 -- 85 FCS : 143 -- Levander Segars , Montana , 2001 -- 04 Div II : 153 -- Armin Anderson , UC Davis , 1983 -- 85 Div III : 134 -- Marvin Deal , McDaniel , 1996 -- 99 Most punts returned , game ( edit ) FBS : 20 -- Milton Hill , Texas Tech vs. Centenary ( LA ) , Nov. 11 , 1939 FCS : 11 -- Peter Athans , Sacred Heart vs. Siena , Nov. 9 , 2002 Div II : 12 -- David Nelson , Ferris State vs. Northern Michigan , Oct. 2 , 1993 Div III : 10 -- Ellis Wangelin , Wisconsin -- River Falls vs. Wisconsin -- Platteville , Oct.", "39": "12 , 1985 Most punts returned , season ( edit ) FBS : 57 -- Wes Welker , Texas Tech , 2002 FCS : 55 -- Tommy Houk , Murray State , 1980 Div II : 61 -- Armin Anderson , UC Davis , 1984 Div III : 48 -- Rick Bealer , Lycoming , 1989 Most yards on punt returns , career ( edit ) FBS : 1,762 -- Wes Welker , Texas Tech , 2000 -- 03 FCS : 1,668 -- Marquay McDaniel , Hampton , 2002 -- 05 Div II : 1,760 -- Anthony Merritt , North Alabama , 2003 -- 06 Div III : 1,550 -- Joshua Carter , Muhlenberg , 1998 -- 2001 Most yards on punt returns , season ( edit ) FBS : 791 -- Lee Nalley , Vanderbilt , 1948 FCS : 698 -- Khris Gardin , North Carolina A&T , 2015 Div II : 670 -- Travis Lueck , North Dakota , 2003 Div III : 688 -- Melvin Dillard , Ferrum , 1990 Most yards on punt returns , game ( edit ) FBS : 277 -- Antonio Perkins , Oklahoma vs. UCLA , Sep. 20 , 2003 FCS : 227 -- Leonard Goolsby , South Carolina State vs. Norfolk State , Oct. 11 , 2003 Div II : 265 -- Billy Johnson , Widener vs. St. John 's ( NY ) , Sep. 23 , 1972 Div III : 278 -- P.J. Williams , Mary Hardin -- Baylor vs. Mississippi College , Oct.", "40": "1 , 2005 Most touchdowns scored on punt returns , career ( edit ) FBS : 8 -- Antonio Perkins , Oklahoma , 2001 -- 04 ; Wes Welker , Texas Tech , 2000 -- 03 ; Dante Pettis , Washington , 2014 - 17 FCS : 8 -- LeRoy Vann , Florida A&M , 2006 -- 09 Div II : 10 -- James Rooths , Shepherd , 1997 -- 2000 Div III : 7 -- Chuck Downey , Stony Brook , 1984 -- 87 Most touchdowns scored on punt returns , season ( edit ) FBS : 6 - Ryan Switzer , North Carolina , 2013 ; Chad Owens , Hawaii , 2004 FCS : 5 -- LeRoy Vann , Florida A&M , 2009 ; Curtis DeLoatch , North Carolina A&T , 2001 Div II : 5 -- James Rooths , Shepherd , 1998 Div III : 5 -- Chris McKinney , Guilford , 2001 Most touchdowns scored on punt returns , game ( edit ) FBS : 3 -- Antonio Perkins , Oklahoma vs. UCLA , Sep. 20 , 2003 FCS : 3 -- Zuriel Smith , Hampton vs. Virginia State , Sep. 22 , 2001 ; Aaron Fix , Canisius vs. Siena , Sep. 24 , 1994 Div II : 3 -- Virgil Seay , Troy vs. West Alabama , Sep. 29 , 1979 ; Billy Johnson , Widener vs. St. John 's ( NY ) , Sep. 23 , 1972 ; Bobby Ahu , Hawaii vs. Linfield , Nov. 15 , 1969 ; Tom Shockley , Adams State vs. Colo Mines , Nov. 14 , 1970 Div III : 3 -- John Conroy , Otterbein vs. Heidelberg , Nov.", "41": "1 , 2003 Kickoff returns ( edit ) Highest average gain per return , career ( edit ) Minimum 1.2 returns per game FBS : 35.1 -- Anthony Davis , USC , 1972 - 74 FCS : 30.5 -- Scotty McGee , James Madison , 2006 -- 09 Div II : 34.0 -- Glen Printers , Colorado State -- Pueblo , 1973 -- 74 Div III : 34.2 -- Darnell Williams , Louisiana College , 2010 -- 11 Highest average gain per return , season ( edit ) Minimum 1.2 returns per game FBS : 40.1 -- Paul Allen , BYU , 1961 FCS : 37.3 -- David Fraterrigo , Canisius , 1993 Div II : 41.7 -- Richard Medlin , Fayetteville State , 2008 Div III : 48.5 -- Darnell Williams , Louisiana College , 2010 Most kickoff returns , career ( edit ) FBS : 144 -- Troy Stoudermire , Minnesota , 2009 -- 12 FCS : 191 -- Terrence Holt , Austin Peay , 2007 -- 10 Div II : 133 -- Zack Page , Fairmont State , 2007 -- 10 Div III : 132 -- Chris Schubert , Oberlin , 2004 -- 07 Most kickoff returns , season ( edit ) FBS : 75 -- Isaiah Burse , Fresno State , 2011 FCS : 52 -- Terrence Holt , Austin Peay , 2009 Div II : 49 -- Jason Washington , Pace , 2010 Div III : 54 -- Jake Wilson , Allegheny , 2016 Most kickoff returns , game ( edit ) FBS : 12 -- Victor Bolden , Oregon State vs. Washington , Nov. 23 , 2013 FCS : 12 -- Eric Slenk , Valparaiso vs. Jacksonville , Oct. 16 , 2010 Div II : 12 -- Johnny Cox , Fort Lewis vs. Mesa State , Nov. 3 , 1990 Div III : 14 -- Arlie Myers , Nebraska Wesleyan vs.", "42": "Morningside , Sep. 12 , 2015 Most yards on kickoff returns , career ( edit ) FBS : 3,615 -- Troy Stoudermire , Minnesota , 2009 -- 12 FCS : 4,683 -- Terrence Holt , Austin Peay , 2007 -- 10 Div II : 3,265 -- Zack Page , Fairmont State , 2007 -- 10 Div III : 2,867 -- Chris Schubert , Oberlin , 2004 -- 07 Most yards on kickoff returns , season ( edit ) FBS : 1,606 -- Isaiah Burse , Fresno State , 2011 FCS : 1,411 -- David Primus , Samford , 1989 Div II : 1,234 -- Justin Gallas , Colorado Mines , 2005 Div III : 1,268 -- Jake Wilson , Allegheny , 2016 Most yards on kickoff returns , game ( edit ) FBS : 319 -- Leonard Johnson , Iowa State vs. Oklahoma State , Nov. 1 , 2008 FCS : 333 -- Colby Goodwyn , Old Dominion vs. Cal Poly , Oct. 9 , 2010 Div II : 304 -- L.J. McCray , Catawba vs. Tusculum , Nov. 6 , 2010 Div III : 334 -- Rashad Sims , Millsaps vs. East Texas Baptist , Sep. 27 , 2014 Most touchdowns on kickoff returns , career ( edit ) FBS : 7 -- C.J.", "43": "Spiller , Clemson , 2006 -- 09 ; Tyron Carrier , Houston , 2008 -- 11 FCS : 6 -- Jerome Mathis , Hampton , 2001 -- 04 Div II : 8 -- Stephan Neville , Stonehill , 2008 -- 11 ; Dave Ludy , Winona State , 1991 -- 94 Div III : 10 -- Larry Beavers , Wesley , 2004 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08 Most touchdowns on kickoff returns , season ( edit ) FBS : 5 -- Ashlan Davis , Tulsa , 2004 FCS : 5 -- Jerome Mathis , Hampton , 2004 Div II : 4 -- Stephan Neville , Stonehill , 2010 ; Andrew Jackson , Merrimack , 2005 Div III : 5 -- Larry Beavers , Wesley , 2008 Most touchdowns on kickoff returns , game ( edit ) FBS : 2 -- 18 times . Most recent : Brandon Smith , Texas State vs. Louisiana - Lafayette , Oct. 5 , 2013 FCS : 3 -- Bashir Levingston , Eastern Washington vs. Sacramento State , Oct. 31 , 1998 Div II : 2 -- Seven times . Most recent : L.J. McCray , Catawba vs. Tusculum , Nov. 6 , 2010 Div III : 2 -- Many times . Most recent : Jamal Watkins , Birmingham -- Southern vs. Huntingdon College , Sep. 12 , 2015 Most touchdowns scored on combined kick returns , career ( edit ) Minimum one punt return and one kickoff return FBS : 8 -- Six times .", "44": "Most recent : Phillip Livas , Louisiana Tech , 2007 -- 10 FCS : 11 -- LeRoy Vann , Florida A&M , 2006 -- 09 Div II : 11 -- Stephan Neville , Stonehill , 2008 -- 11 ; Deante Steele , Shepherd , 2007 -- 10 Div III : 13 -- Larry Beavers , Wesley , 2004 -- 05 , 07 -- 08 Field goals ( edit ) Highest percentage of field goals made , career ( edit ) FBS : 89.5 % -- Alex Henery , Nebraska , 2007 -- 10 ( min . 55 attempts ) FCS : 82.0 % -- Juan Toro , Florida A&M , 1995 -- 98 ( min . 50 attempts ) Div II : 80.8 % -- Jessup Pfeifer , Nebraska -- Kearney , 2003 -- 06 ( min . 35 made ) Div III : 78.9 % -- Jeff Schebler , Wisconsin -- Whitewater , 2006 -- 09 ( min . 50 attempts ) Most field goals made , career ( edit ) FBS : 96 - Zane Gonzalez , Arizona State , 2013 - 2016 FCS : 75 -- Dan Carpenter , Montana , 2004 -- 07 Div II : 82 -- Jeff Glas , North Dakota , 2002 -- 05 Div III : 75 -- Jeff Schebler , Wisconsin -- Whitewater , 2006 -- 09 Most field goals made , season ( edit ) FBS : 31 -- Billy Bennett , Georgia , 2003 FCS : 29 -- Adam Keller , North Dakota State , 2015 Div II : 30 -- Jeff Glas , North Dakota , 2005 Div III : 27 -- Edward Ruhnke , Mount Union , 2014 Most field goals made , game ( edit ) FBS : 7 -- Dale Klein , Nebraska vs. Missouri , Oct. 19 , 1985 ; Mike Prindle , Western Michigan vs. Marshall , Sep. 29 , 1984 FCS : 8 -- Goran Lingmerth , Northern Arizona vs. Idaho , Oct.", "45": "25 , 1986 Div II : 6 -- Austin Wellock , Ashland vs. Wayne State ( MI ) , Oct. 5 , 2002 ; Steve Huff , Central Missouri . vs. Southeast Missouri State , Nov. 2 , 1985 Div III : 6 -- Jim Hever , Rhodes vs. Millsaps , Sep. 22 , 1984 Most Consecutive field goals made , Career ( edit ) FBS : 30 -- Chuck Nelson , Washington , 1981 -- 82 FCS : 26 -- Brian Mitchell , Northern Iowa , 1990 -- 91 Div II : 19 -- Ryne Smith , University of West Alabama , 2011 -- 12 Div III : Most consecutive field goals made , season ( edit ) FBS : 25 -- Chuck Nelson , Washington , 1982 FCS : 27 - Alex Thompson , Cal Poly , 2009 Div II : Div III : Longest field goal made ( edit ) FBS ( with tee ) : 67 -- Russell Erxleben , Texas vs. Rice , Oct. 1 , 1977 ; Steve Little , Arkansas vs. Texas , Oct. 15 , 1977 ; Joe Williams , Wichita State vs. Southern Illinois , Oct. 21 , 1978 FBS ( without tee ) : 65 -- Martin Gramatica , Kansas State vs. Northern Illinois , Sept. 12 , 1998 FCS : 63 -- Scott Roper , Arkansas State vs. North Texas , Nov. 7 , 1987 ; Tim Foley , Georgia Southern vs. James Madison , Nov. 7 , 1987 ; Bill Gramática , South Florida vs. Austin Peay , Nov. 18 , 2000 Div II : 67 -- Tom Odle , Fort Hays State vs. Washburn , Nov. 5 , 1988 Div III : 62 -- Dom Antonini , Rowan vs. Salisbury , Sep. 18 , 1976 ; Matthew Aven , Claremont - Mudd - Scripps vs. California Lutheran University , Oct.", "46": "19 , 2013 Note : The longest field goal ever made in collegiate competition was 69 yards by Ove Johansson of Abilene Christian University , which at the time ( 1976 ) was competing as an NAIA , not an NCAA , school . 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Retrieved 10 January 2012 .", "54": "Jump up ^ Zane Gonzalez College Stats . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ West Alabama sweeps Gulf South Conference football Player of the Week awards . al.com , 24 Sep 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Football Championship Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 9 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Individual and Team Collegiate Records . NCAA . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Aven ties NCAA D - III record with 62 - yard field goal ; Cal Lu pulls away in 3Q for 20 - 6 win over CMS '' . 19 October 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCAA_football_records&oldid=806471502 '' Categories : Incomplete sports lists Lists of college football individual records NCAA lists NCAA football Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 06 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4417086040246134402	when did congress passes legislation to fund the national cancer institute	[ "August 5, 1937", "August 5, 1937", "August 5, 1937", "August 5, 1937" ]	{ "0": "List of United States federal legislation , 1901 -- 2001 - wikipedia List of United States federal legislation , 1901 -- 2001 Jump to : navigation , search This is a chronological , but incomplete , list of United States federal legislation passed by the 57th through 106th United States Congresses , between 1901 and 2001 . For the main article on this subject , see List of United States federal legislation . Additional lists are found at List of United States federal legislation : Congress of the Confederation , List of United States federal legislation , 1789 -- 1901 and List of United States federal legislation , 2001 -- present .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 57th United States Congress 2 58th United States Congress 3 59th United States Congress 4 60th United States Congress 5 61st United States Congress 6 62nd United States Congress 7 63rd United States Congress 8 64th United States Congress 9 65th United States Congress 10 66th United States Congress 11 67th United States Congress 12 68th United States Congress 13 69th United States Congress 14 70th United States Congress 15 71st United States Congress 16 72nd United States Congress 17 73rd United States Congress 18 74th United States Congress 19 75th United States Congress 20 76th United States Congress 21 77th United States Congress 22 78th United States Congress 23 79th United States Congress 24 80th United States Congress 25 81st United States Congress 26 82nd United States Congress 27 83rd United States Congress 28 84th United States Congress 29 85th United States Congress 30 86th United States Congress 31 87th United States Congress 32 88th United States Congress 33 89th United States Congress 34 90th United States Congress 35 91st United States Congress 36 92nd United States Congress 37 93rd United States Congress 38 94th United States Congress 39 95th United States Congress 40 96th United States Congress 41 97th United States Congress 42 98th United States Congress 43 99th United States Congress 44 100th United States Congress 45 101st United States Congress 46 102nd United States Congress 47 103rd United States Congress 48 104th United States Congress 49 105th United States Congress 50 106th United States Congress 51 References 57th United States Congress ( edit ) June 17 , 1902 : Newlands Reclamation Act June 28 ,", "2": "1902 : Isthmian Canal Act ( Panama Canal ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 1302 , 32 Stat. 481 July 1 , 1902 : Philippine Organic Act the basic law of the Insular Government January 21 , 1903 : Militia Act of 1903 February 11 , 1903 : Expediting Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 544 , 32 Stat. 823 February 19 , 1903 : Elkins Act March 3 , 1903 : Immigration Act of 1903 , including § 39 , the Anarchist Exclusion Act 58th United States Congress ( edit ) April 28 , 1904 : Kinkaid Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 1801 , 33 Stat. 547 February 1 , 1905 : Transfer Act of 1905 59th United States Congress ( edit ) June 1 , 1906 : Federal Employers ' Liability Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 3073 June 8 , 1906 : American Antiquities Act ( National Monument Act ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 3060 , 34 Stat. 225 June 29 , 1906 : Hepburn Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 3591 , 34 Stat. 584 June 30 , 1906 : Pure Food and Drug Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 3915 , 34 Stat. 768 March 4 , 1907 : Meat Inspection Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 2907 , titles I to IV , 34 Stat. 1260 March 2 , 1907 : Expatriation Act of 1907 , 34 Stat. 1228 60th United States Congress ( edit ) May 30 , 1908 : Aldrich -- Vreeland Act , ch. 229 , 35 Stat. 546 61st United States Congress ( edit ) August 5 , 1909 : Payne -- Aldrich Tariff Act , ch. 6 , 36 Stat. 11 June 18 , 1910 : Mann -- Elkins Act , ch. 309 , 36 Stat.", "3": "539 June 25 , 1910 : Mann Act , ch. 395 , 36 Stat. 825 62nd United States Congress ( edit ) August 8 , 1911 : Apportionment Act of 1911 , Pub. L. 62 -- 5 August 24 , 1912 : Lloyd -- La Follette Act , ch. 389 , § 6 , 37 Stat. 539 63rd United States Congress ( edit ) October 3 , 1913 : Revenue Act of 1913 , ch. 16 , 38 Stat. 114 ( including Underwood Tariff ) December 23 , 1913 : Federal Reserve Act , ch. 6 , 38 Stat. 251 May 8 , 1914 : Smith -- Lever Act of 1914 , ch. 79 , 38 Stat. 372 September 26 , 1914 : Federal Trade Commission Act , ch. 311 , 38 Stat. 717 October 15 , 1914 : Clayton Antitrust Act , ch. 323 , 38 Stat. 730 December 17 , 1914 : Harrison Narcotics Tax Act , ch. 1 , 38 Stat. 785 64th United States Congress ( edit ) July 17 , 1916 : Federal Farm Loan Act , ch. 245 , 39 Stat. 360 August 25 , 1916 : National Park Service Act , ch. 408 , 39 Stat. 535 August 29 , 1916 : Jones Law ( Philippines ) , reorganized the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands , including establishing the elected Senate and renaming the House . September 1 , 1916 : Keating -- Owen Child Labor Act , ch. 432 , 39 Stat. 675 September 3 , 1916 : Adamson Act , ch. 436 , 39 Stat. 721 September 7 , 1916 : Workingmen 's Compensation Act , ch. 458 , 39 Stat. 750 September 8 , 1916 : Revenue Act of 1916 , ch. 463 , 39 Stat.", "4": "756 December 29 , 1916 : Stock - Raising Homestead Act February 5 , 1917 : Immigration Act of 1917 ( Barred Zone Act ) , ch. 29 , 39 Stat. 874 February 23 , 1917 : Smith -- Hughes Vocational Education Act , ch. 114 , 39 Stat. 929 March 1 , 1917 : Flood Control Act of 1917 , ch 144 , 39 Stat. 948 March 2 , 1917 : Jones -- Shafroth Act , ch. 145 , 39 Stat. 951 65th United States Congress ( edit ) April 24 , 1917 : First Liberty Bond Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 4 , 40 Stat. 35 May 12 , 1917 : First Army Appropriations Act of 1917 , Sess. 1 , ch. 12 . 40 Stat. 39 May 12 , 1917 : Enemy Vessel Confiscation Joint Resolution , Sess. 1 , ch. 13 , 40 Stat. 75 May 18 , 1917 : Selective Service Act of 1917 , Sess. 1 , ch. 15 , 40 Stat. 76 May 29 , 1917 : Esch Car Service Act of 1917 , Sess. 1 , ch. 23 , 40 Stat. 101 June 15 , 1917 : Emergency Shipping Fund Act of 1917 , ch. 29 , 40 Stat. 182 June 15 , 1917 : Second Army Appropriations Act of 1917 , 40 Stat. 188 June 15 , 1917 : Search Warrant Act of 1917 , Sess. 1 , ch. 30 , title XI , 40 Stat. 228 June 15 , 1917 : Espionage Act of 1917 , Sess. 1 , ch. 30 , 40 Stat. 217 August 8 , 1917 : River and Harbor Act of 1917 , Sess. 1 , ch. 49 , 40 Stat. 250 August 10 , 1917 : Priority of Shipments Act of 1917 , Sess.", "5": "1 , ch. 51 , 40 Stat. 272 August 10 , 1917 : Obstruction of Interstate Commerce Act of 1917 , Sess. 1 , ch. 51 , 40 Stat. 272 August 10 , 1917 : Food and Fuel Control Act ( Lever Act ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 53 , 40 Stat. 27 October 1 , 1917 : Second Liberty Bond Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 56 , 40 Stat. 288 October 1 , 1917 : Aircraft Board Act of 1917 , Sess. 1 , ch. 61 , 40 Stat. 296 October 3 , 1917 : War Revenue Act of 1917 , Sess. 1 , ch. 63 , 40 Stat. 300 October 5 , 1917 : Repatriation Act of 1917 , Sess. 1 , ch. 68 , 40 Stat. 340 October 6 , 1917 : Explosives Act of 1917 , Sess. 1 , ch. 83 , 40 Stat. 385 October 6 , 1917 : War Risk Insurance Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 105 , 40 Stat. 398 October 6 , 1917 : International Emergency Economic Powers Act ( Trading with the Enemy Act ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 106 , 40 Stat. 411 February 24 , 1918 : Revenue Act of 1918 , Sess. 1 , ch. 18 , 40 Stat. 1057 March 8 , 1918 : Soldiers ' and Sailors ' Civil Relief Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 20 , 40 Stat. 440 March 19 , 1918 : Standard Time Act ( Calder Act ) , Sess. 2 , ch. 24 , 40 Stat. 450 March 21 , 1918 : Federal Control Act of 1918 , Sess. 2 , ch. 25 , 40 Stat. 451 April 4 , 1918 : Third Liberty Bond Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 44 , 40 Stat.", "6": "502 April 5 , 1918 : War Finance Corporation Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 45 , 40 Stat. 506 April 10 , 1918 : Webb -- Pomerene Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 50 , 40 Stat. 516 April 18 , 1918 : American Forces Abroad Indemnity Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 57 , 40 Stat. 532 April 20 , 1918 : Destruction of War Materials Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 59 , 40 Stat. 533 April 23 , 1918 : Pittman Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 63 , 40 Stat. 535 May 9 , 1918 : Alien Naturalization Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 69 , 40 Stat. 542 May 16 , 1918 : Housing Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 74 , 40 Stat. 550 May 16 , 1918 : Sedition Act of 1918 , Sess. 2 , ch. 75 , 40 Stat. 553 May 20 , 1918 : Departmental Reorganization Act ( Overman Act ) , Sess. 2 , ch. 78 , 40 Stat. 556 May 22 , 1918 : Passport Control Act ( Entry and Departure Controls Act ) , Sess. 2 , ch. 81 , 40 Stat. 559 May 31 , 1918 : Saulsbury Resolution , Sess. 2 , ch. 90 , 40 Stat. 593 June 27 , 1918 : Veterans Rehabilitation Act ( Smith - Sears Act ) , Sess. 2 , ch. 107 , 40 Stat. 617 July 3 , 1918 : Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 , Sess. 2 , ch. 128 , 40 Stat. 755 July 9 , 1918 : Fourth Liberty Bond Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 142 , 40 Stat. 844 July 9 , 1918 : Army Appropriations Act of 1918 , Sess. 2 , ch.", "7": "143 , 40 Stat. 845 ( incl . ch. 15 : July 9 , 1918 : Public Health and Research Act of 1918 ( Chamberlain - Kahn Act ) ) July 18 , 1918 : Charter Rate and Requisition Act of 1918 , Sess. 2 , ch. 157 , 40 Stat. 913 July 18 , 1918 : River and Harbor Act of 1918 , Sess. 2 , ch. 155 , 40 Stat. 904 October 16 , 1918 : Immigration Act of 1918 ( Dillingham - Hardwick Act ) , Sess. 2 , ch. 186 , 40 Stat. 1012 October 16 , 1918 : Corrupt Practices Act of 1918 ( Gerry Act ) , Sess. 2 , ch. 187 , 40 Stat. 1013 November 7 , 1918 : National Bank Consolidation Act of 1918 , Sess. 2 , ch. 209 , 40 Stat. 1043 November 21 , 1918 : Food Production Stimulation Act ( War - Time Prohibition Act ) , Sess. 2 , ch. 212 , 40 Stat. 1045 February 24 , 1919 : Child Labor Act of 1919 , Sess. 3 , ch. 18 , 40 Stat. 1138 February 26 , 1919 : Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919 , Sess. 3 , ch. 44 , 40 Stat. 1178 February 26 , 1919 : Acadia National Park Act of 1919 , Sess. 3 , ch. 45 , 40 Stat. 1178 March 2 , 1919 : River and Harbors Act of 1919 , Sess. 3 , ch. 95 , 40 Stat. 1275 March 2 , 1919 : War Risk Insurance Act of 1919 ( War Minerals Relief Act of 1919 , Dent Act ) , Sess. 3 , ch. 94 , 40 Stat. 1272 March 3 , 1919 : Hospitalization Act of 1919 , Sess. 3 , ch.", "8": "98 , 40 Stat. 1302 March 3 , 1919 : Fifth Liberty Bond Act , Sess. 3 , ch. 100 , 40 Stat. 1309 March 4 , 1919 : Wheat Price Guarantee Act , Sess. 3 , ch. 125 , 40 Stat. 1348 66th United States Congress ( edit ) October 18 , 1919 : National Prohibition Act ( Volstead Act ) , ch. 85 , 41 Stat. 305 February 25 , 1920 : Mineral Leasing Act , ch. 85 , 41 Stat. 437 February 28 , 1920 : Esch -- Cummins Act , ch. 91 , 41 Stat. 456 67th United States Congress ( edit ) May 19 , 1921 : Emergency Quota Act ( Johnson Quota Act ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 8 , 42 Stat. 5 May 27 , 1921 : Emergency Tariff of 1921 , Sess. 1 , ch. 14 , 42 Stat. 9 August 24 , 1921 : Future Trading Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 86 , 42 Stat. 187 November 23 , 1921 : Revenue Act of 1921 , Sess. 1 , ch. 136 , 42 Stat. 227 September 21 , 1922 : Fordney -- McCumber Tariff , Sess. 2 , ch. 356 , 42 Stat. 858 September 21 , 1922 : Grain Futures Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 369 , 42 Stat. 998 September 22 , 1922 : Cable Act ( married Women 's Citizenship Act ) , Sess. 2 , ch. 411 , 42 Stat. 1021 68th United States Congress ( edit ) September 22 , 1923 : U.S. Coal Commission Act April 26 , 1924 : Seed and Feed Loan Act May 19 , 1924 : World War Adjusted Compensation Act ( Bonus Bill ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 157 , 43 Stat.", "9": "121 May 24 , 1924 : Rogers Act May 26 , 1924 : Immigration Act of 1924 ( Johnson - Reed Act ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 190 , 43 Stat. 153 May 29 , 1924 : Indian Oil Leasing Act of 1924 ( Lenroot Act ) June 2 , 1924 : Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 ( Snyder Act ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 233 , 43 Stat. 253 June 2 , 1924 : Revenue Act of 1924 ( Simmons - Longworth Act ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 234 , 43 Stat. 253 June 3 , 1924 : Inland Waterways Act of 1924 ( Denison Act ) June 7 , 1924 : Pueblo Lands Act of 1924 June 7 , 1924 : Oil Pollution Act of 1924 June 7 , 1924 : Clarke -- McNary Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 348 , 43 Stat.", "10": "653 January 30 , 1925 : Hoch - Smith Resolution January 31 , 1925 : Special Duties Act February 2 , 1925 : Airmail Act of 1925 ( Kelly Act ) February 12 , 1925 : Federal Arbitration Act February 16 , 1925 : Home Port Act of 1925 February 24 , 1925 : Purnell Act February 27 , 1925 : Temple Act February 28 , 1925 : Classification Act of 1925 February 28 , 1925 : Federal Corrupt Practices Act ( Gerry Act ) March 2 , 1925 : Judiciary Act of 1925 March 3 , 1925 : River and Harbors Act of 1925 March 3 , 1925 : Helium Act of 1925 March 3 , 1925 : Mount Rushmore National Memorial Act ( Norbeck - Williamson Act ) March 4 , 1925 : Establishment of the United States Navy Band March 4 , 1925 : Probation Act of 1925 69th United States Congress ( edit ) February 26 , 1926 : Revenue Act of 1926 , ch. 27 , 44 Stat. 9 May 20 , 1926 : Railway Labor Act , ch. 347 , 44 Stat.", "11": "577 70th United States Congress ( edit ) March 10 , 1928 : Settlement of War Claims Act May 15 , 1928 : Flood Control Act of 1928 ( Jones -- Reid Act ) May 22 , 1928 : Merchant Marine Act of 1928 ( Jones -- White Act ) May 22 , 1928 : Forest Research Act ( McSweeney -- McNary Act ) May 22 , 1928 : Capper -- Ketcham Act May 28 , 1928 : Welsh Act May 29 , 1928 : Revenue Act of 1928 May 29 , 1928 : Reed -- Jenkins Act December 21 , 1928 : Boulder Canyon Project Act ( Hoover Dam ) December 22 , 1928 : Color of Title Act January 19 , 1929 : Hawes -- Cooper Act February 18 , 1929 : Migratory Bird Conservation Act ( Norbeck -- Anderson Act ) March 2 , 1929 : Increased Penalties Act ( Jones -- Stalker Act ) 71st United States Congress ( edit ) February 18 , 1929 : Migratory Bird Conservation Act , ch. 257 , 45 Stat. 1222 June 15 , 1929 : Agricultural Marketing Act , ch. 24 , 46 Stat. 11 June 18 , 1929 : Reapportionment Act of 1929 , ch. 28 , 46 Stat. 21 June 17 , 1930 : Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act , ch. 497 , 46 Stat. 590 , ( including Plant Patent Act ) March 3 , 1931 : Davis -- Bacon Act , ch. 411 , 46 Stat. 1494 72nd United States Congress ( edit ) January 22 , 1932 : Reconstruction Finance Corporation Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 8 , 47 Stat. 5 March 23 , 1932 : Norris -- La Guardia Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 90 , 47 Stat. 70 June 6 , 1932 : Revenue Act of 1932 , Sess. 1 , ch. 209 , 47 Stat.", "12": "169 July 22 , 1932 : Federal Home Loan Bank Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 522 , 47 Stat. 725 February 17 , 1933 : Blaine Act , Sess. 2 March 3 , 1933 : Buy American Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 212 , title III , 47 Stat. 1520 73rd United States Congress ( edit ) March 9 , 1933 : Emergency Banking Relief Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 1 , 48 Stat. 1 March 20 , 1933 : Economy Act , Sess. 1 , c. 3 , Pub. L. 73 -- 2 , 48 Stat. 8 March 31 , 1933 : Civilian Conservation Corps Reforestation Relief Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 17 , 48 Stat. 22 May 12 , 1933 : Federal Emergency Relief Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 30 , 48 Stat. 55 May 12 , 1933 : Agricultural Adjustment Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 25 , 48 Stat. 31 May 18 , 1933 : Tennessee Valley Authority Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 32 , 48 Stat. 58 May 27 , 1933 : Securities Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 38 , 48 Stat. 74 June 13 , 1933 : Home Owners ' Loan Corporation , Sess. 1 , ch. 64 , 48 Stat. 128 June 16 , 1933 : Glass -- Steagall Act ( Banking Act of 1933 ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 89 , 48 Stat. 162 June 16 , 1933 : National Industrial Recovery Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 June 16 , 1933 : Farm Credit Administration , Sess. 1 , ch. 98 , 48 Stat. 257 March 24 , 1934 : Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( Philippine Independence Act ) , Pub. L. 73 -- 127 , Sess. 2 , ch.", "13": "84 , 48 Stat. 456 March 27 , 1934 : Emergency Air Mail Act March 27 , 1934 : Vinson -- Trammell Act May 14 , 1934 : Johnson Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 283 , 48 Stat. 775 June 6 , 1934 : Securities Exchange Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 404 , 48 Stat. 881 June 12 , 1934 : Reciprocal Tariff Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 474 , 48 Stat. 943 June 18 , 1934 : Indian Reorganization Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 576 , 48 Stat. 984 June 19 , 1934 : Rules Enabling Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 651 , Pub. L. 73 -- 415 , 48 Stat. 1064 June 19 , 1934 : Communications Act of 1934 , Sess. 2 , ch. 652 , 48 Stat. 1064 June 19 , 1934 : National Archives Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 668 , 48 Stat. 1122 June 26 , 1934 : Federal Credit Union Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 750 , 48 Stat. 1216 June 26 , 1934 : National Firearms Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 757 , 48 Stat. 1236 June 27 , 1934 : National Housing Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 847 , 48 Stat. 1246 ( including Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act / Fannie Mae ) 74th United States Congress ( edit ) April 27 , 1935 : Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 85 , 49 Stat. 163 July 5 , 1935 : National Labor Relations Act ( Wagner Act ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 372 , 49 Stat. 449 August 9 , 1935 : Motor Carrier Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 498 , 49 Stat.", "14": "546 ( renamed part II of the Interstate Commerce Act ) August 14 , 1935 : Social Security Act , Pub. L. 74 -- 271 , Sess. 1 , ch. 531 , 49 Stat. 620 ( including Aid to Dependent Children , Old Age Pension Act ) August 26 , 1935 : Public Utility Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 687 , 49 Stat. 803 ( including : Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 , Federal Power Act ) August 30 , 1935 : Revenue Act of 1935 , Sess. 1 , ch. 829 , 49 Stat. 1014 August 31 , 1935 : Neutrality Act of 1935 , Sess. 1 , ch. 837 , 49 Stat. 1081 February 29 , 1936 : Neutrality Act of 1936 , Sess. 2 , ch. 106 , 49 Stat. 1153 May 20 , 1936 : Rural Electrification Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 432 , 49 Stat. 1363 June 15 , 1936 : Commodity Exchange Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 545 , 49 Stat. 1491 June 19 , 1936 : Robinson -- Patman Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 592 , 49 Stat. 1526 June 22 , 1936 : Flood Control Act of 1936 , Pub. L. 74 -- 738 , Sess. 2 , ch. 688 June 29 , 1936 : Merchant Marine Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 250 , 49 Stat. 1985 June 30 , 1936 : Walsh -- Healey Public Contracts Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 881 , 49 Stat. 2036 75th United States Congress ( edit ) June 3 , 1937 : Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act , ch. 296 , 50 Stat. 246 July 14 , 1937 : Marijuana Tax Act August 5 , 1937 : National Cancer Institute Act , Pub. L. 75 -- 244 , ch.", "15": "565 , 50 Stat. 559 1937 : Neutrality Acts of 1937 August 17 , 1937 : Miller -- Tydings Act , ch. 690 , title VIII , 50 Stat. 693 March 21 , 1938 : Wheeler -- Lea Act , ch. 49 , 52 Stat. 111 May 17 , 1938 : Naval Act of 1938 June 8 , 1938 : Foreign Agents Registration Act , ch. 327 , 52 Stat. 631 June 21 , 1938 : Natural Gas Act , ch. 556 , 52 Stat. 821 June 25 , 1938 : Civil Aeronautics Act , ch. 601 , 52 Stat. 973 June 25 , 1938 : Fair Labor Standards Act , ch. 676 , 52 Stat. 1060 June 25 , 1938 : Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act , ch. 675 , 52 Stat. 1040 June 25 , 1938 : Javits -- Wagner -- O'Day Act , ch. 697 , 52 Stat. 1196 76th United States Congress ( edit ) April 3 , 1939 : Reorganization Act of 1939 , Pub. L. 76 -- 19 , 53 Stat. 561 August 2 , 1939 : Hatch Act of 1939 ( `` Hatch Political Activity Act '' , `` An Act to Prevent Pernicious Political Activities '' ) , ch. 410 , 53 Stat. 1147 November 4 , 1939 : Neutrality Act of 1939 , ( `` Cash and Carry Act '' ) , ch. 2 , 54 Stat. 4 June 29 , 1940 : Alien Registration Act ( Smith Act ) , 3d sess . ch. 439 , 54 Stat. 670 July 19 , 1940 : Two - Ocean Navy Act ( `` Vinson - Wash Act '' ) August 22 , 1940 : Act of August 22 , 1940 , ch. 686 , Pub. L. 76 -- 768 , 54 Stat.", "16": "789 ( including Investment Company Act of 1940 , Investment Advisers Act of 1940 ) September 16 , 1940 : Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 , Pub. L. 76 -- 783 November 26 , 1940 : Ramspeck Act , 54 Stat. 1211 77th United States Congress ( edit ) March 11 , 1941 : Lend Lease Act , Pub. L. 77 -- 11 , Sess. 1 , ch. 11 , 55 Stat. 31 August 18 , 1941 : Flood Control Act of 1941 , Pub. L. 77 -- 228 , Sess. 1 , ch. 377 , 55 Stat. 638 December 8 , 1941 : Resolution -- War between United States and Japan , Pub. L. 77 -- 328 , Sess. 1 , ch. 561 , 55 Stat. 795 December 11 , 1941 : Resolution -- War between United States and Germany , Pub. L. 77 -- 331 , Sess. 1 , ch. 564 , 55 Stat. 796 December 11 , 1941 : Resolution -- War between United States and Italy , Pub. L. 77 -- 332 , Sess. 1 , ch. 565 , 55 Stat. 797 January 30 , 1942 : Emergency Price Control Act , Pub. L. 77 -- 421 , Sess. 2 , ch. 26 , 56 Stat. 23 June 5 , 1942 : Resolution -- War between United States and Bulgaria , Pub. L. 77 -- 563 , Sess. 2 , ch. 323 , 56 Stat. 307 June 5 , 1942 : Resolution -- War between United States and Hungary , Pub. L. 77 -- 564 , Sess. 2 , ch. 324 , 56 Stat. 307 June 5 , 1942 : Resolution -- War between United States and Romania , Pub. L. 77 -- 565 , Sess. 2 , ch. 325 , 56 Stat.", "17": "307 June 22 , 1942 : Resolution -- United States Flag Code , including recognition of the Pledge of Allegiance , Pub. L. 77 -- 623 , Sess. 2 , ch. 435 , 56 Stat. 377 78th United States Congress ( edit ) December 17 , 1943 : Magnuson Act ( Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 344 , 57 Stat. 600 February 3 , 1944 : Mustering - out Payment Act , Sess. 2 , Pub. L. 78 -- 225 , 58 Stat. 8 June 22 , 1944 : Servicemen 's Readjustment Act of 1944 ( G.I. Bill ) , Sess. 2 , ch. 268 , Pub. L. 78 -- 345 , 58 Stat. 284 June 27 , 1944 : Veterans ' Preference Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 287 , Pub. L. 78 -- 359 , 58 Stat. 387 July 1 , 1944 : Public Health Service Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 373 , 58 Stat. 682 December 22 , 1944 : Pick - Sloan Flood Control Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 665 , Pub. L. 78 -- 534 , 58 Stat. 887 79th United States Congress ( edit ) March 9 , 1945 : McCarran -- Ferguson Act , Pub. L. 79 -- 15 , 59 Stat. 33 July 31 , 1945 : Bretton Woods Agreements Act , Pub. L. 79 -- 171 , 59 Stat. 512 July 31 , 1945 : Export - Import Bank Act of 1945 , Pub. L. 79 -- 173 , 59 Stat. 526 December 20 , 1945 : United Nations Participation Act , Pub. L. 79 -- 264 , 59 Stat.", "18": "619 December 28 , 1945 : War Brides Act February 18 , 1946 : Rescission Act of 1946 February 20 , 1946 : Employment Act May 13 , 1946 : Federal Airport Act June 4 , 1946 : Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act June 11 , 1946 : Administrative Procedure Act , Pub. L. 79 -- 404 , 60 Stat. 237 July 2 , 1946 : Luce -- Celler Act of 1946 July 3 , 1946 : Hobbs Anti-Racketeering Act , Pub. L. 79 -- 486 , 60 Stat. 420 July 5 , 1946 : Lanham Trademark Act of 1946 August 1 , 1946 : United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946 August 2 , 1946 : Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 August 2 , 1946 : Federal Tort Claims Act August 2 , 1946 : Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 August 13 , 1946 : Foreign Service Act August 13 , 1946 : Hospital Survey and Construction Act ( Hill - Burton Act ) August 14 , 1946 : Farmers Home Administration Act 80th United States Congress ( edit ) May 22 , 1947 : Assistance to Greece and Turkey Act ( Truman Doctrine ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 81 , Pub. L. 80 -- 75 , 61 Stat. 103 June 23 , 1947 : Taft -- Hartley Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 120 , Pub. L. 80 -- 101 , 61 Stat. 136 July 18 , 1947 : Presidential Succession Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 264 , Pub. L. 80 -- 199 , 61 Stat. 380 July 26 , 1947 : National Security Act of 1947 , Sess. 1 , ch. 343 , Pub. L. 80 -- 253 , 61 Stat. 495 August 7 , 1947 : Mineral Leasing Act for Acquired Lands , Sess.", "19": "1 , ch. 513 , Pub. L. 80 -- 382 , 61 Stat. 913 January 27 , 1948 : United States Information and Educational Exchange Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 36 , Pub. L. 80 -- 402 , 62 Stat. 6 April 3 , 1948 : Foreign Assistance Act ( Marshall Plan ) , Pub. L. 80 -- 472 , Sess. 2 , ch. 169 , 62 Stat. 137 April 3 , 1948 : Greek - Turkish Assistance Act of 1948 ( Marshall Plan ) , Sess. 2 , ch. 169 , Pub. L. 80 -- 472 , Title III , 62 Stat. 157 May 26 , 1948 : Civil Air Patrol Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 349 , Pub. L. 80 -- 557 , 62 Stat. 274 June 12 , 1948 : Women 's Armed Services Integration Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 449 , Pub. L. 80 -- 625 , 62 Stat. 356 June 17 , 1948 : Reed - Bulwinkle Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 491 , Pub. L. 80 -- 662 , 62 Stat. 472 June 25 , 1948 : Title 3 of the United States Code , Sess. 2 , ch. 644 , Pub. L. 80 -- 771 , 62 Stat. 672 June 28 , 1948 : Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act of 1948 , Pub. L. 80 -- 806 , 62 Stat. 1070 June 30 , 1948 : Federal Water Pollution Control Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 758 , Pub. L. 80 -- 845 , 62 Stat. 1155 July 3 , 1948 : War Claims Act of 1948 , Sess. 2 , ch. 826 , Pub. L. 80 -- 896 , 62 Stat. 1240 July 3 , 1948 : Agricultural Act of 1948 , Sess. 2 , ch.", "20": "827 , Pub. L. 80 -- 897 , 62 Stat. 1247 81st United States Congress ( edit ) June 20 , 1949 : Central Intelligence Agency Act , ch. 227 , 63 Stat. 208 , 50 U.S.C. § 403a October 25 , 1949 : Hospital Survey and Construction Amendments of 1949 , ch. 722 , Pub. L. 81 -- 380 , 63 Stat. 898 October 26 , 1949 : Fair Labor Standards Amendment , ch. 736 , Pub. L. 81 -- 393 , 63 Stat. 910 , 29 U.S.C. ch. 8 October 31 , 1949 : Agricultural Act of 1949 , ch. 792 , 63 Stat. 1051 May 5 , 1950 : Uniform Code of Military Justice , ch. 169 , 64 Stat. 109 May 10 , 1950 : National Science Foundation Act , ch. 171 , Pub. L. 81 -- 507 , 64 Stat. 149 , 42 U.S.C. ch. 16 August 15 , 1950 : Omnibus Medical Research Act , Pub. L. 81 -- 692 , 64 Stat. 443 ( including Public Health Services Act Amendments , which established the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness ) September 1 , 1950 : Doctors Draft Act September 8 , 1950 : Defense Production Act of 1950 , Pub. L. 81 -- 774 , 64 Stat. 798 September 12 , 1950 : Budget and Accounting Procedures Act of 1950 , ch. 946 , 64 Stat. 832 September 23 , 1950 : McCarran Internal Security Act ( including Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 ) , ch. 1024 , 64 Stat. 987 , 50 U.S.C. § 781 September 30 , 1950 : Performance Rating Act , ch. 1123 , 64 Stat. 1098 December 29 , 1950 : Celler -- Kefauver Act ( Anti-Merger Act ) , ch.", "21": "1184 , 64 Stat. 1125 January 12 , 1951 : Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 , ch. 1228 , 64 Stat. 1245 ( codified in 50 U.S.C. App. , here ) 82nd United States Congress ( edit ) October 10 , 1951 : Mutual Security Act , ch. 479 , 65 Stat. 373 June 27 , 1952 : Immigration and Nationality Act ( McCarran - Walter Act ) , Pub. L. 82 -- 414 July 14 , 1952 : McGuire Act , Pub. L. 82 -- 542 , 15 U.S.C. § 42 ( a ) July 16 , 1952 : Veterans ' Readjustment Assistance Act , Pub. L. 82 -- 550 July 16 , 1952 : Federal Coal Mine Safety Act Amendments of 1952 , Pub. L. 82 -- 552 July 16 , 1952 : Wire Fraud Act of 1952 , Pub. L. 82 -- 555 83rd United States Congress ( edit ) July 3 , 1953 : Small Business Act , Pub. L. 83 -- 163 , ch. 282 , 67 Stat. 232 August 7 , 1953 : Refugee Relief Act , Pub. L. 83 -- 203 August 7 , 1953 : Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act , ch. 345 , 67 Stat. 462 August 14 , 1953 : Public Law 280 , Pub. L. 83 -- 280 , 18 U.S.C. § 1162 May 13 , 1954 : Saint Lawrence Seaway Act , ch. 201 , 68 Stat. 92 August 12 , 1954 : Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act , ch. 649 , title II , § 201 , 68 Stat. 612 August 13 , 1954 : Multiple Mineral Development Act , ch. 730 , 68 Stat. 708 August 16 , 1954 : Internal Revenue Code of 1954 , Pub. L. 83 -- 591 , ch. 736 , 68A Stat.", "22": "3 Federal Unemployment Tax Act , § 1 ( d ) , 68A Stat. 439 National Firearms Act , § 1 ( d ) , 68A Stat. 721 August 24 , 1954 : Communist Control Act of 1954 , ch. 886 , 68 Stat. 775 84th United States Congress ( edit ) January 29 , 1955 : Formosa Resolution March 31 , 1955 : Career Incentive Act June 28 , 1955 : Flood Control and Coastal Emergency Act , Pub. L. 84 -- 99 69 Stat. 194 July 14 , 1955 : Air Pollution Control Act , Pub. L. 84 -- 159 , ch. 360 , 69 Stat. 322 July 23 , 1955 : Multiple Surface Use Mining Act , Pub. L. 94 -- 167 , ch. 730 , 68 Stat. 708 August 9 , 1955 : Reserve Forces Act , Pub. L. 84 -- 305 , 69 Stat. 598 August 11 , 1955 : National Housing Act ( `` Capehart Act '' ) , Pub. L. 84 -- 345 , 69 Stat. 646 August 12 , 1955 : Poliomyelitis Vaccination Assistance Act , Pub. L. 84 -- 377 , ch. 863 , 69 Stat. 704 June 29 , 1956 : Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 , ( National Interstate and Defense Highways Act ) , Pub. L. 84 -- 627 July 30 , 1956 : Health Research Facilities Act , Pub. L. 84 -- 835 , ch. 779 , 70 Stat. 717 August 8 , 1956 : Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 , ch. 1036 , 70 Stat. 1119 , 16 U.S.C. § 742a 85th United States Congress ( edit ) August 14 , 1957 : Airways Modernization Act , Pub. L. 85 -- 133 , 71 Stat. 349 September 2 , 1957 : Price -- Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act , Pub.", "23": "L. 85 -- 256 , 71 Stat. 576 September 9 , 1957 : Civil Rights Act of 1957 , Pub. L. 85 -- 315 , 71 Stat. 634 1958 : National Aeronautics and Space Act , Pub. L. 85 -- 568 , July 29 , 1958 , 72 Stat. 426 1958 : Transportation Act of 1958 , Pub. L. 85 -- 625 1958 : Federal Aviation Act , Pub. L. 85 -- 726 , August 23 , 1958 , 72 Stat. 731 August 28 , 1958 : Military Construction Appropriation Act ( Advanced Research Projects Agency ) , Pub. L. 85 -- 852 , 72 Stat. 1096 1958 : National Defense Education Act , Pub. L. 85 -- 864 , September 2 , 1958 , 72 Stat. 1580 1958 : Department of Defense Reorganization Act , Pub. L. 85 -- 899 86th United States Congress ( edit ) March 18 , 1959 : Admission of Hawaii Act , Pub. L. 86 -- 3 1959 : Airport Construction Act , Pub. L. 86 -- 72 September 14 , 1959 : Landrum -- Griffin Act , Pub. L. 86 -- 257 , 73 Stat. 519 May 6 , 1960 : Civil Rights Act of 1960 , Pub. L. 86 -- 449 September 13 , 1960 : Social Security Amendments ( Kerr - Mill aid ) , Pub. L. 86 -- 778 , 74 Stat. 976 1960 : Flood Control Act of 1960 , Pub. L. 86 -- 845 87th United States Congress ( edit ) May 1 , 1961 : Area Redevelopment Act , Pub. L. 87 -- 27 , 75 Stat. 47 September 4 , 1961 : Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 , Pub. L. 87 -- 195 , 75 Stat.", "24": "424 September 13 , 1961 : Interstate Wire Act of 1961 , Pub. L. 87 -- 216 , 75 Stat. 491 September 21 , 1961 : Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 , Pub. L. 87 -- 256 , 75 Stat. 527 September 22 , 1961 : Peace Corps Act of 1961 , Pub. L. 87 -- 293 , 75 Stat. 612 September 26 , 1961 : Arms Control and Disarmament Act , Pub. L. 87 -- 297 , 75 Stat. 631 October 5 , 1961 : Community Health Services and Facilities Act , Pub. L. 87 -- 395 , 75 Stat. 824 March 15 , 1962 : Manpower Development and Training Act , Pub. L. 87 -- 415 , 76 Stat. 23 June 28 , 1962 : Migration and Refugee Assistance Act , Pub. L. 87 -- 510 , 76 Stat. 121 August 31 , 1962 : Communications Satellite Act of 1962 , Pub. L. 87 -- 624 , 76 Stat. 419 October 11 , 1962 : Trade Expansion Act , Pub. L. 87 -- 794 , 76 Stat. 872 October 23 , 1962 : Bribery Act , Pub. L. 87 -- 849 , 76 Stat. 1119 October 23 , 1962 : Vaccination Assistance Act , Pub. L. 87 -- 868 , 76 Stat. 1155 1962 : Rivers and Harbors Act of 1962 , Pub. L. 87 -- 874 88th United States Congress ( edit ) June 10 , 1963 : Equal Pay Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 38 , 77 Stat. 56 October 31 , 1963 : Community Mental Health Centers Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 164 , title II , 77 Stat. 290 ( including Mental Retardation Facilities Construction Act ) December 17 , 1963 : Clean Air Act , Pub. L.", "25": "88 -- 206 , 77 Stat. 392 March 7 , 1964 : Presidential Transition Act of 1963 , Pub. L. 88 -- 277 , 78 Stat. 153 July 2 , 1964 : Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Pub. L. 88 -- 352 , 78 Stat. 241 July 9 , 1964 : Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 ( Federal Transit Act ) , Pub. L. 88 -- 365 , 78 Stat. 302 August 20 , 1964 : Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 , Pub. L. 88 -- 452 , 78 Stat. 508 August 31 , 1964 : Food Stamp Act of 1964 , Pub. L. 88 -- 525 , 78 Stat. 703 September 3 , 1964 : Wilderness Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 577 , 78 Stat. 890 September 3 , 1964 : Land and Water Conservation Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 578 , 78 Stat. 897 September 4 , 1964 : Nurse Training Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 581 , 78 Stat. 908 89th United States Congress ( edit ) April 11 , 1965 : Elementary and Secondary Education Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 10 , 79 Stat. 77 July 27 , 1965 : Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 92 , 79 Stat. 282 July 30 , 1965 : Social Security Act of 1965 , Pub. L. 89 -- 97 , 79 Stat. 286 ( including Medicaid and Medicare ) August 6 , 1965 : Voting Rights Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 110 , 79 Stat. 437 August 10 , 1965 : Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 , Pub. L. 89 -- 117 , 79 Stat. 451 August 26 , 1965 : Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 , Pub. L. 89 -- 136 , 79 Stat.", "26": "552 September 29 , 1965 : National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 209 , 79 Stat. 845 October 3 , 1965 : Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 , ( Hart - Celler Act , INS Act ) Pub. L. 89 -- 236 October 6 , 1965 : Heart Disease , Cancer , and Stroke Amendments , Pub. L. 89 -- 239 , 79 Stat. 926 October 20 , 1965 : Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 272 , 79 Stat. 992 ( including Solid Waste Disposal Act ) October 22 , 1965 : Highway Beautification Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 285 , 79 Stat. 1028 November 8 , 1965 : Higher Education Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 329 , 79 Stat. 1219 November 8 , 1965 : Vocational Rehabilitation Act Amendments Pub. L. 89 -- 333 , 79 Stat. 1282 April 13 , 1966 : Uniform Time Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 387 , 80 Stat. 107 September 6 , 1966 : Freedom of Information Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 554 , 80 Stat. 383 September 9 , 1966 : National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 563 , 80 Stat. 718 October 15 , 1966 : National Historic Preservation Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 665 , 80 Stat. 915 October 15 , 1966 : National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 669 , § 4 - 5 , 80 Stat. 927 October 15 , 1966 : Department of Transportation Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 670 , 80 Stat. 931 October 15 , 1966 : Foreign Gifts and Decorations Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 673 , § 1 , 80 Stat. 952 November 2 , 1966 : Cuban Adjustment Act , Pub. L.", "27": "89 -- 732 , 80 Stat. 1161 November 3 , 1966 : Comprehensive Health , Planning and Service Act , Pub. L. 89 -- 749 , 80 Stat. 1180 90th United States Congress ( edit ) April 4 , 1967 : Supplemental Defense Appropriations Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 8 , 81 Stat. 8 November 7 , 1967 : Public Broadcasting Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 129 , 81 Stat. 365 December 15 , 1967 : Age Discrimination in Employment Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 202 , 81 Stat. 602 December 18 , 1967 : National Park Foundation Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 209 , 81 Stat. 656 1968 : Bilingual Education Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 247 April 11 , 1968 : Civil Rights Act of 1968 , Pub. L. 90 -- 284 , 82 Stat. 73 May 29 , 1968 : Consumer Credit Protection Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 321 , 82 Stat. 146 June 19 , 1968 : Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 , Pub. L. 90 -- 351 , 82 Stat. 197 June 28 , 1968 : Uniform Monday Holiday Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 363 July 21 , 1968 : Aircraft Noise Abatement Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 411 August 12 , 1968 : Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 , Pub. L. 90 -- 480 , 82 Stat. 718 October 2 , 1968 : Wild and Scenic Rivers Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 542 , 82 Stat. 906 October 2 , 1968 : National Trails System Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 543 , 82 Stat. 919 October 22 , 1968 : Gun Control Act of 1968 , Pub. L. 90 -- 618 , 82 Stat.", "28": "1213 91st United States Congress ( edit ) December 30 , 1969 -- Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act , Pub. L. 91 -- 173 , 83 Stat. 742 1969 : Tax Reform Act of 1969 , Pub. L. 91 -- 172 January 1 , 1970 : National Environmental Policy Act , Pub. L. 91 -- 190 , 83 Stat. 852 April 3 , 1970 : Environmental Quality Improvement Act , Pub. L. 91 -- 224 May 21 , 1970 : Airport and Airway Development Act , Pub. L. 91 -- 258 , title I , 84 Stat. 219 August 12 , 1970 : Postal Reorganization Act ( United States Postal Service ) , Pub. L. 91 -- 375 August 15 , 1970 : Economic Stabilization Act , 84 Stat. 799 September 22 , 1970 : District of Columbia Delegate Act Pub. L. 91 -- 405 , 84 Stat. 845 - 2 October 15 , 1970 : Organized Crime Control Act , Pub. L. 91 -- 452 , 84 Stat. 922 including the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ( `` RICO '' ) 1970 : Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970 , Pub. L. 91 -- 453 October 26 , 1970 : Bank Secrecy Act , Pub. L. 91 -- 508 , 84 Stat. 1118 October 27 , 1970 : Controlled Substances Act , Pub. L. 91 -- 513 , 84 Stat. 1242 1970 : Rail Passenger Service Act ( Amtrak ) , Pub. L. 91 -- 518 December 9 , 1970 : Horse Protection Act of 1970 Pub. L. 91 -- 540 , 84 Stat. 1404 December 24 , 1970 : Family Planning Services and Population Research Act of 1970 , Pub. L. 91 -- 572 December 24 , 1970 : Plant Variety Protection Act , Pub. L.", "29": "91 -- 577 , 84 Stat. 1542 December 29 , 1970 : Occupational Safety and Health Act ( OSHA ) , Pub. L. 91 -- 596 December 31 , 1970 : Clean Air Act Extension , Pub. L. 91 -- 604 , 84 Stat. 1676 December 31 , 1970 : Housing and Urban Development Act of 1970 , Pub. L. 91 -- 609 , 84 Stat. 1770 , including title VII , National Urban Policy and New Community Development Act of 1970 , 84 Stat. 1791 1971 : Lead - Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act , Pub. L. 91 -- 695 92nd United States Congress ( edit ) June 23 , 1971 : Javits - Wagner - O'Day Act , Pub. L. 92 -- 28 , 85 Stat. 77 December 18 , 1971 : Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act , Pub. L. 92 -- 203 , 85 Stat. 688 December 23 , 1971 : National Cancer Act , Pub. L. 92 -- 218 , 85 Stat. 778 February 7 , 1972 : Federal Election Campaign Act , Pub. L. 92 -- 225 , 86 Stat. 3 March 24 , 1972 : Equal Employment Opportunity Act , Pub. L. 92 -- 261 , 86 Stat. 103 June 23 , 1972 : Title IX Amendment of the Higher Education Act , Pub. L. 92 -- 318 , 86 Stat. 235 October 6 , 1972 : Federal Advisory Committee Act , Pub. L. 92 -- 463 , 86 Stat. 770 October 18 , 1972 : Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972 , Pub. L. 92 -- 500 , 86 Stat. 816 October 21 , 1972 : Marine Mammal Protection Act , Pub. L. 92 -- 522 , 86 Stat. 1027 October 23 , 1972 : Marine Protection , Research , and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 , Pub. L.", "30": "92 -- 532 , 86 Stat. 1052 October 27 , 1972 : Consumer Product Safety Act , Pub. L. 92 -- 573 , 86 Stat. 1207 October 27 , 1972 : Noise Control Act , Pub. L. 92 -- 574 , 86 Stat. 1234 October 27 , 1972 : Coastal Zone Management Act , Pub. L. 92 -- 583 , 86 Stat. 1280 93rd United States Congress ( edit ) August 13 , 1973 : Federal Aid Highway Act of 1973 , Pub. L. 93 -- 87 , title I , 87 Stat. 250 September 26 , 1973 : Rehabilitation Act , Pub. L. 93 -- 112 , 87 Stat. 355 October 1 , 1973 : Domestic Volunteer Services Act of 1973 ( VISTA ) , Pub. L. 93 -- 113 , 87 Stat. 394 November 3 , 1973 : Amtrak Improvement Act , Pub. L. 93 -- 146 , 87 Stat. 548 November 7 , 1973 : War Powers Resolution , Pub. L. 93 -- 148 , 87 Stat. 555 December 24 , 1973 : District of Columbia Home Rule Act , Pub. L. 93 -- 198 , 87 Stat. 777 December 28 , 1973 : Comprehensive Employment and Training Act , Pub. L. 93 -- 203 December 28 , 1973 : Endangered Species Act , Pub. L. 93 -- 205 , 87 Stat. 884 December 29 , 1973 : Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 , Pub. L. 93 -- 222 , 87 Stat. 936 March 7 , 1974 : Water Resources Development Act of 1974 , Pub. L. 93 -- 251 , 88 Stat. 34 May 22 , 1974 : Disaster Relief Act of 1974 , Pub. L. 93 -- 288 , 88 Stat. 143 May 31 , 1974 : Research on Aging Act , Pub. L.", "31": "93 -- 296 , 88 Stat. 184 July 12 , 1974 : Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 , Pub. L. 93 -- 344 , 88 Stat. 297 July 25 , 1974 : Legal Services Corporation Act , Pub. L. 93 -- 355 , 88 Stat. 378 August 21 , 1974 : Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act , Pub. L. 93 -- 380 , title V , § 513 , 88 Stat. 571 September 2 , 1974 : Employee Retirement Income Security Act ( ERISA ) , Pub. L. 93 -- 406 , 88 Stat. 829 September 7 , 1974 : Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 , Pub. L. 93 -- 415 , 88 Stat. 1109 November 26 , 1974 : National Mass Transportation Assistance Act , Pub. L. 93 -- 503 , 88 Stat. 1565 December 3 , 1974 : Vietnam Era Veterans ' Readjustment Assistance Act , Pub. L. 93 -- 508 , 88 Stat. 1578 December 16 , 1974 : Safe Drinking Water Act , Pub. L. 93 -- 523 , 88 Stat. 1660 December 31 , 1974 : Privacy Act of 1974 , Pub. L. 93 -- 579 , 88 Stat. 1896 January 3 , 1975 : Trade Act of 1974 , Pub. L. 93 -- 618 , 88 Stat. 1978 January 3 , 1975 : Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974 , Pub. L. 93 -- 629 , 88 Stat. 2148 January 3 , 1975 : Hazardous Materials Transportation Act , Pub. L. 93 -- 633 , title I , 88 Stat. 2156 January 4 , 1975 : National Health Planning and Resources Development Act , Pub. L. 93 -- 641 , 88 Stat.", "32": "2225 94th United States Congress ( edit ) December 23 , 1975 : Metric Conversion Act , Pub. L. 94 -- 168 December 23 , 1975 : Revenue Adjustment Act ( Earned Income Tax Credit ) , Pub. L. 94 -- 164 , 89 Stat. 970 November 29 , 1975 : Individuals with Disabilities Education Act , Pub. L. 94 -- 142 , 89 Stat. 773 February 5 , 1976 : Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act , Pub. L. 94 -- 210 , 90 Stat. 31 September 13 , 1976 : Government in the Sunshine Act , Pub. L. 94 -- 409 , 90 Stat. 1241 September 30 , 1976 : Hart - Scott - Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act , Pub. L. 94 -- 435 , 90 Stat. 1383 October 8 , 1976 : Health Maintenance Organization Amendments of 1976 , Pub. L. 94 -- 460 October 11 , 1976 : Toxic Substances Control Act , Pub. L. 94 -- 469 , 90 Stat. 2003 October 12 , 1976 : Overhaul of vocational education programs Pub. L. 94 -- 482 , 90 Stat. 2169 October 19 , 1976 : Copyright Act of 1976 , Pub. L. 94 -- 553 , 90 Stat. 2541 October 21 , 1976 : Federal Land Policy and Management Act , Pub. L. 94 -- 579 , 90 Stat. 2744 October 21 , 1976 : Resource Conservation and Recovery Act , Pub. L. 94 -- 580 , 90 Stat. 2795 October 22 , 1976 : Water Resources Development Act of 1976 , Pub. L. 94 -- 587 October 22 , 1976 : National Forest Management Act , Pub. L. 94 -- 588 , 90 Stat. 2949 95th United States Congress ( edit ) August 3 , 1977 : Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act , Pub. L.", "33": "95 -- 87 , 91 Stat. 445 August 4 , 1977 : Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 , Pub. L. 95 -- 91 , 91 Stat. 565 October 12 , 1977 : Community Reinvestment Act , Pub. L. 95 -- 128 , title VIII , 91 Stat. 1147 December 19 , 1977 : Unlawful Corporate Payments Act of 1977 , Pub. L. 95 -- 213 , including title I : Foreign Corrupt Practices Act , 91 Stat. 1494 December 27 , 1977 : Clean Water Act , Pub. L. 95 -- 217 , 91 Stat. 1566 December 28 , 1977 : International Emergency Economic Powers Act , Pub. L. 95 -- 223 , title II , 91 Stat. 1626 March 10 , 1978 : Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 , Pub. L. 95 -- 242 , 92 Stat. 120 October 10 , 1978 : Susan B. Anthony Dollar Coin Act of 1979 , Pub. L. 95 -- 447 , 92 Stat. 1072 October 13 , 1978 : Civil Service Reform Act , Pub. L. 95 -- 454 , 92 Stat. 1111 October 13 , 1978 : Drug Abuse Prevention , Treatment , and Rehabilitation Act , Pub. L. 95 -- 461 , 92 Stat. 1268 October 24 , 1978 : Airline Deregulation Act , Pub. L. 95 -- 504 , 92 Stat. 1705 October 25 , 1978 : Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act , Pub. L. 95 -- 511 , 92 Stat. 1783 October 26 , 1978 : Ethics in Government Act , Pub. L. 95 -- 521 , 92 Stat. 1824 October 27 , 1978 : Humphrey - Hawkins Full Employment Act , Pub. L. 95 -- 523 , 92 Stat. 1887 October 31 , 1978 : Pregnancy Discrimination Act , Pub. L.", "34": "95 -- 555 , 92 Stat. 2076 November 1 , 1978 : Contract Disputes Act , Pub. L. 95 -- 563 , 92 Stat. 2383 November 6 , 1978 : Bankruptcy Act of 1978 , Pub. L. 95 -- 598 , 92 Stat. 2549 November 9 , 1978 : National Energy Conservation Policy Act , Pub. L. 95 -- 619 , 92 Stat. 3206 96th United States Congress ( edit ) July 10 , 1979 : Joint resolution to amend the Public Health Services Act and related health laws to correct printing and other technical errors , Pub. L. 96 -- 32 September 27 , 1979 : Panama Canal Act of 1979 , Pub. L. 96 -- 70 , 93 Stat. 452 October 17 , 1979 : Department of Education Organization Act , Pub. L. 96 -- 88 , 93 Stat. 668 March 17 , 1980 : Refugee Act , Pub. L. 96 -- 212 , 94 Stat. 102 September 19 , 1980 : Regulatory Flexibility Act , Pub. L. 96 -- 354 , 94 Stat. 1164 September 29 , 1980 : Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980 , Pub. L. 96 -- 366 , 94 Stat. 1322 October 14 , 1980 : Staggers Act , Pub. L. 96 -- 448 , 94 Stat. 1895 December 2 , 1980 : Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act , Pub. L. 96 -- 487 , 94 Stat. 2371 December 11 , 1980 : Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation , and Liability Act ( CERCLA or Superfund ) , Pub. L. 96 -- 510 , 94 Stat. 2767 December 11 , 1980 : Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 , Pub. L. 96 -- 511 , 94 Stat. 2812 December 12 , 1980 : Bayh -- Dole Act , Pub. L.", "35": "96 -- 517 , 94 Stat. 3018 97th United States Congress ( edit ) August 13 , 1981 : Economic Recovery Tax Act ( ERTA or Kemp - Roth Tax Cut ) , Pub. L. 97 -- 34 , 95 Stat. 172 August 13 , 1981 : Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 , Pub. L. 97 -- 35 , 95 Stat. 357 September 20 , 1982 : Bus Regulatory Reform Act , Pub. L. 97 -- 261 , 96 Stat. 1102 October 13 , 1982 : Job Training Partnership Act , Pub. L. 97 -- 300 , 96 Stat. 1322 October 15 , 1982 : Garn -- St. Germain Depository Institutions Act , Pub. L. 97 -- 320 , 96 Stat. 1469 January 6 , 1983 : Surface Transportation Assistance Act , Pub. L. 97 -- 424 , 96 Stat. 2140 January 7 , 1983 : Nuclear Waste Policy Act , Pub. L. 97 -- 425 , 96 Stat. 2201 January 12 , 1983 : Internal Revenue Code of 1954 and Social Security Act , amendments Pub. L. 97 -- 455 , 96 Stat. 2497 98th United States Congress ( edit ) September 28 , 1984 : Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act , Pub. L. 98 -- 435 , 98 Stat. 1678 October 12 , 1984 : Comprehensive Crime Control Act , Pub. L. 98 -- 473 , title II , 98 Stat. 1976 October 30 , 1984 : Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 , Pub. L. 98 -- 875 , 98 Stat. 3055 99th United States Congress ( edit ) December 12 , 1985 : Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 ( Gramm - Rudman - Hollings Balanced Budget Act ) Pub. L. 99 -- 177 ( title II ) , 99 Stat.", "36": "1038 December 17 , 1985 : Gold Bullion Coin Act of 1985 , Pub. L. 99 -- 185 , 99 Stat. 1177 April 7 , 1986 : Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 ( COBRA ) Pub. L. 99 -- 272 , 100 Stat. 82 ( including Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ) October 1 , 1986 : Goldwater -- Nichols Act ( Defense Reorganization ) , Pub. L. 99 -- 433 , 100 Stat. 992 October 2 , 1986 : Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act , Pub. L. 99 -- 440 , 100 Stat. 1086 , H.R. 4868 November 6 , 1986 : Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 ( Simpson - Mazzoli Act ) , Pub. L. 99 -- 603 , S. 1200 October 17 , 1986 : Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act , Pub. L. 99 -- 499 ( title III ) , 100 Stat. 1728 October 21 , 1986 : Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 , Pub. L. 99 -- 508 , 100 Stat. 1848 October 22 , 1986 : Tax Reform Act of 1986 , Pub. L. 99 -- 514 , 100 Stat. 2085 October 27 , 1986 : Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 , Pub. L. 99 -- 570 , 100 Stat. 3207 October 31 , 1986 : Age Discrimination in Employment Act , Pub. L. 99 -- 572 , 100 Stat. 3342 November 17 , 1986 : Water Resources Development Act of 1986 , Pub. L. 99 -- 662 100th United States Congress ( edit ) April 2 , 1987 : Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act , Pub. L. 100 -- 17 , 101 Stat. 132 July 22 , 1987 : McKinney -- Vento Homeless Assistance Act , Pub. L.", "37": "100 -- 77 , 101 Stat. 482 August 20 , 1987 : Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987 , Pub. L. 100 -- 107 , 101 Stat. 724 September 29 , 1987 : Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987 ( Gramm - Rudman - Hollings Balanced Budget Act ) , Pub. L. 100 -- 119 , 101 Stat. 754 December 22 , 1987 : Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 , Pub. L. 100 -- 203 , 101 Stat. 1330 January 6 , 1988 : Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 , Pub. L. 100 -- 233 , 101 Stat. 1568 January 7 , 1988 : Computer Security Act of 1987 , Pub. L. 100 -- 235 , 101 Stat. 1724 March 22 , 1988 : Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 Pub. L. 100 -- 259 June 27 , 1988 : Supreme Court Case Selections Act of 1988 , Pub. L. 100 -- 352 , 102 Stat. 662 July 1 , 1988 : Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act , Pub. L. 100 -- 360 , 102 Stat. 683 August 4 , 1988 : Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act , Pub. L. 100 -- 379 , 102 Stat. 890 August 10 , 1988 : Civil Liberties Act , Pub. L. 100 -- 383 , 102 Stat. 904 October 13 , 1988 : Family Support Act , Pub. L. 100 -- 485 , 102 Stat. 2343 October 17 , 1988 : Indian Gaming Regulatory Act , Pub. L. 100 -- 497 , 102 Stat. 2467 October 24 , 1988 : Health Maintenance Organization Amendments of 1988 , Pub. L. 100 -- 517 , 102 Stat. 2578 October 25 , 1988 : Department of Veterans Affairs Act , Pub. L.", "38": "100 -- 527 , 102 Stat. 2635 November 17 , 1988 : Water Resources Development Act of 1988 , Pub. L. 100 -- 676 November 18 , 1988 : Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 , Pub. L. 100 -- 690 , ( including Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act , Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act ) 101st United States Congress ( edit ) 1989 : Government Salary Reform Act of 1989 , April 10 , 1989 : Whistleblower Protection Act , Pub. L. 101 -- 12 , 103 Stat. 16 July 27 , 1989 : Water Resources Development Act of 1990 , Pub. L. 101 -- 64 October 28 , 1989 : Flag Protection Act , Pub. L. 101 -- 131 , 103 Stat. 777 July 26 , 1990 : Americans with Disabilities Act , Pub. L. 101 -- 336 , 104 Stat. 327 August 18 , 1990 : Oil Pollution Act , Pub. L. 101 -- 380 November 5 , 1990 : Launch Services Purchase Act of 1990 November 5 , 1990 : Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 , Pub. L. 101 -- 508 , 104 Stat. 1388 ( including Human Genome Project funding ) November 12 , 1990 : Water Resources Development Act of 1990 , Pub. L. 101 -- 640 November 15 , 1990 : Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 , Pub. L. 101 -- 549 , 104 Stat. 2468 November 15 , 1990 : Administrative Dispute Resolution Act , Pub. L. 101 -- 552 , 104 Stat. 2736 November 16 , 1990 : Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act , Pub. L. 101 -- 601 , 104 Stat. 3048 November 28 , 1990 : National Indian Forest Resource Management Act November 28 , 1990 : Tongass Timber Reform Act , Pub. L.", "39": "101 -- 626 November 29 , 1990 : Negotiated Rulemaking Act , Pub. L. 101 -- 648 , 104 Stat. 4969 November 29 , 1990 : Immigration Act of 1990 , Pub. L. 101 -- 649 , 104 Stat. 4978 December 1 , 1990 : Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 , Pub. L. 101 -- 650 , 104 Stat. 5128 ( including Visual Artists Rights Act ) 102nd United States Congress ( edit ) November 21 , 1991 : Civil Rights Act of 1991 , Pub. L. 102 -- 166 , 105 Stat. 1071 December 9 , 1991 : High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 , Pub. L. 102 -- 194 December 18 , 1991 : Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act , Pub. L. 102 -- 240 October 9 , 1992 : Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 , Pub. L. 102 -- 404 , 106 Stat. 1969 October 23 , 1992 : Weapons of Mass Destruction Control Act , Pub. L. 102 -- 484 ( div . A , title XV ) , 106 Stat. 2567 October 31 , 1992 : Water Resources Development Act of 1992 , Pub. L. 102 -- 580 103rd United States Congress ( edit ) February 5 , 1993 : Family and Medical Leave Act , Pub. L. 103 -- 3 , 107 Stat. 6 May 20 , 1993 : National Voter Registration Act of 1993 , Pub. L. 103 -- 31 , 107 Stat. 77 August 10 , 1993 : Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 , Pub. L. 103 -- 66 , 107 Stat. 312 November 16 , 1993 : Religious Freedom Restoration Act , Pub. L. 103 -- 141 , 107 Stat. 1488 November 30 , 1993 : Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act ( Brady Bill ) , Pub. L.", "40": "103 -- 159 , title I , 107 Stat. 1536 November 30 , 1993 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 , Pub. L. 103 -- 160 , 107 Stat. 1670 ( including elements of Do n't ask , do n't tell ) December 8 , 1993 : North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act , Pub. L. 103 -- 182 , 107 Stat. 2057 May 26 , 1994 : Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act , Pub. L. 103 -- 259 , 108 Stat. 694 September 13 , 1994 : Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act , Pub. L. 103 -- 322 , 108 Stat. 1796 ( including the Violence Against Women Act ) October 25 , 1994 : Dietary Supplement Health And Education Act of 1994 104th United States Congress ( edit ) January 23 , 1995 : Congressional Accountability Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 1 , 109 Stat. 3 November 28 , 1995 : National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 , Pub. L. 104 -- 59 , 109 Stat. 568 December 19 , 1995 : Lobbying Disclosure Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 65 , 109 Stat. 691 December 22 , 1995 : Private Securities Litigation Reform Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 67 , 109 Stat. 737 February 8 , 1996 : Telecommunications Act of 1996 , Pub. L. 104 -- 104 , 110 Stat. 56 ( including the Communications Decency Act ) March 12 , 1996 : Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 ( Helms - Burton Act ) , Pub. L. 104 -- 114 , 110 Stat. 785 April 9 , 1996 : Line Item Veto Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 130 , 110 Stat. 1200 April 24 , 1996 : Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 132 , 110 Stat.", "41": "1214 July 30 , 1996 : Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2 , Pub. L. 104 -- 168 , 110 Stat. 1452 August 3 , 1996 : National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 169 , 110 Stat. 1482 August 20 , 1996 : Small Business Job Protection Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 188 , 110 Stat. 1755 August 21 , 1996 : Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA ) , Pub. L. 104 -- 191 , 110 Stat. 1936 August 22 , 1996 : Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act ( Welfare Reform Act ) , Pub. L. 104 -- 193 , 110 Stat. 2105 September 21 , 1996 : Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) , Pub. L. 104 -- 199 , 110 Stat. 2419 September 30 , 1996 : Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban , Pub. L. 104 -- 208 , 110 Stat. 3001 October 1 , 1996 : Emerson Good Samaritan Food Donation Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 210 , 110 Stat. 3011 October 12 , 1996 : Water Resources Development Act of 1996 , Pub. L. 104 -- 303 , 110 Stat. 3658 105th United States Congress ( edit ) August 5 , 1997 : Balanced Budget Act of 1997 , Pub. L. 105 -- 33 , 111 Stat. 251 August 5 , 1997 : Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 , Pub. L. 105 -- 34 , 111 Stat. 788 June 9 , 1998 : Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century , Pub. L. 105 -- 178 , 112 Stat. 107 July 22 , 1998 : Taxpayer Bill of Rights III , Pub. L. 105 -- 206 , title III , 112 Stat. 726 August 7 , 1998 : Workforce Investment Act , Pub. L.", "42": "105 -- 220 , 112 Stat. 936 October 21 , 1998 : Child Online Privacy Protection Act , Pub. L. 105 -- 277 , div. C , title XIV , 112 Stat. 2681 October 27 , 1998 : Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act , Pub. L. 105 -- 298 , title I , 112 Stat. 2827 October 28 , 1998 : Digital Millennium Copyright Act , Pub. L. 105 -- 304 , 112 Stat. 2860 ( including Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act ) October 31 , 1998 : Iraq Liberation Act , Pub. L. 105 -- 338 , 112 Stat. 3178 106th United States Congress ( edit ) May 21 , 1999 : Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act ( Kosovo operations ) , Pub. L. 106 -- 31 , 113 Stat. 57 August 17 , 1999 : Water Resources Development Act of 1999 , Pub. L. 106 -- 53 November 12 , 1999 : Gramm - Leach - Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act , Pub. L. 106 -- 102 , 113 Stat. 1338 November 29 , 1999 : American Inventors Protection Act , Pub. L. 106 -- 113 , 113 Stat. 1536 ( including Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act ) March 14 , 2000 : Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000 , Pub. L. 106 -- 178 , 114 Stat. 38 April 5 , 2000 : Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century , Pub. L. 106 -- 181 , 114 Stat. 61 May 18 , 2000 : African Growth and Opportunity Act , Pub. L. 106 -- 200 , 114 Stat. 251 June 30 , 2000 : Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act , Pub. L. 106 -- 229 , 114 Stat. 464 August 7 , 2000 : Oceans Act , Pub. L.", "43": "106 -- 256 , 114 Stat. 644 September 22 , 2000 : Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act , Pub. L. 106 -- 274 , 114 Stat. 803 October 17 , 2000 : Children 's Health Act , Pub. L. 106 -- 310 , 114 Stat. 1101 October 30 , 2000 : Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act , Pub. L. 106 -- 390 , 114 Stat. 1552 October 30 , 2000 : Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 , Pub. L. 106 -- 398 December 7 , 2000 : Shark Finning Prohibition Act , Pub. L. 106 -- 557 , 114 Stat. 2771 December 11 , 2000 : Water Resources Development Act of 2000 , Pub. L. 106 -- 541 , 114 Stat. 2572 December 21 , 2000 : Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 , Pub. L. 106 -- 554 , 114 Stat . 2763A ( as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act , 2001 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Doctors Draft Act Jump up ^ U.S.C. 2465d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_federal_legislation,_1901 -- 2001&oldid = 837738668 '' Categories : Lists of United States federal legislation Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 18 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-6004974090759459447	what is the minimum wage in france per hour	[ "€1,498.47 per month, €9.88 per hour", "€9.88 per hour.", "11.16", "€9.88 per hour." ]	{ "0": "List of minimum wages by Country - wikipedia List of minimum wages by Country Jump to : navigation , search Minimum wages per hour in U.S. dollars : No data No minimum wage $0.00 -- $1.00 $1.01 -- $2.00 $2.01 -- $3.00 $3.01 -- $5.00 $5.01 -- $7.50 $7.51 -- $10.00 $10.00 + This is a list of official minimum wage rates of the 193 United Nations member states , and also inclusive of these limited recognition states : Taiwan , Hong Kong , Northern Cyprus , Kosovo , and Palestine . Some countries may have a very complicated minimum wage system ; for example , India has more than 1202 minimum wage rates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Countries 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Methodology ( edit ) The minimum wages given refer to a gross amount , that is before deduction of taxes and social security contributions , which vary from one country to another . Also excluded from calculations are regulated paid days off , including public holidays , sick pay , annual leave and social insurance contributions paid by the employer . For the sake of comparison , an annual wage column is provided in international dollars , a hypothetical unit of currency calculated based on the purchasing power parity of household final consumption expenditure . For calculating the annual wage , the lowest general minimum wage was used . Countries ( edit ) Country Minimum wage Annual Workweek ( hours ) Hourly Percent of GDP per capita Effective per Nominal ( US $ ) PPP ( Int $ ) Nominal ( US $ ) PPP ( Int $ ) Afghanistan 5,500 Afghani ( $95 ) per month for non-permanent private sector . The minimum wage for permanent government workers was 6,000 Afghanis ( $103 ) per month . There was no minimum wage for permanent workers in the private sector .", "1": "7002973000000000000 ♠ 973 7003330100000000000 ♠ 3,301 40 6999470000000000000 ♠ 0.47 7000159000000000000 ♠ 1.59 7002170700000000000 ♠ 170.7 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Albania 24,000 Albanian lek ë ( 226 $ ) per month , in private sector and 37,000 lekë ( 330 $ ) per month in public sector . The law establishes a 40 - hour workweek , but the actual workweek is typically set by individual or collective - bargaining agreement . 7003232000000000000 ♠ 2,320 7003522600000000000 ♠ 5,226 40 7000112000000000000 ♠ 1.12 7000250990000099999 ♠ 2.51 7001462000000000000 ♠ 46.2 % 000000002017 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2017 Algeria 18,000 Algerian dinars ( $170 ) per month , nationally . 7003197400000000000 ♠ 1,974 7003590800000000000 ♠ 5,908 40 6999950000000000000 ♠ 0.95 7000284000000000000 ♠ 2.84 7001402000000000000 ♠ 40.2 % 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2012 Andorra € 1017.47 per month , € 5.87 per hour .", "2": "7004137960000000000 ♠ 13,796 7004106740000000000 ♠ 10,674 40 7000663000000000000 ♠ 6.63 7000513000000000000 ♠ 5.13 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Angola 15,003 kwanza per month ; paid thirteen times a year . 7003162500000000000 ♠ 1,625 7003196100000000000 ♠ 1,961 44 6999710000000000000 ♠ 0.71 6999860000000000000 ♠ 0.86 7001266000000000000 ♠ 26.6 % 000000002014 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2014 Antigua and Barbuda EC $ 8.20 per hour . 7003631700000000000 ♠ 6,317 7003766100000000000 ♠ 7,661 40 7000304000000000000 ♠ 3.04 7000368000000000000 ♠ 3.68 7001334000000000000 ♠ 33.4 % 000000002014 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2014 Argentina 9,500 Argentine pesos ( $495 ) per month for up to 200 hours ; paid thirteen times a year . 7003836800000000000 ♠ 8,368 7004221170000000000 ♠ 22,117 48 7000335000000000000 ♠ 3.35 7000886000000000000 ♠ 8.86 7001981000000000000 ♠ 98.1 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Armenia 55,000 Armenian dram ( $107 ) per month .", "3": "7003137400000000000 ♠ 1,374 7003326500000000000 ♠ 3,265 40 6999660000000000000 ♠ 0.66 7000157000000000000 ♠ 1.57 7001389000000000000 ♠ 38.9 % 000000002015 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2015 Australia Most workers are covered by an award , which may vary by employee age , geographical location and industry . For employees 21 + not covered by an award or agreement , the minimum wages is A $ 18.29 per hour , A $694.90 per week ; set federally by the Fair Work Commission . Workers under 21 , apprentices and trainees not covered by an award each have a minimum wage level set nationally below the official minimum . Minimum wage for workers under 16 is 36.8 % of the 21 + minimum wage ( A $ 6.73 per hour ) . 7004268620000000000 ♠ 26,862 7004229240000000000 ♠ 22,924 38 7001135900000000000 ♠ 13.59 7001116000000000000 ♠ 11.6 7001504000000000000 ♠ 50.4 % 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2017 Austria None ; National collective bargaining agreements set minimum wages by job classification for each industry and provide for a minimum wage of € 1,200 ( $1,289 ) per month . Wages where no such collective agreements exist , such as for domestic workers , janitorial staff and au pairs , are regulated by relevant legislation and are generally lower than those covered by collective bargaining . The national minimum wage legislation has lapsed , although is still in force by convention . 40 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Azerbaijan 130 Azerbaijani manat per month .", "4": "7002978000000000000 ♠ 978 7003486000000000000 ♠ 4,860 40 6999470000000000000 ♠ 0.47 7000234000000000000 ♠ 2.34 7001274000000000000 ♠ 27.4 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 The Bahamas B $ 5.25 ( $5.25 ) per hour , B $42 ( $42 ) per day , and B $210 ( $210 ) per week . 7004109200000000000 ♠ 10,920 7003944800000000000 ♠ 9,448 40 7000525000000000000 ♠ 5.25 7000454000000000000 ♠ 4.54 7001397000000000000 ♠ 39.7 % 000000002015 - 08 - 15 - 0000 15 August 2015 Bahrain None ; 300 BHD ( $800 ) for the public sector workers ( only applies to Bahraini nationals ) . 48 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Bangladesh 1,500 taka ( $19 ) per month for all economic sectors not covered by industry - specific wages ; in the garment industry the minimum wage is 5,300 taka ( $68 ) per month . The minimum wage is set nationally every five years by the National Minimum Wage Board in a tripartite forum industry by industry . 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 7002588000000000000 ♠ 588 48 6998900000000000000 ♠ 0.09 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 7001176000000000000 ♠ 17.6 % 000000002013 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 2013 Barbados BDS $ 6.25 ( $3.13 ) per hour for household domestics and shop assistants ; the Ministry of Labor recommends all other sectors use this as the de facto minimum wage .", "5": "7003650000000000000 ♠ 6,500 7003529200000000000 ♠ 5,292 40 7000313000000000000 ♠ 3.13 7000254000000000000 ♠ 2.54 7001322999999900000 ♠ 32.3 % 000000002012 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2012 Belarus 305.00 Belarusian rubles per month . 7003310300000000000 ♠ 3,103 7003705700000000000 ♠ 7,057 40 7000149000000000000 ♠ 1.49 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.39 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Belgium € 1,501.82 ( $1,673 ) per month , € 9.12 ( $10.16 ) per hour for workers 21 years of age and over ; € 1,541.67 ( $1,718 ) per month for workers 21 and a half years of age , with six months of service ; € 1,559.38 ( $1,738 ) per month for workers 22 years of age , with 12 months of service ; coupled with extensive social benefits . 7004203630000000000 ♠ 20,363 7004200560000000000 ♠ 20,056 38 7001103100000000000 ♠ 10.31 7001101500000000000 ♠ 10.15 7001456000000000000 ♠ 45.6 % 000000002013 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2013 Belize BZ $ 3.30 ( $1.65 ) per hour .", "6": "7003386100000000000 ♠ 3,861 7003673700000000000 ♠ 6,737 45 7000165000000000000 ♠ 1.65 7000288000000000000 ♠ 2.88 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 % 000000002012 - 05 - 26 - 0000 26 May 2012 Benin 40,000 CFA francs per month ; the government set minimum wage scales for a number of occupations . 7002809000000000000 ♠ 809 7003210200000000000 ♠ 2,102 40 6999390000000000000 ♠ 0.39 7000101000000000000 ♠ 1.01 7001996000000000000 ♠ 99.6 % 000000002014 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2014 Bhutan 3,750 Bhutanese ngultrum per month . 7002670000000000000 ♠ 670 7003208200000000000 ♠ 2,082 40 6999320000000000000 ♠ 0.32 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001258000000000000 ♠ 25.8 % 000000002014 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 2014 Bolivia 2000 Bolivian bolivianos per month . plus an obligatory Christmas bonus equal to one month 's pay , prorated for the amount of time the worker has worked in their present position . Plus a second Christmas Bonus if the government decries the economy grew enough , plus an extra month paid in May if the company made a profit for the previous year .", "7": "7003376300000000000 ♠ 3,763 7003774600000000000 ♠ 7,746 48 7000151000000000000 ♠ 1.51 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 7002112600000000000 ♠ 112.6 % 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2017 Bosnia and Herzegovina 406 convertible marks ( $240 ) net per month . 7003217200000000000 ♠ 2,172 7003457500000000000 ♠ 4,575 40 7000104000000000000 ♠ 1.04 7000220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 7001435000000000000 ♠ 43.5 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Botswana 5.46 Botswana pula ( $0.58 ) an hour for most full - time labor in the private sector ; 3.03 ( $. 29 ) Botswana pula per hour for domestic workers or approximately 24.24 pula ( $2.28 ) a day ; 620 Botswana pula ( $60 ) per month for workers in the agriculture sector . 7002735000000000000 ♠ 735 7003144200000000000 ♠ 1,442 48 6999289990000000000 ♠ 0.29 6999579990000000000 ♠ 0.58 7000910000000000000 ♠ 9.1 % 000000002016 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2016 Brazil 937 Brazilian reais per month ( $290 ) , paid 13 times a year . The Brazilian minimum wage is adjusted annually by the federal government . Each Brazilian state has its own minimum wage , which can not be lower than the federal minimum wage . Rio Grande do Sul has the highest minimum wage nationwide , R $ 1,103.66 .", "8": "7003349100000000000 ♠ 3,491 7003596200000000000 ♠ 5,962 44 7000153000000000000 ♠ 1.53 7000261000000000000 ♠ 2.61 7001388009999900000 ♠ 38.8 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Brunei None 48 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Bulgaria 510 Bulgarian lev ( $311 ) per month , 3.07 lev ( $1.8 ) per hour . 7003361200000000000 ♠ 3,612 7003832800000000000 ♠ 8,328 40 7000174000000000000 ♠ 1.74 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001476000000000000 ♠ 47.6 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Burkina Faso 34,664 CFA francs per month . 7002701000000000000 ♠ 701 7003187700000000000 ♠ 1,877 40 6999340000000000000 ♠ 0.34 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7002113100000000000 ♠ 113.1 % 000000002012 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2012 Burundi None ; in the past the government set the minimum wage , but during the year the minimum wage was set by market forces . 40 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Cambodia None ; US $140 per month , for the garment and shoe industry . 48 1 January 2016 Cameroon 36,270 CFA francs ( $75 ) per month .", "9": "7002734000000000000 ♠ 734 7003181200000000000 ♠ 1,812 40 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 6999870000000000000 ♠ 0.87 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 % 000000002014 - 07 - 30 - 0000 30 July 2014 Canada The minimum wage in Canada is set by each province and territory ; ranges from C $ 10.96 to C $14 per hour . 7004172000000000000 ♠ 17,200 7004171950000000000 ♠ 17,195 40 7000827000000000000 ♠ 8.27 7000827000000000000 ♠ 8.27 7001388009999900000 ♠ 38.8 % 000000002018 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2018 Cape Verde 13,000 Cape Verdean escudos ( $141 ) per month . 7003156500000000000 ♠ 1,565 7003332400000000000 ♠ 3,324 44 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 7000145000000000000 ♠ 1.45 7001497000000000000 ♠ 49.7 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Central African Republic 35,000 CFA francs per month , 218.75 CFA francs per hour .", "10": "7002767000000000000 ♠ 767 7003145500000000000 ♠ 1,455 40 6999370000000000000 ♠ 0.37 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 7002243600000000000 ♠ 243.6 % 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Chad 59,995 CFA francs ( $110 ) per month , 355 CFA francs ( $0.6 ) per hour . 7003121400000000000 ♠ 1,214 7003340600000000000 ♠ 3,406 39 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 7000168000000000000 ♠ 1.68 7002156900000000000 ♠ 156.9 % 000000002011 - 10 - 18 - 0000 18 October 2011 Chile 276,000 Chilean pesos per month for workers aged 18 -- 65 ; 206,041 pesos ( $276 ) for workers younger than 18 and older than 65 ; and 178,037 pesos for ' non remunerative ' purposes . 7003489200000000000 ♠ 4,892 7003758200000000000 ♠ 7,582 45 7000209009999900000 ♠ 2.09 7000324000000000000 ♠ 3.24 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 China The minimum wage in China is set locally , ranges from RMB1 , 000 ( $146 ) per month , RMB9. 50 ( $1.39 ) per hour in Guangxi to RMB2 , 190 ( $321 ) per month , RMB19. 00 ( $2.78 ) per hour in Shanghai .", "11": "7003180600000000000 ♠ 1,806 7003313900000000000 ♠ 3,139 40 6999870000000000000 ♠ 0.87 7000151000000000000 ♠ 1.51 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 % 000000002016 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 2016 Colombia 781,242 Colombian pesos ( $277 ) per month 7003307000000000000 ♠ 3,070 7003725800000000000 ♠ 7,258 48 7000123000000000000 ♠ 1.23 7000291000000000000 ♠ 2.91 7001526000000000000 ♠ 52.6 % 000000002018 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 2018 Comoros 55,000 Comorian francs per month . 7003148400000000000 ♠ 1,484 7003307000000000000 ♠ 3,070 40 6999710000000000000 ♠ 0.71 7000148000000000000 ♠ 1.48 7002202200000000000 ♠ 202.2 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,680 Congolese francs ( $1.83 ) per day . 7002432000000000000 ♠ 432 7002762000000000000 ♠ 762 45 6999180000000000000 ♠ 0.18 6999330000000000000 ♠ 0.33 7001974000000000000 ♠ 97.4 % 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2009 Republic of the Congo 90,000 CFA francs ( $170 ) per month in the formal sector .", "12": "7003182100000000000 ♠ 1,821 7003604300000000000 ♠ 6,043 40 6999880000000000000 ♠ 0.88 7000291000000000000 ♠ 2.91 7001949000000000000 ♠ 94.9 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Costa Rica Varies for specified industries from ₡ 10,060.75 per 8 - hour work day for unskilled workers to ₡ 13,141.39 per day for specialized workers . All other occupations not explicitly covered fall under the generic scale , which varies from ₡ 300,255.79 per month for unskilled workers to ₡ 644,689.30 for licentiates . 7003480200000000000 ♠ 4,802 7003692100000000000 ♠ 6,921 48 7000192000000000000 ♠ 1.92 7000277000000000000 ♠ 2.77 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Côte d'Ivoire Varies by occupation , with the lowest set to 36,607 CFA franc ( $72 ) per month for the industrial sector ; a slightly higher minimum wage rate is applied for construction workers . 7002741000000000000 ♠ 741 7003185800000000000 ♠ 1,858 40 6999360000000000000 ♠ 0.36 6999890000000000000 ♠ 0.89 7001532000000000000 ♠ 53.2 % 000000001994 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1994 Croatia 3439.80 Croatian kuna ( $544 ) per month .", "13": "7003606500000000000 ♠ 6,065 7003987300000000000 ♠ 9,873 40 7000292000000000000 ♠ 2.92 7000475000000000000 ♠ 4.75 7001451000000000000 ♠ 45.1 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Cuba 225 Cuban pesos ( $9 ) per month . ( Note that the exchange rate data and the International dollars conversion data for this row is for 2012 , as more current data was not available at the time of data entry ) Each citizen is however also given free food to supplement the salary . 7002147000000000000 ♠ 147 181 40 6998500000000000000 ♠ 0.05 6998800000000000000 ♠ 0.08 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 % 000000002005 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2005 Cyprus None ; € 870 per month for shop assistants , nurses ' assistants , clerks , hairdressers , and nursery assistants ; it rises to € 924 after six months ' employment . For asylum seekers working as unskilled workers in the agricultural sector , the minimum monthly wage was 425 euros ( $570 ) with accommodation and food provided . For skilled workers in the agricultural sector , the minimum salary was 767 euros ( $1,040 ) without accommodation and food . 48 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Czech Republic 12,200.00 Czech koruna ( $568 ) per month , or 73.20 koruna ( $3.4 ) per hour .", "14": "7003623000000000000 ♠ 6,230 7004105100000000000 ♠ 10,510 40 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000505000000000000 ♠ 5.05 7001327000000000000 ♠ 32.7 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Denmark None ; instead , negotiated between unions and employer associations ; the average minimum wage for all private and public sector collective bargaining agreements was approximately DKK 110 ( nominally $16 ) per hour , exclusive of pension benefits . 37.5 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Djibouti None ; canceled by the 2006 Labor Code for occupational categories , establishing that wages be set after common agreement between employers and employees . For public sector workers , minimum wage was 35,000 DFJ ( $198 ) per month . 48 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Dominica EC $ 4.00 ( $1.50 ) per hour . 7003308100000000000 ♠ 3,081 7003418000000000000 ♠ 4,180 40 7000148000000000000 ♠ 1.48 7000200999999999999 ♠ 2.01 7001371000000000000 ♠ 37.1 % 000000002008 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2008 Dominican Republic 8,310 Dominican pesos per month in the FTZs and between 9,412 pesos and 15,448 pesos outside the FTZs , depending upon the size of the company ; 5,884 pesos per month for the public sector ; 320 pesos a day for farm workers who are covered by minimum wage regulations based on a 10 - hour day , with the exception of sugarcane workers who received 146 pesos based on an eight - hour workday .", "15": "7002906000000000000 ♠ 906 7003187900000000000 ♠ 1,879 44 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 6999820009999900000 ♠ 0.82 7001132000000000000 ♠ 13.2 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Ecuador US $ 427 per month ( for a 12 month average , including 13th and 14th salaries ) . Minimum wage has been set by the government at $366 per month for the year 2016 , but a worker who works a full year also receives a 13th and a 14th salary . 7003512400000000000 ♠ 5,124 7003848500000000000 ♠ 8,485 40 7000246000000000000 ♠ 2.46 7000408000000000000 ♠ 4.08 7001745000000000000 ♠ 74.5 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Egypt None ; for the public sector the minimum wage is LE 1,200 ( $68 ) per month . 48 2017 El Salvador Set sector by sector ; for example , US $ 242.40 a month for retail employees ; US $237.00 for industrial laborers ; US $202.80 for apparel assembly workers ; US $113.70 for agriculture workers . The wage for seasonal agricultural workers of cotton and sugar cane is used here . 7003113800000000000 ♠ 1,138 7003219400000000000 ♠ 2,194 44 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 6999960000000000000 ♠ 0.96 7001255000000000000 ♠ 25.5 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2014 Equatorial Guinea 129,035 CFA franc ( $224 ) .", "16": "7003261100000000000 ♠ 2,611 7003424400000000000 ♠ 4,244 48 7000105000000000000 ♠ 1.05 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 7001141000000000000 ♠ 14.1 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Eritrea None ; 360 Eritrean nakfa ( $23.3 ) per month in the public sector . 44.5 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Estonia € 500 per month , € 2.97 per hour . 7003653400000000000 ♠ 6,534 7003917000000000000 ♠ 9,170 40 7000314000000000000 ♠ 3.14 7000441000000000000 ♠ 4.41 7001326000000000000 ♠ 32.6 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Ethiopia None ; some government institutions and public enterprises set their own minimum wages : public sector employees , the largest group of wage earners , earned a monthly minimum wage of 420 Ethiopian birr ( $21 ) ; employees in the banking and insurance sector had a minimum monthly wage of 336 birr ( $18 ) . 48 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Federated States of Micronesia None ; US $ 2.65 per hour for employment with the national government ; all states have a minimum hourly wage for government workers : $2.00 in Pohnpei , $1.25 in Chuuk , $1.42 in Kosrae , and $1.60 in Yap ; $1.75 for private sector workers in Pohnpei . 40 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Fiji FJ $ 2.68 per hour .", "17": "7003318900000000000 ♠ 3,189 7003534200000000000 ♠ 5,342 48 7000128000000000000 ♠ 1.28 7000214000000000000 ♠ 2.14 7001583000000000000 ♠ 58.3 % 000000002017 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 2017 Finland None ; however , the law requires all employers , including non-unionized ones , to pay minimum wages agreed to in collective bargaining agreements ; almost all workers are covered under such arrangements . 40 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 France € 1,498.47 per month , € 9.88 per hour . 7004203180000000000 ♠ 20,318 7004203280000000000 ♠ 20,328 35 7001111600000000000 ♠ 11.16 7001111700000000000 ♠ 11.17 7001512000000000000 ♠ 51.2 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Gabon 150,000 CFA francs ( $255 ) per month ; government workers received an additional monthly allowance of 20,000 CFA francs ( $34 ) per child ; government workers also received transportation , housing , and family benefits ; the law does not mandate housing or family benefits for private sector workers . 7003303500000000000 ♠ 3,035 7003733600000000000 ♠ 7,336 40 7000146000000000000 ♠ 1.46 7000353000000000000 ♠ 3.53 7001367000000000000 ♠ 36.7 % 000000002010 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 2010 The Gambia 50 dalasi ( $1.25 ) per day .", "18": "7002317000000000000 ♠ 317 7003110900000000000 ♠ 1,109 48 6999130000000000000 ♠ 0.13 6999440000000000000 ♠ 0.44 7001674000000000000 ♠ 67.4 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Georgia 20 Georgian lari ( $8 ) per month for private sector workers which has remained unchanged since the early 1990s ; 115 lari ( $48 ) per month for public employees . 7002101000000000000 ♠ 101 7002284000000000000 ♠ 284 40 6998500000000000000 ♠ 0.05 6999140000000000000 ♠ 0.14 7000290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Germany € 8.84 per hour . A higher minimum wage is often set by collective bargaining agreements and enforceable by law . 7004210360000000000 ♠ 21,036 7004222360000000000 ♠ 22,236 40.5 7000999000000000000 ♠ 9.99 7001105600000000000 ♠ 10.56 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Ghana 9.68 Ghanaian cedis ( $1.7 ) per day .", "19": "7002675000000000000 ♠ 675 7003204200000000000 ♠ 2,042 40 6999320000000000000 ♠ 0.32 6999980000000000000 ♠ 0.98 7001486000000000000 ♠ 48.6 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Greece € 683.76 per month ( $762 ) in 12 payments , € 586 per month ( $653 ) in 14 payments , or € 4.23 per hour . 7003927100000000000 ♠ 9,271 7004117250000000000 ♠ 11,725 40 7000446000000000000 ♠ 4.46 7000564000000000000 ♠ 5.64 7001439000000000000 ♠ 43.9 % 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2013 Grenada Minimum wage schedules set pay by occupation ; for example , the minimum wage for domestic workers , for example , was EC $ 4.50 per hour , while that for a security guard was EC $8.00 per hour . 40 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Guatemala 81.87 Guatemalan quetzales per day for agricultural and nonagricultural work and 74.89 quetzales per day for work in export - sector regime factories . Minimum wage earners also are due a mandatory monthly bonus of 250 quetzales , and salaried workers receive two mandatory yearly bonuses ( the bono 14 and the Christmas bonus ) , each equivalent to one month 's salary .", "20": "7003399100000000000 ♠ 3,991 7003719700000000000 ♠ 7,197 48 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7000288000000000000 ♠ 2.88 7001934000000000000 ♠ 93.4 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Guernsey £ 7.20 per hour ( $8.79 ) for those aged 18 + £ 6.50 per hour ( $8.49 ) for those aged 17 -- 18 . 1 January 2017 Guinea The labor code allows the government to set a minimum hourly wage ; however , the government has not exercised this provision except for setting the minimum wage for domestic workers at 440,000 GNF ( $62 ) per month . 48 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Guinea - Bissau 19,030 CFA francs ( $30 ) per month plus a bag of rice 7002385000000000000 ♠ 385 7002939000000000000 ♠ 939 45 6999160000000000000 ♠ 0.16 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 7001645999999900000 ♠ 64.6 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Guyana G $ 35,000 per month , G $1,616 per day and G $202 per hour .", "21": "7003203500000000000 ♠ 2,035 7003356000000000000 ♠ 3,560 40 6999980000000000000 ♠ 0.98 7000171000000000000 ♠ 1.71 7001474000000000000 ♠ 47.4 % 000000002013 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2013 Haiti 125 Haitian gourdes per day for servants for an eight - hour workday ; 225 Haitian gourdes per day for segment A industries ; 240 Haitian gourdes per day for segment B industries ; 260 Haitian gourdes per day for segment C industries ; 225 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that re-export ; and 300 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that exports . 7002616000000000000 ♠ 616 7003154800000000000 ♠ 1,548 48 6999250000000000000 ♠ 0.25 6999620000000000000 ♠ 0.62 7001878000000000000 ♠ 87.8 % 000000002014 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2014 Honduras Minimum wages ranged from a low of 5,681.73 Honduran lempiras per month , 22.44 lempiras per hour to 8,803.70 lempiras per month , 36.68 lempiras per hour . 7003230400000000000 ♠ 2,304 7003443100000000000 ♠ 4,431 44 7000101000000000000 ♠ 1.01 7000194000000000000 ♠ 1.94 7001872000000000000 ♠ 87.2 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Hong Kong HK $34.50 ( US $4.5 ) per hour is the minimum wage in Hong Kong .", "22": "7003924500000000000 ♠ 9,245 7004112480000000000 ♠ 11,248 40 7000444000000000000 ♠ 4.44 7000541000000000000 ♠ 5.41 7001198000000000000 ♠ 19.8 % 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2017 Hungary 137,860 HUF ( € 440 ; $530 ) per month for unskilled labor , 180,600 HUF ( € 576 ; $695 ) per month for skilled labor . 7003544100000000000 ♠ 5,441 7004102880000000000 ♠ 10,288 40 7000262000000000000 ♠ 2.62 7000495000000000000 ♠ 4.95 7001402000000000000 ♠ 40.2 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Iceland None ; minimum wages are negotiated in various collectively bargained agreements and applied automatically to all employees in those occupations , regardless of union membership ; while the agreements can be either industry - or sector - wide , and in some cases firm - specific , the minimum wage levels are occupation - specific . 40 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 India Varied from 160 rupees ( $2.40 ) per day in Bihar to 750 rupees ( $11.31 ) per day in Kerala . State governments set a separate minimum wage for agricultural workers . The minimum wages are set according to Minimum Wages Act , 1948 .", "23": "7002743000000000000 ♠ 743 7003259000000000000 ♠ 2,590 48 6999300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 7000104000000000000 ♠ 1.04 7001425000000000000 ♠ 42.5 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Indonesia Established by provincial and district authorities , which vary by province , district , and sector ; the lowest minimum wage is in the province of Yogyakarta at rupiah 1,337,745 ( $100 ) per month and the highest is in Jakarta at rupiah 3,355,750 ( $252 ) per month . 7002992000000000000 ♠ 992 7003270700000000000 ♠ 2,707 40 6999480000000000000 ♠ 0.48 7000130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 7001245000000000000 ♠ 24.5 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Iran 929,931 Iranian tomans ( $250 ) ( equal to 9,299,310 rials ) per month effective on the 2017 Persian New year ; set annually for each industrial sector and region . The standard workweek is 44 hours , and any work over 48 entitles the worker to overtime . 7003361000000000000 ♠ 3,610 7003994400000000000 ♠ 9,944 44 7000158000000000000 ♠ 1.58 7000435000000099999 ♠ 4.35 7001576000000000000 ♠ 57.6 % 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2017 Iraq 250,000 Iraqi dinars ( $214 ) per month .", "24": "7003257000000000000 ♠ 2,570 7003504900000000000 ♠ 5,049 40 7000124000000000000 ♠ 1.24 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 7001339000000000000 ♠ 33.9 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Ireland € 9.55 per hour , with sub-minimal rates for those under 18 ( 70 % of minimum ) , and for those over 18 in first year of employment ( 80 % ) , in second year of employment ( 90 % ) , and in certain types of training ( 75 % to 90 % ) . 7004218840000000000 ♠ 21,884 7004188390000000000 ♠ 18,839 39 7001107900000099999 ♠ 10.79 7000928990000099999 ♠ 9.29 7001345000000000000 ♠ 34.5 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Isle of Man £ 7.50 per hour ( $9.15 ) for those aged 21 + £ 6.85 per hour ( $8.36 ) for those aged 18 -- 20 . 1 April 2017 Israel ₪ 5,300 Israeli new shekel per month ; or ₪ 29.12 Israeli new shekel per hour . 7004165600000000000 ♠ 16,560 7004144240000000000 ♠ 14,424 42 7000758000000000000 ♠ 7.58 7000660000000000000 ♠ 6.6 7001407000000000000 ♠ 40.7 % 000000002018 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2018 Italy None ; instead set through collective bargaining agreements on a sector - by - sector basis .", "25": "40 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Jamaica J $ 6,200 ( $49 USD ) per week . 7003275800000000000 ♠ 2,758 7003408600000000000 ♠ 4,086 40 7000133000000000000 ♠ 1.33 7000196000000000000 ♠ 1.96 7001451000000000000 ♠ 45.1 % 000000002016 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2016 Japan Ranges from 737 -- 958 Japanese yen ( $6.6 -- 8.6 ) per hour ; set on a prefectural and industry basis . 7004140910000000000 ♠ 14,091 7004135100000000000 ♠ 13,510 40 7000677000000000000 ♠ 6.77 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6.5 7001362000000000000 ♠ 36.2 % 000000002017 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 2017 Jordan 220 Jordanian dinars ( $310 ) per month . 7003371800000000000 ♠ 3,718 7003779500000000000 ♠ 7,795 48 7000149000000000000 ♠ 1.49 7000312000000000000 ♠ 3.12 7001716009999900000 ♠ 71.6 % 000000002017 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2017 Kazakhstan 24,459 Kazakhstani tenge ( $67 ) per month .", "26": "7002858000000000000 ♠ 858 7003292100000000000 ♠ 2,921 40 6999410009999900000 ♠ 0.41 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 7001113000000000000 ♠ 11.3 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Kenya Set by the government by location , age and skill level ; the lowest urban minimum wage was 10,107.10 Kenyan shillings ( $98 ) per month , and the lowest agricultural minimum wage for unskilled employees was 5,436.90 KES ( $52 ) per month , excluding housing allowance . 7002665000000000000 ♠ 665 7003147300000000000 ♠ 1,473 52 6999250000000000000 ♠ 0.25 6999540000000000000 ♠ 0.54 7001478000000000000 ♠ 47.8 % 000000002015 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2015 Kiribati None ; informal minimum wage estimated by government authorities to be between A $ 1.60 ( $1.66 ) to A $1.70 ( $1.77 ) per hour 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 North Korea Averaging 5,000 -- 10,000 North Korean won ( $5.5 -- $11.1 ) per day . 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 South Korea 7,530 won ( $7 ) per hour , although the effective comparable minimum wage is higher at 9,200 won ( $8.5 ) per hour due to a mandatory weekly paid holiday for people that work more than 15 hours per week , a law that is absent in other developed countries . The law applies equally to foreign , temporary or contract workers and is increased every year , the latest of which was a 16.4 % hike in force since 1 January 2018 .", "27": "7004134990000000000 ♠ 13,499 7004152920000000000 ♠ 15,292 40 7000649000000000000 ♠ 6.49 7000735000000000000 ♠ 7.35 7001443000000000000 ♠ 44.3 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Kosovo € 170 ( $224 ) per month for workers between 35 and 65 years of age ; € 130 for workers under 35 years of age . 7003230500000000000 ♠ 2,305 7003592800000000000 ♠ 5,928 40 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 % 000000002011 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2011 Kuwait 60 Kuwaiti dinars ( $216 ) per month . 7003238300000000000 ♠ 2,383 7003373300000000000 ♠ 3,733 48 6999950000000000000 ♠ 0.95 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 7000520000000000000 ♠ 5.2 % 000000002010 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2010 Kyrgyzstan 1140 Kyrgyzstani som ( $14 ) per month , nominally ; used for administrative purpose .", "28": "7002196000000000000 ♠ 196 7002656000000000000 ♠ 656 40 6998900000000000000 ♠ 0.09 6999320000000000000 ♠ 0.32 7001191000000000000 ♠ 19.1 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Laos 800,000 Lao kip ( $100 ) per month ; additionally , employers were required to pay a 30,000 - kip ( $3.74 ) meal allowance per day . The minimum wage for civil servants and state enterprise employees was last increased to 1,400,000 kip ( $170 ) per month . 7003206200000000000 ♠ 2,062 7003519300000000000 ♠ 5,193 48 6999830000000000000 ♠ 0.83 7000208000000000000 ♠ 2.08 7001915000000000000 ♠ 91.5 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Latvia € 430 ( $513 ) per month . 7003583100000000000 ♠ 5,831 7003888700000000000 ♠ 8,887 40 7000280000000099999 ♠ 2.8 7000426999999999999 ♠ 4.27 7001366000000000000 ♠ 36.6 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Lebanon 675,000 pounds ( $450 ) per month , 30,000 pounds per day .", "29": "7003537300000000000 ♠ 5,373 7003872200000000000 ♠ 8,722 48 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 7000349000000000000 ♠ 3.49 7001626000000000000 ♠ 62.6 % 000000002012 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 2012 Lesotho 1,178 maloti ( $102 ) per month to 1,285 maloti ( $112 ) per month ; varied by sector . 7002961000000000000 ♠ 961 7003318500000000000 ♠ 3,185 45 6999410009999900000 ♠ 0.41 7000136000000000000 ♠ 1.36 7002106700000000000 ♠ 106.7 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Liberia 15 Liberian dollars ( $0.31 ) per hour not exceeding 8 hours per day , excluding benefits , for unskilled laborers ; 5,600 LD ( $114 ) per month for civil servants . 7002435000000000000 ♠ 435 7002823000000000000 ♠ 823 48 6999170000000000000 ♠ 0.17 6999330000000000000 ♠ 0.33 7001984000000000000 ♠ 98.4 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Libya 450 Libyan dinars ( $325 ) per month ; the government heavily subsidizes rent and utilities .", "30": "7003391900000000000 ♠ 3,919 7003945700000000000 ♠ 9,457 40 7000188000000000000 ♠ 1.88 7000455000000000000 ♠ 4.55 7001668000000000000 ♠ 66.8 % 000000002011 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2011 Liechtenstein None 48 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Lithuania € 400 per month ( $477 ) , € 2.31 per hour ( $2.57 ) . 7003500600000000000 ♠ 5,006 7003842100000000000 ♠ 8,421 40 7000241000000000000 ♠ 2.41 7000405000000000000 ♠ 4.05 7001304000000000000 ♠ 30.4 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Luxembourg € 1,998.59 per month , € 11.5525 per hour for unskilled workers over 18 ; increased by 20 % for a skilled employee ; decreased by 20 % to 25 % in the case of an adolescent worker . 7004271520000000000 ♠ 27,152 7004240240000000000 ♠ 24,024 40 7001130500000000000 ♠ 13.05 7001115500000000000 ♠ 11.55 7001236000000000000 ♠ 23.6 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Republic of Macedonia 10,500 Macedonian denars ( $182.3 ) per month .", "31": "7003226100000000000 ♠ 2,261 7003534700000000000 ♠ 5,347 40 7000109000000000000 ♠ 1.09 7000257000000099999 ♠ 2.57 7001384000000000000 ♠ 38.4 % 000000002016 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2016 Madagascar 133,013.40 Malagasy ariary per month , 767.40 ariary per hour for non-agricultural workers ; 134,920.00 ariary per month , 674.60 ariary per hour for agricultural workers . 7002453000000000000 ♠ 453 7003167600000000000 ♠ 1,676 41 6999210000000000000 ♠ 0.21 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 7002114900000000000 ♠ 114.9 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2015 Malawi MK 687.70 per day . 7002301000000000000 ♠ 301 7003124400000000000 ♠ 1,244 48 6999120000000000000 ♠ 0.12 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 7002105200000000000 ♠ 105.2 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Malaysia RM 1000 per month , RM4. 81 per hour on the peninsula ; and RM920 per month , RM4. 42 per hour for the states of Sabah , Sarawak , and Labuan . To be fully enforced on July 1 , 2016 .", "32": "7003231700000000000 ♠ 2,317 7003584000000000000 ♠ 5,840 48 6999930000000000000 ♠ 0.93 7000234000000000000 ♠ 2.34 7001217000000000000 ♠ 21.7 % 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2016 Maldives None ; 3,100 Maldivian rufiyaa ( $242 ) per month in the government sector . 48 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Mali 28,465 CFA francs ( $57 ) , supplemented by a required package of benefits , including social security and health care . 7002576000000000000 ♠ 576 7003151300000000000 ♠ 1,513 48 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 6999610000000000000 ♠ 0.61 7001623000000000000 ♠ 62.3 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Malta € 778.34 per month , € 169.76 per week ; combined with an annual mandatory bonus of € 270.20 and a € 242.32 annual cost of living increase , automatically adjusted for inflation . 7004105540000000000 ♠ 10,554 7004138360000000000 ♠ 13,836 40 7000507000000000000 ♠ 5.07 7000665000000000000 ♠ 6.65 7001384000000000000 ♠ 38.4 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Marshall Islands US $ 2.00 per hour for government and private sector employees .", "33": "7003416000000000000 ♠ 4,160 7003398100000000000 ♠ 3,981 40 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000191000000000000 ♠ 1.91 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 % 000000001986 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 March 1986 Mauritania 30,000 Mauritanian ouguiya ( $100 ) per month for adults . 7003110900000000000 ♠ 1,109 7003381000000000000 ♠ 3,810 40 6999530000000000000 ♠ 0.53 7000183000000000000 ♠ 1.83 7001867000000000000 ♠ 86.7 % 000000002011 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2011 Mauritius 607 Mauritian rupees ( $20 ) per week for an unskilled worker in the Export Processing Zone ( EPZ ) ; 794 rupees ( $26 ) per week for an unskilled factory worker outside the EPZ ; set by the government by sector , and increased each year based on the inflation rate . 7002888000000000000 ♠ 888 7003161800000000000 ♠ 1,618 45 6999380000000000000 ♠ 0.38 6999690009999900000 ♠ 0.69 7000830000000000000 ♠ 8.3 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Mexico 80.04 Mexican pesos ( $3.94 ) per day .", "34": "7003122100000000000 ♠ 1,221 7003240100000000000 ♠ 2,401 48 6999490000000000000 ♠ 0.49 6999960000000000000 ♠ 0.96 7001139000000000000 ♠ 13.9 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Moldova 1900 Moldovan lei ( $96 ) per month in the private sector ; 1000 lei ( $50 ) per month in the public sector . 7002638000000000000 ♠ 638 7003183800000000000 ♠ 1,838 40 6999310000000000000 ♠ 0.31 6999880000000000000 ♠ 0.88 7001365000000000000 ♠ 36.5 % 000000002015 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2015 Monaco € 1,753.21 per month and € 10.37 per hour ; same as the French minimum wage , plus a 5 % adjustment . 7004234870000000000 ♠ 23,487 39 7001117200000000000 ♠ 11.72 17 % 1 January 2018 Mongolia 240,000 Mongolian tögrög ( $98 ) per month . 7003134600000000000 ♠ 1,346 7003344300000000000 ♠ 3,443 40 6999650000000000000 ♠ 0.65 7000166000000000000 ♠ 1.66 7001282000000000000 ♠ 28.2 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Montenegro € 193 per month ( $215 ) .", "35": "7003256200000000000 ♠ 2,562 7003498000000000000 ♠ 4,980 40 7000123000000000000 ♠ 1.23 7000239000000000000 ♠ 2.39 7001322000000000000 ♠ 32.2 % 000000002013 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2013 Morocco 3 000 MADs ( $310 ) per month in public sector , 2 570.86 MAD ( $265 ) per month in private sector , 69 , 73 MAD ( $7 ) per day for agricultural workers . 7003366400000000000 ♠ 3,664 7003858000000000000 ♠ 8,580 44 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7000375000000000000 ♠ 3.75 7002109700000000000 ♠ 109.7 % 000000002015 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2015 Mozambique Set for nine different economic sectors ; ranges from 3,002 Mozambican meticias a month in the public sector to 7,465 meticias a month in the financial sector . 7002571000000000000 ♠ 571 7003215000000000000 ♠ 2,150 40 6999270000000000000 ♠ 0.27 7000103000000000000 ♠ 1.03 7002181300000000000 ♠ 181.3 % 000000002014 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2014 Myanmar 3,600 Myanmar kyat per day , 450 Myanmar kyat per hour .", "36": "7002886000000000000 ♠ 886 7003314300000000000 ♠ 3,143 44 6999390000000000000 ♠ 0.39 7000137000000000000 ♠ 1.37 7001575000000000000 ♠ 57.5 % 000000002015 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2015 Namibia None ; the mining , construction , security and agricultural sectors set basic levels of pay through collective bargaining . 45 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Nauru None ; there is a graduated salary system for public service officers and employees , none for private - sector workers . 40 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Nepal 8,000 Nepalese rupees ( $74 ) per month . 7002893000000000000 ♠ 893 7003281500000000000 ♠ 2,815 48 6999360000000000000 ♠ 0.36 7000112990000099999 ♠ 1.13 7002114500000000000 ♠ 114.5 % 000000002013 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 2013 Netherlands € 1,578.00 per month , € 364.15 per week , € 72.83 per day , and € 9.11 per hour for persons 22 and older ( in a 40 - hours work week , a work week with less hours has a higher minimum wage per hour ) ; between 30 -- 85 % of this amount for persons aged 15 -- 22 .", "37": "7004213970000000000 ♠ 21,397 7004206860000000000 ♠ 20,686 40 7001102909999999999 ♠ 10.29 7000995000000099999 ♠ 9.95 7001427000000000000 ♠ 42.7 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 New Zealand NZ $ 16.50 per hour for workers 18 years old or older , and NZ $13.20 per hour for those aged 16 or 17 or in training ; there is no statutory minimum wage for employees who are under 16 years old . 7004250490000000000 ♠ 25,049 7004223040000000000 ♠ 22,304 40 7001120400000099999 ♠ 12.04 7001107200000000000 ♠ 10.72 7001603000000000000 ♠ 60.3 % 000000002018 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2018 Nicaragua Set for nine different economic sectors ; ranges from 3,187.43 Nicaraguan córdobas per month in the agricultural sector to 7,133.44 córdobas per month in the financial sector . 7003133600000000000 ♠ 1,336 7003347400000000000 ♠ 3,474 48 6999540000000000000 ♠ 0.54 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 7001669000000000000 ♠ 66.9 % 000000002015 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2015 Niger 30,047 CFA francs ( $60 ) per month .", "38": "7002608000000000000 ♠ 608 7003161500000000000 ♠ 1,615 40 6999289990000000000 ♠ 0.29 6999780000000000000 ♠ 0.78 7002169400000000000 ♠ 169.4 % 000000002012 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2012 Nigeria 18,000 naira per month ( was $115 but following the recent devaluation of the naira has fallen to $58 , or $38 using the parallel market rate ) . 7003112200000000000 ♠ 1,122 7003199600000000000 ♠ 1,996 40 6999540000000000000 ♠ 0.54 6999960000000000000 ♠ 0.96 7001333009999900000 ♠ 33.3 % 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2011 Northern Cyprus 2020 Turkish lira ( $550 ) per month ( gross minimum wage ) . 6600 40 1 February 2017 Norway None ; wages normally fall within a national scale negotiated by labor , employers , and local governments . 37.5 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Oman 225 Omani rials ( $592 ) per month plus allowances of 100 rials ( $263 ) per month for citizens ; does not apply to foreign workers . 7004101430000000000 ♠ 10,143 7004195060000000000 ♠ 19,506 45 7000433000000000000 ♠ 4.33 7000834000000000000 ♠ 8.34 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 % 000000002013 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2013 Pakistan 15000 Pakistani rupees ( $158 ) per month .", "39": "7003171800000000000 ♠ 1,718 7003574800000000000 ♠ 5,748 48 6999690009999900000 ♠ 0.69 7000230000000099999 ♠ 2.3 7002114000000000000 ♠ 114 % 000000002016 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2016 Palau US $ 3.00 per hour ; does not include foreign workers . 7003624000000000000 ♠ 6,240 7003589800000000000 ♠ 5,898 40 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000284000000000000 ♠ 2.84 7001386000000000000 ♠ 38.6 % 000000002014 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 2014 Palestine ₪ 1,450 ( $384 ) per month ; 0 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Panama 1.53 to 4.45 balboas ( $1.53 -- $4.45 USD ) per hour , depending on region and sector . Food and the use of housing facilities were considered part of the salary for some workers , such as domestic and agricultural workers . Salaries for domestic workers ranged from 250 to 275 balboas ( $250 - 275 USD ) per month . The agricultural and construction sectors received the lowest and highest minimum wages , respectively . 7003381900000000000 ♠ 3,819 7003643500000000000 ♠ 6,435 48 7000153000000000000 ♠ 1.53 7000258000000000000 ♠ 2.58 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Papua New Guinea 3.20 Papua New Guinean kina per hour .", "40": "7003264500000000000 ♠ 2,645 7003334300000000000 ♠ 3,343 44 7000116000000099999 ♠ 1.16 7000146000000000000 ♠ 1.46 7002126100000000000 ♠ 126.1 % 000000002014 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 August 2014 Paraguay 1,964,507 Paraguayan guaraníes ( $348 ) per month ; The law discriminates against domestic workers , who are legally entitled to only 40 percent of the minimum wage . The law mandates that housing and food be counted towards domestic worker 's salary . 7003386000000000000 ♠ 3,860 7003866100000000000 ♠ 8,661 48 7000155000000000000 ♠ 1.55 7000347000000000000 ♠ 3.47 7001943000000000000 ♠ 94.3 % 000000002014 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2014 Peru 850 Peruvian nuevos soles ( $294 ) per month . 7003320300000000000 ♠ 3,203 7003601400000000000 ♠ 6,014 48 7000128000000000000 ♠ 1.28 7000241000000000000 ♠ 2.41 7001485000000000000 ♠ 48.5 % 000000002012 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2012 Philippines Ranges from 243 PhP ( $4.8 ) daily non-plantation agricultural wage in Ilocos Region , to 512 PhP ( $10 ) daily non-agricultural wage in Metro Manila .", "41": "7003280300000000000 ♠ 2,803 7003662300000000000 ♠ 6,623 48 7000112000000000000 ♠ 1.12 7000265000000000000 ♠ 2.65 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 % 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2017 Poland 2,100 PLN ( $620 ) monthly . 13.7 PLN ( $4 ) per hour . 7003760900000000000 ♠ 7,609 7004155820000000000 ♠ 15,582 40 7000366000000000000 ♠ 3.66 7000749000000000000 ♠ 7.49 7001596000000000000 ♠ 59.6 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Portugal € 580 per month ( $699 ) in 14 payments ; for full - time workers , rural workers , and domestic employees ages 18 and older . 7003786400000000000 ♠ 7,864 7004102500000000000 ♠ 10,250 40 7000378000000000000 ♠ 3.78 7000493000000000000 ♠ 4.93 7001351000000000000 ♠ 35.1 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Qatar None ; the labor law provides the emir with authority to set a minimum wage , but he did not do so . 48 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Romania 1900 lei ( $502.11 ) per month ; else 11.4 lei ( $3.01 ) per hour for a full - time schedule of 168 hours per month . See Minimum wage in Romania .", "42": "7003559000000000000 ♠ 5,590 7004117850000000000 ♠ 11,785 40 7000269000000000000 ♠ 2.69 7000567000000000000 ♠ 5.67 7001551000000000000 ♠ 55.1 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Russia 9,489 ruble ( $164 ) per month . 7003111000000000000 ♠ 1,110 7003310600000000000 ♠ 3,106 40 6999530000000000000 ♠ 0.53 7000149000000000000 ♠ 1.49 7001127000000000000 ♠ 12.7 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Rwanda None ; ranges from 500 to 1,000 Rwandan francs ( $0.83 to $1.66 ) per day in the tea industry and 1500 to 5000 francs ( $2.50 to $8.30 ) per day in the construction industry . 45 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Saint Kitts and Nevis EC $ 9.00 per hour . 7003693300000000000 ♠ 6,933 7003889800000000000 ♠ 8,898 40 7000333000000000000 ♠ 3.33 7000428000000000000 ♠ 4.28 7001365000000000000 ♠ 36.5 % 000000002014 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2014 Saint Lucia Minimum wage for some sectors ; EC $ 300 ( $111 ) per month for office clerks ; EC $200 ( $74 ) for shop assistants ; EC $160 ( $59 ) for messengers .", "43": "40 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Set sector by sector ; for example , EC $ 56 ( $20.74 ) per day for agriculture workers ( shelter not provided ) ; EC $40 ( $14.81 ) per day for industrial workers ; and EC $25 per day for household domestic workers . 7003240700000000000 ♠ 2,407 7003329800000000000 ♠ 3,298 40 7000116000000099999 ♠ 1.16 7000159000000000000 ♠ 1.59 7001299000000000000 ♠ 29.9 % 000000002008 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2008 Samoa WST $ 2.00 ( $0.89 ) per hour for the private sector ; WST $2.65 ( $1.18 ) for the public sector .", "44": "7003162200000000000 ♠ 1,622 7003224000000000000 ♠ 2,240 40 6999780000000000000 ♠ 0.78 7000108000000000000 ♠ 1.08 7001378009999900000 ♠ 37.8 % 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 San Marino € 1501.49 per month ; € 9.24 per hour for the lowest paying industry 7004199310000000000 ♠ 19,931 7004253060000000000 ♠ 25,306 37.5 7001102200000000000 ♠ 10.22 7001129800000000000 ♠ 12.98 7001401000000000000 ♠ 40.1 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 São Tomé and Príncipe None ; 750,000 São Tomé and Príncipe dobras ( $40 ) per month for civil servants 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Saudi Arabia 3,000 Saudi riyals ( $800 ) per month for public sector ; does not apply to foreign workers . There are no minimum wage in private sector . 7003960000000000000 ♠ 9,600 7004190170000000000 ♠ 19,017 48 7000385000000000000 ♠ 3.85 7000762000000000000 ♠ 7.62 7001356000000000000 ♠ 35.6 % 000000002013 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 2013 Senegal 209.10 CFA francs ( $0.42 ) per hour for general workers and 182.95 CFA francs ( $0.37 ) per hour for agricultural workers .", "45": "7002642000000000000 ♠ 642 7003161000000000000 ♠ 1,610 40 6999310000000000000 ♠ 0.31 6999770000000000000 ♠ 0.77 7001662000000000000 ♠ 66.2 % 000000001996 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1996 Serbia 22,620 Serbian dinars ( $223 ) net monthly . Also , 130 Serbian dinars ( $1.1 ) per hour net , and 175 Serbian dinars ( $1.5 ) per hour gross . 7003327100000000000 ♠ 3,271 7003733800000000000 ♠ 7,338 40 7000157000000000000 ♠ 1.57 7000353000000000000 ♠ 3.53 7001544000000000000 ♠ 54.4 % 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2017 Seychelles SR 26.70 ( $1.9 ) per hour for all workers other than casual workers ; SR30. 78 ( $2.1 ) per hour for casual workers . 7003417000000000000 ♠ 4,170 7003628700000000000 ♠ 6,287 40 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000302000000000000 ♠ 3.02 7001231000000000000 ♠ 23.1 % 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2014 Sierra Leone 500,000 Sierra Leonean leones per month .", "46": "7003118100000000000 ♠ 1,181 7003248000000000000 ♠ 2,480 40 6999569999999900000 ♠ 0.57 7000119000000000000 ♠ 1.19 7002155900000000000 ♠ 155.9 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2015 Singapore None . However , two exceptions were made recently : 1 ) Cleaner jobs to have a minimum wage of $1,000 / month effective January 2014 . 2 ) Security guards to have a minimum wage of $1,100 / month effective September 2016 . 44 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Slovakia € 480 ( $577 ) per month , or € 2.75 ( $3.3 ) per hour . 7003646300000000000 ♠ 6,463 7004102410000000000 ♠ 10,241 40 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 7000492000000000000 ♠ 4.92 7001355000000000000 ♠ 35.5 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Slovenia € 842.79 ( $1,050 ) per month . 7004109150000000000 ♠ 10,915 7004144010000000000 ♠ 14,401 40 7000525000000000000 ♠ 5.25 7000692000000000000 ♠ 6.92 7001463000000000000 ♠ 46.3 % 000000002018 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2018 Solomon Islands SI $ 4.00 ( $0.55 ) per hour for all workers except those in the fishing and agricultural sectors , who received SI $3.20 per hour .", "47": "7002946000000000000 ♠ 946 7002948000000000000 ♠ 948 45 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 6999410009999900000 ♠ 0.41 7001434000000000000 ♠ 43.4 % 000000002008 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2008 Somalia None . 48 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 South Africa not mandatory , but recommended minimum wage in private sector is 2,474 rand ( $155 ) per month except domestic and farm works ' wages 1,500 rand ( $95 ) , . 45 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 South Sudan None . 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Spain € 858.55 ( $1051 ) per month in 12 payments , € 735.90 ( $901 ) per month in 14 payments . 7004116410000000000 ♠ 11,641 7004136190000000000 ♠ 13,619 40 7000560000000099999 ♠ 5.6 7000655000000000000 ♠ 6.55 7001394000000000000 ♠ 39.4 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Sri Lanka 10,000 rupees per month. ( US $ 70.75 per month ) 7002824000000000000 ♠ 824 7003249900000000000 ♠ 2,499 45 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 7000107000000000000 ♠ 1.07 7001213000000000000 ♠ 21.3 % 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2016 Sudan 425 Sudanese pounds ( $70 ) per month .", "48": "7002846000000000000 ♠ 846 7003126600000000000 ♠ 1,266 40 6999410009999900000 ♠ 0.41 6999610000000000000 ♠ 0.61 7001303000000000000 ♠ 30.3 % 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Suriname None ; SRD 600 ( $180 ) per month is the lowest wage for civil servants . 45 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Swaziland 531.6 Swazi emalangeni ( $76.50 ) per month for a domestic worker ; 420 emalangeni ( $60.50 ) a month for an unskilled worker ; 600 emalangeni ( $86.50 ) a month for a skilled worker . 7002694000000000000 ♠ 694 7003112800000000000 ♠ 1,128 48 6999330000000000000 ♠ 0.33 6999540000000000000 ♠ 0.54 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 % 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Sweden None ; in Sweden the law provides for the right of workers to form and join independent unions to bargain wages collectively , and it prohibits antiunion discrimination . 40 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Switzerland 20 Swiss francs ( $20.18 ) per hour in Canton Jura and Neuchâtel , the rest of the country has no minimum wage . There are a minority of the voluntary General Labour Contracts ( GLC , collective labour agreements ) , reached on a sector - by - sector basis , contain minimum compensation clauses , which provide for compensation ranging from CHF 2,200 to 4,200 ( $2,363 to $4,511 ) per month for unskilled workers and CHF 2,800 to 5,300 ( $3,010 to $5,693 ) per month for skilled employees .", "49": "On 18 May 2014 , Swiss voters rejected a federal initiative ( by 76.3 % ) that would have enforced GLCs for every sector and set the hourly minimum wage at CHF 22 ( $24.65 ) or ( PPP - adjusted : $12.55 ) . 41.7 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Syria 9,765 to 14,760 Syrian pounds ( $176 -- $266 ) per month , plus benefits , including compensation for meals , uniforms , and transportation . 7003211200000000000 ♠ 2,112 7003285000000000000 ♠ 2,850 40 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 7000137000000000000 ♠ 1.37 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 % 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Taiwan The minimum wage in Taiwan is NT $ 22,000 ( $741.84 USD ) per month ; NT $140 ( $4.7 USD ) per hour . 7003836600000000000 ♠ 8,366 7004181990000000000 ♠ 18,199 40 7000401999999999999 ♠ 4.02 7000875000000000000 ♠ 8.75 7001389000000000000 ♠ 38.9 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Tajikistan 250 Tajikistani somoni ( $31 ) per month , plus certain government subsidies for workers and their families .", "50": "7002487000000000000 ♠ 487 7003144400000000000 ♠ 1,444 40 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 6999690009999900000 ♠ 0.69 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 % 000000002013 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2013 Tanzania Varies by sector from 40,000 Tanzanian shillings per month to 400,000 shillings per month . 7002220000000000000 ♠ 220 7002616000000000000 ♠ 616 45 6998900000000000000 ♠ 0.09 6999260000000000000 ♠ 0.26 7001231000000000000 ♠ 23.1 % 000000002013 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2013 Thailand Ranges from 300 Thai baht ( $8 ) per day and up , depending on the cost of living in various provinces ; set by provincial tripartite wage committees that sometimes include only employer representatives . 7003265200000000000 ♠ 2,652 7003722300000000000 ♠ 7,223 48 7000106000000000000 ♠ 1.06 7000289000000000000 ♠ 2.89 7001443000000000000 ♠ 44.3 % 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2013 Timor - Leste US $ 115 per month . 7003138000000000000 ♠ 1,380 7003206200000000000 ♠ 2,062 44 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7001913000000000000 ♠ 91.3 % 000000002012 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 June 2012 Togo 35,000 ( $70 ) CFA francs per month .", "51": "7002708000000000000 ♠ 708 7003178900000000000 ♠ 1,789 40 6999340000000000000 ♠ 0.34 6999860000000000000 ♠ 0.86 7002122600000000000 ♠ 122.6 % 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2012 Tonga None 40 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Trinidad and Tobago TT $ 15.00 ( $2.36 ) per hour . 7003468200000000000 ♠ 4,682 7003559800000000000 ♠ 5,598 40 7000225000000000000 ♠ 2.25 7000269000000000000 ♠ 2.69 7001172000000000000 ♠ 17.2 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2015 Tunisia For the industrial sector : 340 Tunisian dinars ( $140 ) per month for a 48 - hour workweek and 290 dinars ( $120 ) per month for a 40 ‐ hour workweek ; 9 dinars ( $3.70 ) to 14 dinars ( $5.7 ) per day for agricultural workers ; supplemented with transportation and family allowances . 7003116200000000000 ♠ 1,162 7003308500000000000 ♠ 3,085 48 6999470000000000000 ♠ 0.47 7000124000000000000 ♠ 1.24 7001271000000000000 ♠ 27.1 % 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Turkey 2029.50 Turkish lira per month ( gross minimum wage ) . Net minimum wage after taxes is 1603.12 Turkish lira per month . Employer pays 2384.66 Turkish Lira per month including taxes and health insurance .", "52": "7003806400000000000 ♠ 8,064 7004157470000000000 ♠ 15,747 45 7000345000000000000 ♠ 3.45 7000673000000000000 ♠ 6.73 7001803000000000000 ♠ 80.3 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Turkmenistan 535 Turkmenistani manat ( $156 ) per month . 7003183400000000000 ♠ 1,834 7003455600000000000 ♠ 4,556 40 6999880000000000000 ♠ 0.88 7000219000000000000 ♠ 2.19 7001276000000000000 ♠ 27.6 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2015 Tuvalu None ; the minimum annual salary in the public sector was approximately A $ 3,000 to A $4,000 ( $3,120 to $4,160 ) . 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Uganda 6,000 Ugandan shillings ( $1.7 ) per month . 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 40 6998100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 6998300000000000000 ♠ 0.03 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 % 000000001984 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1984 Ukraine ₴ 3723 ( UAH ) ( $142.67 ) / month , 22.41 hryvnias ( $0.86 ) / hour .", "53": "7003174800000000000 ♠ 1,748 7003849700000000000 ♠ 8,497 40 6999840000000000000 ♠ 0.84 7000409000000000000 ♠ 4.09 7002107300000000000 ♠ 107.3 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 United Arab Emirates None . 48 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 United Kingdom £ 7.83 per hour ( $11.03 ) for those aged 25 + £ 7.38 per hour ( $10.39 ) for those aged 21 -- 24 , £ 5.90 per hour ( $8.31 ) for those aged 18 -- 20 , £ 4.20 per hour ( $5.92 ) for under 18 , £ 3.70 per hour ( $5.21 ) for apprentices aged 16 to 18 and those aged 19 or over who are in their first year . 7004229730000000000 ♠ 22,973 7004212720000000000 ♠ 21,272 40 7001110400000099999 ♠ 11.04 7001102300000000000 ♠ 10.23 7001515000000000000 ♠ 51.5 % 000000002018 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2018 United States The federal nationwide minimum wage in the United States is US $ 7.25 per hour . States may also set a minimum , in which case the higher of the two is controlling ; some territories are exempt and have lower rates . The lowest minimum wage in the country is in Wyoming and Georgia state at $5.15 per hour . Since January 1 , 2017 , Seattle , Washington , has the highest minimum wage in the United States at $15 an hour .", "54": "7004150800000000000 ♠ 15,080 7004150800000000000 ♠ 15,080 40 7000725000000000000 ♠ 7.25 7000725000000000000 ♠ 7.25 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 % 000000002009 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 July 2009 Uruguay 10,000 Uruguayan pesos ( $349 ) per month . 500 pesos ( $17 ) per day . 50 pesos ( $1.7 ) per hour . 7003413800000000000 ♠ 4,138 7003576600000000000 ♠ 5,766 48 7000166000000000000 ♠ 1.66 7000231000000000000 ♠ 2.31 7001272000000000000 ♠ 27.2 % 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2015 Uzbekistan 107,635 Uzbekistani som ( $35 ) per month . 7002503000000000000 ♠ 503 7003141700000000000 ♠ 1,417 40 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 7001236000000000000 ♠ 23.6 % 000000002014 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2014 Vanuatu 30,000 Vanuatu vatu ( $323 ) per month , 170 vatu per hour .", "55": "7003324400000000000 ♠ 3,244 7003302900000000000 ♠ 3,029 40 7000156000000000000 ♠ 1.56 7000146000000000000 ♠ 1.46 7002118800000000000 ♠ 118.8 % 000000002012 - 08 - 20 - 0000 20 August 2012 Venezuela 392,646.46 Venezuelan bolívares ( BsF ) per month , with a food bonus of 915,000 BsF. 392,647 and 915,000 BsF BsF are $1.77 and $4.06 at the open market exchange rate , which the government considers illegal , or $10.70 and $24.95 at the individually inaccessible for the citizens government exchange rate of 36,677.00 ( exchange rate known as SIMADI or DICOM ) . 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 40 6998100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 6998100000000000000 ♠ 0.01 6999100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 % 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2017 Vietnam Varies by region ; Region I : VND 3,980,000 per month ; Region II : VND 3,530,000 per month ; Region III : VND 3,090,000 per month and Region IV : VND 2,760,000 per month . 7003152600000000000 ♠ 1,526 7003374800000000000 ♠ 3,748 40 6999730000000000000 ♠ 0.73 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 7001622000000000000 ♠ 62.2 % 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2018 Yemen None ; the minimum civil service wage was 21,000 rials ( $100 ) per month .", "56": "48 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Zambia Varies by sector ; 522,400 Zambian kwacha per month for domestic workers , K1 , 132,400 per month for shopkeepers , and between K1 , 132,400 and K2 , 101,039 for general workers ' in categories one to five -- which includes receptionists and clerks , among others ( wages are inclusive transportation , lunch , and housing allowances ) . Note that the references seem to refer to the old kwacha , which was replaced by the new kwacha in 2012 at the rate 1 new kwacha = 1000 old kwacha . 7002608000000000000 ♠ 608 7003194800000000000 ♠ 1,948 48 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 6999780000000000000 ♠ 0.78 7001506000000000000 ♠ 50.6 % 000000002012 - 07 - 04 - 0000 4 July 2012 Zimbabwe None , except for agricultural and domestic workers ; government regulations for each of the 22 industrial sectors specify minimum wages . The minimum wage for all mine workers is currently pegged at $227 per month . 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 See also ( edit ) List of countries by average wage List of countries by median wage List of minimum wage laws List of sovereign states in Europe by minimum wage List of sovereign states in Europe by net average wage List of U.S. minimum wages List of minimum wages in Canada List of minimum wages in China ( PRC ) The Minimum Wages Act , 1948 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage in India 2013 '' . PayCheck.in . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ The workweek is the country 's legal workweek in hours , above which is considered overtime and is often paid premium pay . See notes for variations on this definition . The main source for workweek data is : the Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 by the US Department of State .", "57": "Jump up ^ The percentage was calculated by dividing the m minimum wage ( PPP ) by the GDP per capita ( PPP ) from 2015 -- obtained from the World Bank 's GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) , World Development Indicators database . Jump up ^ Annual wages were calculated by multiplying monthly wages by 12 , weekly wages by 52 , daily wages by 5x52 and hourly wages by Wx52 , where W is the legal maximum ( or the practical , if lower ) workweek length in hours . A US $ conversion rate from 2016 -- obtained from the World Bank 's Official exchange rate ( LCU per US $ , period average ) , World Development Indicators database -- was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to US dollars . The template To USD was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to US dollars . Jump up ^ Annual wages were calculated by multiplying monthly wages by 12 , weekly wages by 52 , daily wages by 5x52 and hourly wages by Wx52 , where W is the legal maximum ( or the practical , if lower ) workweek length in hours . A purchasing power parity ( PPP ) conversion rate from 2015 -- obtained from the World Bank 's PPP conversion factor , private consumption ( LCU per international $ ) , World Development Indicators database -- was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to international dollars . The template International dollars was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to international dollars . Jump up ^ Hourly wages were calculated by dividing the annual minimum wage ( USD ) rate by 52 weeks and then by the length of the standard hour workweek . Jump up ^ Hourly wages were calculated by dividing the annual minimum wage ( PPP ) by 52 weeks and then by the length of the standard workweek . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017 '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 .", "58": "Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Albania , INSTAT : Labour Force , 3rd Quarter 2013 at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 11 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Labour Costs And Regulations ( PDF ) , Albanian Investment Development Agency , retrieved 2 January 2013 Jump up ^ Increase of minimum wage / Rritja e pagës minimale Jump up ^ `` Algeria boosts minimum wage '' . 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marché du travail '' ( in French ) . Mfe.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Salari mínim i festius nacionals i parroquials -- Treball i Ocupació -- Govern d'Andorra . In Catalan . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Doing Business : Angola '' . Lexmundi.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wages Around The World '' . WageIndicator Foundation . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Minimum Wage Order , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office , Antigua and Barbuda. 2 Jan 2008 . Jump up ^ Minimum wage increase takes effect in November -- Antigua Observer Jump up ^ `` Boletín de Estadísticas Laborales '' . Ministerio de Trabajo . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Government raises minimum wage in Armenia '' . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Armenia to raise minimum wage -- arminfo.info Avanesov Alexandr . December 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Fair Work Ombudsman , Minimum Wages , Australian Government , retrieved 24 January 2016 Jump up ^ Fair Work Ombudsman . `` National minimum wage -- Pay '' . Australian Government . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Miscellaneous Award 2010 , Australian Government , retrieved 24 January 2016 Jump up ^ `` FedEE Review of minimum wage rates '' . The Federation of International Employers . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 .", "59": "Jump up ^ `` Minimum monthly wage in Azerbaijan determined AZN 130 in 2018 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum monthly wage increased by 10.5 % in Azerbaijan '' . Report News Agency . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bahamas : Minimum Wages Act '' . Ilocarib.org.tt. 2002 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bahamas Government Increases National Minimum Wage by 40 Percent Lindsay Thompson , BIS , Jul 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Minimumj Wages in bangladesh -- Issues and Challenges '' ( PDF ) . Culaw.ac.bd . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Garment workers ' minimum wage fixed at Tk 3,000 '' . Textiletoday.com.bd. 2010 - 11 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` RMG minimum wage gazette published '' . Dhaka Tribune . 2013 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Base hike '' . nationnews.com Barbados. 2012 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Salaire -- Service public fédéral Emploi , Travail et Concertation sociale '' . Emploi.belgique.be. 2013 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ belize.gov.bz Jump up ^ `` The BCCI Trade and Investment Zone '' . Belize.org. 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` ILO Global Wage Database 2012 '' . International Labour Organisation . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fixation of National Minimum Wage ( NMW ) Rate Ministry of Agriculture and Forests '' . Moaf.gov.bt .", "60": "Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` National minimum wage revised to Nu 125 a day '' . KuenselOnline . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ https://www.ine.gob.bo/subtemas_cuadros/salarioMinimo_html/SalarioMinimo_41201.htm Jump up ^ `` DS 1549 -- Incremento Salarial 2013 '' ( DS 1549 -- 2013 Wage Increase ) ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Instructivo No. 218 / 12 -- Pago del Aguinaldo de Navidad Gestión 2012 '' ( Instruction No. 218 / 12 -- Christmas Bonus Payment Arrangement 2012 ) ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ El salario mínimo subirá a Bs 1.805 y el haber básico aumentará en 6 % publisher = La Razón . In Spanish . Jump up ^ Potpisan Opći kolektivni ugovor u FBiH , minimalna plata 406 maraka . In Bosnian . February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil Raises 2017 Monthly Minimum Wage to R $937 '' . The Rio Times . 2016 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Salary in Brazil '' . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Novo salário mínimo pode ser maior em alguns estados brasileiros '' ( New minimum wage may be higher in some Brazilian states ) ( in Portuguese ) . globo.com. 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Salário Mínimo 2016 -- Novo valor do salário em 2016 '' ( Minimum wage 2016 -- New salary amount in 2016 ) ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 .", "61": "^ Jump up to : `` Minimum wages '' . EuroStat . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Минимална работна заплата за страната по години в лева '' . 2012 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Минимална работна заплата в Република България 1991 - 2013 Експерт '' ( in Bulgarian ) . Accountantbg.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ site. meta - author . `` MINIMUM WAGE IN BULGARIA INCREASES '' . BNT News . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Commission Mixte Paritaire de Négociations Salariales du Secteur Prive '' ( PDF ) . Patronat.bf . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Votresalaire.org/cameroun -- Cameroun , Salaire Minimum , SMIG , Salaire Minimum Interprofessionnel Garanti '' . Votresalaire.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Current And Forthcoming Minimum Hourly Wage Rates For Experienced Adult Workers in Canada '' . Srv116.services.gc.ca . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Standard workweek hours vary by province ; ranges from 40 hours to 48 hours per week . Canadian Payroll Legislation Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde government raises minimum wage to 13,000 escudos '' . 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Governo vai aumentar salário mínimo nacional de 11 para 13 mil escudos '' ( in Portuguese ) . A Semana. 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 25 .", "62": "Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Salaire minimum en Afrique , dans quels pays paie - t - on le mieux ? -- Mays Moussi . In French . Jump up ^ `` '' Tchad : Salaire Minimum Interprofessionnel Garanti ( SMIG ) et du Salaire Minimum Agricole Garanti ( SMAG ) FROM CHAD `` . Fromchad.blogvie.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tchad : la crise sociale s'enlise '' . Afriquinfos . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Cuál es el valor del ingreso mínimo mensual ? -- Centro de Consultas . Dirección del Trabajo . Gobierno de Chile '' . Dt.gob.cl. 2013 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` A Complete Guide to China 's Minimum Wage Levels by Province , City , and District China Briefing News '' . yjbys.com. 2015 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 最新全国最低工资标准 - 法律快车劳动法 '' ( in Chinese ) . Lawtime.cn. 2015 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` 中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部 '' . Mohrss.gov.cn. 2015 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Matthew J. Zito ; Rainy Yao ; Camille Chen ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` A Complete Guide to Minimum Wage Levels Across China 2015 '' . China Briefing . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Shira , Dezan ( 26 May 2016 ) .", "63": "`` A Complete Guide to 2016 Minimum Wage Levels Across China '' . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Salario mínimo en Colombia para el 2018 : $781.242 '' . La República . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Journal Officiel de la Republique Democratique du Congo '' ( PDF ) . Ilo.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ The law defines different standard workweeks , ranging from 45 to 72 hours , for various jobs and prescribes rest periods and premium pay for overtime . Jump up ^ `` Fijación de Salarios Mínimos '' ( Fixation of minimum wages ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tusalario.org / Costa Rica -- Minimum Wage , Minimum Wage in Costa Rica , Costa Rica Minimum Wage '' . Wageindicator.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage - Fixing Machinery Convention , 1928 ( No. 26 ) -- Côte d'Ivoire ( Ratification : 1960 ) '' ( in French ) . International Labour Organization . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ahad , Abdul ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Ivory Coast raises minimum wage by 60 percent '' . Brecorder.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Castro increases minimum wage '' . Thefreelibrary.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Informace o minimální mzdě od 1 . ledna 2018 Jump up ^ `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009 '' . State.gov. 2010 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2011 '' . State.gov. 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 .", "64": "Jump up ^ `` Dominicans get higher minimum wage '' . Caribbean360. 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NATLEX '' . Ilo.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` > Resoluciones Salariales '' . OMLAD . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Frente Amplio propone llevar salario mínimo a 20,000 para empleados públicos -- Periódico Digital Dominicano '' . 7dias.com.do . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Salario Básico Unificado será de 366 dólares en el 2016 '' . El Universo. 2014 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Decreto No. 106 '' ( Decree No. 106 ) ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ National minimum wage rates -- Estonian Tax and Customs Jump up ^ Fijian Government Increases National Minimum Wage The Fijian Government Jump up ^ `` National Minimum Wage : Increase Of New Rates Fulfilled By Government : Usamate Fiji Sun '' . fijisun.com.fj . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Salaire minimum de croissance ( Smic ) '' . Vosdroits.service-public.fr. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Google Translate '' . Translate.googleusercontent.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Federal regulations set the working time of an employee to eight hours per day and limit the average workweek to a maximum of 48 hours per week . Collective bargaining agreements , however , may stipulate lower maximums , and in 2012 they stipulated on average 37.7 hours per week . These collective contracts directly or indirectly affecting 80 percent of the working population regulated the number of hours of work per week .", "65": "According to the European Labor Force Survey , in 2011 the average full - time employee 's workweek was 39.9 hours for women and 41.1 hours for men . The value given is the average of the average women and men workweek . Jump up ^ `` Government Announces Increment in Minimum Wage / Salaries for Public Workers '' . Government of Ghana . ^ Jump up to : `` WSI -- Mindestlohndatenbank : Inhaltsverzeichnis '' ( PDF ) . Boeckler.de . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage '' . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Order covers loopholes : Kaieteur News '' . Kaieteurnewsonline.com. 2013 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- Economy : Everything you need to know about the new Minimum Wage '' . Haitilibre.com. 2014 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` NATLEX '' . Ilo.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Stealing from the Poor '' ( PDF ) . Workersrights.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Aumento al mĂnimo es entre L 111 y L 386 -- Apertura '' ( in Spanish ) . LaPrensa.hn . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Labour Department -- Employee Rights and Benefits '' . Labour.gov.hk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Government -- Prime Minister 's Office -- News '' . Kormany.hu. 2012 - 12 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` European Labour Law Network '' .", "66": "Labourlawnetwork.eu. 2013 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement signed for wage hike in 2016 '' . Politics.hu. 2013 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wage Indicator Foundation . `` Minimum Wages India 2012 -- Current Minimum Wage Rate India '' . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Indonesia & Bali minimum wage 2017 -- UMK Bali & UMP Indonesia Jump up ^ Ramezani , Alireza ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` بخشنامه دستمزد ۹۶ ابلاغ شد '' . Al Monitor . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ International Business Publications , USA ( 2008 - 03 - 03 ) . Iran Company Laws and Regulations Handbook . ISBN 9781433069994 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum rates of pay '' . Citizensinformation.ie . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ An hourly rate only is set . Eurostat calculates the monthly rate for Ireland as ( hourly rate x 39 hours x 52 weeks ) / 12 months `` Minimum wages ( earn_minw ) '' . eurostat . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Current Minimum Wage Rates '' . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` National Insurance Institute , General Information -- Minimum Wage '' . Btl.gov.il . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ MLSS Public Relations Unit ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Minimum Wage Rates Effective March 1 '' . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pay and Conditions of Employment Branch ( P.C.E.B ) '' . Ministry of Labour and Social Security . Retrieved 2 March 2016 .", "67": "Jump up ^ 地域別最低賃金の全国一覧 ( National List of Regional Minimum Wages ) ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ 特定最低賃金の全国一覧 ( National List of Minimum Wages by industry ) ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Price , fee hikes go into effect as of Sunday '' . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Сведения о минимальной заработной плате , МРП и прожиточном минимуме ( на 1995 -- 2014 годы ) -- ПАРАГРАФ - WWW '' . Online.zakon.kz . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Government of Kenya -- Ministry of Labour -- Minimum Wage Jump up ^ `` Uhuru hands workers 14pc raise in minimum wage '' . businessdailyafrica.com. 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2007 '' . State.gov. 2009 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Council -- Republic of Korea '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/02/02/2018020202038.html Jump up ^ http://www.ziksir.com/ziksir/view/5749 Jump up ^ `` Republika e Kosoves '' ( PDF ) . Kryeministri-ks.net . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Kuwait sets minimum wage for first time Reuters '' . In.reuters.com. 2010 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Об установлении минимальной заработной платы '' . Fpk.kg .", "68": "Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ На 90 сомов можно купить две буханки хлеба , считает М . Абдылдаев , а О . Лаврова полагает , что три буханки -- geziter.org . In Russian . Jump up ^ `` Private sector to pay higher minimum wage from January , Lao Voices '' . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vientiane Times '' . Vientiane Times . 2012 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Labklājības ministrija '' . Lm.gov.lv. 2012 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Vivre à l'étranger -- France - Diplomatie - Ministère des Affaires étrangères '' . Mfe.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Golovnina , Maria ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Libyans grapple with soaring food prices , queues '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ? ? '' ( PDF ) . Ssf.ly . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Programs Throughout the World : Africa , 2013 -- Libya '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Socialinė statistika -- Lietuvos Respublikos Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerija '' . Socmin.lt. 2015 - 07 - 01 .", "69": "Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ministère de la Sécurité Sociale du Grand - Duché de Luxembourg -- Paramètres sociaux '' . Mss.public.lu . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Social minimum wage and indexation of salaries -- Entreprises / / Luxembourg '' . Guichet.public.lu . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` МТСП '' . Mtsp.gov.mk . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Macedonian govt increases minimum wage in textile sector Jump up ^ The standard workweek was 40 hours in nonagricultural and service industries and 42.5 hours in the agricultural sector . Jump up ^ `` Malawi increase minimum wage rate over 100 percent Malawi Nyasa Times -- Malawi breaking news in Malawi '' . Nyasatimes.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Perlaksanaan Gaji Minimum '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ The legal workweek is 40 hours , except for work in the agricultural sector . The legal workweek for agricultural employees ranges from 42 to 48 hours , depending on the season . Jump up ^ `` National Minimum Wage National Standing Order '' . Justiceservices.gov.mt . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bonus and Weekly Allowances -- Department for Industrial and Employment Relations -- Malta Jump up ^ `` NATLEX '' . Ilo.org. 2011 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ No legal standard workweek ; 40 hours per week has been used for comparison purposes .", "70": "Jump up ^ `` Lowest paid Mauritanian worker to earn US $ 108 from September '' . Africanmanager.com. 2014 - 02 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Oudaa , Marouf ( 2011 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Mauritania Increases Minimum Wage by 43 % After Union Negotiation , AMI Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Salarios Mínimos 2017 -- Servicio de Administración Tributaria ( SAT ) -- Secretaría de Hachienda y Crédito Público ( SHCP ) -- México . In Spanish . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Moldova : Fourth Reviews Under the Extended Arrangement '' ( PDF ) . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` În Moldova va crește salariul minim -- Noutăţile Moldovei : politică , economie , societate , sport , cîntece moldoveneşti , cultura moldovenească , foto , video '' . NOI.MD . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Government of Moldova Archived 2014 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wages in the Principality -- Contracts and Pay -- Employees -- Employment -- Monaco Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita ( current US $ ) Data Table '' . Data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Increased Mongolian Law Blog '' . lehmanlaw.mn . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Детаљи '' . Poreskauprava.gov.me . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Minimum wage in public sector in Morocco Archived February 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Minimum wage in private sector in Morocco Archived May 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine .", "71": "Jump up ^ SMAG : minimum agriculture wage Jump up ^ The law provides for a 44 - to 48 - hour maximum workweek . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Myanmar sets $2.80 daily minimum wage in bid to boost investment publisher = Business News -- reuters.com Jump up ^ By regulation the workweek in both the public and private sectors was 35 hours for office workers and 40 hours for manual laborers . Jump up ^ `` Government revises minimum remuneration of employee '' . GRS . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Amount of the minimum wage '' . government.nl. 2015 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Brochure '' ( PDF ) . Docs.minszw.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ The law does not establish a specific number of hours as constituting a full workweek , but most workweeks are 36 , 38 or 40 hours long . Jump up ^ `` Minimum pay '' . Current minimum wage rates -- Employment New Zealand . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nigeria : Senate Passes New Minimum Wage Bill -- Effective January 2011 . allafrica.com Archived December 6 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Republic Northern Cyprus , Ministry of Labor and Social Security '' . TRNC . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Oman hikes private sector minimum wages '' . Zawya. 2013 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Updated 15 May 2013 , 9 : 11 AEST ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Pay rise for Palau 's poor as government sets minimum wage Pacific Beat ABC Radio Australia '' . Radioaustralia.net.au . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 .", "72": "Jump up ^ There is no legislation concerning maximum hours of work ; 40 hours a week was used for the purpose of calculating an annual wage . Jump up ^ Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ( PCBS ) -- Press Release on the Results of the Labour Force Survey ( October -- December , 2014 ) Round Main Results Jump up ^ Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ( PCBS ) -- On the occasion of May 1st -- International Workers Day Jump up ^ `` Telemetro Reporta '' . Article . Telemetro . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Departamento De Analisis De Productividad Y Salario '' . Mitradel.gob.pa . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Lae Chamber Of Commerce Inc '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ The law limits the workweek to 42 hours per week in urban areas and 44 hours per week in rural . Jump up ^ `` VivaParaguay.com '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TuSalario.org/Paraguay -- Salario mínimo '' . Tusalario.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of National Wages and Productivity Commission '' . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ By law , the standard workweek is 48 hours for most categories of industrial workers and 40 hours for government workers , with an eight - hour - per - day limit . Jump up ^ `` Salário mínimo nacional em 2017 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ `` Salariul minim 2018 '' . romania-insider.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The minimum wage will increase up to 7,500 roubles since July 1 , 2016 '' . Retrieved 2 June 2016 .", "73": "Jump up ^ Saint Christopher and Nevis -- Statuory Rules and Orders -- No 35 of 2008 -- The Labour ( Minimum Wage ) ( National Minimum Wage ) Order , 2008 Jump up ^ Hewlett , LK ( 22 September 2014 ) . `` Minimum Wage Increases By 12.5 % '' . The St Kitts Nevis Observer . Archived from the original on 24 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The law provides for a 40 - to 44 - hour workweek . Jump up ^ `` Current Minimum Wages '' . Dol.gov.vc . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Saint Vincent and the Grenadines > Specific categories of workers -- Database of national labour , social security and related human rights legislation International Labour Organization Archived March 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.csdl.sm/contratti-industria-e-artigianato-le-tabelle-retributive/ Jump up ^ cdls.sm Archived 2014 - 10 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The law sets the workweek at 36 hours in the public sector and 37.5 hours for industry and private businesses . Jump up ^ Nitaqat to enforce minimum salaries for citizens Arab News . December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Journal Officiel de La Republique du Senegal -- Décret no 96 - 141 en date du 19 février 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Arhiva -- Minimalna zarada u Republici Srbiji '' . Paragraf.rs . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Srbi , od danas se rad konačno plaća više '' . B92.net. 2017 - 01 - 01 .", "74": "Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nation Home '' . Nation.sc . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ The legal maximum workweek varied from 45 to 55 hours , depending on the economic sector . Jump up ^ `` Act : Supplement to the Sierra Leine Gazette Vol . CXXVIII No. 24 '' ( PDF ) . Sierra-leone.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` In Sierra Leone , `` Minimum Wage for Workers is 21,000 '' ... Says Labour Minister `` . News.sl . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sierra Leone News : Parliament approves minimum wage -- awoko.org Jump up ^ Singapore sets basic wage of S $1,000 for cleaners . Jeanette Tan . Yahoo ! News . January 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ AsiaOne . September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zrušený predpis č. 326 / 2012 Z. z . -- Nariadenie vlády o sume minimálnej mzdy na rok 2013 '' . Zakonypreludi.sk. 2013 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia ups minimum wage by 4.7 percent '' . kitco.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ ILO.org world database Jump up ^ the minimum wage for domestic workers in South Africa was 8.95 rand ( $0.90 ) per hour for employers in the urban areas and 7.65 rand ( $0.77 ) for employers in the semiurban and rural areas . The minimum wage for farm workers was 7.71 rand ( $0.77 ) per hour .", "75": "The minimum hourly wage for domestic workers employed more than 27 hours per week ranged from 4.85 rand ( $0.49 ) to 7.06 rand ( $0.71 ) Jump up ^ Mywage.org/SouthSudan Jump up ^ `` Monthly minimum wages - bi-annual data '' . appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jura parliament finally agrees minimum wage of 20 francs per hour '' . 2017 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Allgemeinverbindlicherklärung von Gesamtarbeitsverträgen '' ( in German , French , and Italian ) . Neuchâtel : Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO , Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs , Education and Research EAER. 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Eddy , Melissa ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` Swiss Defeat Minimum Wage by Large Margin '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Abstimmungen -- Indikatoren , Abstimmung vom 18 . Mai 2014 : Mindestlohn - Initiative '' ( in German and French ) . Neuchâtel : Swiss Federal Office of Statistics , Swiss Federal Administration . 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ The law sets a maximal 45 - hour workweek for blue - and white - collar workers in industry , services , and retail trades and a 50 - hour workweek for all other workers . The law limits annual overtime to 170 hours for those working 45 hours a week and 140 hours for those working 50 hours a week . Based on the Swiss Federal Office of Statistics the typical workweek is 41.7 hours . Jump up ^ `` Betriebsübliche Arbeitszeit nach Wirtschaftsabteilungen ( NOGA 2008 ) , in Stunden pro Woche , 1990 - 2013 '' ( XLS ) ( statistics ) ( in German and French ) .", "76": "Neuchâtel : Swiss Federal Office of Statistics , Swiss Federal Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Total = 41.7 Jump up ^ `` The History of Enacting and Adjusting the Minimum Wage Policy '' . 中華民國勞動部 ( in Chinese ) . 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan raises hourly minimum wage to NT $115 from Jan. 1 Society News WantChinaTimes.com '' . Wantchinatimes.com. 2013 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ? ? '' . Pressa.tj . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ According to the Ministry of Labor , there was no standard legal workweek for private sector workers , but most private employers retained a six - day , 44 - to 48 - hour workweek Jump up ^ `` Firms hit by wage hike , labour shortage Bangkok Post : business '' . Bangkok Post . 2013 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 300 - Baht Daily Minimum Wage '' . Thailand.prd.go.th . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet approves 300 baht daily minimum wage hike nationwide from Jan 1 '' . MCOT.net . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` National minimum wage for private sector in East Timor set at US $115 '' . Macauhub English . 2012 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Budget Statement 2015 -- Ministry of Finance Jump up ^ `` T.C. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı '' . Csgb.gov.tr .", "77": "Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Возрастут заработная плата и пособия -- Туркменистан : золотой век . In Russian . Jump up ^ `` Мінімальна заробітна плата '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` National Minimum Wage rates '' . GOV.UK. 2015 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Federal minimum wage will increase to $7.25 on July 24 '' . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Labor Topic : Minimum Wage '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Note : Federal minimum wage applies to businesses involved in interstate commerce , and to most businesses with gross revenues over $500,000 , where state minimum wage is lower . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Change -- Spotlight '' . Dol.state.ga.us . Georgia Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` $15 Minimum Wage '' . seattle.gov. 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ The standard workweek ranged from 44 to 48 hours , depending on the industry . Jump up ^ `` Минимальная зарплата в Узбекистане на сегодня и динамика изменения -- Справочник Узбекистана '' . Goldenpages.uz . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cullwick , Jonas . `` Wells accepts Vt30 , 000 as new minimum wage Vanuatu Daily Post '' . Dailypost.vu . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 .", "78": "Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://www.ghm.com.ve/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/41351.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Noticias de Venezuela y Dolar paralelo '' . DolarToday. 2014 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Government of Zambia -- Statuory Instrument no 46 of 2012 -- The Minimum Wages and Conditions of Employment Act ( Laws , Volume 15 , Cap . 276 ) -- The Minimum Wages and Conditions of Employment ( General ) ( Amendment ) Order , 2012 Archived November 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Zambia : Government announces revised minimum wage '' . Lusakatimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . 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-4362695987518558696	who is the cast of despicable me 3	[ "Steve Carell", "Kristen Wiig", "Trey Parker", "Miranda Cosgrove", "Dana Gaier", "Nev Scharrel", "Pierre Coffin", "Steve Coogan", "Julie Andrews", "Jenny Slate", "Andy Nyman", "Adrian Ciscato", "John Cygan", "Steve Carell", "Kristen Wiig", "Trey Parker", "Miranda Cosgrove", "Dana Gaier", "Nev Scharrel", "Pierre Coffin", "Steve Coogan", "Jenny Slate", "Julie Andrews" ]	{ "0": "Despicable Me 3 - wikipedia Despicable Me 3 Jump to : navigation , search Despicable Me 3 Theatrical release poster Directed by Pierre Coffin Kyle Balda Eric Guillon ( co-director ) Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio Based on Characters created by Sergio Pablos Starring Steve Carell Kristen Wiig Trey Parker Miranda Cosgrove Dana Gaier Nev Scharrel Pierre Coffin Steve Coogan Jenny Slate Julie Andrews Music by Heitor Pereira Pharrell Williams Edited by Claire Dodgson Production company Universal Pictures Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) ( Annecy ) June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) ( United States ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $1.029 billion Despicable Me 3 ( stylized in marketing and onscreen as Despicable M3 ) is a 2017 American 3D computer - animated comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment for Universal Pictures . It is the third main installment in the Despicable Me film series and the sequel to Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) . The film is directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda , co-directed by Eric Guillon and written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio . In the film , Gru teams up with his long - lost twin brother Dru in order to defeat a new enemy named Balthazar Bratt , a 1980s child actor who grows up to become a villain . Steve Carell , Miranda Cosgrove and Dana Gaier reprise their roles of Gru , Margo and Edith from the first two films and Julie Andrews returns as Marlena , Gru 's mother from Despicable Me ( 2010 ) . Kristen Wiig and Steve Coogan return from Despicable Me 2 , while Trey Parker , Jenny Slate and Nev Scharrel ( replacing Elsie Fisher as Agnes ) join the cast .", "1": "Despicable Me 3 premiered on June 14 , 2017 , at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival , and was released in the United States on June 30 , 2017 , by Universal Pictures in 3D , RealD 3D , Dolby Cinema , and IMAX 3D . The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics and has grossed over $1 billion worldwide , making it the third highest - grossing film of 2017 , the fourth highest - grossing animated film of all time and the 25th highest - grossing overall . It is Illumination 's second film to gross over $1 billion , after Minions in 2015 , becoming the first ever animated franchise to do so . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Charts 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Former villain Gru is now an agent for the Anti-Villain League ( AVL ) . He and his partner / wife Lucy are sent to foil the plans of Balthazar Bratt , a former child star turned evil . Gru manages to stop Bratt from stealing the world 's largest diamond , but is unable to capture him . As a result of failing to capture Bratt , Gru and Lucy are fired from the AVL by its unreasonable new director Valerie Da Vinci , following the retirement of Silas Ramsbottom . Gru and Lucy reluctantly tell their children , Margo , Edith , and Agnes , of their termination , but assure them they will find new jobs . Most of Gru 's Minions leave Gru when he refuses to return to villainy despite losing his job . Meanwhile , Lucy struggles to adapt to her new role as the children 's new mom . The next morning , the family is approached by Fritz , the butler of Gru 's cheerful twin brother Dru , who lives in a distant country named Freedonia and longs to meet him . Gru is shocked to learn he has a twin .", "2": "He confronts his mother , who reveals that when she and her husband divorced , they agreed to keep one child each . The family decides to travel to meet Dru , and they are surprised at his immense wealth , which Fritz attributes to their pig farm business . Meanwhile , the Minions are arrested for trespassing at a talent show set . Bratt manages to steal the diamond again , intending to use it to power a giant robot and destroy Hollywood as revenge for the cancellation of his show . Dru reveals to Gru that their recently deceased father was a legendary supervillain , whose villainous activities are the real source of the family 's wealth . As Dru was dismissed by their father as a disgrace , he asks his brother to teach him how to be a villain . When Gru refuses to revert to his old ways , Dru takes him on a joyride around Freedonia in their father 's technologically advanced car and the siblings bond . Meanwhile , Lucy tries to balance her tasks as a mom , which she exhibits after turning away a young boy named Niko who had fallen for Margo in the midst of a traditional cheese festival , while Edith and Agnes stumble into a local tavern and learn from the bartender about a mythical unicorn which lurks in a nearby forest . Gru tries to convince Agnes that unicorns are imaginary , but decides against it to avoid hurting her feelings . The next day , Agnes and Edith set out into the woods to track the mythical horse , only to find a one - horned goat whom Agnes adopts and dubs `` Lucky . '' Meanwhile , the Minions ' longing for Gru motivates them to escape from prison . Dru convinces Gru to steal the diamond , with Gru secretly intending to bring it to the AVL , which he hopes will convince Da Vinci to rehire him . Despite several setbacks , they manage to retrieve the diamond and are rescued by Lucy after narrowly escaping . After finding out Gru 's true motives , Dru confronts his brother about his lie . In return , Gru insults him and decides to leave Freedonia . Bratt , disguised as Lucy , kidnaps the children , and once again acquires the diamond . Gru and Dru resolve their differences and pursue him .", "3": "With his robot powered by the diamond , Bratt terrorizes Hollywood , intending to send it into space with the use of superpowered gum . Lucy saves the children while Gru and Dru weaken Bratt 's robot with the weapons of their father 's car . Gru is knocked unconscious when the car is destroyed , and Dru manages to destroy the robot 's core from the inside when Bratt threatens to kill Gru . When Gru recovers , he battles Bratt in a dance fight , using it as a distraction to grab his weaponized keytar , and defeats him . Having rendezvoused with Gru , the Minions manage to destroy the gum already covering the city , and Gru and Dru reunite . Soon afterward , Gru and Lucy are reinstated in the AVL and the newly united family celebrate in Gru 's home . Lucy is acknowledged by the children as their mother . Lured back to villainy , Dru and most of the minions steals Gru 's ship , with Gru 's emblem replaced with a `` D '' graffiti . Gru and Lucy decide to give them a five - minute head - start before engaging pursuit . Cast ( edit ) Steve Carell as Felonious Gru , the former villain turned Anti-Villain League agent , Margo , Edith , and Agnes ' adoptive father , and Lucy 's husband . Carell also voices Dru , Gru 's long - lost twin brother and the girls ' adoptive uncle . Kristen Wiig as Lucy Wilde , an Anti-Villain League agent , Gru 's wife and the girls ' adoptive mother . Trey Parker as Balthazar Bratt , a supervillain and former child star who grows up to become obsessed with the character he played in the ' 80s and is bent on world domination . Miranda Cosgrove as Margo , Gru and Lucy 's oldest adoptive daughter . Dana Gaier as Edith , Gru and Lucy 's middle adoptive daughter . Nev Scharrel as Agnes , Gru and Lucy 's youngest adoptive daughter . She was previously voiced by Elsie Fisher in the first two films . Pierre Coffin as Mel and the Minions . Coffin also voices a Museum Director .", "4": "Steve Coogan as Silas Ramsbottom , the director of the Anti-Villain League . Coogan also voices Fritz , the butler of Dru . Julie Andrews as Marlena Gru , Gru and Dru 's mother . Jenny Slate as Valerie Da Vinci , a member of the Anti-Villain League who becomes the brand new AVL director . Andy Nyman as Clive , a robot who is Bratt 's sidekick . Adrian Ciscato as Niko , a boy from Freedonia who falls in love with Margo . John Cygan ( in his final film role ) as an Additional Voice . Production ( edit ) Steve Burke , the NBCUniversal CEO , confirmed in September 2013 that a third film in the Despicable Me series was in development . Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio , the writers of the first two films , announced that they would return to write the screenplay for the film . On April 13 , 2016 , Trey Parker , co-creator of South Park , was cast as the main antagonist for the film , Balthazar Bratt . Soundtrack ( edit ) Despicable Me 3 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Genre Pop Length 51 : 14 Label I Am Other Columbia Producer Alan Tarney Andrew Coleman Hart Gunther Heitor Pereira Madonna Manne Praeker Marvin dM . Nitazal Michael Jackson Mike Larson Pharrell Williams Quincy Jones Reinhold Heil Rick Bryant Stephen Bray Toto Gamyar The soundtrack for Despicable Me 3 was released on June 23 , 2017 . Pharrell Williams released the new song `` Yellow Light '' for the soundtrack , which was made available through digital download and streaming . Some songs are unavailable on iTunes and Google Play Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Yellow Light '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams Mike Larson 3 : 37 2 .", "5": "`` Hug Me '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams and Trey Parker ) Pharrell Williams Trey Parker Pharrell Williams Hart Gunther Rick Bryant Mike Larson 2 : 20 3 . `` Bad '' ( performed by Michael Jackson ) Michael Jackson Quincy Jones Michael Jackson 4 : 07 4 . `` Take on Me '' ( performed by A-ha ) Pål Waaktaar Morten Harket Magne Furuholmen Marvin dM . Nitazal Alan Tarney Toto Gamyar 3 : 46 5 . `` Papa Mama Loca Pipa '' ( performed by The Minions ) W.S. Gilbert Arthur Sullivan Pierre Coffin 1 : 29 6 . `` There 's Something Special '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams Mike Larson 3 : 44 7 . `` Tiki Tiki Babeloo '' ( performed by The Minions ) Pierre Coffin 1 : 13 8 . `` Freedom '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams 2 : 43 9 . `` Doowit '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams Mike Larson 4 : 02 10 . `` 99 Luftballons '' ( performed by Nena ) Carlo Karges Jörn - Uwe Fahrenkrog - Petersen Reinhold Heil Manne Praeker 3 : 52 11 . `` Into the Groove '' ( performed by Madonna ) Madonna Ciccone Stephen Bray Madonna Bray 4 : 44 12 . `` Chuck Berry '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams Andrew Coleman Mike Larson 3 : 15 13 . `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams 3 : 25 14 . `` Despicable Me '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams 4 : 15 15 .", "6": "`` Despicable Me 3 Score Suite '' ( performed by Heitor Pereira ) Heitor Pereira Heitor Pereira 4 : 05 16 . `` Malatikalano Polatina '' ( performed by The Minions ) Pierre Coffin 0 : 37 Total length : 51 : 14 Notes signifies a co-producer signifies an additional producer Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 76 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) 17 Release ( edit ) The film premiered on June 14 , 2017 , at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival . It was released in the United States on June 30 , 2017 . This is the first Illumination movie to be released in Dolby Vision and to be in the 2 : 35.1 anamorphic widescreen format . The first official trailer for the film was released on December 14 , 2016 ; with the second released on March 14 , 2017 . A secondary trailer , designed for TV usage was released on April 21 , 2017 . A third trailer was released on May 24 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Despicable Me 3 will be released on DVD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and Ultra HD Blu - ray in the United Kingdom on November 6 , 2017 . In the US , Despicable Me 3 will be released on digital download on November 21 , 2017 , and on DVD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and Ultra HD Blu - ray on December 5 , 2017 . The releases will also include a short film , titled The Secret Life of Kyle . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of October 23 , 2017 , Despicable Me 3 has grossed $263.3 million in the United States and Canada and $766.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $1.029 billion , against a production budget of $80 million .", "7": "On September 8 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the second Despicable Me film ( after Minions ) , second non-Disney - animated film ( after Minions ) , third film of 2017 ( after Beauty and the Beast and The Fate of the Furious ) , and the sixth animated film ( after Toy Story 3 , Frozen , Minions , Zootopia , and Finding Dory ) to pass the mark . It became the first film since The Fate of the Furious ( also a Universal property ) in April 2017 to make over a billion dollars . In North America , the film opened alongside The House and Baby Driver , as well as the wide expansion of The Beguiled , and was projected to gross $85 -- 95 million in its opening weekend . It played in 4,529 theaters , setting the record for widest release of all time , beating the amount set by The Twilight Saga : Eclipse in 2010 . It made $4.1 million from Thursday night previews , down slightly from the $4.7 million of the second film and $6.2 million made by Minions , and $29.2 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $72.4 million , slightly below expectations and the lowest of the series since the first film , but still topped the box office and was the 4th - best opening for Illumination . It also opened to more than the next five films did combined ( Baby Driver 's $20.6 million , Transformers : The Last Knight 's $16.9 million , Wonder Woman 's $15.7 million , Cars 3 's $9.7 million and The House 's $8.7 million ) . In its second weekend the film grossed $33.6 million ( a drop of 53.6 % , more than the previous Despicable Me films but similar to Minions ) , finishing second at the box office behind newcomer Spider - Man : Homecoming ( $117 million ) . Internationally the film was released in five markets on June 16 , 2017 , and grossed $9.9 million in its opening weekend . In its third week of release the film opened in 46 more markets , grossing $95.6 million .", "8": "Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 60 % based on 162 reviews , and an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Despicable Me 3 should keep fans of the franchise consistently entertained with another round of colorful animation and zany -- albeit somewhat scattershot -- humor . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 49 out of 100 based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . IGN gave the film a score of 6 / 10 , saying , `` It 's not much , but Despicable Me 3 is at least enough for the younger fans of the franchise . '' Peter Debruge of Variety wrote , `` Despicable Me 3 is unwieldy , but it mostly works , as co-directors Pierre Coffin ( who also voices the Minions ) and Kyle Balda never lose sight of the film 's emotional center , packing the rest with as much humor as they can manage . The jokes come so fast and furious , the movie can hardly find room for Heitor Pereira 's funky score , and though Pharrell Williams has contributed five new songs to sell soundtracks ( including the sweet There 's Something Special ) , the movie hardly needs them . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a mixed review , saying : `` Ultimately , none of these flaws will matter to the throngs of little kids who have made the previous Despicable Me movies ( and the superior Minions spin - off ) into giant global hits . ''", "9": "Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Golden Trailer Awards 2017 Best Animation / Family Despicable Me 3 Nominated Best Animation / Family Poster Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2017 Best Original Song - Animated Film There 's Something Special for Pharrell Williams Pending Nickelodeon Mexico Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 Favorite Movie Despicable Me 3 Won Nickelodeon Argentina Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 Favorite Movie Nominated Nickelodeon Colombia Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 Favorite Movie Sequel ( edit ) Illumination 's CEO Chris Meledandri has said in September 2017 that a fourth Despicable Me film is in development . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heitor Pereira to Return for ' Despicable Me 3 ' '' . Film Music Reporter . June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Jennifer ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Illumination 's ' Despicable Me 3 ' To Premiere at Annecy 2017 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Trey Parker Joins Voice Cast of ' Despicable Me 3 ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office : Despicable Me 3 Wins the Weekend '' . Rotten Tomatoes . July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Franich , Darren ( April 13 , 2016 ) .", "10": "`` Trey Parker Will Voice The Villain In Despicable Me 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 3 ' Trailer Reunites Gru With His Long - Lost Twin Brother '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Nequinto , Denise ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 3 ' 2017 Plot : Gru Experiences Sibling Rivalry , Faces New Villain '' . CitizenOracle . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Gru is Back in the Despicable Me 3 Trailer ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nev Scharrel Talks ' Despicable Me 3 ' In Exclusive Q&A ! '' . popstaronline.com . September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Despicable Me 3 : Meet the mutinous new Minion '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despicable Me 3 '' . Universal Pictures . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 Trailer # 2 : Gru Meets Dru '' . Screen Rant. 2017 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` When is Despicable Me 3 released in the UK and is there a trailer ? '' . The Sun . 2017 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Cosgrove / Margo - ' Despicable 3 ' : Meet the Voices Behind the Animated Characters '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 .", "11": "Jump up ^ `` Comcast 's CEO Presents at Bank of America Merrill Lynch 2013 Media , Communications & Entertainment Conference ( Transcript ) '' . Seeking Alpha . September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . One of the real gems inside our company is Illumination the animation studio led by Chris Meledandri and Despicable Me 2 , which came out this summer is the most profitable film in the 100 year history of the Universal and there will obviously be another reopening a film called Minions , which are the minions from Despicable Me next Christmas and then there will be Despicable Me 3 . Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me ' Screenwriter Discusses Local Honor , Theme Park Attraction '' . Conejo Valley Happening . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . We just started writing Despicable Me 3 , ... Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Pharrell 's Joyous New Song ' Yellow Light ' From ' Despicable Me 3 ' '' . Rolling Stones . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 427 '' . auspOp . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack -- Chart history '' Billboard Soundtrack Albums for Soundtrack . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 and Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas Set for 2017 '' . ComingSoon.net . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Gru 's twin brother in new Despicable Me 3 trailer '' . Comingsoon.net . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Despicable Me 3 - In Theaters Jun 30 - TV Spot 3 ( HD ) . Illumination Entertainment . April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Despicable Me 3 - In Theaters June 30 - Official Trailer # 3 ( YouTube ) .", "12": "Illumination Entertainment . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , James ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Despicable Me 3 Home Entertainment Release Details '' . Filmoria . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 DVD & Blu - ray Release Date '' . 3 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Despicable Me 3 ' Is Summer 's First And Last $1 Billion Hit '' . Forbes . September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me 3 ' To Own Crowded Independence Day Weekend Stretch -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . June 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Despicable Me 3 ' Now At $75 M+ ; ' Baby Driver ' Booms To $30 M As ' The House ' Goes Broke With $9 M -- July 4th Weekend B.O. '' . Deadline.com . July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Still Swinging In As Sony 's Second Best Domestic Opening Ever With $116 M - $118 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mummy ' Leads Overseas ; ' Wonder Woman ' Cuffs $572 M WW ; ' Cars ' , ' Despicable Me ' 3s Hit International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` Despicable Me 3 Review '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( 14 June 2017 ) .", "13": "`` Film Review : ' Despicable Me 3 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` ' Despicable Me 3 ' Review : This Time , Not Enough Minions and Too Many Subplots '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards : ' Lego Batman Movie ' Leads With 11 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Mexico Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 Nominees '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Argentina Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 Nominees '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Colombia Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 Nominees '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sakoui , Anousha ; Palmeri , Christopher ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` In Dismal Summer , ' Despicable Me 3 ' Producer Delivers $1 Billion '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Despicable Me 3 .", "14": "Official website Despicable Me 3 on IMDb Despicable Me 3 at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Pierre Coffin Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Despicable Me Films Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) See also Despicable Me Minion Mayhem Minions ( characters ) `` Happy '' Minions Paradise Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr.", "15": "Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) Sing 2 ( 2020 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff 2010s portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Film in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Despicable_Me_3&oldid=807184761 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy films 2010s sequel films American adventure comedy films American children 's animated comedy films American computer - animated films American films American sequel films Animated adventure films Animated comedy films Despicable Me ( franchise ) Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Illumination Entertainment animated films Universal Pictures animated films Films set in a fictional European country Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 12 : 57 .", "16": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5191402605768653295	who wrote put your hand in the hand of the man who stilled the water	[ "Gene MacLellan", "Gene MacLellan", "Gene MacLellan", "Gene MacLellan", "Gene MacLellan" ]	{ "0": "Put Your Hand in the Hand - Wikipedia Put Your Hand in the Hand Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' Single by Ocean from the album Put Your Hand in the Hand B - side `` Tear Down the Fences '' Released March 1971 Recorded 1970 Genre Pop , gospel Length 2 : 52 -- Single Edit 3 : 53 -- Album Cut Label Kama Sutra Songwriter ( s ) Gene MacLellan Producer ( s ) Greg Brown , Ocean Ocean singles chronology `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' ( 1971 ) `` Deep Enough for Me '' ( 1970 ) `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' ( 1970 ) `` Deep Enough for Me '' ( 1970 ) `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' is a gospel pop song composed by Gene MacLellan and first recorded by Canadian singer Anne Murray from her third studio album Honey , Wheat and Laughter . It became a hit single for the Canadian band Ocean , released as the title track to their debut album . The single peaked at No. 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and went on to become 22nd best - seller of 1971 . The song also reached number four on the Adult Contemporary chart . The single version omitted the instrumental , that occurs between the second chorus and the second verse , as well as the repeat of the chorus and the final instrumentalist chorus , that ends without the fade . After MacLellan 's suicide in 1995 , his friend and fellow Atlantic Canadian musician Ron Hynes wrote the song `` Godspeed '' as a tribute , the lyrics for which reference the title of this song .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Cover versions 3 Later uses 4 References Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single A1 `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' -- 2 : 52 A2 `` Tear Down the Fences '' -- 2 : 53 Cover versions ( edit ) The song was also covered in the 1970s by a number of other performers , including Elvis Presley ( who also covered MacLellan 's `` Snowbird '' ) , Randy Stonehill , Frankie Laine , Donny Hathaway , Joan Baez , Dutch group Himalaya , the Les Humphries Singers and a German - language version ( `` Ich fand eine Hand '' ) ( I found a Hand ) by Cindy & Bert . Bing Crosby recorded the song for his 1972 album Bing ' n ' Basie . Evangelist Garner Ted Armstrong covered the song in a January 1976 episode of Hee Haw . Country singers Sandy Posey , Lynn Anderson and Loretta Lynn , and The Oak Ridge Boys also recorded the song . South African singer Ray Dylan recorded a cover on his album Goeie Ou Country - Op Aanvraag . Later uses ( edit ) In a 1991 episode of the sitcom Family Matters titled `` Choir Trouble '' , the cast was singing the song in their church as part of their Gospel Fest . The song was used in the 2013 film Prisoners . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 178 . Jump up ^ `` Godspeed ( Ron Hynes ) tabs , videos '' . Wtv-zone.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 .", "2": "( hide ) Anne Murray Studio albums What About Me This Way Is My Way Honey , Wheat and Laughter Straight , Clean and Simple Talk It Over in the Morning Anne Murray / Glen Campbell Annie Danny 's Song Love Song Highly Prized Possession Keeping In Touch Together There 's a Hippo in My Tub Let 's Keep It That Way New Kind of Feeling I 'll Always Love You Somebody 's Waiting Where Do You Go When You Dream The Hottest Night of the Year A Little Good News Heart over Mind Something to Talk About Harmony As I Am You Will Yes I Do Croonin ' Anne Murray What a Wonderful World Country Croonin ' I 'll Be Seeing You Anne Murray Duets : Friends & Legends Christmas albums Christmas Wishes Anne Murray Christmas The Season Will Never Grow Old Best of the Season My Christmas Favorites What a Wonderful Christmas Anne Murray 's Christmas Album Icon : Christmas Compilations Snowbird Country A Country Collection Anne Murray 's Greatest Hits Country Hits Songs of the Heart Love Songs Greatest Hits Volume II From Springhill to the World The Very Best of Anne Murray 15 of the Best Her Greatest Hits and Finest Performances Now & Forever The Best ... So Far An Intimate Evening with Anne Murray Ultimate Collection All of Me 10 Great Songs : Inspirational Classics Icon No.", "3": "1 singles `` Snowbird '' `` Sing High , Sing Low '' `` A Stranger in My Place '' `` It Takes Time '' `` Talk It Over in the Morning '' `` I Say a Little Prayer / By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` Cotton Jenny '' `` Danny 's Song '' `` What About Me '' `` A Love Song '' `` He Thinks I Still Care '' `` Son of a Rotten Gambler '' `` You Wo n't See Me '' `` You Needed Me '' `` I Just Fall in Love Again '' `` Shadows in the Moonlight '' `` Broken Hearted Me '' `` Daydream Believer '' `` Lucky Me '' `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` Could I Have This Dance '' `` Blessed Are the Believers '' `` We Do n't Have to Hold Out '' `` It 's All I Can Do '' `` Another Sleepless Night '' `` Hey !", "4": "Baby '' `` Somebody 's Always Saying Goodbye '' `` A Little Good News '' `` Just Another Woman in Love '' `` Nobody Loves Me Like You Do '' ( with Dave Loggins ) `` Time Do n't Run Out on Me '' `` Now and Forever ( You and Me ) '' Other songs `` Thirsty Boots '' `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' `` Night Owl '' `` Robbie 's Song for Jesus '' `` Everything 's Been Changed '' `` Send a Little Love My Way '' `` Just One Look '' `` Day Tripper '' `` Uproar '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` The Call '' `` Golden Oldie '' `` Things '' `` Walk Right Back '' `` That 's Not the Way ( It 's S'posed to Be ) '' `` I Do n't Think I 'm Ready for You '' `` Who 's Leaving Who '' `` Are You Still in Love with Me '' `` Anyone Can Do the Heartbreak '' `` Perfect Strangers '' `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Kenny Rogers ) `` Feed This Fire '' `` Bluebird '' `` I Can See Arkansas '' `` Make Love to Me '' `` The Wayward Wind '' `` Born to Be with You '' `` Over You '' `` That 's What My Love Is For '' `` That 's the Way It Goes '' `` What a Wonderful World '' Related articles Discography Capitol Records `` Tears Are Not Enough '' Book : Anne Murray This 1970s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .", "5": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Put_Your_Hand_in_the_Hand&oldid=818172542 '' Categories : 1971 singles Anne Murray songs Canadian pop songs Canadian religious songs Christian songs Debut singles Elvis Presley songs Gospel songs Joan Baez songs Number - one singles in Norway Songs written by Gene MacLellan 1970s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 01 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2223188268381215709	who presides over the joint sessions of parliament	[ "President" ]	{ "0": "Joint session of Indian Parliament - wikipedia Joint session of Indian Parliament Jump to : navigation , search The Parliament of India is bicameral . Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill . However , the authors of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha . Therefore , the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock . The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or , in his absence , by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence , the Deputy - Chairman of the Rajya Sabha . If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions of Constitution 2 Exception to joint sittings 3 Bills referred to joint session 4 References Provisions of Constitution ( edit ) As per Article 108 of Constitution , a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations . If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House -- ( a ) the Bill is rejected by the other House ; or ( b ) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill ; or ( c ) more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it , the President may , unless the Bill has elapsed by reason of a dissolution of the House of the People , notify to the Houses by message if they are sitting or by public notification if they are not sitting , his intention to summon them to meet in a joint sitting for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill However , in calculating period of six months , those days are not considered when house is prorogued or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days . If the above conditions are satisfied , the President of India may summon joint sitting of both the houses of parliament . Exception to joint sittings ( edit ) Not all bills can be refereed to a joint sitting of Parliament . There are two exception . 1 . Money Bill Under the Constitution of India , money bills require approval of the Lok Sabha only .", "1": "Rajya Sabha can make recommendations to Lok Sabha , which it is not required to accept . Even if Rajya Sabha does n't pass a money bill within 14 days , it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses of Parliament after expiry of the above period . Therefore , a requirement to summon a joint session can never arise in the case of money bill . 2 . Constitution Amendment Bill Article 368 of Indian constitution require that constitution of India can be amended by both houses of parliament by 2 / 3 majority . In case of disagreement between both houses , there is no provision to summon joint session of parliament . Bills referred to joint session ( edit ) Joint session of Indian parliament has been called for only three bills i.e. dowry prohibition act , 1960 , banking service commission act , 1977 and POTA , 2002 . As per a senior member of NDA government they are considering for a joint session on Triple Talaq Bill ( 2018 ) . BILLS PASSED IN JOINT SESSION : 1 . Dowry Prohibition Bill , 1961 2 . Banking Service Commission ( Repeal ) Bill , 1978 3 . Prevention of Terrorism Bill , 2002 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Session_of_Indian_Parliament&oldid=821255595 '' Categories : Parliament of India Joint meetings of bicameral legislatures Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 09 : 41 . 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-2185648301276956086	who was the president of pakistan during 1971 war	[ "President Yahya Khan", "Yahya Khan", "Yahya Khan", "Yahya Khan", "Yahya Khan" ]	{ "0": "Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 - wikipedia Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : check / review for punctuation , spelling and grammar . Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Part of Indo - Pakistani Wars and Bangladesh Liberation War Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , the commander of Pakistan Eastern Command , signing the instrument of surrender in Dhaka on 16 Dec 1971 , in the presence of India 's Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora . Standing immediately behind from Left to Right : Indian Navy Vice Admiral Krishnan , Indian Air Force Air Marshal Dewan , Indian Army Lt Gen Sagat Singh , Maj Gen JFR Jacob ( with Flt Lt Krishnamurthy peering over his shoulder ) . Veteran newscaster , Surojit Sen of All India Radio , is seen holding a microphone on the right . Date 3 -- 16 December 1971 ( 13 days ) Location Eastern Front : India -- East Pakistan border Bay of Bengal Pasha enclaves Western Front : India -- Pakistan border Line of Control Arabian Sea Result Decisive Indian victory . Eastern front : Surrender of East Pakistan military command . Western front : Unilateral Ceasefire . Territorial changes Eastern Front : Independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh Western Front : Indian forces captured around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) land in the West but returned it in the Simla Agreement as a gesture of goodwill . Belligerents India Provisional Bangladesh Pakistan East Pakistan Commanders and leaders V.V. Giri ( President of India ) Indira Gandhi ( Prime Minister of India ) Swaran Singh ( External Minister of India ) Jagjivan Ram ( Defence Minister of India ) Gen Sam Manekshaw ( Chief of Army Staff ) Lt. Gen J.S. Arora ( GOC - in - C , Eastern Command ) Lt. Gen G.G. Bewoor ( GOC - in - C , Southern Command ) Lt.", "1": "Gen K.P. Candeth ( GOC - in - C , Western Command ) Lt. Gen Manohar Lal ( GOC - in - C , Northern Command ) Lt. Gen Premindra Bhagat ( GOC - in - C , Central Command ) Lt. Gen Sagat Singh ( GOC - in - C , IV Corps ) Lt. Gen T.N. Raina ( GOC - in - C , II Corps ) Lt. Gen Sartaj Singh ( GOC - in - C , XV Corps ) Lt. Gen Karan Singh ( GOC - in - C , I Corps ) Lt. Gen Depinder Singh ( GOC - in - C , XII Corps ) MajGen Farj R. Jacob ( COS , Eastern Command ) MajGen Om Malhotra ( COS , IV Corps ) MajGen Inderjit Singh Gill ( Dir , Military Operations ) Adm S.M. Nanda ( Chief of Naval Staff ) VAdm S.N. Kohli ( Cdr . Western Naval Command ) ACM Pratap C. Lal ( Chief of Air Staff ) Rameshwar Kao ( Director of RAW ) Tajuddin Ahmad ( PM Provisional Government ) Col. M.A.G. Osmani ( Commander , Mukti Bahini ) Yahya Khan ( President of Pakistan ) Nurul Amin ( Prime Minister of Pakistan ) Gen. A.H. Khan ( Chief of Staff , Army GHQ ) Lt. Gen A.A.K. Niazi ( Commander , Eastern Command ) Lt. Gen Gul Hassan Khan ( Chief of General Staff ) Lt. Gen Abdul Ali Malik ( Commander , I Corps ) Lt. Gen Tikka Khan ( Commander , II Corps ) Lt. Gen Sher Khan ( Commander , IV Corps ) MGen Iftikhar Janjua † ( GOC , 23rd Infantry Division ) MGen Khadim Hussain ( GOC , 14th Infantry Division ) VAdm Muzaffar Hassan ( Cdr - in - Chief , Navy ) RAdm Rashid Ahmed ( COS , Navy NHQ ) RAdm Moh 'd Shariff ( Cdr , Eastern Naval Command ) RAdm M.A.K.", "2": "Lodhi ( Cdr , Western Naval Command ) RAdm Leslie Norman ( Commander , Pakistan Marines ) AM Abdul Rahim Khan ( Cdr - in - Chief , Air Force ) AVM P.D. Callaghan ( Chief Ins , Pakistan Air Force ) Air Cdre Inamul Haq ( Cdr Eastern Air Command ) Gp. Capt . Z.A. Khan ( COS , Air AHQ Dhaka ) Abdul Motaleb Malik ( Governor of East Pakistan ) Strength Indian Armed Forces : 500,000 Mukti Bahini : 175,000 Total : 675,000 Pakistan Armed Forces : 365,000 Casualties and losses 2,500 -- 3,843 killed . 1 Naval aircraft Damage to western Indian airfields .", "3": "Pakistani claims 130 IAF Aircraft Indian claims 45 IAF Aircraft ( Supported by Neutral assessments ) Neutral claims 45 IAF Aircraft 9,000 killed 25,000 wounded 97,368 captured 2 Destroyers 1 Minesweeper 1 Submarine 3 Patrol vessels 7 Gunboats Pakistani main port Karachi facilities damaged / fuel tanks destroyed Pakistani airfields damaged and cratered Pakistani claims 42 PAF Aircraft Indian claims 94 PAF Aircraft Neutral claims 75 PAF Aircraft Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Cactus - Lilly Chengiz Khan Jackpot PNS Ghazi Trident Python Atgram Basantar Boyra Chamb Dhalai Garibpur Gazipur Hilli Longewala Sylhet Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Naval War Simla Agreement Bangladesh Liberation War Mukti Bahini resistance Searchlight Jackpot Barisal Kamalpur Daruin Nakshi Border Outpost Rangamati - Mahalchari waterway Goalhati Dhalai Border Outpost Garibpur Gazipur Sylhet Kushtia Ghasipur Bogra Indian intervention Cactus - Lilly Chengiz Khan Jackpot PNS Ghazi Trident Python Atgram Basantar Boyra Chamb Dhalai Hilli Longewala Sylhet Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Air War Naval War 1971 Bangladesh Genocide Dhaka University Shankharipara Jinjira Akhira Jathibhanga Demra Chuknagar Madhyapara Bakhrabad Burunga Systematic events Killing of intellectuals Rape Provisional Government Refugees in India Instrument of Surrender § indicates events in the internal resistance movement linked to the Indo - Pakistani War . ‡ indicates events in the Indo - Pakistani War linked to the internal resistance movement in Bangladesh .", "4": "Indo - Pakistani conflicts Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present confrontation The Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the liberation war in East Pakistan , from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca ( Dhaka ) on 16 December 1971 . The war began with preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations that led to the commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian entry into the war of independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces . Lasting just 13 days , it is one of the shortest wars in history . During the war , Indian and Pakistani militaries simultaneously clashed on the eastern and western front and ended the war after the Eastern Command of Pakistan military signed the Instrument of Surrender , on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka , marking the formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh . Officially , East Pakistan had earlier called for its secession from the unity of Pakistan on 26 March 1971 . Approximately 90,000 to 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoners by the Indian Army which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces , including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan . The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 prisoners were civilians , either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( razakars ) . It is estimated that between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians were killed in Bangladesh . As a result of the conflict , a further eight to ten million people fled the country at the time to seek refuge in neighbouring India .", "5": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation War 3 India 's official engagement with Pakistan 3.1 Objective 3.2 Naval hostilities 3.3 Air operations 3.4 Indian attacks on Pakistan 3.5 Ground operations 3.6 Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan 4 Foreign reaction and involvement 4.1 United States and Soviet Union 4.2 China and Iran 5 Aftermath 5.1 India 5.2 Pakistan 5.3 Bangladesh 6 Impact 6.1 Pakistan : War Enquiry Commission and War prisoners 6.2 India : Indo - Pakistani Summits 6.3 Bangladesh : International Crimes Tribunal 7 Long - term consequences 8 Timeline 9 Military awards 9.1 Battle honours 9.2 Gallantry awards 10 Civilian awards 11 Dramatization 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Background Main articles : Cable 1971 , Admiral Ahsan Mission , Bangladesh Liberation War , Mukti Bahini , 1971 Bangladesh atrocities , Timeline of Bangladesh Liberation War , and 1971 Bangladesh genocide The Indo - Pakistani conflict was sparked by the armed liberation struggle that was taking place in East Pakistan between the dominant Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis over the issue of right to governance and the constitution . The political tensions between East Bengal and West Pakistan had its origin in the times of the creation of Pakistan as a result of the partition of India by the United Kingdom in 1947 , the popular language movement in 1950 , mass riots in East Bengal in 1964 , and eventually massive protests in 1969 that eventually led to the resignation of President Ayub Khan who invited army chief General Yahya Khan to take over the central government . The geographical distance between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan was vast as East Pakistan was over ~ 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) away , which greatly hampered any attempt to integrate the Bengali culture with the cultures of West Pakistan .", "6": "To overcome the Bengali domination and prevent them from their right to form the central government in Islamabad , the controversial One Unit program was promulgated which established the two wings of East and West Pakistan but such efforts were met with great opposition from the West Pakistanis . This made it difficult to effectively govern both wings . In 1969 , President Yahya Khan announced the first general elections and he disestablished the status of West Pakistan as a single province in 1970 in order to restore it to its original heterogeneous status comprising four provinces as defined at the time of establishment of Pakistan in 1947 . In addition , there were also religious and racial tensions between Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis as Bengalis looked different from the dominant West Pakistanis . The general elections , held in 1970 , resulted in East Pakistan 's Awami League gaining 167 out of 169 seats for the East Pakistan Legislative Assembly and a near - absolute majority in the 313 - seat National Assembly while the vote in West Pakistan was mostly won by the socialist Pakistan Peoples Party . The Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman stressed his political position by presenting his Six Points and endorsing the Bengalis ' right to govern . The Awami League 's election success caused many West Pakistanis to fear that it would allow the Bengalis to draft the constitution based on the six - points and liberalism . To resolve the crisis , the Ahsan -- Yaqub Mission was formed to provide insightful recommendations and its finding were met with favourable reviews from the Awami League , the Pakistan Peoples Party , and the Pakistan Muslim League as well as from the President Yahya Khan . Maps shows Pakistan and East Pakistan. Distance between East and Pakistan laid 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) of Indian territory . However , the mission was not supported by the elements in the National Security Council and was subsequently vetoed . After Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , the chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party , endorsed the veto and subsequently refused to yield the premiership of Pakistan to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the Awami League called for general strikes in the country . President Yahya Khan postponed the inauguration of the National Assembly and this caused a shattering disillusionment to the Awami League and their supporters throughout East Pakistan .", "7": "In reaction , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for the general strikes that eventually shutdown the government and the dissidents in East began targeting the ethnic Bihari community which had supported West Pakistan . In early March 1971 , approximately ~ 300 Biharis were slaughtered in rioting by Bengali mobs in Chittagong alone . The Government of Pakistan used the `` Bihari massacre ' '' to justify its deployment of the military in East Pakistan on 25 March when it initiated its military crackdown . President Yahya Khan then called on the military , which was overwhelming led by West Pakistanis , to suppress dissent in the East after accepting the resignation of Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan , the chief of staff of the East - Pakistani military . Mass arrests of dissidents began and after several days of strikes and non-cooperation movement , the Pakistani military led by Tikka Khan cracked down on Dhaka on the night of 25 March 1971 . The Awami League was outlawed by the government and many of its members and sympathizers took refuge in Eastern India . Mujib was arrested on the night of 25 / 26 March 1971 at about 1 : 30 am ( as per Radio Pakistan 's news on 29 March 1971 ) and taken to West Pakistan . The next action carried out was Operation Searchlight followed by Operation Barisal , in an attempt to kill the intellectual elite of the east . On 26 March 1971 , Major Ziaur Rahman of Pakistan Army declared the independence of Bangladesh on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . In April , the exiled Awami League leaders formed a government - in - exile in Baidyanathtala of Meherpur . The East Pakistan Rifles , Bengali officers in Pakistan 's army , navy , and marines , defected to the rebellion after taking refuge in different parts of India . The Bangladesh Force namely Mukti Bahini or Bangladesh Force consisting of Niyomito Bahini ( Regular Force ) and Oniyomito Bahini ( Guerilla Force ) was formed under the retired colonel Mohammad Ataul Gani Osmani India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation war Main articles : 1971 East Pakistan genocide , Terrorism in Pakistan , and Anti-Pakistan sentiment After the resignations of Admiral S.M.", "8": "Ahsan and Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan , the media correspondents began airing reports of Pakistani military 's widespread genocide against their Bengali citizens , that was particularly aimed at the minority Bengali Hindu population which led to approximately ~ 10 million people seeking refuge in the neighboring states of Eastern India . The Indian government opened the East Pakistan -- India border to allow the Bengali refugees to take safe shelter , with state governments of West Bengal , Bihar , Assam , Meghalaya and Tripura establishing the refugee camps alongside the border . The resulting flood of impoverished East Pakistani refugees placed an intolerable strain on India 's already overburdened economy . After the war , the Pakistan army 's generals in East held each other responsible for the committed atrocities but most burden laid to Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan who earned the notoriety from his actions as his role as governor of the East ; he was called the `` Butcher of Bengal '' because of the widespread atrocities committed under his responsibility . Unlike his contemporary Yaqub who was a pacifist and knew well of the limits of force , Tikka was known as `` soldier known for his eager use of force '' to settle his differences . Confessing at the hearings of War Enquiry Commission , Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi reportedly comment on his actions and noted : `` On the night between 25 / 26 March 1971 , ( General ) Tikka struck . Peaceful night was turned into a time of wailing , crying and burning . ( General ) Tikka let loose everything at his disposal as if raiding an enemy , not dealing with his own misguided and misled people . The military action was a display of stark cruelty more merciless than the massacres at Bukhara and Baghdad by Chengiz Khan and Halaku Khan ... ( General ) Tikka ... resorted to the killing of civilians and a scorched earth policy . His orders to his troops were : `` I want the land not the people ... '' . '' Major - General Rao Farman had written in his table diary : `` Green land of East Pakistan will be painted red . It was painted red by Bengali blood . '' However , Major - General Rao Farman had forcefully denied writing that comment and laid all responsibility to Tikka while confessing at the War Enquiry Commission in 1974 .", "9": "The Indian government repeatedly appealed to the international community , but failing to elicit any response despite the External Affairs minister Swaran Singh meeting with foreign ministers of other countries . Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 27 March 1971 expressed full support of her government for the independence struggle of the people of East Pakistan and concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees , it was economical to go to war against Pakistan . On 28 April 1971 , the Gandhi cabinet had ordered the Chief of the Army Staff General Sam Manekshaw to `` Go into East Pakistan '' . Defected East Pakistan military 's officers and the elements of Indian Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) immediately started using the Indian refugee camps for recruitment and training of Mukti Bahini guerrillas that were to be trained against Pakistan . In 1971 , there was a strong wave of Indian - supported Bangladeshi nationalism in the East . The situation became violent and the systematic targeted killings of unarmed multi-ethic Pakistanis living in East started . Vehicle bombings on government secretariats became a normal narrative in east with high - profile assassinations of number of those Bengali politicians who were loyal to Pakistan became common in the East . According to Jussi Hanhimäki , Finnish historian of terrorism , the Bengali terrorism in East is somewhat `` a forgotten episode of annals of terrorism . '' The Hamoodur Rahman Commission endorsed the claims of Bengali terrorism when it critically penned that the ill - treatment of families of multi-ethnic Pakistanis led to the Pakistani military soldiers reacted violently in order to restore the writ of the government . The news media 's mood in Pakistan had also turned increasingly jingoistic and militaristic against East Pakistan and India when the Pakistani news media reported the complexity of the situation in the East , though the reactions from Pakistan 's news media pundits were mixed . By the end of September 1971 , an organised propaganda campaign , possibly orchestrated by elements within the Government of Pakistan , resulted in stickers proclaiming Crush India becoming a standard feature on the rear windows of vehicles in Rawalpindi , Islamabad and Lahore and soon spread to the rest of West Pakistan . By October , other stickers proclaimed Hang the Traitor in an apparent reference to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . By the first week of December , the conservative print media outlets in the country had published `` Jihad '' related materials to boost the recruitment in the military .", "10": "India 's official engagement with Pakistan Objective Illustration showing military units and troop movements during operations in the Eastern sector of the war . By the end of April 1971 , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had asked the Indian army chief General Sam Manekshaw if he was ready to go to war with Pakistan . According to Manekshaw 's own personal account , he refused , citing the onset of monsoon season in East Pakistan and also the fact that the army tanks were in the process of being refitted . He claimed that he offered to resign , which Indira Gandhi declined . He then said he could guarantee victory if she would allow him to prepare for the conflict on his terms , and set a date for it and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi accepted his conditions . In reality , Indira Gandhi was well aware of the difficulties of a hasty military action but she needed to get the military 's views to satisfy her hawkish colleagues and the public opinion , which were critical of India 's restraint . By November 1971 , the war seemed inevitable and the Soviet Union had reportedly warned Pakistan against the war which they termed as `` suicidal course for Pakistan 's unity . '' Throughout November 1971 , there were thousands of people led by conservative Pakistani politicians who marched in Lahore and across Pakistan , calling for Pakistan to Crush India . India responded by starting a massive buildup of Indian army on the western borders and the Indian army waited until December , when the drier ground would make for easier operations and Himalayan passes would be closed by snow , preventing any Chinese intervention . On 23 November , President Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency in all of Pakistan and told his people to prepare for war . On the evening of 3 December , at about 5 : 40 pm , the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) launched surprise pre-emptive strikes on eleven airfields in north - western India , including Agra , which was 300 miles ( 480 km ) from the border . At the time of this attack the Taj Mahal was camouflaged with a forest of twigs and leaves and draped with burlap because its marble glowed like a white beacon in the moonlight .", "11": "This preemptive strike known as Operation Chengiz Khan was inspired by the success of Israeli Operation Focus in the Arab -- Israeli Six Day War but , unlike the Israeli attack on Arab airbases in 1967 which involved a large number of Israeli planes , Pakistan flew no more than 50 planes to India . In an address to the nation on radio that same evening , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi held that the air strikes were a declaration of war against India and the Indian Air Force responded with initial air strikes that very night . These air strikes were expanded to massive retaliatory air strikes the next morning . This marked the official start of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ordered the immediate mobilisation of troops and launched a full - scale invasion of Pakistan . This involved Indian forces in a massive coordinated air , sea , and land assaults on Pakistan from all fronts . The main Indian objective on the Eastern front was to capture Dacca and on the western front was to prevent Pakistan from entering Indian soil . There was no Indian intention of conducting any major offensive into Pakistan to dismember it into different states . Naval hostilities Main article : Indo - Pakistani Naval War of 1971 Pakistan 's PNS Ghazi sank off the fairway buoy of Visakhapatnam near the eastern coast of India , making it the first submarine casualty in the waters around the Indian subcontinent . Unlike the 1965 war , the Pakistan Navy was ill - prepared for the naval conflict with India and the Navy NHQ staffers and commanders knew very well that the Navy was ill - prepared for the war and Pakistan was about to have a sharp lesson from India in the consequences of disconnecting strategy from reality . The Pakistan Navy was in no condition of fighting an offensive war in deep sea against the Indian Navy and the Pakistan Navy was in no condition to mount serious defence against Indian Navy 's seaborne encroachment . In the western theatre of the war , the Indian Navy 's Western Naval Command under the Vice Admiral S.N. Kohli , successfully launched a surprise attack on Karachi port on the night of 4 / 5 December 1971 under codename : Trident . The naval attack involving the Soviet - built Osa missile boats sank the Pakistan Navy 's destroyer PNS Khyber and minesweeper PNS Muhafiz while PNS Shah Jahan was also badly damaged .", "12": "In retaliation , the Pakistan Navy submarines , Hangor , Mangro , and Shushuk , began their operations to seek out the major Indian warships . Pakistani naval sources reported that ~ 720 Pakistani sailors were killed or wounded , and Pakistan lost reserve fuel and many commercial ships , thus crippling the Pakistan Navy 's further involvement in the conflict . On 9 December 1971 , Hangor reportedly sank INS Khukri , inflicting 194 Indian casualties , and this attack was the first submarine kill since World War II . The sinking of INS Khurki was followed by another attack on Karachi port on the night of 8 / 9 December 1971 under codename : Python . A squadron of Indian Navy 's Osa missile boats approached the Karachi port and launched series of Soviet - acquired Styx missiles that resulted in further destruction of reserve fuel tanks and the sinking of three Pakistani merchant ships as well as foreign ships docked in Karachi . The Pakistan Air Force did not attack the Indian Navy ships and confusion remains the next day when the civilian pilots of Pakistan International , acting as reconnaissance war pilots , misidentified PNS Zulfiqar and the air force attacked its own warship , inflicting major damages to warship and killing several officers on board . In the eastern theatre of the war , the Indian Eastern Naval Command , under Vice Admiral Nilakanta Krishnan , completely isolated East Pakistan by a naval blockade in the Bay of Bengal , trapping the Eastern Pakistan Navy and eight foreign merchant ships in their ports . From 4 December onwards , the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant was deployed , and its Sea Hawk fighter - bombers attacked many coastal towns in East Pakistan including Chittagong and Cox 's Bazaar . Pakistan countered the threat by sending the submarine PNS Ghazi , which sank en route under mysterious circumstances off Visakhapatnam 's coast . Due to high number of defections , the Navy relied on deploying the Pakistan Marines led by Rear Admiral Leslie Mungavin where they had conducted riverine operations against the Indian Army but they too had suffered major losses that was taken in complete surprise , mainly due to their lack of understanding of expeditionary warfare and the wet terrain of East Pakistan .", "13": "Indian aircraft carrier INS Vikrant launches an Alize aircraft The damage inflicted on the Pakistan Navy stood at 7 gunboats , 1 minesweeper , 1 submarine , 2 destroyers , 3 patrol crafts belonging to the coast guard , 18 cargo , supply and communication vessels , and large - scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi . Three merchant navy ships -- Anwar Baksh , Pasni and Madhumathi -- and ten smaller vessels were captured . Around ~ 1900 personnel were lost , while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in Dacca . According to one Pakistan scholar , Tariq Ali , Pakistan lost half its navy in the war . Air operations Main article : East Pakistan Air Operations , 1971 After the sneak attack , the PAF adopted a defensive stance in response to the Indian retaliation and as the war progressed , the Indian Air Force continued to battle the PAF over conflict zones but the number of sorties flown by the PAF decreased day -- by -- day . The Indian Air Force flew 4,000 sorties while the PAF offered little in retaliation , partly because of the paucity of non-Bengali technical personnel . This lack of retaliation has also been attributed to the deliberate decision of the PAF 's Air AHQ to cut its losses as it had already incurred huge losses in the conflict in the liberation war in the East . The PAF avoided making contacts with the Indian Navy after the Indian Navy raided the port of Karachi twice but the PAF did retaliate by bombing Okha harbour , destroying the fuel tanks used by the boats that had attacked . In the East , No. 14 Squadron Tail Choppers under Squadron Leader PQ Mehdi , who was taken as POW , was destroyed , putting the Dhaka air defense out of commission and resulting in Indian air superiority in the East . At the end of the war , PAF pilots made successful daring escapes from East Pakistan to neighboring Burma and many PAF personnel had already left the East for Burma on their own luck before Dacca was overrun by the Indian military in December 1971 .", "14": "Indian attacks on Pakistan As Indian Army tightened its grip in the East Pakistan , the Indian Air Force continued with its pressing attacks against Pakistan as the campaign developed into a series of daylight anti-airfield , anti-radar , and close - support attacks by fighter jets , with night attacks against airfields and strategic targets by B - 57s and C - 130 by Pakistan and Canberras and An - 12s of India . The PAF deployed the F - 6s mainly on defensive combat air patrol missions over their own bases , but without the preferential air superiority , the PAF was unable to conduct effective offensive operations and its attacks were largely ineffective . The Indian Air Force 's raids destroyed one USAF and one UN in Dacca while the Canada 's RCAF DHC - 4 Caribou was also destroyed in Islamabad , alongside with the USAF 's Beech U-8 owned by the US military 's liaison chief Brigadier - General Chuck Yeager . Sporadic raids by the Indian air force continued against PAF forward air bases in Pakistan until the end of the war and interdiction and close - support operations were maintained . The PAF played a more limited part in the operations and were reinforced by F - 104s from Jordan , Mirages from an unidentified Middle Eastern ally ( remains unknown ) and by F - 86s from Saudi Arabia . Their arrival helped camouflage the extent of PAF losses and the Libyan F - 5s were reportedly deployed to Sargodha AFB , perhaps as a potential training unit to prepare Pakistani pilots for an influx of more F - 5s from Saudi Arabia . The IAF was able to conduct a wide range of missions -- troop support ; air combat ; deep penetration strikes ; para-dropping behind enemy lines ; feints to draw enemy fighters away from the actual target ; bombing and reconnaissance . The PAF , which was solely focused on air combat , was blown out of the subcontinent 's skies within the first week of the war . Those PAF aircraft that survived took refuge at Iranian air bases or in concrete bunkers , refusing to offer a fight .", "15": "Hostilities officially ended at 14 : 30 GMT on 17 December , after the fall of Dacca on 15 December and India claimed large gains of territory in Pakistan ( although pre-war boundaries were recognised after the war ) , and the independence of Pakistan 's East Wing as Bangladesh was confirmed . India flew 1,978 sorties in the East and about 4,000 in Pakistan , while the PAF flew about 30 and 2,840 at both front . More than 80 percent of IAF sorties were close - support and interdiction and about 45 IAF aircraft were lost . Pakistan lost 75 aircraft , not including any F - 6s , Mirage IIIs , or the six Jordanian F - 104s which failed to return to their donors . The imbalance in air losses was explained by the IAF 's considerably higher sortie rate and its emphasis on ground - attack missions . On the ground , Pakistan suffered the most with 8,000 killed and 25,000 wounded while India only lost 3,000 dead and 12,000 wounded . The loss of armoured vehicles was similarly imbalanced and this finally represented a major defeat for Pakistan . Ground operations Indian T - 55 tanks on their way to Dhaka . Before the start of the war , the Indian Army was extremely well organized on both fronts and had enjoyed the significant numerical superiority over the Pakistan Army . The Indian Army 's extraordinary war performance at both fronts brought up the prestige , confidence , and dignity that it had lost during the war with China in 1962 . When the conflict started , the war immediately took a decisive turn in favor of India and their Bengali rebels militarily and diplomatically . On both front , Pakistan launched several ground offensives but Indian Army held their grounds and initiated well - coordinated ground operations on both fronts . Major ground attacks were concentrated on the western border by the Pakistan Army together with the Pakistan Marines in south border but the Indian Army was successful in penetrating into the Pakistani soil and eventually made some quick and initial gains , including capturing around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) of Pakistan territory as the land gained by India in Azad Kashmir , Punjab and Sindh sectors was later ceded in the Simla Agreement of 1972 , as a gesture of goodwill .", "16": "Casualties inflicted to Pakistan Army 's I Corps and II Corps were very high and many soldiers were perished due to lack of operational planning and lack of coordination within the army 's formations against Indian Army 's Southern and Western Commands . By the time the war came to end , Pakistan army soldiers and marines were highly demoralized both emotionally and psychologically on the western front and had left with no will to put up a defensive fight against the approaching Indian Army soldiers . The War Enquiry Commission later exposed the fact that for the Pakistan Army , the arms and training of soldiers and officers were needed at every level , and every level of command . On 23 November 1971 , the Indian Army conventionally penetrated to the eastern fronts and cross the East Pakistan 's borders to join their Bengali nationalist allies . As contrary to 1965 war which had emphasised set - piece battles and slow advances , this time the strategy adopted was a swift , three - pronged assault of nine infantry divisions with attached armoured units and close air support that rapidly converged on Dhaka , the capital of East Pakistan . Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora , the GOC - in - C of the India 's Eastern Command , led the Indian full thrust into East Pakistan and as the Indian Eastern Command attacked the Pakistan Eastern Command , the Indian Air Force rapidly destroyed the small air contingent in East Pakistan and put the Dhaka airfield out of commission . In the meantime , the Indian Navy effectively blockaded East Pakistan . The Indian campaign employed `` blitzkrieg '' techniques , exploiting weakness in the enemy 's positions and bypassing opposition , and resulted in a swift victory . Faced with insurmountable losses , the Pakistani military capitulated in less than a fortnight and psychological panic spread in the Eastern Command 's military leadership . Indian advances in East created psychological panics that demoralized the Pakistani soldiers and their Bengali soldiers who were left with great worries at the hands of Mukti Bahini . Subsequently , the Indian Army encircled Dacca and ultimately issued an ultimatum to surrender in `` 30 - minutes '' time window on 16 December 1971 . Upon hearing the ultimatum , the Pakistan Eastern Command led by its commander Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi stationed in East Pakistan surrendered without putting a fight or offering any resistance .", "17": "On 16 December 1971 , Pakistan ultimately called for unilateral ceasefire and surrendered its combined military to Indian Army -- hence ending the Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 . Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan Main articles : Instrument of Surrender ( 1971 ) and East Pakistan Military Command Officially , the Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command stationed in East Pakistan was signed between the Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora , the GOC - in - C of Indian Eastern Command and Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , the Commander of the Pakistan Eastern Command , at the Ramna Race Course in Dhaka at 16 : 31Hrs IST on 16 December 1971 . As the surrender was accepted by Lieutenant - General Aurora without a word , the surrounding crowds on the race course started shouting anti-Pakistan slogans and there were reports of abuses aimed at the surrendering commanders of Pakistani military . Following the surrender , the Indian Army took approximately ~ 90,000 Pakistani servicemen and their Bengali supporters as POWs , making it largest surrender since the World War II . Initial counts were recorded as ~ 79,676 war prisoners who were the uniformed personnel , of which 55,692 were belonged to Pakistan Army , 16,354 Paramilitary , 5,296 Police , 1,000 Navy and 800 PAF . The remaining prisoners were civilians who were either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( razakars ) . The Hamoodur Rahman Commission and the POW Investigation Commission reports instituted by Pakistan lists the Pakistani POWs as follows : Apart from soldiers , it was estimated that 15,000 Bengali civilians were also made prisoners of war .", "18": "Inter-Service Branch Number of captured Pakistani POWs Officer Commanding Pakistan Army 54,154 Lieutenant - General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi Pakistan Navy / Pakistan Marines 1,381 Rear - Admiral Mohammad Shariff Pakistan Air Force 833 Air Commodore Inamul Haq Paramilitary / East Pakistan Rifles / Police 22,000 Major - General Rao Farman Ali Civil government personnel 12,000 Governor Abdul Motaleb Malik Total : 90,368 ~ Foreign reaction and involvement United States and Soviet Union The Blood Telegram The Soviet Union sympathised with the East Pakistanis , and supported the Indian Army and Mukti Bahini incursion against Pakistan during the war , in a broader view of recognizing that the succession of East Pakistan as Independent Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals -- the United States and China . The Soviet Union gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed , it would take counter-measures . This assurance was enshrined in the Indo - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed in August 1971 . However , the Indo - Soviet treaty did not mean a total commitment to every Indian position even though the Soviet Union had accepted the Indian position during the conflict , according to author Robert Jackson . The Soviet Union continued their sympathetic gesture to Pakistan until mid-October when they stressed Pakistan to come up with a political settlement and affirming their continuation of industrial aid to Pakistan . By November 1971 , the Soviet ambassador to Pakistan Alexei Rodionov directed a secretive message ( Rodionov message ) that ultimately warned Pakistan that `` it will embarking a suicidal course if it escalates tensions in the subcontinent . The United States stood with Pakistan by supporting morally , politically , economically , and materially when U.S. President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger refused to use rhetoric in a hopeless attempt to intervene in a large civil war . The U.S. establishment perceived to the impression that they needed Pakistan to help stop Soviet influence into the South Asia in an informal alliance with India . During the Cold War , Pakistan was a close formal ally of the United States and also had close relations with the People 's Republic of China , with whom Nixon had been negotiating a rapprochement and where he intended to visit in February 1972 .", "19": "Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of Pakistan would mean total Soviet domination of the region , and that it would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America 's new tactical ally , China . Nixon encouraged Jordan and Iran to send military supplies to Pakistan while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan , but all supplies were very limited . The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the `` genocidal '' activities of the Pakistani military in East Pakistan , most notably the Blood telegram and this prompted widespread criticism and condemnation both by the United States Congress and in the international press . Then U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations , George Bush , Sr , introduced a resolution in the UN Security Council calling for a cease - fire and the withdrawal of armed forces by India and Pakistan . However , it was vetoed by the Soviet Union and the following days witnessed a great pressure on the Soviets from the Nixon - Kissinger duo to get India to withdraw , but to no avail . It has been documented that President Nixon requested Iran and Jordan to send their F - 86 , F - 104 and F - 5 fighter jets in aid of Pakistan . When Pakistan 's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain , Nixon deployed Task Force 74 led by the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal . Enterprise and its escort ships arrived on station on 11 December 1971 . According to a Russian documentary , the United Kingdom deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle to the Bay , on her final deployment . Eagle was paid off by January 1972 at Portsmouth and was stripped of reusable equipment ( radars and missile systems primarily ) . On 6 and 13 December , the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of cruisers and destroyers and a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok ; they trailed US Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972 . The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by the USS Enterprise task force in the Indian Ocean .", "20": "As the war progressed , it became apparent to the United States that India was going to invade and disintegrate Pakistan in a matter of weeks , therefore President Nixon spoke with the USSR Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev on a hotline on 10 December where Nixon reportedly urged Brezhnev to restrain India as he quoted : `` in the strongest possible terms to restrain India with which ... you ( Breznev ) have great influence and for whose actions you must share responsibility . '' After the war , the United States accepted the new power of balance and realized India as a major dominant player in the South Asia and immediately engage in strengthening bilateral relations between two countries in the successive years . Soviet Union , while being sympathetic to Pakistan 's loss , decided to engage with Pakistan after sending an invitation through Rodionov to Bhutto who paid a state visit to Soviet Union in 1972 to strengthened the bilateral relations that continued on over the successive years . China and Iran During the course of the war , China harshly criticized India for its involvement in the East Pakistan crises and accused India of having the imperialistic design in South Asia . Before the war started , Chinese leaders and officials had been long philosophically advising the Pakistan government to make peaceful political settlements with the East Pakistani leaders , as China feared that India was secretly supporting , infiltrating , and arming the Bengali rebels against the East Pakistani government . China was also critical of Government of East Pakistan led by its Governor Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan ' s ruthless measure to deal with the Bengali opposition and did not endorse 's Pakistani position on that . When the war started , China reproached India for India 's direct involvement and infiltration in East Pakistan . China disagreed with President Yahya Khan 's consideration of military options and criticized East Pakistan Awami League politicians ' ties with India that he believed , would harm the nation 's unity . When the war started , China reacted with great alarm when the prospects of Indian invasion of Pakistan and integrating the Pakistan - administered Kashmir into their side of Kashmir became imminent . U.S. President Nixon encouraged China to mobilise its armed forces along its border with India to discourage it but the Chinese did not respond to this encouragement since the Indian Army 's Northern Command was well prepared to guard the Line of Actual Control , and was already engaging and making advances against the Pakistan Army 's X Corps in the Line of Control .", "21": "China did not welcome the break - up of Pakistan 's unity by the East Pakistani politicians and effectively vetoed the membership of Bangladesh when it applied to the United Nations in 1972 . Over the veto of two UN resolutions concerning the Bangladesh , China reasoned with these decisions in regards to the repatriation of Pakistani POWs and civilians had not yet been implemented . Furthermore , China was also among the last countries to recognize the independence of Bangladesh , refusing to do so until 31 August 1975 . To this date China 's relations with Bangladesh are determined by the Pakistan factor . During the course of the conflict , Iran also stood with Pakistan politically and diplomatically . However , Iran became concerned with the imminent break - up of Pakistan which , they feared , would cause the state to fractionalize into small pieces ; therefore , Iran began cementing ties with India based on mutual security co-operation . At the beginning of the conflict , Iran helped sheltering PAF 's fighter jets and provided with free fuel for the PAF to take part in the conflict in an attempt to keep Pakistan 's regional integrity united . When Pakistan called for unilateral ceasefire and the surrender was announced , Shah of Iran hastily responded by preparing the Iranian military to come up with the contingency plans to forcefully invade Pakistan and annex its Balochistan province into its side of Baluchistan , by any means necessary , before anybody else does it . Aftermath India The war stripped Pakistan of more than half of its population and with nearly one - third of its army in captivity , clearly established India 's military and political dominance of the subcontinent . India successfully led a diplomatic campaign to isolate Pakistan and skillfully manipulate Pakistan 's supporting countries to limit the extent of support to Pakistan . In addition , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's state visit to United Kingdom and France further helped break ice with the United States and blocked any pro-Pakistan resolution in the United Nations . There was also a meeting between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Nixon in November 1971 which she rejected the U.S. advice against intervening in the conflict . The victory also defined India 's much broader role in the foreign politics as many countries in the world had come to realize , including the United States , that the balance of power now had shifted to India as a major player in the region .", "22": "Regional countries such as Afghanistan and Iran as well as Arab - speaking states such as Iraq , and Gulf states who were traditional allies of Pakistan , prompted to seek closer ties with India rather than Pakistan in successive years . The United States itself accepted a new power of balance and when India conducted a surprise nuclear test in 1974 , the United States had notified India that the U.S. had no `` interest in actions designed to achieve new power of balance . '' In spite of the magnitude of the victory , India was surprisingly restrained in its reaction . Mostly , Indian leaders seemed pleased by the relative ease with which they had accomplished their goals -- the establishment of Bangladesh and the prospect of an early return to their homeland of the 10 million Bengali refugees who were the cause of the war . In announcing the Pakistani surrender , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared in the Indian Parliament : Dacca is now the free capital of a free country . We hail the people of Bangladesh in their hour of triumph . All nations who value the human spirit will recognize it as a significant milestone in man 's quest for liberty . Colonel John Gill of National Defense University remarks that , while India achieved a military victory , it was not able to reap the political fruits it might have hoped for in Bangladesh . After a brief ' honeymoon ' phase between India and Bangladesh , their relationship began to sour . India 's relations with Bangladesh have remained frequently problematic and tense . Whilst India enjoys excellent relations with Bangladesh during Awami League tenures , relations deteriorate when the BNP is in power in Bangladesh . A 2014 PEW opinion poll in Bangladesh found that India was perceived as the greatest threat to Bangladesh . This was the top choice ( 27 % ) of Bangladeshis . However , 70 % of Bangladeshis held a positive view of India : while 50 % of Bangladeshis held a positive view of Pakistan . Pakistan For Pakistan it was a complete and humiliating defeat , a psychological setback that came from a defeat at the hands of rival India . Pakistan lost half its population and a significant portion of its economy and suffered setbacks to its geopolitical role in South Asia . In the post-war era , Pakistan struggled to absorb the lessons learned from the military interventions in the democratic system and the impact of the Pakistani military 's failure was grave and long - lasting .", "23": "From the geopolitical point of view , the war ended in the breaking - up the unity of Pakistan from being the largest Muslim country in the world to its politico - economic and military collapse that resulted from a direct foreign intervention in 1971 . The Pakistani policy - making institutions further feared that the histrocity of Two - nation theory was disproved that the Muslim nationalism had proved insufficient to keep Bengalis part of Pakistan . The Pakistani government had to engaged in investigation commission when the Pakistani military suffered from a further humiliation by having their ~ 90,000 prisoners of war that were to be released by India only after the negotiation and signing of the agreement that was signed in Simla on 2 July 1972 . In addition to repatriation of prisoners of war and transferring population , the agreement established an ongoing structure for the negotiated resolution of future conflicts between India and Pakistan . In signing the agreement , Pakistan also , by implication , had to recognised the former East Pakistan as the now independent and sovereign state of Bangladesh . The Pakistani people were not mentally prepared to accept the magnitude to this kind of defeat as the state electronic media had been projecting imaginary victories despite the privately owned electronic news media coverage in the East Pakistan that reported the complexity of the situation . When the ceasefire that came from surrendering of East Pakistan was finally announced , the people could not come to terms with the magnitude of defeat , spontaneous demonstrations , and massive protests erupted on the streets of major metropolitan cities in Pakistan . In 1970 , the presidential ordnance had already restored the original status of four provinces that had removed the `` West '' and simply adding `` Pakistan '' to the effect of the defeat as international acceptance of the secession of the eastern half of the country and its creation as the independent state of Bangladesh developed and was given more credence . According to Pakistani historians , the trauma was extremely severe and the cost of the war for Pakistan in monetary and human resources was very high . Demoralized and finding unable to control the situation , the Yahya administration fell to its feet when President Yahya Khan turned over his presidency to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto who was sworn - in on 20 December 1971 as President with the control of the military . The loss of East Pakistan shattered the prestige of the Pakistani military . Pakistan lost half its navy , a quarter of its air force , and a third of its army .", "24": "The war also exposed the shortcomings of Pakistan 's declared strategic doctrine that the `` defence of East Pakistan lay in West Pakistan '' . Hussain Haqqani , in his book Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military notes , Moreover , the army had failed to fulfill its promises of fighting to the last man . The eastern command had laid down arms after losing only 1,300 men in battle . In West Pakistan 1,200 military deaths had accompanied lackluster military performance . In his book The 1971 Indo - Pak War : A Soldier 's Narrative Pakistan Army 's Major General Hakeem Arshad Qureshi a veteran of this conflict noted , We must accept the fact that , as a people , we had also contributed to the bifurcation of our own country . It was not a Niazi , or a Yahya , even a Mujib , or a Bhutto , or their key assistants , who alone were the cause of our break - up , but a corrupted system and a flawed social order that our own apathy had allowed to remain in place for years . At the most critical moment in our history we failed to check the limitless ambitions of individuals with dubious antecedents and to thwart their selfish and irresponsible behaviour . It was our collective ' conduct ' that had provided the enemy an opportunity to dismember us . The Indian Army Chief in 1971 Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw had the highest respect for the fighting capability of the Pakistan Army but he did not accept the theory that they did not fight the Bangladesh war with enough vigor and zeal . In a BBC interview , he said : The Pakistan army in East Pakistan fought very gallantly . But they had no chance . They were a thousand miles away from their base . I had eight or nine months to make my preparations . I had got a superiority of almost 15 to 1 ... However , independent defence sources stated that the Indian superiority was less than 2 to 1 . The United States Air Force 's Brigadier - General Chuck Yeager , the World War II veteran and U.S. flying ace who witnessed the war in 1971 , is of the view that Pakistan did not lose the war , as India did not annex it .", "25": "Major reforms were carried out by successive governments in Pakistan after the war in the light of many insightful recommendations made in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission 's Report . To address the economic disparity , the NFC system was established to equally distribute the taxation revenue among the four provinces , the large - scale nationalization of industries and nationwide census were carried in 1972 . The Constitution was promulgated in 1973 that reflected the equal balance and a compromise between the Islamism and the Humanism and provided a guaranteed equal human rights to all . The military was heavily reconstructed and heavily reorganized with President Bhutto appointing chiefs of staff in each inter-service , contrary to C - in - Cs , and making instruction on human rights compulsory in the military syllabus in each branch of inter-services . Major investments were directed towards modernizing the navy . The military 's chain of command was centralized in JS HQ led by an appointed Chairman joint chiefs committee to coordinate the combined and well - integrated military efforts to safe guard the nation 's defence and unity . In addition , Pakistan sought to have a diversified foreign policy as Pakistan geostrategists had been shocked that both China and the United States provided limited support to Pakistan during the course of the war with the U.S. displaying an inability to supply weapons that Pakistan needed the most . On January 20 , 1972 , Pakistan under Bhutto launched the clandestine development of nuclear weapons in a view of `` never to allow another foreign invasion of Pakistan . '' This crash program reached parity in 1977 when the first weapon design was successfully achieved . Bangladesh Main article : 1971 East Pakistan genocide As a result of the war , East Pakistan disintegrated and became an independent country , Bangladesh , as the world 's fourth most populous Muslim state on 16 December 1971 . Pakistan itself secured the release of Mujibur Rahman from the Headquarter Prison and allowed him to return to Dacca . On 19 January 1972 Mujib was inaugurated as the first President of Bangladesh , later becoming the Prime Minister of Bangladesh in 1974 .", "26": "On the brink of defeat around 14 December 1971 , the media reports indicated that the Pakistan Army soldiers , their controlled local East Pakistan Police , Razakars , and the Shanti Committee carried out systematic killings of professionals such as physicians , teachers , and other intellectuals , as part of a pogrom against the Bengali Hindu minorities who constituted the majority of urban educated intellectuals . Young men , especially students , who were seen as possible rebels and recruiters were also targeted by the stationed military but the extent of casualties in East Pakistan is not known and the issue is itself controversial and contradictory among the authors who wrote books on the pogrom as the Pakistani government itself denied the charges of their involvement in 2015 . R.J. Rummel cites estimates ranging from one to three million people killed . Other estimates place the death toll lower , at 300,000 . Bangladesh government figures state that Pakistani forces aided by collaborators killed three million people , raped 200,000 women and displaced millions of others . According to the authors Kenton Worcester , Sally Bermanzohn , and Mark Ungar , Bengalis themselves killed ~ 150,000 non-Bengalis living in the East There had been reports of Bengali insurgents indiscriminately killing non-Bengalis throughout the East , however , neither side provided substantial proofs for their claims and both Bangladeshi and Pakistani figures contradict each other over this issue . Bihari representatives in June 1971 claimed a higher figure of 500,000 killed by Bengalis . In 2010 , the Awami League 's government decided to set up a tribunal to prosecute the people involved in alleged war crimes and those who collaborated with Pakistan . According to the Government , the defendants would be charged with crimes against humanity , genocide , murder , rape and arson . According to John H. Gill , there was widespread polarisation between pro-Pakistan Bengalis and pro-liberation Bengalis during the war , and those internal battles are still playing out in the domestic politics of modern - day Bangladesh . To this day , the issue of committed atrocities and pogroms is an influential factor in the foreign relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh .", "27": "Impact Pakistan : war Enquiry Commission and war prisoners Main articles : War Enquiry Commission and Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation In the aftermath of the war , the Pakistani government constituted the War Enquiry Commission , to be headed by the Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman , who was an ethnic Bengali , and composed of the senior justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan . The War Enquiry Commission was mandated with carrying out the thorough investigations into the intelligence , strategic , political , and the military failures that causes the defeat in the war . The War Commission also looks into the Pakistan 's political and military involvement in the history of East Pakistan that encompasses from 1947 -- 71 . The First War Report was submitted in July 1972 but it was very critically opined and penned on political misconducts of politicians and the military interference of military in the national politics . Written in moral and philosophical perspective , the First Report was very lengthy but provided accounts that was unpalatable to be released to the public . Initially , there were 12 copies that were all destroyed except for the one that was kept and marked as `` Top Secret '' to prevent the backlash effects on the demoralized military . In 1976 , the Supplementary Report was also submitted that was also the comprehensive report compiled together with the First Report ; this report was also marked as classified . In 2000 , the excerpts of the Supplementary Report was leaked to Pakistan 's Dawn political correspondent , which the Dawn published it together with the India Today . The First Report is still marked as classified while the Supplementary Report 's excerpts were suppressed by the news correspondents . The War Report 's supplementary section was published by the Pakistan 's government but did not officially handed over the report to Bangladesh despite its requests . ) The War Report exposed many military failures from the strategic to the tactical -- intelligence levels while it confirmed the looting , rapes and the unnecessary killings by the Pakistan military and their local agents . It lay the blame squarely on Pakistan army generals , accusing them of debauchery , smuggling , war crimes and neglect of duty .", "28": "The War Commission had recommended public trial of Pakistan Army generals on the charges that they had been responsible for the situation in the first place and that they had succumbed without a fight , but no actions were ever taken against those responsible besides the dismissal of chiefs of the Pakistan Army , Pakistan Air Force , Pakistan Navy , and decommissioning of the Pakistan Marines . The War Commission however rejected the charge that 200,000 Bengali girls were raped by the Pakistan Army , remarking : `` It is clear that the figures mentioned by the Dacca authorities are altogether fantastic and fanciful '' and cited the evidence of a British abortion team that it carried out the termination of `` only a hundred or more pregnancies '' . The Commission also claimed that `` approximately 26,000 persons ( were ) killed during the action by the Pakistan military '' Bina D'Costa states that the War Commission was aware of the military 's brutality in East Pakistan but `` chose to downplay the scale of the atrocities committed . '' The second commission was known as Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation conducted solely by the Pakistani government that was to be determine the numbers of Pakistani military personnel who surrendered including the number of civilian POWs . The official number of the surrendered military personnel was soon released by the Government of Pakistan after the war was over . India : Indo - Pakistani summits Main articles : Agreement Between the Government of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Bilateral Relations and Transfer of Population Under the Terms of the Delhi Agreement On 2 July 1972 , the Indo - Pakistani summit was held in Simla , Himachal Pradesh , India were the Simla Agreement was reached and signed between the President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi as a governments of each state playing a depository role . The treaty provided insurance to Bangladesh that Pakistan recognized Bangladesh 's sovereignty in exchange for the return of the Pakistani POWs as India was treating the war prisoners in accordance to Geneva Conventions promulgated in 1925 . In mere five months , India systematically released more than ~ 90,000 war prisoners with Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi being the last war prisoner to be handed over to Pakistan .", "29": "The treaty also gave back more than 13,000 km2 of land that Indian Army had seized in Pakistan during the war , though India retained a few strategic areas ( including Turtuk , Dhothang , Tyakshi ( earlier called Tiaqsi ) and Chalunka of Chorbat Valley ) , which was more than 804 km2 . The Indian hardliners , however , felt that the treaty had been too lenient to President Bhutto , who had pleaded for leniency , arguing that the fragile stability in Pakistan would crumble if the accord was perceived as being overly harsh by Pakistanis and that he would be accused of losing Kashmir in addition to the loss of East Pakistan . As a result of which Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was criticized by a section in India for believing Bhutto 's `` sweet talk and false vows '' while the other section claimed it successful , for not letting it to fall into `` Versailles Syndrome '' trap . In 1973 , India and Pakistan reached another compromised when both countries signed trilateral agreement with Bangladesh that actually brought the war prisoners , non-Bengali and Pakistan - loyaled Bengali bureaucrats and civilian servants to Pakistan . The Delhi Agreement witnessed the mass population transfer since the partition of India in 1947 . Bangladesh : International crimes tribunal In 2009 , the issue of establishing the International Crimes Tribunal began to take public support and formally established the tribunal in 2010 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in 1971 by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators , Razakars , Al - Badr and Al - Shams during the Bangladesh Liberation War . Long - term consequences Steve Coll , in his book Ghost Wars , argues that the Pakistan military 's experience with India , including Pervez Musharraf 's experience in 1971 , influenced the Pakistani government to support jihadist groups in Afghanistan even after the Soviets left , because the jihadists were a tool to use against India , including bogging down the Indian Army in Kashmir . After the war , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto authorised the highly secretive and clandestine atomic bomb program , as part of its new deterrence policy , to defend itself and never to allow another armed invasion from India . Many Pakistani scientists , abroad working at the IAEA and European and American nuclear programs immediately returned to what remained of Pakistan and participated in making Pakistan a nuclear power .", "30": "Writing about the war in Foreign Affairs magazine Zulfikar Ali Bhutto stated ' There is no parallel in contemporary history to the cataclysm which engulfed Pakistan in 1971 . A tragic civil war , which rent asunder the people of the two parts of Pakistan , was seized by India as an opportunity for armed intervention . The country was dismembered , its economy shattered and the nation 's self - confidence totally undermined . ' This statement of Bhutto has given rise to the myth of betrayal prevalent in modern Pakistan . This view was contradicted by the post-War Hamoodur Rahman Commission , ordered by Bhutto himself , which in its 1974 report indicted generals of the Pakistan Army for creating conditions which led to the eventual loss of East Pakistan and for inept handling of military operations in the East . Timeline 7 March 1971 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declares that , `` The current struggle is a struggle for independence '' , in a public meeting attended by almost a million people in Dhaka . 25 March 1971 : Pakistani forces start Operation Searchlight , a systematic plan to eliminate any resistance . Thousands of people are killed in student dormitories and police barracks in Dhaka . 26 March 1971 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman signed an official declaration of independence and sent it through a radio message on the night of 25 March ( the morning of 26 March ) . Later Major Ziaur Rahman and other Awami League leaders announced the declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujib from Kalurghat Radio Station , Chittagong . The message is relayed to the world by Indian radio stations . 27 March 1971 : Bangladesh Force namely Mukti Bahini consisting Niyomito Bahini ( Regular Force ) and Gono Bahini ( Guerilla Force ) was formed under the Commander - in - Chief ( C - in - C ) General Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani . 17 April 1971 : Exiled leaders of Awami League form a provisional government . 3 December 1971 : War between India and Pakistan officially begins when West Pakistan launches a series of preemptive air strikes on Indian airfields . 6 December 1971 : East Pakistan is recognised as Bangladesh by India . 14 December 1971 : Systematic elimination of Bengali intellectuals is started by Pakistani Army and local collaborators .", "31": "16 December 1971 : Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , supreme commander of Pakistani Army in East Pakistan , surrenders to the Allied Forces ( Mitro Bahini ) represented by Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Arora of Indian Army at the surrender . India and Bangladesh gain victory . 12 January 1972 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman comes to power . Military awards Battle honours After the war , 41 battle honours and 4 theatre honours were awarded to units of the Indian Army , the notable amongst which are : East Pakistan 1971 ( theatre honour ) Sindh 1971 ( theatre honour ) Jammu and Kashmir 1971 ( theatre honour ) Punjab 1971 ( theatre honour ) Basantar River Bogra Chachro Chhamb Defence of Punch Dera Baba Nanak Gadra City Harar Kalan Hilli Longewala Parbat Ali Poongli Bridge Shehjra Shingo River Valley Sylhet Gallantry awards For bravery , a number of soldiers and officers on both sides were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries .", "32": "Following is a list of the recipients of the Indian award Param Vir Chakra , Bangladeshi award Bir Sreshtho and the Pakistani award Nishan - E-Haider : India Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra : Lance Naik Albert Ekka ( Posthumously ) Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon ( Posthumously ) Major Hoshiar Singh Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal ( Posthumously ) Bangladesh Recipients of the Bir Sreshtho : Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf ( Posthumously ) Sepoy Hamidur Rahman ( Posthumously ) Sepoy Mostafa Kamal ( Posthumously ) ERA Mohammad Ruhul Amin ( Posthumously ) Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Nur Mohammad Sheikh ( Posthumously ) Pakistan Recipients of the Nishan - E-Haider : Major Muhammad Akram ( Posthumously ) Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas ( Posthumously ) Major Shabbir Sharif ( Posthumously ) Sarwar Muhammad Hussain ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz ( Posthumously ) Civilian awards On 25 July 2011 , Bangladesh Swadhinata Sammanona , the Bangladesh Freedom Honour , was posthumously conferred on former Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi . On 28 March 2012 , President of Bangladesh Zillur Rahman and the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina conferred Bangladesh Liberation War Honour and Friends of Liberation War Honour to 75 individuals , six organisations , Mitra Bahini and the people of India at a special ceremony at the Bangabandhu International Conference Centre . This included eight heads of states viz . former Nepalese President Ram Baran Yadav , the third King of Bhutan Jigme Dorji Wangchuck , former Soviet presidents Leonid IIyich Brezhnev and Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny , ex-Soviet prime minister Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin , former Yugoslav president Marshal Josip Broz Tito , ex-UK prime minister Sir Edward Richard George Heath and former Nepalese prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala .", "33": "The organisations include the BBC , Akashbani ( All India Radio ) , International Committee of the Red Cross , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , Oxfam and Kolkata University Shahayak Samiti . The list of foreign friends of Bangladesh has since been extended to 568 people . It includes 257 Indians , 88 Americans , 41 Pakistanis , 39 Britons , nine Russians , 18 Nepalese , 16 French and 18 Japanese . Dramatization Films Border , a 1997 Bollywood war film directed by J.P. Dutta . This movie is an adaptation from real life events that happened at the Battle of Longewala fought in Rajasthan ( Western Theatre ) during the 1971 Indo - Pak war . Border on IMDb Hindustan Ki Kasam , a 1973 Bollywood war film directed by Chetan Anand . The aircraft in the film are all authentic aircraft used in the 1971 war against Pakistan . These include MiG - 21s , Gnats , Hunters and Su - 7s . Some of these aircraft were also flown by war veterans such as Samar Bikram Shah ( 2 kills ) and Manbir Singh . Hindustan Ki Kasam on IMDb Aakraman , 1975 Bollywood film set during this war featuring a romantic love triangle . 1971 -- Prisoners of War , a 2007 Bollywood war film directed by Sagar Brothers . Set against the backdrop of a prisoners ' camp in Pakistan , follows six Indian prisoners awaiting release after their capture in the 1971 India - Pakistan war . The Ghazi Attack , a 2017 war film directed by Sankalp Reddy . Based on the sinking of PNS Ghazi during the war .", "34": "1971 : Beyond Borders , a 2017 Indian war drama film written and directed by Major Ravi Miniseries / Dramas PNS Ghazi , an Urdu ( Pakistani ) drama based on sinking of PNS Ghazi , ISPR See also India portal Pakistan portal War portal 1970s portal Post -- World War II air - to - air combat losses Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Separatist nationalism in Pakistan South Asian Muslim nationalism Pakistaniat Conservatism in Pakistan Socialism in Pakistan Bangladesh Forces Timeline of the Bangladesh War Radcliffe Line India and state - sponsored terrorism United States -- Pakistan relations before 1990 Soviet Union - Pakistan relations before 1990 Tridev Roy Operation Searchlight \\ Barisal Riverine Warfare Protest of 1969 in Pakistan Pakistan Air Force in East Pakistan Pakistan news media in Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 International Crimes Tribunal ( Bangladesh ) Indian Army in East Pakistan Pakistan - Afghanistan relations 1971 Winter POWs / MIA Investigations , Pakistan Pakistan military deployments in other countries Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program General : History of Bangladesh History of Myanmar List of conflicts in Asia References Jump up ^ Lyon , Peter ( 2008 ) . 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Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Sinking of the Ghazi '' . Bharat Rakshak Monitor , 4 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How west was won ... on the waterfront '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India -- Pakistan War , 1971 ; Western Front , Part I '' . acig.com . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gen. Tikka Khan , 87 ; ' Butcher of Bengal ' Led Pakistani Army '' . Los Angeles Times . 30 March 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The Idea of Pakistan . Brookings Institution Press . p. 382 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 1502 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` India : Easy Victory , Uneasy Peace '' . Time .", "37": "27 December 1971 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` World 's shortest war lasted for only 45 minutes '' . Pravda . 10 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 War : ' I will give you 30 minutes ' '' . Sify.com . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Orton , Anna ( 2010 ) . India 's Borderland Disputes : China , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Nepal . Epitome Books . p. 117 . ISBN 9789380297156 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Burke , S. M ( 1974 ) . Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies -- S.M. Burke . ISBN 9780816607204 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sarmila ( November 2011 ) . `` The question of genocide and the quest for justice in the 1971 war '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Genocide Research . 13 ( 4 ) : 398 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623528.2011. 625750 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaat claims denied by evidence '' . THE DAILY STAR. 28 February 2008 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . United Book Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1 . , Chapter 3 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Burke , Samuel Martin ( 1974 ) . Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies . University of Minnesota Press . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5714 - 8 . Jump up ^ Alston , Margaret ( 2015 ) . Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh . Routledge . p. 40 . ISBN 9781317684862 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 .", "38": "Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel ( 2012 ) . Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide . Transaction Publishers . p. 55 . ISBN 9781412847599 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Myers , David G. ( 2004 ) . Exploring Social Psychology 4E . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . p. 269 . ISBN 9780070700628 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Consulate ( Dacca ) Cable , Sitrep : Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca ; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere , 31 March 1971 , Confidential , 3 pp . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Senator Edward , `` Crisis in South Asia -- A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement , Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee '' , 1 November 1971 , U.S. Govt . Press , page 66 . Sen. Kennedy wrote , `` Field reports to the U.S. Government , countless eye - witness journalistic accounts , reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal ( East Pakistan ) . Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops , systematically slaughtered , and in some places , painted with yellow patches marked ' H ' . All of this has been officially sanctioned , ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad . '' Jump up ^ Rummel , Rudolph J. , `` Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 '' , ISBN 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 7 , Chapter 8 , Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh Estimates , Sources , and Calculations : lowest estimate 2 million claimed by Pakistan ( reported by Aziz , Qutubuddin . Blood and tears Karachi : United Press of Pakistan , 1974 . pp. 74 , 226 ) , some other sources used by Rummel suggest a figure of between 8 and 10 million with one ( Johnson , B.L.C. Bangladesh .", "39": "New York : Barnes & Noble , 1975 . pp. 73 , 75 ) that `` could have been '' 12 million . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee , Pranab ( 2010 ) . A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal : The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia . Peter Lang . ISBN 9781433108204 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lieven , Anatol ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) . Pakistan : A Hard Country . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1610391624 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbott , David ( 2015 ) . Changing World : Pakistan . Minnesota , U.S. : Encyclopaedia Britannica . ISBN 9781625133212 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Iain ( 2009 ) . The Causes of the Bangladesh War . University of London : Lulu.com . ISBN 9781445240435 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ et.al ( 1 June 2003 ) . `` Legal Framework Order 1970 '' . Story Of Pakistan . Nazaria - e-Pakistan Trust , 2003 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Nohlen , Dieter ( 2004 ) . Elections in Asia and the Pacific ( Reprint ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924958 - X . Jump up ^ Guha , Ramachandra ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 9780330540209 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ehtisham , S. Akhtar ( 1998 ) . A Medical Doctor Examines Life on Three Continents : A Pakistani View . Algora Publishing . ISBN 9780875866345 . Retrieved 9 December 2016 .", "40": "Jump up ^ Ghazali , Abdus Sattar . `` Islamic Pakistan : Illusions and Reality '' . ghazali.net . National Book Club , . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) . Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia . Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 9780415565660 . Jump up ^ D'Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) . Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia . Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 9780415565660 . Jump up ^ D ' Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) . Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia . Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 9780415565660 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sarmila ( 8 October 2005 ) . `` Anatomy of Violence : Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 '' . Economic and Political Weekly . Archived from the original on 1 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Salik , Siddiq , Witness To Surrender , ISBN 978 - 984 - 05 - 1373 - 4 , pp. 63 , 228 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Riedel , Bruce O. ( 2011 ) . Deadly Embrace : Pakistan , America , and the Future of the Global Jihad . Brookings Institution . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0557 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lt. Gen. Kamal Matinuddin -- Tragedy of Errors : East Pakistan Crisis , 1968 -- 1971 ; Wajidalis , Lahore , 1994 ; page 255 Jump up ^ Maj. Gen. Fazal Muqeem Khan -- Pakistan 's Crisis in Leadership ; National Book Foundation , Islamabad , 1973 ; page 79 Jump up ^ Qureshi , Hakeem Arshad ( 2003 ) . Through the 1971 Crisis : An Eyewitness Account by a Soldier . Oxford University Press . p. 33 .", "41": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 579778 - 7 . Jump up ^ Raja , Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar , O General My General -- Life and Works of General MAG Osmany ; pp. 35 -- 109 , ISBN 978 - 984 - 8866 - 18 - 4 ^ Jump up to : `` The U.S. : A Policy in Shambles '' . Time . 20 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Consulate ( Dacca ) Cable , Sitrep : Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca ; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere , 31 March 1971 , Confidential , 3 pp . ^ Jump up to : `` East Pakistan : Even the Skies Weep '' . Time . 25 October 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Pakistani Wars '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ International , Rotary ( 1971 ) . The Rotarian . Rotary International . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhutto , Fatima ( 2011 - 09 - 06 ) . Songs of Blood and Sword : A Daughter 's Memoir . Nation Books . p. 100 . ISBN 1 - 56858 - 712 - 0 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Baixas , Lionel ( 21 June 2008 ) . `` Khan ( 1917 -- 2002 ) , General Tikka '' . Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Alamgir , Aurangzaib ( Nov -- Dec 2012 ) . `` Pakistan 's Balochistan Problem : An Insurgency 's Rebirth '' . World Affairs . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Col ( retd ) Anil Athale ( 29 August 2006 ) .", "42": "`` Is Balochistan another Bangladesh ? '' . Rediff India Abroad . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ahluwalia , A. ( June 2012 ) . Airborne to Chairborne : Memoirs of a War Veteran Aviator - lawyer of the Indian Air Force . Xlibris Corporation . ISBN 9781469196565 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : between mosque and the military . Carnegie Endowment . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1 . Retrieved 11 April 2010 . Jump up ^ ( arup ) , অরূপ ( 13 March 2010 ) . `` অরূপকথা : Interview of Major General Rao Farman Ali AKA `` The Butcher of Bengal '' `` . অরূপকথা . অরূপকথা . Jump up ^ `` The four Indo - Pak wars '' . Kashmirlive , 14 September 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Pravel , K.C. ( 2009 ) ( First published 1987 ) . Indian Army After Independence . Atlanta : Lancer Publishers . p. 415 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935501 - 61 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bass , Gary J. ( 2013 ) . The Blood Telegram : Nixon , Kissinger , and a Forgotten Genocide . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 70020 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Raghavan , Srinath ( 2012 ) , `` Soldiers , Statesmen , and India 's Security Policy '' , India Review , 11 ( 2 ) : 116 -- 133 , doi : 10.1080 / 14736489.2012.", "43": "674829 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ `` I had to find troops for Dhaka '' . Rediff News , 14 December 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hanhimäki , Jussi M. ; Blumenau , Bernhard ( 2013 ) . An International History of Terrorism : Western and Non-Western Experiences . Routledge . ISBN 9780415635400 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hamood - ur - Rahman Commission '' . storyofpakistan.com/ . Nazaria - e-Pakistan Trust , HRC. 1 June 2003 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahmad , Dawood ( 16 December 2011 ) . `` Rethinking the big lies from 1971 -- The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . The Express Tribune , Ahmad . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Khalid ( 26 December 2013 ) . `` Pakistan , 1971 '' . The Indian Express . Indian Express , 1971 . Indian Express . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Editorial ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` 1971 ' Jihad ' : Print ads from West Pakistan '' . DAWN.COM . Dawn newspaper , 2014 . Dawn newspaper . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Twist In `` Crush India '' Propaganda Campaign `` . US Department of State Telegram. 26 October 1971 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Dikshit , Sandeep ( 28 June 2008 ) . `` How he and his men won those wars '' . The Hindu . The Hindu , Sandeep . The Hindu . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.economist.com/node/11661408 ^ Jump up to : Editorial Obituary ( 3 July 2008 ) .", "44": "`` Sam Manekshaw : Sam Manekshaw , soldier , died on June 27th , aged 94 '' . The Economist . The Economist , 2008 . The Economist . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Manekshaw '' , The Economist ( 5 July 2008 ) , p. 107 , retrieved 7 July 2008 Jump up ^ Manekshaw , SHFJ. ( 11 Nov 1998 ) . `` Lecture at Defence Services Staff College on Leadership and Discipline '' ( Appendix V ) in Singh ( 2002 ) Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw , M.C. -- Soldiering with Dignity . ^ Jump up to : Service , British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring ( 1971 ) . Summary of World Broadcasts : Far East . London , UK : Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-India Demonstration and Procession '' . US Department of State Telegram. 9 November 1971 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crush India '' ( PDF ) . Pakistan Observer. 30 November 1971 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mohiuddin , Yasmeen Niaz ( 2007 ) . Pakistan : A Global Studies Handbook . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781851098019 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 '' . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` War is Declared '' . subcontinent.com . Archived from the original on 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Peter E. ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) . F - 104 Starfighter Units in Combat . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 9781780963143 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bangladesh : Out of War , a Nation Is Born '' . Time . 20 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 .", "45": "( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Trying to catch the Indian Air Force napping , Yahya Khan , launched a Pakistani version of Israel 's 1967 air blitz in hopes that one rapid attack would cripple India 's far superior air power . But India was alert , Pakistani pilots were inept , and Yahya 's strategy of scattering his thin air force over a dozen air fields was a bust ! '' , p. 34 , Newsweek , 20 December 1971 ^ Jump up to : `` India and Pakistan : Over the Edge '' . Time . 13 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 1971 : Pakistan intensifies air raids on India '' . BBC News . 3 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Garver , John W. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . China 's Quest : The History of the Foreign Relations of the People 's Republic of China . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190261061 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldrick , James ( 1997 ) . No Easy Answers . New Delhi : Lancer 's Publications and Distributors . ISBN 1 - 897829 - 02 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Goldrick , James ( 1997 ) . No Easy Answers ( PDF ) . New Delhi , India : Sona Printers , India . ISBN 1 897829 02 7 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Seapower : A Guide for the Twenty - first Century By Geoffrey Till page 179 Jump up ^ Branfill - Cook , Roger ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) . Torpedo : The Complete History of the World 's Most Revolutionary Naval Weapon . Seaforth Publishing . ISBN 9781848322158 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trident , Grandslam and Python : Attacks on Karachi '' . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 26 September 2009 .", "46": "Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Shabir , Usman . `` The Second Missile Attack `` PakDef Military Consortium '' . pakdef.org . Pakistan Defence , Usman . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Defence Notes '' . defencejournal.com . Archived from the original on 1 January 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Olsen , John Andreas ( 2011 ) . Global Air Power . Potomac Books . p. 237 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59797 - 680 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering our war heroes '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 2 December 2006 . Jump up ^ ' Does the US want war with India ? ' . Rediff.com ( 31 December 2004 ) . Retrieved on 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Pike , John . `` Pakistan Marines ( PM ) '' . www.globalsecurity.org . Global security , Marines . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Utilisation of Pakistan merchant ships seized during the 1971 war '' . Irfc-nausena.nic.in . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Damage Assesment -- 1971 Indo - Pak Naval War '' ( PDF ) . B. Harry . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 May 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Military Losses in the 1971 Indo - Pakistani War '' . Venik . Archived from the original on 25 February 2002 . Retrieved 30 May 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Tariq Ali ( 1983 ) . Can Pakistan Survive ? The Death of a State . Penguin Books . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 022401 - 6 . In a two - week war , Pakistan lost half its navy , a quarter of its air force and a third of its army .", "47": "Jump up ^ Jon Lake , `` Air Power Analysis : Indian Airpower '' , World Air Power Journal , Volume 12 Jump up ^ Group Captain M. Kaiser Tufail , `` Great Battles of the Pakistan Airforce '' and `` Pakistan Air Force Combat Heritage '' ( pafcombat ) et al. , Feroze sons , ISBN 969 - 0 - 01892 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Indo - Pakistani conflict '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Picture Gallery -- Aviation Art by Group Captain Syed Masood Akhtar Hussaini '' . PAF Falcons . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan , Sher . `` Last Flight from East Pakistan '' . www.defencejournal.com . Defence Journal , 2001 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman , Martin ( 2016 - 01 - 30 ) . Cold War Jet Combat : Air - to - Air Jet Fighter Operations 1950 -- 1972 . Pen and Sword . ISBN 9781473874633 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Simha , Rakesh Krishnan ( 17 January 2012 ) . `` How India brought down the US ' supersonic man '' . Russia & India Report . Russia & India Report . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Why the Indian Air Force has a high crash rate ^ Jump up to : Jr , Karl DeRouen ; Heo , Uk ( 2007 - 05 - 10 ) . Civil Wars of the World : Major Conflicts Since World War II . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781851099191 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , Dipender ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` ' Sam gave dignity to Army in 1971 , after 1962 debacle ' '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Palit , Maj Gen DK ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) .", "48": "The Lightning Campaign : The Indo - Pakistan War , 1971 . Lancer Publishers . ISBN 9781897829370 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasnat , Syed Farooq ( 2011 ) . Pakistan . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313346972 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . 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Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Naseer , Javed ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ) . The Morning Echo : An Observation of Nature and Science . iUniverse , Naseer . ISBN 9781475957082 .", "49": "Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Nayar , Kuldip ( 3 February 1998 ) . `` Of betrayal and bungling '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 23 August 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Huge bag of prisoners in our hands '' . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Burke , S. M ( 1974 ) . Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies -- S.M. Burke . ISBN 9780816607204 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1971 India Pakistan War : Role of Russia , China , America and Britain '' . The World Reporter . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Robert ( 1978 - 06 - 17 ) . South Asian Crisis : India -- Pakistan -- Bangla Desh . Springer . ISBN 9781349041633 . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : VSM , Brig Amar Cheema ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) . The Crimson Chinar : The Kashmir Conflict : A Politico Military Perspective . Lancer Publishers . ISBN 9788170623014 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Harold H. Saunders , `` What Really Happened in Bangladesh '' Foreign Affairs ( 2014 ) 93 # 4 d Jump up ^ Alvandi , Roham . Nixon , Kissinger , and the Shah : The United States and Iran in the Cold War . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190610685 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Shalom , Stephen R . `` The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo - Pak War of 1971 '' . Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki , Jussi ( 2004 ) . The flawed architect : Henry Kissinger and American foreign policy .", "50": "Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517221 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lewis , John P. ( 9 December 1971 ) . `` Mr. Nixon and South Asia '' . The New York Times . The Nixon Administration 's South Asia policy ... is beyond redemption Jump up ^ `` 1971 War : How the US tried to corner India '' . Rediff.com. 26 December 2006 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Burne , Lester H. Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1932 -- 1988 . Routledge , 2003 . ISBN 9780415939164 . Jump up ^ Rajagopalan , Rajesh ; Mishra , Atul . Nuclear South Asia : Keywords and Concepts . Routledge . ISBN 9781317324751 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British aircraft carrier ' HMS Eagle ' tried to intervene in 1971 India -- Pakistan war '' . Frontier India . 18 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cold war games '' . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Birth of a nation '' . The Indian Express . 11 December 2009 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon / Kissinger Saw India as `` Soviet Stooge '' in 1971 South Asia Crisis `` . nsarchive.gwu.edu . George Washington University press . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wetering , Carina . Changing US Foreign Policy toward India . Springer . ISBN 9781137548627 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean . Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses. 1972 . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Jayapalan , N. India and Her Neighbours .", "51": "Atlantic Publishers & Dist . ISBN 9788171569120 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , edited by Swaran ( 2007 ) . China - Pakistan strategic cooperation : Indian perspectives . New Delhi : Manohar . ISBN 8173047618 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jaffrelot , Christophe . Pakistan at the Crossroads : Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures . Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231540254 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roychoudhury , H.P. A Silent Patriot of Bangladesh . Partridge Publishing . ISBN 9781482886887 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` China Recognizes Bangladesh '' . Oxnard , California , USA : The Press Courier , via Google News . Associated Press . 1 September 1975 . Jump up ^ `` China Veto Downs Bangladesh UN Entry '' . Montreal , Quebec , Canada : The Montreal Gazette , via Google News . United Press International . 26 August 1972 . Jump up ^ Chau , Donovan C. ; Kane , Thomas M. China and International Security : History , Strategy , and 21st - Century Policy ( 3 volumes ) : History , Strategy , and 21st - Century Policy . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781440800023 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Recognition Story '' . Bangladesh Strategic and Development Forum . Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , V.R. Internal Conflicts - A Four State Analysis : India - Nepal - Sri Lanka - Myanmar . Vij Books India Pvt Ltd . ISBN 9789382573418 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mudiam , Prithvi Ram . India and the Middle East . British Academic Press . ISBN 9781850437031 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Geoffrey .", "52": "The East Moves West : India , China , and Asia 's Growing Presence in the Middle East . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0815724071 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , John H. ( 2003 ) . An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan War : The Creation of Bangladesh . Washington DC : National Defense University . Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Higham , Robin D.S. ( April 2005 ) , `` An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan war : the creation of Bangladesh ( reviw ) '' , The Journal of Military History , 69 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 : How Asians View Each Other '' . Pew Research Center 's Global Attitudes Project . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's leaders should heed the lesson of Bangladesh '' . The Guardian . 15 August 2010 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No lessons learnt in forty years -- The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Malik , Anas ( 2010 - 10 - 22 ) . Political Survival in Pakistan : Beyond Ideology . Routledge . ISBN 9781136904196 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Humayun , Arif ( 2010 - 10 - 29 ) . Connivance by Silence : How the Majority 's Failure to Challenge Politically Motivated ( Mis ) interpretation of the Qur'an Empowered Radicals to Exploit Islam and Propagate Radicalism . Xlibris Corporation . ISBN 9781453595725 . Jump up ^ Waines , David ( 2003 - 11 - 06 ) . An Introduction to Islam . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521539067 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Dogra , Wg Cdr C. Deepak ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) . Pakistan : Caught in the Whirlwind .", "53": "Lancer Publishers LLC . ISBN 9781940988221 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Further information relates in Hamoodur Rahman Commission . Jump up ^ Siddique , Abubakar ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) . The Pashtuns : The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan . Random House India . ISBN 9788184006254 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Langewiesche , William ( November 2005 ) . `` The Wrath of Khan '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Abdus Sattar Ghazali . `` Islamic Pakistan , The Second Martial Law '' . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Prince , Soldier , Statesman -- Sahabzada Yaqub Khan '' . Defence Journal . Archived from the original on 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Ḥaqqānī , p. 87 Jump up ^ `` Excerpts : We never learn '' . Dawn. 15 December 2002 . Jump up ^ Lala , R.M. ( 1 January 2001 ) . A touch of greatness : encounters with the eminent . Viking . Jump up ^ Indira feared coup from ' Sam ' , The Tribune India , 1 August 1999 . Jump up ^ KTInfotainmentTV ( 28 July 1999 ) , FTF Field Marshal Monekshaw 28 7 1999 ( published 17 October 2011 ) , event occurs at 15 : 30 Jump up ^ Ahmad Faruqui ( 2003 ) . Rethinking the National Security of Pakistan : The Price of Strategic Myopia . Ashgate . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 1497 - 5 . Field Marshal Manekshaw , Chief of Staff of the Indian Army in 1971 , paid them the ultimate compliment when he stated that : The Pakistan Army in East Pakistan fought very gallantly . But they had no chance . They were a thousand miles away from their base .", "54": "And I had eight or nine months to make my preparations ( while they were being worn out in a counter insurgency war against the secessionist forces of the Mukti Bahini ) . I had a superiority of almost five - to - one . Jump up ^ Three Indian blunders in the 1971 war , Rediff News , 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American flying ace believes Pakistan won 1971 war '' . Express Tribune . 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Burki , Shahid Javed ( 1988 - 11 - 01 ) . Pakistan Under Bhutto , 1971 -- 1977 . Springer . ISBN 9781349195299 . Jump up ^ GoP , Government of Pakistan . `` Population of Pakistan in 1972 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ et . al. `` Constitution of Pakistan '' . Story of Pakistan . Nazaria - e-Pakistan , Part IV . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh ( 2008 ) . The Military Factor in Pakistan . Lancer Publishers . ISBN 9780981537894 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Kapur , Ashok ( 2010 - 12 - 14 ) . India and the South Asian Strategic Triangle . Routledge . ISBN 9781136902611 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul , T.V. ; Studies , Teleglobe Raoul - Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic ; sécurité , Université du Québec à Montréal Centre d'études des politiques étrangères et de ( 2000 ) . Power Versus Prudence : Why Nations Forgo Nuclear Weapons . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . ISBN 9780773520875 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- The Beginning '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org . Retrieved 24 December 2016 .", "55": "Jump up ^ `` 125 Slain in Dacca Area , Believed Elite of Bengal '' . The New York Times . New York , NY , USA . 19 December 1971 . p. 1 . Retrieved 4 January 2008 . At least 125 persons , believed to be physicians , professors , writers and teachers , were found murdered today in a field outside Dacca . All the victims ' hands were tied behind their backs and they had been bayoneted , garroted or shot . These victims were among an estimated 300 Bengali intellectuals who had been seized by West Pakistani soldiers and locally recruited supporters . Jump up ^ Murshid , Tazeen M. ( 2 December 1997 ) . `` State , Nation , Identity : The Quest for Legitimacy in Bangladesh '' . South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies . Routledge. 20 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 34 . ISSN 1479 - 0270 . doi : 10.1080 / 00856409708723294 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Muazzam Hussain ( 2012 ) . `` Killing of Intellectuals '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ Shaiduzzaman . `` Martyred intellectuals : martyred history '' . New Age . Archived from the original on 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff correspondents ( 1 December 2015 ) . `` Pakistan denies committing war crimes in 1971 '' . The Daily Star . The Daily Star , 2015 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sarmila ( 2010 ) . Dead reckoning : memories of the 1971 Bangladesh war . London : C. Hurst . ISBN 978 - 1849040495 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , Alexander ( 2013 - 06 - 25 ) . Atrocities , Massacres , and War Crimes : An Encyclopedia ( 2 Volumes ) : An Encyclopedia .", "56": "ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781598849264 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Rummel , Rudolph J. , `` Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 '' , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 5 , Chapter 8 , table 8.1 Jump up ^ `` Birth of Bangladesh : When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation '' . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh sets up war crimes court '' . Al Jazeera English . 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Worcester , Kenton ; Bermanzohn , Sally Avery ; Ungar , Mark ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) . Violence and Politics : Globalization 's Paradox . Routledge . ISBN 9781136701252 . Jump up ^ Tripathi , Salil ( 2016 ) . The Colonel Who Would Not Repent : The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300218183 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hossain , Mokerrom ( 2010 - 02 - 21 ) . From Protest to Freedom : A Book for the New Generation : the Birth of Bangladesh . Mokerrom . ISBN 9780615486956 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerlach , Christian ( 2010 ) . Extremely Violent Societies : Mass Violence in the Twentieth - Century World . Cambridge University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 9781139493512 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh sets up 1971 war crimes tribunal '' . BBC News . 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh to Hold Trials for 1971 War Crimes '' . Voice of America . 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gill , John H ( 1994 ) . An Atlas of 1971 Indian - Pakistan war - the Creation of Bangladesh . NESA . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Dhaka demonstrators protest Pakistan 's reaction to Molla 's execution '' . Express Tribune . 18 December 2013 .", "57": "Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Bose , Sarmila ( 22 September 2007 ) . `` Losing the Victims : Problems of Using Women as Weapons in Recounting the Bangladesh War '' ( PDF ) . Economic and Political Weekly : 3865 . ^ Jump up to : Baig , Muhammad Anwar ; Ebad ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) . Pakistan : Time for Change . AuthorHouse . ISBN 9781477250310 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Kharal , Rāʼe Asad K̲h̲ān ( 2000 ) . Pākistān kaise ṭūṭā ? ( in Japanese ) . Intelligence Publishers . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Shah , Aqil ( 2014 - 04 - 21 ) . The Army and Democracy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674419773 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hamood - ur - Rahman Commission Report Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan '' . Story Of Pakistan . 1 June 2003 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` The Untold Story of 1971 -- Behind Pakistan 's Defeat '' . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh requests war report '' . BBC News . 30 August 2000 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Bhatt , Dr Arunkumar ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) . Psychological Warfare and India . Lancer Publishers , Bhatt . ISBN 9788170621331 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ BBC ( 30 August 2000 ) . `` Bangladesh requests war report '' . BBC . BBC Pakistan Bureau . BBC . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) .", "58": "`` The Genesis of Defeat -- How many Hindus have you killed ? '' . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` The Loss of Character -- `` Lust for wine , greed for houses '' `` . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` Bravado And Capitulation -- `` Further resistance is not humanly possible '' `` . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : D'Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) , Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia , Routledge , pp. 76 -- 78 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 56566 - 0 Jump up ^ Hamoodur Rehman Commission ( HRC ) Report of Inquiry into the 1971 War ( Vanguard Books Lahore , 513 ) Jump up ^ Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report , chapter 2 , paragraph 33 ^ Jump up to : `` India Pakistan Timeline '' . BBC News , India Pakistan . 1971 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Simla Agreement '' . Bilateral / Multilateral Documents . Ministry of External Affairs , Government of India . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turtuk , a Promised Land Between Two Hostile Neighbours '' . Jump up ^ `` An encounter with the ' king ' of Turtuk , a border village near Gilgit - Baltistan '' . Jump up ^ `` A portrait of a village on the border '' . Jump up ^ `` Have you heard about this Indian Hero ? '' . rediff.com. 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Simla Agreement 1972 '' . Story of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The collapse of the Shimla Accord '' . 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ UN .", "59": "`` Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees '' . UNCHR . UNCHR . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley Walpert ( 1993 ) . Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan : his life and times . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195076615 . Jump up ^ Wierda , Marieke ; Anthony Triolo ( 31 May 2012 ) . Luc Reydams ; Jan Wouters ; Cedric Ryngaert , eds . International Prosecutors . Oxford University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0199554294 . Jump up ^ Coll , Steve ( 2005 ) . Ghost Wars . The Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 007 - 6 . pg 221 , 475 . Jump up ^ Kreisler interview with Coll `` Conversations with history '' , 25 March 2005 , UC Berkeley Institute of International Studies Jump up ^ Bhutto , Zulfiqar Ali ( April 1973 ) . `` Pakistan Builds Anew '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Singh , Sarbans ( 1993 ) . Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 -- 1971 . New Delhi : Vision Books . pp. 257 -- 278 . ISBN 81 - 7094 - 115 - 6 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Martyrs '' . National Defense Academy , Pune . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Param Vir Chakra '' . Government of India . Jump up ^ `` Nishan - e-Haider holders of Pakistan Army '' . Jump up ^ `` Nishan - e-Haider '' . Archived from the original on 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Habib , Haroon ( 25 July 2011 ) . `` Bangladesh honours Indira Gandhi with highest award '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Friends of freedom honoured '' . The Daily Star . 28 March 2012 .", "60": "Jump up ^ `` B'desh honours foreign friends '' . The Financial Express . Dhaka. 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 : Beyond Borders Review ( 3.5 / 5 ) : The film puts across the message that fighting wars for `` borders and orders '' robs away so many lives needlessly `` . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Further reading Ayub , Muhammad ( 2005 ) . An army , Its Role and Rule : A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil , 1967 -- 1999 . RoseDog Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8059 - 9594 - 7 . Cilano , Cara , ed. ( 2010 ) . Pakistaniaat : Special issue on 1971 War . Hanhimäki , Jussi M. ( 2004 ) . The Flawed Architect : Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517221 - 8 . Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . United Book Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1 . Niazi , General A.A.K. ( 1999 ) . Betrayal of East Pakistan . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 579275 - 1 . Palit , DK ( 1972 ) . The Lightning Campaign : The Indo - Pakistan War 1971 . Compton Press Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 900193 - 10 - 1 . Raghavan , Srinath ( 2013 ) . 1971 -- A global History of Creation of Bangladesh ( PDF ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72864 - 6 . Raja , Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar ( 2010 ) . O General My General ( Life and Works of General MAG Osmany ) . The Osmany Memorial Trust , Dhaka , Bangladesh .", "61": "ISBN 978 - 984 - 8866 - 18 - 4 . Saigal , JR ( 2000 ) . Pakistan Splits : The Birth of Bangladesh . Manas Publications . ISBN 9788170491248 . External links Video of General Niazi Surrendering A complete coverage of the war from the Indian perspective An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan War : The Creation of Bangladesh by John H. Gill Actual conversation from the then US President Nixon and Henry Kissinger during the 1971 War -- US Department of State 's Official archive . Indian Army : Major Operations Pakistan : Partition and Military Succession USA Archives Pakistan intensifies air raid on India BBC A day by day account of the war as seen in a virtual newspaper . The Tilt : The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971 . 16 December 1971 : any lessons learned ? By Ayaz Amir -- Pakistan 's Dawn India - Pakistan 1971 War as covered by TIME Indian Air Force Combat Kills in the 1971 war ( unofficial ) , Centre for Indian Military History Op Cactus Lilly : 19 Infantry Division in 1971 , a personal recall by Lt Col Balwant Singh Sahore All for a bottle of Scotch , a personal recall of Major ( later Major General ) CK Karumbaya , SM , the battle for Magura `` The Rediff Interview / Lt Gen AA Khan Niazi '' . Rediff. 2 February 2004 .", "62": "Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 History Partition of India History of Pakistan Indo - Pakistani Wars War of 1947 War of 1965 Operation Searchlight 1971 Bangladesh genocide Mukti Bahini Research and Analysis Wing Operation Jackpot Indo - Soviet Treaty Razakars Mitro Bahini Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command Simla Agreement Conflict Battle of Dhalai Battle of Atgram Battle of Garibpur Boyra incidence Operation Chengiz Khan Battle of Longewala Battle of Hilli Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Airdrop Battle of Basantar PNS Ghazi Operation Trident Air Operations Naval Operations INS Khukri US Taskforce 74 more Pakistani peace proposals Cable 1971 Six - points Ahsan -- Yaqub Mission Rodionov message War Enquiry Commission Leaders India Indira Gandhi Sam Manekshaw P.C. Lal S.M. Nanda Jagjit Singh Aurora K.P. Candeth Sourendra Nath Kohli Gopal Gurunath Bewoor Anil Tipnis T.N. Raina Sartaj Singh J.F.R. Jacob Kuldip Singh Chandpuri Kulwant Singh Pannu G.M. Hiranandani Pakistan Yahya Khan Nurul Amin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Abdul Hamid Khan A.A.K. Niazi Mohammad Sharif M.A.K. Lodhi Leslie Mungavin Gul Hassan Abdul Ali Malik Rashid Ahmed A. Rahim Khan Tikka Khan Muzaffar Hassan Patrick Callaghan Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Tajuddin Ahmed Muhammad Mansur Ali A.H.M. Qamaruzzaman Abu Taher United States Richard Nixon Henry Kissinger Archer Blood George Bush , Sr . William Westmoreland Elmo Zumwalt Chuck Yeager J.S.", "63": "Farland Kenneth Keating Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev Alexei Kosygin Alexei Rodionov Nikolai Pegov Yakov Malik Andrei Gromyko Sergey Gorshkov Vasili Kuznetsov Nikolai Podgorny Highest awards Param Vir Chakra L / Nk . Albert Ekka Fl . Off . N.J.S. Sekhon 2nd Lt. Arun Khetarpal Maj . Hoshiar Singh Nishan - E-Haider Maj . Muhammad Akram Plt . Off . Rashid Minhas Maj . Shabbir Sharif J / Swr . Muhammad Hussain L / Nk . Muhammad Mahfuz Bir Sreshtho Flt . Lt. Matiur Rahman Sepahi Hamidur Rahman Sepahi Mostafa Kamal Engine Room Artificer Mohammad Ruhul Amin Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir Lance Naik Noor Mohammad 1971 Bangladesh genocide Perpetrators Organizers Yahya Khan Tikka Khan Rao Farman Ali Executors Abdul Quader Molla Abul Kalam Azad Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed Delwar Hossain Sayeedi Fazlul Quader Chowdhury Ghulam Azam Motiur Rahman Nizami Muhammad Kamaruzzaman Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury Ashrafuz Zaman Khan Chowdhury Mueen - Uddin Organizations Pakistan Army Jamaat - e-Islami Razakars East Pakistan Central Peace Committee Al Badr Al Shams Massacres Barisal Division Barguna Bhimnali Ketnar Bil", "64": "Suryamani Chittagong Division Muzaffarabad Pomara Bakhrabad Dhaka Division Bakchar Baria Char Bhadrasan Hasamdia Ishangopalpur Jinjira Madhyapara Ramna Satanikhil Sendia Shankharibazar Sree Angan Sutrapur Khulna Division Chuknagar Dakra Shankharikathi Rajshahi Division Bagbati Demra Karai Kadipur Gopalpur Rangpur Division Akhira Daldalia Golaghat Jathibhanga Kaliganj Sylhet Division Adityapur Burunga Galimpur Krishnapur Makalkandi Naria Notable victims Altaf Mahmud Anudvaipayan Bhattacharya Anwar Pasha Dhirendranath Datta Govinda Chandra Dev Harinath Dey Jogesh Chandra Ghosh Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta Laxman Das Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury Munier Choudhury Ranada Prasad Saha Santosh Chandra Bhattacharya Selina Parvin Shahidullah Kaiser more Protests Movement demanding trial of war criminals 2013 Shahbag protests Trials Hamoodur Rahman Commission International Crimes Tribunal Related events Bangladesh Liberation War Blood Telegram Concert for Bangladesh Operation Searchlight Persecution of Biharis Persecution of Hindus Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War Remembrance Day", "65": "Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency 2001 Bangladeshi - Indian border skirmish Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Category Army Navy Air Force Pakistan Armed Forces Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Awards and decorations Cabinet Committee on National Security Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Chief of General Staff Commander - in - Chief President of Pakistan Inter-Services Public Relations Inter-Services Selection Board Inter-Services Intelligence Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence Joint Staff Headquarters Judge Advocate General Branch Military history Air Force history Foreign deployments of the Pakistan Armed Forces Involvement in UN peacekeeping missions Military coups Military Lands and Cantonments Department Ministry of", "66": "Defence Minister of Defence National Command Authority Missiles Nuclear doctrine Strategic Plans Division Force Weapons of mass destruction National Defence University National Security Council Army Army Museum Army ranks and insignia C - in - C of the army Chief of Army Staff Corps , commands and regiments I Corps II Corps IV Corps V Corps X Corps XI Corps XII Corps XXX Corps XXXI Corps Air Defence Corps Armoured Corps Army Strategic Forces Command Aviation Corps Azad Kashmir Regiment Baloch Regiment Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Corps of Engineers Engineer - in - Chief Frontier Works Organisation Corps of Military Police Corps of Signals Force Command Northern Areas Frontier Force Regiment Medical Corps Military Intelligence Northern Light Infantry Regiment Punjab Regiment Regiment of Artillery Sind Regiment Special Services Group Education and training Army Medical College Army Public Schools and Colleges System Cadet colleges College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Command and Staff College Military Academy Military College of Engineering Military College of Signals Parachute Training School Equipment General Headquarters Hospitals Serving Generals Air Force Air Force Museum Air Force ranks and insignia Air Headquarters Aircraft Bases Chief of Air Staff Education and training Air Force Academy Air War College College of Aeronautical Engineering College of Flying Training Combat Commanders School Fazaia Schools and Colleges System Hospitals Squadrons and commands Air Force Strategic Command Air Intelligence Special Service Wing Squadrons Serving Air Marshals Navy Bases Ahsan Naval Base Hameed Naval Base Jinnah Naval Base Kalmat Naval Base Karachi Naval Dockyard Mehran Naval Base Qasim Naval Base", "67": "Chief of Naval Staff Education and training Naval Academy Navy Engineering College Navy run basic education schools Navy School of Logistics and Management Navy War College PNS Karsaz Hospitals PNS Darmaan Jah PNS Rahat PNS Shifa List of admirals Maritime Museum Naval Headquarters Naval ranks and insignia Squadrons and commands Marines Naval Air Arm Naval Intelligence Naval Strategic Forces Command Navy Hydrographic Department Navy Punjab Command Navy Western Command Special Services Group Navy Vessels Serving Admirals Paramilitary forces Airports Security Force Coast Guards Frontier Constabulary Frontier Corps Bajaur Scouts Chagai Militia Chitral Scouts Gilgit Baltistan Scouts Kharan Rifles Khyber Rifles Zhob Militia Maritime Security Agency National Guard Rangers Wars and conflicts India - Pakistan War ( s ) of 1947 - 1948 / 1965 / 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War 1967 Israeli - Arab war 1973 Israeli - Arab war Jordan - Palestine Liberation Organization conflict 1970s Baloch insurgency Grand Mosque in Saudi Arabia seizure Soviet - Afghan war Siachen conflict 1991 Gulf War Kargil conflict War in North - West Pakistan Related Defence Housing Authority Defence industry of Pakistan Air Weapons Complex Defence Science and Technology Organisation Heavy Industries Taxila Institute of Optronics Integrated Defence Systems Integrated Dynamics Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works Khan Research Laboratories Marine Systems Limited National Development Complex National Engineering and Scientific Commission Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Pakistan Ordnance Factories Wah Metallurgical Laboratory Khyber Border Coordination Center Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces Category Army", "68": "Air Force Navy Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971&oldid=804087534 '' Categories : Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Indo - Pakistani wars Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 in Bangladesh 1971 in India 1971 in Pakistan Conflicts in 1971 East Pakistan Anti-Pakistan sentiment Wars involving Bangladesh Wars involving Pakistan Wars involving India History of Bangladesh Post-independence history of Pakistan Separatism in Pakistan History of the Indian Army Research and Analysis Wing Foreign intervention Dissolutions of countries December 1971 events Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Accuracy disputes from July 2015 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with dead external links from July 2015 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing cleanup from December 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2016 Use British English from December 2013 Use dmy dates from December 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia", "69": "Azərbaycanca বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkmençe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 17 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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6762133121441037463	who is the girl in the hinder video lips of an angel	[ "Emmanuelle Chriqui", "Emmanuelle Chriqui", "Emmanuelle Chriqui", "Emmanuelle Chriqui" ]	{ "0": "Lips of an Angel - wikipedia Lips of an Angel Jump to : navigation , search `` Lips of an Angel '' Single by Hinder from the album Extreme Behavior Released July 24 , 2006 ( U.S. ) Format Digital download CD single Recorded 2005 Genre Post-grunge , glam metal Length 4 : 21 Label Universal Songwriter ( s ) Austin Winkler Cody Hanson Brian Howes Producer ( s ) Brian Howes Hinder singles chronology `` Get Stoned '' ( 2005 ) `` Lips of an Angel '' ( 2006 ) `` How Long '' ( 2006 ) `` Get Stoned '' ( 2005 ) `` Lips of an Angel '' ( 2006 ) `` How Long '' ( 2006 ) `` Lips of an Angel '' is a ballad by American rock band Hinder . It was released as the second single from their album Extreme Behavior . It was their breakthrough hit , charting in the top ten on several Billboard trade charts in the United States , and reaching number one in several countries . It has sold 3.6 million copies in the US as of January 2015 , making it one of the most downloaded rock songs . Jack Ingram released a cover of the song in 2006 , which reached No. 16 on the Billboard country music charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Formats and track listings 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Jack Ingram version 4.1 Background 4.2 Music video 4.3 Chart performance 5 See also 6 References Song information ( edit ) The lyrics deal with the singer describing his feelings when his favored girlfriend from his past calls late at night , somewhat pleasantly interrupting his current relationship . More than once , a reference to the call being secret is made , and the singer expresses concern of a fight ensuing as a result . The song concludes just as it began , with the singer questioning to why she is calling so late .", "1": "However , at the end , it is less literal and more figurative , with the underlying meaning of `` so late '' not at night , but too late in life , perhaps adding an element of sadness to the song , as it ends with the plot unresolved . According to a radio interview done in Atlanta , Georgia the lyrics are loosely based on an actual phone call incident that did happen . The song experienced the most success in Oceania . On the chart date of February 4 , 2007 , the song debuted atop Australia 's ARIA Singles Chart , replacing Evermore 's `` Light Surrounding You '' , keeping the peak position for seven weeks before being replaced by `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair . On February 12 , it reached the top spot on New Zealand 's RIANZ Singles Chart and stayed there for one more week before being dethroned by `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' by Fall Out Boy . In the United States , the song reached number one on the Billboard Pop 100 and the Mainstream Top 40 charts in November 2006 . Elsewhere , the song had limited chart success , and remains their only hit in most countries it charted in . The song is featured in the music - related video games Lips ( as downloadable content ) , Karaoke Revolution Presents : American Idol Encore , Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party , and Band Hero .", "2": "Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` Lips of an Angel '' -- 4 : 21 CD single `` Lips of an Angel '' -- 4 : 21 `` By the Way '' ( acoustic ) -- 3 : 34 `` Bliss ( I Do n't Wanna Know ) '' ( acoustic ) -- 3 : 45 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 62 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 31 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 98 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Pop 100 US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks US Billboard Adult Contemporary 18 US Billboard Adult Top 40 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 30 Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 46 Australian Singles Chart 5 Preceded by `` SexyBack '' by Justin Timberlake US Billboard Pop 100 November 4 , 2006 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` My Love '' by Justin Timberlake featuring T.I. Preceded by `` Far Away '' by Nickelback US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 November 11 , 2006 − November 25 , 2006 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` My Love '' by Justin Timberlake featuring T.I.", "3": "Preceded by `` Light Surrounding You '' by Evermore Australia ARIA Singles Chart February 4 , 2007 − March 13 , 2007 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair Preceded by `` Smack That '' by Akon featuring Eminem New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart February 12 , 2007 − February 19 , 2007 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' by Fall Out Boy Jack Ingram version ( edit ) `` Lips of an Angel '' Single by Jack Ingram from the album This Is It Released December 11 , 2006 Format Digital download Genre Country adult alternative Length 3 : 45 Label Big Machine Songwriter ( s ) Austin Winkler Cody Hanson Brian Howes Producer ( s ) Jeremy Stover Jack Ingram singles chronology `` Love You '' ( 2006 ) `` Lips of an Angel '' ( 2006 ) `` Measure of a Man '' ( 2007 ) `` Love You '' ( 2006 ) `` Lips of an Angel '' ( 2006 ) `` Measure of a Man '' ( 2007 ) Country music artist Jack Ingram released a version of the song in December 2006 . Ingram 's version , the lead - off single to his 2007 album This Is It , reached a peak of number 16 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in April 2007 . Ingram 's version does not include the last stanza where the singer once again asks why she is calling so late . Background ( edit ) Regarding his cover of this song , Ingram gave an explanation in the liner notes of This Is It : `` I heard this song on the radio . I think it 's a killer song . I thought we could give it another feel and do it justice . A good song is a good song . I 'll let other people choose sides between what genre is what genre and who should stay inside which box . I think there are two kinds of music : good and bad . I try to stay on the right side . Besides , who has n't felt this way at some point in their life ?", "4": "Do n't lie . '' Music video ( edit ) Premiering in early 2007 , the music video for `` Lips of an Angel '' was directed by Shaun Silva and largely follows the narrative of the song 's lyrics , focusing on a late night phone call between the raconteur ( Austin Winkler ) and his former lover ( Emmanuelle Chriqui ) . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 77 US Billboard Pop 100 87 See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia in 2007 List of number - one singles in 2007 ( New Zealand ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2006 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239#2006 Archived 2015 - 09 - 13 at WebCite Jump up ^ Cruz , Carmen ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` The 15 Most Downloaded Songs in Rock History '' . CFOX - FM . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Hinder -- Lips of an Angel '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Hinder -- Lips of an Angel '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Hinder -- Lips of an Angel '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Hinder -- Lips of an Angel '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200647 into search . Jump up ^ `` Hinder -- Chart History : Mainstream Rock Tracks '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 .", "5": "Jump up ^ http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2007.htm Jump up ^ `` Lips Of An Angel by Jack Ingram '' . Yahoo !. 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love You -- Jack Ingram '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ This Is It ( CD ) . Jack Ingram . Big Machine Records . 2007 . BMR130602 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Ingram Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jack Ingram Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard .", "6": "Hinder Marshal Dutton Cody Hanson Joe `` Blower '' Garvey Mark King Mike Rodden Austin John Cole Parker Studio albums Extreme Behavior Take It to the Limit All American Nightmare Welcome to the Freakshow When the Smoke Clears The Reign EPs Far From Close Stripped Singles `` Get Stoned '' `` Lips of an Angel '' `` How Long '' `` Better than Me '' `` Homecoming Queen '' `` Born to Be Wild '' `` By the Way '' `` Use Me '' `` Without You '' `` Up All Night '' `` Loaded and Alone '' `` The Best Is Yet to Come '' `` All American Nightmare '' `` What Ya Gonna Do '' `` The Life '' `` Sooners Do n't Back Down '' `` The Fights About to Begin '' `` Red Tail Lights '' `` Save Me '' `` Ladies Come First '' `` Is It Just Me '' `` Should Have Known Better '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Freakshow '' `` Hit the Ground '' `` Rather Hate Than Hurt '' `` Intoxicated '' `` Letting Go '' `` Remember Me '' `` The Reign '' Tours Badboys of Rock Other Discography Jack Ingram Albums Jack Ingram Livin ' or Dyin ' Electric Live : Wherever You Are This Is It Big Dreams & High Hopes Notable singles `` Wherever You Are '' `` Love You '' `` Lips of an Angel '' `` Measure of a Man '' `` Maybe She 'll Get Lonely '' `` That 's a Man '' `` Barefoot and Crazy '' Related articles Jeremy Stover Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "7": "php?title=Lips_of_an_Angel&oldid=835505505 '' Categories : 2007 singles Hinder songs Jack Ingram songs Rock ballads Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Songs written by Brian Howes Big Machine Records singles Music videos directed by Shaun Silva 2005 songs Universal Republic Records singles Songs about telephone calls Songs written by Austin John Songs written by Cody Hanson Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 02 : 39 . 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4984871413174473846	who helped the british in the french and indian war	[ "Iroquois", "Catawba", "Cherokee", "Iroquois Confederacy", "the colonies of British America", "Iroquois", "Catawba", "Cherokee" ]	{ "0": "French and Indian War - wikipedia French and Indian War Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the conflict from 1754 to 1763 . For the series of conflicts between 1688 and 1763 , see French and Indian Wars . This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2017 ) French and Indian War Part of the Seven Years ' War The war theater Date 1754 -- 1763 Location North America Result British victory Treaty of Paris Territorial changes France cedes New France east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain , retaining Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and transfers Louisiana to Spain Belligerents Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy Catawba Cherokee ( before 1758 ) France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki Mi'kmaq militia Algonquin Lenape Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Wyandot Commanders and leaders Jeffery Amherst Edward Braddock † James Wolfe † Earl of Loudoun James Abercrombie Edward Boscawen George Washington John Forbes George Monro Louis - Joseph de Montcalm † Marquis de Vaudreuil Baron Dieskau ( POW ) François - Marie de Lignery † Chevalier de Lévis ( POW ) Joseph de Jumonville † Marquis Duquesne Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu † Strength 42,000 regulars and militia ( peak strength , 1758 ) 10,000 regulars ( troupes de la terre and troupes de la marine , peak strength , 1757 ) Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , St.", "1": "Lawrence and Mohawk theater Lake George Fort Bull Fort Oswego 1st Snowshoes Sabbath Day Point Fort William Henry German Flatts 2nd Snowshoes Fort Carillon Fort Frontenac La Belle - Famille Fort Niagara Fort Ticonderoga Beauport Quebec St. Francis Sainte - Foy Neuville Thousand Islands Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Ohio Valley Theater Jumonville Glen Fort Necessity Braddock Expedition Monongahela The Trough Sideling Hill Great Cacapon Kittanning Forbes Expedition Fort Duquesne Fort Ligonier Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Atlantic theater 1st Northeast Coast Cape Race Chignecto Bay of Fundy Petitcodiac 2nd Northeast Coast 1st Lunenburg 1st Louisbourg Bloody Creek 2nd Lunenburg 2nd Louisbourg Petitcodiac River Ile Saint - Jean Gulf of St. Lawrence Cape Sable St. John River Restigouche St. John 's Theatres of the Seven Years ' War Silesia Pomerania Portugal North America West Indies West Africa India Anglo - Spanish Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years ' War of 1756 -- 63 . It pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France . Both sides were supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France , as well as by American Indian allies . At the start of the war , the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers , compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies . The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians . The European nations declared war on one another in 1756 following months of localized conflict , escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict . The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States .", "2": "It refers to the two main enemies of the British colonists : the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them . The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois , Catawba , and Cherokee , and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq , and Algonquin , Lenape , Ojibwa , Ottawa , Shawnee , and Wyandot . British and other European historians use the term the Seven Years ' War , as do English - speaking Canadians . French Canadians call it La guerre de la Conquête ( the War of the Conquest ) or ( rarely ) the Fourth Intercolonial War . Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies , from Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north . It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers called the Forks of the Ohio , and the site of the French Fort Duquesne within present - day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754 , during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22 - year - old George Washington ambushed a French patrol . In 1755 , six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock , the newly arrived British Army commander , and planned a four - way attack on the French . None succeeded , and the main effort by Braddock proved a disaster ; he lost the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . British operations failed in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York during 1755 -- 57 due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , effective Canadian scouts , French regular forces , and Indian warrior allies . In 1755 , the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia , and they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians ( 1755 -- 64 ) soon afterwards . Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley , Commander - in - Chief , North America , without direction from Great Britain . The Acadians were expelled , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty .", "3": "Indians likewise were driven off the land to make way for settlers from New England . The British colonial government fell in the region of modern Nova Scotia after several disastrous campaigns in 1757 , including a failed expedition against Louisbourg and the Siege of Fort William Henry ; this last was followed by Indians torturing and massacring their British victims . William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces that they had in New France , preferring to concentrate their forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theater of the war . Between 1758 and 1760 , the British military launched a campaign to capture the Colony of Canada ( part of New France ) . They succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately the city of Quebec ( 1759 ) . The British later lost the Battle of Sainte - Foy west of Quebec ( 1760 ) , but the French ceded Canada in accordance with the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) . The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo - French conflict . France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi . It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River ( including New Orleans ) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain 's loss to Britain of Florida . ( Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana , Cuba . ) France 's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , confirming Great Britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 The origin of the name 2 North America in the 1750s 3 Events leading to war 3.1 Céloron 's expedition 3.2 Negotiations 3.3 Attack on Pickawillany 3.4 French fort construction 3.5 Virginia 's response 4 Course of the war 4.1 Battle of Jumonville Glen 4.2 Albany Congress 4.3 British campaigns , 1755 4.4 French victories , 1756 -- 1757 4.5 British conquest , 1758 -- 1760 4.5.", "4": "1 1758 4.5. 2 1759 -- 1760 4.6 End of the war 5 Consequences 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Further reading 9 External links The origin of the name The conflict is known by multiple names . In British America , wars were often named after the sitting British monarch , such as King William 's War or Queen Anne 's War . There had already been a King George 's War in the 1740s during the reign of King George II , so British colonists named this conflict after their opponents , and it became known as the French and Indian War . This traditional name continues as the standard in the United States , but it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict and that this was part of the Seven Years ' War , a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain . American historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the Seven Years ' War . Less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire . In Europe , the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War usually is not given a separate name . The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years ' War . `` Seven Years '' refers to events in Europe , from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 . These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America , which was largely concluded in six years , from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760 . Canadians refer to both the European and North American conflicts as the Seven Years ' War ( Guerre de Sept Ans ) . French Canadians also use the term `` War of Conquest '' ( Guerre de la Conquête ) , since it is the war in which Canada was conquered by the British and became part of the British Empire . North America in the 1750s Map showing the 1750 possessions of Britain ( pink ) , France ( blue ) , and Spain ( green ) in North America At this time , North America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France . Large areas had no colonial settlements .", "5": "The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley , with some also in Acadia ( present - day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia ) , including Île Royale ( present - day Cape Breton Island ) . Fewer lived in New Orleans , Biloxi , Mississippi , Mobile , Alabama , and small settlements in the Illinois Country , hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries . French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds , did business with local Indian tribes , and often married Indian women . Traders married daughters of chiefs , creating high - ranking unions . British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north to Georgia in the south . Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west , as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time when their provincial charters were granted . Their population centers were along the coast , yet the settlements were growing into the interior . Nova Scotia had been captured from France in 1713 , and it still had a significant French - speaking population . Britain also claimed Rupert 's Land where the Hudson 's Bay Company traded for furs with local Indian tribes . Iroquois engaging in trade with colonists , 1722 In between the French and British colonists , large areas were dominated by Indian tribes . To the north , the Mi'kmaqs and the Abenakis were engaged in Father Le Loutre 's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia , Acadia , and the eastern portions of the province of Canada , as well as much of Maine . The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of Upstate New York and the Ohio Country , although Ohio also included Algonquian - speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee , as well as Iroquoian - speaking Mingos . These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule and were limited by them in their authority to make agreements . The Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan - speaking Catawbas , Muskogee - speaking Creeks and Choctaw , and the Iroquoian - speaking Cherokee tribes .", "6": "When war broke out , the French colonists used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region , which was not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British ; these included the Hurons , Mississaugs , Ojibwas , Winnebagos , and Potawatomi . The British colonists were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations and also by the Cherokees , until differences sparked the Anglo - Cherokee War in 1758 . In 1758 , the Pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations . Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French , their primary trading partner and supplier of arms . The Creeks and Cherokees were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict . New York and Pennsylvania theaters of the war , image from 1905 By this time , Spain claimed only the province of Florida in eastern North America ; it controlled Cuba and other territories in the West Indies that became military objectives in the Seven Years ' War . Florida 's European population was a few hundred , concentrated in St. Augustine and Pensacola . At the start of the war , no French regular army troops were stationed in North America , and few British troops . New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine , companies of colonial regulars ( some of whom had significant woodland combat experience ) . The colonial government recruited militia support when needed . Most British colonies mustered local militia companies to deal with Indian threats , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , but they did not have any standing forces . Virginia , by contrast , had a large frontier with several companies of British regulars . The colonial governments were used to operating independently of one another and of the government in London , a situation that complicated negotiations with Indian tribes , whose territories often encompassed land claimed by multiple colonies . After the war began , the leaders of the British Army establishment tried to impose constraints and demands on the colonial administrations .", "7": "Events leading to War Céloron 's expedition New France 's Governor - General Roland - Michel Barrin de La Galissonière was concerned about the incursion and expanding influence in the Ohio Country of British colonial traders such as George Croghan . In June 1747 , he ordered Pierre - Joseph Céloron to lead a military expedition through the area . Its objectives were : to reaffirm to New France 's Indian allies that their trading arrangements with colonists were exclusive to those authorized by New France to confirm Indian assistance in asserting and maintaining the French claim to the territories which French explorers had claimed to discourage any alliances between Britain and local Indian tribes to impress the Indians with a French show of force against British colonial settler incursion , unauthorized trading expeditions , and general trespass against French claims Céloron 's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians , and they covered about 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) between June and November 1749 . They went up the St. Lawrence , continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario , crossed the portage at Niagara , and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie . At the Chautauqua Portage near Barcelona , New York , the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River , which it followed to the site of Pittsburgh . There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country . Whenever he encountered British colonial merchants or fur - traders , he informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave . Céloron 's expedition arrived at Logstown where the Indians in the area informed him that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British colonists regardless of the French . He continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers , which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany , the home of the Miami chief known as `` Old Briton '' . Céloron threatened Old Briton with severe consequences if he continued to trade with British colonists , but Old Briton ignored the warning . Céloron returned disappointedly to Montreal in November 1749 . Céloron wrote an extensively detailed report .", "8": "`` All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French , '' he wrote , `` and are entirely devoted to the English . I do n't know in what way they could be brought back . '' Even before his return to Montreal , reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris , each side proposing that action be taken . Massachusetts governor William Shirley was particularly forceful , stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present . Negotiations In 1749 , the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country . The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory and construct a fort for their protection . But the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania , and both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims . In 1750 , Christopher Gist explored the Ohio territory , acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company , and he opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown . He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians agreed to terms through their `` Half - King '' Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative . These terms included permission to build a strong house at the mouth of the Monongahela River on the modern site of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . By the late 17th century , the Iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the Ohio Valley , and they laid claim to it as their hunting ground by right of conquest . The War of the Austrian Succession ( better known as King George 's War ) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle , which was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe . The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies were turned over to a commission , but it reached no decision . Frontier areas were claimed by both sides , from Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north to the Ohio Country in the south . The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean , where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland .", "9": "Attack on Pickawillany Main article : Raid on Pickawillany Governor - General of New France Marquis de la Jonquière died on March 17 , 1752 , and he was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil . His permanent replacement was to be the Marquis Duquesne , but he did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post . The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of Charles Michel de Langlade , an officer in the Troupes de la Marine . Langlade was given 300 men , including French - Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa tribe . His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron 's orders to cease trading with the British . On June 21 , the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany , capturing three traders and killing 14 Miami Indians , including Old Briton . He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some Indians in the expedition party . French Fort construction This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the spring of 1753 , Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000 - man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians . His orders were to protect the King 's land in the Ohio Valley from the British . Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier . Céloron , however , had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates , whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts . He first constructed Fort Presque Isle on Lake Erie 's south shore near Erie , Pennsylvania , and he had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . He then constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf in Waterford , Pennsylvania , designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . As he moved south , he drove off or captured British traders , alarming both the British and the Iroquois .", "10": "Tanaghrisson was a chief of the Mingo Indians , who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion . He intensely disliked the French whom he accused of killing and eating his father . He traveled to Fort Le Boeuf and threatened the French with military action , which Marin contemptuously dismissed . The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York , who was the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond . Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey , meaning `` he who does great things . '' He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area , and he was made a colonel of the Iroquois in 1746 ; he was later commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia . The Indian representatives and Johnson met with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies at Albany , New York . Mohawk Chief Hendrick was the speaker of their tribal council , and he insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion . Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction , and Hendrick said that the `` Covenant Chain '' was broken , a long - standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown . Virginia 's response Robert Dinwiddie , British lieutenant governor of Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company , which stood to lose money if the French held their claim . He ordered 21 year - old Major George Washington ( whose brother was another Ohio Company investor ) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory in October 1753 . Washington left with a small party , picking up Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter , Christopher Gist ( a company surveyor working in the area ) , and a few Mingos led by Tanaghrisson . On December 12 , Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf . Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after Marin died on October 29 , and he invited Washington to dine with him . Over dinner , Washington presented Saint - Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country .", "11": "Saint - Pierre said , `` As to the Summons you send me to retire , I do not think myself obliged to obey it . '' He told Washington that France 's claim to the region was superior to that of the British , since René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier . Washington 's party left Fort Le Boeuf early on December 16 and arrived in Williamsburg on January 16 , 1754 . He stated in his report , `` The French had swept south '' , detailing the steps which they had taken to fortify the area , and their intention to fortify the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers . Course of the War Washington 's map of the Ohio River and surrounding region containing notes on French intentions , 1753 or 1754 Even before Washington returned , Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point where they began construction of a small stockaded fort in the early months of 1754 . Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude - Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint - Pierre during the same period , and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5 , 1754 . These forces arrived at the fort on April 16 , but Contrecœur generously allowed Trent 's small company to withdraw . He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne . Battle of Jumonville Glen Dinwiddie had ordered Washington to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work , and Washington learned of Trent 's retreat while he was en route . Mingo sachem Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British , so Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with him . He then learned of a French scouting party in the area , so he combined Tanaghrisson 's force with his own and surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen . They killed many of the Canadians , including their commanding officer Joseph Coulon de Jumonville , whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk .", "12": "Historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and to regain authority over his own people . They had been inclined to support the French , with whom they had long trading relationships . One of Tanaghrisson 's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire . Historians generally consider the Battle of Jumonville Glen as the opening battle of the French and Indian War in North America , and the start of hostilities in the Ohio valley . An engraving depicting the evening council of George Washington at Fort Necessity . Following the battle , Washington pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity , which the Canadians attacked under the command of Jummonville 's brother at the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3 . Washington surrendered and negotiated a withdrawal under arms . One of his men reported that the Canadian force was accompanied by Shawnee , Delaware , and Mingo warriors -- just those whom Tanaghrisson was seeking to influence . The earliest authenticated portrait of George Washington shows him wearing his colonel 's uniform of the Virginia Regiment . This portrait was painted in 1772 by Charles Willson Peale . News of the two battles reached England in August . After several months of negotiations , the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French . They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition . Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock 's departure for North America . In response , King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755 . The British sent out their fleet in February 1755 , intending to blockade French ports , but the French fleet had already sailed . Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept them . In a second British action , Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on June 8 , 1755 , capturing her and two troop ships . The British harassed French shipping throughout 1755 , seizing ships and capturing seamen . These actions contributed to the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756 .", "13": "Albany congress An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July , 1754 . The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the war that was unfolding . The plan that the delegates agreed to was neither ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown . Nevertheless , the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence . British campaigns , 1755 Locations of British campaigns , 1755 ( and other sites ) The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755 . General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne , while Massachusetts governor William Shirley was given the task of fortifying Fort Oswego and attacking Fort Niagara . Sir William Johnson was to capture Fort St. Frédéric at present - day Crown Point , New York , and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was to capture Fort Beauséjour to the east , on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia . Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne , with George Washington as one of his aides . The expedition was a disaster . It was attacked by French soldiers and Indian warriors ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs , and Braddock called for a retreat . He was killed and approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured . The remaining 500 British troops retreated to Virginia , led by Washington . Two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War played key roles in organizing the retreat : Washington and Thomas Gage . The French acquired a copy of the British war plans , including the activities of Shirley and Johnson . Shirley 's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by his inexperience in managing large expeditions . In conjunction , Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara .", "14": "As a response , he left garrisons at Oswego , Fort Bull , and Fort Williams , the last two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present - day Rome , New York . Supplies were cached at Fort Bull for use in the projected attack on Niagara . William Johnson saving Baron Deskiau Johnson 's expedition was better organized than Shirley 's , which was noticed by New France 's governor the Marquis de Vaudreuil . He had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio , and he had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley 's expected attack . Vaudreuil saw Johnson as the larger threat and sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat . Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River , but Johnson had strongly fortified it , and Dieskau 's Indian support was reluctant to attack . The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry . The battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . Johnson 's advance stopped at Fort William Henry , and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point , where they began the construction of Fort Carillon ( later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759 ) . Colonel Monckton captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 in the sole British success that year , cutting off the French fortress at Louisbourg from land - based reinforcements . To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg , Nova Scotia 's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French - speaking Acadian population from the area . Monckton 's forces , including companies of Rogers ' Rangers , forcibly removed thousands of Acadians , chasing down many who resisted and sometimes committing atrocities . More than any other factor , cutting off supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise . The Acadian resistance was sometimes quite stiff , in concert with Indian allies including the Mi'kmaq , with ongoing frontier raids against Dartmouth and Lunenburg , among others .", "15": "The only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757 , other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians ranging around the Bay of Fundy , on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers , and Île Saint - Jean . French victories , 1756 -- 1757 See also : Franco - Indian alliance Conference between the French and Indian leaders around a ceremonial fire , by Émile Louis Vernier Following the death of Braddock , William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America , and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755 . He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara , Crown Point , and Duquesne , with attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec . His plan , however , got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others , including William Johnson and New York 's Governor Sir Charles Hardy , and consequently gained little support . Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun , with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command . Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America . French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756 , led by Major General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François - Charles de Bourlamaque , all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession . On May 18 , 1756 , England formally declared war on France , which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years ' War . General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm Governor Vaudreuil had ambitions to become the French commander in chief , in addition to his role as governor , and he acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived . Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain , so he ordered an attack against the forts which Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry . In the Battle of Fort Bull , French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies , including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder .", "16": "They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario and endangered the Oswego garrison , already short on supplies . French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area , encouraging them to raid frontier settlements . This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers , with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action . The new British command was not in place until July . Abercrombie arrived in Albany but refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them , and Montcalm took bold action against his inertia . He built on Vaudreuil 's work harassing the Oswego garrison and executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga , as if to presage another attack along Lake George . With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany , Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August . In the aftermath , Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners ' personal effects . The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables , which angered the Indians . Montcalm trying to stop allied Indians from the massacre of colonial soldiers and civilians as they leave after the Battle of Fort William Henry . Loudoun was a capable administrator but a cautious field commander , and he planned one major operation for 1757 : an attack on New France 's capital of Quebec . He left a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm and began organizing for the expedition to Quebec . He was then ordered to attack Louisbourg first by William Pitt , the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies . The expedition was beset by delays of all kinds but was finally ready to sail from Halifax , Nova Scotia in early August . In the meantime , French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast , and a fleet awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg which outnumbered the British fleet . Faced with this strength , Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry . French irregular forces ( Canadian scouts and Indians ) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757 . In January , they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga .", "17": "In February , they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George , destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification . In early August , Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort , which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole . When the withdrawal began , some of Montcalm 's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves . The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations , as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward . Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers , although no proof exists . British Conquest , 1758 -- 1760 See also : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War § Conquest of Canada ( 1758 -- 60 ) The Victory of Montcalm 's Troops at Carillon by Henry Alexander Ogden . Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758 , as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping . The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757 , a difficult winter , and the allegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigot , the intendant of the territory . His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates . A massive outbreak of smallpox among western Indian tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758 . The disease probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle ; yet the Indians blamed the French for bringing `` bad medicine '' as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry . Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence , with primary defenses at Carillon , Quebec , and Louisbourg , while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years . The British failures in North America combined with other failures in the European theater and led to Newcastle 's fall from power along with the Duke of Cumberland , his principal military advisor . Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning .", "18": "He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun . He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757 . Pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops supported by the provincial militias , aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France . Two of the expeditions were successful , with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces . 1758 Indians ambush British soldiers The Forbes Expedition was a British campaign in September -- October 1758 , with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes sent to drive out the French from the contested Ohio Country . The French withdrew from Fort Duquesne and left the British in control of the Ohio River Valley . The great French fortress at Louisbourg in Nova Scotia was captured after a siege . The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon , in which 3,600 Frenchmen defeated Abercrombie 's force of 18,000 regulars , militia , and Indian allies outside the fort which the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga . Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac , including caches of supplies destined for New France 's western forts and furs destined for Europe . Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst , victor at Louisbourg . Battle of Quebec , 13 September 1759 , painted by Captain Hervey Smyth The French had generally poor results in 1758 in most theaters of the war . The new foreign minister was the duc de Choiseul , and he decided to focus on an invasion of Britain to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland . The invasion failed both militarily and politically , as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France and sent funds to Britain 's mainland ally of Prussia , while the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay . In one piece of good fortune , some French supply ships did manage to depart France and elude the British blockade of the French coast .", "19": "1759 -- 1760 See also : Conquest of 1760 British General Jeffery Amherst British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759 : the British captured Ticonderoga , James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders , and a British victory at Fort Niagara cut off the French frontier forts to the west and south . The victory was made complete in 1760 ; the British did suffer a defeat outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte - Foy , but they prevented the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides . Governor Vaudreuil in Montreal negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst in September 1760 . Amherst granted his requests that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition , to own property , and to remain undisturbed in their homes . The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers , and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war . End of the War The descent of the French on St. John 's , Newfoundland , 1762 Most of the fighting ended in continental North America in 1760 , although it continued in Europe between France and Britain . The notable exception was the French seizure of St. John 's , Newfoundland . General Amherst heard of this surprise action and immediately dispatched troops under his nephew William Amherst , who regained control of Newfoundland after the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762 . Many troops from North America were reassigned to participate in further British actions in the West Indies , including the capture of Spanish Havana when Spain belatedly entered the conflict on the side of France , and a British expedition against French Martinique in 1762 led by Major General Robert Monckton . General Amherst also oversaw the transition of French forts to British control in the western lands . The policies which he introduced in those lands disturbed large numbers of Indians and contributed to Pontiac 's Rebellion in 1763 . This series of attacks on frontier forts and settlements required the continued deployment of British troops , and it was not resolved until 1766 .", "20": "Distribution of British military forces in 1766 The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763 , and war in the European theater was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763 . The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique , which had been occupied by the British . France chose to cede the former but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , along with fishing rights in the area . They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent . French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow . The British , however , were happy to take New France , as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue ; they also had ample places from which to obtain sugar . Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba , but they also gained Louisiana from France , including New Orleans , in compensation for their losses . Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations . Consequences The war changed economic , political , governmental , and social relations among the three European powers , their colonies , and the people who inhabited those territories . France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war , with significant long - term consequences . Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink , and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia , colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French - speaking Roman Catholic residents . The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 made land available to immigrants from Europe and migrants from the colonies to the south . The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces , but many went to France , and some went to New Orleans , which they had expected to remain French . Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands , but these efforts were unsuccessful . Others migrated to places such as Saint - Domingue or fled to New Orleans after the Haitian Revolution .", "21": "The Louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern Cajun population . ( The French word `` Acadien '' changed to `` Cadien '' then to `` Cajun '' . ) Following the treaty , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7 , 1763 which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory , and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations . Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population , a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward - bound settlers . The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians . The Quebec Act addressed this and other issues in 1774 , raising concerns in the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of `` popery . '' The Act maintained French Civil law , including the seigneurial system , a medieval code removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution . The deportation order is read to a group of Acadians in 1755 The Seven Years ' War nearly doubled Great Britain 's national debt . The Crown sought sources of revenue to pay it off and attempted to impose new taxes on its colonies . These attempts were met with increasingly stiff resistance , until troops were called in to enforce the Crown 's authority . These acts ultimately led to the start of the American Revolutionary War . France attached comparatively little value to its North American possessions , apart from the highly profitable sugar - producing Antilles islands which it retained . Minister Choiseul considered that he had made a good deal at the Treaty of Paris , and Voltaire wrote that Louis XV had lost `` a few acres of snow '' . For France , however , the military defeat and the financial burden of the war weakened the monarchy and contributed to the advent of the French Revolution in 1789 . For some of the Indian tribes , the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally , although other tribes were not so affected . The Ohio Country was now more available to colonial settlement , due to the construction of military roads by Braddock and Forbes . The Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory was not completed until 1769 , and it had modest repercussions .", "22": "The British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of Indian tribes who did not want to do business with them . This migration also caused a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek , historic enemies who were now competing for land . The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave . Most went to Cuba , including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine , although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico . France returned to North America in 1778 with the establishment of a Franco - American alliance against Great Britain in the American War of Independence . This time , France succeeded in prevailing over Great Britain in what historian Alfred A. Cave describes as `` French ... revenge for Montcalm 's death '' . See also History of Canada portal New France portal French and Indian Wars ( article includes King William 's War , Queen Anne 's War , King George 's War , and this war . ) Military history of Nova Scotia Northwest Indian War Franco - Indian alliance Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War New Hampshire Provincial Regiment American Indian Wars Footnotes Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 26 -- 31 , documents the starting sizes of the expeditions against Louisbourg , Carillon , Duquesne , and West Indies . Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Gary Walton ; History of the American Economy ; page 27 Jump up ^ M. Brook Taylor , Canadian History : a Reader 's Guide : Volume 1 : Beginnings to Confederation ( 1994 ) pp 39 -- 48 , 72 -- 74 Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Siege of Quebec : An episode of the Seven Years ' War '' , Canadian National Battlefields Commission , Plains of Abraham website Jump up ^ Lacoursière , Jacques ; Provencher , Jean ; Vaugeois , Denis ( 2001 ) . Canada - Québec 1534 -- 2000 ( reprint ed . ) . Les éditions du Septentrion . p. 92 . ISBN 9782894481868 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 .", "23": "Jump up ^ Eccles , France in America , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 747 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. xv . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia : Seven Years ' War Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ ( in French ) L'Encyclopédie canadienne : Guerre de Sept Ans . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of North American immigration . New York : Facts on File . p. 204 . ISBN 0816046581 . Jump up ^ John Wade , `` British History Chronologically Arranged , 2 : Comprehending a Chamfied Analysis of Events and Occurencis in Church and State ... from the First Invasions by the Romans to A.d. 1847 '' , p. 46 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History . London : Routledge . p. 32 . ISBN 9780415964869 . Jump up ^ Jennings , pp. 9 , 176 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park Spotlight : Lake Loramie '' , Ohio State Parks Magazine , Spring 2006 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Alfred P. James , The Ohio Company : Its Inner History ( 1959 ) pp. 26 -- 40 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 15 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 18 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 27 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 31 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 48 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p.", "24": "43 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 63 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Ellis , His Excellency George Washington , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 36 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 41 Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 43 -- 45 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 65 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 50 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 51 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 59 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Lengel p. 52 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Fowler , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Battle of the Monongahela '' . World Digital Library . 1755 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Stephen E. ( 1994 ) . `` 1744 -- 1763 : Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples '' . In Buckner , Phillip ; Reid , John . The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 152 . ISBN 0802005535 . Jump up ^ Nester , pp. 53 -- 61 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 267 -- 285 . ISBN 0375406425 .", "25": "Jump up ^ William , Wood , The Great Fortress : A Chronicle of Louisbourg 1720 -- 1760 ( ( http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6026 online from Project Gutenberg ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Paris February 10 , 1763 '' . FrenchandIndianWar.info . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 498 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 21 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 439 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 617 -- 632 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 505 -- 506 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 161 -- 164 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 565 -- 566 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 636 -- 637 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 568 Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred . `` The Real First World War and the Making of America Archived 2010 - 01 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . '' American Heritage , November / December 2005 . Jump up ^ Cave , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Cave , p. xii Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 525 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 133 -- 138 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 152 -- 156 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 82 Further reading Library resources about French and Indian War Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40642 - 5 . Anderson , Fred ( 2005 ) . The War that Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03454 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 06 .", "26": "-- Released in conjunction with the 2006 PBS miniseries The War that Made America . Brumwell , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Redcoats : The British Soldier and War in the Americas , 1755 -- 1763 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67538 - 3 . Calloway , Colin G ( 2006 ) . The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530071 - 0 . Cave , Alfred A. ( 2004 ) . The French and Indian War . Westport , Connecticut - London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32168 - X . Eckert , Allan W. Wilderness Empire . Bantam Books , 1994 , originally published 1969 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 26488 - 5 . Second volume in a series of historical narratives , with emphasis on Sir William Johnson . Academic historians often regard Eckert 's books , which are written in the style of novels , to be unreliable , as they contain things like dialogue that is clearly fictional . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2004 ) . His Excellency George Washington . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3253 - 9 . Fowler , William M. ( 2005 ) . Empires at War : The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America , 1754 - 1763 . New York : Walker . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1411 - 0 . Gipson , Lawrence H. The Great War for the Empire : The Years of Defeat , 1754 -- 1757 ( 1948 ) ; The Great War for the Empire : The Victorious Years , 1758 -- 1760 ( 1950 ) highly detailed narrative of the British war in North America and Europe . Jennings , Francis ( 1988 ) . Empire of Fortune : Crowns , Colonies , and Tribes in the Seven Years ' War in America . New York : Norton .", "27": "ISBN 0 - 393 - 30640 - 2 . Murrin , John M. `` The French and Indian War , the American Revolution , and the Counterfactual Hypothesis : Reflections on Lawrence Henry Gipson and John Shy . '' Reviews in American History 1 # 3 ( 1973 ) : 307 -- 318 . in JSTOR Nester , William R ( 2000 ) . The first global war : Britain , France , and the fate of North America , 1756 -- 1775 . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96771 - 0 . OCLC 41468552 . Nester , William R . The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France ( 2015 ) . excerpt O'Meara , Walter ( 1965 ) . Guns at the Forks . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 5309 - 8 . Parkman , Francis . Montcalm and Wolfe : The French and Indian War . Originally published 1884 . New York : Da Capo , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81077 - 8 . West , Doug ( 2016 ) French and Indian War -- A Short History 30 Minute Book Series `` Virtual Vault '' . Library and Archives Canada . 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7468904582092612742	which animal is the carrier of the h1n1 virus	[ "pigs", "pigs", "Pig", "pigs", "pigs" ]	{ "0": "Swine influenza - wikipedia Swine influenza Jump to : navigation , search This article is about influenza viruses in pigs . For the 2009 outbreak , see 2009 flu pandemic . For the 2009 human virus , see Pandemic H1N1 / 09 virus . Swine flu Synonyms Pig influenza , swine flu , hog flu , pig flu Electron microscope image of the reassorted H1N1 influenza virus photographed at the CDC Influenza Laboratory . The viruses are 80 -- 120 nanometres in diameter . Specialty Infectious disease ( edit on Wikidata ) Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses . Swine influenza virus ( SIV ) or swine - origin influenza virus ( S - OIV ) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs . As of 2009 , the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1 , H1N2 , H2N1 , H3N1 , H3N2 , and H2N3 . The Swine flu was initially seen in humans in Mexico in 2009 , where the strand of the particular virus was a marriage of 3 types of strands . Six of the genes are very similar to the H1N2 influenza virus that was found in pigs around 2000 . Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide . Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human flu , often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood . If transmission does cause human flu , it is called zoonotic swine flu . People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection . Around the mid-20th century , identification of influenza subtypes became possible , allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans . Since then , only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed . These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human . Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza - like illness in general , namely chills , fever , sore throat , muscle pains , severe headache , coughing , weakness , shortness of breath , and general discomfort .", "1": "In August 2010 , the World Health Organization declared the swine flu pandemic officially over . Cases of swine flu have been reported in India , with over 31,156 positive test cases and 1,841 deaths up to March 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Humans 2 Virology 2.1 Transmission 2.1. 1 Between pigs 2.1. 2 To humans 2.1. 3 Interaction with avian H5N1 in pigs 2.2 Structure 2.2. 1 Classification 2.2. 2 Influenza C 2.2. 3 Influenza A 3 Diagnosis 4 Prevention 4.1 Swine 4.2 Humans 4.2. 1 Vaccination 4.3 Surveillance 5 Treatment 5.1 Swine 5.2 Humans 6 History 6.1 1918 pandemic 6.2 1976 U.S. outbreak 6.3 1988 U.S. outbreak 6.4 2007 Philippine outbreak 6.5 2009 Northern Ireland outbreak 6.6 2015 and 2017 India outbreaks 6.7 2015 Nepal outbreak 6.8 2016 Pakistan outbreak 6.9 2017 Maldives outbreak 6.10 H1N1 virus pandemic history 7 Notes 8 Further reading 9 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) In swine , an influenza infection produces fever , lethargy , sneezing , coughing , difficulty breathing and decreased appetite . In some cases the infection can cause abortion . Although mortality is usually low ( around 1 -- 4 % ) , the virus can produce weight loss and poor growth , causing economic loss to farmers . Infected pigs can lose up to 12 pounds of body weight over a three - to four - week period . Swine have receptors to which both avian and mammalian influenza viruses are able to bind to , which leads to the virus being able to evolve and mutate into different forms .", "2": "Influenza A is responsible for infecting swine , and was first identified in the summer of 1918 . Pigs have often been seen as `` mixing vessels '' , which help to change and evolve strains of disease that are then passed on to other mammals , such as humans . Humans ( edit ) Main symptoms of swine flu in humans Direct transmission of a swine flu virus from pigs to humans is occasionally possible ( zoonotic swine flu ) . In all , 50 cases are known to have occurred since the first report in medical literature in 1958 , which have resulted in a total of six deaths . Of these six people , one was pregnant , one had leukemia , one had Hodgkin 's lymphoma and two were known to be previously healthy . Despite these apparently low numbers of infections , the true rate of infection may be higher , since most cases only cause a very mild disease , and will probably never be reported or diagnosed . Play media In this video , Dr. Joe Bresee , with CDC 's Influenza Division , describes the symptoms of swine flu and warning signs to look for that indicate the need for urgent medical attention . See also : See this video with subtitles on YouTube According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , in humans the symptoms of the 2009 `` swine flu '' H1N1 virus are similar to those of influenza and of influenza - like illness in general . Symptoms include fever ; cough , sore throat , watery eyes , body aches , shortness of breath , headache , weight loss , chills , sneezing , runny nose , coughing , dizziness , abdominal pain , lack of appetite and fatigue . The 2009 outbreak has shown an increased percentage of patients reporting diarrhea and vomiting as well . The 2009 H1N1 virus is not zoonotic swine flu , as it is not transmitted from pigs to humans , but from person to person through airborne droplets . Because these symptoms are not specific to swine flu , a differential diagnosis of probable swine flu requires not only symptoms , but also a high likelihood of swine flu due to the person 's recent and past medical history .", "3": "For example , during the 2009 swine flu outbreak in the United States , the CDC advised physicians to `` consider swine influenza infection in the differential diagnosis of patients with acute febrile respiratory illness who have either been in contact with persons with confirmed swine flu , or who were in one of the five U.S. states that have reported swine flu cases or in Mexico during the seven days preceding their illness onset . '' A diagnosis of confirmed swine flu requires laboratory testing of a respiratory sample ( a simple nose and throat swab ) . The most common cause of death is respiratory failure . Other causes of death are pneumonia ( leading to sepsis ) , high fever ( leading to neurological problems ) , dehydration ( from excessive vomiting and diarrhea ) , electrolyte imbalance and kidney failure . Fatalities are more likely in young children and the elderly . Virology ( edit ) Transmission ( edit ) Between pigs ( edit ) Influenza is quite common in pigs , with about half of breeding pigs having been exposed to the virus in the US . Antibodies to the virus are also common in pigs in other countries . The main route of transmission is through direct contact between infected and uninfected animals . These close contacts are particularly common during animal transport . Intensive farming may also increase the risk of transmission , as the pigs are raised in very close proximity to each other . The direct transfer of the virus probably occurs either by pigs touching noses , or through dried mucus . Airborne transmission through the aerosols produced by pigs coughing or sneezing are also an important means of infection . The virus usually spreads quickly through a herd , infecting all the pigs within just a few days . Transmission may also occur through wild animals , such as wild boar , which can spread the disease between farms . To humans ( edit ) People who work with poultry and swine , especially those with intense exposures , are at increased risk of zoonotic infection with influenza virus endemic in these animals , and constitute a population of human hosts in which zoonosis and reassortment can co-occur . Vaccination of these workers against influenza and surveillance for new influenza strains among this population may therefore be an important public health measure .", "4": "Transmission of influenza from swine to humans who work with swine was documented in a small surveillance study performed in 2004 at the University of Iowa . This study , among others , forms the basis of a recommendation that people whose jobs involve handling poultry and swine be the focus of increased public health surveillance . Other professions at particular risk of infection are veterinarians and meat processing workers , although the risk of infection for both of these groups is lower than that of farm workers . Interaction with avian H5N1 in pigs ( edit ) Pigs are unusual as they can be infected with influenza strains that usually infect three different species : pigs , birds and humans . This makes pigs a host where influenza viruses might exchange genes , producing new and dangerous strains . Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China , and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam , increasing fears of the emergence of new variant strains . H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift . In August 2004 , researchers in China found H5N1 in pigs . Main symptoms of swine flu in swine These H5N1 infections may be quite common ; in a survey of 10 apparently healthy pigs housed near poultry farms in West Java , where avian flu had broken out , five of the pig samples contained the H5N1 virus . The Indonesian government has since found similar results in the same region . Additional tests of 150 pigs outside the area were negative . Structure ( edit ) The influenza virion is roughly spherical . It is an enveloped virus ; the outer layer is a lipid membrane which is taken from the host cell in which the virus multiplies . Inserted into the lipid membrane are `` spikes '' , which are proteins -- actually glycoproteins , because they consist of protein linked to sugars -- known as HA ( hemagglutinin ) and NA ( neuraminidase ) . These are the proteins that determine the subtype of influenza virus ( A / H1N1 , for example ) . The HA and NA are important in the immune response against the virus ; antibodies ( proteins made to combat infection ) against these spikes may protect against infection . The NA protein is the target of the antiviral drugs Relenza and Tamiflu .", "5": "Also embedded in the lipid membrane is the M2 protein , which is the target of the antiviral adamantanes amantadine and rimantadine . Classification ( edit ) Of the three genera of influenza viruses that cause human flu , two also cause influenza in pigs , with influenza A being common in pigs and influenza C being rare . Influenza B has not been reported in pigs . Within influenza A and influenza C , the strains found in pigs and humans are largely distinct , although because of reassortment there have been transfers of genes among strains crossing swine , avian , and human species boundaries . Influenza C ( edit ) Influenza viruses infect both humans and pigs , but do not infect birds . Transmission between pigs and humans have occurred in the past . For example , influenza C caused small outbreaks of a mild form of influenza amongst children in Japan and California . Because of its limited host range and the lack of genetic diversity in influenza C , this form of influenza does not cause pandemics in humans . Influenza a ( edit ) Swine influenza is caused by influenza A subtypes H1N1 , H1N2 , H2N3 , H3N1 , and H3N2 . In pigs , four influenza A virus subtypes ( H1N1 , H1N2 , H3N2 and H7N9 ) are the most common strains worldwide . In the United States , the H1N1 subtype was exclusively prevalent among swine populations before 1998 ; however , since late August 1998 , H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs . As of 2004 , H3N2 virus isolates in US swine and turkey stocks were triple reassortants , containing genes from human ( HA , NA , and PB1 ) , swine ( NS , NP , and M ) , and avian ( PB2 and PA ) lineages . In August 2012 , the Center for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed 145 human cases ( 113 in Indiana , 30 in Ohio , one in Hawaii and one in Illinois ) of H3N2v since July 2012 . The death of a 61 - year - old Madison County , Ohio woman is the first in the nation associated with a new swine flu strain .", "6": "She contracted the illness after having contact with hogs at the Ross County Fair . Diagnosis ( edit ) Thermal scanning of passengers arriving at Singapore Changi airport The CDC recommends real - time PCR as the method of choice for diagnosing H1N1 . The oral or nasal fluid collection and RNA virus preserving filter paper card is commercially available . This method allows a specific diagnosis of novel influenza ( H1N1 ) as opposed to seasonal influenza . Near - patient point - of - care tests are in development . Prevention ( edit ) Prevention of swine influenza has three components : prevention in pigs , prevention of transmission to humans , and prevention of its spread among humans . Swine ( edit ) Methods of preventing the spread of influenza among swine include facility management , herd management , and vaccination ( ATCvet code : QI09AA03 ( WHO ) ) . Because much of the illness and death associated with swine flu involves secondary infection by other pathogens , control strategies that rely on vaccination may be insufficient . Control of swine influenza by vaccination has become more difficult in recent decades , as the evolution of the virus has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines . Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the infection when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection , and custom ( autogenous ) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated are created and used in the more difficult cases . Present vaccination strategies for SIV control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States . Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined , only 41 isolates had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines . Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus , the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses . The United States Department of Agriculture researchers say while pig vaccination keeps pigs from getting sick , it does not block infection or shedding of the virus . Facility management includes using disinfectants and ambient temperature to control viruses in the environment .", "7": "They are unlikely to survive outside living cells for more than two weeks , except in cold ( but above freezing ) conditions , and are readily inactivated by disinfectants . Herd management includes not adding pigs carrying influenza to herds that have not been exposed to the virus . The virus survives in healthy carrier pigs for up to three months , and can be recovered from them between outbreaks . Carrier pigs are usually responsible for the introduction of SIV into previously uninfected herds and countries , so new animals should be quarantined . After an outbreak , as immunity in exposed pigs wanes , new outbreaks of the same strain can occur . Humans ( edit ) Prevention of pig - to - human transmission Swine can be infected by both avian and human flu strains of influenza , and therefore are hosts where the antigenic shifts can occur that create new influenza strains . The transmission from swine to humans is believed to occur mainly in swine farms , where farmers are in close contact with live pigs . Although strains of swine influenza are usually not able to infect humans , this may occasionally happen , so farmers and veterinarians are encouraged to use face masks when dealing with infected animals . The use of vaccines on swine to prevent their infection is a major method of limiting swine - to - human transmission . Risk factors that may contribute to swine - to - human transmission include smoking and , especially , not wearing gloves when working with sick animals , thereby increasing the likelihood of subsequent hand - to - eye , hand - to - nose or hand - to - mouth transmission . Prevention of human - to - human transmission Influenza spreads between humans when infected people cough or sneeze , then other people breathe in the virus or touch something with the virus on it and then touch their own face . `` Avoid touching your eyes , nose or mouth . Germs spread this way . '' Swine flu can not be spread by pork products , since the virus is not transmitted through food . The swine flu in humans is most contagious during the first five days of the illness , although some people , most commonly children , can remain contagious for up to ten days . Diagnosis can be made by sending a specimen , collected during the first five days , for analysis .", "8": "Thermal imaging camera and screen , photographed in an airport terminal in Greece -- thermal imaging can detect elevated body temperature , one of the signs of the virus H1N1 ( swine influenza ) . Recommendations to prevent spread of the virus among humans include using standard infection control , which includes frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with alcohol - based hand sanitizers , especially after being out in public . Chance of transmission is also reduced by disinfecting household surfaces , which can be done effectively with a diluted chlorine bleach solution . Experts agree hand - washing can help prevent viral infections , including ordinary and the swine flu infections . Also , avoiding touching one 's eyes , nose or mouth with one 's hands helps to prevent the flu . Influenza can spread in coughs or sneezes , but an increasing body of evidence shows small droplets containing the virus can linger on tabletops , telephones and other surfaces and be transferred via the fingers to the eyes , nose or mouth . Alcohol - based gel or foam hand sanitizers work well to destroy viruses and bacteria . Anyone with flu - like symptoms , such as a sudden fever , cough or muscle aches , should stay away from work or public transportation , and should contact a doctor for advice . Social distancing , another tactic , is staying away from other people who might be infected , and can include avoiding large gatherings , spreading out a little at work , or perhaps staying home and lying low if an infection is spreading in a community . Public health and other responsible authorities have action plans which may request or require social distancing actions , depending on the severity of the outbreak . Vaccination ( edit ) Main article : 2009 flu pandemic vaccine Vaccines are available for different kinds of swine flu . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved the new swine flu vaccine for use in the United States on September 15 , 2009 . Studies by the National Institutes of Health show a single dose creates enough antibodies to protect against the virus within about 10 days . In the aftermath of the 2009 pandemic , several studies were conducted to see who received influenza vaccines . These studies show that whites are much more likely to be vaccinated for seasonal influenza and for the H1N1 strain than African Americans This could be due to several factors .", "9": "Historically , there has been mistrust of vaccines and of the medical community from African Americans . Many African Americans do not believe vaccines or doctors to be effective . This mistrust stems from the exploitation of the African American communities during studies like the Tuskegee study . Additionally , vaccines are typically administered in clinics , hospitals , or doctor 's offices . Many people of lower socioeconomic status are less likely to receive vaccinations because they do not have health insurance . Surveillance ( edit ) Although there is no formal national surveillance system in the United States to determine what viruses are circulating in pigs , an informal surveillance network in the United States is part of a world surveillance network . Treatment ( edit ) Swine ( edit ) As swine influenza is rarely fatal to pigs , little treatment beyond rest and supportive care is required . Instead , veterinary efforts are focused on preventing the spread of the virus throughout the farm , or to other farms . Vaccination and animal management techniques are most important in these efforts . Antibiotics are also used to treat this disease , which although they have no effect against the influenza virus , do help prevent bacterial pneumonia and other secondary infections in influenza - weakened herds . Humans ( edit ) If a person becomes sick with swine flu , antiviral drugs can make the illness milder and make the patient feel better faster . They may also prevent serious flu complications . For treatment , antiviral drugs work best if started soon after getting sick ( within two days of symptoms ) . Beside antivirals , supportive care at home or in a hospital focuses on controlling fevers , relieving pain and maintaining fluid balance , as well as identifying and treating any secondary infections or other medical problems . The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the use of oseltamivir ( Tamiflu ) or zanamivir ( Relenza ) for the treatment and / or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses ; however , the majority of people infected with the virus make a full recovery without requiring medical attention or antiviral drugs . The virus isolated in the 2009 outbreak have been found resistant to amantadine and rimantadine . In the U.S.", "10": ", on April 27 , 2009 , the FDA issued Emergency Use Authorizations to make available Relenza and Tamiflu antiviral drugs to treat the swine influenza virus in cases for which they are currently unapproved . The agency issued these EUAs to allow treatment of patients younger than the current approval allows and to allow the widespread distribution of the drugs , including by volunteers . History ( edit ) Swine influenza was first proposed to be a disease related to human flu during the 1918 flu pandemic , when pigs became ill at the same time as humans . The first identification of an influenza virus as a cause of disease in pigs occurred about ten years later , in 1930 . For the following 60 years , swine influenza strains were almost exclusively H1N1 . Then , between 1997 and 2002 , new strains of three different subtypes and five different genotypes emerged as causes of influenza among pigs in North America . In 1997 -- 1998 , H3N2 strains emerged . These strains , which include genes derived by reassortment from human , swine and avian viruses , have become a major cause of swine influenza in North America . Reassortment between H1N1 and H3N2 produced H1N2 . In 1999 in Canada , a strain of H4N6 crossed the species barrier from birds to pigs , but was contained on a single farm . The H1N1 form of swine flu is one of the descendants of the strain that caused the 1918 flu pandemic . As well as persisting in pigs , the descendants of the 1918 virus have also circulated in humans through the 20th century , contributing to the normal seasonal epidemics of influenza . However , direct transmission from pigs to humans is rare , with only 12 recorded cases in the U.S. since 2005 . Nevertheless , the retention of influenza strains in pigs after these strains have disappeared from the human population might make pigs a reservoir where influenza viruses could persist , later emerging to reinfect humans once human immunity to these strains has waned . Swine flu has been reported numerous times as a zoonosis in humans , usually with limited distribution , rarely with a widespread distribution .", "11": "Outbreaks in swine are common and cause significant economic losses in industry , primarily by causing stunting and extended time to market . For example , this disease costs the British meat industry about £ 65 million every year . 1918 pandemic ( edit ) The 1918 flu pandemic in humans was associated with H1N1 and influenza appearing in pigs ; this may reflect a zoonosis either from swine to humans , or from humans to swine . Although it is not certain in which direction the virus was transferred , some evidence suggests , in this case , pigs caught the disease from humans . For instance , swine influenza was only noted as a new disease of pigs in 1918 , after the first large outbreaks of influenza amongst people . Although a recent phylogenetic analysis of more recent strains of influenza in humans , birds , animals , and many others and swine suggests the 1918 outbreak in humans followed a reassortment event within a mammal , the exact origin of the 1918 strain remains elusive . It is estimated that anywhere from 50 to 100 million people were killed worldwide . 1976 U.S. outbreak ( edit ) Main article : 1976 swine flu outbreak On February 5 , 1976 , a United States army recruit at Fort Dix said he felt tired and weak . He died the next day , and four of his fellow soldiers were later hospitalized . Two weeks after his death , health officials announced the cause of death was a new strain of swine flu . The strain , a variant of H1N1 , is known as A / New Jersey / 1976 ( H1N1 ) . It was detected only from January 19 to February 9 and did not spread beyond Fort Dix . U.S. President Ford receives a swine flu vaccination This new strain appeared to be closely related to the strain involved in the 1918 flu pandemic . Moreover , the ensuing increased surveillance uncovered another strain in circulation in the U.S. : A / Victoria / 75 ( H3N2 ) , which spread simultaneously , also caused illness , and persisted until March . Alarmed public health officials decided action must be taken to head off another major pandemic , and urged President Gerald Ford that every person in the U.S. be vaccinated for the disease .", "12": "The vaccination program was plagued by delays and public relations problems . On October 1 , 1976 , immunizations began , and three senior citizens died soon after receiving their injections . This resulted in a media outcry that linked these deaths to the immunizations , despite the lack of any proof the vaccine was the cause . According to science writer Patrick Di Justo , however , by the time the truth was known -- that the deaths were not proven to be related to the vaccine -- it was too late . `` The government had long feared mass panic about swine flu -- now they feared mass panic about the swine flu vaccinations . '' This became a strong setback to the program . There were reports of Guillain -- Barré syndrome ( GBS ) , a paralyzing neuromuscular disorder , affecting some people who had received swine flu immunizations . Although whether a link exists is still not clear , this syndrome may be a side effect of influenza vaccines . As a result , Di Justo writes , `` the public refused to trust a government - operated health program that killed old people and crippled young people . '' In total , 48,161,019 Americans , or just over 22 % of the population , had been immunized by the time the National Influenza Immunization Program was effectively halted on December 16 , 1976 . Overall , there were 1098 cases of GBS recorded nationwide by CDC surveillance , 532 of which occurred after vaccination and 543 before vaccination . About one to two cases per 100,000 people of GBS occur every year , whether or not people have been vaccinated . The vaccination program seems to have increased this normal risk of developing GBS by about to one extra case per 100,000 vaccinations . Recompensation charges were filed for over 4,000 cases of severe vaccination damage , including 25 deaths , totalling US $3.5 billion , by 1979 .", "13": "The CDC stated most studies on modern influenza vaccines have seen no link with GBS , Although one review gives an incidence of about one case per million vaccinations , a large study in China , reported in the New England Journal of Medicine , covering close to 100 million doses of H1N1 flu vaccine , found only 11 cases of GBS , which is lower than the normal rate of the disease in China : `` The risk - benefit ratio , which is what vaccines and everything in medicine is about , is overwhelmingly in favor of vaccination . '' 1988 U.S. outbreak ( edit ) In September 1988 , a swine flu virus killed one woman and infected others . A 32 - year - old woman , Barbara Ann Wieners , was eight months pregnant when she and her husband , Ed , became ill after visiting the hog barn at a county fair in Walworth County , Wisconsin . Barbara died eight days later , after developing pneumonia . The only pathogen identified was an H1N1 strain of swine influenza virus . Doctors were able to induce labor and deliver a healthy daughter before she died . Her husband recovered from his symptoms . Influenza - like illness ( ILI ) was reportedly widespread among the pigs exhibited at the fair . Of the 25 swine exhibitors aged 9 to 19 at the fair , 19 tested positive for antibodies to SIV , but no serious illnesses were seen . The virus was able to spread between people , since one to three health care personnel who had cared for the pregnant woman developed mild , influenza - like illnesses , and antibody tests suggested they had been infected with swine flu , but there was no community outbreak . In 1998 , swine flu was found in pigs in four U.S. states . Within a year , it had spread through pig populations across the United States . Scientists found this virus had originated in pigs as a recombinant form of flu strains from birds and humans . This outbreak confirmed that pigs can serve as a crucible where novel influenza viruses emerge as a result of the reassortment of genes from different strains . Genetic components of these 1998 triple - hybrid stains would later form six out of the eight viral gene segments in the 2009 flu outbreak .", "14": "2007 Philippine outbreak ( edit ) On August 20 , 2007 , Department of Agriculture officers investigated the outbreak of swine flu in Nueva Ecija and central Luzon , Philippines . The mortality rate is less than 10 % for swine flu , unless there are complications like hog cholera . On July 27 , 2007 , the Philippine National Meat Inspection Service ( NMIS ) raised a hog cholera `` red alert '' warning over Metro Manila and five regions of Luzon after the disease spread to backyard pig farms in Bulacan and Pampanga , even if these tested negative for the swine flu virus . 2009 Northern Ireland outbreak ( edit ) Since November 2009 , 14 deaths as a result of swine flu in Northern Ireland have been reported . The majority of the victims were reported to have pre-existing health conditions which had lowered their immunity . This closely corresponds to the 19 patients who had died in the year prior due to swine flu , where 18 of the 19 were determined to have lowered immune systems . Because of this , many mothers who have just given birth are strongly encouraged to get a flu shot because their immune systems are vulnerable . Also , studies have shown that people between the ages of 15 and 44 have the highest rate of infection . Although most people now recover , having any conditions that lower one 's immune system increases the risk of having the flu become potentially lethal . In Northern Ireland now , approximately 56 % of all people under 65 who are entitled to the vaccine have gotten the shot , and the outbreak is said to be under control . 2015 and 2017 India outbreaks ( edit ) Swine flu outbreaks were reported in India in late 2014 and early 2015 . As of March 19 , 2015 the disease has affected 31,151 people and claimed over 1,841 lives . The largest number of reported cases and deaths due to the disease occurred in the western part of India including states like Delhi , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , and Gujarat . Researchers of MIT have claimed that the swine flu has mutated in India to a more virulent version with changes in Hemagglutinin protein . This has however been disputed by Indian researchers . There was another outbreak in India in 2017 . The states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were the most affected states .", "15": "Gujarat high court has given Gujarat government instructions to control deaths by Swine Flu . Actor Aamir Khan and wife Kiran Rao were among the latest to be afflicted by swine flu . The couple spoke about their battle with the H1N1 virus via video conference at the Satyamev Jayate Water Cup event in Pune , which they had to skip due to ill - health . More than 1094 people died of Swine flu in India in year 2017 till 26 August 2017 . 2015 Nepal outbreak ( edit ) Swine flu outbreaks were reported in Nepal in the spring of 2015 . As of April 21 , 2015 the disease has claimed 26 lives in the most severely affected district , Jajarkot in Northwest Nepal . Cases were also detected in the districts of Kathmandu , Morang , Kaski , and Chitwan . As of 22 April 2015 the Nepal Ministry of Health reported that 2,498 people had been treated in Jajarkot , of whom 552 were believed to have swine flu , and acknowledged that the government 's response had been inadequate . The Jajarkot outbreak had just been declared an emergency when the April 2015 Nepal earthquake struck on 25 April 2015 , diverting all medical and emergency resources to quake - related rescue and recovery . 2016 Pakistan outbreak ( edit ) There were seven cases of Swine flu reported in Punjab province of Pakistan mainly in the city of Multan in January 2017 . Cases of Swine Flu have also been reported in Lahore & Faisalabad . 2017 Maldives outbreak ( edit ) As of 16 March 2017 , over a hundred confirmed cases of Swine flu and at least six deaths were reported in the Maldivian capital of Male ' and some other islands . Makeshift flu clinics were opened in Male ' . Schools , universities and colleges in the capital were closed , prison visitations suspended , several events cancelled , and all non-essential travel to other islands outside the capital was advised against by the HPA . An influenza vaccination program focussed on pregnant women was initiated soon after . An official visit by the Saudi King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud to the Maldives during his Asian tour was also cancelled last minute amidst fears over the outbreak of swine flu .", "16": "H1N1 virus pandemic history ( edit ) A study conducted in 2008 , and published in the journal Nature , has managed to establish the evolutionary origin of the flu strain of swine origin ( S - OIV ) . The phylogenetic origin of the flu virus that caused the 2009 pandemics can be traced before 1918 . Around 1918 , the ancestral virus , of avian origin , crossed the species boundaries and infected humans as human H1N1 . The same phenomenon took place soon after in America , where the human virus was infecting pigs ; it led to the emergence of the H1N1 swine strain , which later became the classic swine flu . New events of reassortment were not reported until 1968 , when the avian strain H1N1 infected humans again ; this time the virus met the strain H2N2 , and the reassortment originated the strain H3N2 . This strain has remained as a stable flu strain until now . The mid-1970s were important for the evolution of flu strains . First , the re-emergence of the human H1N1 strain became a seasonal strain . Then , a small outbreak of swine H1N1 occurred in humans , and finally , the human H2N2 strain apparently became extinct . Around 1979 , the avian H1N1 strain infected pigs and gave rise to Euroasiatic swine flu and H1N1 Euroasiatic swine virus , which is still being transmitted in swine populations . The critical moment for the 2009 outbreak was between 1990 and 1993 . A triple reassortment event in a pig host of North American H1N1 swine virus , the human H3N2 virus and avian H1N1 virus generated the swine H1N2 strain . Finally , the last step in S - OIV history was in 2009 , when the virus H1N2 co-infected a human host at the same time as the Euroasiatic H1N1 swine strain . This led to the emergence of a new human H1N1 strain , which caused the 2009 pandemic .", "17": "On June 11 , 2009 , the World Health Organization raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 6 for swine flu , which is the highest alert level . This alert level means that the swine flu had spread worldwide and there were cases of people with the virus in most countries . The pandemic level identifies the spread of the disease or virus and not necessarily the severity of the disease . Swine flu spread very rapidly worldwide due to its high human - to - human transmission rate and due to the frequency of air travel . In 2015 the instances of swine flu substantially increased to five year highs with over 10,000 cases reported and 660 deaths in India . The states reporting the highest number of cases and deaths are Rajasthan , Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Delhi , and Telangana . The circulating strain of influenza being the same , unmutant strain that caused global pandemic in 2009 ( A H1N1 pdm 09 ) , the sudden spurt of the cases in the beginning of 2015 left the Indian government unexplained but concerned . Government instructed the affected states to investigate into the epidemiological reasons of such spurt in the states , and had detailed the advisory guidelines to all states . The guidelines are mainly for ( a ) description of A H1N1 for prompt identification , detection , and distinction from the symptoms of other similar infection such as common flu ( cold ) ( b ) categorization of screening of influenza A H1N1 cases , ( c ) clinical management protocol of Pandemic influenza A H1N1 , ( d ) providing home care , ( e ) collection of human sample . Besides , through the National Centre for Diseases Control ( NCDC ) , Directorate General of Health Services ( DGHS ) , Government of India ( GoI ) had placed a tender to procure 8 kits of Assay sets , 37 kits of one step RT - PCR kit , and 36 kits of viral RNA extraction kits . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ International Committee on onomy of Viruses . `` The Universal Virus Database , version 4 : Influenza A '' . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swine influenza '' . The Merck Veterinary Manual . 2008 .", "18": "ISBN 1 - 4421 - 6742 - 4 . 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( March 25 , 1976 ) . `` Ford Urges Flu Campaign To Inoculate Entire U.S '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Richard E. Neustadt and Harvey V. Fineberg. ( 1978 ) . The Swine Flu Affair : Decision - Making on a Slippery Disease . National Academies Press . Jump up ^ `` The Last Great Swine Flu Epidemic '' , Salon.com , April 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Retailliau HF , Curtis AC , Storr G , Caesar G , Eddins DL , Hattwick MA ( March 1980 ) . `` Illness after influenza vaccination reported through a nationwide surveillance system , 1976 -- 1977 '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 111 ( 3 ) : 270 -- 8 . PMID 7361749 . Jump up ^ `` Historical National Population Estimates : July 1 , 1900 to July 1 , 1999 '' . Washington D.C. : Population Division , U.S. Bureau of the Census . 2000 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Schonberger LB , Bregman DJ , Sullivan - Bolyai JZ , et al. ( August 1979 ) . `` Guillain -- Barre syndrome following vaccination in the National Influenza Immunization Program , United States , 1976 -- 1977 '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 110 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 23 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. aje. a112795 . PMID 463869 . ^ Jump up to : `` General Questions and Answers on Guillain -- Barré syndrome '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Swine Flu 1976 Swine flu ' debacle ' of 1976 is recalled -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com. 2009 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 .", "29": "Jump up ^ Haber P , Sejvar J , Mikaeloff Y , DeStefano F ( 2009 ) . `` Vaccines and Guillain -- Barré syndrome '' . Drug Safety . 32 ( 4 ) : 309 -- 23 . doi : 10.2165 / 00002018 - 200932040 - 00005 . PMID 19388722 . Jump up ^ Kaplan JE , Katona P , Hurwitz ES , Schonberger LB ( August 1982 ) . `` Guillain -- Barré syndrome in the United States , 1979 -- 1980 and 1980 -- 1981 . Lack of an association with influenza vaccination '' . JAMA. 248 ( 6 ) : 698 -- 700 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 248.6. 698 . PMID 7097920 . Jump up ^ Vellozzi C , Burwen DR , Dobardzic A , Ball R , Walton K , Haber P ( March 2009 ) . `` Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults : Background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring '' . Vaccine. 27 ( 15 ) : 2114 -- 2120 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2009.01. 125 . PMID 19356614 . Jump up ^ `` Last Year 's ( 2009 ) H1N1 Flu Vaccine Was Safe , Study Finds '' . Wunderground.com. 2011 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ McKinney WP , Volkert P , Kaufman J ( January 1990 ) . `` Fatal swine influenza pneumonia during late pregnancy '' . Archives of Internal Medicine . 150 ( 1 ) : 213 -- 5 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 150.1. 213 . PMID 2153372 . Jump up ^ Kimura K , Adlakha A , Simon PM ( March 1998 ) . `` Fatal case of swine influenza virus in an immunocompetent host '' . Mayo Clinic Proceedings .", "30": "73 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 5 . doi : 10.4065 / 73.3. 243 . PMID 9511782 . Jump up ^ `` Key Facts About Swine Flu ( CDC ) '' . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wells DL , Hopfensperger DJ , Arden NH , et al. ( 1991 ) . `` Swine influenza virus infections . Transmission from ill pigs to humans at a Wisconsin agricultural fair and subsequent probable person - to - person transmission '' . JAMA. 265 ( 4 ) : 478 -- 81 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 265.4. 478 . PMID 1845913 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Desmon ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` Expert : Swine flu virus more complex than typically seen '' . Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ `` Dayquil is used to cure the Cold and flu '' . https://www.drugs.com . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ CDC Confirms Ties to Virus First Discovered in U.S. Pig Factories Archived August 23 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Video Segments 3 , 4 , 5 in Flu Factories : Tracing the Origins of the Swine Flu Pandemic Archived October 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Swine Flu Kept Stable Humans Untouched For 80 Years Archived July 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Triple Hybrid Mutant Pig - Bird - Human Crossbreed Virus Archived October 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ North Carolina , 1998 Ground Zero Archived October 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` DA probes reported swine flu ' outbreak ' in N. Ecija '' . Gmanews.tv . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Gov 't declares hog cholera alert in Luzon '' . Gmanews.tv . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 25 .", "31": "Jump up ^ `` New mothers urged to get swine flu vaccine '' . BBC News . 2011 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Swine Flu Claims Over 1,700 Lives '' . NDTV.com. 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flu Roko : Has Indian swine flu changed to be more dangerous ? '' . fluroko.com . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra and Gujarat See Highest Number of Swine Flu Deaths '' . News18 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Control swine flu deaths : Gujarat high court to government - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Aamir Khan and Kiran Rao down with Swine Flu '' . Jump up ^ `` Swine flu kills over 1,000 Indians in 2017 , worst outbreak since 2009 - 10 '' . Moneycontrol . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` One more dies of swine flu in Jajarkot '' . nepalaawaj.com. 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lab Test on three samples from Jajarkot confirms swine flu '' . infonepal.com. 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swine flu outbreak kills 24 in Nepal '' . aa.com.tr. 22 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swine flu spreads across Punjab , 3 more patients identified in Multan - Pakistan - Dunya News '' . dunyanews.tv . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Makeshift flu clinics swamped as H1N1 cases rise to 82 - Maldives - Maldives Independent '' . maldivesindependent.com . Retrieved 16 March 2017 .", "32": "Jump up ^ `` Woman dies in second H1N1 fatality as cases rise above 100 - Maldives - Maldives Independent '' . maldivesindependent.com . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine - origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic : Article '' . Nature . 459 : 1122 -- 1125 . doi : 10.1038 / nature08182 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Choffnes , Eileen R. , Alison Mack , and David A. Relman . The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009 - H1N1 Influenza a Pandemic : Global Challenges , Global Solutions : Workshop Summary . Washington , D.C. : National Academies , 2010 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Swine flu deaths soar past 660 '' . the hindu . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 swine flu toll at 485 , more than two-fold jump over 2014 '' . Economic Times . New Delhi . 2015 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Template : Ministry Of Health and Family Welfare , Government of India Jump up ^ ( ( National Centre for Diseases Control ( NCDC ) , Directorate General of Health Services ( DGHS ) , Government of India ( GoI ) . New Delhi . Tenders and Contracts . Tender Notice No. 6 - Stores / NCDC / Pandemic H1N1 Kits / 2014 - 15 . davp 17129 / 11 / 0008 / 1415. The Statesman 2015 February13 . Kolkata. , p. 05 . ) ) Further reading ( edit ) Alexander DJ ( October 1982 ) . `` Ecological aspects of influenza A viruses in animals and their relationship to human influenza : a review '' . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 75 ( 10 ) : 799 -- 811 . PMC 1438138 . PMID 6752410 .", "33": "Hampson AW , Mackenzie JS ( November 2006 ) . `` The influenza viruses '' . The Medical Journal of Australia . 185 ( 10 Suppl ) : S39 -- 43 . PMID 17115950 . Lipatov AS , Govorkova EA , Webby RJ , et al. ( September 2004 ) . `` Influenza : Emergence and Control '' . Journal of Virology. 78 ( 17 ) : 8951 -- 9 . doi : 10.1128 / JVI. 78.17. 8951 - 8959.2004 . PMC 506949 . PMID 15308692 . Van Reeth K ( 2007 ) . `` Avian and swine influenza viruses : our current understanding of the zoonotic risk '' . Veterinary Research . 38 ( 2 ) : 243 -- 60 . doi : 10.1051 / vetres : 2006062 . PMID 17257572 . Webster RG , Bean WJ , Gorman OT , Chambers TM , Kawaoka Y ( March 1992 ) . `` Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses '' . Microbiological Reviews . 56 ( 1 ) : 152 -- 79 . PMC 372859 . PMID 1579108 . Winkler WG ( October 1970 ) . `` Influenza in animals : its possible public health significance '' . Journal of Wildlife Diseases . 6 ( 4 ) : 239 -- 42 ; discussion 247 -- 8 . doi : 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 6.4. 239 . PMID 16512120 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : J09 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swine flu .", "34": "Wikinews has related news : Swine flu Official swine flu advice and latest information from the UK National Health Service 8 minute video answering common questions about the subject on fora.tv Swine flu charts and maps Numeric analysis and approximation of current active cases `` Swine Influenza '' disease card on World Organisation for Animal Health Worried about swine flu ? Then you should be terrified about the regular flu . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) -- Swine Flu Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy -- Novel H1N1 influenza resource list Pandemic Flu US Government Site World Health Organization ( WHO ) : Swine influenza Medical Encyclopedia Medline Plus : Swine Flu Health - EU portal EU response to influenza European Commission -- Public Health EU coordination on Pandemic ( H1N1 ) 2009 ( hide ) Influenza General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza B Influenza C Influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 H1N2 H2N2 H2N3 H3N1 H3N2 H3N8 H5N1 H5N2 H5N3 H5N6 H5N8 H5N9 H6N1 H7N1 H7N2 H7N3 H7N4 H7N7 H7N9 H9N2 H10N7 H1N1 Pandemics 1918 ( `` Spanish flu '' ) 2009 ( `` swine flu '' ) Science 2009 A / H1N1", "35": "H5N1 Outbreaks Croatia ( 2005 ) India ( 2006 ) UK ( 2007 ) West Bengal ( 2008 ) Science Genetic structure Transmission and infection Global spread Vaccine clinical trials Human mortality Social impact Pandemic preparation Treatments Antiviral drugs Adamantane derivatives Amantadine Rimantadine Neuraminidase inhibitor Oseltamivir Laninamivir Peramivir Zanamivir Peramivir ( experimental ) Umifenovir Vaccines Live attenuated influenza vaccine Fluzone Pandemrix Pandemics and epidemics Pandemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1889 -- 1890 ) `` Spanish flu '' ( 1918 ) `` Asian flu '' `` Hong Kong flu '' ( 1968 ) `` Swine flu '' ( 2009 ) Epidemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1977 -- 1978 ) `` Fujian flu '' ( H3N2 ) Central Luzon H5N6 ( 2017 ) Non-human Mammals Canine Feline Equine 2007 Australian outbreak Swine Non-mammals Avian Fujian ( H5N1 ) Complications Acute bronchitis Bronchiolitis Croup Otitis media Pharyngitis Pneumonia Sinusitis Strep throat Related topics Influenza - like illness 2017 --", "36": "18 United States flu season GND : 7679861 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swine_influenza&oldid=821604392 '' Categories : Animal virology Health disasters Swine diseases Influenza Pandemics Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge", "37": "Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu پښتو Polski Português Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 14 : 18 .", "38": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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324460096927819590	which type of fire detector uses the effect of smoke on a light source and photo-electric cell	[ "photoelectric, or optical smoke detector", "optical smoke detector", "optical smoke detector", "The photoelectric (optical) smoke detector", "optical smoke detector" ]	{ "0": "Smoke detector - wikipedia Smoke detector Jump to : navigation , search Smoke Detector COFEM with approved EN 54 - 7 A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke , typically as an indicator of fire . Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system , while household smoke detectors , also known as smoke alarms , generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself . Smoke detectors are housed in plastic enclosures , typically shaped like a disk about 150 millimetres ( 6 in ) in diameter and 25 millimetres ( 1 in ) thick , but shape and size vary . Smoke can be detected either optically ( photoelectric ) or by physical process ( ionization ) ; detectors may use either , or both , methods . Sensitive alarms can be used to detect , and thus deter , smoking in areas where it is banned . Smoke detectors in large commercial , industrial , and residential buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm system , which is powered by the building power with a battery backup . Domestic smoke detectors range from individual battery - powered units , to several interlinked mains - powered units with battery backup ; with these interlinked units , if any unit detects smoke , all trigger even if household power has gone out . The risk of dying in a home fire is cut in half in homes with working smoke alarms . The US National Fire Protection Association reports 0.53 deaths per 100 fires in homes with working smoke alarms compared to 1.18 deaths in homes without ( 2009 - 2013 ) . Some homes do not have any smoke alarms , some do not have working batteries ; sometimes the alarm fails to detect the fire . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 2.1 Ionization 2.2 Photoelectric 2.3 Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide detection 2.4 Performance differences 3 Commercial 3.1 Conventional 3.2 Addressable 4 Residential 4.1 Batteries 4.2 Reliability 4.3 Installation and placement 5 Standards 5.1 EN54 European standards 5.1.", "1": "1 Coverage of smoke and temperature detectors with European standard EN54 5.2 Australia and United States 6 Legislation 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The first automatic electric fire alarm was patented in 1890 by Francis Robbins Upton , an associate of Thomas Edison . George Andrew Darby patented the first European electrical heat detector in 1902 in Birmingham , England . In the late 1930s Swiss physicist Walter Jaeger tried to invent a sensor for poison gas . He expected that gas entering the sensor would bind to ionized air molecules and thereby alter an electric current in a circuit in the instrument . His device did not meet its purpose : small concentrations of gas had no effect on the sensor 's conductivity . Frustrated , Jaeger lit a cigarette and was soon surprised to notice that a meter on the instrument had registered a drop in current . Smoke particles from his cigarette had apparently done what poison gas could not . Jaeger 's experiment was one of the advances that paved the way for the modern smoke detector . In 1939 Swiss physicist Ernst Meili devised an ionization chamber device capable of detecting combustible gases in mines . He also invented a cold cathode tube that could amplify the small signal generated by the detection mechanism to a strength sufficient to activate an alarm . Ionization smoke detectors were first sold in the United States in 1951 ; they were used only in major commercial and industrial facilities in the next several years due to their large size and cost . In 1955 simple home `` fire detectors '' for homes were developed , detecting high temperatures . The United States Atomic Energy Commission ( USAEC ) granted the first license to distribute smoke detectors using radioactive material in 1963 . The first low - cost smoke detector for domestic use was developed by Duane D. Pearsall in 1965 , an individual replaceable battery - powered unit that could be easily installed . The `` SmokeGard 700 '' was a beehive - shaped , strong fire - resistant steel unit . The company began mass - producing these units in 1975 . Studies in the 1960s determined that smoke detectors respond to fires much faster than heat detectors . The first single - station smoke detector was invented in 1970 and made public the next year .", "2": "It was an ionization detector powered by a single 9 - volt battery . They cost about US $125 and sold at a rate of a few hundred thousand per year . Several technological developments occurred between 1971 and 1976 , including the replacement of cold - cathode tubes with solid - state electronics , which greatly reduced the detectors ' sizes and made it possible to monitor battery life . The previous alarm horns , which required specialty batteries , were replaced with horns that were more energy - efficient , enabling the use of commonly available batteries . These detectors could also function with smaller amounts of radioactive source material , and the sensing chamber and smoke detector enclosure were redesigned for more effective operation . The rechargeable batteries were often replaced by a pair of AA batteries along with a plastic shell encasing the detector . The 10 - year - lithium - battery - powered smoke alarm was introduced in 1995 . The photoelectric ( optical ) smoke detector was invented by Donald Steele and Robert Emmark of Electro Signal Lab and patented in 1972 . Design ( edit ) Ionization ( edit ) Play media A video overview of how an ionization smoke detector works Inside a basic ionization smoke detector . The black , round structure at the right is the ionization chamber . The white , round structure at the upper left is the piezoelectric horn that produces the alarm sound . An americium container from a smoke detector An ionization smoke detector uses a radioisotope , typically americium - 241 , to ionize air ; a difference due to smoke is detected and an alarm is generated . Ionization detectors are more sensitive to the flaming stage of fires than optical detectors , while optical detectors are more sensitive to fires in the early smouldering stage . The smoke detector has two ionization chambers , one open to the air , and a reference chamber which does not allow the entry of particles . The radioactive source emits alpha particles into both chambers , which ionizes some air molecules . There is a potential difference ( voltage ) between pairs of electrodes in the chambers ; the electrical charge on the ions allows an electric current to flow . The currents in both chambers should be the same as they are equally affected by air pressure , temperature , and the ageing of the source .", "3": "If any smoke particles enter the open chamber , some of the ions will attach to the particles and not be available to carry the current in that chamber . An electronic circuit detects that a current difference has developed between the open and sealed chambers , and sounds the alarm . The circuitry also monitors the battery used to supply or back up power , and sounds an intermittent warning when it nears exhaustion . A user - operated test button simulates an imbalance between the ionization chambers , and sounds the alarm if and only if power supply , electronics , and alarm device are functional . The current draw of an ionization smoke detector is low enough for a small battery used as sole or backup power supply to be able to provide power for months or years without the need for external wiring . Ionization smoke detectors are usually cheaper to manufacture than optical detectors . They may be more prone to false alarms triggered by non-hazardous events than photoelectric detectors , and have been found to be much slower to respond to typical house fires . Americium - 241 is an alpha emitter with a half - life of 432.6 years . Alpha particle radiation , as opposed to beta ( electron ) and gamma ( electromagnetic ) radiation , is used for two additional reasons : alpha particles have high ionization , so sufficient air particles will be ionized for the current to exist , and they have low penetrative power , meaning they will be stopped , safely , by the plastic of the smoke detector or the air . About one percent of the emitted radioactive energy of Am is gamma radiation . The amount of elemental americium - 241 is small enough to be exempt from the regulations applied to larger sources . It includes about 37 kBq or 1 μCi of radioactive element americium - 241 ( Am ) , corresponding to about 0.3 μg of the isotope . This provides sufficient ion current to detect smoke , while producing a very low level of radiation outside the device . The americium - 241 in ionizing smoke detectors poses a potential environmental hazard , albeit a very small one . Disposal regulations and recommendations for smoke detectors vary from region to region . The amount of radioactive material contained in ionizing smoke detectors is very small and thus does n't represent a significant radiological hazard .", "4": "If the americium is left in the ionization chamber of the alarm the radiological risk is insignificant because the chamber acts as a shield to the alpha radiation . A person would have to open the sealed chamber and ingest or inhale the americium for the risk to be significant . The radiation risk of exposure to an ionic smoke detector is much smaller than natural background radiation under normal operation . Some European countries , like France , and some US states and municipalities have banned the use of domestic ionic smoke alarms because of concerns that they are not reliable enough as compared other technologies . Where an ionizing smoke detector has been the only detector , fires in the early stages have not always been effectively detected . Photoelectric ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Optical smoke detector with the cover removed Optical smoke detector 1 : Optical chamber 2 : Cover 3 : Case moulding 4 : Photodiode ( transducer ) 5 : Infrared LED A photoelectric , or optical smoke detector contains a source of infrared , visible , or ultraviolet light ( typically an incandescent light bulb or light - emitting diode ) , a lens , and a photoelectric receiver ( typically a photodiode ) . In spot - type detectors all of these components are arranged inside a chamber where air , which may contain smoke from a nearby fire , flows . In large open areas such as atria and auditoriums , optical beam or projected - beam smoke detectors are used instead of a chamber within the unit : a wall - mounted unit emits a beam of infrared or ultraviolet light which is either received and processed by a separate device , or reflected back to the receiver by a reflector . In some types , particularly optical beam types , the light emitted by the light source passes through the air being tested and reaches the photosensor . The received light intensity will be reduced due to scattering from particulates of smoke , air - borne dust , or other substances ; the circuitry detects the light intensity and generates the alarm if it is below a specified threshold , potentially due to smoke . In other types , typically chamber types , the light is not directed at the sensor , which is not illuminated in the absence of particles .", "5": "If the air in the chamber contains particles ( smoke or dust ) , the light is scattered and some of it reaches the sensor , triggering the alarm . According to the National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) , `` photoelectric smoke detection is generally more responsive to fires that begin with a long period of smoldering '' . Studies by Texas A&M and the NFPA cited by the City of Palo Alto California state , `` Photoelectric alarms react slower to rapidly growing fires than ionization alarms , but laboratory and field tests have shown that photoelectric smoke alarms provide adequate warning for all types of fires and have been shown to be far less likely to be deactivated by occupants . '' Although photoelectric alarms are highly effective at detecting smoldering fires and do provide adequate protection from flaming fires , fire safety experts and the National Fire Protection Agency recommend installing what are called combination alarms , which are alarms that either detect both heat and smoke , or use both the ionization and photoelectric processes . Some combination alarms may include a carbon monoxide detection capability . The type and sensitivity of light source and photoelectric sensor , and type of smoke chamber differ between manufacturers . Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide detection ( edit ) Carbon monoxide sensors detect potentially fatal concentrations of carbon monoxide gas , which may build up due to faulty ventilation where there are combustion appliances such as gas heaters and cookers , although there is no uncontrolled fire outside the appliance . High levels of carbon dioxide ( CO ) may indicate a fire , and can be detected by a carbon dioxide sensor . Such sensors are often used to measure levels of CO which may be undesirable but not indicative of a fire ; this type of sensor can also be used to detect and warn of the much higher levels generated by a fire . One manufacturer says that detectors based on CO levels are the fastest fire indicators , and also , unlike ionization and optical detectors , detect fires that do not generate smoke , such as those fuelled by alcohol or gasoline . CO fire detectors are not susceptible to false alarms due to particles , making them particularly suitable for use in dusty and dirty environments .", "6": "Performance differences ( edit ) A presentation by Siemens and the Canadian Fire Alarm Association reports the ionization detector as best at detecting incipient - stage fires with invisibly small particles , fast - flaming fires with smaller 0.01 - 0.4 micron particles , and dark or black smoke , while more modern photoelectric detectors are best at detecting slow - smouldering fires with larger 0.4 -- 10.0 micron particles , and light - coloured white / grey smoke . Photoelectric smoke detectors respond faster to fire in its early , smouldering stage ( before it breaks into flame ) . The smoke from the smouldering stage of a fire is typically made up of large combustion particles -- between 0.3 and 10.0 μm . Ionization smoke detectors respond faster ( typically 30 -- 60 seconds ) in the flaming stage of a fire . The smoke from the flaming stage of a fire is typically made up of microscopic combustion particles -- between 0.01 and 0.3 μm . Also , ionization detectors are weaker in high air - flow environments , and because of this , the photoelectric smoke detector is more reliable for detecting smoke in both the smoldering and flaming stages of a fire . In June 2006 , the Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council , the peak representative body for all Australian and New Zealand fire departments , published an official report , ' Position on Smoke Alarms in Residential Accommodation ' . Clause 3.0 states , `` Ionization smoke alarms may not operate in time to alert occupants early enough to escape from smouldering fires . '' In August 2008 , the International Association of Fire Fighters ( IAFF , with over 300,000 members in North America ) passed a resolution recommending the use of photoelectric smoke alarms , saying that changing to photoelectric alarms , `` Will drastically reduce the loss of life among citizens and fire fighters . '' In May 2011 , the Fire Protection Association of Australia 's ( FPAA ) official position on smoke alarms stated , `` Fire Prevention Association Australia considers that all residential buildings should be fitted with photoelectric smoke alarms ... '' In December 2011 , the Volunteer Fire Fighter 's Association of Australia published a World Fire Safety Foundation report , ' Ionization Smoke Alarms are DEADLY ' , citing research outlining substantial performance differences between ionization and photoelectric technology .", "7": "In November 2013 , the Ohio Fire Chiefs ' Association ( OFCA ) published an official position paper supporting the use of photoelectric technology in Ohioan residences . The OFCA 's position states , `` In the interest of public safety and to protect the public from the deadly effects of smoke and fire , the Ohio Fire Chiefs ' Association endorses the use of Photoelectric Smoke Alarms ... In both new construction and when replacing old smoke alarms or purchasing new alarms , we recommend Photoelectric Smoke Alarms . '' In June 2014 , tests by the North Eastern Ohio Fire Prevention Association ( NEOFPA ) on residential smoke alarms were broadcast on the ABC 's ' Good Morning America ' program . The NEOFPA tests showed ionization smoke alarms failing to activate in the early , smoldering stage of fire . The combination ionization - photoelectric alarms failed to activate until an average of over 20 minutes after the stand - alone photoelectric smoke alarms . This vindicated the June 2006 official position of the Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council ( AFAC ) and the October 2008 , official position of the International Association of Fire Fighters ( IAFF ) . Both AFAC and the IAFF recommend photoelectric smoke alarms , but not combination ionization / photoelectric smoke alarms . According to fire tests conformant to EN 54 , the CO cloud from open fire can usually be detected before particulate . Due to the varying levels of detection capabilities between detector types , manufacturers have designed multi-criteria devices which cross-reference the separate signals to both rule out false alarms and improve response times to real fires . Obscuration is a unit of measurement that has become the standard way of specifying smoke detector sensitivity . Obscuration is the effect that smoke has on reducing sensor visibility , expressed in percent obscuration per unit length ; higher concentrations of smoke result in higher obscuration levels .", "8": "Typical smoke detector obscuration ratings Detector type Obscuration Ionization 2.6 -- 5.0 % obs / m ( 0.8 -- 1.5 % obs / ft ) Photoelectric 0.70 -- 13.0 % obs / m ( 0.2 -- 4.0 % obs / ft ) Aspirating 0.005 -- 20.5 % obs / m ( 0.0015 -- 6.25 % obs / ft ) Laser 0.06 -- 6.41 % obs / m ( 0.02 -- 2.0 % obs / ft ) Commercial ( edit ) An integrated locking mechanism for commercial building doors . Inside an enclosure are a locking device , smoke detector and power supply . Commercial smoke detectors are either conventional or addressable , and are connected to security alarm or fire alarm systems controlled by fire alarm control panels ( FACP ) . These are the most common type of detector , and are usually significantly more expensive than single - station battery - operated residential smoke alarms . They are used in most commercial and industrial facilities and other places such as ships and trains , but are also part of some security alarm systems in homes . These detectors do n't need to have built in alarms , as alarm systems can be controlled by the connected FACP , which will set off relevant alarms , and can also implement complex functions such as a staged evacuation . Conventional ( edit ) The word `` conventional '' is slang used to distinguish the method used to communicate with the control unit in newer addressable systems . So called `` conventional detectors '' are smoke detectors used in older interconnected systems and resemble electrical switches by their way of working . These detectors are connected in parallel to the signaling path so that the current flow is monitored to indicate a closure of the circuit path by any connected detector when smoke or other similar environmental stimulus sufficiently influences any detector . The resulting increase in current flow ( or a dead short ) is interpreted and processed by the control unit as a confirmation of the presence of smoke and a fire alarm signal is generated . In a conventional system , smoke detectors are typically wired together in each zone and a single fire alarm control panel usually monitors a number of zones which can be arranged to correspond to different areas of a building .", "9": "In the event of a fire , the control panel is able to identify which zone or zones contain the detector or detectors in alarm , but can not identify which individual detector or detectors are in a state of alarm . Addressable ( edit ) An addressable Simplex Truealarm smoke detector An addressable system gives each detector an individual number , or address . Addressable systems allow the exact location of an alarm to be plotted on the FACP , while allowing several detectors to be connected to the same zone . In certain systems , a graphical representation of the building is provided on the screen of the FACP which shows the locations of all of the detectors in the building , while in others the address and location of the detector or detectors in alarm are simply indicated . Addressable systems are usually more expensive than conventional non-addressable systems , and offer extra options , including a custom level of sensitivity ( sometimes called Day / Night mode ) which can determine the amount of smoke in a given area and contamination detection from the FACP that allows determination of a wide range of faults in detection capabilities of smoke detectors . Detectors become contaminated usually as a result of the build up of atmospheric particulates in the detectors being circulated by the heating and air - conditioning systems in buildings . Other causes include carpentry , sanding , painting , and smoke in the event of a fire . Panels can also be interconnected to monitor a very large number of detectors in multiple buildings . This is most commonly used in hospitals , universities , resorts and other large centres or institutions . Residential ( edit ) Smaller , less expensive , smoke alarm systems , typically used in a domestic / residential environment , may be individual standalone units , or interconnected . They typically generate a loud acoustic warning signal as their only action . Several detectors ( whether standalone or interconnected ) are normally used in the rooms of a dwelling . There are inexpensive smoke alarms that may be interconnected so that any detector that triggers sounds all alarms . They are powered by mains electricity , with disposable or rechargeable battery backup . They may be interconnected by wires , or wirelessly. They are required in new installations in some jurisdictions . Several smoke detection methods are used and documented in industry specifications published by Underwriters Laboratories .", "10": "Alerting methods include : Audible tones Usually around 3200 Hz due to component constraints ( Audio advancements for persons with hearing impairments have been made ) 85 dB A loudness at 10 feet Spoken voice alert Visual strobe lights 177 candela output Tactile stimulation ( e.g. bed or pillow shaker ) , although no standards existed as of 2008 for tactile stimulation alarm devices . Some models have a hush or temporary silence feature that allows silencing , typically by pressing a button on the housing , without removing the battery . This is especially useful in locations where false alarms can be relatively common ( e.g. near a kitchen ) , or users might remove the battery permanently to avoid the annoyance of false alarms , preventing the alarm from detecting a fire should one break out . While current technology is very effective at detecting smoke and fire conditions , the deaf and hard of hearing community has raised concerns about the effectiveness of the alerting function in awakening sleeping individuals in certain high - risk groups such as the elderly , those with hearing loss and those who are intoxicated . Between 2005 and 2007 research sponsored by the United States ' National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) focused on understanding the cause of the higher number of deaths in such high - risk groups . Initial research into the effectiveness of the various alerting methods is sparse . Research findings suggest that a low frequency ( 520 Hz ) square wave output is significantly more effective at awakening high risk individuals . Wireless smoke and carbon monoxide detectors linked to alert mechanisms such as vibrating pillow pads for the hearing impaired , strobes , and remote warning handsets are more effective at waking people with serious hearing loss than other alarms . Batteries ( edit ) Batteries are used either as sole or as backup power for residential smoke detectors . Mains - operated detectors have disposable or rechargeable batteries ; others run only on 9 - volt disposable batteries . When the battery is exhausted a battery - only smoke detector becomes inactive ; most smoke detectors chirp repeatedly if the battery is low . It has been found that battery - powered smoke detectors in many houses have dead batteries . It has been estimated that in the UK over 30 % of smoke alarms may have dead or removed batteries . In response public information campaigns have been created to remind people to change smoke detector batteries regularly .", "11": "In Australia , for example , a public information campaign suggests that smoke alarm batteries should be replaced on April Fools ' Day every year . In regions using daylight saving time , campaigns may suggest that people change their batteries when they change their clocks or on a birthday . Some mains - powered detectors are fitted with a non-rechargeable lithium battery for backup with a life of typically ten years , after which it is recommended that the detector be replaced . User - replaceable disposable 9 - volt lithium batteries , which last at least twice as long as alkaline batteries are available . The US National Fire Protection Association recommends that home - owners replace smoke detector batteries with a new battery at least once per year , when it starts chirping ( a signal that the battery is low ) , or when it fails a test , which the NFPA recommends to be carried out at least once per month by pressing the `` test '' button on the alarm . Reliability ( edit ) A 2004 NIST report concluded that `` Smoke alarms of either the ionization type or the photoelectric type consistently provided time for occupants to escape from most residential fires , '' and , `` Consistent with prior findings , ionization type alarms provided somewhat better response to flaming fires than photoelectric alarms ( 57 to 62 seconds faster response ) , and photoelectric alarms provided ( often ) considerably faster response to smoldering fires than ionization type alarms ( 47 to 53 minutes faster response ) . '' Regular cleaning can prevent false alarms caused by the build - up of dust and insects , particularly on optical type alarms as they are more susceptible to these factors . A vacuum cleaner can be used to clean domestic smoke detectors to remove detrimental dust . Optical detectors are less susceptible to false alarms in locations such as near a kitchen producing cooking fumes . On the night of May 31 , 2001 , Bill Hackert and his daughter Christine of Rotterdam , New York died when their house caught fire and a First Alert ionization smoke detector failed to sound . The cause of the fire was a frayed electrical cord behind a couch that smoldered for hours before engulfing the house with flames and smoke .", "12": "The ionization smoke detector was found to be defectively designed , and in 2006 a jury in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York decided that First Alert and its then parent company , BRK Brands , was liable for millions of dollars in damages . Installation and placement ( edit ) A 2007 U.S. guide to placing smoke detectors , suggesting that one be placed on every floor of a building , and in each bedroom In the United States most state and local laws regarding the required number and placement of smoke detectors are based upon standards established in NFPA 72 , National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code . Laws governing the installation of smoke detectors vary depending on the locality . However , some rules and guidelines for existing homes are relatively consistent throughout the developed world . For example , Canada and Australia require a building to have a working smoke detector on every level . The United States NFPA code cited in the previous paragraph requires smoke detectors on every habitable level and within the vicinity of all bedrooms . Habitable levels include attics that are tall enough to allow access . Many other countries have comparable requirements . In new construction , minimum requirements are typically more stringent . All smoke detectors must be hooked directly to the electrical wiring , be interconnected and have a battery backup . In addition , smoke detectors are required either inside or outside every bedroom , depending on local codes . Smoke detectors on the outside will detect fires more quickly , assuming the fire does not begin in the bedroom , but the sound of the alarm will be reduced and may not wake some people . Some areas also require smoke detectors in stairways , main hallways and garages . A dozen or more detectors may be connected via wiring or wirelessly such that if one detects smoke , the alarms will sound on all the detectors in the network , improving the likelihood that occupants will be alerted even if smoke is detected far from their location . Wired interconnection are more practical in new construction than for existing buildings . In the UK the installation of smoke alarms in new builds must comply with British Standard BS5839 pt6 . BS 5839 : Pt. 6 : 2004 recommends that a new - build property consisting of no more than 3 floors ( less than 200 square metres per floor ) should be fitted with a Grade D , LD2 system .", "13": "Building Regulations in England , Wales and Scotland recommend that BS 5839 : Pt. 6 should be followed , but as a minimum a Grade D , LD3 system should be installed . Building Regulations in Northern Ireland require a Grade D , LD2 system to be installed , with smoke alarms fitted in the escape routes and the main living room and a heat alarm in the kitchen ; this standard also requires all detectors to have a mains supply and a battery back up . Standards ( edit ) En54 European Standards ( edit ) Fire detection products have the European Standard EN 54 Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems that is a mandatory standard for every product that is going to be delivered and installed in any country in the European Union ( EU ) . EN 54 part 7 is the standard for smoke detectors . European standard are developed to allow free movement of goods in the European Union countries . EN 54 is widely recognized around the world . The EN 54 certification of each device must be issued annually .", "14": "Coverage of smoke and temperature detectors with European standard en54 ( edit ) Surface area ( square metres ) Type of detector Height ( m ) Ceiling slope ≤ 20 ° Ceiling slope > 20 ° Smax ( square metres ) Rmax ( m ) Smax ( square metres ) Rmax ( m ) SA ≤ 80 EN54 - 7 ≤ 12 80 6 , 6 80 8 , 2 SA > 80 EN54 - 7 ≤ 6 60 5 , 7 90 8 , 7 6 < h ≤ 12 80 6 , 6 110 9 , 6 SA ≤ 30 EN54 - 5 Clase A1 ≤ 7 , 5 30 4 , 4 30 5 , 7 EN54 - 5 Clase A2 , B , C , D , F , G ≤ 6 30 4 , 4 30 5 , 7 SA > 30 EN54 - 5 Clase A1 ≤ 7 , 5 20 3 , 5 40 6 , 5 EN54 - 5 Clase A2 , B , C , D , E , F , G ≤ 6 20 3 , 5 40 6 , 5 EN54 - 7 : Smoke detector EN54 - 5 : Temperature detector SA : Surface area Smax ( square metres ) : Maximum surface coverage Rmax ( m ) : Maximum radio Information in `` bold '' is the standard coverage of the detector . Smoke detector coverage is 60 square metres and temperature smoke detector coverage is 20 square metres . Height from ground is an important issue for a correct protection . Australia and United States ( edit ) In the United States , the first standard for home smoke alarms , NFPA 74 , was established in 1967 . In 1969 , the AEC allowed homeowners to use smoke detectors without a license .", "15": "The Life Safety Code ( NFPA 101 ) , passed by the National Fire Protection Association in 1976 , first required smoke alarms in homes . Smoke alarm sensitivity requirements in UL 217 were modified in 1985 to reduce susceptibility to nuisance alarms . In 1988 BOCA , ICBO , and SBCCI model building codes begin requiring smoke alarms to be interconnected and located in all sleeping rooms . In 1989 NFPA 74 first required smoke alarms to be interconnected in every new home construction , and in 1993 NFPA 72 first required that smoke alarms be placed in all bedrooms . NFPA began requiring the replacement of smoke detectors after ten years in 1999 . In 1999 Underwriters Laboratory changed smoke alarm labeling requirements so that all smoke alarms must have a manufactured date written in Plain English . In June 2013 a World Fire Safety Foundation report titled , ' Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted ? ' was published in the official magazine of the Australian Volunteer Fire Fighter 's Association . The report brings into question the validity of testing criteria used by American and Australian government agencies when undergoing scientific testing of ionization smoke alarms in smoldering fires . Legislation ( edit ) In June 2010 the City of Albany , California enacted photoelectric - only legislation after a unanimous decision by the Albany City Council ; several other Californian and Ohioan cities enacted similar legislation shortly afterwards . In November 2011 the Northern Territory enacted Australia 's first residential photoelectric legislation mandating the use of photoelectric smoke alarms in all new Northern Territory homes . In the Australian State of Queensland , from 1 January 2017 all smoke alarms in new dwellings ( or where a dwelling is substantially renovated ) must be photoelectric , not also contain an ionisation sensor , be hardwired to the mains power supply with a secondary power source ( i.e. battery ) and be interconnected with every other smoke alarm in the dwelling so all activate together . From that date , all replacement smoke alarms must be photoelectric . From 1 January 2022 , all dwellings sold , leased or where a lease is renewed must comply as for new dwellings . From 1 January 2027 , all dwellings must comply as for new dwellings .", "16": "In June 2013 , in an Australian Parliamentary speech , the question was asked , `` Are ionization smoke alarms defective ? '' This was further to the Australian Government 's scientific testing agency ( the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation - CSIRO ) data revealing serious performance problems with ionization technology in the early , smoldering stage of fire , a rise in litigation involving ionization smoke alarms , and increasing legislation mandating the installation of photoelectric smoke alarms . The speech cited a May 2013 , World Fire Safety Foundation report published in the Australian Volunteer Fire Fighter Association 's magazine titled , ' Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted ? ' The speech concluded with a request for one of the world 's largest ionization smoke alarm manufacturers and the CSIRO to disclose the level of visible smoke required to trigger the manufacturers ' ionization smoke alarms under CSIRO scientific testing . 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Confederation of Fire Protection Associations in Europe . 2008 . p. 5 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Brazzell , D . `` The Effects of High Air Velocity and Complex Airflow Patterns on Smoke Detector Performance '' ( PDF ) . AFCOM8-21.AFCOM-Miami-Admin.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ New York City Fire Department . `` Carbon monoxide alarms '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` CO is an excellent fire indicator '' ( PDF ) .", "19": "senseair.se . p. 4 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Smoke Detector Sensitivity testing : Siemens and Canadian Fire Alarm Association ^ Jump up to : `` Fire and Life Safety in Mission - Critical Applications '' . Life Safety Magazine . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Position on Smoke Alarms in Residential Accommodation '' ( PDF ) . Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council . 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Jump up ^ BS 5839 - 6 : 2013 Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings - Code of practice for the design , installation , commissioning and maintenance of fire detection and fire alarm systems in domestic premises , Act No.", "21": "5839 - 6 of 2013 ( in Uk english ) . Retrieved on 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CEN - Technical Bodies '' . Cen.eu. 2012 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BS EN 54 - 11 : 2001 - Fire detection and fire alarm systems . Manual call points -- BSI British Standards '' . Shop.bsigroup.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://www.aenor.es/DOCUMENTOS/NORMALIZACION/NORMASNACIONALES/EXTRACTOS/(EX)UNE_23007-14=2009.pdf Jump up ^ `` Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted ? '' . The World Fire Safety Foundation . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Albany , California Ordinance 2010 - 06 Photoelectric Specific Requirements '' . The Albany City Council , Albany , California , USA . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Territory Photoelectric smoke alarm legislation '' . Northern Territory Fire & Rescue Service . Retrieved 2001 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ https://www.qfes.qld.gov.au/community-safety/smokealarms/Documents/New-Smoke-Alarm-Legislation.pdf Jump up ^ `` Smoke Alarms '' . Hansard - Mr Christopher Gulaptis MP , Private Member 's Statements , New South Wales Parliamentary Debates , Legislative Assembly , New South Wales , Australia 20 June 2013 , pp. 22218 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://abc7news.com/news/law-bans-sale-of-smoke-detectors-with-replaceable-batteries/891576/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smoke detector . Smoke alarm research from the national institute of Standards and Technology Report from the UL smoke alarm STP research group `` Teardown of a Photoelectric Smoke Detector '' . 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-2566265789668921137	when did the romanticism period start and end	[ "in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850", "1780–1830", "originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850" ]	{ "0": "Romanticism - wikipedia Romanticism Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Romance ( disambiguation ) . Caspar David Friedrich , Wanderer above the Sea of Fog , 1818 Eugène Delacroix , The Death of Sardanapalus , 1827 , taking its Orientalist subject from a play by Lord Byron Philipp Otto Runge , The Morning , 1808 Romanticism ( also the Romantic era or the Romantic period ) was an artistic , literary , musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century , and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850 . Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature , preferring the medieval rather than the classical . It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution , the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment , and the scientific rationalization of nature -- all components of modernity . It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts , music , and literature , but had a major impact on historiography , education , and the natural sciences . It had a significant and complex effect on politics , with romantic thinkers influencing liberalism , radicalism , conservatism and nationalism . The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience , placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension , horror and terror , and awe -- especially that experienced in confronting the new aesthetic categories of the sublimity and beauty of nature . It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble , but also spontaneity as a desirable characteristic ( as in the musical impromptu ) . In contrast to the Rationalism and Classicism of the Enlightenment , Romanticism revived medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived as authentically medieval in an attempt to escape population growth , early urban sprawl , and industrialism . Although the movement was rooted in the German Sturm und Drang movement , which preferred intuition and emotion to the rationalism of the Enlightenment , the events and ideologies of the French Revolution were also proximate factors . Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of `` heroic '' individualists and artists , whose examples , it maintained , would raise the quality of society .", "1": "It also promoted the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art . There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability , a Zeitgeist , in the representation of its ideas . In the second half of the 19th century , Realism was offered as a polar opposite to Romanticism . The decline of Romanticism during this time was associated with multiple processes , including social and political changes and the spread of nationalism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Defining Romanticism 1.1 Basic characteristics 1.2 Etymology 1.3 The period 1.4 Context and place in history 2 Romantic literature 2.1 Germany 2.2 Great Britain 2.2. 1 England 2.2. 2 Scotland 2.3 France 2.4 Poland 2.5 Russia 2.6 Spain 2.7 Portugal 2.8 Italy 2.9 South America 2.10 United States 2.10. 1 Influence of European Romanticism on American writers 3 Romantic visual arts 4 Romanticism and music 5 Romanticism outside the arts 5.1 Sciences 5.2 Historiography 5.3 Theology 5.4 Chess 6 Romantic nationalism 6.1 Polish nationalism and messianism 7 Gallery 8 Romantic authors 9 Scholars of Romanticism 10 See also 10.1 Related terms 10.2 Opposing terms 10.3 Related subjects 10.4 Related movements 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Defining Romanticism ( edit ) Basic characteristics ( edit ) Defining the nature of Romanticism may be approached from the starting point of the primary importance of the free expression of the feelings of the artist . The importance the Romantics placed on emotion is summed up in the remark of the German painter Caspar David Friedrich that `` the artist 's feeling is his law '' .", "2": "To William Wordsworth , poetry should begin as `` the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings , '' which the poet then `` recollect ( s ) in tranquility , '' evoking a new but corresponding emotion the poet can then mould into art . To express these feelings , it was considered that the content of the art had to come from the imagination of the artist , with as little interference as possible from `` artificial '' rules that dictated what a work should consist of . Samuel Taylor Coleridge and others believed there were natural laws that the imagination -- at least of a good creative artist -- would unconsciously follow through artistic inspiration if left alone . As well as rules , the influence of models from other works was considered to impede the creator 's own imagination , so that originality was essential . The concept of the genius , or artist who was able to produce his own original work through this process of creation from nothingness , is key to Romanticism , and to be derivative was the worst sin . This idea is often called `` romantic originality . '' William Blake , The Little Girl Found , from Songs of Innocence and Experience , 1794 Not essential to Romanticism , but so widespread as to be normative , was a strong belief and interest in the importance of nature . However , this is particularly in the effect of nature upon the artist when he is surrounded by it , preferably alone . In contrast to the usually very social art of the Enlightenment , Romantics were distrustful of the human world , and tended to believe that a close connection with nature was mentally and morally healthy . Romantic art addressed its audiences with what was intended to be felt as the personal voice of the artist . So , in literature , `` much of romantic poetry invited the reader to identify the protagonists with the poets themselves '' . According to Isaiah Berlin , Romanticism embodied `` a new and restless spirit , seeking violently to burst through old and cramping forms , a nervous preoccupation with perpetually changing inner states of consciousness , a longing for the unbounded and the indefinable , for perpetual movement and change , an effort to return to the forgotten sources of life , a passionate effort at self - assertion both individual and collective , a search after means of expressing an unappeasable yearning for unattainable goals . ''", "3": "Etymology ( edit ) The group of words with the root `` Roman '' in the various European languages , such as `` romance '' and `` Romanesque '' , has a complicated history , but by the middle of the 18th century `` romantic '' in English and romantique in French were both in common use as adjectives of praise for natural phenomena such as views and sunsets , in a sense close to modern English usage but without the sexual connotation . The application of the term to literature first became common in Germany , where the circle around the Schlegel brothers , critics August and Friedrich , began to speak of romantische Poesie ( `` romantic poetry '' ) in the 1790s , contrasting it with `` classic '' but in terms of spirit rather than merely dating . Friedrich Schlegel wrote in his Dialogue on Poetry ( 1800 ) , `` I seek and find the romantic among the older moderns , in Shakespeare , in Cervantes , in Italian poetry , in that age of chivalry , love and fable , from which the phenomenon and the word itself are derived . '' In both French and German the closeness of the adjective to roman , meaning the fairly new literary form of the novel , had some effect on the sense of the word in those languages . The use of the word did not become general very quickly , and was probably spread more widely in France by its persistent use by Madame de Staël in her De l'Allemagne ( 1813 ) , recounting her travels in Germany . In England Wordsworth wrote in a preface to his poems of 1815 of the `` romantic harp '' and `` classic lyre '' , but in 1820 Byron could still write , perhaps slightly disingenuously , `` I perceive that in Germany , as well as in Italy , there is a great struggle about what they call ' Classical ' and ' Romantic ' , terms which were not subjects of classification in England , at least when I left it four or five years ago '' . It is only from the 1820s that Romanticism certainly knew itself by its name , and in 1824 the Académie française took the wholly ineffective step of issuing a decree condemning it in literature . The period ( edit ) The period typically called Romantic varies greatly between different countries and different artistic media or areas of thought .", "4": "Margaret Drabble described it in literature as taking place `` roughly between 1770 and 1848 '' , and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found . In English literature , M.H. Abrams placed it between 1789 , or 1798 , this latter a very typical view , and about 1830 , perhaps a little later than some other critics . Others have proposed 1780 -- 1830 . In other fields and other countries the period denominated as Romantic can be considerably different ; musical Romanticism , for example , is generally regarded as only having ceased as a major artistic force as late as 1910 , but in an extreme extension the Four Last Songs of Richard Strauss are described stylistically as `` Late Romantic '' and were composed in 1946 -- 48 . However , in most fields the Romantic Period is said to be over by about 1850 , or earlier . The early period of the Romantic Era was a time of war , with the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) followed by the Napoleonic Wars until 1815 . These wars , along with the political and social turmoil that went along with them , served as the background for Romanticism . The key generation of French Romantics born between 1795 -- 1805 had , in the words of one of their number , Alfred de Vigny , been `` conceived between battles , attended school to the rolling of drums '' . According to Jacques Barzun , there were three generations of Romantic artists . The first emerged in the 1790s and 1800s , the second in the 1820s , and the third later in the century . Context and place in history ( edit ) The more precise characterization and specific definition of Romanticism has been the subject of debate in the fields of intellectual history and literary history throughout the 20th century , without any great measure of consensus emerging . That it was part of the Counter-Enlightenment , a reaction against the Age of Enlightenment , is generally accepted in current scholarship . Its relationship to the French Revolution , which began in 1789 in the very early stages of the period , is clearly important , but highly variable depending on geography and individual reactions .", "5": "Most Romantics can be said to be broadly progressive in their views , but a considerable number always had , or developed , a wide range of conservative views , and nationalism was in many countries strongly associated with Romanticism , as discussed in detail below . In philosophy and the history of ideas , Romanticism was seen by Isaiah Berlin as disrupting for over a century the classic Western traditions of rationality and the idea of moral absolutes and agreed values , leading `` to something like the melting away of the very notion of objective truth '' , and hence not only to nationalism , but also fascism and totalitarianism , with a gradual recovery coming only after World War II . For the Romantics , Berlin says , in the realm of ethics , politics , aesthetics it was the authenticity and sincerity of the pursuit of inner goals that mattered ; this applied equally to individuals and groups -- states , nations , movements . This is most evident in the aesthetics of romanticism , where the notion of eternal models , a Platonic vision of ideal beauty , which the artist seeks to convey , however imperfectly , on canvas or in sound , is replaced by a passionate belief in spiritual freedom , individual creativity . The painter , the poet , the composer do not hold up a mirror to nature , however ideal , but invent ; they do not imitate ( the doctrine of mimesis ) , but create not merely the means but the goals that they pursue ; these goals represent the self - expression of the artist 's own unique , inner vision , to set aside which in response to the demands of some `` external '' voice -- church , state , public opinion , family friends , arbiters of taste -- is an act of betrayal of what alone justifies their existence for those who are in any sense creative .", "6": "John William Waterhouse , The Lady of Shalott , 1888 , after a poem by Tennyson ; like many Victorian paintings , romantic but not Romantic Arthur Lovejoy attempted to demonstrate the difficulty of defining Romanticism in his seminal article `` On The Discrimination of Romanticisms '' in his Essays in the History of Ideas ( 1948 ) ; some scholars see Romanticism as essentially continuous with the present , some like Robert Hughes see in it the inaugural moment of modernity , and some like Chateaubriand , Novalis and Samuel Taylor Coleridge see it as the beginning of a tradition of resistance to Enlightenment rationalism -- a `` Counter-Enlightenment '' -- to be associated most closely with German Romanticism . An earlier definition comes from Charles Baudelaire : `` Romanticism is precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor exact truth , but in the way of feeling . '' The end of the Romantic era is marked in some areas by a new style of Realism , which affected literature , especially the novel and drama , painting , and even music , through Verismo opera . This movement was led by France , with Balzac and Flaubert in literature and Courbet in painting ; Stendhal and Goya were important precursors of Realism in their respective media . However , Romantic styles , now often representing the established and safe style against which Realists rebelled , continued to flourish in many fields for the rest of the century and beyond . In music such works from after about 1850 are referred to by some writers as `` Late Romantic '' and by others as `` Neoromantic '' or `` Postromantic '' , but other fields do not usually use these terms ; in English literature and painting the convenient term `` Victorian '' avoids having to characterise the period further . In northern Europe , the Early Romantic visionary optimism and belief that the world was in the process of great change and improvement had largely vanished , and some art became more conventionally political and polemical as its creators engaged polemically with the world as it was . Elsewhere , including in very different ways the United States and Russia , feelings that great change was underway or just about to come were still possible .", "7": "Displays of intense emotion in art remained prominent , as did the exotic and historical settings pioneered by the Romantics , but experimentation with form and technique was generally reduced , often replaced with meticulous technique , as in the poems of Tennyson or many paintings . If not realist , late 19th - century art was often extremely detailed , and pride was taken in adding authentic details in a way that earlier Romantics did not trouble with . Many Romantic ideas about the nature and purpose of art , above all the pre-eminent importance of originality , remained important for later generations , and often underlie modern views , despite opposition from theorists . Romantic literature ( edit ) See also : Romantic poetry Henry Wallis , The Death of Chatterton 1856 , by suicide at 17 in 1770 Italian poet Isabella di Morra , sometimes cited as a precursor of Romantic poets In literature , Romanticism found recurrent themes in the evocation or criticism of the past , the cult of `` sensibility '' with its emphasis on women and children , the isolation of the artist or narrator , and respect for nature . Furthermore , several romantic authors , such as Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne , based their writings on the supernatural / occult and human psychology . Romanticism tended to regard satire as something unworthy of serious attention , a prejudice still influential today . Some authors cite 16th century poet Isabella di Morra as an early precursor of Romantic literature . Her lyrics covering themes of isolation and loneliness which reflected the tragic events of her life are considered `` an impressive prefigurement of Romanticism '' , differing from the Petrarchist fashion of the time based on the philosophy of love . The precursors of Romanticism in English poetry go back to the middle of the 18th century , including figures such as Joseph Warton ( headmaster at Winchester College ) and his brother Thomas Warton , Professor of Poetry at Oxford University . Joseph maintained that invention and imagination were the chief qualities of a poet . Thomas Chatterton is generally considered the first Romantic poet in English . The Scottish poet James Macpherson influenced the early development of Romanticism with the international success of his Ossian cycle of poems published in 1762 , inspiring both Goethe and the young Walter Scott .", "8": "Both Chatterton and Macpherson 's work involved elements of fraud , as what they claimed was earlier literature that they had discovered or compiled was , in fact , entirely their own work . The Gothic novel , beginning with Horace Walpole 's The Castle of Otranto ( 1764 ) , was an important precursor of one strain of Romanticism , with a delight in horror and threat , and exotic picturesque settings , matched in Walpole 's case by his role in the early revival of Gothic architecture . Tristram Shandy , a novel by Laurence Sterne ( 1759 -- 67 ) introduced a whimsical version of the anti-rational sentimental novel to the English literary public . Germany ( edit ) Title page of Volume III of Des Knaben Wunderhorn , 1808 An early German influence came from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , whose 1774 novel The Sorrows of Young Werther had young men throughout Europe emulating its protagonist , a young artist with a very sensitive and passionate temperament . At that time Germany was a multitude of small separate states , and Goethe 's works would have a seminal influence in developing a unifying sense of nationalism . Another philosophic influence came from the German idealism of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Schelling , making Jena ( where Fichte lived , as well as Schelling , Hegel , Schiller and the brothers Schlegel ) a center for early German Romanticism ( see Jena Romanticism ) . Important writers were Ludwig Tieck , Novalis ( Heinrich von Ofterdingen , 1799 ) , Heinrich von Kleist and Friedrich Hölderlin . Heidelberg later became a center of German Romanticism , where writers and poets such as Clemens Brentano , Achim von Arnim , and Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff met regularly in literary circles . Important motifs in German Romanticism are travelling , nature , for example the German Forest , and Germanic myths . The later German Romanticism of , for example E.T.A. Hoffmann 's Der Sandmann ( The Sandman ) , 1817 , and Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff 's Das Marmorbild ( The Marble Statue ) , 1819 , was darker in its motifs and has gothic elements .", "9": "The significance to Romanticism of childhood innocence , the importance of imagination , and racial theories all combined to give an unprecedented importance to folk literature , non-classical mythology and children 's literature , above all in Germany . Brentano and von Arnim were significant literary figures who together published Des Knaben Wunderhorn ( `` The Boy 's Magic Horn '' or cornucopia ) , a collection of versified folk tales , in 1806 -- 08 . The first collection of Grimms ' Fairy Tales by the Brothers Grimm was published in 1812 . Unlike the much later work of Hans Christian Andersen , who was publishing his invented tales in Danish from 1835 , these German works were at least mainly based on collected folk tales , and the Grimms remained true to the style of the telling in their early editions , though later rewriting some parts . One of the brothers , Jacob , published in 1835 Deutsche Mythologie , a long academic work on Germanic mythology . Another strain is exemplified by Schiller 's highly emotional language and the depiction of physical violence in his play The Robbers of 1781 . Great Britain ( edit ) England ( edit ) Main article : Romantic literature in English George Henry Harlow , Byron c. 1816 In English literature , the key figures of the Romantic movement are considered to be the group of poets including William Wordsworth , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , John Keats , Lord Byron , Percy Bysshe Shelley , and the much older William Blake , followed later by the isolated figure of John Clare ; also such novelists as Walter Scott from Scotland and Mary Shelley , and the essayists William Hazlitt and Charles Lamb . The publication in 1798 of Lyrical Ballads , with many of the finest poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge , is often held to mark the start of the movement . The majority of the poems were by Wordsworth , and many dealt with the lives of the poor in his native Lake District , or his feelings about nature -- which he more fully developed in his long poem The Prelude , never published in his lifetime . The longest poem in the volume was Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , which showed the Gothic side of English Romanticism , and the exotic settings that many works featured .", "10": "In the period when they were writing , the Lake Poets were widely regarded as a marginal group of radicals , though they were supported by the critic and writer William Hazlitt and others . Girodet , Chateaubriand in Rome , 1808 In contrast Lord Byron and Walter Scott achieved enormous fame and influence throughout Europe with works exploiting the violence and drama of their exotic and historical settings ; Goethe called Byron `` undoubtedly the greatest genius of our century '' . Scott achieved immediate success with his long narrative poem The Lay of the Last Minstrel in 1805 , followed by the full epic poem Marmion in 1808 . Both were set in the distant Scottish past , already evoked in Ossian ; Romanticism and Scotland were to have a long and fruitful partnership . Byron had equal success with the first part of Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage in 1812 , followed by four `` Turkish tales '' , all in the form of long poems , starting with The Giaour in 1813 , drawing from his Grand Tour , which had reached Ottoman Europe , and orientalizing the themes of the Gothic novel in verse . These featured different variations of the `` Byronic hero '' , and his own life contributed a further version . Scott meanwhile was effectively inventing the historical novel , beginning in 1814 with Waverley , set in the 1745 Jacobite Rising , which was an enormous and highly profitable success , followed by over 20 further Waverley Novels over the next 17 years , with settings going back to the Crusades that he had researched to a degree that was new in literature . In contrast to Germany , Romanticism in English literature had little connection with nationalism , and the Romantics were often regarded with suspicion for the sympathy many felt for the ideals of the French Revolution , whose collapse and replacement with the dictatorship of Napoleon was , as elsewhere in Europe , a shock to the movement . Though his novels celebrated Scottish identity and history , Scott was politically a firm Unionist . Several spent much time abroad , and a famous stay on Lake Geneva with Byron and Shelley in 1816 produced the hugely influential novel Frankenstein by Shelley 's wife - to - be Mary Shelley and the novella The Vampyre by Byron 's doctor John William Polidori .", "11": "The lyrics of Robert Burns in Scotland and Thomas Moore , from Ireland reflected in different ways their countries and the Romantic interest in folk literature , but neither had a fully Romantic approach to life or their work . Though they have modern critical champions such as György Lukács , Scott 's novels are today more likely to be experienced in the form of the many operas that composers continued to base on them over the following decades , such as Donizetti 's Lucia di Lammermoor and Vincenzo Bellini 's I puritani ( both 1835 ) . Byron is now most highly regarded for his short lyrics and his generally unromantic prose writings , especially his letters , and his unfinished satire Don Juan . Unlike many Romantics , Byron 's widely publicised personal life appeared to match his work , and his death at 36 in 1824 from disease when helping the Greek War of Independence appeared from a distance to be a suitably Romantic end , entrenching his legend . Keats in 1821 and Shelley in 1822 both died in Italy , Blake ( at almost 70 ) in 1827 , and Coleridge largely ceased to write in the 1820s . Wordsworth was by 1820 respectable and highly regarded , holding a government sinecure , but wrote relatively little . In the discussion of English literature , the Romantic period is often regarded as finishing around the 1820s , or sometimes even earlier , although many authors of the succeeding decades were no less committed to Romantic values . The most significant novelist in English during the peak Romantic period , other than Walter Scott , was Jane Austen , whose essentially conservative world - view had little in common with her Romantic contemporaries , retaining a strong belief in decorum and social rules , though critics have detected tremors under the surface of some works , especially Mansfield Park ( 1814 ) and Persuasion ( 1817 ) . But around the mid-century the undoubtedly Romantic novels of the Yorkshire - based Brontë family appeared , in particular Charlotte 's Jane Eyre and Emily 's Wuthering Heights , which were both published in 1847 .", "12": "Byron , Keats and Shelley all wrote for the stage , but with little success in England , with Shelley 's The Cenci perhaps the best work produced , though that was not played in a public theatre in England until a century after his death . Byron 's plays , along with dramatizations of his poems and Scott 's novels , were much more popular on the Continent , and especially in France , and through these versions several were turned into operas , many still performed today . If contemporary poets had little success on the stage , the period was a legendary one for performances of Shakespeare , and went some way to restoring his original texts and removing the Augustan `` improvements '' to them . The greatest actor of the period , Edmund Kean , restored the tragic ending to King Lear ; Coleridge said that , `` Seeing him act was like reading Shakespeare by flashes of lightning . '' Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Romanticism in Scotland Robert Burns in Alexander Nasmyth 's portrait of 1787 Although after union with England in 1707 Scotland increasingly adopted English language and wider cultural norms , its literature developed a distinct national identity and began to enjoy an international reputation . Allan Ramsay ( 1686 -- 1758 ) laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature , as well as leading the trend for pastoral poetry , helping to develop the Habbie stanza as a poetic form . James Macpherson ( 1736 -- 96 ) was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation . Claiming to have found poetry written by the ancient bard Ossian , he published translations that acquired international popularity , being proclaimed as a Celtic equivalent of the Classical epics . Fingal , written in 1762 , was speedily translated into many European languages , and its appreciation of natural beauty and treatment of the ancient legend has been credited more than any single work with bringing about the Romantic movement in European , and especially in German literature , through its influence on Johann Gottfried von Herder and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . It was also popularised in France by figures that included Napoleon . Eventually it became clear that the poems were not direct translations from the Gaelic , but flowery adaptations made to suit the aesthetic expectations of his audience .", "13": "Robert Burns ( 1759 -- 96 ) and Walter Scott ( 1771 -- 1832 ) were highly influenced by the Ossian cycle . Burns , an Ayrshire poet and lyricist , is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland and a major influence on the Romantic movement . His poem ( and song ) `` Auld Lang Syne '' is often sung at Hogmanay ( the last day of the year ) , and `` Scots Wha Hae '' served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem of the country . Scott began as a poet and also collected and published Scottish ballads . His first prose work , Waverley in 1814 , is often called the first historical novel . It launched a highly successful career , with other historical novels such as Rob Roy ( 1817 ) , The Heart of Midlothian ( 1818 ) and Ivanhoe ( 1820 ) . Scott probably did more than any other figure to define and popularise Scottish cultural identity in the nineteenth century . Other major literary figures connected with Romanticism include the poets and novelists James Hogg ( 1770 -- 1835 ) , Allan Cunningham ( 1784 -- 1842 ) and John Galt ( 1779 -- 1839 ) . One of the most significant figures of the Romantic movement , Lord Byron , was brought up in Scotland until he inherited his family 's English peerage . Raeburn 's portrait of Walter Scott in 1822 Scotland was also the location of two of the most important literary magazines of the era , The Edinburgh Review ( founded in 1802 ) and Blackwood 's Magazine ( founded in 1817 ) , which had a major impact on the development of British literature and drama in the era of Romanticism . Ian Duncan and Alex Benchimol suggest that publications like the novels of Scott and these magazines were part of a highly dynamic Scottish Romanticism that by the early nineteenth century , caused Edinburgh to emerge as the cultural capital of Britain and become central to a wider formation of a `` British Isles nationalism . '' Scottish `` national drama '' emerged in the early 1800s , as plays with specifically Scottish themes began to dominate the Scottish stage . Theatres had been discouraged by the Church of Scotland and fears of Jacobite assemblies .", "14": "In the later eighteenth century , many plays were written for and performed by small amateur companies and were not published and so most have been lost . Towards the end of the century there were `` closet dramas '' , primarily designed to be read , rather than performed , including work by Scott , Hogg , Galt and Joanna Baillie ( 1762 -- 1851 ) , often influenced by the ballad tradition and Gothic Romanticism . France ( edit ) Romanticism was relatively late in developing in French literature , more so than in the visual arts . The 18th - century precursor to Romanticism , the cult of sensibility , had become associated with the Ancien regime , and the French Revolution had been more of an inspiration to foreign writers than those experiencing it at first hand . The first major figure was François - René de Chateaubriand , a minor aristocrat who had remained a royalist throughout the Revolution , and returned to France from exile in England and America under Napoleon , with whose regime he had an uneasy relationship . His writings , all in prose , included some fiction , such as his influential novella of exile René ( 1802 ) , which anticipated Byron in its alienated hero , but mostly contemporary history and politics , his travels , a defence of religion and the medieval spirit ( Génie du christianisme 1802 ) , and finally in the 1830s and 1840s his enormous autobiography Mémoires d'Outre - Tombe ( `` Memoirs from beyond the grave '' ) . The `` battle of Hernani '' was fought nightly at the theatre in 1830 After the Bourbon Restoration , French Romanticism developed in the lively world of Parisian theatre , with productions of Shakespeare , Schiller ( in France a key Romantic author ) , and adaptations of Scott and Byron alongside French authors , several of whom began to write in the late 1820s . Cliques of pro - and anti-Romantics developed , and productions were often accompanied by raucous vocalizing by the two sides , including the shouted assertion by one theatregoer in 1822 that `` Shakespeare , c'est l'aide - de-camp de Wellington '' ( `` Shakespeare is Wellington 's aide - de-camp '' ) .", "15": "Alexandre Dumas began as a dramatist , with a series of successes beginning with Henri III et sa cour ( 1829 ) before turning to novels that were mostly historical adventures somewhat in the manner of Scott , most famously The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo , both of 1844 . Victor Hugo published as a poet in the 1820s before achieving success on the stage with Hernani -- a historical drama in a quasi-Shakespearian style that had famously riotous performances , themselves as much a spectacle as the play , on its first run in 1830 . Like Dumas , he is best known for his novels , and was already writing The Hunchback of Notre - Dame ( 1831 ) , one of the best known works of his long career . The preface to his unperformed play `` Cromwell '' gives an important manifesto of French Romanticism , stating that `` there are no rules , or models '' . The career of Prosper Mérimée followed a similar pattern ; he is now best known as the originator of the story of Carmen , with his novella of 1845 . Alfred de Vigny remains best known as a dramatist , with his play on the life of the English poet Chatterton ( 1835 ) perhaps his best work . French Romantic poets of the 1830s to 1850s include Alfred de Musset , Gérard de Nerval , Alphonse de Lamartine and the flamboyant Théophile Gautier , whose prolific output in various forms continued until his death in 1872 . George Sand took over from Germaine de Staël as the leading female writer , and was a central figure of the Parisian literary scene , famous both for her novels and criticism and her affairs with Chopin and several others . Stendhal is today probably the most highly regarded French novelist of the period , but he stands in a complex relation with Romanticism , and is notable for his penetrating psychological insight into his characters and his realism , qualities rarely prominent in Romantic fiction . As a survivor of the French retreat from Moscow in 1812 , fantasies of heroism and adventure had little appeal for him , and like Goya he is often seen as a forerunner of Realism .", "16": "His most important works are Le Rouge et le Noir ( The Red and the Black , 1830 ) and La Chartreuse de Parme ( The Charterhouse of Parma , 1839 ) . Poland ( edit ) Adam Mickiewicz on the Ayu - Dag , by Walenty Wańkowicz Main article : Romanticism in Poland Romanticism in Poland is often taken to begin with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz 's first poems in 1822 , and end with the crushing of the January Uprising of 1863 against the Russians . It was strongly marked by interest in Polish history . Polish Romanticism revived the old `` Sarmatism '' traditions of the szlachta or Polish nobility. Old traditions and customs were revived and portrayed in a positive light in the Polish messianic movement and in works of great Polish poets such as Adam Mickiewicz ( Pan Tadeusz ) , Juliusz Słowacki and Zygmunt Krasiński , as well as prose writers such as Henryk Sienkiewicz . This close connection between Polish Romanticism and Polish history became one of the defining qualities of the literature of Polish Romanticism period , differentiating it from that of other countries . They had not suffered the loss of national statehood as was the case with Poland . Influenced by the general spirit and main ideas of European Romanticism , the literature of Polish Romanticism is unique , as many scholars have pointed out , in having developed largely outside of Poland and in its emphatic focus upon the issue of Polish nationalism . The Polish intelligentsia , along with leading members of its government , left Poland in the early 1830s , during what is referred to as the `` Great Emigration , '' resettling in France , Germany , Great Britain , Turkey , and the United States . Juliusz Słowacki , a Polish poet considered one of the `` Three National Bards '' of Polish literature -- a major figure in the Polish Romantic period , and the father of modern Polish drama . Their art featured emotionalism and irrationality , fantasy and imagination , personality cults , folklore and country life , and the propagation of ideals of freedom . In the second period , many of the Polish Romantics worked abroad , often banished from Poland by the occupying powers due to their politically subversive ideas .", "17": "Their work became increasingly dominated by the ideals of political struggle for freedom and their country 's sovereignty . Elements of mysticism became more prominent . There developed the idea of the poeta wieszcz ( the prophet ) . The wieszcz ( bard ) functioned as spiritual leader to the nation fighting for its independence . The most notable poet so recognized was Adam Mickiewicz . Zygmunt Krasinski also wrote to inspire political and religious hope in his countrymen . Unlike his predecessors , who called for victory at whatever price in Poland 's struggle against Russia , Krasinski emphasized Poland 's spiritual role in its fight for independence , advocating an intellectual rather than a military superiority . His works best exemplify the Messianic movement in Poland : in two early dramas , Nie - boska komedyia ( 1835 ; The Undivine Comedy ) and Irydion ( 1836 ; Iridion ) , as well as in the later Psalmy przyszłości ( 1845 ) , he asserted that Poland was the Christ of Europe : specifically chosen by God to carry the world 's burdens , to suffer , and eventually be resurrected . Russia ( edit ) Early Russian Romanticism is associated with the writers Konstantin Batyushkov ( A Vision on the Shores of the Lethe , 1809 ) , Vasily Zhukovsky ( The Bard , 1811 ; Svetlana , 1813 ) and Nikolay Karamzin ( Poor Liza , 1792 ; Julia , 1796 ; Martha the Mayoress , 1802 ; The Sensitive and the Cold , 1803 ) . However the principal exponent of Romanticism in Russia is Alexander Pushkin ( The Prisoner of the Caucasus , 1820 -- 1821 ; The Robber Brothers , 1822 ; Ruslan and Ludmila , 1820 ; Eugene Onegin , 1825 -- 1832 ) . Pushkin 's work influenced many writers in the 19th century and led to his eventual recognition as Russia 's greatest poet . Other Russian Romantic poets include Mikhail Lermontov ( A Hero of Our Time , 1839 ) , Fyodor Tyutchev ( Silentium !", "18": ", 1830 ) , Yevgeny Baratynsky ( Eda , 1826 ) , Anton Delvig , and Wilhelm Küchelbecker . Influenced heavily by Lord Byron , Lermontov sought to explore the Romantic emphasis on metaphysical discontent with society and self , while Tyutchev 's poems often described scenes of nature or passions of love . Tyutchev commonly operated with such categories as night and day , north and south , dream and reality , cosmos and chaos , and the still world of winter and spring teeming with life . Baratynsky 's style was fairly classical in nature , dwelling on the models of the previous century . Spain ( edit ) Main article : Romanticism in Spanish literature El escritor José de Espronceda , portrait by Antonio María Esquivel ( c. 1845 ) ( Museo del Prado , Madrid ) Romanticism in Spanish literature developed a well - known literature with a huge variety of poets and playwrights . The most important Spanish poet during this movement was José de Espronceda . After him there were other poets like Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer , Mariano José de Larra and the dramatist José Zorrilla , author of Don Juan Tenorio . Before them may be mentioned the pre-romantics José Cadalso and Manuel José Quintana . The plays of Antonio García Gutiérrez were adapted to produce Giuseppe Verdi 's operas Il trovatore and Simon Boccanegra . Spanish Romanticism also influenced regional literatures . For example , in Catalonia and in Galicia there was a national boom of writers in the local languages , like the Catalan Jacint Verdaguer and the Galician Rosalía de Castro , the main figures of the national revivalist movements Renaixença and Rexurdimento , respectively . Portugal ( edit ) Portuguese poet , novelist , politic and playwright Almeida Garrett ( 1799 - 1854 ) Romanticism began in Portugal with the publication of the poem Camões ( 1825 ) , by Almeida Garrett , who was raised by his uncle D. Alexandre , bishop of Angra , in the precepts of Arcadism and Neoclasic literature , which can be observed in Almeida Garrett 's early work .", "19": "The author himself confesses ( in Camões ' preface ) that he voluntarily refused to follow the principles of epic poetry enunciated by Aristotle in his Poetics , as he did the same to Horace 's Ars Poetica . Almeida Garrett had participated in 1820 Liberal Revolution , which caused him to exile himself in England ( 1823 ) , after the Vila - Francada . While living in Great Britain , he contacted with the Romantic movement and read authors such as Shakespeare , Walter Scott , Ossian and Lord Byron , at the same time visiting feudal castles and ruines of Gothic churches and abbeys , which would be reflected in his writings . In 1838 , he presented Um Auto de Gil Vicente ( `` A Play by Gil Vicente '' ) , in an attempt to create a new national theatre , free of Greco - Roman and foreign influence . But his masterpiece would be Frei Luís de Sousa ( 1843 ) , named by himself as a `` Romantic drama '' and it was acclamaid as an excepcional work , dealing with themes as national independence , faith , justice and love . He also interested in Portuguese folkloric verse , which resulted in the publication of Romanceiro ( `` Traditional Portuguese Ballads '' ) ( 1843 ) , that recollect a great number of ancient popular ballads , known as `` romances '' or `` rimances '' , in redondilha maior verse form , that contained stories of chivalry , life of saints , crusades , courtly love , etc . He wrote the novels Viagens na Minha Terra , O Arco de Sant'Ana and Helena . Alexandre Herculano is , alongside Almeida Garrett , one of the founders of Portuguese Romanticism . All of his poetry and prose are ( unlike Almeida Garrett 's ) entirely Romantic , rejecting Greco - Roman mythology and history . He sought inspiration in medieval Portuguese troubadours and chronicle - writers and in the Bible . His work is vast and covers many different genres , such as historical essays , poetry , novels , opuscules and theatre , where he brings back a whole world of Portuguese legends , tradition and history , especially in Eurico , o Presbítero ( `` Eurico , the Priest '' ) and Lendas e Narrativas ( `` Legends and Narratives '' ) .", "20": "His work was largely influenced by Walter Scott , the Old Testament Psalms and French Romantic poets . Portuguese historian , politic and writer Alexandre Herculano ( 1810 - 1877 ) António Feliciano de Castilho made the for the Ultra-Romanticism , publishing the poems A Noite no Castelo ( `` Night in the Castle '' ) and Os Ciúmes do Bardo ( `` The Jealousy of the Bard '' ) , both in 1836 , and the drama Camões . He became an inquestionable master for successive Ultra-Romantic generations , whose influence would not be challenged until the famous Coimbra Question . He also caused polemic by translating Goethe 's Faust without knowing German , but using French versions of the play . Other notable figures of Portuguese Romanticism are the famous novelists Camilo Castelo Branco and Júlio Dinis , and Soares de Passos , Bulhão Pato and Pinheiro Chagas . This late arrival of a truly personal Romantic style would be revived on to the beginning of the 20th century , notably through the works of poets linked to the Portuguese Renaissance ( Renascença Portuguesa ) , such as Teixeira de Pascoais , Jaime Cortesão , Mário Beirão , among others , who can be considered as Neo-Romantics . Júlio Dantas also featured Neo-Romantic characteristics . However , an early Portuguese expression of Romanticism is found already in Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage , especially in his sonnets dated at the end of the 18th century . Italy ( edit ) Romanticism in Italian literature was a minor movement , yet still important ; it began officially in 1816 when Mme de Staël wrote an article in the journal Biblioteca italiana called `` Sulla maniera e l'utilità delle traduzioni '' , inviting Italian people to reject Neoclassicism and to study new authors from other countries . Before that date , Ugo Foscolo had already published poems anticipating Romantic themes . The most important Romantic writers were Ludovico di Breme , Pietro Borsieri and Giovanni Berchet . Better known authors such as Alessandro Manzoni and Giacomo Leopardi were influenced by Enlightenment as well as by Romanticism and Classicism .", "21": "South America ( edit ) A print exemplifying the contrast between neoclassical vs. romantic styles of landscape and architecture ( or the `` Grecian '' and the `` Gothic '' as they are termed here ) , 1816 Spanish - speaking South American Romanticism was influenced heavily by Esteban Echeverría , who wrote in the 1830 and 1840s . His writings were influenced by his hatred for the Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas , and filled with themes of blood and terror , using the metaphor of a slaughterhouse to portray the violence of Rosas ' dictatorship . Brazilian Romanticism is characterized and divided in three different periods . The first one is basically focused on the creation of a sense of national identity , using the ideal of the heroic Indian . Some examples include José de Alencar , who wrote Iracema and O Guarani , and Gonçalves Dias , renowned by the poem `` Canção do Exílio '' ( Song of the Exile ) . The second period , sometimes called Ultra-Romanticism , is marked by a profound influence of European themes and traditions , involving the melancholy , sadness and despair related to unobtainable love . Goethe and Lord Byron are commonly quoted in these works . The third cycle is marked by social poetry , especially the abolitionist movement , and it includes Álvares de Azevedo and Castro Alves . Dennis Malone Carter , Decatur Boarding the Tripolitan Gunboat , 1878 . Romanticist vision of the Battle of Tripoli , during the First Barbary War . It represents the moment when the American war hero Stephen Decatur was fighting hand - to - hand against the Muslim pirate captain . United states ( edit ) Main articles : American literature and Romantic literature in English Thomas Cole , The Course of Empire : The Savage State ( 1 of 5 ) , 1836 In the United States , at least by 1818 with William Cullen Bryant 's `` To a Waterfowl '' , Romantic poetry was being published .", "22": "American Romantic Gothic literature made an early appearance with Washington Irving 's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1820 ) and Rip Van Winkle ( 1819 ) , followed from 1823 onwards by the Leatherstocking Tales of James Fenimore Cooper , with their emphasis on heroic simplicity and their fervent landscape descriptions of an already - exotic mythicized frontier peopled by `` noble savages '' , similar to the philosophical theory of Rousseau , exemplified by Uncas , from The Last of the Mohicans . There are picturesque `` local color '' elements in Washington Irving 's essays and especially his travel books . Edgar Allan Poe 's tales of the macabre and his balladic poetry were more influential in France than at home , but the romantic American novel developed fully with the atmosphere and melodrama of Nathaniel Hawthorne 's The Scarlet Letter ( 1850 ) . Later Transcendentalist writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson still show elements of its influence and imagination , as does the romantic realism of Walt Whitman . The poetry of Emily Dickinson -- nearly unread in her own time -- and Herman Melville 's novel Moby - Dick can be taken as epitomes of American Romantic literature . By the 1880s , however , psychological and social realism were competing with Romanticism in the novel . Influence of European Romanticism on American writers ( edit ) The European Romantic movement reached America in the early 19th century . American Romanticism was just as multifaceted and individualistic as it was in Europe . Like the Europeans , the American Romantics demonstrated a high level of moral enthusiasm , commitment to individualism and the unfolding of the self , an emphasis on intuitive perception , and the assumption that the natural world was inherently good , while human society was filled with corruption . Romanticism became popular in American politics , philosophy and art . The movement appealed to the revolutionary spirit of America as well as to those longing to break free of the strict religious traditions of early settlement . The Romantics rejected rationalism and religious intellect . It appealed to those in opposition of Calvinism , which includes the belief that the destiny of each individual is preordained . The Romantic movement gave rise to New England Transcendentalism , which portrayed a less restrictive relationship between God and Universe .", "23": "The new philosophy presented the individual with a more personal relationship with God . Transcendentalism and Romanticism appealed to Americans in a similar fashion , for both privileged feeling over reason , individual freedom of expression over the restraints of tradition and custom . It often involved a rapturous response to nature . It encouraged the rejection of harsh , rigid Calvinism , and promised a new blossoming of American culture . American Romanticism embraced the individual and rebelled against the confinement of neoclassicism and religious tradition . The Romantic movement in America created a new literary genre that continues to influence American writers . Novels , short stories , and poems replaced the sermons and manifestos of yore . Romantic literature was personal , intense , and portrayed more emotion than ever seen in neoclassical literature . America 's preoccupation with freedom became a great source of motivation for Romantic writers as many were delighted in free expression and emotion without so much fear of ridicule and controversy . They also put more effort into the psychological development of their characters , and the main characters typically displayed extremes of sensitivity and excitement . The works of the Romantic Era also differed from preceding works in that they spoke to a wider audience , partly reflecting the greater distribution of books as costs came down during the period . Romantic visual arts ( edit ) See also : Gothic Revival architecture Thomas Jones , The Bard , 1774 , a prophetic combination of Romanticism and nationalism by the Welsh artist In the visual arts , Romanticism first showed itself in landscape painting , where from as early as the 1760s British artists began to turn to wilder landscapes and storms , and Gothic architecture , even if they had to make do with Wales as a setting . Caspar David Friedrich and J.M.W. Turner were born less than a year apart in 1774 and 1775 respectively and were to take German and English landscape painting to their extremes of Romanticism , but both their artistic sensibilities were formed when forms of Romanticism was already strongly present in art . John Constable , born in 1776 , stayed closer to the English landscape tradition , but in his largest `` six - footers '' insisted on the heroic status of a patch of the working countryside where he had grown up -- challenging the traditional hierarchy of genres , which relegated landscape painting to a low status .", "24": "Turner also painted very large landscapes , and above all , seascapes . Some of these large paintings had contemporary settings and staffage , but others had small figures that turned the work into history painting in the manner of Claude Lorrain , like Salvator Rosa a late Baroque artist whose landscapes had elements that Romantic painters repeatedly turned to . Friedrich often used single figures , or features like crosses , set alone amidst a huge landscape , `` making them images of the transitoriness of human life and the premonition of death . '' Other groups of artists expressed feelings that verged on the mystical , many largely abandoning classical drawing and proportions . These included William Blake and Samuel Palmer and the other members of the Ancients in England , and in Germany Philipp Otto Runge . Like Friedrich , none of these artists had significant influence after their deaths for the rest of the 19th century , and were 20th century rediscoveries from obscurity , though Blake was always known as a poet , and Norway 's leading painter Johan Christian Dahl was heavily influenced by Friedrich . The Rome - based Nazarene movement of German artists , active from 1810 , took a very different path , concentrating on medievalizing history paintings with religious and nationalist themes . Anne - Louis Girodet de Roussy - Trioson , Ossian receiving the Ghosts of the French Heroes , 1800 -- 02 The arrival of Romanticism in French art was delayed by the strong hold of Neoclassicism on the academies , but from the Napoleonic period it became increasingly popular , initially in the form of history paintings propagandising for the new regime , of which Girodet 's Ossian receiving the Ghosts of the French Heroes , for Napoleon 's Château de Malmaison , was one of the earliest . Girodet 's old teacher David was puzzled and disappointed by his pupil 's direction , saying : `` Either Girodet is mad or I no longer know anything of the art of painting '' . A new generation of the French school , developed personal Romantic styles , though still concentrating on history painting with a political message .", "25": "Théodore Géricault ( 1791 -- 1824 ) had his first success with The Charging Chasseur , a heroic military figure derived from Rubens , at the Paris Salon of 1812 in the years of the Empire , but his next major completed work , The Raft of the Medusa of 1821 , remains the greatest achievement of the Romantic history painting , which in its day had a powerful anti-government message . Eugène Delacroix ( 1798 -- 1863 ) made his first Salon hits with The Barque of Dante ( 1822 ) , The Massacre at Chios ( 1824 ) and Death of Sardanapalus ( 1827 ) . The second was a scene from the Greek War of Independence , completed the year Byron died there , and the last was a scene from one of Byron 's plays . With Shakespeare , Byron was to provide the subject matter for many other works of Delacroix , who also spent long periods in North Africa , painting colourful scenes of mounted Arab warriors . His Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) remains , with the Medusa , one of the best - known works of French Romantic painting . Both reflected current events , and increasingly `` history painting '' , literally `` story painting '' , a phrase dating back to the Italian Renaissance meaning the painting of subjects with groups of figures , long considered the highest and most difficult form of art , did indeed become the painting of historical scenes , rather than those from religion or mythology . Francisco Goya was called `` the last great painter in whose art thought and observation were balanced and combined to form a faultless unity '' . But the extent to which he was a Romantic is a complex question . In Spain , there was still a struggle to introduce the values of the Enlightenment , in which Goya saw himself as a participant . The demonic and anti-rational monsters thrown up by his imagination are only superficially similar to those of the Gothic fantasies of northern Europe , and in many ways he remained wedded to the classicism and realism of his training , as well as looking forward to the Realism of the later 19th century . But he , more than any other artist of the period , exemplified the Romantic values of the expression of the artist 's feelings and his personal imaginative world .", "26": "He also shared with many of the Romantic painters a more free handling of paint , emphasized in the new prominence of the brushstroke and impasto , which tended to be repressed in neoclassicism under a self - effacing finish . Cavalier gaulois by Antoine - Augustin Préault , Pont d'Iéna , Paris Sculpture remained largely impervious to Romanticism , probably partly for technical reasons , as the most prestigious material of the day , marble , does not lend itself to expansive gestures . The leading sculptors in Europe , Antonio Canova and Bertel Thorvaldsen , were both based in Rome and firm Neoclassicists , not at all tempted to allow influence from medieval sculpture , which would have been one possible approach to Romantic sculpture . When it did develop , true Romantic sculpture -- with the exception of a few artists such as Rudolf Maison -- rather oddly was missing in Germany , and mainly found in France , with François Rude , best known from his group of the 1830s from the Arc de Triomphe in Paris , David d'Angers , and Auguste Préault . Préault 's plaster relief entitled Slaughter , which represented the horrors of wars with exacerbated passion , caused so much scandal at the 1834 Salon that Préault was banned from this official annual exhibition for nearly twenty years . In Italy , the most important Romantic sculptor was Lorenzo Bartolini . Francisco Goya , The Third of May 1808 , 1814 Théodore Géricault , The Raft of the Medusa , 1819 Eugène Delacroix , Liberty Leading the People 1830 J.M.W. Turner , The Fighting Téméraire tugged to her last Berth to be broken up , 1839 In France , historical painting on idealized medieval and Renaissance themes is known as the style Troubadour , a term with no equivalent for other countries , though the same trends occurred there . Delacroix , Ingres and Richard Parkes Bonington all worked in this style , as did lesser specialists such as Pierre - Henri Révoil ( 1776 -- 1842 ) and Fleury - François Richard ( 1777 -- 1852 ) . Their pictures are often small , and feature intimate private and anecdotal moments , as well as those of high drama .", "27": "The lives of great artists such as Raphael were commemorated on equal terms with those of rulers , and fictional characters were also depicted . Fleury - Richard 's Valentine of Milan weeping for the death of her husband , shown in the Paris Salon of 1802 , marked the arrival of the style , which lasted until the mid-century , before being subsumed into the increasingly academic history painting of artists like Paul Delaroche . Francesco Hayez , Crusaders Thirsting near Jerusalem Another trend was for very large apocalyptic history paintings , often combining extreme natural events , or divine wrath , with human disaster , attempting to outdo The Raft of the Medusa , and now often drawing comparisons with effects from Hollywood . The leading English artist in the style was John Martin , whose tiny figures were dwarfed by enormous earthquakes and storms , and worked his way through the biblical disasters , and those to come in the final days . Other works such as Delacroix 's Death of Sardanapalus included larger figures , and these often drew heavily on earlier artists , especially Poussin and Rubens , with extra emotionalism and special effects . Elsewhere in Europe , leading artists adopted Romantic styles : in Russia there were the portraitists Orest Kiprensky and Vasily Tropinin , with Ivan Aivazovsky specializing in marine painting , and in Norway Hans Gude painted scenes of fjords . In Italy Francesco Hayez ( 1791 -- 1882 ) was the leading artist of Romanticism in mid-19th - century Milan . His long , prolific and extremely successful career saw him begin as a Neoclassical painter , pass right through the Romantic period , and emerge at the other end as a sentimental painter of young women . His Romantic period included many historical pieces of `` Troubadour '' tendencies , but on a very large scale , that are heavily influenced by Gian Battista Tiepolo and other late Baroque Italian masters . Literary Romanticism had its counterpart in the American visual arts , most especially in the exaltation of an untamed American landscape found in the paintings of the Hudson River School . Painters like Thomas Cole , Albert Bierstadt and Frederic Edwin Church and others often expressed Romantic themes in their paintings . They sometimes depicted ancient ruins of the old world , such as in Fredric Edwin Church 's piece Sunrise in Syria .", "28": "These works reflected the Gothic feelings of death and decay . They also show the Romantic ideal that Nature is powerful and will eventually overcome the transient creations of men . More often , they worked to distinguish themselves from their European counterparts by depicting uniquely American scenes and landscapes . This idea of an American identity in the art world is reflected in W.C. Bryant 's poem , To Cole , the Painter , Departing for Europe , where Bryant encourages Cole to remember the powerful scenes that can only be found in America . Some American paintings ( such as Albert Bierstadt 's The Rocky Mountains , Lander 's Peak ) promote the literary idea of the `` noble savage '' by portraying idealized Native Americans living in harmony with the natural world . Thomas Cole 's paintings tend towards allegory , explicit in The Voyage of Life series painted in the early 1840s , showing the stages of life set amidst an awesome and immense nature . Thomas Cole , Childhood , one of the 4 scenes in The Voyage of Life , 1842 William Blake , Albion Rose , 1794 - 5 Louis Janmot , from his series `` The Poem of the Soul '' , before 1854 Thomas Cole , 1842 , The Voyage of Life Old Age Romanticism and music ( edit ) See also : Romantic music , Musical nationalism , and List of Romantic - era composers Ludwig van Beethoven , painted by Joseph Karl Stieler , 1820 Musical Romanticism is predominantly a German phenomenon -- so much so that one respected French reference work defines it entirely in terms of `` The role of music in the aesthetics of German romanticism '' . Another French encyclopedia holds that the German temperament generally `` can be described as the deep and diverse action of romanticism on German musicians '' , and that there is only one true representative of Romanticism in French music , Hector Berlioz , while in Italy , the sole great name of musical Romanticism is Giuseppe Verdi , `` a sort of ( Victor ) Hugo of opera , gifted with a real genius for dramatic effect '' . Nevertheless , the huge popularity of German Romantic music led , `` whether by imitation or by reaction '' , to an often nationalistically inspired vogue amongst Polish , Hungarian , Russian , Czech , and Scandinavian musicians , successful `` perhaps more because of its extra-musical traits than for the actual value of musical works by its masters '' .", "29": "Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , Portrait of Niccolò Paganini , 1819 Frederic Chopin in 1838 by Eugène Delacroix Although the term `` Romanticism '' when applied to music has come to imply the period roughly from 1800 until 1850 , or else until around 1900 , the contemporary application of `` romantic '' to music did not coincide with this modern interpretation . Indeed , one of the earliest sustained applications of the term to music occurs in 1789 , in the Mémoires of André Grétry . This is of particular interest because it is a French source on a subject mainly dominated by Germans , but also because it explicitly acknowledges its debt to Jean - Jacques Rousseau ( himself a composer , amongst other things ) and , by so doing , establishes a link to one of the major influences on the Romantic movement generally . In 1810 E.T.A. Hoffmann named Mozart , Haydn and Beethoven as `` the three masters of instrumental compositions '' who `` breathe one and the same romantic spirit '' . He justified his view on the basis of these composers ' depth of evocative expression and their marked individuality . In Haydn 's music , according to Hoffmann , `` a child - like , serene disposition prevails '' , while Mozart ( in the late E-flat major Symphony , for example ) `` leads us into the depths of the spiritual world , '' with elements of fear , love , and sorrow , `` a presentiment of the infinite ... in the eternal dance of the spheres '' . Beethoven 's music , on the other hand , conveys a sense of `` the monstrous and immeasurable , '' with the pain of an endless longing that `` will burst our breasts in a fully coherent concord of all the passions . '' This elevation in the valuation of pure emotion resulted in the promotion of music from the subordinate position it had held in relation to the verbal and plastic arts during the Enlightenment . Because music was considered to be free of the constraints of reason , imagery , or any other precise concept , it came to be regarded , first in the writings of Wackenroder and Tieck and later by writers such as Schelling and Wagner , as preeminent among the arts , the one best able to express the secrets of the universe , to evoke the spirit world , infinity , and the absolute .", "30": "This chronologic agreement of musical and literary Romanticism continued as far as the middle of the 19th century , when Richard Wagner denigrated the music of Meyerbeer and Berlioz as `` neoromantic '' : `` The Opera , to which we shall now return , has swallowed down the Neoromanticism of Berlioz , too , as a plump , fine - flavoured oyster , whose digestion has conferred on it anew a brisk and well - to - do appearance . '' It was only toward the end of the 19th century that the newly emergent discipline of Musikwissenschaft ( musicology ) -- itself a product of the historicizing proclivity of the age -- attempted a more scientific periodization of music history , and a distinction between Viennese Classical and Romantic periods was proposed . The key figure in this trend was Guido Adler , who viewed Beethoven and Franz Schubert as transitional but essentially Classical composers , with Romanticism achieving full maturity only in the post-Beethoven generation of Frédéric Chopin , Robert Schumann , Berlioz , and Franz Liszt . From Adler 's viewpoint , found in books like Der Stil in der Musik ( 1911 ) , composers of the New German School and various late - 19th - century nationalist composers were not Romantics but `` moderns '' or `` realists '' ( by analogy with the fields of painting and literature ) , and this schema remained prevalent through the first decades of the 20th century . By the second quarter of the 20th century , an awareness that radical changes in musical syntax had occurred during the early 1900s caused another shift in historical viewpoint , and the change of century came to be seen as marking a decisive break with the musical past . This in turn led historians such as Alfred Einstein to extend the musical `` Romantic Era '' throughout the 19th century and into the first decade of the 20th . It has continued to be referred to as such in some of the standard music references such as The Oxford Companion to Music and Grout 's History of Western Music but was not unchallenged .", "31": "For example , the prominent German musicologist Friedrich Blume , the chief editor of the first edition of Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart ( 1949 -- 86 ) , accepted the earlier position that Classicism and Romanticism together constitute a single period beginning in the middle of the 18th century , but at the same time held that it continued into the 20th century , including such pre -- World War II developments as expressionism and neoclassicism . This is reflected in some notable recent reference works such as the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians and the new edition of Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart . Franz Liszt , 1847 Daniel Auber , c. 1868 Giovanni Boldini , Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi , 1886 Robert Schumann , 1839 Hector Berlioz , 1850 Richard Wagner , c. 1870s Giacomo Meyerbeer , 1847 Felix Mendelssohn , 1839 In the contemporary music culture , the romantic musician followed a public career depending on sensitive middle - class audiences rather than on a courtly patron , as had been the case with earlier musicians and composers . Public persona characterized a new generation of virtuosi who made their way as soloists , epitomized in the concert tours of Paganini and Liszt , and the conductor began to emerge as an important figure , on whose skill the interpretation of the increasingly complex music depended . Romanticism outside the arts ( edit ) Akseli Gallen - Kallela , The Forging of the Sampo , 1893 . An artist from Finland deriving inspiration from the Finnish `` national epic '' , the Kalevala Sciences ( edit ) Main article : Romanticism in science The Romantic movement affected most aspects of intellectual life , and Romanticism and science had a powerful connection , especially in the period 1800 -- 40 . Many scientists were influenced by versions of the Naturphilosophie of Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and others , and without abandoning empiricism , sought in their work to uncover what they tended to believe was a unified and organic Nature .", "32": "The English scientist Sir Humphry Davy , a prominent Romantic thinker , said that understanding nature required `` an attitude of admiration , love and worship , ( ... ) a personal response . '' He believed that knowledge was only attainable by those who truly appreciated and respected nature . Self - understanding was an important aspect of Romanticism . It had less to do with proving that man was capable of understanding nature ( through his budding intellect ) and therefore controlling it , and more to do with the emotional appeal of connecting himself with nature and understanding it through a harmonious co-existence . Historiography ( edit ) History writing was very strongly , and many would say harmfully , influenced by Romanticism . In England Thomas Carlyle was a highly influential essayist who turned historian ; he both invented and exemplified the phrase `` hero - worship '' , lavishing largely uncritical praise on strong leaders such as Oliver Cromwell , Frederick the Great and Napoleon . Romantic nationalism had a largely negative effect on the writing of history in the 19th century , as each nation tended to produce its own version of history , and the critical attitude , even cynicism , of earlier historians was often replaced by a tendency to create romantic stories with clearly distinguished heroes and villains . Nationalist ideology of the period placed great emphasis on racial coherence , and the antiquity of peoples , and tended to vastly over-emphasize the continuity between past periods and the present , leading to national mysticism . Much historical effort in the 20th century was devoted to combating the romantic historical myths created in the 19th century . Theology ( edit ) To insulate theology from reductionism in science , 19th - century post-Enlightenment German theologians moved in a new direction , led by Friedrich Schleiermacher and Albrecht Ritschl . They took the Romantic approach of rooting religion in the inner world of the human spirit , so that it is a person 's feeling or sensibility about spiritual matters that comprises religion . Chess ( edit ) Main article : Romantic chess Romantic chess was the style of chess which emphasized quick , tactical maneuvers rather than long - term strategic planning . The Romantic era in chess is generally considered to have begun with Joseph MacDonnell and Pierre LaBourdonnais , the two dominant chess players in the 1830s .", "33": "The 1840s was dominated by Howard Staunton , and other leading players of the era included Adolf Anderssen , Daniel Harrwitz , Henry Bird , Louis Paulsen , and Paul Morphy . The `` Immortal Game '' , played by Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky on 21 June 1851 in London - where Anderssen made bold sacrifices to secure victory , giving up both rooks and a bishop , then his queen , and then checkmating his opponent with his three remaining minor pieces - is considered a supreme example of Romantic chess . The end of the Romantic era in chess is considered to be the 1873 Vienna Tournament where Wilhelm Steinitz popularized positional play and the closed game . Romantic nationalism ( edit ) Main article : Romantic nationalism Egide Charles Gustave Wappers , Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830 , 1834 , Musée d'Art Ancien , Brussels . A romantic vision by a Belgian painter . Hans Gude , Fra Hardanger , 1847 . Example of Norwegian romantic nationalism . One of Romanticism 's key ideas and most enduring legacies is the assertion of nationalism , which became a central theme of Romantic art and political philosophy . From the earliest parts of the movement , with their focus on development of national languages and folklore , and the importance of local customs and traditions , to the movements that would redraw the map of Europe and lead to calls for self - determination of nationalities , nationalism was one of the key vehicles of Romanticism , its role , expression and meaning . One of the most important functions of medieval references in the 19th century was nationalist . Popular and epic poetry were its workhorses . This is visible in Germany and Ireland , where underlying Germanic or Celtic linguistic substrates dating from before the Romanization - Latinization were sought out . And , in Catalonia , nationalists reclaimed Catalanism from before the Hispanicization of the Catholic Monarchs in the 15th century , when the Crown of Aragon was unified with the Castilian nobility . Early Romantic nationalism was strongly inspired by Rousseau , and by the ideas of Johann Gottfried von Herder , who in 1784 argued that the geography formed the natural economy of a people , and shaped their customs and society .", "34": "The nature of nationalism changed dramatically , however , after the French Revolution with the rise of Napoleon , and the reactions in other nations . Napoleonic nationalism and republicanism were , at first , inspirational to movements in other nations : self - determination and a consciousness of national unity were held to be two of the reasons why France was able to defeat other countries in battle . But as the French Republic became Napoleon 's Empire , Napoleon became not the inspiration for nationalism , but the object of its struggle . In Prussia , the development of spiritual renewal as a means to engage in the struggle against Napoleon was argued by , among others , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , a disciple of Kant . The word Volkstum , or nationality , was coined in German as part of this resistance to the now conquering emperor . Fichte expressed the unity of language and nation in his address `` To the German Nation '' in 1806 : Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself , long before any human art begins ; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly ; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole ... Only when each people , left to itself , develops and forms itself in accordance with its own peculiar quality , and only when in every people each individual develops himself in accordance with that common quality , as well as in accordance with his own peculiar quality -- then , and then only , does the manifestation of divinity appear in its true mirror as it ought to be . This view of nationalism inspired the collection of folklore by such people as the Brothers Grimm , the revival of old epics as national , and the construction of new epics as if they were old , as in the Kalevala , compiled from Finnish tales and folklore , or Ossian , where the claimed ancient roots were invented . The view that fairy tales , unless contaminated from outside literary sources , were preserved in the same form over thousands of years , was not exclusive to Romantic Nationalists , but fit in well with their views that such tales expressed the primordial nature of a people .", "35": "For instance , the Brothers Grimm rejected many tales they collected because of their similarity to tales by Charles Perrault , which they thought proved they were not truly German tales ; Sleeping Beauty survived in their collection because the tale of Brynhildr convinced them that the figure of the sleeping princess was authentically German . Vuk Karadžić contributed to Serbian folk literature , using peasant culture as the foundation . He regarded the oral literature of the peasants as an integral part of Serbian culture , compiling it to use in his collections of folk songs , tales , and proverbs , as well as the first dictionary of vernacular Serbian . Similar projects were undertaken by the Russian Alexander Afanasyev , the Norwegians Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe , and the Englishman Joseph Jacobs . The November Uprising ( 1830 -- 31 ) , in the Kingdom of Poland , against the Russian Empire Polish nationalism and messianism ( edit ) Romanticism played an essential role in the national awakening of many Central European peoples lacking their own national states , not least in Poland , which had recently failed to restore its independence when Russia 's army crushed the Polish Uprising under Nicholas I. Revival and reinterpretation of ancient myths , customs and traditions by Romantic poets and painters helped to distinguish their indigenous cultures from those of the dominant nations and crystallise the mythography of Romantic nationalism . Patriotism , nationalism , revolution and armed struggle for independence also became popular themes in the arts of this period . Arguably , the most distinguished Romantic poet of this part of Europe was Adam Mickiewicz , who developed an idea that Poland was the Messiah of Nations , predestined to suffer just as Jesus had suffered to save all the people . The Polish self - image as a `` Christ among nations '' or the martyr of Europe can be traced back to its history of Christendom and suffering under invasions . During the periods of foreign occupation , the Catholic Church served as bastion of Poland 's national identity and language , and the major promoter of Polish culture . The partitions came to be seen in Poland as a Polish sacrifice for the security for Western civilization . Adam Mickiewicz wrote the patriotic drama Dziady ( directed against the Russians ) where he depicts Poland as the Christ of Nations .", "36": "He also wrote `` Verily I say unto you , it is not for you to learn civilization from foreigners , but it is you who are to teach them civilization ... You are among the foreigners like the Apostles among the idolaters '' . In `` Books of the Polish nation and Polish pilgrimage '' Mickiewicz detailed his vision of Poland as a Messias and a Christ of Nations , that would save mankind . Dziady is known for various interpretation . The most known ones are the moral aspect of part II , individualist and romantic message of part IV , as well as deeply patriotic , messianistic and Christian vision in part III of poem . Zdzisław Kępiński , however , focuses his interpretation on Slavic pagan and occult elements found in the drama . In his book Mickiewicz hermetyczny he writes about hermetic , theosophic and alchemical philosophy on the book as well as Masonic symbols . Gallery ( edit ) Emerging Romanticism in the 18th century Joseph Vernet , 1759 , Shipwreck ; the 18th century `` sublime '' Joseph Wright , 1774 , Cave at evening , Smith College Museum of Art , Northampton , Massachusetts Henry Fuseli , 1781 , The Nightmare , a classical artist whose themes often anticipate the Romantic Philip James de Loutherbourg , Coalbrookdale by Night , 1801 , a key location of the English Industrial Revolution French Romantic painting Théodore Géricault , The Charging Chasseur , c. 1812 Ingres , Death of Leornardo da Vinci , 1818 , one of his Troubadour style works Eugène Delacroix , Collision of Moorish Horsemen , 1843 -- 44 Eugène Delacroix , The Bride of Abydos , 1857 , after the poem by Byron Other Joseph Anton Koch , Waterfalls at Subiaco 1812 -- 1813 , a `` classical '' landscape to art historians James Ward , 1814 -- 1815 , Gordale Scar John Constable , 1821 , The Hay Wain , one of Constable 's large `` six footers '' J.C. Dahl , 1826 , Eruption of Vesuvius , by Friedrich 's closest follower William Blake , c.", "37": "1824 -- 27 , The Wood of the Self - Murderers : The Harpies and the Suicides , Tate Karl Bryullov , The Last Day of Pompeii , 1833 , The State Russian Museum , St. Petersburg , Russia Isaac Levitan , Pacific , 1898 , State Russian Museum , St. Petersburg J.M.W. Turner , The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons ( 1835 ) , Philadelphia Museum of Art Hans Gude , Winter Afternoon , 1847 , National Gallery of Norway , Oslo Ivan Aivazovsky , 1850 , The Ninth Wave , Russian Museum , St. Petersburg John Martin , 1852 , The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah , Laing Art Gallery Frederic Edwin Church , 1860 , Twilight in the Wilderness , Cleveland Museum of Art Albert Bierstadt , 1863 , The Rocky Mountains , Lander 's Peak Romantic authors ( edit ) Jane Austen Nikoloz Baratashvili William Blake Brontë family Robert Burns Lord Byron Thomas Carlyle Alexander Chavchavadze Samuel Taylor Coleridge Alexandre Dumas Maria Edgeworth Ralph Waldo Emerson Ugo Foscolo Aleksander Fredro Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Nikolai Gogol Nathaniel Hawthorne Victor Hugo Washington Irving John Keats Zygmunt Krasiński Józef Ignacy Kraszewski Herman Melville Adam Mickiewicz Cyprian Kamil Norwid Mikhail Lermontov Alessandro Manzoni Grigol Orbeliani Edgar Allan Poe Alexander Pushkin Mary Robinson George Sand Walter Scott Mary Shelley Percy Shelley Juliusz Słowacki Henry David Thoreau William Wordsworth Scholars of Romanticism ( edit ) Gerald Abraham M.H.", "38": "Abrams Donald Ault Jacques Barzun Ian Bent Isaiah Berlin Tim Blanning Harold Bloom Friedrich Blume James Chandler Jeffrey N. Cox Carl Dahlhaus Northrop Frye Peter Kitson Philippe Lacoue - Labarthe Paul de Man Jerome McGann Anne K. Mellor Jean - Luc Nancy Ashton Nichols Leon Plantinga Christopher Ricks Charles Rosen René Wellek Susan J. Wolfson See also ( edit ) Related terms ( edit ) Humboldtian Goethean Nationalism Sentimentalism Transcendentalism Opposing terms ( edit ) Neoclassicism Positivism Rationalism Realism The Academy The Enlightenment Utilitarianism Related subjects ( edit ) Coleridge 's theory of life Dark Romanticism Folklore Gothic fiction List of romantics Mal du siècle Middle Ages in history Neo-romanticism Post-romanticism Romantic epistemology Romantic hero Romantic medicine Romantic poetry List of Romantic poets Romanticism in science Ultra-Romanticism Opium and Romanticism Related movements ( edit ) Decadent movement Düsseldorf School German Romanticism Hudson River School List of Hudson River School artists Nazarene movement Norwegian romantic nationalism Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Sturm und Drang Vegetarianism and Romanticism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . `` ' ' Romanticism ' ' . Retrieved 30 January 2008 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online '' . Britannica.com . Archived from the original on 13 October 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Casey , Christopher ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` '' Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time `` : Britain , the Elgin Marbles , and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism '' . Foundations . Volume III , Number 1 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 .", "39": "Jump up ^ David Levin , History as Romantic Art : Bancroft , Prescott , and Parkman ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Gerald Lee Gutek , A history of the Western educational experience ( 1987 ) ch. 12 on Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi Jump up ^ Ashton Nichols , `` Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers : Poetry and Science from William Bartram to Charles Darwin , '' Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 2005 149 ( 3 ) : 304 -- 315 Jump up ^ Morrow , John ( 2011 ) . `` Romanticism and political thought in the early nineteenth century '' ( PDF ) . In Stedman Jones , Gareth ; Claeys , Gregory . The Cambridge History of Nineteenth - Century Political Thought . The Cambridge History of Political Thought . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press . pp. 39 -- 76 . doi : 10.1017 / CHOL9780521430562 . ISBN 9780511973581 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Perpinya , Núria . Ruins , Nostalgia and Ugliness . Five Romantic perceptions of Middle Ages and a spoon of Game of Thrones and Avant - garde oddity . Berlin : Logos Verlag. 2014 Jump up ^ `` ' A remarkable thing , ' continued Bazarov , ' these funny old romantics ! They work up their nervous system into a state of agitation , then , of course , their equilibrium is upset . ' '' ( Ivan Turgenev , Fathers and Sons , chap. 4 ( 1862 ) ) Jump up ^ Szabolcsi , B. ( 1970 ) . `` The Decline of Romanticism : End of the Century , Turn of the Century -- Introductory Sketch of an Essay '' . Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 12 : 263 . doi : 10.2307 / 901360 . JSTOR 901360 .", "40": "Jump up ^ Novotny , 96 Jump up ^ From the Preface to the 2nd edition of Lyrical Ballads , quoted Day , 2 Jump up ^ Day , 3 Jump up ^ Ruthven ( 2001 ) p. 40 quote : `` Romantic ideology of literary authorship , which conceives of the text as an autonomous object produced by an individual genius . '' Jump up ^ Spearing ( 1987 ) quote : `` Surprising as it may seem to us , living after the Romantic movement has transformed older ideas about literature , in the Middle Ages authority was prized more highly than originality . '' Jump up ^ Eco ( 1994 ) p. 95 quote : Much art has been and is repetitive . The concept of absolute originality is a contemporary one , born with Romanticism ; classical art was in vast measure serial , and the `` modern '' avant - garde ( at the beginning of this century ) challenged the Romantic idea of `` creation from nothingness , '' with its techniques of collage , mustachios on the Mona Lisa , art about art , and so on . Jump up ^ Waterhouse ( 1926 ) , throughout ; Smith ( 1924 ) ; Millen , Jessica Romantic Creativity and the Ideal of Originality : A Contextual Analysis , in Cross-sections , The Bruce Hall Academic Journal -- Volume VI , 2010 PDF ; Forest Pyle , The Ideology of Imagination : Subject and Society in the Discourse of Romanticism ( Stanford University Press , 1995 ) p. 28 . Jump up ^ Day 3 -- 4 ; quotation from M.H. Abrams , quoted in Day , 4 Jump up ^ Berlin , 92 Jump up ^ Ferber , 6 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Ferber , 7 Jump up ^ Christiansen , 241 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 242 . Jump up ^ in her Oxford Companion article , quoted by Day , 1 Jump up ^ Day , 1 -- 5 Jump up ^ Mellor , Anne ; Matlak , Richard ( 1996 ) . British Literature 1780 - 1830 . NY : Harcourt Brace & Co. / Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 1413022537 .", "41": "Jump up ^ Edward F. Kravitt , The Lied : Mirror of Late Romanticism ( New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 1996 ) : 47 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06365 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Greenblatt et al. , Norton Anthology of English Literature , eighth edition , `` The Romantic Period -- Volume D '' ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company Inc. , 2006 ) : Jump up ^ Johnson , 147 , inc . quotation Jump up ^ Barzun , 469 Jump up ^ Day , 1 -- 3 ; the arch - conservative and Romantic is Joseph de Maistre , but many Romantics swung from youthful radicalism to conservative views in middle age , for example Wordsworth . Samuel Palmer 's only published text was a short piece opposing the Repeal of the corn laws . Jump up ^ Berlin , 57 Jump up ^ Several of Berlin 's pieces dealing with this theme are collected in the work referenced . See in particular : Berlin , 34 - 47 , 57 - 59 , 183 - 206 , 207 - 237 . Jump up ^ Berlin , 57 - 58 Jump up ^ Linda Simon The Sleep of Reason by Robert Hughes Jump up ^ Three Critics of the Enlightenment : Vico , Hamann , Herder , Pimlico , 2000 ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6492 - 0 was one of Isaiah Berlin 's many publications on the Enlightenment and its enemies that did much to popularise the concept of a Counter-Enlightenment movement that he characterised as relativist , anti-rationalist , vitalist and organic , Jump up ^ Darrin M. McMahon , `` The Counter-Enlightenment and the Low - Life of Literature in Pre-Revolutionary France '' Past and Present No. 159 ( May 1998 : 77 -- 112 ) p. 79 note 7 . Jump up ^ `` Baudelaire 's speech at the `` Salon des curiosités Estethiques '' ( in French ) . Fr.wikisource.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 .", "42": "Jump up ^ Gaetana Marrone , Paolo Puppa , Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies : A-J , Taylor & Francis , 2007 , p. 1242 Jump up ^ Sutherland , James ( 1958 ) English Satire p. 1 . There were a few exceptions , notably Byron , who integrated satire into some of his greatest works , yet shared much in common with his Romantic contemporaries . Bloom , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Paul F. Grendler , Renaissance Society of America , Encyclopedia of the Renaissance , Scribner , 1999 , p. 193 Jump up ^ John Keats . By Sidney Colvin , page 106 . Elibron Classics Jump up ^ Thomas Chatterton , Grevel Lindop , 1972 , Fyffield Books , page 11 Jump up ^ Zipes , Jack ( 1988 ) . The Brothers Grimm : From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90081 - 6 . Jump up ^ Zipes , Jack ( 2000 ) . The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales . Oxford University Press . pp. 13 -- 14 , 218 -- 219 , . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860115 - 9 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 215 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 192 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 197 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 213 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 188 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Or at least he tried to ; Kean played the tragic Lear for a few performances . They were not well received , and with regret , he reverted to Nahum Tate 's version with a comic ending , which had been standard since 1689 . See Stanley Wells , `` Introduction '' from King Lear Oxford University Press , 2000 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Coleridge , Samuel Taylor , Table Talk , 27 April 1823 in Coleridge , Samuel Taylor ; Morley , Henry ( 1884 ) .", "43": "Table Talk of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , Christobel , &c . New York : Routledge . p. 38 . Jump up ^ J. Buchan , Crowded with Genius ( London : Harper Collins , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 06 - 055888 - 1 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ J. Buchan , Crowded with Genius ( London : Harper Collins , 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 06 - 055888 - 1 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ H. Gaskill , The Reception of Ossian in Europe ( Continuum , 2004 ) , ISBN 0826461352 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ D. Thomson , The Gaelic Sources of Macpherson 's `` Ossian '' ( Aberdeen : Oliver & Boyd , 1952 ) . Jump up ^ L. McIlvanney , `` Hugh Blair , Robert Burns , and the Invention of Scottish Literature '' , Eighteenth - Century Life , vol. 29 ( 2 ) , Spring 2005 , pp. 25 -- 46 . Jump up ^ K.S. Whetter , Understanding Genre and Medieval Romance ( Aldershot : Ashgate , 2008 ) , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 6142 - 3 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ N. Davidson , The Origins of Scottish Nationhood ( Pluto Press , 2008 ) , ISBN 0 - 7453 - 1608 - 5 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ A. Maunder , FOF Companion to the British Short Story ( Infobase Publishing , 2007 ) , ISBN 0816074968 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ P. MacKay , E. Longley and F. Brearton , Modern Irish and Scottish Poetry ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2011 ) , ISBN 0521196027 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ A. Jarrels , `` ' Associations respect ( ing ) the past ' : Enlightenment and Romantic historicism '' , in J.P.", "44": "Klancher , A Concise Companion to the Romantic Age ( Oxford : John Wiley & Sons , 2009 ) , ISBN 0631233555 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ A. Benchimol , ed. , Intellectual Politics and Cultural Conflict in the Romantic Period : Scottish Whigs , English Radicals and the Making of the British Public Sphere ( Aldershot : Ashgate , 2010 ) , ISBN 0754664465 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ A. Benchimol , ed. , Intellectual Politics and Cultural Conflict in the Romantic Period : Scottish Whigs , English Radicals and the Making of the British Public Sphere ( Aldershot : Ashgate , 2010 ) , ISBN 0754664465 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ I. Brown , The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature : Enlightenment , Britain and Empire ( 1707 -- 1918 ) ( Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , 2007 ) , ISBN 0748624813 , pp. 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 202 -- 203 , 241 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 239 -- 46 , 240 quoted . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 244 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 130 -- 38 on de Staël . Jump up ^ Leon Dyczewski , Values in the Polish cultural tradition ( 2002 ) p. 183 Jump up ^ Christopher J. Murray , Encyclopedia of the romantic era , 1760 -- 1850 ( 2004 ) vol. 2 . p 742 Jump up ^ `` Nie - Boska komedia '' ( in Polish ) . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin ( 1799 -- 1837 ) '' . University of Virginia Slavic Department . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` El escritor José de Espronceda '' . Museo del Prado ( in Spanish ) . Madrid . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philip W. Silver , Ruin and restitution : reinterpreting romanticism in Spain ( 1997 ) p.", "45": "13 Jump up ^ Gerald Brenan , The literature of the Spanish people : from Roman times to the present ( 1965 ) p 364 Jump up ^ La nuova enciclopedia della letteratura . Milan : Garzanti. 1985 . p. 829 . Jump up ^ Roberto González Echevarría and Enrique Pupo - Walker , The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature : Brazilian Literature ( 1996 ) vol. 2 p. 367 ^ Jump up to : George L. McMichael and Frederick C. Crews , eds . Anthology of American Literature : Colonial through romantic ( 6th ed. 1997 ) p 613 Jump up ^ `` Romanticism , American '' , in The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists ed by Ann Lee Morgan ( Oxford University Press , 2007 ) online Jump up ^ The relationship of the American poet Wallace Stevens to Romanticism is raised in the poem `` Another Weeping Woman '' and its commentary . Jump up ^ Novotny , 96 -- 101 , 99 quoted Jump up ^ Novotny , 112 -- 121 Jump up ^ Honour , 184 -- 190 , 187 quoted Jump up ^ Walter Friedlaender , From David to Delacroix , 1974 , remains the best available account of the subject . Jump up ^ `` Romanticism '' . metmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Novotny , 142 Jump up ^ Novotny , 133 -- 142 Jump up ^ Hughes , 279 -- 280 Jump up ^ McKay , James , The Dictionary of Sculptors in Bronze , Antique Collectors Club , London , 1995 Jump up ^ Novotny , 397 , 379 -- 84 Jump up ^ Dizionario di arte e letteratura . Bologna : Zanichelli. 2002 . p. 544 . Jump up ^ Noon , throughout , especially pp. 124 - 155 Jump up ^ Boyer 1961 , 585 . Jump up ^ Ferchault 1957 . Jump up ^ Grétre 1789 . ^ Jump up to : Samson 2001 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann 1810 , col. 632 .", "46": "Jump up ^ Boyer 1961 , 585 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Wagner 1995 , 77 . Jump up ^ Einstein 1947 . Jump up ^ Warrack 2002 . Jump up ^ Grout 1960 , 492 . Jump up ^ Blume 1970 ; Samson 2001 . Jump up ^ Wehnert 1998 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , 176 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , A. , and Jardine , N. , ed . Romanticism and the Sciences , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Bossi , M. , and Poggi , S. , ed . Romanticism in Science : Science in Europe , 1790 -- 1840 , p. xiv ; Cunningham , A. , and Jardine , N. , ed . Romanticism and the Sciences , p. 2 . Jump up ^ E. Sreedharan ( 2004 ) . A Textbook of Historiography , 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000 . Orient Blackswan . pp. 128 -- 68 . Jump up ^ in his published lectures On Heroes , Hero - Worship , and The Heroic in History of 1841 Jump up ^ Ceri Crossley ( 2002 ) . French Historians and Romanticism : Thierry , Guizot , the Saint - Simonians , Quinet , Michelet . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 97668 - 3 . Jump up ^ Philip Clayton and Zachary Simpson , eds . The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science ( 2006 ) p 161 Jump up ^ David Shenk ( 2007 ) . The Immortal Game : A History of Chess . Knopf Doubleday . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Hartston , Bill ( 1996 ) . Teach Yourself Chess . Hodder & Stoughton . p. 150 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 67039 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fichte , Johann ( 1806 ) . `` Address to the German Nation '' . Fordham University .", "47": "Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , The Hard Facts of the Grimms ' Fairy Tales , p. 31 ISBN 0 - 691 - 06722 - 8 Jump up ^ Prilozi za književnost , jezik , istoriju i folklor ( in Serbian ) . Државна штампарија Краљевине Срба , Хрвата и Словенаца. 1965 . p. 264 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Jack Zipes , The Great Fairy Tale Tradition : From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm , p 846 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 97636 - X References ( edit ) Adler , Guido. 1911 . Der Stil in der Musik . Leipzig : Breitkopf & Härtel . Adler , Guido. 1919 . Methode der Musikgeschichte . Leipzig : Breitkopf & Härtel . Adler , Guido. 1930 . Handbuch der Musikgeschichte , second , thoroughly revised and greatly expanded edition . 2 vols . Berlin - Wilmersdorf : H. Keller . Reprinted , Tutzing : Schneider , 1961 . Barzun , Jacques . 2000 . From Dawn to Decadence : 500 Years of Western Cultural Life , 1500 to the Present . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092883 - 4 . Berlin , Isaiah. 1990 . The Crooked Timber of Humanity : Chapters in the History of Ideas , ed . Henry Hardy . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 4789 - X . Bloom , Harold ( ed . ) . 1986 . George Gordon , Lord Byron . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . Blume , Friedrich. 1970 . Classic and Romantic Music , translated by M.D. Herter Norton from two essays first published in Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart . New York : W.W. Norton .", "48": "Black , Joseph , Leonard Conolly , Kate Flint , Isobel Grundy , Don LePan , Roy Liuzza , Jerome J. McGann , Anne Lake Prescott , Barry V. Qualls , and Claire Waters. 2010 . The Broadview Anthology of British Literature Volume 4 : The Age of Romanticism Second Edition . Peterborough : Broadview Press . ISBN 9781551114040 . Bowra , C. Maurice . 1949 . The Romantic Imagination ( in series , `` Galaxy Book ( s ) '' ) . New York : Oxford University Press . Boyer , Jean - Paul . 1961 . `` Romantisme '' . Encyclopédie de la musique , edited by François Michel , with François Lesure and Vladimir Fédorov , 3 : 585 -- 87 . Paris : Fasquelle . Christiansen , Rupert . 1988 . Romantic Affinities : Portraits From an Age , 1780 -- 1830 . London : Bodley Head . ISBN 0370311175 . Paperback reprint , London : Cardinal , 1989 ISBN 0 - 7474 - 0404 - 6 . Paperback reprint , London : Vintage , 1994 . ISBN 0099367114 . Paperback reprint , London : Pimlico , 2004 . ISBN 1844134210 . Cunningham , Andrew , and Nicholas Jardine ( eds . ) ( 1990 ) . Romanticism and the Sciences . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 35602 - 4 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 35685 - 7 ( pbk . ) . excerpt and text search ; another excerpt - and - text - search source . Day , Aidan . Romanticism , 1996 , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 08378 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 08378 - 2 . Eco , Umberto. 1994 . `` Interpreting Serials '' , in his The Limits of Interpretation , pp. 83 -- 100 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press .", "49": "ISBN 0253208696 . excerpt Einstein , Alfred . 1947 . Music in the Romantic Era . New York : W.W. Norton . Ferber , Michael . 2010 . Romanticism : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956891 - 8 . Friedlaender , Walter , David to Delacroix , ( Originally published in German ; reprinted 1980 ) 1952 . Greenblatt , Stephen , M.H. Abrams , Alfred David , James Simpson , George Logan , Lawrence Lipking , James Noggle , Jon Stallworthy , Jahan Ramazani , Jack Stillinger , and Deidre Shauna Lynch . 2006 . Norton Anthology of English Literature , eighth edition , The Romantic Period -- Volume D. New York : W.W. Norton & Company , Inc . ISBN 9780393927207 . Grétry , André - Ernest - Modeste. 1789 . Mémoires , ou Essai sur la musique. 3 vols . Paris : Chez l'auteur , de L'Imprimerie de la république , 1789 . Second , enlarged edition , Paris : Imprimerie de la république , pluviôse , 1797 . Republished , 3 vols. , Paris : Verdiere , 1812 ; Brussels : Whalen , 1829 . Facsimile of the 1797 edition , Da Capo Press Music Reprint Series . New York : Da Capo Press , 1971 . Facsimile reprint in 1 volume of the 1829 Brussels edition , Bibliotheca musica Bononiensis , Sezione III no . 43 . Bologna : Forni Editore , 1978 . Grout , Donald Jay . 1960 . A History of Western Music . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , Inc . Hoffmann , Ernst Theodor Amadeus. 1810 .", "50": "`` Recension : Sinfonie pour 2 Violons , 2 Violes , Violoncelle e Contre - Violon , 2 Flûtes , petite Flûte , 2 Hautbois , 2 Clarinettes , 2 Bassons , Contrabasson , 2 Cors , 2 Trompettes , Timbales et 3 Trompes , composée et dediée etc. par Louis van Beethoven . à Leipsic , chez Breitkopf et Härtel , Oeuvre 67 . No. 5 . des Sinfonies . ( Pr. 4 Rthlr. 12 Gr . ) '' . Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung 12 , no . 40 ( 4 July ) , cols. 630 -- 42 ( Der Beschluss folgt . ) ; 12 , no . 41 ( 11 July ) , cols. 652 -- 59 . Honour , Hugh , Neo-classicism , 1968 , Pelican . Hughes , Robert . Goya . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 58028 - 1 . Joachimides , Christos M. and Rosenthal , Norman and Anfam , David and Adams , Brooks ( 1993 ) American Art in the 20th Century : Painting and Sculpture 1913 -- 1993 . Macfarlane , Robert . 2007 . ' Romantic ' Originality , in Original Copy : Plagiarism and Originality in Nineteenth - Century Literature , March 2007 , pp. 18 -- 50 ( 33 ) Noon , Patrick ( ed ) , Crossing the Channel , British and French Painting in the Age of Romanticism , 2003 , Tate Publishing / Metropolitan Museum of Art . Novotny , Fritz , Painting and Sculpture in Europe , 1780 -- 1880 ( Pelican History of Art ) , Yale University Press , 2nd edn. 1971 ISBN 0 - 14 - 056120 - X . Ruthven , Kenneth Knowles. 2001 . Faking Literature . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press .", "51": "ISBN 0 - 521 - 66015 - 7 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 66965 - 0 ( pbk ) . Samson , Jim . 2001 . `` Romanticism '' . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , second edition , edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell . London : Macmillan Publishers . Smith , Logan Pearsall ( 1924 ) Four Words : Romantic , Originality , Creative , Genius . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Spearing , A.C. 1987 . Introduction section to Chaucer 's The Franklin 's Prologue and Tale Steiner , George . 1998 . `` Topologies of Culture '' , chapter 6 of After Babel : Aspects of Language and Translation , third revised edition . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19288093 - 2 . Wagner , Richard . Opera and Drama , translated by William Ashton Ellis . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1995 . Originally published as volume 2 of Richard Wagner 's Prose Works ( London : Kegan Paul , Trench , Trubner & Co. , 1900 ) , a translation from Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtungen ( Leipzig , 1871 -- 73 , 1883 ) . Warrack , John . 2002 . `` Romanticism '' . The Oxford Companion to Music , edited by Alison Latham . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866212 - 2 . Waterhouse , Francis A. 1926 . Romantic ' Originality ' in The Sewanee Review , Vol. 34 , No. 1 ( January 1926 ) , pp. 40 -- 49 . Wehnert , Martin . 1998 . `` Romantik und romantisch '' . Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart : allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik , begründet von Friedrich Blume , second revised edition . Sachteil 8 : Quer -- Swi , cols. 464 -- 507 .", "52": "Basel , Kassel , London , Munich , and Prague : Bärenreiter ; Stuttgart and Weimar : Metzler . Further reading ( edit ) Abrams , Meyer H. 1971 . The Mirror and the Lamp . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 501471 - 5 . Abrams , Meyer H. 1973 . Natural Supernaturalism : Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature . New York : W.W. Norton . Barzun , Jacques . 1943 . Romanticism and the Modern Ego . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . Barzun , Jacques . 1961 . Classic , Romantic , and Modern . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226038520 . Berlin , Isaiah. 1999 . The Roots of Romanticism . London : Chatto and Windus . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08662 - 1 . Blanning , Tim . The Romantic Revolution : A History ( 2011 ) 272pp Breckman , Warren , European Romanticism : A Brief History with Documents . New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2007 . `` European Romanticism : A Brief History with Documents '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Cavalletti , Carlo. 2000 . Chopin and Romantic Music , translated by Anna Maria Salmeri Pherson . Hauppauge , NY : Barron 's Educational Series . ( Hardcover ) ISBN 0 - 7641 - 5136 - 3 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 5136 - 1 . Chaudon , Francis . 1980 . The Concise Encyclopedia of Romanticism . Secaucus , N.J. : Chartwell Books . ISBN 0 - 89009 - 707 - 0 . Ciofalo , John J. 2001 . `` The Ascent of Genius in the Court and Academy . '' The Self - Portraits of Francisco Goya . Cambridge University Press . Cox , Jeffrey N. 2004 .", "53": "Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School : Keats , Shelley , Hunt and Their Circle . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521604239 . Dahlhaus , Carl . 1979 . `` Neo-Romanticism '' . 19th - Century Music 3 , no . 2 ( November ) : 97 -- 105 . Dahlhaus , Carl . 1980 . Between Romanticism and Modernism : Four Studies in the Music of the Later Nineteenth Century , translated by Mary Whittall in collaboration with Arnold Whittall ; also with Friedrich Nietzsche , `` On Music and Words '' , translated by Walter Arnold Kaufmann . California Studies in 19th Century Music 1 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03679 - 4 ( cloth ) ; 0520067487 ( pbk ) . Original German edition , as Zwischen Romantik und Moderne : vier Studien zur Musikgeschichte des späteren 19 . Jahrhunderts . Munich : Musikverlag Katzbichler , 1974 . Dahlhaus , Carl . 1985 . Realism in Nineteenth - Century Music , translated by Mary Whittall . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26115 - 5 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 27841 - 4 ( pbk ) . Original German edition , as Musikalischer Realismus : zur Musikgeschichte des 19 . Jahrhunderts . Munich : R. Piper , 1982 . ISBN 3 - 492 - 00539 - X . Fabre , Côme , and Felix Krämer ( eds . ) . 2013 . L'ange du bizarre : Le romantisme noire de Goya a Max Ernst , à l'occasion de l'Exposition , Stadel Museum , Francfort , 26 septembre 2012 -- 20 janvier 2013 , Musée d'Orsay , Paris , 5 mars -- 9 juin 2013 . Ostfildern : Hatje Cantz . ISBN 9783775735902 . Fay , Elizabeth . 2002 .", "54": "Romantic Medievalism . History and the Romantic Literary Ideal . Houndsmills , Basingstoke : Palgrave . Gaull , Marilyn. 1988 . English Romanticism : The Human Context . New York and London : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0393955477 . Geck , Martin . 1998 . `` Realismus '' . Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart : Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik begründe von Friedrich Blume , second , revised edition , edited by Ludwig Finscher . Sachteil 8 : Quer -- Swi , cols. 91 -- 99 . Kassel , Basel , London , New York , Prague : Bärenreiter ; Suttgart and Weimar : Metzler . ISBN 3 - 7618 - 1109 - 8 ( Bärenreiter ) ; ISBN 3 - 476 - 41008 - 0 ( Metzler ) . Gillespie , Gerald , Manfred Engel , and Bernard Dieterle ( eds . ) . 2008 . Romantic Prose Fiction ( = A Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages , Bd . XXIII ; ed. by the International Comparative Literature Association ) . Amsterdam , Philadelphia : John Benjamins . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 3456 - 8 . ( esp . pp. 263 -- 295 ) . Grewe , Cordula. 2009 . Painting the Sacred in the Age of German Romanticism . Burlington : Ashgate . `` Painting the Sacred in the Age of Romanticism '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Hamilton , Paul , ed . The Oxford Handbook of European Romanticism ( 2016 ) . Holmes , Richard . 2009 . The Age of Wonder : How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science . London : HarperPress . ISBN 9780007149520 . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 9780375422225 . Paperback reprint , New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 3187 - 0 Honour , Hugh .", "55": "1979 . Romanticism . New York : Harper and Row . ISBN 0064333361 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0064300897 ( pbk . ) . Kravitt , Edward F. 1992 . `` Romanticism Today '' . The Musical Quarterly 76 , no . 1 ( Spring ) : 93 -- 109 . Lang , Paul Henry . 1941 . Music in Western Civilization . New York : W.W. Norton . McCalman , Iain ( ed . ) . 2009 . An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . Online at Oxford Reference Online ( subscription required ) Mason , Daniel Gregory . 1936 . The Romantic Composers . New York : Macmillan . Masson , Scott . 2007 . `` Romanticism '' , Chapt. 7 in The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology , ( Oxford University Press ) 2007 . Murray , Christopher , ed . Encyclopedia of the romantic era , 1760 -- 1850 ( 2 vol 2004 ) ; 850 articles by experts ; 1600pp O'Neill , J , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romanticism & the school of nature : nineteenth - century drawings and paintings from the Karen B. Cohen collection . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Plantinga , Leon . 1984 . Romantic Music : A History of Musical Style in Nineteenth - Century Europe . A Norton Introduction to Music History . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95196 - 0 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 95196 - 7 Reynolds , Nicole . 2010 . Building Romanticism : Literature and Architecture in Nineteenth - century Britain . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11731 - 4 . Riasanovsky , Nicholas V. 1992 . The Emergence of Romanticism . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195073416 Rosen , Charles . 1995 . The Romantic Generation . Cambridge , Mass.", "56": ": Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 77933 - 9 . Rosenblum , Robert , Modern Painting and the Northern Romantic Tradition : Friedrich to Rothko , ( Harper & Row ) 1975 . Rummenhöller , Peter . 1989 . Romantik in der Musik : Analysen , Portraits , Reflexionen . Munich : Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag ; Kassel and New York : Bärenreiter . Ruston , Sharon . 2013 . Creating Romanticism : Case Studies in the Literature , Science and Medicine of the 1790s . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1137264282 . Schenk , H.G. 1966 . The Mind of the European Romantics : An Essay in Cultural History . : Constable . Spencer , Stewart . 2008 . `` The ' Romantic Operas ' and the Turn to Myth '' . In The Cambridge Companion to Wagner , edited by Thomas S. Grey , 67 -- 73 . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64299 - X ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 64439 - 9 ( pbk ) . Tekiner , Deniz. 2000 . Modern Art and the Romantic Vision . Lanham , MD . University Press of America . ISBN 9780761815280 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 9780761815297 ( pbk . ) . Workman , Leslie J. 1994 . `` Medievalism and Romanticism '' . Poetica 39 -- 40 : 1 -- 34 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romanticism . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Romance . Romanticism explored on the British Library Discovering Literature website The Romantic Poets The Great Romantics Dictionary of the History of Ideas , Romanticism Dictionary of the History of Ideas , Romanticism in Political Thought Romantic Circles Electronic editions , histories , and scholarly articles related to the Romantic era Romantic Rebellion .", "57": "Romanticism Countries Denmark England ( literature ) France ( literature ) Germany Norway Poland Russia ( literature ) Scotland Movements Bohemianism Counter-Enlightenment Dark romanticism Düsseldorf School Gesamtkunstwerk Gothic fiction Gothic Revival ( architecture ) Hudson River School Indianism Nazarene movement Ossian Romantic hero Romanticism in science Romantic nationalism Opium and Romanticism Transcendentalism Ultra-Romanticism Wallenrodism Writers Abovian Alencar Alfieri Andersen A. v. Arnim B. v. 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3867705141367202061	who sings ive loved you for a thousand years	[ "Christina Perri" ]	{ "0": "A Thousand Years ( Christina Perri song ) - wikipedia A Thousand Years ( Christina Perri song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` A Thousand Years '' Single by Christina Perri from the album The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released October 18 , 2011 Format Digital download Recorded 2011 Genre Pop Length 4 : 45 Label Atlantic , Chop Shop Songwriter ( s ) Christina Perri , David Hodges Christina Perri singles chronology `` Arms '' ( 2011 ) `` A Thousand Years '' ( 2011 ) `` Distance '' ( 2012 ) `` Arms '' ( 2011 ) `` A Thousand Years '' ( 2011 ) `` Distance '' ( 2012 ) `` A Thousand Years '' is a song by American singer - songwriter Christina Perri and David Hodges . It is taken from the album The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . The song serves as the second single from the album . The song was released as a digital download on October 18 , 2011 worldwide . Perri re-recorded the song with vocals from Steve Kazee for The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack titled A Thousand Years , Pt. 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listing 3 Cover versions 4 Chart performance 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.1. 1 A Thousand Years 5.1. 2 A Thousand Years , Pt. 2 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 5.3. 1 A Thousand Years 5.3. 2 A Thousand Years , Pt. 2 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Music video ( edit ) An official lyric video of the song was premiered on October 17 , 2011 via Perri 's official Facebook and Twitter pages as well as her official website . On October 26 , 2011 , she released an official video for the song on her YouTube channel . The video begins with Perri holding a candle .", "1": "It features a few clips from the movie interspersed between scenes with Perri singing in a room with a floor full of candles . The video may include the voices from Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson saying they love each other while in a wedding and also they can be heard in the background before the bridge . She ends the video singing into a sunset . It has over 890 million views and 5.5 million likes on YouTube . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` A Thousand Years '' 4 : 45 Cover versions ( edit ) A cover by American crossover band The Piano Guys was uploaded on YouTube on May 9 , 2012 and , as of April 2018 , it has over 120 million views . American band Boyce Avenue released an acoustic version of `` A Thousand Years '' . It currently has over 90 million views as of April 2018 . Scottish singer Nicholas McDonald performed the song during the 10th series of the X Factor at the Arena audition . A duet cover by country singer - Nashville recorded artist Celeste Kellogg and Branden Mendoza was uploaded on YouTube on December 17 , 2012 and as of April 2018 , it has over 42,000 views . Scottish - American actor , singer , presenter and writer John Barrowman covered the song on his 2014 album `` You Raise Me Up . '' He recorded the song after he married his husband , Scott Gil , and to celebrate gay couples who married after the United States Supreme Court denied an appeal to overturning California Proposition 8 . Michael O'Dwyer , a member of the Irish stage production Celtic Thunder , covered the song for their most recent CD / DVD set Celtic Thunder X . Chilean group Kevin , Karen y la Banda covered the song in Spanish , calling it `` Mil años '' Moms of kids with Down syndrome made a cover of the song that went viral . The video currently has over 3.8 million views . Chart performance ( edit ) `` A Thousand Years '' A 23 - second sample of the song Problems playing this file ? See media help . On the week of October 23 , 2011 , the song debuted at No. 63 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , and No.", "2": "70 on Canadian Hot 100 . It has reached number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 , giving Perri her second top 40 hit . By July 2013 , the song has sold over 3 million digital downloads in the US . As of June 2014 , the song has sold 3,657,000 copies in the US . In the United Kingdom , the song reached number 32 on its original release in 2011 . The following year , after the release of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 , it peaked at number 13 . In 2013 , after it was performed on The X Factor ( UK ) , it reached a new peak of 11 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) A Thousand Years ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 -- 13 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 44 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 58 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 70 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 27 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 19 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 32 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 26 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 31 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 11 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 24 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 22 A Thousand Years , Pt.", "3": "2 ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 13 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 39 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) 98 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 40 France ( SNEP ) 66 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 26 Italy ( FIMI ) 27 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 80 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 31 US Billboard Hot 100 53 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 67 US Billboard Hot 100 87 US Adult Contemporary 21 US Adult Pop Songs 24 Chart ( 2013 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 57 Certifications ( edit ) A Thousand Years ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 7 × Platinum 490,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Ireland ( IRMA ) Gold 7,500 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 5,657,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone A Thousand Years , Pt. 2 ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States October 18 , 2011 Digital download Atlantic Canada WEA International Inc . Australia United Kingdom November 7 , 2011 Digital download ( album only ) Atlantic References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Thousand Years - Single '' . iTunes USA .", "4": "Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Christina Perri ( 2011 - 10 - 26 ) , Christina Perri - A Thousand Years ( Official Music Video ) , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 Jump up ^ ThePianoGuys ( 2012 - 05 - 09 ) , Christina Perri - A Thousand Years ( Piano / Cello Cover ) - The Piano Guys , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 Jump up ^ boyceavenue ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) , A Thousand Years - Christina Perri ( Boyce Avenue acoustic cover ) on Apple & Spotify , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 Jump up ^ `` X Factor 2013 : Nicholas McDonald is a little overwhelmed & pushes ' A Thousand Years ' into iTunes chart ! '' . Unreality TV . 2013 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv6kDDTUJlc&t= Jump up ^ `` Song lyrics - Letras.com '' . www.letras.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ https://townhall.com/tipsheet/laurettabrown/2018/03/19/watch-a-group-of-moms-made-a-video-about-their-children-for-world-down-syndrome-day-n2462446 Jump up ^ https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Biex1XR_mpo Jump up ^ `` Week Ending Oct. 23 , 2011 . Songs : Christmas In October '' . Yahoo Chart Watch . 2011 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Week Ending July 21 , 2013 . Songs : Dancing With Miley '' . Chart Watch . ^ Jump up to : Paul Grein ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : Sam Smith Zooms Into Top 10 '' . Yahoo Music . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles .", "5": "Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ BPP , ed . ( February -- March 2013 ) . `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( 38 ) : 84 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christina Perri Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201219 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri : A Thousand Years '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 48 , 2011 '' . Irish Singles Chart . ^ Jump up to : FIMI , ed . ( February -- March 2013 ) . `` FIMI CHARTS '' . FIMI . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Christina Perri Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 .", "6": "Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Christina Perri feat . Steve Kazee -- A Thousand Years Part 2 '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ Brazil Hot 100 Airplay . Billboard . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Christina Perri feat . Steve Kazee -- A Thousand Years Part 2 '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Christina Perri feat . Steve Kazee -- A Thousand Years Part 2 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Christina Perri feat . Steve Kazee -- A Thousand Years Part 2 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Christina Perri feat . Steve Kazee -- A Thousand Years Part 2 '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts '' . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Hot 100 Songs 81 - 90 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Adult Contemporary Songs 21 - 30 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Adult Pop Songs 21 - 30 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dan Lane ( January 2 , 2013 ) .", "7": "`` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2013 '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Christina Perri ; ' A Thousand Years ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish single certifications -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri thanks Irish fans as `` A Thousand Years '' goes Gold `` . Christina Perri . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ... : Certificaciones Mensuales 2015 : . '' Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Facebook . 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Enter A Thousand Years in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Christina Perri -- A Thousand Years Pt 2 '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` A Thousand Years - Single '' . iTunes Canada .", "8": "Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` A Thousand Years - Single '' . iTunes Australia . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Video on her official channel on YouTube Christina Perri Discography Studio albums and singles Lovestrong `` Jar of Hearts '' `` Arms '' `` Distance '' Head or Heart `` Human '' `` Burning Gold '' EPs The Ocean Way Sessions A Very Merry Perri Christmas Other singles `` A Thousand Years '' Promotional singles `` The Lonely '' Concert tours Lovestrong Tour Demi World Tour ( opening act ) Related articles Nick Perri Atlantic Records The Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer Books Twilight New Moon Eclipse Breaking Dawn Film series Twilight The Twilight Saga : New Moon The Twilight Saga : Eclipse The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 Part 2 Cast members Characters Bella Swan Edward Cullen Jacob Black Music Twilight `` Decode '' `` Spotlight '' New Moon `` Meet Me on the Equinox '' `` Possibility '' Eclipse `` Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) '' `` Heavy in Your Arms '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 `` It Will Rain '' `` A Thousand Years '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 `` The Forgotten '' Spin - offs The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Midnight Sun ( unpublished ) Life and Death : Twilight Reimagined Comics Twilight : The Graphic Novel New Moon : The Graphic Novel Other The Twilight Saga : The Official Illustrated Guide Twilight fandom TwiCon Scene It ?", "9": "Twilight Related articles Vampires Suck Breaking Wind Fifty Shades of Grey Gabriel 's Inferno Beautiful Bastard Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Thousand_Years_(Christina_Perri_song)&oldid=837520785 '' Categories : 2011 singles 2010s ballads Christina Perri songs Pop ballads Atlantic Records singles Songs from The Twilight Saga ( film series ) Songs written by David Hodges 2011 songs Songs written by Christina Perri Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Ireland Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano Occitan Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 10 : 31 .", "10": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2090547631524665717	when was the last episode of the flash aired	[ "May 1, 2018", "May 1, 2018", "May 22, 2018", "May 1, 2018" ]	{ "0": "List of the Flash episodes - wikipedia List of the Flash episodes Jump to : navigation , search For the episodes from the 1990 series , see The Flash ( 1990 TV series ) § Episodes . The Flash is an American action television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , and Geoff Johns , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , a costumed crimefighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds . It is a spin - off from Arrow , existing in the same fictional universe . The series follows Barry Allen , portrayed by Grant Gustin , a crime scene investigator who gains superhuman speed , which he uses to fight criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . The Flash was renewed in March 2016 for a third season , which premiered on October 4 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on October 10 , 2017 . As of April 24 , 2018 , 88 episodes of The Flash have aired .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 23 October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 118 4.62 23 October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 112 4.25 23 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 120 3.50 23 October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "2": "viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 296648 4.83 Barry Allen , a forensic crime scene assistant for Central City Police Department , is struck by lightning during a storm that is created after a particle accelerator from S.T.A.R. Labs explodes . In a coma for nine months , Barry awakens in S.T.A.R. Labs , having been placed in the care of Dr. Harrison Wells and his assistants Dr. Caitlin Snow and Cisco Ramon . Barry learns that he can move at extraordinary speeds , and that there were other `` metahumans '' created from the explosion . One of them , Clyde Mardon , is robbing banks with his ability to control the weather . In order to stop Mardon , Barry is outfitted with a suit , designed by Cisco , that can withstand his high speed . He tracks down Mardon and with Detective Joe West , who learns of Barry 's abilities , Barry is able to stop Mardon , who is killed by Joe . With his new powers , Barry vows to exonerate his father , Henry , who is incarcerated for the accusation of murdering his wife , Nora , whom Barry witnessed being killed by another metahuman . He chooses the alias `` Flash '' for his alter ego . Wells , secretly revealed to be neither paraplegic nor needing glasses , reads a newspaper from 2024 stating the missing status of the Flash . `` Fastest Man Alive '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5352 4.27 In flashbacks , it is revealed that Joe became Barry 's legal guardian but did not let him visit Henry in prison at the latter 's request . Barry begins using his abilities to stop minor crimes and help citizens across the city while starting to develop debilitating side effects .", "3": "While guiding Iris West , who seeks his help to do her school assignment , Barry witnesses a robbery by a crew of men , but passes out while trying to stop them . The S.T.A.R. Labs team determines that Barry becomes hypoglycemic from the use of his abilities due to a sped - up metabolism and needs to ingest more calories to maintain his energy level . The team eventually learns that there is actually one robber , Danton Black , who has the ability to create clones of himself . Black intends to kill his former employer Simon Stagg , who stole Black 's cloning research . With encouragement from Joe , Barry goes after Black and successfully stops him . However , Black commits suicide . Afterward , Barry accepts Joe 's help in the investigation of Nora 's murder . Later , Wells visits Stagg , who has already become obsessed with the Flash and plans to exploit them as he did to Black . Wells then kills Stagg . `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' Jesse Warn Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5353 3.59 As the police investigate the murder of one of the city 's crime families , Barry suspects that the killer may be a metahuman who can control poison gases . As Barry and Joe work to discover the killer 's identity , Wells and his team work to retrofit the particle accelerator into a prison for metahumans where they can begin to find a way of reversing their mutations . This brings up difficult feelings and memories for Snow , whose fiancé , Ronnie Raymond , was killed by the explosion . The team identifies the killer as Kyle Nimbus , discovering that Nimbus does not control gases , but transforms his body into them . The team learns that Joe , the lead detective in the original case , is Nimbus ' next target . Barry races to Iron Heights Prison to save Joe 's life , forcing Nimbus to overexert himself so that he can apprehend him . The team locks Nimbus into a cell they have made . In a flashback to when the accelerator explodes , Wells is seen going into his hidden room and viewing a surveillance video of Barry getting struck by lightning in his lab .", "4": "`` Going Rogue '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns & Kai Yu Wu October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5354 3.53 Wells begins testing Barry 's powers by having him perform multiple tasks at superspeed . In the middle of the tests , a group of men attempt to hijack an armored truck carrying a diamond . Barry races over and stops the crime , as well as identifying Leonard Snart from a set of police mugshots . Felicity Smoak arrives to check on Barry , after learning that he woke from his coma . Barry introduces her to his friends at S.T.A.R. Labs . To combat the Flash , also known as the `` Streak '' , Snart acquires stolen tech from S.T.A.R. Labs , which includes a cryonic gun . Cisco reveals to Barry that he created the gun as a fail - safe against Barry should he become a villain like the other metahumans they have encountered . Felicity helps the team locate Snart , who sets a trap for Barry . Cisco , Caitlin , and Felicity arrive in time to save Barry , and Snart is able to escape . Joe finally accepts Iris 's relationship with Eddie Thawne , his partner . Wells demands Cisco not to build another fail - safe against Barry again . Later , Snart tracks down his former partner , who has an affinity for fire , and offers him a place by Snart 's side taking back Central City from the Flash . 5 5 `` Plastique '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing & Brooke Eikmeier November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5355 3.46 Bette Sans Souci , a metahuman with the ability to turn anything she touches into an explosive , appears in Central City . She is being hunted by General Wade Eiling , and is a former military explosives expert . Barry brings her to S.T.A.R. Labs where the team explains to her that she was changed by the particle accelerator , which bonded bomb shrapnel to her body on a cellular level ; and they can not reverse the process .", "5": "Secretly , Wells convinces Bette to kill Eiling . Barry races to stop her , and Eiling shoots her , who dies after mentioning Wells ' name . Her body turns into a bomb . Barry speeds off with the body and drops it in the river to save the city from the massive explosion . Eiling visits Wells , demanding that they work together once again , this time to collect metahumans . Wells refuses and warns Eiling to never return to S.T.A.R. Labs . Meanwhile , Barry ends his friendship with Iris after she refuses his advice not to write about the `` Streak '' . In a flashback set five years previously , Wells tells Eiling he is ending their experiments . After Eiling leaves , Wells walks to a cage and tells Gorilla Grodd that he has plans for him . 6 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' Millicent Shelton Jaime Paglia & Chris Rafferty November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5356 3.73 Barry speeds off to stop a car thief ; but the thief 's skin turns to steel and Barry breaks his hand while punching . He runs back to the lab before he can be hurt further . The thief is identified as Tony Woodward , Barry 's childhood bully . Back at the lab , Cisco determines that if Barry can hit Woodward with a specific velocity at right angle , then he can create enough force to compromise Woodward 's metal structure . Woodward kidnaps Iris and demands that she write about him . Barry arrives and manages to temporarily disable Woodward 's abilities . Afterward , Woodward is locked away at S.T.A.R. Labs and finds out that Barry is the Flash , the name Iris also uses in her blog on the advice of Barry , who reconciles with her . Meanwhile , Joe continues investigating Nora 's murder and gets suspicious of Wells , who opened S.T.A.R. Labs one month after Nora 's murder ; but Wells states that he came to Central City because of his wife 's death . Joe , convinced that Wells is not involved , is visited by the metahuman that killed Nora , stealing the case file and threatening Iris 's life if Joe does not drop his investigation .", "6": "7 7 `` Power Outage '' Larry Shaw Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 3J5357 3.47 Wells returns to his secret room , where it is revealed that he has been documenting Barry 's abilities , and using his artificial intelligence , Gideon , to look at events in the future . Barry arrives at a crime scene where the victim was murdered via electrocution , and charred beyond recognition , suggesting a metahuman was involved . While investigating the victim 's identity , the team identifies a power drain in the city . When Barry arrives , he is attacked by Farooq Gibran , a man who has the ability to siphon electrical energy . The attack drains Barry of his speed , and Gideon reveals to Wells that there are currently no references to the Flash in the future . Wells realizes that Barry 's problem is psychological . Gibran attacks S.T.A.R. Labs , kills Woodward and Wells ' life gets in danger , forcing Barry to overcome his fear , connect to his speed and kill Gibran . Meanwhile , Tockman starts a hostage crisis at a police station and critically shoots Eddie ; but Iris manages to stop him and he is rearrested . Later , Wells sees that the timeline is safe , and takes a sample of Gibran 's blood to determine how he was able to drain Barry 's abilities . 8 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brooke Eikmeier December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5358 4.34 Eddie proposes a task force to hunt down the Flash . A new metahuman , Roy Bivolo , shows up with the ability to send people into an uncontrollable rage , and uses his ability to rob a bank . Oliver Queen informs Barry that he and his team are tracking a killer who uses lethal boomerangs . Barry and Oliver agree to team - up and catch each other 's targets . Barry decides to go after Bivolo by himself .", "7": "Bivolo uses his abilities on Barry ; but because of Barry 's powers it makes the effects last longer . Oliver tries to stop Barry , and the two engage in a fight until Wells and Joe use colored strobe light to reset Barry 's emotional state . Afterward , Barry and Oliver capture Bivolo and place him in the prison at S.T.A.R. Labs . Eddie 's task force is established after he was beaten by an enraged Flash . Barry confirms Oliver 's belief that he has a lot to learn . Oliver advises him to stay away from Iris , whom Barry is in love with . Iris decides to end her support of the Flash . Oliver asks Barry 's team to keep his alter ego a secret . A new metahuman able to manipulate fire appears in Central City . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 3 episode 8 . 9 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' Ralph Hemecker Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5359 4.66 The yellow - suited speedster who killed Nora Allen returns , in search of Mercury Lab 's tachyon particle technology . Barry encounters the `` Reverse - Flash '' and engages him but is swiftly defeated , with the villain insinuating that he and Barry have been lifelong enemies . Ronnie is revealed as the flame - controlling metahuman , suffering from memory - loss after having survived the explosion . Per Henry 's advice , Barry confesses his love for Iris before the tachyon particle technology is used as bait to lure the Reverse - Flash into a trap . The villain manages to escape , however , and proceeds to attack Wells and the police , mysteriously sparing Eddie before engaging in Barry again . Ronnie appears and fends off the Reverse - Flash before they both flee the scene . Joe tells Eddie about metahumans and asks him to keep it a secret . Cisco realizes that there were two speedsters in Barry 's house the night Nora died . Later , Wells enters his secret room and reveals the Reverse - Flash suit in a hidden chamber .", "8": "Wells places the stolen tachyon device on it , and speaks in the villainous speedster 's distorted voice , revealing himself to be the Reverse - Flash . 10 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' Nick Copus Kai Yu Wu & Geoff Johns January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5360 3.87 As Barry works on improving his speed through various training exercises , Leonard Snart returns to Central City with the cold gun and a new partner , Mick Rory , to set a trap for the Flash . Barry discovers his plan , and agrees with Wells not to engage Snart in the hope that he goes away and no one gets hurt like the last time . Snart and Rory , who now has a gun that can emit absolute hot temperatures , kidnap Caitlin to force Barry out of hiding . Cisco and Barry find a way to defeat Snart and Rory . The Flash faces the duo in the city for a showdown , exposing himself to the public . Barry eventually gets them to cross their streams with Eddie 's help , successfully damaging the weapons and disabling the pair , who are arrested and the guns delivered to S.T.A.R. Labs . While in transport to Iron Heights , Snart and Rory are broken out by Snart 's sister . Meanwhile , Caitlin investigates the cause of Ronnie 's transformation and finds out that the Army is covering up the incident . After Iris moves in with Eddie , Barry decides to move back in with Joe . 11 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' John F. Showalter Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5361 4.08 While home , Wells receives a threatening call from an unidentified person before using his super speed to save his life from an attempt . Wells informs Barry and the team that the caller was Hartley Rathaway , a former protégé . Rathaway begins attacking his family 's business with sonic blasts , and after Barry stops him , Rathaway reveals that he knows a secret of Wells ' , who states that Rathaway warned him that the particle accelerator could explode , but Wells chose to risk it for the rewards .", "9": "Cisco discovers that Rathaway intentionally got caught so he could steal information from S.T.A.R. Labs that would allow him to identify the frequency of Barry 's molecules so he can kill him . A trap set by Rathaway starts shredding Barry 's organs . Wells manages to disable Rathaway 's weapons . Later , Joe has Eddie start an investigation into Wells . Rathaway , imprisoned back in the particle accelerator , reveals to Cisco that he knows where Ronnie is and how to save him . In his secret room , Wells uses the tachyon technology to temporarily recharge his speed force energy . Meanwhile , Iris starts working as a journalist and realizes that she is hired to write about the Flash . 12 12 `` Crazy for You '' Rob Hardy Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5362 3.60 A woman with the ability to teleport to any location she can see breaks into Iron Heights and frees her boyfriend , Clay Parker . The S.T.A.R. Labs team identifies the woman as Shawna Baez . To help Barry , Henry tracks down leads in Iron Heights and finds out that Parker owed money to a local crime boss and is planning a heist to pay it back . Barry learns the location of the heist , finding Baez and Parker and is able to capture her after removing all the lights in a tunnel , effectively making her unable to teleport without being able to see . Parker manages to escape . Meanwhile , Cisco brings Rathaway out of his cell so that the latter can show the truth about Ronnie ; Rathaway reveals that Doctor Martin Stein , who developed research into a F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project focused on transmuting elements , was at S.T.A.R. Labs the day of the explosion . Rathaway reveals that during the explosion Ronnie and Stein merged , before he escapes Cisco 's custody . Barry starts dating Iris 's colleague , Linda Park . Henry insinuates to Barry that he knows Barry 's alter ego . Elsewhere , two city workers are attacked by Grodd .", "10": "13 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' Glen Winter Andrew Kreisberg & Katherine Walczak February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5363 3.66 The team attempts to track Stein 's whereabouts after he attacks a scientist . They convince Stein into coming back to S.T.A.R. Labs for testing . Wells discovers that Ronnie and Stein 's atoms are in conflict , and if it continues they will become nuclear . Stein leaves for a secluded location to safely explode without casualties . Barry and Caitlin arrive and use a device Wells made from the tachyon to separate the bodies , but it apparently does not work , and the duo escapes the explosion , which alerts Eiling , who orders a team to recover `` Firestorm '' . Meanwhile , Joe enlists Cisco 's help to identify Nora 's murderer . The duo searches the house and finds blood from two people behind some new wallpaper . Joe asks Cisco to compare the blood to Wells ' . Cisco runs the blood and informs Joe that while neither is from Wells , one is from an adult Barry . In the meantime Linda believes Barry to be still in love with Iris , but he proves to Linda that he now loves her not Iris . 14 14 `` Fallout '' Steve Surjik Keto Shimizu & Ben Sokolowski February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5364 4.01 Barry and Caitlin find Ronnie and Stein alive and separated , which Eiling also finds out . Joe reveals his findings to Barry . Ronnie and Stein realize that their minds are partially connected . Wells visits Eiling , who reveals that he knows Barry 's alter ego and demands the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project . Wells gives up Stein , who is tortured by Eiling until Barry and Ronnie save him . Ronnie and Stein reunite by the tachyon piece to survive the military onslaught . The duo gains enough control to be able to merge and separate on command . They decide to leave Central City to stay ahead of Eiling and learn more about their new powers . As the Reverse - Flash , Wells kidnaps Eiling and brings him to the sewers .", "11": "He reveals himself to Eiling , and allows Grodd , who is displaying psychic abilities , to drag Eiling deeper into the sewer . Meanwhile , Iris 's colleague , Mason Bridge tells her his belief that Wells deliberately caused the S.T.A.R. Labs explosion . Iris suspects Caitlin 's activities and decides to help Mason with his investigation . Barry tells Joe that he will travel back in time again to save Nora , but intends to succeed by learning the mistakes in his previous attempt . 15 15 `` Out of Time '' Thor Freudenthal Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 3J5365 3.69 Mark Mardon , Clyde 's brother , returns to Central City to avenge Clyde 's death . Eddie and Linda get jealous of the intimacy between Barry and Iris . Mason shares his knowledge that Wells killed Stagg with Iris and Barry , who tells Caitlin and Cisco , who begins to believe Joe was right about Wells , so he rechecks the containment field that failed to hold the Reverse - Flash . Wells arrives and reveals himself to be Eobard Thawne , a relative of Eddie 's and a man from the future who came back in time to kill Barry , and has since been stranded in the present day . Thawne also explains that he is pushing Barry to get stronger so that he can use Barry 's powers to return to his time , and he murders Cisco to protect his secret . Mardon kidnaps Joe and forces him to watch as Mardon creates a tsunami in order to kill Iris . Barry reveals his secret identity to Iris , just after they admit to romantic feelings for each other , in order to save the city . Barry runs back and forth across the coastline to create a barrier against the tsunami , but he runs so fast that he travels back in time to the day before .", "12": "16 16 `` Rogue Time '' John Behring Story by : Grainne Godfree Teleplay by : Brooke Eikmeier & Kai Yu Wu March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3J5366 3.33 Thawne warns Barry not to change any event for fear that he will create a bigger problem . Barry does not listen and instead captures Mardon and puts him in the particle accelerator . Snart and Rory return to Central City . Snart sends his sister , Lisa after Cisco , whom they force to rebuild the cold and heat guns , and a third gun shooting gold for Lisa , by threatening to kill Cisco 's brother . Iris rejects Barry 's romantic approach and later Eddie punches him . Barry realizes that Thawne was right about not to manipulate the timeline . Cisco returns and reveals that Snart forced him to reveal the Flash 's true identity . Barry goes after Snart , and the two come to a truce : Snart will not reveal Barry 's identity , will no longer kill innocent people , and stay away from Barry 's loved ones in exchange for Barry not locking him away in the particle accelerator . Caitlin tells Eddie and Iris that Barry is suffering from psychosis as a result of the lightning , making the duo reconcile with him and settling the tension . The Reverse - Flash kills Mason and destroys the evidence linking Thawne to Stagg 's death . Mason 's vanishing causes Barry to accept Joe was right about `` Wells '' . 17 17 `` Tricksters '' Ralph Hemecker Andrew Kreisberg March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5367 3.67 Barry and Joe go after terrorist Axel Walker , under the alias Trickster . Walker sets a diversion for the Flash and breaks James Jesse , the original Trickster from 20 years prior , out of prison . Jesse and Walker attempt to extort patrons of fundraiser by poisoning them and ransoming the antidote . When the Flash arrives , Jesse and Walker fit him with a bomb that will detonate if he stops moving . Thawne coaches Barry on how to vibrate his molecules so that he can phase through objects , which removes the bomb .", "13": "Afterward , Barry provides an antidote to all the patrons before capturing Jasse and Walker . The Flash reveals his identity to Eddie and convinces him to keep Iris from investigating Mason 's disappearance . Barry tells Eddie and Joe that `` Wells '' is the Reverse - Flash . In flashbacks , after failing to kill Barry , the Reverse - Flash escapes only to lose his speed . Gideon informs him that travelling through time has drained his powers . Thawne kills Harrison Wells and steals his appearance and identity so he can develop the particle accelerator sooner and return to his timeline . 18 18 `` All Star Team Up '' Kevin Tancharoen Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5368 3.67 As Barry works in conjunction with Joe and Eddie to stop crimes across the city , an engineering professor is killed by a swarm of bees at a university . While the team searches for a metahuman that can control bees , Felicity arrives with Ray Palmer , looking for assistance to improve his A.T.O.M. suit . The team tracks another bee attack , but Barry is too late and is attacked by the swarm . The team captures one of the bees , which turns out to be a robot and their suspect just a scientist from Mercury Labs named Brie Larvan , who is targeting other former employees . During the next bee attack , Barry goes after Larvan while Ray attempts to stop the bees from killing Dr. Tina McGee . Felicity disables the robots , and Barry captures Larvan . Tina tells Barry that `` Wells '' personality changed after his wife 's demise . Iris threatens Eddie to break up if he does not share his secret . Barry informs Caitlin and Cisco about `` Wells '' . She does not want believe it , but Cisco does , revealing that he has been having `` dreams '' , which show his final moments with Thawne in the alternate timeline . 19 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? ''", "14": "Wendey Stanzler Ray Utarnachitt & Cortney Norris April 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5369 3.75 Barry and Eddie track a metahuman named Hannibal Bates , who can shape - shift into anyone he touches . Bates takes Eddie 's shape and frames him for murder . Later , Bates knocks Barry unconscious and assumes his form , but Thawne realizes the truth and prevents Bates from killing Caitlin and Iris . Bates manages to escape . Caitlin develops a serum to suppress Bates ' power , allowing Barry to defeat him and clear Eddie 's name . Iris reconciles with Eddie , who reveals his cooperation with the Flash . Bates is locked in the particle accelerator . Meanwhile , Joe and Cisco decide to investigate the car accident scene in Starling City where Dr. Wells ' wife died . With the help of Captain Quentin Lance , Cisco and Joe locate a buried corpse near the crash site . Cisco also modifies a sonic device for Laurel . Joe advises Quentin to reconcile with her . After a series of tests confirm the corpse is the real Dr. Wells , Barry , Caitlin and Cisco locate Thawne 's secret room at S.T.A.R. Labs . They find both the Reverse - Flash 's costume and the newspaper article from 2024 . 20 20 `` The Trap '' Steve Shill Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5370 3.93 Barry talks to Gideon and learns about his battle with the Reverse - Flash in the future , as well as key moments in his life that include marrying Iris , a promotion at the CCPD , and that he created Gideon in the future . With high - tech goggles , the team reawakens Cisco 's memories of his alternate - timeline death and the secrets Wells confessed . The team regroups at Joe 's house , where Barry reveals his recent time travel and explains his plan to lure Thawne to confess to killing Nora .", "15": "To trap Thawne , Cisco reverses the polarity of his containment field to protect himself from Thawne , while Caitlin films the interaction to capture Thawne 's confession . The trap fails , but Joe shoots Thawne before he can kill Cisco . As Thawne dies , his body transforms , revealing himself to be Bates . Thawne himself calls the team , revealing that he was always aware of their actions because he had them under surveillance . Reverse - Flash goes after Iris and Eddie , but Barry arrives , forcing Thawne to kidnap Eddie instead . Iris finds out about the Flash 's identity . Thawne reveals his relation to Eddie . Flashbacks reveal the aftermath of Barry being struck by lightning , and Thawne convincing Joe to let him save Barry 's life , and promising to a comatose Barry that he will die . 21 21 `` Grodd Lives '' Dermott Downs Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5371 3.62 While looking for Eddie and Eobard , Barry heads to stop a robbery at the gold reserve . When Barry confronts the would - be thief , they are both disoriented by an unknown psychological attack . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Iris confronts Barry about being the Flash . He is able to stop the thief , who turns out to be Eiling , whose mind is revealed to be controlled by Grodd . With a lead from Iris , Barry , Joe and Cisco head into the sewers to look for Grodd . The trio realize that Grodd is getting smarter and larger , and during an attack , Joe is kidnapped by Grodd . Cisco and Caitlin build Barry a device that will prevent Grodd 's effect . It works , but the device gets damaged in a fight . Barry is able to fight off Grodd 's psychic attack and trick him into jumping in front of an on - coming train . Eiling is freed . Iris reveals her feelings for Barry , but states her choice to be with Eddie . Grodd is revealed to be safe and roaming the streets . Meanwhile , Thawne works on a device that will allow him to return to his own time .", "16": "He reveals to Eddie , Iris and Barry 's marriage in the future . Later Thawne completes the device and is revealed to be hiding in a secret chamber inside S.T.A.R. Labs . 22 22 `` Rogue Air '' Doug Aarniokoski Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5372 3.65 Cisco discovers that Eobard has been supercharging his speed through his wheelchair , which is why he is so much faster than Barry . The particle accelerator is activated by Eobard , who has managed to repair it . The team is able to find and rescue Eddie , who ends his relationship with Iris . Worried that the metahumans imprisoned inside the particle accelerator will be killed when it reaches full power , the team plans to relocate them to Oliver 's prison on Lian Yu . In order to set up a safe transport , Barry requests Leonard 's help . Leonard agrees but only after Barry erases all of Leonard 's criminal record . Leonard and Lisa sabotage the transport and allow the metahumans to escape , killing Simmons however . Eobard arrives back at the lab just as the accelerator fully charges . Barry , Firestorm and Oliver all meet outside to fight Reverse - Flash . They coordinate their efforts ; Oliver stops him with a nanite injection that disables Eobard 's speed and knocks him out . Oliver leaves after informing Barry of an upcoming help request . 23 23 `` Fast Enough '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Gabrielle Stanton & Andrew Kreisberg May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5373 3.87 Barry visits Thawne in the particle accelerator prison , where Thawne reveals he killed Nora because of hating the Flash , whose future self saved him . Eobard requests Barry to help create a wormhole where Thawne can return to his time , while also allowing Barry to save Nora . Caitlin and Ronnie get married .", "17": "Eobard tells Cisco that the latter 's ability to recall events of alternate timelines was acquired from the particle accelerator explosion . Barry decides to go through with Thawne 's offer . The latter states that Barry will have only a short time , or else the wormhole will become a black hole . Barry travels back in time , but his future self signals him not to save Nora . The present Barry returns and stops Thawne from returning to his time . The two fight , while the team shuts down the wormhole . Thawne eventually prevails , but before he can kill Barry , Eddie shoots himself , causing Thawne 's existence to cease . The wormhole reappears , and the team is unable to prevent it from becoming a black hole . As the black hole begins to tear the city apart , pulling Eddie inside , Barry speeds into it in an effort to stop it . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Gabrielle Stanton October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 3J5651 3.58 Ronnie and Stein turn into Firestorm and destroy the singularity , but at the cost of Ronnie 's life . Six months later , while using his speed to repair Central City , Barry operates alone , being the hero and savior of the public and the local government ; Cisco works in the police department alongside Joe , and Caitlin works at Mercury Labs . Barry evaluates a crime scene with a victim named Al Rothstein . At a ceremony , the Flash is attacked by Atom - Smasher , whose strength and size manipulation prove too much for Barry , but manages to force his mask off . Underneath the mask Atom - Smasher is revealed to look exactly like Rothstein . Barry is convinced by Joe and the others that he needs help in taking down certain metahumans and Rothstein is defeated by over absorbing radiation .", "18": "As he dies , Rothstein tells Barry that he was sent to kill him by a person called Zoom . Barry receives a flash memory from Thawne 's lawyer containing Thawne 's confession to killing Nora . Henry is exonerated and released from prison , and leaves Central City so that Barry can focus on being the Flash . A man arrives at S.T.A.R. Labs and , introducing himself as Jay Garrick , tells the team their world is in danger . 25 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Jesse Warn Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 3J5652 3.49 Jay explains to everyone that he is the Flash on a parallel Earth and that he was in a battle with a demonic speedster named Zoom when the singularity brought him to this Earth without his powers . Stein confirms the claim , describing their world as `` Earth - 1 '' and Jay 's as `` Earth - 2 '' . Zoom brings another metahuman from Earth - 2 called Sand Demon , later identified as Eddie Slick , to kill the Flash . Cisco analyzes the `` sand '' left behind and has a vision of the previous fight , frightening him . After Slick kidnaps Officer Patty Spivot , Jay teaches Barry how to hurl lightning . Cisco uses his power to find Patty 's location . Barry uses the lightning blast to turn Sand Demon 's particles to glass , killing him . Patty reveals to Joe that Mark Mardon killed her father . She joins Joe 's metahuman task force . Cisco divulges his ability to Stein , and convinces him not to tell anyone . Stein and Cisco are able to locate 52 breaches with the Earth - 2 , with the largest one being within S.T.A.R. Labs itself . Joe 's estranged wife , Francine , pays him a visit . Stein collapses while talking . On Earth - 2 it 's revealed that the Harrison Wells of that world is alive and in charge of S.T.A.R. Labs .", "19": "26 `` Family of Rogues '' John F. Showalter Julian Meiojas & Katherine Walczak October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 3J5653 3.47 Jay creates a device that stabilizes the singularity and will allow him to return home , but he opts to stay to help Barry stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Lisa Snart shows up asking for Flash 's help in rescuing Snart , whom she believes was kidnapped . Barry tracks down Snart , who is revealed not to be kidnapped but is working with his father , Lewis . Lisa states that Snart would never work with Lewis willingly , because the latter was abusive toward her when she was a child . Eventually , the team determines that Lewis placed a bomb inside of Lisa and threatened to kill her if Snart did not help him with his theft . Barry infiltrates Lewis ' crew with assistance from Snart . Cisco successfully removes the bomb from Lisa , so Snart uses his cold gun to kill his father in retaliation . Snart is incarcerated in Iron Heights and Lisa leaves . Joe reveals to Iris that Francine is alive and a former addict . Stein turns into Firestorm , but with blue flames . Earth - 2 's Wells arrives at the lab through the breach . 27 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' Stefan Pleszczynski Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 3J5654 3.43 The team is able to temporarily stabilize Stein . Caitlin states that he needs to merge with a new person in order to survive . She identifies two potential candidates : a scientist named Henry Hewitt and a former high school football star named Jefferson Jackson . Hewitt is excited to merge with Stein , but the attempt fails and Hewitt leaves angrily , not knowing that his own metahuman powers have been activated . Jefferson initially refuses , but agrees when Hewitt goes on rampage . After the successful merger , the new Firestorm joins Barry in helping to take down Hewitt , who is incarcerated . Before departing with Jefferson , Stein encourages Cisco to tell the others about his powers .", "20": "Meanwhile , Francine reveals that she is suffering from a terminal illness and only has months to live . Iris later confronts her for hiding the existence of the former 's brother . In the meantime , Wells breaks into Mercury Labs and steals an unknown device . Later , Barry is attacked by a humanoid shark monster sent by Zoom , but is saved by Wells . 28 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' Steve Shill Ben Sokolowski & Grainne Godfree November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 3J5655 3.87 Wells , who Cisco nicknames `` Harry '' to distinguish him from Thawne , reveals that he is responsible for the creation of the metahumans and Zoom on Earth - 2 . He states that he plans to help Barry 's team stop Zoom and other metahumans . At the same time , a metahuman from Earth - 2 called Doctor Light arrives and starts robbing banks . Barry recognizes her as the Earth - 2 version of Linda . Later , Light attempts to kill Linda and take over her identity , but accidentally kills Linda 's boss and is stopped by Barry 's team in the process . Harry reveals Cisco 's powers to the team , which Cisco uses to locate Light . Barry defeats her with the help of Harry . After locking Light up , they plan to use her to lure Zoom out and defeat him for good . Jay , who dislikes Harry and vice versa , thinks it is too dangerous and leaves the team . Meanwhile , Barry starts dating Patty while Cisco starts a date with a barista named Kendra Saunders . Cisco picks the nickname `` Vibe '' for himself . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that Zoom has Harry 's daughter captive . 29 6 `` Enter Zoom '' JJ Makaro Gabrielle Stanton & Brooke Eikmeier November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 3J5656 3.63 As the team works to find a way to stop Zoom , Doctor Light escapes from her containment cell . Instead , the Earth - 1 Linda agrees to help the team by impersonating Doctor Light . Barry reveals his alter ego to Linda .", "21": "Harry creates a speed dampening serum and the team stages a fight at one of the breaches in order to trick Zoom through . The attempt fails , as Zoom knew the plan . Instead , he goes after Linda , before fighting Barry . Zoom is much faster and easily overpowers Barry , showing him defeated with his unconscious body to the local news and the police station before ultimately returning to S.T.A.R. Labs . Zoom stabs Barry with his hand , but Cisco shoots him with the serum , which hurts Zoom , but still leaves him with enough speed to escape . Later , Harry reveals that Zoom has his daughter , Jesse , and that he came to Earth - 1 to stop Zoom . Barry wakes from his injuries and discovers that he can no longer feel his legs . 30 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 3J5657 3.46 Barry manages to recover from the paralysis , but is unable to use his powers due to the psychological trauma of Zoom exposing Barry 's defeat to the city . Iris reaches out to Henry , who returns to help Barry overcome his fears . Wells formulates a plan to close all of the breaches , except one , through which Zoom can enter into the trap set for him . Cisco touches Kendra , but leaves after seeing a winged person in a vibe . Grodd returns , using scientists to steal various chemicals in the hopes of creating more gorillas with his level of intelligence . He later kidnaps Caitlin to help him with his plan . Harry dresses up as the Reverse - Flash in order to trick Grodd into thinking that his `` father '' is still alive . The plan works long enough for Harry to rescue Caitlin before they both escape . After Barry is fully recovered , they lure Grodd to one of the dimensional breaches and send him to a jungle sanctuary for gorillas that have been experimented on in Earth - 2 . Later , Cisco meets Kendra again , this time vibing and seeing her as the winged figure .", "22": "31 8 `` Legends of Today '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 3J5658 3.94 Vandal Savage arrives in Central City , seeking to kill Kendra . Barry goes to Star City and enlists the help of Oliver and his team to protect her . The team is visited by Malcolm who informs them that Savage is an immortal . Later , Kendra is kidnapped by Hawkman , but Barry and Oliver rescue her and capture Hawkman , who introducing himself as Carter Hall , tells them he and Kendra are soulmates who have been connected for millennia . The pair are destined to die , be reborn , and find each other in each lifetime . Carter also reveals that Savage has killed the pair several times , each time growing stronger . Savage acquires the Staff of Horus , a deadly weapon . Kendra unlocks her abilities and the team decides to regroup in Central City , where Oliver witnesses Samantha Clayton with her son , who is also his . Meanwhile , Caitlin and Harry create a serum that will temporarily increase Barry 's speed so that he can defeat Zoom . Jay initially refuses to test the serum , but changes his mind to save Harry when the latter is shot by an unaware Patty , whom Joe later informs about the truth . However , Jay advises against using the serum on Barry . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 4 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 32 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' Kevin Tancharoen Andrew Kreisberg December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 3J5659 3.55 Mardon breaks James Jesse and Snart out of Iron Heights in an effort to team up to kill the Flash . Snart declines and alerts Barry . Jesse and Mardon place bombs hidden in Christmas gifts throughout the city , threatening to set them off in family homes if Barry does not sacrifice himself .", "23": "Wells , Cisco , and Jay find one of the bombs and alter its magnetic polarity ; they send it into one of the dimensional breaches , which causes it to attract the remaining bombs , removing them from the city . With them gone , Barry subdues Mardon and Jesse , dissuading Patty from killing Mardon . Meanwhile , Iris and Barry tell Joe about the latter 's son named Wally , who later shows up at Joe 's . Caitlin and Jay start a romantic relationship . Elsewhere , Zoom is revealed to be sending metahumans in order to help Barry get faster so that Zoom can take the latter 's speed force , which Harry reluctantly agrees to help Zoom with because of his daughter , Jesse . 33 10 `` Potential Energy '' Rob Hardy Bryan Q. Miller January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3J5660 3.41 Cisco presents a new idea to slow Zoom down , telling the team about a metahuman , whom he has dubbed the `` Turtle '' , who has the ability to stop the kinetic energy around him and slow everyone to a halt . After Barry fails to stop the Turtle , identified as Russell Glosson , at a diamond unveiling , the team sets a trap at an art exhibit . Barry invites Patty with the intention of telling her his secret , but Glosson is aware of the trap and almost kills Patty before escaping . Later , Glosson kidnaps Patty . The team tracks him down and Barry is able to generate enough speed to move through the kinetic waves to knock him unconscious and save Patty . Patty tells Barry that she is leaving Central City and Harry kills Glosson by extracting a portion of his brain matter . Meanwhile , Joe struggles to develop a relationship with Wally , who has been street racing in an attempt to earn enough money for Francine 's medical bills . Caitlin discovers that Jay is dying of an illness caused by Zoom stealing his speed . They vow to stop Zoom to get Jay 's speed back in order to cure Jay .", "24": "34 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' Michael A. Allowitz Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3J5661 3.71 The team discovers Turtle 's death and Jay suspects Harry . Cisco asks Harry for help in controlling his vibing abilities . The latter determines they are connected to Cisco 's fear response and triggers a vibe which alerts the team that Eobard Thawne is back . Harry surmises that this version of Thawne is from a point in the future before he went back in time to kill Nora and was protected from being erased . Cisco has a vibe of the future , and the team learns that Thawne is planning to use tachyons to return to his time . Barry arrives and destroys the machine . After a race around the city , Barry stops Thawne and imprisons him at the particle accelerator . However , his capture causes a rupture in the timeline that threatens to kill Cisco , so Barry sends Thawne back to the future to save his friend . Meanwhile , Patty discovers Barry is the Flash but , when he refuses to acknowledge it , she chooses to leave the city . Iris learns that Francine 's death is imminent and reconciles with her . Wally takes her advice to do the same . 35 12 `` Fast Lane '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Brooke Eikmeier Teleplay by : Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 3J5662 3.66 Right before the particle accelerator explosion , Joey Monteleone was thrown into a tar pit and left for dead . Sealed away , he is freed two years later with the ability to turn his body into molten tar . He sets out to get revenge on those who attempted to kill him . Harry creates a device to siphon Barry 's speed energy and attaches it to his suit . It steals a portion of Barry 's speed . Wells gives the energy to Zoom , who demands the rest . Meanwhile , Wells and Barry also successfully find a way to close the breaches .", "25": "While going after Joey , Iris is injured when Barry is too slow to save her . Wells tells the team about the device , asking to be returned to Earth - 2 and have Barry seal the breaches so Zoom can not re-enter . After stopping Joey , Barry informs Wells that the team will help the latter to save Jesse . In the meantime , Wally continues racing even after Francine 's death . 36 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' Millicent Shelton Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Katherine Walczak February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 3J5663 3.96 Before heading to Earth - 2 , Barry closes all but one of the breaches , which is at S.T.A.R. Labs . Using the last breach , Barry , Cisco , and Harry travel to Earth - 2 , but an energy surge destabilizes the breach and the trio get stuck on Earth - 2 . Barry decides to impersonate his doppelgänger to get more information on Zoom . He later meets the Iris and Joe of Earth - 2 and learns that Iris , who is his doppelgänger 's wife , works for the CCPD while Joe is a singer . Barry is attacked by Earth - 2 's Caitlin and Ronnie , known as Killer Frost and Deathstorm respectively . Joe is killed in the attack . Cisco attempts to help the police stop the pair , but is confronted by his own evil doppelgänger , known as `` Reverb '' and revealed to have greater powers , including control over nervous systems and manipulation of vibrations . Barry arrives and is stopped by Reverb and Deathstorm . Zoom arrives , kills Reverb and Deathstorm for harming the Flash , and then imprisons Barry . Meanwhile , a new metahuman named Adam Fells appears in Earth - 1 Central City . Jay tells Caitlin that he invented Velocity - 6 , which is the real reason why he lost his speed . Caitlin develops Velocity - 7 , which Jay uses to engage Fells , who escapes .", "26": "37 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' JJ Makaro Story by : Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing Teleplay by : David Kob February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 3J5664 3.90 On Earth - 2 , Zoom issues a demand to Central City to turn in Wells and attacks S.T.A.R. Labs to find Wells and Cisco ; but the two escape with Barry - 2 . The trio updates Iris - 2 on what happened with Barry - 1 . They decide to convince Caitlin - 2 to help . After a fight , Caitlin - 2 agrees to take the team to Zoom . They arrive and rescue Barry - 1 and Jesse , but Zoom shows up too . They are able to escape by the help of Caitlin - 2 , who keeps Zoom frozen and unable to move , but a third unidentified prisoner , who tries to reveal something about Jay , is left behind . Barry - 2 and Iris - 2 leave Central City to hide from Zoom . Meanwhile on Earth - 1 , Caitlin - 1 creates `` Velocity 9 '' , which Jay uses to stop Adam , who gets incarcerated in Iron Heights . Caitlin - 1 discovers that Velocity 9 can cure Jay . The latter , Caitlin , Iris and Joe stabilize the breach and allow Barry - 1 , Cisco , Harry , and Jesse to return , but Zoom stabs his arm through Jay and pulls him back through the closing breach to Earth - 2 . 38 15 `` King Shark '' Hanelle Culpepper Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 3J5665 3.80 While everyone tries to move on , the humanoid shark - monster that Harry stopped , known as `` King Shark , '' escapes A.R.G.U.S. custody and heads for Central City to kill the Flash . John Diggle and Lyla Michaels , the new director , arrive to warn Barry . King Shark , later identified as Shay Lamden , shows up at Barry 's home looking for the Flash , tracking Barry 's electrical field . A.R.G.U.S.", "27": "arrives and forces Shay to retreat . Later , Barry forces King Shark to chase him out on the water , where Barry creates an electrified underwater cyclone that subdues the latter , and allows A.R.G.U.S. to imprison him again , with Lyla planning to find a cure . Barry vows to open a breach back to Earth - 2 to stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Barry and Wally find it hard to develop a relationship . After Caitlin becomes cold due to Jay 's death , Cisco becomes scared that she will become Killer Frost ; but she assures him that she is only dealing with her grief . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that , underneath his mask , Zoom looks exactly like Jay . 39 16 `` Trajectory '' Glen Winter Lauren Certo & Lilah Vandenburgh March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 3J5666 3.00 Barry starts training to get faster so that he can stop Zoom . While out with friends at a club for downtime , Barry and the other club patrons are robbed by an unknown speedster , who then escapes . The speedster turns out to be Eliza Harmon , a Mercury Labs employee who developed Velocity - 9 from samples Caitlin gave her to help with Jay 's illness . Operating under the alias `` Trajectory '' , Harmon invades S.T.A.R. Labs , imprisons Barry , and demands more V - 9 . After she threatens Jesse 's life , Wells and Caitlin make more of the drug for Harmon , who then speeds off to wreak havoc on the city . Barry manages to stop her before she injects more V - 9 into her system . Barry watches as Harmon 's speed becomes so intense that her lightning turns blue and she disintegrates . Jesse decides to leave the city to experience the world on her own and stop Wells from doing harmful things just to protect her . Based on what Barry saw from the overuse of V - 9 , the similarities between Zoom 's speed and Jay 's sickness , and Cisco 's `` vibe '' , the team concludes that Jay is Zoom .", "28": "40 17 `` Flash Back '' Alice Troughton Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 3J5667 3.39 Barry travels back in time to when Hartley Rathaway attacked the team , and switches places with his past self , in order to have Thawne help him solve the speed force equation . However , after a Time Wraith follows Barry to the past , Thawne deduces Barry 's deception . Barry is able to convince Eobard to help him become faster . The wraith comes to the lab , where Caitlin and Cisco are forced to accept help from Hartley to deter the wraith . Afterward , the Barry from the current time arrives , forcing an explanation of the time travel event . Thawne provides the future Barry with the information about the tachyon technology , so that he can return to his time . As Barry prepares to make the jump through time , the Wraith arrives , forcing the past timeline 's Barry to intervene , so that his future self can return . Back in his time , Barry is confronted by the Wraith , but a reformed Hartley arrives with his sonic gauntlets and defeats the wraith . Barry gives Iris a footage of Eddie recorded in the alternate timeline , advising her to move on with her life . 41 18 `` Versus Zoom '' Stefan Pleszczynski Joe Peracchio & David Kob April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 3J5668 3.03 Years earlier on Earth - 2 , a young Hunter Zolomon watches as his father murders his mother and is subsequently sent to an orphanage . In the present day , Barry tests the tachyon accelerator and is able to enhance his speed four times greater than normal . Barry decides to re-open a breach back to Earth - 2 , and he believes that Cisco 's powers are the key to opening the portals . Meanwhile Caitlin reveals that Jay 's Earth - 1 doppelgänger is Zolomon and Wells , shocked to hear this , reveals that Earth - 2 Zolomon was a convicted serial killer .", "29": "Zolomon was receiving electroconvulsive therapy during the explosion , and was one of the many affected . With this revelation , the team confirms that `` Jay '' is Hunter . Cisco opens a breach , and Zoom immediately appears , chasing Barry back to S.T.A.R. Labs . There , Barry uses images of Zolomon 's parents as a distraction to trap him , but Hunter escapes , claiming to be `` the darkness '' . Zolomon kidnaps Wally and demands Barry 's speed in exchange for Wally 's life . Barry agrees , so Wells siphons all of his speed force , leaving Barry powerless . Zolomon injects the speed force into himself , and he kidnaps Caitlin with his enhanced speed before escaping . 42 19 `` Back to Normal '' John F. Showalter Brooke Roberts & Katherine Walczak April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 3J5669 3.39 As Barry adjusts to life without his powers , Wells decides to leave the lab to look for Jesse . Shortly after speaking with her , Wells is attacked and kidnapped by Griffin Grey , believing him to be Thawne , who demands that Wells find a cure for his metahuman abilities . Grey has superhuman strength , but is also aging rapidly . Barry discovers that , when Grey uses his super strength , he accelerates the aging process . Barry , Joe , Cisco and Jesse manipulate Grey into exerting his powers until he ages and dies as a weak , old man ; his body then reverts back to its 18 - year - old self . To fight Zoom , Wells offers to recreate the circumstances that gave Barry his speed . Meanwhile on Earth - 2 , Zolomon tells Caitlin that he kidnapped her because he is in love with her . Caitlin encounters her doppelgänger , Killer Frost , who was captured by Zolomon as a reminder of Caitlin . Killer Frost convinces Caitlin to help her escape , but then attempts to kill her . Zoom arrives and kills Killer Frost , then warns Caitlin not to free the man in the iron mask . Later , Hunter decides to conquer the other Earths in the multiverse and takes Caitlin with him back to Earth - 1 .", "30": "43 20 `` Rupture '' Armen V. Kevorkian Kai Yu Wu & Lauren Certo May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 3J5670 3.34 While Barry keeps declining Harrison 's offer , the team rigs a hologram of the Flash to stop crime around the city so that no one will know the truth . Henry returns to Central City and joins the team . He argues with Wells on the safety of another explosion . Hunter and Caitlin arrive back on Earth - 1 with Hunter declaring the city under his control . Iris confesses her feelings to Barry . The Earth - 2 version of Dante Ramon , called `` Rupture '' , arrives on Earth - 1 looking to kill Cisco , believing that Cisco killed his Earth - 2 brother . Zolomon sends Rupture after the police to send the city a message . Barry and the police stop Rupture , but Zolomon arrives and kills the officers himself , as well as Rupture for failing . He then publicly announces the Flash 's disappearance . Cisco and Dante - 1 become closer . Barry finally agrees to Harrison 's plan . During the process , Barry is seemingly vaporized , while Jesse and Wally are caught in the blast . 44 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' Kevin Smith Zack Stentz May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 3J5671 3.52 Wally regains consciousness , but Jesse remains in a coma . Cisco has a vibe of Barry and realizes that he is still alive and in the speed force . Barry meets physical manifestations of the speed force in the form of faces familiar to him . The speed force informs Barry that he can not leave unless he catches a mysterious moving figure , thus gaining his speed back . Cisco and Wells create a path into the speed force so Barry can escape , but the latter chooses to remain so he can earn his powers back . The speed force tells Barry that he can not become the Flash again until he finally accepts Nora 's death . Barry shares a moment with the physical manifestation of Nora , which allows him to finally catch the moving figure himself .", "31": "With his powers restored and help from Cisco and Iris , Barry returns to S.T.A.R. Labs in time to save the team from the reanimated corpse of Tony Woodward . Afterwards , Barry uses a bit of speed force energy to bring Jesse out of her coma . Across town , Zolomon has assembled an army of metahumans from Earth - 2 , planning to unleash them on Central City . 45 22 `` Invincible '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3J5672 3.37 Caitlin returns to the team , but not without emotional trauma from being kidnapped . Zoom 's army wreaks havoc across the city . Barry puts out several fires and takes out some of the metahumans to help the police . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Barry displays a level of confidence in stopping Zoom that concerns the team and each of them attempts to convince him to be more cautious . Among the attackers is Laurel Lance 's doppelgänger , `` Black Siren '' , who attacks various buildings around Central City using sonic blasts . Wally begins taking on metahumans trying to repay the Flash for saving him . The team creates a sonic amplifier tuned to the frequency of Earth - 2 . They discharge it and render all Earth - 2 natives unconscious , allowing Barry to apprehend them all at once , although Zoom survives by escaping to Earth - 2 . Meanwhile , Cisco begins having vibes of a future Earth - 2 being destroyed . Barry convinces Joe to let Wally be a hero . Later , Zoom returns and kidnaps Henry in front of the team . Barry races after them , revealing his identity to Wally , and is forced to watch Zoom kill Henry . 46 23 `` The Race of His Life '' Antonio Negret Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 3J5673 3.35 Zolomon manages to escape Barry by creating a time remnant .", "32": "After Henry 's funeral , Hunter challenges Barry to a race to determine who is faster , threatening to kill everyone Barry loves if he refuses . Harrison discovers Hunter is in possession of a magnetar , a device that will destroy every planet in the Multiverse except Earth - 1 which requires both their speeds to power . When an enraged and vengeful Barry refuses to back out , the team locks him in the Pipeline and force Zolomon back to Earth - 2 themselves ; but Hunter abducts Joe in the process . Wally discovers this and frees Barry , who agrees to Zolomon 's race . As Barry races Zolomon around the magnetar , he creates a time remnant of himself who frees Joe and destroys the machine , but at the cost of his life . The `` prime '' Barry defeats Zolomon , who is then taken away by Time Wraiths for his crimes against the timeline . Barry rescues the man in the iron mask , who is revealed to be the real Jay Garrick , Henry 's Earth - 3 doppelgänger . Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 2 with Jay , who plans to return to Earth - 3 from there . Barry , still feeling broken and defeated , travels back in time and stops Thawne from killing Nora . Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Flashpoint '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) T27. 13101 3.17 After preventing the murder of Nora Allen , Barry returns with Eobard Thawne to the present and imprisons him in a cage that dampens his speed . In the new timeline , which Thawne dubs `` Flashpoint '' , both of Barry 's parents are alive ; Joe has a poor relationship with Wally and Iris and is chronically in trouble at work ; Cisco is a billionaire tech magnate ; and Caitlin is a pediatric ophthalmologist .", "33": "There is also a new Flash in Central City called Kid Flash struggling with his own nemesis , Edward Clariss , known as `` The Rival '' . Barry begins losing his memories of the original timeline due to the new timeline becoming permanent . After discovering Kid Flash is Wally , Barry teams up with him and stops Clariss , but Wally is critically injured in the process . Realizing that the new timeline is worse for those closest to him , Barry is forced to let Thawne return to the past and kill Nora , resetting the timeline and restoring Barry 's memories . Back in the present , Barry learns to his horror that the timeline did not reset exactly and Joe and Iris do not talk to each other anymore . Meanwhile , Clariss is confronted by a mysterious voice and finds the message `` Alchemy '' being scratched into his mirror by an invisible force . 48 `` Paradox '' Ralph Hemecker Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) T27. 13102 2.80 Barry learns of multiple changes to the timeline : Iris has not forgiven Joe for concealing that her mother was alive , Cisco is angry with him for not altering the timeline to save his brother Dante from being killed , and he has a new CSI partner , Julian Albert , who does not like or trust him . Barry decides to travel back to fix the damage , but he is intercepted by Jay Garrick . Jay tells Barry that the timeline never resets exactly and he has to learn to live with his mistakes . Meanwhile , Clariss has visions of `` Flashpoint '' and locates the person responsible , Alchemy , who restores Clariss ' powers and full `` Flashpoint '' memories . Barry tells the team about the timeline 's alterations before confronting Clariss at an abandoned warehouse . Alchemy is there as well , saying that he is preparing for a future event . Cisco arrives and helps Barry defeat Clariss , who is then incarcerated in Iron Heights . The team determines Alchemy is creating other metahumans from `` Flashpoint '' whom they need to track down . Cisco and Barry reconcile , as do Iris and Joe . Caitlin is secretly revealed to have gained cryokinetic powers .", "34": "Barry and Iris begin dating , while Clariss is confronted by the voice of Alchemy for his failure before being killed inside his cell by an unidentified metallic being . 49 `` Magenta '' Armen V. Kevorkian Judalina Neira & David Kob October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) T27. 13103 2.67 Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 1 , where she reveals she has gained super speed from the second dark matter blast . Wells hopes everyone will dissuade her from using her powers . Elsewhere , foster child Frankie Kane develops metahuman magnetic powers that manifest as an alternate personality , Magenta , who attacks her abusive foster father . Julian confronts Frankie at the station and is nearly killed by Magenta . Barry learns from Magenta that she got her powers from Alchemy . She escapes and later goes to the Central City Hospital to kill her foster father by dropping an oil tanker on the building . Barry creates a vortex to hold the tanker in place , but is unable to confront Magenta simultaneously . Wells sends Jesse to help . She takes over the vortex while Barry talks Kane into gaining control over Magenta . Wally , grappling with disappointment over having no speed , realizes he is having the same dreams from `` Flashpoint '' that Kane describes . Wells tells Jesse that he will support her decision and presents her with her own speedster costume . Joe later shows Barry and Julian footage of Clariss being killed in his cell by an unseen force , manifesting only as a flying ball of white light . 50 `` The New Rogues '' Stefan Pleszczynski Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) T27. 13104 2.80 Three years ago , Sam Scudder and Rosalind Dillon , former cohorts of Leonard Snart , were caught in the original particle accelerator explosion . In the present , Barry begins training Jesse on how to use her powers . Wells suggests the team locate a doppelgänger of his from another Earth to replace him on the team once he and Jesse leave .", "35": "Scudder returns from being trapped in a mirror - like dimension with the ability to transport himself and others through reflective surfaces . He reunites with Dillon , who now has vertigo - inducing powers , and they go on a crime spree . Barry and Jesse ( as `` Jesse Quick '' ) confront them , but are defeated after Barry ends up trapped inside a mirror by Scudder . Caitlin secretly uses her emerging ice powers to help Barry free himself from his predicament . He and Jesse then successfully capture Scudder and Dillon . After evaluating the candidates , the team recruits the friendly and eccentric Wells of Earth - 19 , despite the Earth - 2 Wells ' misgivings . Jesse and her father then return to Earth - 2 , but not before Wells apprises Cisco of Barry 's suspicious escape . That night , Caitlin accidentally freezes the water in her shower and her appearance begins showing signs of her Earth - 2 doppelgänger , Killer Frost . 51 5 `` Monster '' C. Kim Miles Zack Stentz November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) T27. 13105 2.77 Without informing the others , Caitlin visits her estranged mother , Carla , at her medical research company to have her powers examined , but leaves after viciously attacking another scientist who intended to exploit her condition . Meanwhile , a gigantic creature repeatedly appears and disappears on the streets of Central City . Cisco grows suspicious of the newly - recruited `` H.R. '' Wells when he does not provide much help in battling the monster . The monster is revealed to be simply a hologram operated by a bullied 15 - year - old boy wanting to create fear in others . Barry exposes the deception in time to keep police snipers from harming civilians and prevents Julian from shooting the boy , whom he mistakes for a metahuman . H.R. is revealed to have no technical knowledge at all . He admits that he is only an `` idea man '' for his tech company on Earth - 19 and that he came to Earth - 1 primarily to get material for a novel . The team decides to give him a chance to prove his worth as an assistant . A badly shaken Julian reconciles his differences with Barry .", "36": "Carla informs Caitlin that her powers are increasing and that she needs to stop using them or her condition will become irreversible . 52 6 `` Shade '' JJ Makaro Emily Silver & David Kob November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) T27. 13106 3.01 When Wally relates his recent dreams of being Kid Flash , Barry reveals what happened to him during `` Flashpoint . '' A metahuman H.R. nicknames `` Shade '' appears and murders a stockbroker . Caitlin reveals her powers to Cisco and has him `` vibe '' her to learn her future . Cisco sees himself fighting Killer Frost , causing Caitlin to contemplate leaving for good . Alchemy summons Wally to him , so the team locks Wally in the particle accelerator for his own safety . Meanwhile , Barry and the others stop Shade 's next attack and capture him . Cisco tells everyone the truth about Caitlin and Barry privately confesses to her that her powers are a result of `` Flashpoint . '' Wally volunteers to lead the team to Alchemy to capture the villain and stop the memories , which are causing him pain . Barry , Joe , and a S.W.A.T. team locate Alchemy and his followers and surround them . The metallic being that killed Clariss appears and attacks them , revealing himself to be a speedster that only Barry can see . As Barry fights their attacker , Alchemy entices Wally to pick up his fallen energy weapon , which encases Wally in a crystal cocoon . Calling himself `` Savitar '' , the speedster overpowers Barry and prepares to stab him with a blade from his arm . 53 7 `` Killer Frost '' Kevin Smith Story by : Judalina Neira Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) T27. 13107 2.95 Savitar opts to drag Barry across the city , while battering him to demonstrate his superiority . Cisco and Caitlin arrive to rescue Barry and Savitar flees . Caitlin , with her Killer Frost persona having taken over , violently interrogates one of Alchemy 's followers at CCPD headquarters .", "37": "When Julian catches her , she coerces him to find the other acolytes so they can lead her to Alchemy , who can presumably remove her powers . Barry and Cisco track her down and imprison her , but the team is fractured after she reveals Barry 's role in Dante 's death by creating `` Flashpoint . '' Greatly concerned and disregarding the consequences , Joe breaks Wally out of the cocoon . Wally emerges with unmanageable speed powers and he races away in a confused state . Barry offers his life to Caitlin for her freedom in a successful attempt to restore her sanity and gain her help in treating Wally . Joe and Barry locate Wally , stabilizing his condition with Caitlin 's serum , and Wally soon embraces his new abilities . Julian agrees to protect Caitlin from the police , but forces Barry to resign from the CCPD in exchange , believing him morally unfit for wanting Caitlin shielded . Julian is later revealed to be Alchemy and working for Savitar . 54 8 `` Invasion ! '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) T27. 13108 4.15 Barry investigates a meteor crash outside Central City that turns out to be a spaceship from which aliens emerge . Lyla tells the team that the `` Dominators '' landed previously in the 1950s , but then mysteriously departed . Needing help , Barry assembles the original Team Arrow , Thea , the Legends , and Supergirl of Earth - 38 . The team begins training at a S.T.A.R. Labs facility , sparring against Supergirl to prepare for combat against the aliens . Cisco reveals a message to Rip Hunter from Barry 's future self , which exposes Barry 's manipulation of the timeline and how it affected other team members . Oliver , Supergirl , Felicity , Martin , and Jefferson are left as the only ones who still trust Barry . The Dominators abduct the President . Supergirl leads most of the others in a rescue effort , but the Dominators kill the President and ensnare everyone with a mind control device .", "38": "The controlled heroes return and attack S.T.A.R. Labs . While Oliver holds them off , Barry lures Supergirl to the device and manipulates her into destroying it , freeing everyone . The team decides to trust Barry again . Suddenly , Sara , Ray , Diggle , Thea , and Oliver are teleported away before Barry can intervene . This episode begins a crossover event that continues on Arrow season 5 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 55 9 `` The Present '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Lauren Certo December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) T27. 13109 3.14 Barry asks Jay Garrick for help against Savitar . The two heroes locate and defeat Alchemy and return his weapon to its box , causing Savitar to disappear before he can kill Jay . Discovering Julian to be Alchemy , Barry reveals his own identity to him to get further information . Julian relates how he located the Philosopher 's Stone following a vision of his dead sister and that he has been having blackouts ever since . Savitar manifests through Cisco using visions of Dante and fights Barry and Wally , but Caitlin manages to convince Cisco to close the box again . The team communicates with Savitar through Julian , who claims that Barry , in the future , will imprison him . He also says that one teammate will betray them , one will fall , and a third will suffer a fate worse than death . Trying to end Savitar 's threat , Barry and Jay throw the box into the speed force but , in the process , Barry is thrown five months into the future and witnesses Savitar killing Iris . Jay tells Barry that the future is not fixed . Wally is given his own `` Kid Flash '' costume , Julian gets Barry 's job back for him , and Barry rents a new apartment for himself and Iris . 56 10 `` Borrowing Problems from the Future '' Millicent Shelton Grainne Godfree & David Kob January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) T27. 13110 2.72 Barry has been having nightmares about Iris 's murder .", "39": "Jared Morillo attempts a robbery , but is confronted by Barry , who recalls a news report during his visit in the future when Barry captures Plunder . The distraction allows Morillo to overpower Barry and escape . H.R. launches the museum , but no one visits it . In a second confrontation , Wally intervenes and captures Morillo , gaining praise by everyone except Barry . He eventually reveals the future he saw to everyone but Joe . The team decides to change the course of other events in order to prevent Iris 's death . Using Cisco , Barry accesses the future memory , in which the news reveal that the S.T.A.R. Labs museum will close and Caitlin will become Killer Frost . Morillo escapes , and Barry decides to change the first event by letting Wally capture him . Cisco relaunches the museum , starting with an exhibition for elementary school students . Julian is persuaded by Caitlin to join the team . A mysterious woman from another Earth arrives , searching for H.R. 57 11 `` Dead or Alive '' Harry Jierjian Story by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes Teleplay by : Zack Stentz January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) T27. 13111 3.06 An Earth - 19 bounty hunter named Gypsy , possessing powers similar to Cisco 's , arrives on Earth - 1 intending to take H.R. back to Earth - 19 for trial and execution , as inter-dimensional travel is forbidden there . Cisco demands a trial by combat for H.R. 's life , which she accepts . As the duel is to the death , Barry and H.R. try to ambush Gypsy to save Cisco , but she easily defeats them . Meanwhile , determined to leave a legacy , Iris persuades Wally to help her bust an arms dealer . While he is out scouting , she confronts the dealer , seemingly unafraid of death . Wally manages to save her . Julian discovers a flaw in Gypsy 's fighting style . Cisco exploits this weakness during their battle , which allows him to defeat her . Cisco spares Gypsy 's life , but she makes it clear that H.R.", "40": "can never return to Earth - 19 , since she will state that she killed him . Joe gets angry with Iris and is suspicious of her lack of fear . Barry plots to have Wally increase his speed so that Wally can save Iris from Savitar . 58 12 `` Untouchable '' Rob Hardy Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) T27. 13112 2.91 Barry and Wally continue their training in order to save Iris from Savitar . They race against each other , and Barry wins by phasing through a building . Julian finds a decayed corpse that was murdered just eight hours ago . He informs Joe that this is surely the work of a metahuman . The body is taken to S.T.A.R. Labs for investigation , where Caitlin and Julian observe it turning to ash . Iris confesses to Barry that she is afraid of her future . The meta responsible for the disintegrated corpse attacks Joe and is revealed to be targeting the police who arrested him in Flashpoint . The metahuman tries to disintegrate a bridge on the train Joe is on , forcing Barry to phase the train through the wreckage of the bridge . Barry teaches Wally how to phase , which Wally uses to expose the meta to his blood and strip him of his powers . Joe insists that everyone be honest with him from now on after learning of Iris 's future death . While practicing phasing , Wally is shocked to see Jesse coming through a portal . Jesse says her father has been abducted by Grodd and taken to Gorilla City . 59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & David Kob February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) T27. 13113 2.78 Earth - 2 Wells is captured while running through the woods . Jesse explains that he was leading an expedition to Gorilla City that was ambushed and killed while Wells disappeared . Barry recalls that in the future Central City will be attacked by gorillas .", "41": "He , Julian , Cisco , and Caitlin go to rescue him but are captured by Grodd . Speaking through Wells , Grodd asks Barry to help him usurp his master Solovar . Barry agrees to fight Solovar in the arena for the lives of the others and wins , but refuses to kill him . Grodd seizes control of Gorilla City and prepares an invasion of Earth - 1 . The team asks Caitlin to kill Cisco so Grodd can not open a portal , but she refuses . Barry fakes his death and Grodd removes him from his cage . He resuscitates himself and frees the others , and they return to Earth - 1 . Jesse and her father reunite and Wally and Jesse recommit to their relationship . Julian asks Caitlin out on a date . Grodd assembles his army with a brainwashed Gypsy at his side . 60 14 `` Attack on Central City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) T27. 13114 2.87 Harry and H.R. clash over their different personalities . Jesse informs her father that she intends to stay on Earth - 1 with Wally , which Harry initially tries to prevent . Harry subdues Gypsy when she ambushes Cisco and Barry , and the team realizes that Grodd and his forces have reached Central City . Using his powers , Cisco determines that the gorillas will attack the center of town . This turns out to be a distraction for Grodd to abduct a visiting Army general . Barry contemplates killing Grodd as the only way to permanently stop him and also change the future , but Harry encourages him to find another way . Taking control of the general , Grodd attempts a nuclear missile strike on the city . Barry prevents the attack , so Grodd and his gorilla army invade the city themselves . Cisco travels to Earth - 19 to ask Gypsy for help . The speedsters distract the soldiers while Cisco and Gypsy bring Solovar to Earth - 1 , who defeats Grodd and assumes leadership once again .", "42": "All the gorillas return to Earth - 2 , with the exception of Grodd , who is turned over to A.R.G.U.S. Gypsy kisses Cisco before telling him he could not handle her , then returns to Earth - 19 . Barry proposes to Iris . While going out to pick up dinner for Jesse , Wally is confronted by Savitar . 61 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' Alexandra La Roche Andrew Kreisberg & Andrew Wilder March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) T27. 13115 2.52 Wally continues having visions of Savitar and , after a physical altercation with him , finally admits this to the team . The team attempts to question Savitar via Julian , who again acts as a conduit . Savitar casts doubt on whether the Philosopher 's Stone is truly lost to the speed force . Caitlin confesses that she kept part of the Philosopher 's Stone , hoping to use it to remove her powers . Barry and the team figure out that Savitar is trapped inside the speed force but Wally is at home with Jesse when they realize this . Wally , after being confronted by Savitar who appears as a vision of his mother , steals the stone fragment from the lab , creates a portal , and launches the fragment into the speed force , believing this will exile Savitar for good . Barry arrives just as the portal draws Wally into it , trapping him in the speed force . Savitar , having successfully manipulated Wally , emerges from the speed force and fights Barry , taunting him by boasting he will not kill him before Barry watches Iris die before his eyes . Barry breaks off Savitar 's arm blade using his vibrating hand , causing Savitar to retreat . 62 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' Gregory Smith Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) T27. 13116 2.39 Feeling responsible for everything bad that is happening , and that Wally is suffering inside the speed force , Barry decides to rescue him . Cisco vibes Barry into the speed force , where he encounters manifestations of friends and foes who had previously sacrificed their lives .", "43": "Less accommodating than before , they push Barry to understand true sacrifice and that he must be the one to save Iris in the future . Barry is also confronted by his former enemy , Hunter Zolomon , and defeats him . Jay Garrick , having been contacted by Cisco , joins Barry inside the speed force and voluntarily takes Wally 's place so Barry and Wally can escape . Meanwhile , Jesse uses the armor shard to locate and face Savitar by herself , managing to wound the villain with it before he escapes . Later , Jesse decides to go to Earth - 3 to protect it until the team can free Jay from the speed force . Barry admits to Iris that even though he does love her , he proposed for the wrong reasons and suggests they take some time apart from one another . 63 17 `` Duet '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) T27. 13117 2.71 J'onn J'onzz and Mon - El arrive on Earth - 1 with a comatose Kara . The Music Meister attacks and places Barry in a similar coma . He wakes up in a musical world and finds Kara . Meister tells them that if they follow the script , they will return to the real world . Barry and Kara are forced to work as singers in a nightclub run by Malcolm , with Winn working as a piano player , Cisco as a waiter and Stein and Joe as two gangsters opposing Malcolm . Barry and Kara find Malcolm 's son , Mon - El , and Stein 's and Joe 's daughter , Iris , in a forbidden relationship . Kara and Barry convince the pair to reveal their love , also helping Barry and Kara to realize their own mistakes . Malcolm , Stein and Joe subsequently decide to go to war . Barry and Kara are shot in the crossfire , but the real Cisco , Mon - El and Iris vibe into their world to save them , allowing Barry and Kara to admit their loves for Iris and Mon - El . They wake up in S.T.A.R. Labs , and Meister reveals that he just wanted them to realize their love .", "44": "Kara 's team returns to Earth - 38 , and Barry and Iris move back in together . Barry re-proposes to Iris , who accepts . This episode is a crossover with Supergirl . 64 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) T27. 13118 2.39 Abra Kadabra , a criminal from the 64th century , comes to Central City , stealing from numerous tech companies and killing two guards . Gypsy returns , in pursuit of Kadabra , to avenge her partner . Kadabra offers the team the identity of Savitar in exchange for his freedom . Against Gypsy 's wishes , a desperate Joe releases Kadabra , who escapes to Thawne 's time vault after Gypsy fails to stop him and retrieves a power source . Kadabra also triggers an explosion that critically injures Caitlin . Refusing to take off the necklace suppressing her powers , even though doing so could save her life , Caitlin asks Julian to perform surgery with her guidance instead . Kadabra attempts to return to his own time , having used the stolen technology to build his own time machine , but he is foiled by the team with Gypsy 's help . Barry decides that the only way to save Iris ' life is by traveling to the future . Later , a still - recovering Caitlin loses consciousness and begins convulsing , before her vital signs flatline . A distraught Julian rips the necklace from her neck and her vital signs return to normal , as her injuries heal rapidly . She awakens , but in the guise of Killer Frost , and starts attacking the group with her ice powers . 65 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' Tom Cavanagh Carina Adly MacKenzie April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) T27. 13119 2.67 Killer Frost destroys the necklace . Barry travels to 2024 , when he learns that Cisco lost his powers after Killer Frost shattered his hands and forced him to use mechanical prosthetics , H.R.", "45": "has become a successful novelist , Julian works at Iron Heights tending to Killer Frost , Wally is catatonic with a shattered spine , Joe is depressed , and future Barry is a recluse hiding at S.T.A.R. Labs . In his absence , Top and Mirror Master have taken over Central City . Barry fails to learn Savitar 's identity . Cisco secretly uses a device to prevent Barry from returning to the past , hoping he will put things right . Barry rounds up Julian , Joe , and H.R. , reuniting Team Flash . Top and Mirror Master overwhelm Barry with their powers but , after overhearing him , future Barry uses Cisco 's device to negate the villains ' abilities , helping to defeat them . Future Barry gives Barry information and tells him to find a physicist named Tracy Brand , who developed a speed force - based trap years after Iris ' death . In the present , Killer Frost meets with Savitar . She is reluctant to trust him , but changes her mind when Savitar 's armor opens up and he steps out , revealing his identity to her . 66 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' Hanelle Culpepper Bronwen Clark & Joshua V. Gilbert May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) T27. 13120 2.69 Barry , Cisco , and H.R. visit Tracy to seek her help in making a trap for Savitar ; they are interrupted by Killer Frost , who attempts to kill Tracy , but is defeated before she escapes . Tracy goes to S.T.A.R. Labs with Team Flash and is shown her future . Killer Frost later decides to kidnap Joe 's girlfriend , Cecile , and demand Tracy in exchange . Killer Frost 's plan fails , leading to a battle between her and Cisco . Defeated , she is whisked away by Savitar , but not before Cisco draws some of her blood in order to potentially make a cure for her powers . Meanwhile , Joe admits his love to Cecile and tells her about Barry and Wally 's alter egos . H.R. develops feelings for Tracy .", "46": "Later , Tracy , inspired by the events , plans to build a trap for Savitar , while Barry has a revelation regarding Savitar 's identity , given how much Savitar knows about everyone , and confronts him outside the city . Savitar confirms Barry 's new assumption and reveals himself to be a future version of Barry Allen . 67 21 `` Cause and Effect '' David McWhirter Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) T27. 13121 2.71 Future Barry explains to his younger self that he is a time remnant , created by his future self while fighting Savitar . After being shunned by Team Flash , future Barry became depressed and ran back in time to ultimately become Savitar . He explains that he needs to kill Iris so that Barry will be forced to create him in the future . Cisco proposes they stop Savitar from remembering any of their strategies by stopping Barry from creating new memories , but miscalculations cause Barry to lose his memory . Savitar also loses all of his memories , resulting in Wally 's powers disappearing , since Savitar never gave them to him . A pyromaniac named Lucious Coolidge gets released because of Barry 's inability to testify correctly . Killer Frost helps Cisco and Julian develop a way for Barry to regain his memories so that Savitar can , as well . When Coolidge starts a fire , Iris helps Barry regain his memories in time to stop the fire with assistance from Wally . Tracy and H.R. develop a romance . She then shows the team the completed speed force trap , which requires a high amount of energy . The final scene cuts to a room that has an alien power source , as well as King Shark . 68 22 `` Infantino Street '' Michael Allowitz Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Grainne Godfree May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) T27.", "47": "13122 2.48 With 24 hours left before Iris dies , Team Flash learns that there is only one energy source that can power the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' in the form of a salvaged Dominator technology held at an A.R.G.U.S. facility . Barry and Cisco ask Lyla for it , but she refuses because of her mistrust of Barry due to his creation of Flashpoint . Barry then visits Snart in 1892 , when he was travelling with the Legends , and recruits him to help Barry break into A.R.G.U.S. and steal the device . In the process , A.R.G.U.S. agents eventually capture Barry and Snart , but Lyla , seeing the kindness in Barry 's actions , allows Barry to take the device . Snart advises Barry to use the goodness in him to defeat Savitar . Tracy decides to join the team . Cisco vibes about his battle with Killer Frost and leaves to fight her . Joe tries to hide Iris from Savitar on Earth - 2 with Harry but future Barry tricks H.R. into revealing up her location by pretending to be his younger self , breaks Wally 's leg and kidnaps Iris in front of a horrified Joe . Flash uses the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' on Savitar , but it fails when Savitar counteracts it with the Philosopher 's Stone , which is made out of calcified speed force energy . Savitar then stabs Iris in the back in front of Flash seemingly killing her as he escapes . 69 23 `` Finish Line '' David McWhirter Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) T27. 13123 3.04 H.R. reveals he swapped places with Iris and dies from his injuries . Realizing Iris is not dead , Savitar kidnaps Cisco and forces him to modify the Bazooka into an `` inter-dimensional quantum splicer '' . This will allow Savitar to disperse himself throughout time and protect him from the paradox that threatens to erase him . Barry meets with Savitar , believing he can be redeemed and they go to S.T.A.R. Labs .", "48": "Although Barry and Iris try to get through to him , Savitar wrecks the lab and orders Caitlin to kill Cisco , but Gypsy saves him . Savitar and Killer Frost open a portal into the Speed Force . The Black Flash intervenes , but is frozen by Caitlin . Savitar then attempts to execute his plan . However , Cisco modified the Bazooka into a ' skeleton key ' which frees Jay from the Speed Force prison . Barry , Wally and Jay engage Savitar , while Cisco , with Gyspy 's help , convinces Caitlin to abandon Savitar . Barry phases through and destroys Savitar 's armor before Savitar is erased from existence . As Team Flash mourns H.R. , Caitlin decides not to use Julian 's cure , leaving the team so she may find her own purpose . Later on , an energy storm appears over Central City , caused by the Speed Force prison being empty . Barry explains that he needs to atone for creating Flashpoint and enters the prison , entrusting Central City to Iris and the team . Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Flash ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27.", "49": "13403 2.62 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T27. 13410 2.51 80 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' Alexandra La Roche Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T27.", "50": "13411 2.12 81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' Chris Peppe Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) T27. 13412 2.60 82 13 `` True Colors '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T27. 13413 2.28 83 14 `` Subject 9 '' Ralph Hemecker Mike Alber & Gabe Snyder February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) T27. 13414 2.12 84 15 `` Enter Flashtime '' Gregory Smith Todd Helbing & Sterling Gates March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) T27. 13415 2.04 85 16 `` Run , Iris , Run '' Harry Jierjian Eric Wallace March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) T27. 13416 2.09 86 17 `` Null and Annoyed '' Kevin Smith Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) T27. 13417 1.82 87 18 `` Lose Yourself '' Hanelle Culpepper Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) T27.", "51": "13418 1.88 88 19 `` Fury Rogue '' Rachel Talalay Joshua V. Gilbert & Jeff Hersh April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) TBA 1.90 89 20 `` Therefore She Is '' Rob J. Greenlea Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) TBA TBD 90 21 `` Harry and the Harrisons '' Kevin Mock Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) TBA TBD 91 22 `` Think Fast '' Viet Nguyen Sam Chalsen & Kristen Kim May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) TBA TBD 92 23 `` We Are the Flash '' TBA TBA May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No .", "52": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 7 , 2014 1.9 / 6 4.83 0.7 2.00 2.6 6.83 `` Fastest Man Alive '' October 14 , 2014 1.7 / 5 4.27 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' October 21 , 2014 1.5 / 4 3.59 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Going Rogue '' October 28 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.53 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 5 `` Plastique '' November 11 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.46 1.0 N / A 2.4 N / A 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' November 18 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.73 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 7 `` Power Outage '' November 25 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.47 0.9 2.41 2.3 5.88 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' December 2 , 2014 1.6 / 5 4.34 1.0 2.31 2.6 6.65 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' December 9 , 2014 1.5 / 5 4.66 0.9 2.06 2.4 6.72 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' January 20 ,", "53": "2015 1.4 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.41 2.4 6.27 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' January 27 , 2015 1.3 / 4 4.08 1.0 2.20 2.3 6.28 12 `` Crazy for You '' February 3 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.60 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' February 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.66 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Fallout '' February 17 , 2015 1.5 / 4 4.01 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 15 `` Out of Time '' March 17 , 2015 1.3 / 5 3.69 1.0 2.34 2.3 6.09 16 `` Rogue Time '' March 24 , 2015 1.2 / 4 3.33 1.0 2.37 2.2 5.69 17 `` Tricksters '' March 31 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.67 1.0 2.43 2.3 6.10 18 `` All Star Team Up '' April 14 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.67 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.72 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? ''", "54": "April 21 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.75 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 20 `` The Trap '' April 28 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.93 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 21 `` Grodd Lives '' May 5 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.62 0.9 2.27 2.4 5.97 22 `` Rogue Air '' May 12 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.65 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 23 `` Fast Enough '' May 19 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.38 2.5 6.25 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' October 6 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.58 1.0 2.35 2.4 5.93 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' October 13 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.49 0.8 2.06 2.2 5.52 `` Family of Rogues '' October 20 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.47 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.60 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' October 27 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.43 0.9 2.04 2.3 5.", "55": "46 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' November 3 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 0.8 1.68 2.3 5.55 6 `` Enter Zoom '' November 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.63 0.9 2.05 2.4 5.68 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' November 17 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.46 0.8 1.92 2.2 5.38 8 `` Legends of Today '' December 1 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.94 0.9 2.12 2.3 6.07 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' December 8 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.55 0.9 2.01 2.2 5.56 10 `` Potential Energy '' January 19 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.41 1.0 2.06 2.3 5.48 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' January 26 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.71 1.0 2.02 2.4 5.73 12 `` Fast Lane '' February 2 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.66 0.8 1.86 2.2 5.53 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' February 9 , 2016 1.6 / 5 3.96 0.9 2.02 2.5 5.98 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' February 16 , 2016 1.5 / 5 3.90 0.8 1.", "56": "77 2.3 5.67 15 `` King Shark '' February 23 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.80 0.9 1.96 2.3 5.77 16 `` Trajectory '' March 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.00 0.9 1.96 2.0 4.96 17 `` Flash Back '' March 29 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.9 1.92 2.2 5.31 18 `` Versus Zoom '' April 19 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.03 0.8 2.03 2.0 5.07 19 `` Back to Normal '' April 26 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.8 1.86 2.1 5.26 20 `` Rupture '' May 3 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.34 0.8 1.92 2.1 5.25 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' May 10 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.52 0.8 1.82 2.1 5.34 22 `` Invincible '' May 17 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.37 0.9 2.08 2.2 5.45 23 `` The Race of His Life '' May 24 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.35 0.6 1.49 1.9 4.85 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No .", "57": "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Flashpoint '' October 4 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.17 0.8 1.89 2.1 5.06 `` Paradox '' October 11 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.80 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.72 `` Magenta '' October 18 , 2016 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 2.00 1.9 4.67 `` The New Rogues '' October 25 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.80 0.9 1.91 1.9 4.71 5 `` Monster '' November 1 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.77 0.9 2.01 1.9 4.78 6 `` Shade '' November 15 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.01 0.9 2.06 2.1 5.07 7 `` Killer Frost '' November 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.95 0.8 1.99 1.9 4.93 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 29 , 2016 1.5 / 5 4.15 0.9 2.17 2.4 6.31 9 `` The Present '' December 6 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.14 0.8 1.80 2.0 4.94 10 `` Borrowing Problems From the Future '' January 24 ,", "58": "2017 1.0 / 3 2.72 0.8 1.92 1.8 4.64 11 `` Dead or Alive '' January 31 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.06 0.7 1.64 1.8 4.71 12 `` Untouchable '' February 7 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.91 0.7 1.68 1.8 4.59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' February 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.78 0.9 1.96 1.9 4.75 14 `` Attack on Central City '' February 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.87 0.8 1.81 1.9 4.68 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' March 7 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.7 1.71 1.6 4.23 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' March 14 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.70 1.6 4.10 17 `` Duet '' March 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.8 1.88 1.8 4.59 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' March 28 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.67 1.6 4.06 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' April 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 1.90 1.9 4.", "59": "57 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' May 2 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.69 0.8 1.77 1.8 4.46 21 `` Cause and Effect '' May 9 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.9 1.92 1.9 4.63 22 `` Infantino Street '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.48 0.9 1.94 1.8 4.42 23 `` Finish Line '' May 23 , 2017 1.1 / 5 3.04 0.8 1.82 1.9 4.86 Home media ( edit ) Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CW fall TV 2016 premiere dates : ' The Flash ' and ' No Tomorrow ' kick off October rollout '' . June 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 .", "60": "Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 - 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Avila , Mike ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Watch : The women of the Arrowverse on strong female characters and , of course , # AvaLance '' . Syfy Wire . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 .", "61": "^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Tuesday , October 7 Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) .", "62": "`` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' MasterChef Junior ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef Jr . ' & ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 .", "63": "^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Forever ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 .", "64": "Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Undateable ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' One Big Happy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers .", "65": "Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Muppets ' , ' NCIS ' and ' Scream Queens ' Adjusted Up ; ' Flash ' and ' iZombie ' Hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Limitless ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Wicked City ' stays under 1.0 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Best Time Ever ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers .", "66": "Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts down , ' NCIS ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Chicago Med ' premiere holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Muppets ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down '' .", "67": "TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Muppets , ' ' iZombie , ' ' NCIS : New Orleans ' and ' Grinder ' all adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Agent Carter ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) .", "68": "`` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust up , ' The Real O'Neals ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .", "69": "Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 .", "70": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' adjusts up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' , ' The Wall ' , ' This Is Us ' , FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' Real O'Neals ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .", "71": "Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' adjusts up and avoids new series low , ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) .", "72": "`` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) .", "73": "`` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down , plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .", "74": "Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 420 ) Therefore She Is '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 421 ) `` Harry and the Harrisons '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 422 ) `` Think Fast '' `` .", "75": "The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` May Sweeps Preview and Finale Spoilers - The Flash '' . TVLine. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - flash , the on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Premiere Sets CW Record in Final DVR Ratings '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' , ' Parnethood ' & ' The Originals ' Top Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 6 Ending November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 15 , 2014 ) .", "76": "`` ( Updated ) ' Criminal Minds ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Grimm ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Revenge ' Top Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 10 Ending November 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Constantine ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 .", "77": "Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. April 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2015 ) .", "78": "`` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Blacklist ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 31 Ending April 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Tie for Adults 18 -- 49 Growth , ' The Messengers ' Leads Percentage Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 33 Ending May 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 .", "79": "Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 35 Ending May 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 .", "80": "Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 .", "81": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) .", "82": "`` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 - May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) .", "83": "`` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 .", "84": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : Trump Address Registers Nearly One - Tenth Less Audience Than Obama 's in 2009 '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 .", "85": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Great News ' Debuts On - Par with ' Trial & Error ' Launch on NBC '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .", "86": "Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 1 '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash on DVD '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flash , The - Season 2 '' . JB HiFi . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash - Warner Press Release Announces ' The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK .", "87": "Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! ''", "88": "`` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Flash_episodes&oldid=838448447 '' Categories : The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) episodes Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 02 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1546147308403024577	who stole the mona lisa from the louvre in 1911	[ "Vincenzo Peruggia", "Vincenzo Peruggia", "Vincenzo Peruggia", "Vincenzo Peruggia", "Vincenzo Peruggia" ]	{ "0": "Vincenzo Peruggia - wikipedia Vincenzo Peruggia Jump to : navigation , search Vincenzo Peruggia A police photograph of Vincenzo Peruggia in 1911 . ( 1881 - 10 - 08 ) October 8 , 1881 Dumenza , Varese , Italy October 8 , 1925 ( 1925 - 10 - 08 ) ( aged 44 ) Saint - Maur - des - Fossés , France Nationality Italian Known for theft of the Mona Lisa Vincenzo Peruggia ( October 8 , 1881 -- October 8 , 1925 ) was an Italian thief , most famous for stealing the Mona Lisa on 21 August 1911 . Born in Dumenza , Varese , Italy , he died in Saint - Maur - des - Fossés , France . Contents ( hide ) 1 Patriot 2 Later life and personal life 3 Death 4 Motivations 5 In art , entertainment , and media 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Patriot ( edit ) In 1911 , Peruggia perpetrated what has been described as the greatest art theft of the 20th century . It was a police theory that the former Louvre worker hid inside the museum on Sunday , August 20 , knowing the museum would be closed the following day . But , according to Peruggia 's interrogation in Florence after his arrest , he entered the museum on Monday , August 21 around 7 am , through the door where the other Louvre workers were entering . He said he wore one of the white smocks that museum employees customarily wore and was indistinguishable from the other workers . When the Salon Carré , where the Mona Lisa hung , was empty , he lifted the painting off the four iron pegs that secured it to the wall and took it to a nearby service staircase . There , he removed the protective case and frame . Some people report that he concealed the painting ( which Leonardo painted on wood ) under his smock . But Peruggia was only 5'3 `` , and the Mona Lisa measures approx. 21 '' x 30 `` , so it would not fit under a smock worn by someone his size .", "1": "Instead , he said he took off his smock and wrapped it around the painting , tucked it under his arm , and left the Louvre through the same door he had entered . Peruggia hid the painting in his apartment in Paris . Supposedly , when police arrived to search his apartment and question him , they accepted his alibi that he had been working at a different location on the day of the theft . After keeping the painting hidden in a trunk in his apartment for two years , Peruggia returned to Italy with it . He kept it in his apartment in Florence , Italy but grew impatient , and was finally caught when he contacted Alfredo Geri , the owner of an art gallery in Florence . Geri 's story conflicts with Peruggia 's , but it was clear that Peruggia expected a reward for returning the painting to what he regarded as its `` homeland '' . Geri called in Giovanni Poggi , director of the Uffizi Gallery , who authenticated the painting . Poggi and Geri , after taking the painting for `` safekeeping '' , informed the police , who arrested Peruggia at his hotel . After its recovery , the painting was exhibited all over Italy with banner headlines rejoicing its return and then returned to the Louvre in 1913 . While the painting was famous before the theft , the notoriety it received from the newspaper headlines and the large scale police investigation helped the artwork become one of the best known in the world . Later life and personal life ( edit ) Peruggia was released from jail after a short time and served in the Italian army during World War I. He later married , had one daughter , Celestina , returned to France , and continued to work as a painter decorator using his birth name Pietro Peruggia . Death ( edit ) He died on October 8 , 1925 ( his 44th birthday ) in the town of Saint - Maur - des - Fossés , France . His death was not widely reported by the media ; obituaries appeared mistakenly only when another Vincenzo Peruggia died in Haute - Savoie in 1947 . Motivations ( edit ) There are currently two predominant theories regarding the theft of the Mona Lisa .", "2": "Patriotism Peruggia said he did it for a patriotic reason : he wanted to bring the painting back for display in Italy `` after it was stolen by Napoleon '' . Although perhaps sincere in his motive , Vincenzo may not have known that Leonardo da Vinci took this painting as a gift for Francis I when he moved to France to become a painter in his court during the 16th century , 250 years before Napoleon 's birth . Experts have questioned the ' patriotism ' motive on the grounds that -- if ' patriotism ' was the true motive -- Peruggia would have donated the painting to an Italian museum , rather than have attempted to profit from its sale . The question of money is also confirmed by letters that Peruggia sent to his father after the theft . On December 22 , 1911 , four months after the theft , he wrote that Paris was where `` I will make my fortune and that his ( fortune ) will arrive in one shot . '' The following year ( 1912 ) , he wrote : `` I am making a vow for you to live long and enjoy the prize that your son is about to realize for you and for all our family . '' Put on trial , the court agreed , to some extent , that Peruggia committed his crime for patriotic reasons and gave him a lenient sentence . He was sent to jail for one year and 15 days , but was hailed as a great patriot in Italy and served only seven months in jail . Criminal conspiracy Another theory emerged later . The theft may have been encouraged or masterminded by Eduardo de Valfierno , a con - man who had commissioned the French art forger Yves Chaudron to make copies of the painting so he could sell them as the missing original . The copies would have gone up in value if the original were stolen . This theory is based entirely on a 1932 article by former Hearst journalist Karl Decker in The Saturday Evening Post . Decker claimed to have known `` Valfierno '' and heard the story from him in 1913 , promising not to print it until he learned of Valfierno 's death . There is no external confirmation for this tale .", "3": "In art , Entertainment , and media ( edit ) In Der Raub der Mona Lisa ( 1931 ) , an early German soundfilm , he was portrayed by Willi Forst In The Man Who Stole La Gioconda ( 2006 ) , a television - miniseries he was portrayed by Alessandro Preziosi In an April 1956 episode of the TV - show You Are There , called `` The Recovery of the Mona Lisa ( December 10 , 1913 ) '' , Peruggia is played by Vito Scotti , who reprised the role in yet another TV - reconstruction of the famous theft , this time for the TV - show G.E. True . The episode was called `` The Tenth Mona Lisa '' and aired in March 1963 . Art Historian Noah Charney 's monograph , `` The Theft of the Mona Lisa : On Stealing the Worlds Most Famous Painting '' ( 2011 , ARCA Publications ) , is an account of the theft and its ramifications . In 2012 , the full - length documentary Mona Lisa Is Missing ( formerly The Missing Piece ) was released . Directed by filmmaker Joe Medeiros , it tells the complete story of Vincenzo Peruggia 's theft of the Mona Lisa , using original source documents from the French and Italian archives as well as interviews with Celestina Peruggia , the daughter of the thief In April 2013 , Larry A. Thompson Entertainment optioned Missing Mona Lisa , a screenplay by Mark Hudelson based on the Mona Lisa 's theft . In the film The Art of the Steal ( 2013 ) , Guy de Cornet ( played by Chris Diamantopoulos ) narrates the story of Vincenzo Peruggia 's stealing the painting References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( in Italian ) Mio padre , il ladro della Gioconda Jump up ^ Extrait du Proces - Verbal de la confrontation de M. Vignolle avec Peruggia , Dec. 20 . 1913 , Archives Nationales , Paris Jump up ^ Peruggia mugshot , January 25 , 1909 , Archives Nationales , Paris Jump up ^ Mona Lisa Is Missing , 2013 , Virgil Films , dir .", "4": "Joe Medeiros ^ Jump up to : Chua - Eoan , Howard ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` STEALING THE MONA LISA , 1911 '' . The Top 25 Crimes of the Century . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Theft That Made The ' Mona Lisa ' A Masterpiece '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Who stole the Mona Lisa ? , FT.com , August 2011 Jump up ^ Peruggia Letter Dec. 22 , 1911 , Archivio di Stato , Florence Jump up ^ Nilsson , Jeff . `` 100 Years Ago : The Mastermind Behind the Mona Lisa Heist '' . Saturday Evening Post . Curtis Publishing . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Tenth Mona Lisa '' . IMDb.com. 31 March 1963 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Missing Piece : Mona Lisa , Her Thief , the True Story '' . IMDb.com. 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Art of the Steal '' . IMDb.com. 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Hoobler , Dorothy and Thomas , The Crimes of Paris New York : Little , Brown , 2009 , pp. 3 -- 7 , 305 - 314 . Kuper , Simon , `` Who Stole the Mona Lisa ? The World 's Most Famous Art Heist , 100 Years On , '' Slate , Aug. 7 , 2011 . Newsweek , `` The Mona Lisa Thief , '' September 29 , 1947 , p. 97 . External links ( edit ) Vanity Fair - May 2009 .", "5": "`` Stealing Mona Lisa '' by Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler Saturday Evening Post : 100 Years Ago : The Mastermind Behind the Mona Lisa Heist ( hide ) Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa Subject Lisa del Giocondo Replicas Isleworth Mona Lisa ( 16th century ) Mona Lisa ( Prado , c. 1503 -- 16 ) L.H.O.O.Q. ( 1919 ) Mini Lisa ( 2013 ) Related Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Speculations about Mona Lisa Timeline of fictional stories about the Mona Lisa 1911 theft Eduardo de Valfierno Yves Chaudron Vincenzo Peruggia On screen The Theft of the Mona Lisa ( 1931 ) The Mona Lisa Has Been Stolen ( 1966 ) City of Death ( 1979 ) Mona Lisa 's Revenge ( 2009 ) Music Mona Lisa ( 1915 opera ) `` Mona Lisa '' ( 1950 song ) `` Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile '' ( 1984 song ) `` Lisa Mona Lisa '' ( 1988 song ) `` The Mona Lisa '' ( 2013 song ) Literature The Second Mrs.", "6": "Giaconda ( 1975 ) I , Mona Lisa ( 2006 ) The Smile ( 2008 ) Other `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' VIAF : 255017832 ISNI : 0000 0003 7764 1298 BNF : cb123892052 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincenzo_Peruggia&oldid=835617527 '' Categories : Art thieves Italian thieves People convicted of theft 1881 births 1925 deaths Mona Lisa 20th - century Italian painters Italian male painters Italian expatriates in France 20th - century Italian criminals Hidden categories : Articles with Italian - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 19 : 35 . 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3878205697753989105	when was the last time stock market crashed	[ "18 August 2015", "27 Oct 1997", "18 August 2015" ]	{ "0": "List of stock market crashes and bear markets - wikipedia List of stock market crashes and bear markets Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of stock market crashes and bear markets in Europe and United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Table ( edit ) Name Date Country Causes Ref Kipper und Wipper 000000001623 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1623 A financial crisis caused by debased ( fraudulent ) foreign coins minted in the Holy Roman Empire from 1621 -- 1623 , done to raise funds at the start of the Thirty Years ' War Tulip mania Bubble 000000001637 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1637 A bubble ( 1633 -- 37 ) in the Netherlands during which contracts for bulbs of tulips reached extraordinarily high prices , and suddenly collapsed The Mississippi Bubble 000000001720 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1720 Banque Royale by John Law stopped payments of its note in exchange for specie and as result caused economic collapse in France . South Sea Bubble of 1720 000000001720 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1720 Affected early European stock markets , during early days of chartered joint stock companies Bengal Bubble of 1769 000000001769 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1769 Primarily caused by the British East India Company , whose shares fell from £ 276 in December 1768 to £ 122 in 1784 Credit crisis of 1772 000000001772 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1772 Financial Crisis of 1791 -- 92 000000001791 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1791 Shares of First bank of US boom and bust in Aug and Sept 1791 . Groundwork of Alexander Hamilton 's cooperation with the Bank of New York to end this event would be crucial in ending the Panic of 1792 next year .", "1": "Panic of 1796 -- 97 000000001796 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1796 A series of downturns in Atlantic credit markets led to broader commercial downturns in Great Britain and the United States . Panic of 1819 000000001819 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1819 Panic of 1825 000000001825 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1825 Panic of 1837 000000001837 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 1837 Panic of 1847 000000001847 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1847 Panic of 1857 000000001857 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1857 Panic of 1866 000000001866 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1866 Black Friday 000000001869 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 Sep 1869 Panic of 1873 000000001873 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 1873 Initiated the Long Depression in the United States and much of Europe Paris Bourse crash of 1882 000000001882 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 Jan 1882 Panic of 1884 000000001884 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1884 Encilhamento 000000001890 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1890 Lasting 3 years , 1890 -- 1893 , a boom and bust process that boomed in late 1880s and burst on early 1890s , causing a collapse in the Brazilian economy and aggravating an already unstable political situation .", "2": "Panic of 1893 000000001893 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1893 Panic of 1896 000000001896 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1896 Panic of 1901 000000001901 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 1901 Lasting 3 years , the market was spooked by the assassination of President McKinley in 1901 , coupled with a severe drought later the same year . Panic of 1907 000000001907 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1907 Lasting over a year , markets took fright after U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt had threatened to rein in the monopolies that flourished in various industrial sectors , notably railways . Wall Street Crash of 1929 000000001929 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 Oct 1929 Lasting over 4 years , the bursting of the speculative bubble in shares led to further selling as people who had borrowed money to buy shares had to cash them in , when their loans were called in . Also called the Great Crash or the Wall Street Crash , leading to the Great Depression . Recession of 1937 -- 38 000000001937 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1937 Lasting around a year , this share price fall was triggered by an economic recession within the Great Depression and doubts about the effectiveness of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal policy . Kennedy Slide of 1962 000000001962 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1962 Also known as the ' Flash Crash of 1962 ' Brazilian Markets Crash of 1971 000000001971 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1971 Lasting through the 1970s and early - 1980s , this was the end of a boom that started in 1969 , compounded by the 1970s energy crisis coupled with early 1980s Latin American debt crisis .", "3": "1973 -- 74 stock market crash 000000001973 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1973 Lasting 23 months , dramatic rise in oil prices , the miners ' strike and the downfall of the Heath government . Souk Al - Manakh stock market crash 000000001982 - 08 - 01 - 0000 Aug 1982 Black Monday 000000001987 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 Oct 1987 Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash 000000001989 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1989 Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash , due to its weak internal controls and absence of credit discipline , that led to its collapse , and of which it never recovered Friday the 13th mini-crash 000000001989 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 Oct 1989 Failed leveraged buyout of United Airlines causes crash Early 1990s recession 000000001990 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait in July 1990 , causing oil prices to increase . The Dow dropped 18 % in three months , from 2,911.63 on July 3 to 2,381.99 on October 16 , 1990 . This recession lasted approximately 8 months . Japanese asset price bubble 000000001991 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1991 Lasting approximately twenty years , through at least the end of 2011 , share and property price bubble bursts and turns into a long deflationary recession . Some of the key economic events during the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble include the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the Dot - com bubble . In addition , more recent economic events , such as the late - 2000s financial crisis and August 2011 stock markets fall have prolonged this period . Black Wednesday 000000001992 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 Sep 1992 The Conservative government was forced to withdraw the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM ) after they were unable to keep sterling above its agreed lower limit .", "4": "1997 Asian financial crisis 000000001997 - 07 - 02 - 0000 2 July 1997 Investors deserted emerging Asian shares , including an overheated Hong Kong stock market . Crashes occur in Thailand , Indonesia , South Korea , Philippines , and elsewhere , reaching a climax in the October 27 , 1997 mini-crash . October 27 , 1997 , mini-crash 000000001997 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 Oct 1997 Global stock market crash that was caused by an economic crisis in Asia . 1998 Russian financial crisis 000000001998 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 Aug 1998 The Russian government devalues the ruble , defaults on domestic debt , and declares a moratorium on payment to foreign creditors . Dot - com bubble 000000002000 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2000 Collapse of a technology bubble . Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks 000000002001 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 Sep 2001 The September 11 attacks caused global stock markets to drop sharply . The attacks themselves caused approximately $40 billion in insurance losses , making it one of the largest insured events ever . See world economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks . Stock market downturn of 2002 000000002002 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 Oct 2002 Downturn in stock prices during 2002 in stock exchanges across the United States , Canada , Asia , and Europe . After recovering from lows reached following the September 11 attacks , indices slid steadily starting in March 2002 , with dramatic declines in July and September leading to lows last reached in 1997 and 1998 . See stock market downturn of 2002 . Chinese stock bubble of 2007 000000002007 - 02 - 27 - 0000 27 Feb 2007 The SSE Composite Index of the Shanghai Stock Exchange tumbles 9 % from unexpected selloffs , the largest drop in 10 years , triggering major drops in worldwide stock markets .", "5": "United States bear market of 2007 -- 09 000000002007 - 10 - 11 - 0000 11 Oct 2007 Till June 2009 , the Dow Jones Industrial Average , Nasdaq Composite and S&P 500 all experienced declines of greater than 20 % from their peaks in late 2007 . Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 000000002008 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 Sep 2008 On September 16 , 2008 , failures of large financial institutions in the United States , due primarily to exposure of securities of packaged subprime loans and credit default swaps issued to insure these loans and their issuers , rapidly devolved into a global crisis resulting in a number of bank failures in Europe and sharp reductions in the value of equities ( stock ) and commodities worldwide . The failure of banks in Iceland resulted in a devaluation of the Icelandic króna and threatened the government with bankruptcy . Iceland was able to secure an emergency loan from the IMF in November . Later on , U.S. President George W. Bush signs the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law , creating a Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) to purchase failing bank assets . Had disastrous effects on the world economy along with world trade . 2009 Dubai debt standstill 000000002009 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 Nov 2009 Dubai requests a debt deferment following its massive renovation and development projects , as well as the Great Recession . The announcement causes global stock markets to drop . European sovereign debt crisis 000000002010 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 2010 Standard & Poor 's downgrades Greece 's sovereign credit rating to junk four days after the activation of a € 45 - billion EU -- IMF bailout , triggering the decline of stock markets worldwide and of the Euro 's value , and furthering a European sovereign debt crisis . 2010 Flash Crash 000000002010 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2010 The Dow Jones Industrial Average suffers its worst intra-day point loss , dropping nearly 1,000 points before partially recovering .", "6": "August 2011 stock markets fall 000000002011 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 Aug 2011 S&P 500 entered a short - lived bear market between 02nd May 2011 ( intraday high : 1,370.58 ) and 04th October 2011 ( intraday low : 1,074.77 ) , a decline of 21.58 % . The stock market rebounded thereafter and ended the year flat . 2015 -- 16 Chinese stock market crash 000000002015 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2015 China stock market crash starts in June and continues into July and August . In January 2016 , Chinese stock market experiences a steep sell - off which sets off a global rout . 2015 -- 16 stock market selloff 000000002015 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 August 2015 The Dow Jones fell 588 points during a two - day period , 1,300 points from August 18 -- 21 . On Monday , August 24 , world stock markets were down substantially , wiping out all gains made in 2015 , with interlinked drops in commodities such as oil , which hit a six - year price low , copper , and most of Asian currencies , but the Japanese yen , losing value against the United States dollar . With this plunge , an estimated ten trillion dollars had been wiped off the books on global markets since June 3 .", "7": "See also ( edit ) List of recessions in the United States List of economic crises List of recessions in the United Kingdom Economic bubble List of banking crises List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` `` Kipper und Wipper '' : Rogue Traders , Rogue Princes , Rogue Bishops and the German Financial Meltdown of 1621 - 23 '' by Mike Dash , Smithsonian , March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Dash , Mike `` Tulipomania : The Story of the World 's Most Coveted Flower & the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused '' 2001 Jump up ^ James D. Henderson , Helen Delpar & Maurice P. Brungardt `` A Reference Guide to Latin American History '' Richard Weldon Editor -- M.E. Sharpe Inc.", "8": "2000 , ISBN I563247445 page 172 , 2nd column , `` 1890 '' ( 2nd paragraph ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Needell ; `` A Tropical Belle Epoque : Elite Culture and Society in Turn - of - the - Century '' Cambridge University Press 1987 Pages 10 & 12 Jump up ^ Gail D. Triner ; `` Banking and economic development : Brazil , 1889 -- 1930 '' Palgrave TM 2000 ISBN 0 - 312 - 23399 - X Pages 44 -- 74 Jump up ^ Viscount of Taunay ; `` O Encilhamento ; scenas contemporaneas da Bolsa do Rio de Janeiro em 1890 , 1891 e 1892 '' ( in Portuguese ) ( `` The Encilhamento : contemporary scenes of Rio Stock Exchange in 1890 , 1891 & 1892 '' ) Editora Melhoramentos , Rio 1893 Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future : Lessons From the Forgotten ' Flash Crash ' of 1962 '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gary Previts , Peter Walton & Peter Wolnizer `` A Global History of Accounting , Financial Reporting And Public Policy ; Americas -- Volume 14B '' The University of Sydney / The Accounting Foundation , Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2011 ISBN 978 - 0 - 85724 - 811 - 4 Page 41 , from the last paragraph Jump up ^ Detailed PDF Archived 2012 - 12 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Academic work about the subject ( in Portuguese ) UNICAMP june 2007 Jump up ^ Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo ; `` Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil '' ( `` Histories of Financial Markets in Brazil '' ) ( in Portuguese ) Campus Elsevier Brazil 2011 ISBN 85 - 352 - 3994 - 4 Introduction and Chapter 4 Jump up ^ Markham , Jeffrey W. `` A Financial History of the United States ; Volume III ( 1970 -- 2001 ) '' M.E.", "9": "Sharpe 2002 ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0730 - 1 page 147 , from last paragraph Jump up ^ Article Archived 2013 - 10 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . about the decline of Rio Stock Exchange . Last 3 paragraphs are about the 1989 crash Jump up ^ Barcellos & Azevedo 2011 , Pages 141 - 142 ; 149 to 151 , and 154 Jump up ^ Chen , Shu - Ching Jean ; Kwok , Vivian Wai - yin ( 27 February 2007 ) . `` Black Tuesday In China '' . Forbes . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Share sale knocks Chinese market '' . BBC News . 27 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Han , Pliny ( 27 February 2007 ) . `` Chinese shares slump sharply , down 8.84 % '' . Xinhua News Agency . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Browning , E.S. ( 28 June 2008 ) . `` Dow Hits Bear - Market Territory , Signaling Woe for Economy '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Korkki , Phyllis ( 4 March 2007 ) . `` A Scary Tuesday Was No Black Monday '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMF approves $2.1 bn Iceland loan '' . BBC News . 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , Jeanne ( 4 October 2008 ) . `` Bailout is law '' . CNN . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Robertson , David ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Investors face huge losses as debt - ridden Dubai World is abandoned by government '' . The Times . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Greek bonds rated ' junk ' by Standard & Poor 's '' . BBC News . 2010 - 04 - 27 .", "10": "Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Greece crisis : Euro markets hit again '' . BBC News . 2010 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Greece crisis deepens on global market sell - off '' . CNN . 2010 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Moyer , Liz ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Was The Market Mayhem A Mistake ? Maybe Not '' . Forbes . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese stock market beats Wall Street and FTSE by closing up in 2015 '' . telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Today 's Stock Market News and Analysis from Nasdaq.com '' . nasdaq.com . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Shanghai stocks poised to end 2015 up nearly 10 pct , beating Wall Street '' . reuters.com . Jump up ^ `` Shanghai Composite Index ends year up nearly 10 % '' . atimes.com . Jump up ^ Mulligan , Mark ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Chinese consumers ' laugh off ' stock market gyrations '' . smh.com.au . Jump up ^ Shan Li ; Andrea Chang ; Paresh Dave ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stock market suffers worst one - day drop since 2008 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` customRangeStart '' : 1440054000 , `` customRangeEnd '' : 1440399600 , `` range '' : `` custom '' , `` allowChartStacking '' : true ) `` DJI Interactive Stock Quote '' . Yahoo Finance . Yahoo ! Inc . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Popper , Nathaniel ; Gough , Neil ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Global Stocks Tumble Further Amid Doubts About China '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Popper , Nathaniel ; Gough , Neil ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Global Stocks Tumble Further Amid Doubts About China '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Sobel , Robert ( 1988 ) . Panic on Wall Street : A Classic History of America 's Financial Disasters with a New Exploration of the Crash of 1987 . New York : Truman Talley Books / Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 48404 - 3 . 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3497042947752645554	who sings far from the home i love in fiddler on the roof	[ "Hodel", "Hodel", "Hodel", "Hodel", "Hodel" ]	{ "0": "Fiddler on the Roof - wikipedia Fiddler on the Roof Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1964 musical . For the film , see Fiddler on the Roof ( film ) . Fiddler on the Roof Playbill from the Original Broadway Production Music Jerry Bock Lyrics Sheldon Harnick Book Joseph Stein Basis Tevye and His Daughters by Sholem Aleichem Productions 1964 Broadway 1967 West End 1971 film 1976 Broadway revival 1981 Broadway revival 1983 West End revival 1990 Broadway revival 1994 West End revival 2003 UK tour 2004 Broadway revival 2007 West End revival 2008 UK tour 2009 US Tour 2015 Broadway revival Awards Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Score Tony Award for Best Book Fiddler on the Roof is a musical with music by Jerry Bock , lyrics by Sheldon Harnick , and book by Joseph Stein , set in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia in 1905 . It is based on Tevye and his Daughters ( or Tevye the Dairyman ) and other tales by Sholem Aleichem . The story centers on Tevye , the father of five daughters , and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon the family 's lives . He must cope both with the strong - willed actions of his three older daughters , who wish to marry for love -- each one 's choice of a husband moves further away from the customs of his faith -- and with the edict of the Tsar that evicts the Jews from their village . The original Broadway production of the show , which opened in 1964 , had the first musical theatre run in history to surpass 3,000 performances . Fiddler held the record for the longest - running Broadway musical for almost 10 years until Grease surpassed its run . It remains the sixteenth longest - running show in Broadway history . The production was extraordinarily profitable and highly acclaimed . It won nine Tony Awards , including Best Musical , score , book , direction and choreography .", "1": "It spawned five Broadway revivals and a highly successful 1971 film adaptation , and the show has enjoyed enduring international popularity . It is also a very popular choice for school and community productions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 3 Musical numbers 4 Principal characters 5 Productions 5.1 Original productions 5.2 Broadway revivals 5.3 London revivals 5.4 UK tours 5.5 Australian productions 5.6 US tours 5.7 International and amateur productions 6 Film adaptation and recordings 7 Cultural influence 7.1 Parodies 7.2 Covers 7.3 Other song versions 8 Awards 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Fiddler on the Roof is based on Tevye and his Daughters ( or Tevye the Dairyman ) , a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century . It is also influenced by Life Is with People , by Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog . Aleichem wrote a dramatic adaptation of the stories that he left unfinished at his death , but which was produced in Yiddish in 1919 by the Yiddish Art Theater and made into a film in the 1930s . In the late 1950s , a musical based on the stories , called Tevye and his Daughters , was produced Off - Broadway by Arnold Perl . Rodgers and Hammerstein and then Mike Todd briefly considered bringing this musical to Broadway but dropped the idea . Investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered `` too Jewish '' to attract mainstream audiences . Other critics considered that it was too culturally sanitized , `` middlebrow '' and superficial ; Philip Roth , writing in The New Yorker , called it shtetl kitsch . For example , it portrays the local Russian officer as sympathetic , instead of brutal and cruel , as Sholom Aleichem had described him .", "2": "Aleichem 's stories ended with Tevye alone , his wife dead and his daughters scattered ; at the end of Fiddler , the family members are alive , and most are emigrating together to America . The show found the right balance for its time , even if not entirely authentic , to become `` one of the first popular post-Holocaust depictions of the vanished world of Eastern European Jewry '' . Harold Prince replaced the original producer Fred Coe and brought in director / choreographer Jerome Robbins . The writers and Robbins considered naming the musical Tevye , before landing on a title suggested by various paintings by Marc Chagall that also inspired the original set design . Contrary to popular belief , the `` title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting '' . During rehearsals , one of the stars , Jewish actor Zero Mostel , feuded with Robbins , whom he held in contempt because Robbins had testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and hid his Jewish heritage from the public . Other cast members also had run - ins with Robbins , who reportedly `` abused the cast , drove the designers crazy ( and ) strained the good nature of Hal Prince '' . Synopsis ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) Tevye , a poor Jewish milkman with five daughters , explains the customs of the Jews in the Russian shtetl of Anatevka in 1905 , where their lives are as precarious as the perch of a fiddler on a roof ( `` Tradition '' ) . At Tevye 's home , everyone is busy preparing for the Sabbath meal . His sharp - tongued wife , Golde , orders their daughters , Tzeitel , Hodel , Chava , Shprintze and Bielke , about their tasks . Yente , the village matchmaker , arrives to tell Golde that Lazar Wolf , the wealthy butcher , a widower older than Tevye , wants to wed Tzeitel , the eldest daughter . The next two daughters , Hodel and Chava , are excited about Yente 's visit , but Tzeitel is unenthusiastic ( `` Matchmaker , Matchmaker '' ) . A girl from a poor family must take whatever husband Yente brings , but Tzeitel wants to marry her childhood friend , Motel the tailor .", "3": "The Fiddler by Marc Chagall , from which the musical takes its name Tevye is delivering milk , pulling the cart himself , as his horse is lame . He asks God : Whom would it hurt `` If I Were a Rich Man '' ? Avram , the bookseller , has news from the outside world about pogroms and expulsions . A stranger , Perchik , hears their conversation and scolds them for doing nothing more than talk . The men dismiss Perchik as a radical , but Tevye invites him home for the Sabbath meal and offers him food and a room in exchange for tutoring his two youngest daughters . Golde tells Tevye to meet Lazar after the Sabbath but does not tell him why , knowing that Tevye does not like Lazar . Tzeitel is afraid that Yente will find her a husband before Motel asks Tevye for her hand . But Motel resists : he is afraid of Tevye 's temper , and tradition says that a matchmaker arranges marriages . Motel is also very poor and is saving up to buy a sewing machine before he approaches Tevye , to show that he can support a wife . The family gathers for the `` Sabbath Prayer . '' After the Sabbath , Tevye meets Lazar at Mordcha 's inn , assuming mistakenly that Lazar wants to buy his cow . Once the misunderstanding is cleared up , Tevye agrees to let Lazar marry Tzeitel -- with a rich butcher , his daughter will never want for anything . All join in the celebration of Lazar 's good fortune ; even the Russian youths at the inn join in the celebration and show off their dancing skills ( `` To Life '' ) . Outside the inn , Tevye happens upon the Russian Constable , who has jurisdiction over the Jews in the town . The Constable warns him that there is going to be a `` little unofficial demonstration '' in the coming weeks ( a euphemism for a minor pogrom ) . The Constable has sympathy for the Jewish community but is powerless to prevent the violence . The next morning , after Perchik 's lessons with her young sisters , Tevye 's second daughter Hodel mocks Perchik 's Marxist interpretation of a Bible story .", "4": "He , in turn , criticizes her for hanging on to the old traditions of Judaism , noting that the world is changing . To illustrate this , he dances with her , defying the prohibition against opposite sexes dancing together . The two begin to fall in love . Later , a hungover Tevye announces that he has agreed that Tzeitel will marry Lazar Wolf . Golde is overjoyed , but Tzeitel is devastated and begs Tevye not to force her . Motel arrives and tells Tevye that he is the perfect match for Tzeitel and that he and Tzeitel gave each other a pledge to marry . He promises that Tzeitel will not starve as his wife . Tevye is stunned and outraged at this breach of tradition , but impressed at the timid tailor 's display of backbone . After some soul - searching ( `` Tevye 's Monologue '' ) , Tevye agrees to let them marry , but he worries about how to break the news to Golde . An overjoyed Motel celebrates with Tzeitel ( `` Miracle of Miracles '' ) . In bed with Golde , Tevye pretends to be waking from a nightmare . Golde offers to interpret his dream , and Tevye `` describes '' it ( `` Tevye 's Dream '' ) . Golde 's grandmother Tzeitel returns from the grave to bless the marriage of her namesake , but to Motel , not to Lazar Wolf . Lazar 's formidable late wife , Fruma - Sarah , rises from her grave to warn , in graphic terms , of severe retribution if Tzeitel marries Lazar . The superstitious Golde is terrified , and she quickly counsels that Tzeitel must marry Motel . While returning from town , Tevye 's third daughter , the bookish Chava , is teased and intimidated by some gentile youths . One , Fyedka , protects her , dismissing the others . He offers Chava the loan of a book , and a secret relationship begins . The wedding day of Tzeitel and Motel arrives , and all the Jews join the ceremony ( `` Sunrise , Sunset '' ) and the celebration ( `` The Wedding Dance '' ) .", "5": "Lazar gives a fine gift , but an argument arises with Tevye over the broken agreement . Perchik ends the tiff by breaking another tradition : he crosses the barrier between the men and women to dance with Tevye 's daughter Hodel . The celebration ends abruptly when a group of Russians rides into the village to perform the `` demonstration '' . They disrupt the party , damaging the wedding gifts and wounding Perchik , who attempts to fight back , and wreak more destruction in the village . Tevye instructs his family to clean up the mess . Act ii ( edit ) Fiddler On the Roof by Lev Segal in Netanya , Israel Months later , Perchik tells Hodel he must return to Kiev to work for the revolution . He proposes marriage , admitting that he loves her , and says that he will send for her . She agrees ( `` Now I Have Everything '' ) . They tell Tevye that they are engaged , and he is appalled that they are flouting tradition by making their own match , especially as Perchik is leaving . When he forbids the marriage , Perchik and Hodel inform him that they do not seek his permission , only his blessing . After more soul searching , Tevye relents -- the world is changing , and he must change with it ( `` Tevye 's Rebuttal '' ) . He informs the young couple that he gives them his blessing and his permission . Tevye explains these events to an astonished Golde . `` Love , '' he says , `` it 's the new style . '' Tevye asks Golde , despite their own arranged marriage , `` Do You Love Me ? '' After dismissing Tevye 's question as foolish , she eventually admits that , after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters , she does . Meanwhile , Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka . News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia ( `` The Rumor / I Just Heard '' ) , and Hodel is determined to join him there .", "6": "At the railway station , she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved , wherever he may be , although she will always love her family ( `` Far From the Home I Love '' ) . Time passes . Motel has purchased a used sewing machine , and he and Tzeitel have had a baby . Chava finally gathers the courage to ask Tevye to allow her marriage to Fyedka . Again Tevye reaches deep into his soul , but marriage outside the Jewish faith is a line he will not cross . He forbids Chava to speak to Fyedka again . When Golde brings news that Chava has eloped with Fyedka , Tevye wonders where he went wrong ( `` Chavaleh Sequence '' ) . Chava returns and tries to reason with him , but he refuses to speak to her and tells the rest of the family to consider her dead . Meanwhile , rumors are spreading of the Russians expelling Jews from their villages . While the villagers are gathered , the Constable arrives to tell everyone that they have three days to pack up and leave the town . In shock , they reminisce about `` Anatevka '' and how hard it will be to leave what has been their home for so long . As the Jews leave Anatevka , Chava and Fyedka stop to tell her family that they are also leaving for Kraków , unwilling to remain among the people who could do such things to others . Tevye still will not talk to her , but when Tzeitel says goodbye to Chava , Tevye prompts her to add `` God be with you . '' Motel and Tzeitel go to Poland as well but will join the rest of the family when they have saved up enough money . As Tevye , Golde and their two youngest daughters leave the village for America , the fiddler begins to play . Tevye beckons with a nod , and the fiddler follows them out of the village .", "7": "Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Prologue : Tradition '' -- Tevye and the Company `` Matchmaker , Matchmaker '' -- Tzeitel , Hodel and Chava `` If I Were a Rich Man '' -- Tevye `` Sabbath Prayer '' -- Tevye , Golde and the Company `` To Life '' -- Tevye , Lazar Wolf and the Company `` Tevye 's Monologue '' -- Tevye `` Miracle of Miracles '' -- Motel `` Tevye 's Dream '' -- Tevye , Golde , Grandma Tzeitel , Fruma - Sarah and the Company `` Sunrise , Sunset '' -- Tevye , Golde , Perchik , Hodel and the Company `` The Bottle Dance '' -- Instrumental Act II `` Entr'acte '' -- Orchestra `` Now I Have Everything '' -- Perchik and Hodel `` Tevye 's Rebuttal '' -- Tevye `` Do You Love Me ? '' -- Tevye and Golde `` The Rumor / I Just Heard '' -- Yente and villagers § `` Far From the Home I Love '' -- Hodel `` Chavaleh ( Little Bird ) '' -- Tevye `` Anatevka '' -- The Company § The 2004 revival featured a song for Yente and some women of the village ( Rivka and Mirala ) titled `` Topsy Turvy '' , discussing the disappearing role of the matchmaker in society . The number replaced `` The Rumor / I Just Heard '' . Principal characters ( edit ) All of the characters are Jewish , except as noted : Tevye , a poor milkman with five daughters . A firm supporter of the traditions of his faith , he finds many of his convictions tested by the actions of his three oldest daughters . Golde , Tevye 's sharp - tongued wife . Tzeitel , their oldest daughter , about nineteen . She loves her childhood friend Motel and marries him , even though he 's poor , begging her father not to force her to marry Lazar Wolf . Hodel , their daughter , about seventeen . Intelligent and spirited , she falls in love with Perchik and later joins him in Siberia . Chava , their daughter , about fifteen .", "8": "A shy book lover , who falls in love with Fyedka . Shprintze , their daughter , about twelve . Bielke , their youngest daughter , about nine . Motel Kamzoil , a poor but hardworking tailor who loves , and later marries , Tzeitel . Perchik , a scholar and Bolshevik revolutionary who comes to Anatevka and falls in love with Hodel . He leaves for Kiev and is exiled to Siberia . Fyedka , a young Christian man . He shares Chava 's passion for reading and is outraged by the Russians ' treatment of the Jews . Lazar Wolf , the wealthy village butcher . Widower of Fruma - Sarah . Attempts to arrange a marriage for himself to Tzeitel . Yente , the gossipy village matchmaker who matches Tzeitel and Lazar . Fruma - Sarah , Lazar Wolf 's dead wife , who rises from the grave in Tevye 's `` nightmare '' . Grandma Tzeitel , Golde 's dead grandmother , also featured in the `` nightmare '' . Mordcha , the innkeeper . Rabbi , the wise village rabbi . Constable , a Christian man ; the head of the local Russian police . Productions ( edit ) Original productions ( edit ) Zero Mostel as Tevye in the original Broadway production , 1964 Following its tryout at Detroit 's Fisher Theatre in July and August 1964 , then Washington in August to September , the original Broadway production opened on September 22 , 1964 , at the Imperial Theatre , transferred in 1967 to the Majestic Theatre and in 1970 to The Broadway Theatre , and ran for a record - setting total of 3,242 performances . The production was directed and choreographed by Robbins -- his last original Broadway staging . The set , designed in the style of Marc Chagall 's paintings , was by Boris Aronson . A colorful logo for the production , also inspired by Chagall 's work , was designed by Tom Morrow . Chagall reportedly did not like the musical .", "9": "The cast included Zero Mostel as Tevye the milkman , Maria Karnilova as his wife Golde ( each of whom won a Tony for their performances ) , Beatrice Arthur as Yente the matchmaker , Austin Pendleton as Motel , Bert Convy as Perchik the student revolutionary , Gino Conforti as the fiddler , and Julia Migenes as Hodel . Mostel ad - libbed increasingly as the run went on , `` which drove the authors up the wall . '' Joanna Merlin originated the role of Tzeitel , which was later assumed by Bette Midler during the original run . Carol Sawyer was Fruma Sarah , Adrienne Barbeau took a turn as Hodel , and Pia Zadora played the youngest daughter , Bielke . Both Peg Murray and Dolores Wilson made extended appearances as Golde , while other stage actors who have played Tevye include Herschel Bernardi , Theodore Bikel and Harry Goz ( in the original Broadway run ) , and Leonard Nimoy . Mostel 's understudy in the original production , Paul Lipson , went on to appear as Tevye in more performances than any other actor ( until Chaim Topol ) , clocking over 2,000 performances in the role in the original run and several revivals . Florence Stanley took over the role of Yente nine months into the run . The production earned $1,574 for every dollar invested in it . It was nominated for ten Tony Awards , winning nine , including Best Musical , score , book , direction and choreography , and acting awards for Mostel and Karnilova . The original London West End production opened on February 16 , 1967 , at Her Majesty 's Theatre and played for 2,030 performances . It starred Topol as Tevye , a role he had previously played in Tel Aviv , and Miriam Karlin as Golde . Alfie Bass , Lex Goudsmit and Barry Martin eventually took over as Tevye . Topol later played Tevye in the 1971 film adaptation , for which he was nominated for an Academy Award , and in several revivals over the next four decades . The show was revived in London for short seasons in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre and in 1994 at the London Palladium .", "10": "Broadway revivals ( edit ) The first Broadway revival opened on December 28 , 1976 , and ran for 176 performances at the Winter Garden Theatre . Zero Mostel starred as Tevye . Robbins directed and choreographed . A second Broadway revival opened on July 9 , 1981 , and played for a limited run ( 53 performances ) at Lincoln Center 's New York State Theater . It starred Herschel Bernardi as Tevye and Karnilova as Golde . Other cast members included Liz Larsen , Fyvush Finkel , Lawrence Leritz and Paul Lipson . Robbins directed and choreographed . The third Broadway revival opened on November 18 , 1990 , and ran for 241 performances at the George Gershwin Theatre . Topol starred as Tevye , and Marcia Lewis was Golde . Robbins ' production was reproduced by Ruth Mitchell and choreographer Sammy Dallas Bayes . The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival . A fourth Broadway revival opened on February 26 , 2004 , and ran for 36 previews and 781 performances at the Minskoff Theatre . Alfred Molina , and later Harvey Fierstein , starred as Tevye , and Randy Graff , and later Andrea Martin and Rosie O'Donnell , was Golde . Barbara Barrie and later Nancy Opel played Yente , Laura Michelle Kelly played Hodel and Lea Michele played Sprintze . It was directed by David Leveaux . This production replaced Yente 's song `` The Rumor '' with a song for Yente and two other women called `` Topsy - Turvy '' . The production was nominated for six Tonys but did not win any . In June 2014 , to celebrate the show 's 50th anniversary , a gala celebration and reunion was held at The Town Hall in New York City to benefit The National Yiddish Theatre -- Folksbiene , with appearances by many of the cast members of the various Broadway productions and the 1971 film . The fifth Broadway revival began previews on November 20 and opened on December 20 , 2015 at the Broadway Theatre , with concept and choreography based on the original by Jerome Robbins . Bartlett Sher directed , and Hofesh Shechter choreographed .", "11": "The cast starred Danny Burstein as Tevye , with Jessica Hecht as Golde , Alexandra Silber as Tzeitel , Adam Kantor as Motel , Ben Rappaport as Perchik , Samantha Massell as Hodel and Melanie Moore as Chava . Judy Kuhn replaced Hecht as Golde on November 22 , 2016 , for the last five weeks of the run . Designers include Michael Yeargan ( sets ) , Catherine Zuber ( costumes ) and Donald Holder ( lighting ) . Initial reviews were mostly positive , finding Burstein and the show touching . The production was nominated for three Tony Awards but won none . It closed on December 31 , 2016 after 463 performances . London revivals ( edit ) Fiddler was first revived in London in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre ( a four - month season starring Topol ) and again in 1994 at the London Palladium for two months and then on tour , again starring Topol , and directed and choreographed by Sammy Dallas Bayes , recreating the Robbins production . After a two - month tryout at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield , England , a London revival opened on May 19 , 2007 , at the Savoy Theatre starring Henry Goodman as Tevye , Beverley Klein as Golde , Alexandra Silber as Hodel , Damian Humbley as Perchik and Victor McGuire as Lazar Wolf . The production was directed by Lindsay Posner . Robbins ' choreography was recreated by Sammy Dallas Bayes ( who did the same for the 1990 Broadway revival ) , with additional choreography by Kate Flatt . UK tours ( edit ) A 2003 national tour played for seven months , with a radical design , directed by Julian Woolford and choreographed by Chris Hocking . The production 's minimalist set and costumes were monochromatic , and Fruma - Sarah was represented by a 12 - foot puppet . This production was revived in 2008 starring Joe McGann . The show toured the UK again in 2013 and 2014 starring Paul Michael Glaser as Tevye with direction and choreography by Craig Revel Horwood . Australian productions ( edit ) The original Australian production opened on June 16 , 1967 , at Her Majesty 's Theatre in Sydney .", "12": "It starred Hayes Gordon as Tevye and Brigid Lenihan as Golde . The production ran for two years . The first professional revival tour was staged by the Australian Opera in 1984 with Gordon again playing Tevye . A young Anthony Warlow played Fyedka . For two years , beginning in 2005 , Topol recreated his role as Tevye in an Australian production , with seasons in Sydney , Brisbane , Melbourne , Perth , Wellington and Auckland . The musical was revived in Melbourne in December 2015 with Anthony Warlow as Tevye , Sigrid Thornton as Golde and Lior as Motel . The production is scheduled to move to Sydney in March 2016 . US tours ( edit ) Topol in ' Fiddler on the Roof ' : The Farewell Tour opened on January 20 , 2009 , in Wilmington , Delaware . Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles in his arms . He was replaced by Harvey Fierstein . International and amateur productions ( edit ) 2006 production at the Brno City Theatre in the Czech Republic The musical was an international hit , with early productions playing throughout Europe , in South America , Africa and Australia ; 100 different productions were mounted in the former West Germany in the first three decades after the musical 's premiere , and within five years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall , 23 productions were staged in the former East Germany ; and it was the longest - running musical ever seen in Tokyo . A Hebrew language staging was produced in Tel Aviv by the Israeli impresario Giora Godik in the 1960s . This version was so successful that Godik soon produced a Yiddish version translated by Shraga Friedman . A 2008 Hebrew language production ran at the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv for more than six years . It was directed by Moshe Kepten , choreographed by Dennis Courtney and starred Natan Datner . Un violon sur le toît was produced in French at Paris 's théâtre Marigny from November 1969 to May 1970 , resuming from September to January 1971 ( a total of 292 performances ) with Ivan Rebroff as Tevye and Maria Murano as Golde .", "13": "Another adaptation was produced in 2005 at the théâtre Comédia in Paris with Franck Vincent as Tevye and Isabelle Ferron as Golde . The Stratford Shakespeare Festival produced the musical from April to October 2013 at the Festival Theatre directed and choreographed by Donna Feore . It starred Scott Wentworth as Tevye . The musical receives about 500 amateur productions a year in the US alone . Film adaptation and recordings ( edit ) Main article : Fiddler on the Roof ( film ) The film version was released in 1971 , directed and produced by Norman Jewison , and Stein adapted his own book for the screenplay . The casting of Chaim Topol over Zero Mostel for the role of Tevye caused controversy at first . The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics and became the highest - grossing film of 1971 . Fiddler received eight Oscar nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director for Jewison , Best Actor in a Leading Role for Topol , and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Leonard Frey ( as Motel ; in the original Broadway production , Frey was the rabbi 's son ) . It won three , including best score / adaptation for arranger - conductor John Williams . In the film version , the character of Yente is reduced , and Perchik 's song to Hodel `` Now I Have Everything '' is cut and replaced by a scene in Kiev . The `` Chagall color palette '' of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier , more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka . Theatre writer John Kenrick writes that the original Broadway cast album released by RCA Victor in 1964 , `` shimmers -- an essential recording in any show lover 's collection '' , praising the cast . The remastered CD includes two recordings not on the original album , the bottle dance from the wedding scene and `` Rumor '' performed by Beatrice Arthur . Kenrick writes that while the original Broadway cast version is the clear first choice among recordings of this musical , he also likes the Columbia Records studio cast album with Bernardi as Tevye ; the film soundtrack , although he feels that the pace drags a bit ; and some of the numerous foreign versions , including the Israeli , German and Japanese casts .", "14": "Cultural influence ( edit ) Statue of Tevye , his horse , wagon , and passenger in Birobidzhan , Russia The musical 's popularity has led to numerous references in popular media and elsewhere . The show or its songs have been parodied and covered widely : Parodies ( edit ) Parodies relating to the show have included Antenna on the Roof ( Mad Magazine # 156 , January 1973 ) , which speculated about the lives of Tevye 's descendants living in an assimilated 1970s suburban America . The H.P. Lovecraft Historical Society published a musical theatre and album parody of Fiddler on the Roof called A Shoggoth on the Roof , which incorporates the works of H.P. Lovecraft . In the film Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) , Robin Williams parodies `` Matchmaker '' . References to the musical on television have included a 2005 episode of Gilmore Girls titled `` Jews and Chinese Food '' , involving a production of the musical . A skit by The Electric Company about a village fiddler with a fear of heights , so he is deemed `` Fiddler on the Chair '' . In the Family Guy episode `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' ( 2003 ) , William Shatner is depicted as playing Tevye in a scene from Fiddler . The second episode of Muppets Tonight , in 1996 , featured Garth Brooks doing a piece of `` If I were a Rich Man '' in which he kicks several chickens off the roof . `` The Rosie Show '' , a 1996 episode of The Nanny , parodied the dream scene , when Mr. Sheffield fakes a dream to convince Fran not to be a regular on a TV show . A 2011 episode of NBC 's Community , entitled `` Competitive Wine Tasting '' , included a parody of Fiddler titled , `` Fiddler , Please ! '' , with an all - black cast dressed in Fiddler on the Roof costumes singing `` It 's Hard to Be Jewish in Russia , Yo '' . Chabad.org kicked off their 2008 `` To Life '' Telethon with a pastiche of the fiddle solo and bottle dance from the musical .", "15": "Broadway references have included Spamalot , where a `` Grail dance '' sends up the `` bottle dance '' in Fiddler 's wedding scene . The Producers ( 2001 ) includes a musical number in the style of Jerry Bock that features an actual fiddler on a roof . Also in 2001 , Chicago 's Improv Olympic produced a well - received parody , `` The Roof Is on Fiddler '' , that used most of the original book of the musical but replaced the songs with 1980 's pop songs . The original Broadway cast of the musical Avenue Q and the Broadway 2004 revival cast of Fiddler on the Roof collaborated for a Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS benefit and produced an approximately 10 - minute - long show , `` Avenue Jew '' , that incorporated characters from both shows , including puppets . Covers ( edit ) Songs from the musical have been covered by notable artists . For example , in 1964 , jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded the album Fiddler on the Roof , which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical . AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars and states `` Cannonball plays near his peak ; this is certainly the finest album by this particular sextet '' . That same year , Eydie Gormé released a single of `` Matchmaker '' . In 1999 , Knitting Factory Records released Knitting on the Roof , a compilation CD featuring covers of Fiddler songs by alternative bands such as The Residents , Negativland , and The Magnetic Fields . Indie rock band Bright Eyes recorded an adaptation of `` Sunrise , Sunset '' on their 2000 album Fevers and Mirrors . Allmusic gave the album a favorable review , and the online music magazine Pitchfork Media ranked it at number 170 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s . In 2005 , Melbourne punk band Yidcore released a reworking of the entire show called Fiddling on Ya Roof . Gwen Stefani and Eve covered `` If I Were a Rich Man '' as `` Rich Girl '' for Stefani 's 2004 debut solo album Love . Angel . Music . Baby . in 2004 .", "16": "The song was inspired by the 1993 British Louchie Lou & Michie One ragga version of the same name . Stefani 's version reached # 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , where it remained for over six months . It was certified gold by the RIAA and nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap / Sung Collaboration . It was also covered in 2008 and 2009 by the Capitol Steps , poking fun at Illinois politics , especially then - Governor Rod Blagojevich . The Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps performs the `` Bottle Dance '' from Fiddler as a `` recurring trademark '' , including at the Drum Corps International World Championships . Other song versions ( edit ) The song `` Sunrise , Sunset '' is often played at weddings , and in 2011 Sheldon Harnick wrote two versions of the song , suitable for same - sex weddings , with minor word changes . For example , for male couples , changes include `` When did they grow to be so handsome '' . Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations for the musical Fiddler on the Roof Fiddler 's original Broadway production in 1964 was nominated for ten Tony Awards , winning nine , including Best Musical , score , and book , and Robbins won for best direction and choreography . Mostel and Karnilova won as best leading actor and best featured actress . In 1972 , the show won a special Tony on becoming the longest - running musical in Broadway history . Its revivals have also been honored . At the 1981 Tony Awards , Bernardi was nominated as best actor . Ten years later , the 1991 revival won for best revival , and Topol was nominated as best actor . The 2004 revival was nominated for six Tony Awards and three Drama Desk Awards but won none . The 2007 West End revival was nominated for Olivier Awards for best revival , and Goodman was nominated as best actor . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ TIME magazine reported in its May 26 , 2008 , issue , p. 51 , that this musical ranked as the seventh most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007 . Jump up ^ Joselit , Jenna Weissman .", "17": "`` Fiddler on the Roof Distorted Sholem Aleichem '' , The New Republic , June 7 , 2014 , accessed November 3 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Alisa . `` How Fiddler Became Folklore '' , The Jewish Daily Forward , September 1 , 2006 , accessed January 29 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Brustein , Robert . `` Fiddle Shtick '' , The New York Review of Books , December 18 , 2014 , vol. 61 , No. 20 , pp. 82 -- 83 Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof . Additional Facts , MTI , accessed May 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ Wecker , Menachem . `` Marc Chagall : The French painter who inspired the title Fiddler on the Roof '' , The Washington Post , October 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Show Archive '' Archived 2014 - 01 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , Broadway in Detroit , accessed January 15 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Henneberger , Melinda . `` 50th anniversary of Fiddler on the Roof reunites Tevye 's many daughters '' , The Washington Post , June 14 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Ernio . `` Fiddler on the Roof -- 1964 '' Archived 2004 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , February 26 , 2004 , accessed June 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ He staged Jerome Robbins ' Broadway , a `` greatest hits '' collection of some of his most famous stagings , at the Imperial Theatre on February 26 , 1989 , which ran for 633 performances . Jump up ^ Rich , p. 172 Jump up ^ Gussow , Mel . `` Paul Lipson , 82 , Who Appeared As Tevye Over 2,000 Times '' . The New York Times , January 5 , 1996 , accessed October 19 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Florence Stanley '' , PlaybillValult.com , accessed July 29 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kantor , p.", "18": "302 : `` The 1960s was the decade that nurtured long - running blockbusters in unprecedented quantities : ten musicals passed the rarefied 1,000 performance mark , three of them passed the 2,000 mark ( Hello , Dolly ! , a Merrick smash , grossed $27 million on Broadway ) , and one , Fiddler on the Roof , passed the 3,000 mark , earning back $1,574 for every dollar put into it . '' Jump up ^ Fiddler On The Roof , Guide to Musical Theatre , accessed July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heller , Aron . `` Iconic Israeli Actor Chaim Topol Reflects Upon His Long Career '' , Haaretz , April 21 , 2015 , accessed August 4 , 2016 ; and Propst , Andy . `` Harvey Fierstein Replaces Topol in Fiddler on the Roof Tour '' , TheaterMania.com , November 11 , 2009 , accessed July 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof ( 2004 ) , IBDB database , accessed July 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ Gans . Andrew . `` Broadway 's Fiddler on the Roof Welcomes Judy Kuhn Tonight '' , Playbill , November 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Simoes , Monica . `` To Life ! Watch Danny Burstein , Alexandra Silber and Company Give a Spirited Sneak Peek at Fiddler on the Roof '' , Playbill , October 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Review Roundup : L'Chaim ! Danny Burstein Leads Fiddler on the Roof Revival '' , broadwayworld.com , December 20 , 2015 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Fiddler on the Roof Ends Broadway Run December 31 '' , playbill.com , December 31 , 2016 Jump up ^ Information on the 1994 production Archived 2007 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Information about the 2007 London production of Fiddler on the Roof Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof Archived December 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine.", "19": ", Thisistheatre.com , April 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fiddler on the Roof official UK tour page '' , Music & Lyrics , accessed December 16 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Hayes Gordon OBE AO 1920 - 1999 '' , Live Performance Australia ( 2007 ) , accessed January 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Contrasts for opening of Australian Opera season '' . The Canberra Times . 58 , ( 17,792 ) . Australian Capital Territory , Australia . 15 June 1984 . p. 13 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` ' Fiddler ' received with enthusiasm '' . The Canberra Times . 58 , ( 17,799 ) . Australian Capital Territory , Australia . 22 June 1984 . p. 13 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Nye , Monica ( 24 August 2005 ) . `` Topol 's Model Role '' . The Age . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Munro - Wallis , Nigel ( 7 April 2006 ) . `` Fiddler on the Roof '' . ABC Radio Brisbane . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chaim Topol '' . AusStage. 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Manning , Selwyn ( 10 May 2007 ) . `` Topol -- Auckland Has In Its Midst A Champion '' . Scoop News . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Sally . `` Anthony Warlow returns to Australian stage for Fiddler on the Roof '' , Herald - Sun , September 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Harvey Fierstein to Replace Topol in Touring Fiddler on the Roof '' , playbill.com , November 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Whitfield , pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ Nahshon , Edna .", "20": "`` Israeli Theater : The revival of the Hebrew Language '' Archived 2014 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , All About Jewish Theatre , accessed January 14 , 2011 Jump up ^ Almagor , Dan ( translated to English by Jay Shir ) . `` Musical Plays on the Hebrew Stage '' ) . All About Jewish Theater , Ariel 103 ( 1996 ) , pp. 19 -- 25 Jump up ^ `` Cameri Theatre Repertoire : Fiddler on the Roof '' Archived 2015 - 07 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , www.cameri.co.il , accessed July 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kae , Helen . `` Theatre Review : Fiddler On The Roof '' , Jerusalem Post , 2008 , accessed July 26 , 2015 ; Izso , Lauren . `` L'Chaim ! Fiddler on the Roof to return to Broadway '' , Jerusalem Post , March 10 , 2014 , accessed July 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ Un violon sur le toît , Opérette -- Théâtre Musical , accessed September 17 , 2016 ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Fiddler on the Roof at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival '' Archived 2013 - 07 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed August 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Whitfield , p. 107 Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) , Rottentomatoes.com , accessed August 2 , 2015 Jump up ^ Tino Balio , United Artists : The Company That Changed the Film Industry , University of Wisconsin Press ( 1987 ) , p. 194 Jump up ^ `` The 44th Academy Awards ( 1972 ) Nominees and Winners '' , Oscars.org , accessed August 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ Huttner , Jan Lisa . `` Fiddler : Stage versus Screen '' , JUF.org , November 14 , 2011 , accessed September 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof , AFI.com , accessed September 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kenrick , John .", "21": "`` Comparative Cast CD Reviews II : Fiddler on the Roof '' , Musicals101.com , accessed June 5 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Alisa . `` Tevye , Today and Beyond '' , Part 2 of 2 , The Jewish Daily Forward , September 8 , 2006 , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ A Shoggoth on the Roof Archived 2012 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , H.P. Lovecraft Historical Society , March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Willistein , Paul . `` Mrs. Doubtfire Offers Williams At His Best '' , The Morning Call , November 25 , 1993 , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Episode Recap : Gilmore Girls : ' Jews and Chinese Food ' '' , TV.com , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' Archived 2014 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , San Francisco Jewish Film Festival , 2009 , accessed April 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Bottle Dancers Kick Off the 2008 Chabad Telethon ! '' , Bottledancers.com , 2008 , accessed October 19 , 2015 Jump up ^ Demers , Ben . `` Monty Python 's Spamalot '' , DCTheatreScene.com , March 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jones , Chris . `` Parody hits the Roof '' , Chicago Tribune , June 28 , 2001 , accessed January 25 , 2012 Jump up ^ Yanow , S. `` Cannonball Adderley 's Fiddler on the Roof '' , Allmusic , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Sobel , Robert . `` For Eydie and Steve , It 's Fun and Songs -- Marriage Style '' , Billboard magazine , October 15 , 1966 , p. 18 , accessed October 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ Kim , Wook . `` Music Review : Knitting on the Roof '' , Entertainment Weekly , January 7 , 2000 , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Layne , Joslyn .", "22": "`` Review : Knitting on the Roof '' , Allmusic , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Fevers and Mirrors , Allmusic , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s : 200 -- 151 '' , Pitchfork Media , September 28 , 2009 , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Shand , John . `` Yidcore : Eighth Day Slice / Fiddlin ' on Ya Roof '' , Sydney Morning Herald , October 20 , 2005 , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ives , Brian and C. Bottomley . `` Gwen Stefani : The Solo Express '' , VH1 , MTV Networks , January 5 , 2005 , accessed May 22 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Rich Girl -- Gwen Stefani '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' , Recording Industry Association of America , March 29 , 2005 , accessed Jump up ^ `` Complete list of 2006 Grammy winners '' , The Baltimore Sun , Tribune Company , February 9 , 2006 , accessed March 14 , 2007 Jump up ^ Lariviere , John . `` The Capitol Steps '' , Talkin ' Broadway , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Boo , Michael . `` Fanfare : Five great DCI color guard moments '' , Drum Corps International News , April 6 , 2011 , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jones , Arnold Wayne . `` ' Sunrise , Sunset ' gets gay lyric '' , Dallas Voice , October 6 , 2011 , accessed August 5 , 2013 References ( edit ) Kantor , Michael ; Laurence Maslon ( 2004 ) . Broadway : the American musical . New York , New York : Bulfinch Press . ISBN 0 - 8212 - 2905 - 2 . Rich , Frank . The Theatre Art of Boris Aronson ( 1987 ) , Knopf ISBN 0 - 394 - 52913 - 8 Whitfield , Stephen J ( 2003 ) .", "23": "`` Fiddling with Sholem Aleichem : A History of Fiddler on the Roof '' . Key texts in American Jewish culture . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3221 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Altman , Richard ( 1971 ) . The Making of a Musical : Fiddler on the Roof . Crown Publishers . Isenberg , Barbara ( 2014 ) . Tradition ! : The Highly Improbable , Ultimately Triumphant Broadway - to - Hollywood Story of Fiddler on the Roof , the World 's Most Beloved Musical . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 59142 - 7 . Solomon , Alisa ( 2013 ) . Wonder of Wonders : A Cultural History of Fiddler on the Roof . Metropolitan Books . ISBN 0805092609 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fiddler on the Roof Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fiddler on the Roof . Fiddler on the Roof at the Internet Broadway Database Fiddler on the Roof JR . at the Music Theatre International website Fiddler on the Roof at Ovrtur YouTube video : `` Sunrise , Sunset , '' from the Japanese stage production . Longest - running plays on Broadway , Off - Broadway , London , Toronto , Melbourne , Paris , Vienna , and Berlin List of longest - running Broadway productions from Playbill.com Preceded by Life with Father Longest - running Broadway show 1970 -- 1979 Succeeded by Grease Fiddler on the Roof Characters Tevye Inspiration Sholem Aleichem 's Tevye and his Daughters Adaptations Fiddler on the Roof ( 1964 musical ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 film ) Songs Act 1 Tradition Matchmaker , Matchmaker If I Were a Rich Man Sabbath Prayer To Life Miracle of Miracles Tevye 's Dream Sunrise , Sunset Act 2 Now I Have Everything Do You Love Me ?", "24": "The Rumor / I Just Heard Far From the Home I Love Chavaleh ( Little Bird ) Anatevka Any Day Now Miscellaneous List of awards and nominations for the musical Fiddler on the Roof A Shoggoth on the Roof ( parody musical ) Tony Award for Best Musical ( 1949 -- 1975 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) The King and I ( 1952 ) Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1954 ) The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) The Music Man ( 1958 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) Cabaret ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) 1776 ( 1969 ) Applause ( 1970 ) Company ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) Raisin ( 1974 ) The Wiz ( 1975 ) Complete list ( 1949 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Original Score ( 1947 -- 1975 ) Street Scene by Kurt Weill ( 1947 ) Kiss Me , Kate by Cole Porter ( 1949 ) South Pacific by Richard Rodgers ( 1950 ) Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin ( 1951 ) No Strings by Richard Rodgers ( 1962 ) Oliver ! by Lionel Bart ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly !", "25": "by Jerry Herman ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion ( 1966 ) Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! by Jule Styne , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1968 ) Company by Stephen Sondheim ( 1971 ) Follies by Stephen Sondheim ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim ( 1973 ) Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( 1974 ) The Wiz by Charlie Smalls ( 1975 ) Complete list ( 1947 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical ( 1950 -- 1975 ) South Pacific by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan ( 1950 ) Hello , Dolly !", "26": "by Michael Stewart ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein ( 1965 ) Company by George Furth ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona by John Guare and Mel Shapiro ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Hugh Wheeler ( 1973 ) Candide by Hugh Wheeler ( 1974 ) Shenandoah by James Lee Barrett , Peter Udell and Philip Rose ( 1975 ) Complete list ( 1950 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Revival Porgy and Bess ( 1977 ) Dracula ( 1978 ) no award ( 1979 ) Morning 's at Seven ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Othello ( 1982 ) On Your Toes ( 1983 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) Joe Egg ( 1985 ) Sweet Charity ( 1986 ) All My Sons ( 1987 ) Anything Goes ( 1988 ) Our Town ( 1989 ) Gypsy ( 1990 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1991 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) Anna Christie ( 1993 ) Musicals by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick The Body Beautiful Fiorello ! Tenderloin To Broadway With Love She Loves Me Fiddler on the Roof The Apple Tree Baker Street The Rothschilds Works of Joseph Stein Lend an Ear Mrs. Gibbons ' Boys Alive and Kicking Plain and Fancy Mr.", "27": "Wonderful The Body Beautiful Take Me Along Juno Enter Laughing Fiddler on the Roof Zorba Irene The Baker 's Wife King of Hearts Carmelina Rags All About Us Before the Dawn VIAF : 180236915 LCCN : n83042589 GND : 300022344 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiddler_on_the_Roof&oldid=822224001 '' Categories : 1964 musicals Broadway musicals Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Jewish theatre Musicals based on short fiction Musicals directed by Jerome Robbins Musicals choreographed by Jerome Robbins Tony Award for Best Musical West End musicals Yiddish culture Plays set in the 1900s Plays set in Russia Jews and Judaism in fiction Adaptations of works by Sholem Aleichem Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe ייִדיש Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 03 : 13 . 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5751999721029016250	when did billy don't be a hero come out	[ "1974", "1974", "1974", "1974", "1974" ]	{ "0": "Billy Do n't be a Hero - wikipedia Billy Do n't be a Hero Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' Single by Paper Lace from the album Paper Lace ( US version ) B - side `` Celia '' Released Format 7 '' single Recorded Genre Pop Length 3 : 59 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Mitch Murray , Peter Callander Producer ( s ) Mitch Murray , Peter Callander Paper Lace singles chronology `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' ( 1974 ) `` The Night Chicago Died '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' ( 1974 ) `` The Night Chicago Died '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy , Do n't Be a Hero '' Single by Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods from the album Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods B - side `` Do n't Ever Look Back '' Released April 1974 Format 7 '' single Recorded Genre Pop Length 3 : 25 Label ABC Songwriter ( s ) Mitch Murray , Peter Callander Producer ( s ) Steve Barri Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods singles chronology `` Deeper and Deeper '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy , Do n't Be a Hero '' ( 1974 ) `` Who Do You Think You Are '' ( 1974 ) `` Deeper and Deeper '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' ( 1974 ) `` Who Do You Think You Are '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' is a 1974 pop song that was first a UK hit for Paper Lace and then , some months later , a US hit for Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods . The song was written and composed by two British songwriters , Mitch Murray and Peter Callander .", "1": "Because the song was released in 1974 , it was associated by some listeners with the Vietnam War , though the war to which it actually refers is never identified in the lyrics . It has been suggested that the drum pattern , references to a marching band leading soldiers in blue , and `` riding out '' ( cavalry ) refer to the American Civil War . However the drum beat and cavalry `` riding out '' is not specific to the American Civil War , and blue uniforms were common in the 19th century . That being said , Paper Lace themselves performed the song on Top of the Pops wearing Union - style uniforms , as can be seen on YouTube . A young woman is distraught that her fiancé chooses to enlist with Army recruiters passing through the town , causing her to implore him : Billy , do n't be a hero , Do n't be a fool with your life Billy , do n't be a hero , Come back and make me your wife And as he started to go , she said , ' Billy keep your head low ' Billy , do n't be a hero , Come back to me . The song goes on to describe how Billy is killed in action in a pitched battle after volunteering to ride out and seek reinforcements . ( This suggests mounted infantry and a lack of modern two - way radio communications . ) In the end , the heartbroken woman throws away the official letter notifying her of Billy 's `` heroic '' death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performances 1.1 Paper Lace version 1.2 Weekly charts 1.3 Year - end charts 1.4 Bo Donaldson & the Heywoods version 1.5 Weekly charts 1.6 Year - end charts 2 Use in media 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Chart performances ( edit ) Paper Lace 's version of `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on 16 March 1974 , and did likewise in Australia , where it spent eight weeks at the top spot . Thereafter , Bo Donaldson 's and the Heywoods 's version reached number one in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100 on 15 June 1974 , and number one in Canada on 7 July .", "2": "The US version sold over three and a half million copies , and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in June 1974 . Donaldson 's and the Heywoods 's version was a massive hit in North America , but it remained largely unknown elsewhere as of late July 2017 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 21 song for 1974 . Paper Lace version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Australia KMR Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Listener ) UK ( OCC ) US Billboard Hot 100 96 US Cash Box Top 100 68 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Australia UK 6 Bo Donaldson & the Heywoods version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 20 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Canada 13 US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Cash Box 30 Use in media ( edit ) The song is mentioned as having played on K - Billy 's Super Sounds of the ' 70s Weekend in the film Reservoir Dogs . The song features in the 1993 film The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert . The Mystery Science Theater 3000 characters often use the line `` Billy , do n't be a hero ! '' when riffing on movies , one example being the episode The Creeping Terror . In the first episode of Friends , Ross ( David Schwimmer ) is sad because it has been so long since he last picked up a woman , saying , `` Do the words ' Billy , Do n't Be a Hero ' mean anything to you ? '' Massive Attack 's 1991 track `` Blue Lines '' ( from the album of the same name ) features the lyrics `` take a walk , Billy , do n't be a hero . ''", "3": "In Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story , the song is briefly heard during a montage in a disco cover by Dewey Cox ( John C. Reilly ) performing on rollerblades during `` The Dewey Cox Show . '' A much longer cut of this scene can be seen in the director 's cut , and the whole performance was included in the extras for the 2 - Disc editions . In The Powerpuff Girls , the leader of the Gang Green Gang , Ace , says to another member , Billy , `` Billy , do n't be a hero ! '' when he decides to save the Powerpuff Girls from a subway train . In The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack , the episode `` K'nuckles , Do n't Be a Hero '' is named after the song . In The Justice Friends ( Cartoon Network , 1996 ) , Major Glory says `` Billy , do n't be a hero ! '' to William , Valhallen 's pet goat , when it jumps to save Krunk from the attack of Valhallen 's living clothes . In an episode of ALF , the title character , Gordon `` Alf '' Shumway ( voice by Paul Fusco ) , uses the line `` Willie , do n't be a hero , do n't be a fool with your life , '' referring to the head of the household , Wille Tanner ( Max Wright ) , after Willie comes up with a bad idea . The Doug Anthony Allstars performed a comedic cover of this song , featuring the altered line , `` Where did Billy 's head go ? '' in place of `` Billy , keep your head low . '' Dav Pilkey , creator of Captain Underpants , named the hero of The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby Billy solely to make possible a passing homage to `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero . '' Since then , the `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' homage has been applied to other characters whose names rhyme with `` Billy '' in several Captain Underpants spin - off comics . In the season 4 episode of Dinosaurs , the episode title was referenced , `` Earl , Do n't Be A Hero . '' See also ( edit ) List of anti-war songs References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . )", "4": ". London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 298 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Billy , Do n't Be a Hero '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 8 June 1974 ^ Jump up to : Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 5 / 25 / 74 '' . Tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1974 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 75 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 7 / 06 / 74 '' . Tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1974 / Top 100 Songs of 1974 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1974 '' . Tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Pages : Super Diaper Baby '' . Pilkey.com . Dav Pilkey . Archived from the original on 15 June 2012 .", "5": "Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Jealous Mind '' by Alvin Stardust UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Paper Lace version ) 16 March 1974 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Seasons in the Sun '' by Terry Jacks Preceded by `` Band on the Run '' by Paul McCartney and Wings Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods version ) 15 June 1974 - 22 June 1974 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Sundown '' by Gordon Lightfoot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Don%27t_Be_a_Hero&oldid=819406152 '' Categories : 1974 singles Paper Lace songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Anti-war songs Songs about the military Songs written by Mitch Murray Songs written by Peter Callander Debut singles 1974 songs Mercury Records singles ABC Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Use dmy dates from September 2012 Use British English from September 2012 Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Norsk Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 05 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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5721484771051022882	who is mowgli's main enemy in the jungle book	[ "Shere Khan", "Shere Khan", "Shere Khan", "Shere Khan", "Shere Khan" ]	{ "0": "List of the Jungle Book characters - wikipedia List of the Jungle Book characters Jump to : navigation , search Mowgli attacking Shere Khan : detail from a clay bas - relief by John Lockwood Kipling , father of Rudyard Kipling , from `` The Works of Rudyard Kipling '' Vol . VII : The Jungle Book , 1907 . This is a list of characters that appear in Rudyard Kipling 's Jungle Book story collection , its sequel The Second Jungle Book , and the various film adaptations based on those books . Characters include both human and talking animal characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the Mowgli stories 2 Other stories 3 Disney adaptations 4 References In the Mowgli stories ( edit ) Tabaqui the golden jackal ( left ) torments Father Wolf and his family , as illustrated the 1895 edition of The Two Jungle Books . Mowgli made leader of the Bandar Log by John Charles Dollman , 1903 Mowgli ( मोगली Maogalī ; feral child ) - Also referred to as `` Man Cub '' . Jungle characters - The following characters reside in the jungle . Seeonee Wolf Pack Akela ( अकेला Akēlā , `` alone '' ; Indian wolf ) - The leader of the wolf pack . Raksha ( रक्षा Rakṣā , `` protection '' ; Indian wolf ) - Also called Mother Wolf , she is Mowgli 's adoptive mother Baloo ( भालू Bhālū , `` bear '' ; Himalayan brown bear ) - Mowgli 's best friend . In Kipling 's book , he is described as a sleepy old brown bear , who teaches Mowgli the law of the jungle . Bagheera ( बघीरा Baghīrā ; بگیڑہ Bagīrah , `` black panther '' ; black panther variety of Indian leopard ) - Mowgli 's mentor .", "1": "Bandar - log ( बन्दर - लोग Bandar - lōg , `` monkey - folks '' ; grey langurs ) - A group of monkeys who are treated as pariahs for their scatterbrained anarchy . They kidnap the very young Mowgli , who is rescued by Bagheera , Baloo , and Kaa . Kaa ( का Kā ; Indian rock python ) - Mowgli 's wise mentor and friend , though also feared throughout the jungle for his mesmerising `` hunger dance '' . Hathi ( हाथी Hāthī , `` Elephant '' ; Indian elephant ) - The leader of the jungle 's elephants and the individual called `` The True Master of The Jungle '' . Tabaqui ( तंबाकूवी Taṃbākūvī ; `` Dish - Licking Dog '' ; golden jackal ) - He feeds on scraps from either Shere Khan or the wolves of the Seeonee Pack . In some adaptations , he is a hyena . Tabaqui is the only friend of Shere Khan as well as Shere Khan 's spy and messenger . He is killed by Grey Brother after the Grey Brother interrogates him into admitting both what Shere Khan plans to do and where and then crushes the jackal 's back in `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' . Shere Khan ( शेर खान شیر خان ( Śēr Khān , `` Tiger King '' ( `` Khan '' is a common title of Indian Muslim lordship and royalty ) ; Bengal tiger ) , - A man - eating Royal Bengal Tiger who is the main villain and the archenemy of Mowgli . He is often known as `` a chief among tigers '' and in multiple adaptations as the one called `` The King of Tigers '' . Despite being born with a withered leg and derisively nicknamed `` Lungri '' ( `` The Lame One '' ) by his own mother , Shere Khan is aggressive , arrogant , self - centered , and sees himself as the rightful lord of the jungle . Tabaqui is his only friend . He has a very serious anger issue .", "2": "Chil ( चील Cīl , `` kite '' ; brahminy kite ) , in earlier editions called Rann ( रण Raṇ , `` battle '' ) - A kite that serves as a messenger . Human characters - The following characters are known humans . Messua - The wife of the richest man of the human village , who decides to adopt the wild Mowgli , believing that he is their long - lost son Nathoo . Messua 's husband - An unnamed man who is the richest man of the village . Nathoo ( नत्थू Natthū ) - The long - lost son of Messua and her husband , who has been snatched by a tiger . Other stories ( edit ) `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' Rikki - Tikki - Tavi ( mongoose ) Nag and Nagaina ( cobras ) - `` Nag '' is the Hindi word for `` cobra . '' Darzee ( tailorbird ) - `` Darzee '' means tailor in Hindi . Chuchundra ( Asian house shrew ) - Called a muskrat in the story . Karait ( common krait ) The Coppersmith ( coppersmith barbet ) `` The White Seal '' Kotick ( albino seal ) Sea Catch ( northern fur seal ) Matkah ( northern fur seal ) Sea Vitch ( walrus ) Sea Cow ( Steller 's sea cow ) Burgomaster Gull ( species ) ( same as Glaucous gull ) Limmershin , the Winter Wren `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Toomai Kala Nag ( elephant ) `` Her Majesty 's Servants '' Two - Tails ( elephant ) Billy ( battery - mule ) Vixen ( a small dog ) `` The Undertakers '' The Jackal ( Golden jackal ) The Adjutant ( Lesser adjutant stork , erroneously referred to as a crane ) Mugger of Mugger - Ghaut ( Mugger crocodile ) The Gavial ( Gharial ) - The Mugger 's cousin . Disney adaptations ( edit ) The following characters appear in the Disney adaptions : King Louie - The orangutan who leads the Bandar - log .", "3": "In the 2016 film , he is a Gigantopithecus . He is voiced by Louis Prima in the first movie , Jim Cummings in TaleSpin , Jason Marsden in Season One of Jungle Cubs , Cree Summer in Season Two of Jungle Cubs , and Christopher Walken in the 2016 film . Winifred - Colonel Hathi 's wife and the mother of Hathi Jr. who serves as Hathi 's second - in - command of the Jungle Patrol . She is voiced by Verna Felton in the first movie and by Kath Soucie in `` Jungle Cubs . '' Hathi Jr . - The baby elephant who is the son of Hathi and Winifred and is a good friend of Mowgli . He is voiced by Clint Howard in the first movie and by Jimmy Bennett in The Jungle Book 2 . Flunkey - King Louie 's monkey servant and right hand - man . He is voiced by Leo De Lyon in the first film and by Jim Cummings in The Jungle Book 2 . Buzzie , Dizzy , Flaps , and Ziggy the Vultures - They are four vultures who closely resemble the Beatles because of their shaggy moptop haircuts and Liverpool accents . Buzzie resembles Ringo Starr , Dizzy resembles George Harrison , Flaps resembles Paul McCartney , and Ziggy resembles John Lennon . Their song `` That 's What Friends Are For '' was sung in the style of a barbershop quartet instead of a Beatles song . Disney was originally going to have The Beatles voice them , but John Lennon refused the offer . Buzzie was voiced by J. Pat O'Malley in the first film and by Jim Cummings in The Jungle Book 2 . Dizzy is voiced by Lord Tim Hudson in the first film and by Baron Davis in The Jungle Book 2 . Flaps is voiced by Chad Stuart in the first film and by Jeff Bennett in The Jungle Book 2 . Ziggy is voiced by Digby Wolfe in the first film and by Jess Harnell in The Jungle Book 2 . Shanti ( named only in The Jungle Book 2 ) - The girl whose song `` My Own Home '' lured Mowgli into the Man Village in the 1967 film . Shanti later serves as his closest human friend / love interest in the sequel .", "4": "Shanti is voiced by Darleen Carr in the first film and by Mae Whitman in The Jungle Book 2 . Ranjan ( The Jungle Book 2 ) - Mowgli 's adopted younger brother . He is depicted as the son of Messua and her husband . Ranjan is voiced by Connor Funk . Lucky ( The Jungle Book 2 ) - The vultures ' friend who loves teasing Shere Kahn as seen in The Jungle Book 2 . He is voiced by Phil Collins . Rocky the Rhino - Rocky is an Indian rhinoceros . In the earlier production of the first film , Rocky was to appear in the same scene as the Vultures where he would 've been voiced by Frank Fontaine . Unfortunately , his part got scrapped . Rocky did appear in the 2016 film voiced by Russell Peters where he was among the animals observing the Water Truce . After telling Mowgli to watch himself after being backed into him upon being accidentally pricked by Ikki 's quills , Rocky tells Raquel that Mowgli is a man - cub . Raquel the Rhino ( 2016 film ) - The daughter of Rocky the Rhino . She is voiced by Madeleine Favreau . Fred the Pygmy Hog ( 2016 film ) - A pygmy hog who is one of the neighbors and friends of Baloo . He was voiced by Jon Favreau . Giant Squirrel ( 2016 film ) - An Indian giant squirrel who is one of the neighbors and friends of Baloo . The Giant Squirrel was the one who supported Baloo 's claim to Mowgli that the honey works to soothe the bee stings . He was voiced by Sam Raimi . Pangolin ( 2016 film ) - An Indian pangolin who is one of the neighbors and friends of Baloo . No voice actor was credited for this role .", "5": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ see http://www.shabdkosh.com/en2hi/search.php?ts=1221774293378&e= शेर -- according to Erika Klemm : Hindi - deutsches Wörterbuch ( Leipzig 1971 ) शेर means `` lion '' or `` tiger '' Jump up ^ `` Lost Character : Rocky the Rhino '' , The Jungle Book Platinum Edition Disc 1 Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Jungle Book characters . ( hide ) Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! ''", "6": "`` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' `` The White Seal '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2018 ) Television Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "7": "php?title=List_of_The_Jungle_Book_characters&oldid=819039878 '' Categories : The Jungle Book characters Lists of Disney animated film characters Lists of Disney characters Lists of film characters Lists of fictional animals by work Kingdom Hearts characters Lists of fictional animals in animation Lists of fictional animals in literature Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 01 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8660243868576307033	when did the tradition of self government began in america	[ "1783" ]	{ "0": "American Revolution - wikipedia American Revolution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about political and social developments , and the origin and aftermath of the war . For military actions , see American Revolutionary War . For other uses , see American Revolution ( disambiguation ) . In this article , inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies who supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as `` Americans '' or `` Patriots , '' and sometimes as `` Whigs , '' `` Rebels , '' or `` Revolutionaries . '' Colonists who supported the British side are called `` Loyalists '' or `` Tories '' . In accordance with the policy of this encyclopedia , this article uses American English terminology .", "1": "John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence , showing the Committee of Five presenting its plan for independence to Congress on June 28 , 1776 Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Communism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783 . The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain , becoming the United States of America . They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others .", "2": "Members of American colonial society argued the position of `` no taxation without representation '' , starting with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 . They rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them because they lacked representation in Parliament . Protests steadily escalated to the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772 , followed by the Boston Tea Party in 1773 , during which patriots destroyed a consignment of taxed tea . The British responded by closing Boston Harbor , then followed with a series of legislative acts which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony 's rights of self - government and caused the other colonies to rally behind Massachusetts . In late 1774 , the Patriots set up their own alternative government to better coordinate their resistance efforts against Great Britain ; other colonists preferred to remain aligned to the British Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories . Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the British attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The conflict then developed into a global war , during which the Patriots ( and later their French , Spanish , and Dutch allies ) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) . Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism , and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington . The Continental Congress determined King George 's rule to be tyrannical and infringing the colonists ' rights as Englishmen , and they declared the colonies free and independent states on July 2 , 1776 . The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy , and they proclaimed that all men are created equal . The Continental Army forced the British out of Boston in 1776 , but the British captured and held New York City for the duration of the war . The British blockaded ports and captured other cities for brief periods , but they failed to defeat Washington 's forces . The Patriots unsuccessfully attempted to invade Canada during the winter of 1775 -- 76 , but they captured a British army at the Battle of Saratoga in late 1777 , and the French entered the war as allies of the United States as a result .", "3": "The war later turned to the American South where the British under the leadership of Charles Cornwallis captured an army at South Carolina but failed to enlist enough volunteers from Loyalist civilians to take effective control of the territory . A combined American -- French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in 1781 , effectively ending the war in the United States . The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the conflict , confirming the new nation 's complete separation from the British Empire . The United States took possession of nearly all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes , with the British retaining control of Canada and Spain taking Florida . Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of a new Constitution of the United States . The new Constitution established a relatively strong federal national government that included an executive , a national judiciary , and a bicameral Congress that represented states in the Senate and the population in the House of Representatives . The Revolution also resulted in the migration of around 60,000 Loyalists to other British territories , especially British North America ( Canada ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 1.1 1651 -- 1748 : Early seeds 1.2 1764 -- 1766 : Taxes imposed and withdrawn 1.3 1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the Tea Act 1.4 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act 2 Military hostilities begin 3 Creating new state constitutions 4 Independence and Union 5 Defending the Revolution 5.1 British return : 1776 -- 1777 5.2 Prisoners 5.3 American alliances after 1778 5.4 The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 5.4. 1 Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) 5.5 The end of the war 6 Peace treaty 6.1 Impact on Britain 7 Finance 8 Concluding the Revolution 8.1 Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights 8.2 National debt 9 Ideology and factions 9.1 Ideology behind the Revolution 9.1. 1 Liberalism 9.1.", "4": "2 Republicanism 9.1. 2.1 Fusing republicanism and liberalism 9.1. 3 Impact of Great Awakening 9.2 Class and psychology of the factions 9.3 King George III 9.4 Patriots 9.5 Loyalists 9.6 Neutrals 9.7 Role of women 10 Other participants 10.1 France 10.2 Spain 10.3 American Indians 10.4 Black Americans 11 Effects of the Revolution 11.1 Loyalist expatriation 11.2 Interpretations 11.3 Inspiring all colonies 11.4 Status of American women 11.5 Status of African Americans 11.6 Memory 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 15.1 Reference works 15.2 Surveys of the era 15.3 Specialized studies 15.4 Historiography 15.5 Primary sources 15.6 Contemporary sources : Annual Register 16 External links Origin See also : Thirteen Colonies Eastern North America in 1775 . The British Province of Quebec , the Thirteen Colonies on the Atlantic coast , and the Indian Reserve as defined by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . The 1763 `` Proclamation line '' comprises the border between the red and the pink areas , while the orange area represents the Spanish claim . Historians typically begin their histories of the American Revolution with the British coalition victory in the Seven Years ' War in 1763 . The North American theater of the Seven Years ' War , commonly known as the French and Indian War in the United States , removed France as a major player in North American affairs and led to the cession of the territory of New France to Great Britain . Lawrence Henry Gipson , the historian of the British Empire , states : It may be said as truly that the American Revolution was an aftermath of the Anglo - French conflict in the New World carried on between 1754 and 1763 .", "5": "The Royal Proclamation of 1763 may have played a role in the separation of the United States from Great Britain , as colonists at the time wanted to continue in the economically beneficial cultural practice of taking land for one 's own livelihood as part of the drive west . The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory , temporarily barred to settlement . 1651 -- 1748 : early seeds Main articles : Navigation Acts , Dominion of New England , King Philip 's War , and War of the Austrian Succession As early as 1651 , the English government had sought to regulate trade in the American colonies . On October 9 , the Navigation Acts were passed to ensure that trade enriched only Britain , barring trade with other nations . Some argue that the economic impact was minimal on the colonists , but the political friction which the acts triggered was more serious , as the merchants most directly affected were most politically active . King Philip 's War ended in 1678 , and much of it was fought without significant assistance from England . This contributed to the development of a unique identity , separate from that of Britain . In the 1680s , King Charles II determined to bring the New England colonies under a more centralized administration in order to regulate trade more effectively . His efforts were fiercely opposed by the colonists , resulting in the abrogation of their colonial charter by the Crown . Charles ' successor James II finalized these efforts in 1686 , establishing the Dominion of New England . Dominion rule triggered bitter resentment throughout New England ; the enforcement of the unpopular Navigation Acts and the curtailing of local democracy angered the colonists . New Englanders were encouraged , however , by a change of government in England that saw James II effectively abdicate , and a populist uprising overthrew Dominion rule on April 18 , 1689 . Colonial governments reasserted their control in the wake of the revolt , and successive governments made no more attempts to restore the Dominion . Subsequent English governments continued in their efforts to tax certain goods , passing acts regulating the trade of wool , hats , and molasses . The Molasses Act of 1733 in particular was egregious to the colonists , as a significant part of colonial trade relied on the product .", "6": "The taxes severely damaged the New England economy , and the taxes were rarely paid as a result , resulting in a surge of smuggling , bribery , and intimidation of customs officials . Colonial wars fought in America were often the source of considerable tension . The British captured the fortress of Louisbourg during the War of the Austrian Succession , but then ceded it back to France in 1748 . New England colonists resented their losses of lives , as well as the effort and expenditure involved in subduing the fortress , only to have it returned to their erstwhile enemy . 1764 -- 1766 : taxes imposed and withdrawn Main articles : Sugar Act , Currency Act , Quartering Acts , Stamp Act 1765 , and Declaratory Act Further information : No taxation without representation and Virtual representation Notice of Stamp Act of 1765 in newspaper In 1764 , Parliament passed the Currency Act to restrain the use of paper money , fearing that otherwise the colonists might evade debt payments . Parliament also passed the Sugar Act , imposing customs duties on a number of articles . That same year , Prime Minister George Grenville proposed direct taxes on the colonies to raise revenue , but he delayed action to see whether the colonies would propose some way to raise the revenue themselves . Parliament finally passed the Stamp Act in March 1765 which imposed direct taxes on the colonies for the first time . All official documents , newspapers , almanacs , and pamphlets were required to have the stamps -- even decks of playing cards . The colonists did not object that the taxes were high ; they were actually low . They objected to the fact that they had no representation in the Parliament , and thus no voice concerning legislation that affected them . Benjamin Franklin testified in Parliament in 1766 that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire . He said that local governments had raised , outfitted , and paid 25,000 soldiers to fight France -- as many as Britain itself sent -- and spent many millions from American treasuries doing so in the French and Indian War alone . London had to deal with 1,500 politically well - connected British Army soldiers . The decision was to keep them on active duty with full pay , but they had to be stationed somewhere .", "7": "Stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable , so the decision was made to station them in America and have the Americans pay them . The soldiers had no military mission ; they were not there to defend the colonies because there was no threat to the colonies . The Sons of Liberty were formed in 1765 . They used public demonstrations , boycott , violence , and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable . In Boston , the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson . Several legislatures called for united action , and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765 . Moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a `` Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen . Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise . The Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval . They argued that the colonies were legally British corporations that were completely subordinate to the British parliament and pointed to numerous instances where Parliament had made laws binding on the colonies in the past . They did not see anything in the unwritten British constitution that made taxes special and noted that they had taxed American trade for decades . Parliament insisted that the colonies effectively enjoyed a `` virtual representation '' as most British people did , as only a small minority of the British population elected representatives to Parliament . Americans such as James Otis maintained that the Americans were not in fact virtually represented . In London , the Rockingham government came to power ( July 1765 ) and Parliament debated whether to repeal the stamp tax or to send an army to enforce it . Benjamin Franklin made the case for repeal , explaining that the colonies had spent heavily in manpower , money , and blood in defense of the empire in a series of wars against the French and Indians , and that further taxes to pay for those wars were unjust and might bring about a rebellion . Parliament agreed and repealed the tax ( February 21 , 1766 ) , but insisted in the Declaratory Act of March 1766 that they retained full power to make laws for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' . The repeal nonetheless caused widespread celebrations in the colonies .", "8": "1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the tea Act Main articles : Townshend Acts and Tea Act Further information : Massachusetts Circular Letter , Boston Massacre , and Boston Tea Party Burning of the Gaspee In 1767 , the Parliament passed the Townshend Acts which placed duties on a number of essential goods , including paper , glass , and tea , and established a Board of Customs in Boston to more rigorously execute trade regulations . The new taxes were enacted on the belief that Americans only objected to internal taxes and not to external taxes such as custom duties . The Americans , however , argued against the constitutionality of the act because its purpose was to raise revenue and not regulate trade . Colonists responded by organizing new boycotts of British goods . These boycotts were less effective , however , as the Townshend goods were widely used . In February 1768 , the Assembly of Massachusetts Bay issued a circular letter to the other colonies urging them to coordinate resistance . The governor dissolved the assembly when it refused to rescind the letter . Meanwhile , a riot broke out in Boston in June 1768 over the seizure of the sloop Liberty , owned by John Hancock , for alleged smuggling . Customs officials were forced to flee , prompting the British to deploy troops to Boston . A Boston town meeting declared that no obedience was due to parliamentary laws and called for the convening of a convention . A convention assembled but only issued a mild protest before dissolving itself . In January 1769 , Parliament responded to the unrest by reactivating the Treason Act 1543 which called for subjects outside the realm to face trials for treason in England . The governor of Massachusetts was instructed to collect evidence of said treason , and the threat caused widespread outrage , though it was not carried out . On March 5 , 1770 , a large crowd gathered around a group of British soldiers . The crowd grew threatening , throwing snowballs , rocks , and debris at them . One soldier was clubbed and fell . There was no order to fire , but the soldiers fired into the crowd anyway . They hit 11 people ; three civilians died at the scene of the shooting , and two died after the incident . The event quickly came to be called the Boston Massacre .", "9": "The soldiers were tried and acquitted ( defended by John Adams ) , but the widespread descriptions soon began to turn colonial sentiment against the British . This , in turn , began a downward spiral in the relationship between Britain and the Province of Massachusetts . A new ministry under Lord North came to power in 1770 , and Parliament withdrew all taxes except the tax on tea , giving up its efforts to raise revenue while maintaining the right to tax . This temporarily resolved the crisis , and the boycott of British goods largely ceased , with only the more radical patriots such as Samuel Adams continuing to agitate . This 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled `` The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor '' ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard . In June 1772 , American patriots , including John Brown , burned a British warship that had been vigorously enforcing unpopular trade regulations in what became known as the Gaspee Affair . The affair was investigated for possible treason , but no action was taken . In 1772 , it became known that the Crown intended to pay fixed salaries to the governors and judges in Massachusetts . Samuel Adams in Boston set about creating new Committees of Correspondence , which linked Patriots in all 13 colonies and eventually provided the framework for a rebel government . Virginia , the largest colony , set up its Committee of Correspondence in early 1773 , on which Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson served . A total of about 7000 to 8000 Patriots served on `` Committees of Correspondence '' at the colonial and local levels , comprising most of the leadership in their communities . Loyalists were excluded . The committees became the leaders of the American resistance to British actions , and largely determined the war effort at the state and local level . When the First Continental Congress decided to boycott British products , the colonial and local Committees took charge , examining merchant records and publishing the names of merchants who attempted to defy the boycott by importing British goods . In 1773 , private letters were published in which Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson claimed that the colonists could not enjoy all English liberties , and Lieutenant Governor Andrew Oliver called for the direct payment of colonial officials . The letters ' contents were used as evidence of a systematic plot against American rights , and discredited Hutchinson in the eyes of the people ; the Assembly petitioned for his recall .", "10": "Benjamin Franklin , postmaster general for the colonies , acknowledged that he leaked the letters , which led to him being berated by British officials and fired from his job . Meanwhile , Parliament passed the Tea Act to lower the price of taxed tea exported to the colonies in order to help the East India Company undersell smuggled Dutch tea . Special consignees were appointed to sell the tea in order to bypass colonial merchants . The act was opposed by those who resisted the taxes and also by smugglers who stood to lose business . In most instances , the consignees were forced to resign and the tea was turned back , but Massachusetts governor Hutchinson refused to allow Boston merchants to give in to pressure . A town meeting in Boston determined that the tea would not be landed , and ignored a demand from the governor to disperse . On December 16 , 1773 , a group of men , led by Samuel Adams and dressed to evoke the appearance of American Indians , boarded the ships of the British East India Company and dumped £ 10,000 worth of tea from their holds ( approximately £ 636,000 in 2008 ) into Boston Harbor . Decades later , this event became known as the Boston Tea Party and remains a significant part of American patriotic lore . 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act A 1774 etching from The London Magazine , copied by Paul Revere of Boston . Prime Minister Lord North , author of the Boston Port Act , forces the Intolerable Acts down the throat of America , whose arms are restrained by Lord Chief Justice Mansfield , while Lord Sandwich pins down her feet and peers up her robes . Behind them , Mother Britannia weeps helplessly . Main articles : Quebec Act and Intolerable Acts The British government responded by passing several Acts which came to be known as the Intolerable Acts , which further darkened colonial opinion towards the British . They consisted of four laws enacted by the British parliament . The first was the Massachusetts Government Act which altered the Massachusetts charter and restricted town meetings . The second act was the Administration of Justice Act which ordered that all British soldiers to be tried were to be arraigned in Britain , not in the colonies . The third Act was the Boston Port Act , which closed the port of Boston until the British had been compensated for the tea lost in the Boston Tea Party .", "11": "The fourth Act was the Quartering Act of 1774 , which allowed royal governors to house British troops in the homes of citizens without requiring permission of the owner . In response , Massachusetts patriots issued the Suffolk Resolves and formed an alternative shadow government known as the `` Provincial Congress '' which began training militia outside British - occupied Boston . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened , consisting of representatives from each of the colonies , to serve as a vehicle for deliberation and collective action . During secret debates , conservative Joseph Galloway proposed the creation of a colonial Parliament that would be able to approve or disapprove of acts of the British Parliament , but his idea was not accepted . The Congress instead endorsed the proposal of John Adams that Americans would obey Parliament voluntarily but would resist all taxes in disguise . Congress called for a boycott beginning on 1 December 1774 of all British goods ; it was enforced by new committees authorized by the Congress . Military hostilities begin Join , or Die by Benjamin Franklin was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule . Further information : Shot heard ' round the world , Boston campaign , Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) , and American Revolutionary War Massachusetts was declared in a state of rebellion in February 1775 and the British garrison received orders to disarm the rebels and arrest their leaders , leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775 . The Patriots laid siege to Boston , expelled royal officials from all the colonies , and took control through the establishment of Provincial Congresses . The Battle of Bunker Hill followed on June 17 , 1775 . It was a British victory -- but at a great cost : about 1,000 British casualties from a garrison of about 6,000 , as compared to 500 American casualties from a much larger force . The Second Continental Congress was divided on the best course of action , but eventually produced the Olive Branch Petition , in which they attempted to come to an accord with King George . The king , however , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion which stated that the states were `` in rebellion '' and the members of Congress were traitors . In the winter of 1775 , the Americans invaded Canada under generals Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery . The attack was a complete failure ; many Americans who were n't killed were either captured or died of smallpox .", "12": "In March 1776 , the Continental Army forced the British to evacuate Boston , with George Washington as the commander of the new army . The revolutionaries were now in full control of all 13 colonies and were ready to declare independence . There still were many Loyalists , but they were no longer in control anywhere by July 1776 , and all of the Royal officials had fled . Creating New state constitutions Following the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775 , the Patriots had control of Massachusetts outside the Boston city limits , and the Loyalists suddenly found themselves on the defensive with no protection from the British army . In all 13 colonies , Patriots had overthrown their existing governments , closing courts and driving away British officials . They had elected conventions and `` legislatures '' that existed outside any legal framework ; new constitutions were drawn up in each state to supersede royal charters . They declared that they were states now , not colonies . On January 5 , 1776 , New Hampshire ratified the first state constitution . In May 1776 , Congress voted to suppress all forms of crown authority , to be replaced by locally created authority . Virginia , South Carolina , and New Jersey created their constitutions before July 4 . Rhode Island and Connecticut simply took their existing royal charters and deleted all references to the crown . The new states were all committed to republicanism , with no inherited offices . They decided what form of government to create , and also how to select those who would craft the constitutions and how the resulting document would be ratified . On 26 May 1776 , John Adams wrote James Sullivan from Philadelphia : `` Depend upon it , sir , it is dangerous to open so fruitful a source of controversy and altercation , as would be opened by attempting to alter the qualifications of voters . There will be no end of it . New claims will arise . Women will demand a vote . Lads from twelve to twenty one will think their rights not enough attended to , and every man , who has not a farthing , will demand an equal voice with any other in all acts of state . It tends to confound and destroy all distinctions , and prostrate all ranks , to one common level '' .", "13": "The resulting constitutions in states such as Maryland , Virginia , Delaware , New York , and Massachusetts featured : Property qualifications for voting and even more substantial requirements for elected positions ( though New York and Maryland lowered property qualifications ) Bicameral legislatures , with the upper house as a check on the lower Strong governors with veto power over the legislature and substantial appointment authority Few or no restraints on individuals holding multiple positions in government The continuation of state - established religion Benjamin Rush , 1783 In Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New Hampshire , the resulting constitutions embodied : universal manhood suffrage , or minimal property requirements for voting or holding office ( New Jersey enfranchised some property - owning widows , a step that it retracted 25 years later ) strong , unicameral legislatures relatively weak governors without veto powers , and with little appointing authority prohibition against individuals holding multiple government posts The radical provisions of Pennsylvania 's constitution lasted only 14 years . In 1790 , conservatives gained power in the state legislature , called a new constitutional convention , and rewrote the constitution . The new constitution substantially reduced universal male suffrage , gave the governor veto power and patronage appointment authority , and added an upper house with substantial wealth qualifications to the unicameral legislature . Thomas Paine called it a constitution unworthy of America . Independence and union Johannes Adam Simon Oertel . Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 . The painting is a romanticized version of the Sons of Liberty destroying the symbol of monarchy following the reading of the United States Declaration of Independence to the Continental Army and residents on the New York City commons by George Washington , July 9th , 1776 . Further information : Lee Resolution , Articles of Confederation , Committee of Five , and United States Declaration of Independence In April 1776 , the North Carolina Provincial Congress issued the Halifax Resolves , explicitly authorizing its delegates to vote for independence . In May , Congress called on all the states to write constitutions and eliminate the last remnants of royal rule . By June , nine colonies were ready for independence ; one by one , the last four fell into line -- Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , and New York .", "14": "Richard Henry Lee was instructed by the Virginia legislature to propose independence , and he did so on June 7 , 1776 . On the 11th , a committee was created to draft a document explaining the justifications for separation from Britain . After securing enough votes for passage , independence was voted for on July 2 . The Declaration of Independence was drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson and presented by the committee ; it unanimously adopted by the entire Congress on July 4 . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . The Second Continental Congress approved a new constitution , the `` Articles of Confederation , '' for ratification by the states on November 15 , 1777 , and immediately began operating under their terms . The Articles were formally ratified on March 1 , 1781 . At that point , the Continental Congress was dissolved and a new government of the United States in Congress Assembled took its place on the following day , with Samuel Huntington as presiding officer . Defending the Revolution Main article : American Revolutionary War British return : 1776 -- 1777 Further information : New York and New Jersey campaign , Staten Island Peace Conference , Saratoga campaign , and Philadelphia campaign According to British historian Jeremy Black , the British had significant advantages , including a highly trained army , the world 's largest navy , and a highly efficient system of public finance that could easily fund the war . However , the British were seriously handicapped by their misunderstanding of the depth of support for the Patriot position . Ignoring the advice of General Gage , they misinterpreted the situation as merely a large - scale riot . London decided that they could overawe the Americans by sending a large military and naval force , forcing them to be loyal again : Convinced that the Revolution was the work of a full few miscreants who had rallied an armed rabble to their cause , they expected that the revolutionaries would be intimidated ... .", "15": "Then the vast majority of Americans , who were loyal but cowed by the terroristic tactics ... would rise up , kick out the rebels , and restore loyal government in each colony . Washington forced the British out of Boston in the spring of 1776 , and neither the British nor the Loyalists controlled any significant areas . The British , however , were massing forces at their naval base at Halifax , Nova Scotia . They returned in force in July 1776 , landing in New York and defeating Washington 's Continental Army in August at the Battle of Brooklyn . Following that victory , the British requested a meeting with representatives from Congress to negotiate an end to hostilities . A delegation including John Adams and Benjamin Franklin met Howe on Staten Island in New York Harbor on September 11 , in what became known as the Staten Island Peace Conference . Howe demanded a retraction of the Declaration of Independence , which was refused , and negotiations ended . The British then quickly seized New York City and nearly captured Washington 's army . They made New York their main political and military base of operations in North America , holding it until November 1783 . The city became the destination for Loyalist refugees and a focal point of Washington 's intelligence network . The British also took New Jersey , pushing the Continental Army into Pennsylvania . Washington crossed the Delaware River back into New Jersey in a surprise attack in late December 1776 and defeated Hessian and British armies at Trenton and Princeton , thereby regaining control of most of New Jersey . The victories gave an important boost to Patriots at a time when morale was flagging , and have become iconic events of the war . In 1777 , the British sent Burgoyne 's invasion force from Canada south to New York to seal off New England . Their aim was to neutralize the Yankees , whom the British perceived as the primary source of agitators . The British army in New York City went to Philadelphia in a major case of mis - coordination , capturing it from Washington . The invasion army under Burgoyne was much too slow and became trapped in northern New York state . It surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 .", "16": "From early October 1777 until November 15 , a siege distracted British troops at Fort Mifflin , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and allowed Washington time to preserve the Continental Army by safely leading his troops to harsh winter quarters at Valley Forge . Prisoners Main article : Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War In August 1775 , George III declared Americans in arms against royal authority to be traitors to the Crown . Following their surrender at the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 , there were thousands of British and Hessian soldiers in American hands . Although Lord Germain took a hard line , the British generals on the scene never held treason trials ; they treated captured enemy soldiers as prisoners of war . The dilemma was that tens of thousands of Loyalists were under American control and American retaliation would have been easy . The British built much of their strategy around using these Loyalists , and therefore , no Americans were put on trial for treason . The British maltreated the prisoners whom they held , resulting in more deaths to American sailors and soldiers than from combat operations . At the end of the war , both sides released their surviving prisoners . American alliances after 1778 Further information : France in the American Revolutionary War and Spain in the American Revolutionary War The capture of a British army at Saratoga encouraged the French to formally enter the war in support of Congress . Benjamin Franklin negotiated a permanent military alliance in early 1778 , significantly becoming the first country to officially recognize the Declaration of Independence . On February 6 , 1778 , a Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a Treaty of Alliance were signed between the United States and France . William Pitt spoke out in parliament urging Britain to make peace in America and to unite with America against France , while other British politicians who had previously sympathized with colonial grievances now turned against the Americans for allying with Britain 's international rival and enemy . Later , Spain ( in 1779 ) and the Dutch ( 1780 ) became allies of the French , leaving the British Empire to fight a global war alone without major allies , and requiring it to slip through a combined blockade of the Atlantic . The American theater thus became only one front in Britain 's war . The British were forced to withdraw troops from continental America to reinforce the valuable sugar - producing Caribbean colonies , which were more lucrative to British investors .", "17": "British commander Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Philadelphia and returned to New York City . General Washington intercepted Clinton in the Battle of Monmouth Court House , the last major battle fought in the north . After an inconclusive engagement , the British successfully retreated to New York City . The northern war subsequently became a stalemate , as the focus of attention shifted to the smaller southern theater . Hessian troops hired out to the British by their German sovereigns The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 Further information : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War and Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War The British strategy in America now concentrated on a campaign in the southern states . With fewer regular troops at their disposal , the British commanders saw the `` southern strategy '' as a more viable plan , as the south was perceived as being more strongly Loyalist , with a large population of recent immigrants as well as large numbers of slaves who might be captured or run away to join the British . Beginning in late December 1778 , the British captured Savannah and controlled the Georgia coastline . In 1780 , they launched a fresh invasion and took Charleston , as well . A significant victory at the Battle of Camden meant that royal forces soon controlled most of Georgia and South Carolina . The British set up a network of forts inland , hoping that the Loyalists would rally to the flag . Not enough Loyalists turned out , however , and the British had to fight their way north into North Carolina and Virginia , with a severely weakened army . Behind them , much of the territory that they had already captured dissolved into a chaotic guerrilla war , fought predominantly between bands of Loyalist and American militia , which negated many of the gains that the British had previously made . Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) Main article : Siege of Yorktown The siege of Yorktown ended with the surrender of a second British army , marking effective British defeat . The British army under Cornwallis marched to Yorktown , Virginia where they expected to be rescued by a British fleet . The fleet showed up , but so did a larger French fleet , so the British fleet returned to New York for reinforcements after the Battle of the Chesapeake , leaving Cornwallis trapped . In October 1781 , the British surrendered their second invading army of the war , under a siege by the combined French and Continental armies commanded by Washington .", "18": "The end of the war Historians continue to debate whether the odds for American victory were long or short . John E. Ferling says that the odds were so long that the American victory was `` almost a miracle '' . On the other hand , Joseph Ellis says that the odds favored the Americans , and asks whether there ever was any realistic chance for the British to win . He argues that this opportunity came only once , in the summer of 1776 , and the British failed that test . Admiral Howe and his brother General Howe `` missed several opportunities to destroy the Continental Army ... Chance , luck , and even the vagaries of the weather played crucial roles . '' Ellis 's point is that the strategic and tactical decisions of the Howes were fatally flawed because they underestimated the challenges posed by the Patriots . Ellis concludes that , once the Howe brothers failed , the opportunity for a British victory `` would never come again . '' Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain , where many sympathized with the Americans , but now it reached a new low . King George III personally wanted to fight on , but his supporters lost control of Parliament and no further major land offensives were launched in the American Theater . Washington could not know that the British would not reopen hostilities after Yorktown . They still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City , Charleston , and Savannah , together with a powerful fleet . The French army and navy departed , so the Americans were on their own in 1782 -- 83 . The treasury was empty , and the unpaid soldiers were growing restive , almost to the point of mutiny or possible coup d'état . The unrest among officers of the Newburgh Conspiracy was personally dispelled by Washington in 1783 , and Congress subsequently created the promise of a five years bonus for all officers . Peace Treaty Main article : Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) During negotiations in Paris , the American delegation discovered that France would support independence , but no territorial gains . The new nation would be confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains . The American delegation opened direct secret negotiations with London , cutting the French out . British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne was in full charge of the British negotiations . He now saw a chance to make the United States a valuable economic partner .", "19": "The US obtained all the land east of the Mississippi River , south of Canada , and north of Florida . It gained fishing rights off Canadian coasts , and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property . It was a highly favorable treaty for the United States , and deliberately so from the British point of view . Prime Minister Shelburne foresaw highly profitable two - way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States , as indeed came to pass . Since the blockade was lifted and the old imperial restrictions were gone , American merchants were free to trade with any nation anywhere in the world , and their businesses flourished . The British largely abandoned the Indian allies living in the new nation . They were not a party to this treaty and did not recognize it until they were defeated militarily by the United States . However , the British did promise to support the Indians . They sold them munitions and maintained forts in American territory until the Jay Treaty of 1795 . Impact on Britain Losing the war and the 13 colonies was a shock to Britain . The war revealed the limitations of Britain 's fiscal - military state when they discovered that they suddenly faced powerful enemies with no allies , and they were dependent on extended and vulnerable transatlantic lines of communication . The defeat heightened dissension and escalated political antagonism to the King 's ministers . Inside parliament , the primary concern changed from fears of an over-mighty monarch to the issues of representation , parliamentary reform , and government retrenchment . Reformers sought to destroy what they saw as widespread institutional corruption . The result was a powerful crisis from 1776 to 1783 . The peace in 1783 left France financially prostrate , while the British economy boomed thanks to the return of American business . The crisis ended after 1784 thanks to the King 's shrewdness in outwitting Charles James Fox ( the leader of the Fox - North Coalition ) , and renewed confidence in the system engendered by the leadership of the new Prime Minister William Pitt . Historians conclude that loss of the American colonies enabled Britain to deal with the French Revolution with more unity and better organization than would otherwise have been the case . Britain turned towards Asia , the Pacific and later Africa with subsequent exploration leading to the rise of the Second British Empire .", "20": "Finance Britain 's war against the Americans , French , and Spanish cost about £ 100 million . The Treasury borrowed 40 % of the money that it needed . Heavy spending brought France to the verge of bankruptcy and revolution , while the British had relatively little difficulty financing their war , keeping their suppliers and soldiers paid , and hiring tens of thousands of German soldiers . Britain had a sophisticated financial system based on the wealth of thousands of landowners , who supported the government , together with banks and financiers in London . The British tax system collected about 12 percent of the GDP in taxes during the 1770s . In sharp contrast , Congress and the American states had no end of difficulty financing the war . In 1775 , there was at most 12 million dollars in gold in the colonies , not nearly enough to cover current transactions , let alone finance a major war . The British made the situation much worse by imposing a tight blockade on every American port , which cut off almost all imports and exports . One partial solution was to rely on volunteer support from militiamen and donations from patriotic citizens . Another was to delay actual payments , pay soldiers and suppliers in depreciated currency , and promise that it would be made good after the war . Indeed , the soldiers and officers were given land grants in 1783 to cover the wages that they had earned but had not been paid during the war . Not until 1781 did the national government have a strong leader in financial matters , when Robert Morris was named Superintendent of Finance of the United States . Morris used a French loan in 1782 to set up the private Bank of North America to finance the war . Seeking greater efficiency , Morris reduced the civil list , saved money by using competitive bidding for contracts , tightened accounting procedures , and demanded the national government 's full share of money and supplies from the confederated states . Congress used four main methods to cover the cost of the war , which cost about 66 million dollars in specie ( gold and silver ) . Congress made two issues of paper money -- in 1775 -- 1780 and in 1780 -- 81 . The first issue amounted to 242 million dollars . This paper money would supposedly be redeemed for state taxes , but the holders were eventually paid off in 1791 at the rate of one cent on the dollar .", "21": "By 1780 , the paper money was `` not worth a Continental '' , as people said . The skyrocketing inflation was a hardship on the few people who had fixed incomes -- but 90 percent of the people were farmers , and were not directly affected by that inflation . Debtors benefited by paying off their debts with depreciated paper . The greatest burden was borne by the soldiers of the Continental Army , whose wages were usually in arrears and declined in value every month , weakening their morale and adding to the hardships of their families . Beginning in 1777 , Congress repeatedly asked the states to provide money . But the states had no system of taxation either , and were little help . By 1780 , Congress was making requisitions for specific supplies of corn , beef , pork , and other necessities -- an inefficient system that kept the army barely alive . Starting in 1776 , the Congress sought to raise money by loans from wealthy individuals , promising to redeem the bonds after the war . The bonds were in fact redeemed in 1791 at face value , but the scheme raised little money because Americans had little specie , and many of the rich merchants were supporters of the Crown . Starting in 1776 , the French secretly supplied the Americans with money , gunpowder , and munitions in order to weaken its arch enemy Great Britain . When France officially entered the war in 1778 , the subsidies continued , and the French government , as well as bankers in Paris and Amsterdam , lent large sums to the American war effort . These loans were repaid in full in the 1790s . Concluding the Revolution Main articles : Philadelphia Convention and United States Bill of Rights See also : Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) and The Federalist Papers Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights See also : Federalist Party , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) , and United States Bill of Rights The war finally ended in 1783 and was followed by a period of prosperity . The national government was still operating under the Articles of Confederation and was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress . American settlers moved rapidly into those areas , with Vermont , Kentucky , and Tennessee becoming states in the 1790s .", "22": "However , the national government had no money to pay either the war debts owed to European nations and the private banks , or to pay Americans who had been given millions of dollars of promissory notes for supplies during the war . Nationalists led by Washington , Alexander Hamilton , and other veterans feared that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Calling themselves `` Federalists , '' the nationalists convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . It adopted a new Constitution that provided for a much stronger federal government , including an effective executive in a check - and - balance system with the judiciary and legislature . The Constitution was ratified in 1788 , after a fierce debate in the states over the nature of the proposed new government . The new government under President George Washington took office in New York in March 1789 . Amendments to the Constitution were spearheaded in Congress by James Madison as assurances to those who were cautious about federal power , guaranteeing many of the inalienable rights that formed a foundation for the revolution . The amendments were ratified by the states in 1791 . National debt Further information : United States public debt and Alexander Hamilton The national debt fell into three categories after the American Revolution . The first was the $12 million owed to foreigners , mostly money borrowed from France . There was general agreement to pay the foreign debts at full value . The national government owed $40 million and state governments owed $25 million to Americans who had sold food , horses , and supplies to the revolutionary forces . There were also other debts that consisted of promissory notes issued during the Revolutionary War to soldiers , merchants , and farmers who accepted these payments on the premise that the new Constitution would create a government that would pay these debts eventually . The war expenses of the individual states added up to $114 million compared to $37 million by the central government . In 1790 , Congress combined the remaining state debts with the foreign and domestic debts into one national debt totaling $80 million at the recommendation of first Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton . Everyone received face value for wartime certificates , so that the national honor would be sustained and the national credit established . Ideology and factions The population of the 13 Colonies was not homogeneous in their political views and attitudes .", "23": "Loyalties and allegiances varied widely within regions and communities and even within families , and sometimes shifted during the course of the Revolution . Ideology behind the Revolution Main articles : Age of Enlightenment , American Enlightenment , Liberalism in the United States , and Republicanism in the United States The American Enlightenment was a critical precursor of the American Revolution . Chief among the ideas of the American Enlightenment were the concepts of Natural Law , Natural Rights , Consent of the Governed , Individualism , Property Rights , Self - Ownership , Self - Determination , liberalism , republicanism and fear of corruption . Collectively , the acceptance of these concepts by a growing number of American colonists began to foster an intellectual environment which would lead to a new sense of political and social identity .", "24": "Liberalism Main article : Liberalism in the United States Part of a series on Liberalism Schools ( show ) History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Ideas ( show ) Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez - faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Variants ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Geolibertarianism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism Ordoliberalism Right - libertarianism Radical centrism Radicalism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism People ( show ) Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Juan Bautista Alberdi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Nick Clegg Richard Cobden Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Ludwig Joseph Brentano Jean le Rond d'Alembert Ralf Dahrendorf John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl - Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison José Ortega y Gasset David Lloyd George William Gladstone Friedrich Hayek Thomas Hobbes L.T.", "25": "Hobhouse John A. Hobson Qin Hui Piero Gobetti Francisco Luís Gomes John Gray Thomas Hill Green Thomas Jefferson Immanuel Kant Namık Kemal John Maynard Keynes Will Kymlicka Auberon Herbert Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse Wilhelm von Humboldt John Locke Salvador de Madariaga James Madison Harriet Martineau Minoo Masani James Mill John Stuart Mill John Milton Ludwig von Mises Donald Barkly Molteno Leo Chiozza Money Charles de Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Chantal Mouffe Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Raimund Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Baptiste Say Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Zef Jubani Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H.", "26": "Tawney Johan Rudolf Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations ( show ) Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN ) Regional variants ( show ) Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics ( show ) Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Liberal conservatism Liberal socialism National liberalism Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal In this c. 1772 portrait by John Singleton Copley , Samuel Adams points at the Massachusetts Charter , which he viewed as a constitution that protected the people 's rights . John Locke 's ( 1632 -- 1704 ) ideas on liberty influenced the political thinking behind the revolution , especially through his indirect influence on English writers such as John Trenchard , Thomas Gordon , and Benjamin Hoadly , whose political ideas in turn had a strong influence on the American revolutionaries .", "27": "Locke is often referred to as `` the philosopher of the American Revolution '' , and is credited with leading Americans to the critical concepts of social contract , natural rights , and `` born free and equal . '' Locke 's Two Treatises of Government published in 1689 were especially influential . He argued that all humans were created equally free , and governments therefore needed the `` consent of the governed . '' In late eighteenth - century America , belief was still widespread in `` equality by creation '' and `` rights by creation '' . The theory of the `` social contract '' influenced the belief among many of the Founders that among the `` natural rights '' of man was the right of the people to overthrow their leaders , should those leaders betray the historic rights of Englishmen . In terms of writing state and national constitutions , the Americans heavily used Montesquieu 's analysis of the wisdom of the `` balanced '' British Constitution ( mixed government ) .", "28": "Republicanism Main article : Republicanism in the United States Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History ( show ) Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country ( show ) Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal A central motivating force behind the overthrow of monarchy and aristocracy was the American embrace of a political ideology called `` republicanism '' , which was dominant in the colonies by 1775 but of minor importance back in Great Britain . The republicanism was inspired by the `` country party '' in Great Britain , whose critique of British government emphasized that corruption was a terrible reality in Great Britain . Americans feared that the corruption was crossing the Atlantic ; the commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their rights energized the revolution , as Britain was increasingly seen as hopelessly corrupt and hostile to American interests . Britain seemed to threaten the established liberties that Americans enjoyed .", "29": "The greatest threat to liberty was depicted as corruption -- not just in London but at home , as well . The colonists associated it with luxury , and especially with inherited aristocracy , which they condemned . The Founding Fathers were strong advocates of republican values , particularly Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson , Thomas Paine , George Washington , James Madison , and Alexander Hamilton , which required men to put civic duty ahead of their personal desires . Men had a civic duty to be prepared and willing to fight for the rights and liberties of their countrymen . John Adams wrote to Mercy Otis Warren in 1776 , agreeing with some classical Greek and Roman thinkers in that `` Public Virtue can not exist without private , and public Virtue is the only Foundation of Republics . '' He continued : There must be a positive Passion for the public good , the public Interest , Honour , Power , and Glory , established in the Minds of the People , or there can be no Republican Government , nor any real Liberty . And this public Passion must be Superior to all private Passions . Men must be ready , they must pride themselves , and be happy to sacrifice their private Pleasures , Passions , and Interests , nay their private Friendships and dearest connections , when they Stand in Competition with the Rights of society . For women , `` republican motherhood '' became the ideal , exemplified by Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren ; the first duty of the republican woman was to instill republican values in her children and to avoid luxury and ostentation . Fusing republicanism and liberalism Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense , published in 1776 Some republics had emerged throughout history , such as the Roman Republic of the ancient world , but none ever existed that was based on liberal principles . Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense appeared in January 1776 , after the Revolution had started . It was widely distributed and loaned , and often read aloud in taverns , contributing significantly to spreading the ideas of republicanism and liberalism together , bolstering enthusiasm for separation from Great Britain , and encouraging recruitment for the Continental Army . Paine provided a new and widely accepted argument for independence by advocating a complete break with history . Common Sense is oriented to the future in a way that compels the reader to make an immediate choice .", "30": "It offered a solution for Americans disgusted and alarmed at the threat of tyranny . Impact of Great Awakening Main article : First Great Awakening Dissenting churches of the day ( i.e. , Protestant , non-Church of England ) were , in the words of Patricia Bonomi , the `` school of democracy . '' President John Witherspoon of the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) wrote widely circulated sermons linking the American Revolution to the teachings of the Bible . Throughout the colonies , dissenting Protestant ministers ( Congregationalist , Baptist , and Presbyterian ) preached Revolutionary themes in their sermons , while most Church of England clergymen preached loyalty to the king , the titular head of the English state church . Religious motivation for fighting tyranny transcended socioeconomic lines to encompass rich and poor , men and women , frontiersmen and townsmen , farmers and merchants . The Declaration also referred to the `` Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God '' as justification for the Americans ' separation from the British monarchy . Most eighteenth - century Americans believed that nature , the entire universe , was God 's creation . Therefore , he was `` Nature 's God . '' Everything , including man , was part of the `` universal order of things '' , which began with God and was pervaded and directed by his providence . Accordingly , the signers of the Declaration professed their `` firm reliance on the Protection of divine Providence . '' And they appealed to `` the Supreme Judge ( God ) for the rectitude of ( their ) intentions . '' Like most of his countrymen , George Washington was firmly convinced that he was an instrument of providence , to the benefit of the American people and of all humanity . Historian Bernard Bailyn argues that the evangelicalism of the era challenged traditional notions of natural hierarchy by preaching that the Bible teaches that all men are equal , so that the true value of a man lies in his moral behavior , not in his class . Kidd argues that religious disestablishment , belief in a God as the source of human rights , and shared convictions about sin , virtue , and divine providence worked together to unite rationalists and evangelicals and thus encouraged American defiance of the Empire . Bailyn , on the other hand , denies that religion played such a critical role .", "31": "Alan Heimert argues that New Light antiauthoritarianism was essential to furthering democracy in colonial American society and set the stage for a confrontation with British monarchical and aristocratic rule . See also : List of clergy in the American Revolution Class and Psychology of the factions Looking back , John Adams concluded in 1818 : The Revolution was effected before the war commenced . The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people ... This radical change in the principles , opinions , sentiments , and affections of the people was the real American Revolution . In terms of class , Loyalists tended to have longstanding social and economic connections to British merchants and government ; for instance , prominent merchants in major port cities such as New York , Boston and Charleston tended to be Loyalists , as did men involved with the fur trade along the northern frontier . In addition , officials of colonial government and their staffs , those who had established positions and status to maintain , favored maintaining relations with Great Britain . They often were linked to British families in England by marriage as well . By contrast , Patriots by number tended to be yeomen farmers , especially in the frontier areas of New York and the backcountry of Pennsylvania , Virginia and down the Appalachian mountains . They were craftsmen and small merchants . Leaders of both the Patriots and the Loyalists were men of educated , propertied classes . The Patriots included many prominent men of the planter class from Virginia and South Carolina , for instance , who became leaders during the Revolution , and formed the new government at the national and state levels . To understand the opposing groups , historians have assessed evidence of their hearts and minds . In the mid-20th century , historian Leonard Woods Labaree identified eight characteristics of the Loyalists that made them essentially conservative ; opposite traits to those characteristic of the Patriots . Older and better established men , Loyalists tended to resist innovation . They thought resistance to the Crown -- which they insisted was the only legitimate government -- was morally wrong , while the Patriots thought morality was on their side . Loyalists were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence , such as burning houses and tarring and feathering . Loyalists wanted to take a centrist position and resisted the Patriots ' demand to declare their opposition to the Crown .", "32": "Many Loyalists , especially merchants in the port cities , had maintained strong and long - standing relations with Britain ( often with business and family links to other parts of the British Empire ) . Many Loyalists realized that independence was bound to come eventually , but they were fearful that revolution might lead to anarchy , tyranny or mob rule . In contrast , the prevailing attitude among Patriots , who made systematic efforts to use mob violence in a controlled manner , was a desire to seize the initiative . Labaree also wrote that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the confidence in the future displayed by the Patriots . Historians in the early 20th century , such as J. Franklin Jameson , examined the class composition of the Patriot cause , looking for evidence of a class war inside the revolution . In the last 50 years , historians have largely abandoned that interpretation , emphasizing instead the high level of ideological unity . Just as there were rich and poor Loyalists , the Patriots were a ' mixed lot ' , with the richer and better educated more likely to become officers in the Army . Ideological demands always came first : the Patriots viewed independence as a means to gain freedom from British oppression and taxation and , above all , to reassert what they considered to be their rights as English subjects . Most yeomen farmers , craftsmen , and small merchants joined the Patriot cause to demand more political equality . They were especially successful in Pennsylvania but less so in New England , where John Adams attacked Thomas Paine 's Common Sense for the `` absurd democratical notions '' it proposed . King George III Main article : George III of Great Britain The war became a personal issue for the king , fueled by his growing belief that British leniency would be taken as weakness by the Americans . The king also sincerely believed he was defending Britain 's constitution against usurpers , rather than opposing patriots fighting for their natural rights . Patriots Main article : Patriot ( American Revolution ) Further information : Sons of Liberty At the time , revolutionaries were called `` Patriots '' , `` Whigs '' , `` Congress - men '' , or `` Americans '' . They included a full range of social and economic classes , but were unanimous regarding the need to defend the rights of Americans and uphold the principles of republicanism in terms of rejecting monarchy and aristocracy , while emphasizing civic virtue on the part of the citizens .", "33": "Newspapers were strongholds of patriotism ( although there were a few Loyalist papers ) , and printed many pamphlets , announcements , patriotic letters and pronouncements . According to historian Robert Calhoon , the consensus of historians is that 40 -- 45 % of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the Patriots ' cause , 15 -- 20 % supported the Loyalists , and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile . Mark Lender explores why ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the British response to the Boston Tea Party . The arrival in Boston of the British Army heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . Loyalists Main article : Loyalist ( American Revolution ) Mobbing of a Loyalist by American Patriots in 1775 -- 76 The consensus of scholars is that about 15 -- 20 % of the white population remained loyal to the British Crown . Those who actively supported the king were known at the time as `` Loyalists '' , `` Tories '' , or `` King 's men '' . The Loyalists never controlled territory unless the British Army occupied it . Loyalists were typically older , less willing to break with old loyalties , often connected to the Church of England , and included many established merchants with strong business connections across the Empire , as well as royal officials such as Thomas Hutchinson of Boston . There were 500 to 1000 black loyalists who were held as slaves by patriots , escaped to British lines and joined the British army . Most died of disease but Britain took the survivors to Canada as free men . The revolution could divide families . The most dramatic example was when William Franklin , son of Benjamin Franklin and royal governor of the Province of New Jersey , remained loyal to the Crown throughout the war ; they never spoke again .", "34": "Recent immigrants who had not been fully Americanized were also inclined to support the King , such as recent Scottish settlers in the back country ; among the more striking examples of this , see Flora MacDonald . After the war , the great majority of the 450,000 -- 500,000 Loyalists remained in America and resumed normal lives . Some , such as Samuel Seabury , became prominent American leaders . Estimates vary , but about 62,000 Loyalists relocated to Canada , and others to Britain ( 7,000 ) or to Florida or the West Indies ( 9,000 ) . The exiles represented approximately 2 % of the total population of the colonies . Nearly all black loyalists left for Nova Scotia , Florida , or England , where they could remain free . When Loyalists left the South in 1783 , they took thousands of their slaves with them to be slaves in the British West Indies . Neutrals A minority of uncertain size tried to stay neutral in the war . Most kept a low profile , but the Quakers , especially in Pennsylvania , were the most important group to speak out for neutrality . As Patriots declared independence , the Quakers , who continued to do business with the British , were attacked as supporters of British rule , `` contrivers and authors of seditious publications '' critical of the revolutionary cause . Though the majority of Quakers attempted to remain neutral , a sizable number of Quakers in the American Revolution nevertheless participated to some degree . Role of women Abigail Adams Main article : Women in the American Revolution Women contributed to the American Revolution in many ways , and were involved on both sides . While formal Revolutionary politics did not include women , ordinary domestic behaviors became charged with political significance as Patriot women confronted a war that permeated all aspects of political , civil , and domestic life . They participated by boycotting British goods , spying on the British , following armies as they marched , washing , cooking , and tending for soldiers , delivering secret messages , and in a few cases like Deborah Samson , fighting disguised as men . Also , Mercy Otis Warren held meetings in her house and cleverly attacked Loyalists with her creative plays and histories . Above all , they continued the agricultural work at home to feed their families and the armies . They maintained their families during their husbands ' absences and sometimes after their deaths .", "35": "American women were integral to the success of the boycott of British goods , as the boycotted items were largely household items such as tea and cloth . Women had to return to knitting goods , and to spinning and weaving their own cloth -- skills that had fallen into disuse . In 1769 , the women of Boston produced 40,000 skeins of yarn , and 180 women in Middletown , Massachusetts wove 20,522 yards ( 18,765 m ) of cloth . A crisis of political loyalties could disrupt the fabric of colonial America women 's social worlds : whether a man did or did not renounce his allegiance to the King could dissolve ties of class , family , and friendship , isolating women from former connections . A woman 's loyalty to her husband , once a private commitment , could become a political act , especially for women in America committed to men who remained loyal to the King . Legal divorce , usually rare , was granted to Patriot women whose husbands supported the King . Other participants Further information : Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War France Main article : France in the American Revolutionary War In early 1776 , France set up a major program of aid to the Americans , and the Spanish secretly added funds . Each country spent one million `` livres tournaises '' to buy munitions . A dummy corporation run by Pierre Beaumarchais concealed their activities . American rebels obtained some munitions through the Dutch Republic as well as French and Spanish ports in the West Indies . Spain Main article : Spain in the American Revolutionary War Spain did not officially recognize the U.S. but became an informal ally when it declared war on Britain on June 21 , 1779 . Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid , general of the Spanish forces in New Spain , also served as governor of Louisiana . He led an expedition of colonial troops to force the British out of Florida and keep open a vital conduit for supplies . American Indians Main article : Native Americans in the United States Further information : Western theater of the American Revolutionary War Most American Indians rejected pleas that they remain neutral and supported the British Crown , both because of trading relationships and Britain 's effort to establish an Indian reserve and prohibit Colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains .", "36": "The great majority of the 200,000 Indians east of the Mississippi distrusted the Colonists and supported the British cause , hoping to forestall continued colonial encroachment on their territories . Those tribes that were more closely involved in Colonial trade tended to side with the Colonists , although political factors were important , as well . Most Indians did not participate directly in the war , except for warriors and bands associated with four of the Iroquois nations in New York and Pennsylvania which allied with the British . The British did have other allies , especially in the upper Midwest . They provided Indians with funding and weapons to attack American outposts . Some Indians tried to remain neutral , seeing little value in joining what they perceived to be a European conflict , and fearing reprisals from whichever side they opposed . The Oneida and Tuscarora among the Iroquois of central and western New York supported the American cause . The British provided arms to Indians who were led by Loyalists in war parties to raid frontier settlements from the Carolinas to New York . They killed many settlers on the frontier , especially in Pennsylvania and New York 's Mohawk Valley . In 1776 , Cherokee war parties attacked American Colonists all along the southern frontier of the uplands throughout the Washington District , North Carolina ( now Tennessee ) and the Kentucky wilderness area . They would launch raids with roughly 200 warriors , as seen in the Cherokee -- American wars ; they could not mobilize enough forces to invade Colonial areas without the help of allies , most often the Creek . The Chickamauga Cherokee under Dragging Canoe allied themselves closely with the British , and fought on for an additional decade after the signing of the Treaty of Paris . Joseph Brant of the powerful Mohawk nation , part of the Iroquois Confederacy based in New York , was the most prominent Indian leader against the Colonial forces . In 1778 and 1780 , he led 300 Iroquois warriors and 100 white Loyalists in multiple attacks on small frontier settlements in New York and Pennsylvania , killing many settlers and destroying villages , crops , and stores . The Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga of the Iroquois Confederacy also allied with the British against the Americans .", "37": "In 1779 , the Colonists retaliated with an American army under John Sullivan which raided and destroyed 40 empty Iroquois villages in central and western New York . Sullivan 's forces systematically burned the villages and destroyed about 160,000 bushels of corn that composed the winter food supply . Facing starvation and homeless for the winter , the Iroquois fled to the Niagara Falls area and to Canada , mostly to what became Ontario . The British resettled them there after the war , providing land grants as compensation for some of their losses . At the peace conference following the war , the British ceded lands which they did not really control , and did not consult their Indian allies . They transferred control to the United States of all the land east of the Mississippi and north of Florida . Calloway concludes : Burned villages and crops , murdered chiefs , divided councils and civil wars , migrations , towns and forts choked with refugees , economic disruption , breaking of ancient traditions , losses in battle and to disease and hunger , betrayal to their enemies , all made the American Revolution one of the darkest periods in American Indian history . The British did not give up their forts in the West until 1796 in what is now the eastern Midwest , stretching from Ohio to Wisconsin ; they kept alive the dream of forming a satellite Indian nation there , which they called a Neutral Indian Zone . That goal was one of the causes of the War of 1812 . Black Americans Main article : African Americans in the Revolutionary War Free blacks in the North and South fought on both sides of the Revolution , but most fought for the Patriots . Gary Nash reports that there were about 9,000 black Patriots , counting the Continental Army and Navy , state militia units , privateers , wagoneers in the Army , servants to officers , and spies . Ray Raphael notes that thousands did join the Loyalist cause , but `` a far larger number , free as well as slave , tried to further their interests by siding with the patriots . '' Crispus Attucks was shot dead by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre in 1770 and is an iconic martyr to Patriots . Both sides offered freedom and re-settlement to slaves who were willing to fight for them , recruiting slaves whose owners supported the opposing cause . Many black slaves sided with the Loyalists .", "38": "Tens of thousands in the South used the turmoil of war to escape , and the southern plantation economies of South Carolina and Georgia especially were disrupted . During the Revolution , the British tried to turn slavery against the Americans . Historian David Brion Davis explains the difficulties with a policy of wholesale arming of the slaves : But England greatly feared the effects of any such move on its own West Indies , where Americans had already aroused alarm over a possible threat to incite slave insurrections . The British elites also understood that an all - out attack on one form of property could easily lead to an assault on all boundaries of privilege and social order , as envisioned by radical religious sects in Britain 's seventeenth - century civil wars . Davis underscored the British dilemma : `` Britain , when confronted by the rebellious American colonists , hoped to exploit their fear of slave revolts while also reassuring the large number of slave - holding Loyalists and wealthy Caribbean planters and merchants that their slave property would be secure '' . The Colonists , however , accused the British of encouraging slave revolts . American advocates of independence were commonly lampooned in Britain for what was termed their hypocritical calls for freedom , at the same time that many of their leaders were planters who held hundreds of slaves . Samuel Johnson snapped , `` how is it we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the ( slave ) drivers of the Negroes ? '' Benjamin Franklin countered by criticizing the British self - congratulation about `` the freeing of one Negro '' ( Somersett ) while they continued to permit the Slave Trade . Phyllis Wheatley was a black poet who popularized the image of Columbia to represent America . She came to public attention when her Poems on Various Subjects , Religious and Moral appeared in 1773 . During the war , slaves escaped from New England and the mid-Atlantic area to British - occupied cities such as New York . The effects of the war were more dramatic in the South . In Virginia , royal governor Lord Dunmore recruited black men into the British forces with the promise of freedom , protection for their families , and land grants . Tens of thousands of slaves escaped to British lines throughout the South , causing dramatic losses to slaveholders and disrupting cultivation and harvesting of crops .", "39": "For instance , South Carolina was estimated to have lost about 25,000 slaves to flight , migration , or death -- amounting to one third of its slave population . From 1770 to 1790 , the black proportion of the population ( mostly slaves ) in South Carolina dropped from 60.5 percent to 43.8 percent , and from 45.2 percent to 36.1 percent in Georgia . British forces gave transportation to 10,000 slaves when they evacuated Savannah and Charleston , carrying through on their promise . They evacuated and resettled more than 3,000 Black Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia , Upper Canada , and Lower Canada . Others sailed with the British to England or were resettled as freedmen in the West Indies of the Caribbean . But slaves who were carried to the Caribbean under control of Loyalist masters generally remained slaves until British abolition in its colonies in 1834 . More than 1,200 of the Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia later resettled in the British colony of Sierra Leone , where they became leaders of the Krio ethnic group of Freetown and the later national government . Many of their descendants still live in Sierra Leone , as well as other African countries . Effects of the Revolution Loyalist expatriation About 60,000 to 70,000 Loyalists left the newly founded republic ; some migrated to Britain . The remainder , known as United Empire Loyalists , received land and subsidies for resettlement in British colonies in North America , especially Quebec ( concentrating in the Eastern Townships ) , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . The new colonies of Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) and New Brunswick were expressly created by Britain for their benefit , where the Crown awarded land to Loyalists as compensation for losses in the United States . Britain wanted to develop the frontier of Upper Canada on a British colonial model . But about 80 % of the Loyalists stayed in the United States and became full , loyal citizens ; some of the exiles later returned to the U.S. Interpretations Interpretations about the effect of the Revolution vary . Contemporary participants referred to the events as `` the revolution '' .", "40": "Greene argues that the events were not `` revolutionary '' , as the relationships and property rights of colonial society were not transformed : a distant government was simply replaced with a local one ; the Revolution is still sometimes known outside the United States as the American War of Independence . Historians such as Bernard Bailyn , Gordon Wood , and Edmund Morgan accept the contemporary view of the participants that the American Revolution was a unique and radical event that produced deep changes and had a profound effect on world affairs , based on an increasing belief in the principles of the Enlightenment , as reflected in how liberalism was understood during the period , and republicanism . These were demonstrated by a leadership and government that espoused protection of natural rights , and a system of laws chosen by the people . However , what was then considered `` the people '' was still mostly restricted to free white males who were able to pass a property - qualification . Such a restriction made a significant gain of the revolution in the short term irrelevant to women , African Americans and slaves , poor white men , youth , and Native Americans . Only with the development of the American system over the following centuries would `` a government by the people '' , promised by the revolution , be won for a greater proportion of the population . Morgan has argued that in terms of long - term impact on American society and values : The Revolution did revolutionize social relations . It did displace the deference , the patronage , the social divisions that had determined the way people viewed one another for centuries and still view one another in much of the world . It did give to ordinary people a pride and power , not to say an arrogance , that have continued to shock visitors from less favored lands . It may have left standing a host of inequalities that have troubled us ever since . But it generated the egalitarian view of human society that makes them troubling and makes our world so different from the own in which the revolutionists had grown up . Inspiring all colonies Further information : Atlantic Revolutions After the Revolution , genuinely democratic politics became possible in the former colonies . The rights of the people were incorporated into state constitutions . Concepts of liberty , individual rights , equality among men and hostility toward corruption became incorporated as core values of liberal republicanism . The greatest challenge to the old order in Europe was the challenge to inherited political power and the democratic idea that government rests on the consent of the governed .", "41": "The example of the first successful revolution against a European empire , and the first successful establishment of a republican form of democratically elected government , provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self - governing nations with directly elected representative government . The Dutch Republic , also at war with Britain , was the next country to sign a treaty with the United States , on October 8 , 1782 . On April 3 , 1783 , Ambassador Extraordinary Gustaf Philip Creutz , representing King Gustav III of Sweden , and Benjamin Franklin , signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the U.S. The American Revolution was the first wave of the Atlantic Revolutions : the French Revolution , the Haitian Revolution , and the Latin American wars of independence . Aftershocks reached Ireland in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , and in the Netherlands . The Revolution had a strong , immediate influence in Great Britain , Ireland , the Netherlands , and France . Many British and Irish Whigs spoke in favor of the American cause . In Ireland , there was a profound impact ; the Protestants who controlled Ireland were demanding more and more self - rule . Under the leadership of Henry Grattan , the so - called `` Patriots '' forced the reversal of mercantilist prohibitions against trade with other British colonies . The King and his cabinet in London could not risk another rebellion on the American model , and made a series of concessions to the Patriot faction in Dublin . Armed Protestant volunteer units were set up to protect against an invasion from France . As in America , so too in Ireland the King no longer had a monopoly of lethal force . The Revolution , along with the Dutch Revolt ( end of the 16th century ) and the 17th century English Civil War , was among the examples of overthrowing an old regime for many Europeans who later were active during the era of the French Revolution , such as Marquis de Lafayette . The American Declaration of Independence influenced the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 . The spirit of the Declaration of Independence led to laws ending slavery in all the Northern states and the Northwest Territory , with New Jersey the last in 1804 .", "42": "States such as New Jersey and New York adopted gradual emancipation , which kept some people as slaves for more than two decades longer . Status of American women The democratic ideals of the Revolution inspired changes in the roles of women . The concept of republican motherhood was inspired by this period and reflects the importance of Republicanism as the dominant American ideology . It assumed that a successful republic rested upon the virtue of its citizens . Women were considered to have the essential role of instilling their children with values conducive to a healthy republic . During this period , the wife 's relationship with her husband also became more liberal , as love and affection instead of obedience and subservience began to characterize the ideal marital relationship . In addition , many women contributed to the war effort through fundraising and running family businesses in the absence of husbands . The traditional constraints gave way to more liberal conditions for women . Patriarchy faded as an ideal ; young people had more freedom to choose their spouses and more often used birth control to regulate the size of their families . Society emphasized the role of mothers in child rearing , especially the patriotic goal of raising republican children rather than those locked into aristocratic value systems . There was more permissiveness in child - rearing . Patriot women married to Loyalists who left the state could get a divorce and obtain control of the ex-husband's property . Whatever gains they had made , however , women still found themselves subordinated , legally and socially , to their husbands , disfranchised and usually with only the role of mother open to them . But , some women earned livelihoods as midwives and in other roles in the community , which were not originally recognized as significant by men . Abigail Adams expressed to her husband , the president , the desire of women to have a place in the new republic : I desire you would remember the Ladies , and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors . Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands . Zagarri in 2007 argued that the American Revolution created a continuing debate on the rights of woman and an environment favorable to women 's participation in U.S. politics . She asserts that for a brief decade , a `` comprehensive transformation in women 's rights , roles , and responsibilities seemed not only possible but perhaps inevitable . ''", "43": "But , the changes also engendered a backlash that set back the cause of women 's rights and led to a greater rigidity that marginalized women from political life . For more than thirty years , however , the 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to `` all inhabitants '' who had a certain level of wealth , including unmarried women and blacks ( not married women because they could not own property separately from their husbands ) , until in 1807 , when that state legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal white male suffrage , excluding paupers . Status of African Americans In the first two decades after the American Revolution , state legislatures and individuals took actions to free numerous slaves , in part based on revolutionary ideals . Northern states passed new constitutions that contained language about equal rights or specifically abolished slavery ; some states , such as New York and New Jersey , where slavery was more widespread , passed laws by the end of the 18th century to abolish slavery by a gradual method ; in New York , the last slaves were freed in 1827 . While no southern state abolished slavery , for a period individual owners could free their slaves by personal decision , often providing for manumission in wills but sometimes filing deeds or court papers to free individuals . Numerous slaveholders who freed their slaves cited revolutionary ideals in their documents ; others freed slaves as a reward for service . Records also suggest that some slaveholders were freeing their own mixed - race children , born into slavery to slave mothers . Memory See also : United States Bicentennial Governor 's Palace , Colonial Williamsburg , a restored colonial city , Williamburg , Virginia The American Revolution has a central place in the American memory . As the founding story , it is covered in the schools , memorialized by a national holiday , and commemorated in innumerable monuments . Thus Independence Day ( the `` Fourth of July '' ) is a major national holiday celebrated annually . Besides local sites such as Bunker Hill , one of the first national pilgrimages for memorial tourists was Mount Vernon , George Washington 's estate ( near Washington City ) , which attracted ten thousand visitors a year by the 1850s .", "44": "Crider points out that in the 1850s , editors and orators both North and South claimed their region was the true custodian of the legacy of 1776 , as they used the Revolution symbolically in their rhetoric . Ryan , noting that the Bicentennial was celebrated a year after the United States ' humiliating 1975 withdrawal from Vietnam , says the Ford administration stressed the themes of renewal and rebirth based on a restoration of traditional values , and presented a nostalgic approach to 1776 that made it seem eternally young and fresh . Albanese argues that the Revolution became the main source of the non-denominational `` American civil religion '' that has shaped patriotism , and the memory and meaning of the nation 's birth ever since . She says that specific battles are not central ( as they are for the Civil War ) but rather certain events and people have been celebrated as icons of certain virtues ( or vices ) . Thus she points out the Revolution produced a Moses - like leader ( George Washington ) , prophets ( Thomas Jefferson , Tom Paine ) , disciples ( Alexander Hamilton , James Madison ) and martyrs ( Boston Massacre , Nathan Hale ) , as well as devils ( Benedict Arnold ) , sacred places ( Valley Forge , Bunker Hill ) , rituals ( Boston Tea Party ) , emblems ( the new flag ) , sacred holidays ( Independence Day ) , and a holy scripture whose every sentence is carefully studied and applied in current law cases ( The Declaration of Independence , the Constitution and the Bill of Rights ) . See also Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War Timeline of the American Revolution Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War Founding Fathers of the United States Patriot ( American Revolution ) Sons of Liberty List of plays and films about the American Revolution Notes ^ Jump up to : Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 70 Jump up ^ Lawrence Henry Gipson , `` The American revolution as an aftermath of the Great War for the Empire , 1754 - 1763 . '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1950 ) : 86-104.in JSTOR Jump up ^ Pestana , Carla Gardina ( 2004 ) . The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution : 1640 - 1661 .", "45": "Cambridge , Massachusetts and London , England : Harvard University Press . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Purvis , Thomas L. ( 23 April 1997 ) . A dictionary of American history . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57718 - 099 - 9 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.482. 4975 . JSTOR 2123771 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert P. ( 1964 ) . `` A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy of Colonial Welfare : Some Preliminary Findings '' . Journal of Economic History . 25 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 638 . JSTOR 2116133 . Jump up ^ Walton , Gary M. ( 1971 ) . `` The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts '' . Economic History Review . 24 ( 4 ) : 533 -- 542 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1971. tb00192. x . Jump up ^ Lepore ( 1998 ) , The Name of War ( 1999 ) pp 5 - 7 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Roots of American Civilization : A History of American Colonial Life ( 1938 ) p. 297 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , David ( 1987 ) . The Glorious Revolution in America . Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6177 - 0 . OCLC 14212813 . , pp.", "46": "148 -- 56 , 155 - 57 , 169 - 70 Jump up ^ Barnes , Viola Florence ( 1960 ) ( 1923 ) . The Dominion of New England : A Study in British Colonial Policy . New York : Frederick Ungar . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8044 - 1065 - 6 . OCLC 395292 . , pp. 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen Saunders ( 1998 ) . Lord Churchill 's Coup : The Anglo - American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0558 - 4 . OCLC 39756272 . , pp. 190 -- 91 Jump up ^ Lustig , Mary Lou ( 2002 ) . The Imperial Executive in America : Sir Edmund Andros , 1637 -- 1714 . Madison , WI : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3936 - 8 . OCLC 470360764 . , p. 201 Jump up ^ Palfrey , John ( 1864 ) . History of New England : History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 1658888 . , p. 596 Jump up ^ Evans , James Truslow ( 1922 ) . The Founding of New England . Boston : The Atlantic Monthly Press . OCLC 1068441 . , p. 430 Jump up ^ John A. Garraty ; Mark C. Carnes ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter Three : America in the British Empire '' . A Short History of the American Nation ( 8th ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 07098 - 4 . Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Empires to Nations : Expansion in America , 1713 - 1824 , p. 93 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Draper pg. 100 .", "47": "The quote provided by Draper came from Leo Francis Stock 's Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments respecting North America ( 1937 ) vol. 4 . pg. 182 Jump up ^ Miller , John C. ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Boston : Little , Brown and company . , pp. 95 - 99 Jump up ^ Guizot , M. A popular history of France , from the earliest times . Vol IV , University of Michigan , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4255 - 5724 - 9 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Allen , Larry ( 2009 ) . The Encyclopedia of Money . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 9781598842517 . Jump up ^ Englishmen paid an average 25 shillings annually in taxes , whereas Americans paid only sixpence . Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) p. 89 Jump up ^ James A. Henretta , ed. ( 2011 ) . Documents for America 's History , Volume 1 : To 1877 . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 110 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walter Isaacson ( 2004 ) . Benjamin Franklin : An American Life . Simon and Schuster . pp. 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Shy , Toward Lexington 73 -- 78 Jump up ^ T.H. Breen , American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) pp 81 - 82 Jump up ^ Middlekauff p. 62 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 297 - 298 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 315 - 316 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) p.", "48": "173 Jump up ^ Bryan - Paul Frost and Jeffrey Sikkenga ( 2003 ) . History of American Political Thought . Lexington Books . pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . pp. 181 -- . ^ Jump up to : Hiller B. Zobel , The Boston Massacre ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Alfred F. Young , The Shoemaker and the Tea Party : Memory and the American Revolution ( Boston : Beacon Press , 1999 ; ISBN 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 4 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 5 ) , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation ( 6th ed. 2001 ) vol 1 pp 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) pp. 353 -- 76 Jump up ^ Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) ch 9 Jump up ^ John K. Alexander ( 2011 ) . Samuel Adams : The Life of an American Revolutionary . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 187 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2010 ) . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States . Cengage Learning . p. 143 . Jump up ^ Harvey . `` A few bloody noses '' ( 2002 ) pp. 208 -- 210 Jump up ^ Urban p. 74 Jump up ^ Miller ( 1948 ) p. 87 ^ Jump up to : Nevins ( 1927 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 29 Jump up ^ Nevins ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Founding the Republic : A Documentary History ; edited by John J. Patrick Jump up ^ Reason , Religion , and Democracy : Dennis C. Muelle .", "49": "Page 206 Jump up ^ Massachusetts ' constitution is still in force in the 21st century , continuously since its ratification on June 15 , 1780 Jump up ^ Jensen , The Founding of a Nation ( 1968 ) pp. 678 -- 9 Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture ( 1997 ) pp. 41 -- 46 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 30 Jump up ^ Klos , President Who ? Forgotten Founders ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , Crisis of Empire : Britain and America in the Eighteenth Century ( 2008 ) p 140 ^ Jump up to : Schecter , Barnet . The Battle for New York : The City at the Heart of the American Revolution . ( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : McCullough , 1776 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Alan Valentine , Lord George Germain ( 1962 ) pp 309 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Larry G. Bowman , Captive Americans : Prisoners During the American Revolution ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , The Papers of Alexander Hamilton ( 1974 ) p. 28 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 151 Jump up ^ Mackesy , The War for America ( 1993 ) p. 568 ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , The War of American Independence ( 1983 ) p. 83 Jump up ^ Crow and Tise , The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) p.", "50": "157 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Henry Lumpkin , From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brendan Morrissey , Yorktown 1781 : The World Turned Upside Down ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Harvey pp 493 -- 515 Jump up ^ John Ferling , Almost A Miracle : The American Victory in the War of Independence ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis ( 2013 ) . Revolutionary Summer : The Birth of American Independence . Random House . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Harvey p. 528 Jump up ^ A final naval battle was fought on March 10 , 1783 by Captain John Barry and the crew of the USS Alliance , who defeated three British warships led by HMS Sybille . Martin I.J. Griffin , The Story of Commodore John Barry ( 2010 ) pp 218 -- 23 Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , The French Navy and American Independence ( 1975 ) p. 248 Jump up ^ Richard H. Kohn , Eagle and Sword : The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America , 1783 -- 1802 ( 1975 ) pp 17 -- 39 Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson , `` The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America , 1782 -- 1783 : Vision and Reality . '' International History Review 5 # 3 ( 1983 ) : 322 - 345 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull ( 1987 ) . A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution . Yale up . pp. 144 -- 151 . Jump up ^ William Deverell , ed. ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American West . p. 17 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : William Hague , William Pitt the Younger ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Black , George III : America 's Last King ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Canny , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) pp.", "51": "81 , 119 ^ Jump up to : John Brewer , The sinews of power : war , money , and the English state , 1688 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) p 91 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 23 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Charles Rappleye , Robert Morris : Financier of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) pp 225 -- 52 Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins , American public finance and financial services , 1700 - 1815 ( 1994 ) pp 85 - 106 . Complete text line free Jump up ^ Oliver Harry Chitwood , A History of Colonial America ( 1961 ) pp 586 -- 589 Jump up ^ Terry M. Mays ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary America . Scarecrow Press . pp. 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Ralph Volney Harlow , `` Aspects of Revolutionary Finance , 1775 -- 1783 , '' American Historical Review ( 1929 ) 35 # 1 pp. 46 -- 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Erna Risch , Supplying Washington 's Army ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ E. Wayne Carp , To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson , The power of the purse : A history of American public finance , 1776 -- 1790 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , eds . Companion to the American Revolution , pp. 557 -- 624 Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 ( 1987 ) pp 245 -- 266 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 pp 300 -- 13 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 pp 300 -- 22 Jump up ^ Jensen , The New Nation ( 1950 ) p.", "52": "379 Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis , His Excellency : George Washington ( 2004 ) p 204 Jump up ^ Robert A. Ferguson , The American Enlightenment , 1750 - 1820 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 103 , 136 ; Maier , Old Revolutionaries , 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 136 - 138 Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Schultz ; et al. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics . Greenwood . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Waldron ( 2002 ) , p. 136 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd ( 2010 ) : God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution , New York , N.Y. , pp. 6 - 7 Jump up ^ Charles W. Toth , Liberte , Egalite , Fraternite : The American Revolution and the European Response. ( 1989 ) p. 26 . Jump up ^ page 101 , Philosophical Tales , by Martin Cohen , ( Blackwell 2008 ) Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) chapter 1 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 125 -- 37 Jump up ^ Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 35 , 174 -- 5 Jump up ^ Shalhope , Toward a Republican Synthesis ( 1972 ) pp. 49 -- 80 Jump up ^ Adams quoted in Paul A. Rahe , Republics Ancient and Modern : Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution . Volume : 2 ( 1994 ) P. 23 . Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1997 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , The Commonalities of Common Sense ( 2000 ) pp. 465 -- 504 ^ Jump up to : Bonomi , p.", "53": "186 , Chapter 7 `` Religion and the American Revolution Jump up ^ William H. Nelson , The American Tory ( 1961 ) p. 186 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 - 6 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Kidd ( 2010 ) , p. 141 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , p. 302 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) p. 303 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Alan Heimert , Religion and the American Mind : From the Great Awakening to the Revolution . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1967 . Jump up ^ John Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution ( 2002 ) p. 281 ^ Jump up to : Labaree , Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp. 164 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Hull et al. , Choosing Sides ( 1978 ) pp. 344 -- 66 ^ Jump up to : Burrows and Wallace , The American Revolution ( 1972 ) pp. 167 -- 305 Jump up ^ J. Franklin Jameson , The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement ( 1926 ) ; other historians pursuing the same line of thought included Charles A. Beard , Carl Becker and Arthur Schlesinger , Sr ... Jump up ^ Wood , Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution ( 1966 ) pp. 3 -- 32 ^ Jump up to : Nash ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Resch ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , `` ' If Others Will Not Be Active , I must Drive ' : George III and the American Revolution . '' Early American Studies 2004 2 ( 1 ) : pp 1 -- 46 . P.D.G. Thomas , `` George III and the American Revolution . ''", "54": "History 1985 70 ( 228 ) : 16 -- 31 , says the king played a minor role before 1775 . Jump up ^ Carol Sue Humphrey , The American Revolution and the Press : The Promise of Independence ( Northwestern University Press ; 2013 ) Jump up ^ Robert M. Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Jack P. Greene ; J.R. Pole ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . John Wiley & Sons . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 -- 4 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) at page 235 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) pp 235 - 47 , Jump up ^ Sheila L. Skemp , Benjamin and William Franklin : Father and Son , Patriot and Loyalist ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Joan Magee ( 1984 ) . Loyalist Mosaic : A Multi-Ethnic Heritage . Dundurn . p. 137ff . ^ Jump up to : Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ `` Chaos in New York '' . Black Loyalists : Our People , Our History . Canada 's Digital Collections . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eileen K. Cheng ( 2008 ) . The Plain and Noble Garb of Truth : Nationalism & Impartiality in American Historical Writing , 1784 -- 1860 . University of Georgia Press . p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Berkin , Revolutionary Mothers ( 2006 ) p.", "55": "59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 41 Jump up ^ Kerber , Women of the Republic ( 1997 ) chapters 4 and 6 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1985 ) pp. 57 -- 65 Jump up ^ Thompson , Buchanan Parker , Spain : Forgotten Ally of the American Revolution North Quincy , Mass. : Christopher Publishing House , 1976 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) chapters 19 , 46 and 51 ; Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph T. Glatthaar and James Kirby Martin , Forgotten Allies : The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tom Hatley , The Dividing Paths : Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Era of Revolution ( 1993 ) ; James H. O'Donnell , III , Southern Indians in the American Revolution ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ see Barbara Graymont , `` Thayendanegea '' , Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online ^ Jump up to : Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph R. Fischer , A Well - Executed Failure : The Sullivan Campaign against the Iroquois , July -- September 1779 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Calloway ( 1995 ) p. 290 Jump up ^ Smith , Dwight L. ( 1989 ) . `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' . Northwest Ohio Quarterly . 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll , A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary , 1783 -- 1842 ( 2001 ) p.", "56": "23 Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash , `` The African Americans Revolution , '' in Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) edited by Edward G Gray and Jane Kamensky pp 250 - 70 , at p 254 Jump up ^ Ray Raphael , A People 's History of the American Revolution ( 2001 ) p 281 Jump up ^ Revolutionary War : The Home Front , Library of Congress Jump up ^ Davis p. 148 Jump up ^ Davis p. 149 Jump up ^ Schama pp. 28 -- 30 p. 78 -- 90 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 7 Jump up ^ Schama , p. 75 Jump up ^ Hochschild p. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Kolchin , American Slavery , p. 73 Jump up ^ Hill ( 2007 ) , see also blackloyalist.com Jump up ^ W. Stewart Wallace , The United Empire Loyalists : A Chronicle of the Great Migration ( Toronto , 1914 ) online edition Jump up ^ Van Tine , American Loyalists ( 1902 ) p 307 Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Greene , The American Revolution ( 2000 ) pp. 93 -- 102 Jump up ^ Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ; Johnson , Paul E. ; McPherson , James M. ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2012 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People ( 6th ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 296 . ISBN 9780495904991 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Crews , Ed . `` Voting in Early America '' .", "57": "Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ McCool , Daniel , Susan M. Olson , and Jennifer L. Robinson . Native Vote , Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2005 ) . The Genuine Article : A Historian Looks at Early America . W.W. Norton . p. 246 . Jump up ^ Gordon Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 278 -- 79 Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) ch 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Wim Klooster , Revolutions in the Atlantic World : A Comparative History ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ R.B. McDowell , Ireland in the Age of Imperialism and Revolution , 1760 -- 1801 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 49 -- 52 Jump up ^ Center for History and New Media , Liberty , equality , fraternity ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole p. 409 , 453 -- 54 Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , et al. `` Beyond Roles , Beyond Spheres : Thinking about Gender in the Early Republic , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 1989 ) , 46 # 3 565 -- 85 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 3rd ed. 1996 ) Jump up ^ Woody Holton ( 2010 ) . Abigail Adams . Simon and Schuster . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Rosemarie Zagarri , Revolutionary Backlash : Women and Politics in the Early American Republic ( 2007 ) . quote p 8 Jump up ^ Klinghoffer and Elkis ( `` The Petticoat Electors : W omen 's Suffrage in New Jersey , 1776 -- 1807 '' , Journal of the Early Republic 12 , no . 2 ( 1992 ) : 159 -- 193 . )", "58": "Jump up ^ Michael Kammen , A Season of Youth : The American Revolution and the Historical Imagination ( 1978 ) ; Kammen , Mystic Chords of Memory : The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Jean B. Lee , `` Historical Memory , Sectional Strife , and the American Mecca : Mount Vernon , 1783 - 1853 , '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 2001 ) 109 # 3 pp. 255 - 300 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jonathan B. Crider , `` De Bow 's Revolution : The Memory of the American Revolution in the Politics of the Sectional Crisis , 1850 - 1861 , '' American Nineteenth Century History ( 2009 ) 10 # 3 pp 317 -- 332 Jump up ^ David Ryan , `` Re-enacting Independence through Nostalgia - The 1976 US Bicentennial after the Vietnam War , '' Forum for Inter-American Research ( 2012 ) 5 # 3 pp 26 -- 48 . ^ Jump up to : Catherine L. Albanese , Sons of the Fathers : The Civil Religion of the American Revolution ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Robert P. Hay , `` George Washington : American Moses , '' American Quarterly ( 1969 ) 21 # 4 pp 780 - 91 in JSTOR References Bailyn , Bernard ( 1992 ) . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Becker , Carl ( 1922 ) . The Declaration of Independence : a Study in the History of Political Ideas . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company . 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Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Canny , Nicholas ( 1998 ) . The Origins of Empire , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924676 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Center for History and New Media ( 2010 ) . `` Liberty , equality , fraternity : exploring the French Revolution . Chapter 3 : Enlightenment and human rights '' . Fairfax , Virginia : George Mason University . Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Chisick , Harvey ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment . pp. 313 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5097 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Crow , Jeffrey J. ; Tise , Larry E. , eds. ( 1978 ) . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press .", "60": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1313 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Ferguson , Robert A. ( 2000 ) . `` The Commonalities of Common Sense '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 57 ( 3 ) : 465 -- 504 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2674263 . doi : 10.2307 / 2674263 . Fifth Virginia Convention ( 1776 ) . `` Preamble and Resolution of the Virginia Convention , May 15 , 1776 '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 1992 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 244 - 0 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1674 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ( 2000 ) . `` The American Revolution '' . The American Historical Review . 105 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 102 . ISSN 1937 - 5239 . JSTOR 2652437 . doi : 10.2307 / 2652437 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Griffin , Martin Ignatius Joseph ( 1903 ) . Commodore John Barry : `` the father of the American navy '' . Philadelphia : self - published .", "61": "Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Hamilton , Alexander ( 1974 ) . Syrett , Harold C. , ed . The Papers of Alexander Hamilton . XX . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08919 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Higginbotham , Don ( 1983 ) . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 551460 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Hull , N.E.H. ; Hoffer , Peter C. ; Allen , Steven L. ( 1978 ) . `` Choosing Sides : A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York '' . Journal of American History . 65 ( 2 ) : 344 -- 66 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 . JSTOR 1894084 . doi : 10.2307 / 1894084 . Jensen , Merrill ( 2004 ) . The Founding of a Nation : a History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . Indianapolis , Indiana : Hackett Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 706 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : a History of the United States during the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . New York : Random House Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70527 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Kerber , Linda K. ( 1997 ) . Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4632 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Klos , Stanley L.", "62": "( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Labaree , Leonard Woods ( 1948 ) . Conservatism in Early American History ( Anson G. Phelps lectureship on early American history ) . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Lee , Richard Henry ( 1776 ) . `` Lee 's Resolutions '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Mackesy , Piers ( 1993 ) . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8192 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1997 ) . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 45492 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1991 ) . From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 . New York : W.W. Norton and Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30825 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shalhope , Robert E. ( 1972 ) . `` Toward a Republican Synthesis '' ( PDF ) . The William and Mary Quarterly . 29 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 80 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921327 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shy , John ( 2008 ) .", "63": "Toward Lexington : The Role of the British Army in the Coming of the American Revolution . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59740 - 414 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Stephens , Otis H. ; Glenn , Richard A. ( 2006 ) . Unreasonable Searches and Seizures : Rights and Liberties under the Law . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 503 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Warren , Charles ( 1945 ) . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 2 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 272 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 1921451 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921451 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1966 ) . `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 23 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 32 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2936154 . doi : 10.2307 / 2936154 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1993 ) . The Radicalism of the American Revolution . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 73688 - 2 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2003 ) . The American Revolution : A History . New York : Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7041 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Wraight , Christopher D. ( 2008 ) . Rousseau 's The Social Contract : A Reader 's Guide . London : Continuum Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9860 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 .", "64": "Bibliography Further information : Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War and Bibliography of George Washington Reference works Barnes , Ian , and Charles Royster . The Historical Atlas of the American Revolution ( 2000 ) , maps and commentary excerpt and text search Blanco , Richard L. ; Sanborn , Paul J. ( 1993 ) . The American Revolution , 1775 -- 1783 : An Encyclopedia . New York : Garland Publishing Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5623 - 0 . Boatner , Mark Mayo III ( 1974 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribners and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31513 - 3 . Cappon , Lester J. Atlas of Early American History : The Revolutionary Era , 1760 -- 1790 ( 1976 ) Fremont - Barnes , Gregory , and Richard A. Ryerson , eds . The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2006 ) 1000 entries by 150 experts , covering all topics Gray , Edward G. , and Jane Kamensky , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2013 ) 672 pp ; 33 essays by scholars Greene , Jack P. and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , 777pp an expanded edition of Greene and Pole , eds . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 1994 ) ; comprehensive coverage of political and social themes and international dimension ; thin on military Kennedy , Frances H. The American Revolution : A Historical Guidebook ( 2014 ) A guide to 150 famous historical sites . Purcell , L. Edward . Who Was Who in the American Revolution ( 1993 ) ; 1500 short biographies Resch , John P. , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture and the Homefront vol 1 ( 2005 ) , articles by scholars Symonds , Craig L. and William J. Clipson .", "65": "A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution ( 1986 ) new diagrams of each battle Surveys of the era Allison , Robert . The American Revolution : A Concise History ( 2011 ) 128pp excerpt and text search Axelrod , Alan . The Real History of the American Revolution : A New Look at the Past ( 2009 ) , well - illustrated popular history Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol 4 -- 10 online edition , classic 19th century narrative ; highly detailed Black , Jeremy . War for America : The Fight for Independence 1775 -- 1783 ( 2001 ) 266pp ; by leading British scholar Brown , Richard D. , and Thomas Paterson , eds . Major Problems in the Era of the American Revolution , 1760 -- 1791 : Documents and Essays ( 2nd ed. 1999 ) Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence : 1760 - 1776 ( 1976 ) Cogliano , Francis D. Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 ; A Political History ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) , British textbook Ellis , Joseph J. American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies in the Founding of the Republic ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Higginbotham , Don . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 ( 1983 ) Online in ACLS Humanities E-book Project ; comprehensive coverage of military and domestic aspects of the war . Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution 1763 -- 1776 . ( 2004 ) Knollenberg , Bernhard . Growth of the American Revolution : 1766 -- 1775 ( 2003 ) Lecky , William Edward Hartpole . The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1783 ( 1898 ) , older British perspective online edition Mackesy , Piers .", "66": "The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 ( 1992 ) , British military study online edition Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 ( Oxford History of the United States , 2005 ) . online edition Miller , John C. Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) online edition Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) online edition , to 1775 Rakove , Jack N. Revolutionaries : A New History of the Invention of America ( 2010 ) interpretation by leading scholar excerpt and text search Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 - 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Weintraub , Stanley . Iron Tears : Rebellion in America 1775 -- 83 ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search , popular Wood , Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters : What Made the Founders Different ( 2007 ) Wrong , George M. Washington and His Comrades in Arms : A Chronicle of the War of Independence ( 1921 ) online short survey by Canadian scholar online Specialized Studies Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . ( Harvard University Press , 1967 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44301 - 2 Bangs , Jeremy D . `` The Travels of Elkanah Watson '' . ( McFarland & Company , 2015 ) . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study on the History of Political Ideas ( 1922 ) Becker , Frank : The American Revolution as a European Media Event , European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2011 , retrieved : October 25 , 2011 . Berkin , Carol. Revolutionary Mothers : Women in the Struggle for America 's Independence ( 2006 ) Bonomi , Patricia U. , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Breen , T.H. The Marketplace of Revolution : How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence ( 2005 ) Breen , T.H.", "67": "American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) 337 pages ; examines rebellions in 1774 -- 76 including loosely organized militants took control before elected safety committees emerged . Brunsman , Denver , and David J Silverman , eds . The American Revolution Reader ( Routledge Readers in History , 2013 ) 472pp ; essays by leading scholars Chernow , Ron . Washington : A Life ( 2010 ) detailed biography ; Pulitzer Prize Crow , Jeffrey J. and Larry E. Tise , eds . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) Fischer , David Hackett . Paul Revere 's Ride ( 1995 ) , Minutemen in 1775 Fischer , David Hackett . Washington 's Crossing ( 2004 ) . 1776 campaigns ; Pulitzer prize . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517034 - 2 Freeman , Douglas Southall . Washington ( 1968 ) Pulitzer Prize ; abridged version of 7 vol biography Horne , Gerald . The Counter-Revolution of 1776 : Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America . ( New York University Press , 2014 ) . ISBN 1479893404 Kerber , Linda K. Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1979 ) Kidd , Thomas S. God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) McCullough , David . 1776 ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2671 - 2 ; popular narrative of the year 1776 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Nash , Gary B . The Unknown American Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America . ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03420 - 7 Nevins , Allan ; The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 1927 . online edition Norton , Mary Beth .", "68": "Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 1980 ) O'Shaughnessy Andrew Jackson . The Men Who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale University Press ; 2013 ) 466 pages ; on top British leaders Palmer , Robert R . The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 . vol 1 ( 1959 ) online edition Resch , John Phillips and Walter Sargent , eds . War and Society in the American Revolution : Mobilization and Home Fronts ( 2006 ) Rothbard , Murray , Conceived in Liberty ( 2000 ) , Volume III : Advance to Revolution , 1760 -- 1775 and Volume IV : The Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1784 . ISBN 0 - 945466 - 26 - 9 , libertarian perspective Van Tyne , Claude Halstead . American Loyalists : The Loyalists in the American Revolution ( 1902 ) online edition Volo , James M. and Dorothy Denneen Volo . Daily Life during the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Wahlke , John C. ed . The Causes of the American Revolution ( 1967 ) readings Wood , Gordon S. American Revolution ( 2005 ) ( excerpt and text search ) 208pp excerpt and text search Wood , Gordon S . The Radicalism of the American Revolution : How a Revolution Transformed a Monarchical Society into a Democratic One Unlike Any That Had Ever Existed. ( 1992 ) , by a leading scholar Historiography Breen , Timothy H. `` Ideology and nationalism on the eve of the American Revolution : Revisions once more in need of revising . '' Journal of American History ( 1997 ) : 13 - 39 . in JSTOR Schocket , Andrew M. Fighting over the Founders : How We Remember the American Revolution ( 2014 ) , how politicians , screenwriters , activists , biographers , museum professionals , and reenactors portray the American Revolution . excerpt Sehat , David .", "69": "The Jefferson Rule : How the Founding Fathers Became Infallible and Our Politics Inflexibl ( 2015 ) excerpt Shalhope , Robert E. `` Toward a republican synthesis : the emergence of an understanding of republicanism in American historiography . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1972 ) : 49 - 80 . in JSTOR Waldstreicher , David . `` The Revolutions of Revolution Historiography : Cold War Contradance , Neo-Imperial Waltz , or Jazz Standard ? . '' Reviews in American History 42.1 ( 2014 ) : 23 - 35 . online Wood , Gordon S. `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1966 ) : 4 - 32 . in JSTOR Primary sources The American Revolution : Writings from the War of Independence ( 2001 ) , Library of America , 880pp Commager , Henry Steele and Morris , Richard B. , eds . The Spirit of ' Seventy - Six : The Story of the American Revolution As Told by Participants ( 1975 ) ( ISBN 0 - 06 - 010834 - 7 ) short excerpts from hundreds of official and unofficial primary sources Dann , John C. , ed . The Revolution Remembered : Eyewitness Accounts of the War for Independence ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search , recollections by ordinary soldiers Gerlach , Larry ( editor ) ( 2002 ) . `` New Jersey in the American Revolution , 1763 - 1783 : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Historical Commission . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Humphrey , Carol Sue ed . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 to 1800 ( 2003 ) , 384pp ; newspaper accounts excerpt and text search Jensen , Merill , ed . Tracts of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 ( 1967 ) . American pamphlets Jensen , Merill , ed .", "70": "English Historical Documents : American Colonial Documents to 1776 : Volume 9 ( 1955 ) , 890pp ; major collection of important documents Morison , Samuel E. ed . Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764 -- 1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution ( 1923 ) . 370 pp online version Tansill , Charles C. ed. ; Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States . Government Printing Office . ( 1927 ) . 1124 pages online version Martin Kallich and Andrew MacLeish , eds . The American Revolution through British eyes ( 1962 ) primary documents Contemporary sources : Annual Register Murdoch , David H. ed . Rebellion in America : A Contemporary British Viewpoint , 1769 - 1783 ( 1979 ) , 900 + pp of annotated excerpts from Annual Register Annual Register 1773 , British compendium of speeches and reports 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 External links Library of Congress Guide to the American Revolution 132 historic photographs dealing with the personalities , monuments , weapons and locations of the American Revolution ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright . Pictures of the Revolutionary War : Select Audiovisual Records , National Archives and Records Administration selection of images , including a number of non-military events and portraits Revolution ! The Atlantic World Reborn , Revolution ! explores the enormous transformations in the world 's politics that took place from 1763 - 1815 , with particular attention to three globally influential revolutions in America , France , and Haiti . Linking the attack on monarchism and aristocracy to the struggle against slavery , Revolution ! shows how freedom , equality , and the sovereignty of the people became universal goals. New - York Historical Society PBS Television Series Chickasaws Conflicted by the American Revolution - Chickasaw.TV Smithsonian study unit on Revolutionary Money The American Revolution : Lighting Freedom 's Flame , US National Park Service website Honored Places : The National Park Service Teacher 's Guide to the American Revolution Haldimand Collection Letters regarding the war to important generals .", "71": "Fully indexed `` Military History of Revolution '' with links to documents , maps , URLs American Independence Museum Black Loyalist Heritage Society Spanish and Latin American contribution to the American Revolution American Archives : Documents of the American Revolution at Northern Illinois University Libraries American Revolution study guide and teacher resources AmericanRevolution.Org Resource for pre collegiate historical educational institutions The American Revolution , the History Channel ( US cable television ) website Gayle Olson - Ramer , `` Half a Revolution '' , 16 - page teaching guide for high school students , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools `` Counter-Revolution of 1776 '' : Was U.S. Independence War a Conservative Revolt in Favor of Slavery ? Democracy Now ! June 27 , 2014 . Origins of the American Revolution : writings American resolves , declarations , petitions , essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Following the Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Virginia Resolves ( May 1765 ) Braintree Instructions ( September 1765 ) Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( October 1765 ) An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies ( 1766 ) Following the Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) Massachusetts Circular Letter ( February 1768 ) Journal of Occurrences ( 1768 ,", "72": "1769 ) Virginia Association ( May 1769 ) Boston Pamphlet ( 1772 ) Sheffield Declaration ( January 1773 ) Following the Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Maryland Chestertown Resolves ( May 1774 ) Bush River Resolution ( March 1775 ) Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves ( September 1774 ) New York Orangetown Resolutions ( July 1774 ) A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( December 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( February 1775 ) North Carolina Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration ( May 1775 ) Liberty Point Resolves ( June 1775 ) Tryon Resolves ( August 1775 ) Halifax Resolves ( April 1776 ) Virginia Fairfax Resolves ( July 1774 ) Fincastle Resolutions ( January 1775 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves ( October 1774 ) Continental Association ( October 1774 ) Petition to the King ( October 1774 ) 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition ( July 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( July 1775 ) May 15 preamble ( May 1776 ) Lee Resolution ( July 1776 ) Essays and pamphlets `` Letters to the inhabitants of Canada '' ( 1774 , 1775 , 1776 ) A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Novanglus ( 1775 ) Common Sense ( January 1776 ) Thoughts on Government ( Spring , 1776 ) British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 )", "73": "Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of", "74": "Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - 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John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St.", "76": "Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . 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Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr .", "77": "Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr .", "78": "Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S.", "79": "history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - 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-1957543146923214339	where did they film the theory of everything	[ "Cambridge University, and at other locations in Cambridgeshire and across the United Kingdom", "at Cambridge University, and at other locations in Cambridgeshire and across the United Kingdom" ]	{ "0": "The Theory of Everything ( 2014 film ) - wikipedia The Theory of Everything ( 2014 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Theory of Everything UK release poster Directed by James Marsh Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Lisa Bruce Anthony McCarten Screenplay by Anthony McCarten Based on Travelling to Infinity : My Life with Stephen by Jane Hawking Starring Eddie Redmayne Felicity Jones Charlie Cox Emily Watson Simon McBurney David Thewlis Music by Jóhann Jóhannsson Cinematography Benoît Delhomme Edited by Jinx Godfrey Production company Working Title Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date 7 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 07 ) ( TIFF ) 1 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 123 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget US $15 million Box office US $123.7 million The Theory of Everything is a 2014 British biographical romantic drama film which is set at Cambridge University and details the life of the theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking . It was directed by James Marsh , and adapted by Anthony McCarten from the memoir Travelling to Infinity : My Life with Stephen by Jane Hawking , which deals with her relationship with her ex-husband , theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking , his diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS , also known as Lou Gehrig 's disease or motor neurone disease ) , and his success in physics . The film stars Eddie Redmayne and Felicity Jones , with Charlie Cox , Emily Watson , Simon McBurney , Christian McKay , Harry Lloyd , and David Thewlis featured in supporting roles . The film had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2014 . It had its UK premiere on 1 January 2015 . The film received positive reviews , with praise for the musical score , cinematography , and the performance of Felicity Jones and especially Eddie Redmayne , which earned him nominations for a variety of accolades in award shows and film festivals ; including winning the Academy Award for Best Actor .", "1": "The film also received Academy Award nominations for Best Picture , Best Actress for Jones , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Original Score for Jóhannsson . The film received ten British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTA ) nominations ; and won Outstanding British Film , Best Leading Actor for Redmayne , and Best Adapted Screenplay for McCarten . It received four Golden Globe Award nominations , winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Redmayne , and Best Original Score for Jóhannsson . It also received three Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations ; winning one for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role for Redmayne . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 3.4 Post-production 4 Historical accuracy 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) At the University of Cambridge , astrophysics student Stephen Hawking begins a romantic relationship with literature student Jane Wilde . Although Stephen excels at mathematics and physics , his friends and professors are concerned over his lack of a thesis topic . After Stephen and his professor Dennis Sciama attend a lecture on black holes , Stephen speculates that black holes may have been part of the creation of the universe , and decides to write his thesis on time . While pursuing his research , Stephen 's muscles begin to fail , eventually causing him to fall and hit his head . He learns he has motor neurone disease ; he will be unable to talk , swallow , breathe , or move most of his body ; and has approximately two years to live . Stephen asks what will happen to his brain . The doctor tells Stephen that the disease will not affect it or his thoughts , but that eventually , no one will know what they are . As Stephen becomes reclusive , focusing on his work , Jane confesses she loves him . She tells Stephen 's father she intends to stay with Stephen even as his condition worsens . They marry and have a son .", "2": "Stephen presents his thesis to the examination board , arguing that a black hole created the universe in a Big Bang , that it will emit heat , and that it will end in a Big Crunch . While celebrating with Jane and his friends , Stephen realises he can not walk , and begins using a wheelchair . After having a second child , a daughter , Stephen develops a theory about the visibility of black holes , and becomes a world - renowned physicist . Jane , focusing on the children and on Stephen 's health and increasing fame , is unable to work on her own thesis and becomes frustrated . Stephen tells her he will understand if she needs help . She joins the church choir , where she meets widower Jonathan and they become close friends . She employs him as a piano teacher for her son and Jonathan befriends the entire family , helping Stephen with his illness , supporting Jane , and playing with the children . When Jane gives birth to another son , Stephen 's mother asks Jane if the baby is Jonathan 's , which she denies . Jane sees that Jonathan overheard the conversation , and is appalled , but when they are alone , they admit their feelings for one another . Jonathan stays away from the family , but Stephen visits him , saying that Jane needs him . While Jane and Jonathan take the children camping , Stephen is invited to attend an opera performance in Bordeaux , and contracts pneumonia . While in the hospital , the doctors tell Jane that Stephen needs a tracheotomy , which will leave him unable to speak . She agrees to the surgery . Stephen learns to use a spelling board , and uses it to communicate with Elaine , his new nurse . He receives a computer with a built - in voice synthesiser , and uses it to write a book , A Brief History of Time , which becomes an international best - seller . Stephen tells Jane that he has been invited to America to accept an award , and will be taking Elaine with him . Jane faces the realisation that her and Stephen 's marriage has not been working , telling him she `` did her best '' . Jane and Stephen agree to divorce . Stephen goes to the lecture with Elaine , the two having fallen in love , and Jane and Jonathan reunite . At the lecture , Stephen sees a student drop a pen ; he imagines getting up to return it , almost crying at the reminder of how his disease has affected him .", "3": "He goes on to give an inspiring speech , saying , `` There should be no boundaries to human endeavour . We are all different . However bad life may seem , there is always something you can do , and succeed at . While there 's life , there is hope '' . Stephen invites Jane to meet Queen Elizabeth II with him to receive his Order of the Companions of Honour ; they share a happy day together with their children , with Stephen saying `` Look what we made '' . An extended closing series comprises select moments from the film ; shown in reverse , back to the moment Stephen first saw Jane . A final title sequence brings the lives of the lead characters up to date . Jane and Jonathan are happily married , and she has completed her PhD . She and Stephen remain close friends . Stephen declines a knighthood from the Queen and continues his research , with no plans to retire . Cast ( edit ) Eddie Redmayne as Stephen Hawking Felicity Jones as Jane Hawking Charlie Cox as Jonathan Jones David Thewlis as Dennis Sciama Simon McBurney as Frank Hawking , Stephen 's father Emily Watson as Beryl Wilde , Jane 's mother Maxine Peake as Elaine Mason , Stephen 's second wife Harry Lloyd as Brian , Hawking 's room - mate Guy Oliver - Watts as George Wilde , Jane 's father Abigail Cruttenden as Isobel Hawking , Stephen 's mother Charlotte Hope as Phillipa Hawking , Stephen 's sister Lucy Chappell as Mary Hawking , Stephen 's sister Christian McKay as Roger Penrose Enzo Cilenti as Kip Thorne Georg Nikoloff as Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov Alice Orr - Ewing as Diana King , sister of Basil King , Stephen 's friend Stephen Hawking provides his own , Equaliser - computerised voice Frank Leboeuf as Swiss doctor Michael Marcus as Ellis , Hawking 's friend Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` That 's really the essence of the story , it 's a very unusual love story in a very strange environment , a very strange sort of landscape , and that is I think the abiding theme of the film . It is how these two characters , these two real people transcend all the complications and curveballs that life throws at them . ''", "4": "-- James Marsh , speaking of the film 's nature The title `` The Theory of Everything '' had been used before , inter alia , the title of a fictitious book mentioned in Andy Hamilton 's 1995 - 2012 BBC radio series , `` Old Harry 's Game '' , a 2006 TV film , and a 2008 episode of `` CSI : Crime Scene Investigation '' . Screenwriter Anthony McCarten had been interested in Hawking since reading his seminal book A Brief History of Time in 1988 . In 2004 , McCarten read Jane Hawking 's memoir Travelling to Infinity : My Life with Stephen , and subsequently began writing a screenplay adaptation of the book , with no guarantees in place . He met numerous times with Jane at her home to discuss the project . After multiple drafts , he was introduced in 2009 to producer Lisa Bruce via their mutual ICM agent , Craig Bernstein . Bruce spent three years with McCarten , further convincing Jane Hawking to agree to a film adaptation of her book , with Bruce stating , `` It was a lot of conversation , many glasses of sherry , and many pots of tea '' . On 18 April 2013 , James Marsh was confirmed to direct the film , with the shooting being based in Cambridge , and at other locations in the United Kingdom , with Eddie Redmayne courted to fill the male lead of the piece . On 23 June 2013 , it was revealed that Felicity Jones was confirmed to play the film 's female lead role opposite Redmayne . On 8 October 2013 , it was confirmed that Emily Watson and David Thewlis had joined the cast , Christina Applegate , Kate del Castillo , Catherine Tate , and Amanda Peet were considered for the part , and that Working Title 's Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Lisa Bruce , and Anthony McCarten would be producing the piece . Filmmaker Marsh had studied archival images to give the film its authenticity , stating , `` When we had photographs and documentary footage of Stephen that related to our story , we tried to reproduce them as best we could '' . Redmayne met with Hawking himself , commenting , `` Even now , when he 's unable to move , you can still see such effervescence in his eyes '' .", "5": "And described portraying Hawking on - screen as a `` hefty '' challenge , adding that , `` The real problem with making a film is of course you do n't shoot chronologically . So it was about having to really try and chart his physical deterioration ( so ) you can jump into it day - to - day , whilst at the same time keeping this spark and wit and humour that he has '' . Redmayne spent six months researching Hawking 's life , watching every piece of interview footage he could find of him . He studied Hawking 's accent and speech patterns under dialect coach Julia Wilson - Dickson to prepare for the role . Marsh stated that what Redmayne had to do was not easy . `` He had to take on enormous amounts of difficult preparation , as well as embracing the difficult physicality of the role . It 's not just doing a disability . It 's actually charting the course of an illness that erodes the body , and the mind has to project out from that erosion '' , he said . He added that Hawking gave him his blessing , and also revealed that , `` ( Hawking 's ) response was very positive , so much so that he offered to lend his voice , the real voice that he uses . The voice you hear in the latter part of the story is in fact Stephen 's actual electronic voice as he uses it '' , he said . It was revealed to the Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) audience that as the lights came up at a recent screening , a nurse had wiped a tear from Hawking 's cheek . Jane Hawking , speaking on BBC Radio 4 's Woman 's Hour , talked of meeting Jones several times while the latter prepared for the role . When Hawking saw the finished film , she was amazed to see that Jones had incorporated her mannerisms and speech patterns into her performance . Filming ( edit ) Part of the filming in Cambridge took place at St John 's College By 8 October 2013 , principal photography had begun , with the shooting being done at Cambridge University , and at other locations in Cambridgeshire and across the United Kingdom .", "6": "Prior to the start of principal photography , Working Title had begun shooting on the lawn in front of the New Court building from 23 September 2013 to 27 September 2013 ; they filmed the Cambridge May Ball scene , set in 1963 . On 24 September 2013 , scenes were filmed at St John 's College , The Backs in Queen 's Road , and Queen 's Green . The New Court lawn and Kitchen Bridge were included features in the filming location of the piece . The May Ball scene was the last of the outside shoots , with filming in a lecture theatre the following day , and the remaining filming completed in the studio over the final five weeks of production . The pyrotechnic specialists Titanium Fireworks , who developed the displays for the London 2012 Olympic Games , provided three identical firework displays for the Trinity College , Cambridge May Ball scene . Music ( edit ) Composer Jóhann Jóhannsson scored The Theory of Everything . His score in the film has been described as including `` ( Jóhannsson 's ) signature blend of acoustic instruments and electronics '' . Jóhannsson commented that `` it always involves the layers of live recordings , whether it 's orchestra or a band or solo instrument , with electronics and more ' soundscapey ' elements which can come from various sources '' . The soundtrack was recorded at Abbey Road Studios . Post-production ( edit ) During editing , filmmakers tried to remake Hawking 's synthesised voice , but it did not turn out as they wanted . Hawking enjoyed the film enough that he granted them permission to use his own synthesised voice , which is heard in the final film . Historical accuracy ( edit ) The film takes various dramatic liberties with the history it portrays . Writing for the film blog of UK daily newspaper The Guardian , Michelle Dean noted : `` The Theory of Everything 's marketing materials will tell you it is based on Jane Hawking 's memoir of her marriage , a book published in the UK as Music to Move the Stars , and then re-issued as Travelling to Infinity . But the screenwriters rearranged the facts to suit certain dramatic conventions . And while that always happens in these based - on - a-true - story films , the scale of the departure in The Theory of Everything is unusually wide .", "7": "The film becomes almost dishonest -- in a way that feels unfair to both parties , and oddly , particularly Jane Hawking herself '' . In Slate , L.V. Anderson wrote that `` the Stephen played by Eddie Redmayne is far gentler and more sensitive '' than suggested in Travelling to Infinity . The Slate article further noted that the character Brian , Hawking 's closest friend at Cambridge in the film , is not based on a real individual , but rather a composite of several of his real - life friends . The film alters some of the details surrounding the beginning of Stephen and Jane 's relationship , including how they met , as well as the fact that Jane knew about Stephen 's disease before they started dating . Slate also comments that the film underplays Hawking 's stubbornness and refusal to accept outside assistance for his disorder . For The Guardian , Dean concluded by saying : `` The movie presents the demise of their relationship as a beautiful , tear - soaked , mutually respectful conversation . Of course that did n't actually happen either . Jane 's book describes a protracted breakup that comes to a head in a screaming fight on vacation . She also described devastation when Hawking announced by letter he was leaving her for his second wife , Elaine Mason . He ended up married to Mason for 10 years before that fell apart , and then he and Jane mended fences . Which , as it happens , the movie fudges too . It tries to present the rapprochement as coming when Hawking was made a Companion of Honour in 1989 , but that actually happened before the couple separated '' . Physicist Adrian Melott , a former student of Dennis Sciama , Hawking 's doctoral supervisor portrayed in the film , strongly criticised the portrayal of Sciama in the film . Release ( edit ) On 8 October 2013 , Universal Pictures International had acquired the rights to distribute the film internationally . On 10 April 2014 , Focus Features acquired the distribution rights to The Theory of Everything in the United States , with the plan of a 2014 limited theatrical release . publisher after , Entertainment One Films picked up the Canadian distribution rights . The first trailer of the film was released on 7 August 2014 .", "8": "The Theory of Everything premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) on 7 September 2014 , where it opened in the official sidebar section , Special Presentations . The film had a limited release in the United States on 7 November 2014 , expanded in successive weeks to Taiwan , Austria , and Germany , ahead of a United Kingdom release on 1 January 2015 , before being released throughout Europe . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Theory of Everything earned US $122,873,310 worldwide , with its biggest markets coming from North America ( US $35.9 million ) , and the United Kingdom ( US $31.9 million ) . The film had a North American limited release on 7 November 2014 ; it was released in five theatres , and earned US $207,000 on its opening weekend , for an average of US $41,400 per theatre . The film was then widely released on 26 November across 802 theatres , earning US $5 million , and debuting at No. 7 at the Box Office . During its five - day Thanksgiving week , the film earned US $6.4 million . Critical response ( edit ) Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 79 % based on 236 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Part biopic , part love story , The Theory of Everything rises on James Marsh 's polished direction and the strength of its two leads . '' Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 72 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Catherine Shoard of The Guardian wrote , `` Redmayne towers : this is an astonishing , genuinely visceral performance which bears comparison with Daniel Day - Lewis in My Left Foot '' . Lou Lumenick , in his review for The New York Post , called the film `` tremendously moving and inspirational '' .", "9": "Justin Chang of Variety remarked , `` A stirring and bittersweet love story , inflected with tasteful good humor ... '' He continued by praising the `` superb performances '' from Redmayne and Jones , as well commenting very positively about Jóhannsson 's score , `` whose arpeggio - like repetitions and progressions at times evoke the compositions of Philip Glass '' , whilst praising John Paul Kelly 's production design , and Steven Noble 's costumes . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter remarked , `` A solid , duly moving account of their complicated relationship , spanning roughly 25 years , and made with impeccable professional polish '' , praising Delhomme 's cinematography as having `` lush , intricately lit compositions '' , and adding `` a splendor that keeps the film consistently watchable '' , and Jóhannsson 's score as `` dainty precision with a ineffable scientific quality about it '' . The Daily Telegraph 's Tim Robey granted the film a positive review , stating that , `` In its potted appraisal of Hawking 's cosmology , The Theory of Everything bends over backwards to speak to the layman , and relies on plenty of second - hand inspiration . But it borrows from the right sources , this theory . And that 's something '' , while praising Redmayne 's performance , McCarten 's script , and Delhomme 's cinematography . Deadline.com 's Pete Hammond marked McCarten 's script and Marsh 's direction for praise , and of the film 's Toronto reception , wrote : `` To say the response here was rapturous would not be understating the enthusiasm I heard -- not just from pundits , but also Academy voters with whom I spoke . One told me he came in with high expectations for a quality movie , and this one exceeded them '' . The film was not without its detractors . Some criticised Marsh 's focus on Hawking 's romantic life . Alonso Duralde of The Wrap stated that `` Hawking 's innovations and refusal to subscribe to outdated modes of thinking merely underscore the utter conventionality of his film biography '' . Eric Kohn of Indiewire added that `` James Marsh 's biopic salutes the famous physicist 's commitment , but falls short of exploring his brilliant ideas '' .", "10": "Dennis Overbye of the New York Times noted that `` the movie does n't deserve any prizes for its drive - by muddling of Dr. Hawking 's scientific work , leaving viewers in the dark about exactly why he is so famous . Instead of showing how he undermined traditional notions of space and time , it panders to religious sensibilities about what his work does or does not say about the existence of God , which in fact is very little '' . Writing for The Guardian 's film blog , Michelle Dean argues that the film does a disservice to Jane Wilde Hawking , by `` rearrang ( ing ) the facts to suit certain dramatic conventions ... The Theory of Everything is hell - bent on preserving the cliche '' . The film 's producers , writer , director Marsh , and actors Redmayne and Jones were widely favoured for award season success . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Theory of Everything The Theory of Everything received several awards and nominations following its release . At the 87th Academy Awards , it was nominated in the categories of Best Picture , Best Actor for Eddie Redmayne , Best Actress for Jones , Best Adapted Screenplay for McCarten , and Best Original Score for Jóhann Jóhannsson ; with Eddie Redmayne winning the film 's sole Academy Award for his performance . The film was nominated for ten British Academy Film Awards , ( winning for Best Adapted Screenplay , Best British Film , and Best Actor ) , five Critics ' Choice Movie Awards , and three Screen Actors Guild Awards . At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards , Redmayne won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , and Jóhannsson won Best Original Score . The film , and Jones were also nominated . Production designer John Paul Kelly earned a nomination for Excellence in Production Design for a Period Film from the Art Directors Guild , while the producers were nominated for Best Theatrical Motion Picture by the Producers Guild of America . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Theory of Everything ( 12A ) '' . BBFC.co.uk . British Board of Film Classification ( BBFC ) . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Theory of Everything '' . WorkingTitleFilms.com .", "11": "Working Title Films . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything '' . TIFF.net . Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Dan ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` Stephen Hawking biopic ' Theory of Everything ' set for Nov. 7 launch '' . Variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Theory of Everything ' trailer is a heartbreaking inspiration '' . HuffingtonPost.com . Huffington Post . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Theory of Everything begins principal photography '' . Working Title Films. 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , L.V. ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` How accurate is The Theory of Everything ? '' . Slate.com . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` First look at Oscar contender ' The Theory of Everything ' -- an unexpected love story about Stephen Hawking '' . Deadline.com . Deadline.com. 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Levy , Emmanuel ( 5 September 2014 ) . `` Theory of Everything : making movie about Stephen Hawkings '' . EmanuelLevy.com . Emmanuel Levy . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto : THR Honors ' Theory of Everything ' stars and director with breakthrough in film awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne set to play Stephen Hawking in biopic '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 April 2014 .", "12": "Jump up ^ White , James ( 23 June 2013 ) . `` Felicity Jones joins Theory of Everything '' . EmpireOnline.com . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( 24 June 2013 ) . `` Felicity Jones cast in Stephen Hawking biopic ' Theory of Everything ' '' . DigitalSpy.co.uk . Digital Spy . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Dan ( 8 October 2013 ) . `` Emily Watson joins Working Title 's ' Theory of Everything ' '' . Variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Child , Ben ( 8 October 2013 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne , Felicity Jones line up for James Marsh 's ' The Theory of Everything ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eddie Redmayne on playing ( and meeting ) Stephen Hawking '' . InsideMovies.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto : ' The Theory of Everything ' made Stephen Hawking cry '' . Variety.com . Variety . 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson - Dickson , Andrew ( 18 October 2015 ) . `` Julia Wilson - Dickson obituary '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Presenter : Sheila McClennon ; Producer : Susannah Tresilian ; Interviewed Guest : Jane Hawking ( 2 January 2015 ) . `` Jane Hawking ; Surrogacy ; Same Clothes Every Day ; Safe Houses for Over-45s '' . Woman 's Hour. 03 : 30 minutes in . BBC . BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Dan ( 9 October 2013 ) . `` Hawking biopic ' The Theory of Everything ' starring Eddie Redmayne begins filming '' .", "13": "TheHollywoodNews.com . The Hollywood News . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Felicity about Theory of Everything -- shooting of the May Ball & Boat Club scenes '' . AddictedToEddie.blogspot.co.uk . Addicted to Eddie 's blog . 26 March 2014 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : first pictures of Eddie Redmayne playing Stephen Hawking on film shoot in Cambridge for The Theory of Everything '' . Cambridge-News.co.uk . Cambridge News . Archived from the original on 9 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cambridge Theory of Everything '' . Scudamores.com . Scudamores. 1 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trinity College Cambridge May Ball fireworks 2014 '' . TitaniumFireworks.com . Titanium Fireworks. 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` General news scores soundtrack : Jóhann Jóhannsson provides the beautiful score for Focus Features ' The Theory of Everything '' . WeAreMovieGeeks.com . We Are Movie Geeks. 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Recording at Abbey Road for Jóhann Jóhannsson ' Theory of Everything ' feature film music '' . Bakermoon.com . Bakermoon. 21 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin . `` How Eddie Redmayne became Stephen Hawking in ' The Theory of Everything ' '' . Variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dean , Michelle ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` The Theory of Everything does Jane Hawking a disservice '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 November 2016 .", "14": "^ Jump up to : Anderson , L.V. ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` How accurate is The Theory of Everything ? '' . Slate.com . Slate . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Melott , Adrian L. ( 2015 ) . `` Views : The Theory of Everything is missing something : letter from Adrian L Melott '' . AstroGeo.OxfordJournals.org . Astronomy & Geophysics. 56 ( 2 ) : 2.9 . doi : 10.1093 / astrogeo / atv057 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything '' . TIFF.net . Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) . 9 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything -- 2015 film '' . EFilmsWorld.com . EFilmsWorld. 9 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` First trailer revealed for Stephen Hawking biopic The Theory of Everything '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` FTIFF : Eddie Redmayne is Stephen Hawking in trailer for ' The Theory of Everything ' '' . SoundOnSight.org . Sound On Sight . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto film festival 2014 : full lineup '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto : ' Theory of Everything ' has the right formula for Oscars '' . Variety.com . Variety . 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 22 July 2014 ) .", "15": "`` Toronto Film Festival lineup includes Denzel Washington 's ' Equalizer , ' Kate Winslet 's ' A Little Chaos ' '' . Variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` Stephen Hawking biopic ' Theory of Everything ' set for Nov. 7 launch '' . Variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Focus ' ' Theory of Everything ' set for November ; relativity dates ' November Man ' for August ; Disneynature 's ' Monkey Kingdom ' due in 2015 '' . Deadline.com . Deadline.com. 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` Stephen Hawking biopic The Theory of Everything trailer released , movie stars Eddie Redmayne '' . uk.eonline.com . E ! Online . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brian Brooks ( 30 November 2014 ) . `` ' Theory of Everything ' expands with gusto amid huge ' imitation game ' opening '' . Deadline.com . Deadline.com . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) '' . RottenTomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) '' . Metacritic.com . Metacritic. 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything review : Hawking 's story packs powerful punch '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Stephen Hawking biopic is a good bet for Oscar nods '' . nypost.com . The New York Post . 8 September 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto film review : ' The Theory of Everything ' '' . Variety.com . Variety . 7 September 2014 .", "16": "Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Theory of Everything ' : Toronto review '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Theory of Everything , review : ' tasteful and affecting ' : Toronto review '' . Telegraph.co.uk . The Daily Telegraph . 8 September 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto : ' Theory of Everything ' sends Oscar race into early overdrive as TIFF world premieres keep on coming '' . Deadline.com . Deadline.com. 8 September 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( 8 September 2014 ) . `` ' The Theory of Everything ' review : Eddie Redmayne gives body and soul to a by - the - numbers biopic '' . TheWrap.com . The Wrap . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( 8 September 2014 ) . `` Toronto review : Eddie Redmayne and Felicity Jones salvage Stephen Hawking biopic ' The Theory of Everything ' '' . Indiewire.com . Indiewire . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Overbye , Dennis ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` The leaky science of Hollywood -- Stephen Hawking 's movie life story is not very scientific '' . nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Dean , Michelle ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` The Theory of Everything does Jane Hawking a disservice '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TIFF : Stephen Hawking story ' The Theory of Everything ' spurs Oscar talk '' . InsideMovies.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto : Eddie Redmayne leaps to head of Oscar pack for ' Theory of Everything ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 7 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` BAFTA nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' leads with 11 -- full list '' . Deadline.com . Deadline.com. 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' , ' Grand Budapest ' top Critics Choice awards nominations '' . Variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees nnnounced for the 21st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . SAGawards.org . SAG - AFTRA. 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman ' , ' Foxcatcher ' among Art Directors Guild nominees '' . Deadline.com . Deadline.com. 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Sniper , ' ' Birdman ' & ' Boyhood ' among PGA awards nominees '' . Deadline.com . Deadline.com. 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Theory of Everything ( 2014 film ) The Theory of Everything -- official website at WorkingTitleFilms.com The Theory of Everything -- official website at FocusFeatures.", "18": "com The Theory of Everything at the British Board of Film Classification The Theory of Everything at the British Film Institute The Theory of Everything on IMDb The Theory of Everything at Box Office Mojo The Theory of Everything at Rotten Tomatoes The Theory of Everything at Metacritic Stephen Hawking Physics Hawking radiation Black - hole thermodynamics Chronology protection conjecture Gibbons -- Hawking ansatz Gibbons -- Hawking effect Gibbons -- Hawking space Gibbons -- Hawking -- York boundary term Hartle -- Hawking state Books Science The Large Scale Structure of Space - Time ( 1973 ) A Brief History of Time ( 1988 ) Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays ( 1993 ) The Nature of Space and Time ( 1996 ) The Universe in a Nutshell ( 2001 ) On the Shoulders of Giants ( 2002 ) A Briefer History of Time ( 2005 ) God Created the Integers ( 2005 ) The Grand Design ( 2010 ) The Dreams That Stuff Is Made Of ( 2011 ) Fiction George 's Secret Key to the Universe ( 2007 ) George 's Cosmic Treasure Hunt ( 2009 ) George and the Big Bang ( 2011 ) George and the Unbreakable Code ( 2014 ) George and the Blue Moon ( 2016 ) Memoirs My Brief History ( 2013 ) Films A Brief History of Time ( 1991 ) Hawking ( 2004 ) Hawking ( 2013 ) The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) Television God ,", "19": "the Universe and Everything Else ( 1988 ) Stephen Hawking 's Universe ( 1997 documentary ) Stephen Hawking : Master of the Universe ( 2008 documentary ) Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking ( 2010 series ) Brave New World with Stephen Hawking ( 2011 series ) Genius by Stephen Hawking ( 2016 series ) Family Jane Wilde Hawking ( first wife ) Lucy Hawking ( daughter ) Other In popular culture Black hole information paradox Thorne -- Hawking -- Preskill bet Films directed by James Marsh Wisconsin Death Trip ( 1999 ) The King ( 2005 ) Man on Wire ( 2008 ) Red Riding : 1980 ( 2009 ) Project Nim ( 2011 ) Shadow Dancer ( 2012 ) The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) The Mercy ( 2018 ) BAFTA Award for Best British Film 1947 -- 1967 Odd Man Out ( 1947 ) The Fallen Idol ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) The Blue Lamp ( 1950 ) The Lavender Hill Mob ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Genevieve ( 1953 ) Hobson 's Choice ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Reach for the Sky ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Sapphire ( 1959 ) Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ( 1960 ) A Taste of Honey ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr.", "20": "Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) 1992 -- present The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Shadowlands ( 1993 ) Shallow Grave ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) Nil by Mouth ( 1997 ) Elizabeth ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) The Warrior ( 2002 ) Touching the Void ( 2003 ) My Summer of Love ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) This Is England ( 2007 ) Man on Wire ( 2008 ) Fish Tank ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) Brooklyn ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best International Film Dinner for Adele ( 1979 ) Scanners ( 1980 ) Quest for Fire ( 1981 ) Mad Max 2 ( 1982 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Eastern Promises ( 2007 ) Let the Right One In ( 2008 ) District 9 ( 2009 ) Monsters ( 2010 ) The Skin I Live In ( 2011 ) Headhunters ( 2012 ) Big Bad Wolves ( 2013 ) The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) Turbo Kid ( 2015 ) The Handmaiden ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "21": "php?title=The_Theory_of_Everything_(2014_film)&oldid=836327686 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films Cultural depictions of Stephen Hawking 2010s biographical films 2010s romantic drama films Biographical films about mathematicians British films British biographical films British romantic drama films Films directed by James Marsh Best British Film BAFTA Award winners Culture of the University of Cambridge Films about educators Films about mathematics Films about paraplegics or quadriplegics Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in the 1980s Films shot in Berkshire Films shot in Cambridgeshire Films shot in England Films shot in Surrey Motor neuron diseases Biographical films about scientists Working Title Films films Films set in Cambridge Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - 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-6669308254741746858	who wrote somewhere there's a place for us	[ "Leonard Bernstein", "Stephen Sondheim", "The music is composed by Leonard Bernstein", "lyrics by Stephen Sondheim" ]	{ "0": "Somewhere ( song ) - wikipedia Somewhere ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song from West Side Story . For the Shanice song , see Somewhere ( Shanice song ) . For other uses , see Somewhere ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Somewhere '' , sometimes referred to as `` Somewhere ( There 's a Place for Us ) '' or simply `` There 's a Place for Us '' , is a song from the 1957 Broadway musical West Side Story that was made into a film in 1961 . The music is composed by Leonard Bernstein with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim , and takes a phrase from the slow movement of Beethoven 's ' Emperor ' Piano Concerto , which forms the start of the melody , and also a longer phrase from the main theme of Pyotr Tchaikovsky 's Swan Lake . Contents ( hide ) 1 The song in the stage musical 2 The song in the 1961 film 3 P.J. Proby version 4 The Supremes ' version 5 Barbra Streisand version 6 Phil Collins version 6.1 Charts 7 Pet Shop Boys version 7.1 Track listings 7.2 Charts 8 Other notable cover versions 9 References 10 External links The song in the stage musical ( edit ) In the stage musical , the song appears in the second act of the show during the Somewhere Ballet . It is performed by an off - stage soprano singer and is later reprised by the entire company . In the original Broadway production , `` Somewhere '' was sung by Reri Grist who played the role of Consuelo . At the end of the show , when Tony is shot , Maria sings the first few lines of the song as he dies in her arms . In late 1957 , this recording was released on the album West Side Story ( Original Broadway Cast ) .", "1": "The song in the 1961 film ( edit ) In the 1961 film , the song occurs at a pivotal point , after the rumble in which Tony ( Richard Beymer ) has stabbed Maria 's brother , Bernardo ( George Chakiris ) . Having nowhere else to go , Tony runs to Maria ( Natalie Wood ) , who has just been told of her brother 's death and who killed him . When Tony comes to her room through the balcony window , Maria , in shock , pounds against his chest . Realizing in spite of her anger that she still loves Tony , Maria begs him to hold her . After Maria cries out , `` It 's not us ... it 's everything around us . '' Tony replies , `` Then I 'll take you away , where nothing can get to us . '' He then begins singing `` Somewhere '' to her . His comforting voice draws her in and it becomes a duet of hope that their love will survive `` somehow , someday , somewhere . '' As in the stage show , Maria sings the first few lines of the song as Tony dies in her arms . In 2004 , this version finished at # 20 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . `` Somewhere '' is the only track that is out of sequence on the original soundtrack album as it is the last track on Side 2 . This is rectified on the CD as `` Somewhere '' is correctly placed in sequence to the film between `` The Rumble '' and `` Cool . '' P.J. Proby version ( edit ) In 1964 , P.J. Proby released his version of `` Somewhere '' , which reached number 6 on the British singles chart and 7 on the Australian singles chart . The song also charted well in various European countries . Chart positions Peak position UK Singles Chart 6 Australian Singles Chart 7 The Supremes ' version ( edit ) In 1965 , the Supremes recorded the song for their album , There 's a Place for Us , though it went unreleased until 2004 . They also used it for their debut appearance at the Copacabana nightclub in New York City and it eventually became a fixture of their nightclub acts .", "2": "They also sang the song on The Ed Sullivan Show and The Hollywood Palace . In contrast to the original melody , a special dramatic monologue was incorporated , which was frequently changed in conjunction with changes in the group as well as the country 's turmoil in the late 1960s . In the aftermath of the shooting of Martin Luther King , Jr. , the monologue was changed to reflect King 's famous `` I Have a Dream '' speech . When the Supremes appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson the day after King had been murdered , lead singer Diana Ross was so overcome with emotion that she practically stumbled through the speech , but got an extraordinary ovation from the studio audience . It would once again be nationally televised several months later that year when the group paired up with the Temptations for an NBC television special , TCB . The monologue for that special went as follows : `` Yes , there 's a place for each of us , Where love is like a passion , burning like a fire , Let our efforts be as determined as that of Dr. Martin Luther King , Who had a dream that all God 's children , Black men , white men , Jews , Gentiles , Protestants , and Catholics , Could join hands and sing that spiritual of all : `` Free at last ! Free at last ! Thank God almighty , we are free at last ! '' Barbra Streisand version ( edit ) In 1985 , Barbra Streisand released a version of `` Somewhere '' as a single off the Grammy Award - winning The Broadway Album , charting at number 43 in the US ( on the Billboard Hot 100 ) and number 88 in the UK . The song itself won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal ( s ) . In 2011 , a duet was produced using scenes from Streisand 's version while Jackie Evancho performed live with David Foster at the Ringling Museum of Art . On her 2014 Partners album , she released a new recording of the song , this time as a duet with Josh Groban .", "3": "Phil Collins version ( edit ) `` Somewhere '' Single by Phil Collins from the album The Songs of West Side Story Released Format CD , 12 '' Genre Rock Length 4 : 02 Label Atlantic , Virgin , WEA Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Bernstein , Stephen Sondheim Producer ( s ) Phil Collins Phil Collins singles chronology `` We Wait and We Wonder '' ( 1994 ) `` Somewhere '' ( 1996 ) `` Dance into the Light '' ( 1996 ) `` We Wait and We Wonder '' ( 1994 ) `` Somewhere '' ( 1996 ) `` Dance into the Light '' ( 1996 ) British drummer Phil Collins later covered the song in 1996 for the West Side Story cover album The Songs of West Side Story .", "4": "Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Canadian Singles Chart 68 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 7 Pet Shop Boys version ( edit ) `` Somewhere '' Single by Pet Shop Boys from the album Bilingual Special Edition A-side `` A Red Letter Day '' ( US ) B - side `` The View from Your Balcony '' , `` Disco Potential '' Released 23 June 1997 Format CD single , 12 `` , cassette single Recorded 1995 Genre Hi - NRG Length 4 : 42 10 : 56 ( extended version ) Label Parlophone / Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Leonard Bernstein , Stephen Sondheim Producer ( s ) Pet Shop Boys Pet Shop Boys singles chronology `` A Red Letter Day '' ( 1997 ) `` Somewhere '' ( 1997 ) `` I Do n't Know What You Want But I Ca n't Give It Any More '' ( 1999 ) `` A Red Letter Day '' ( 1997 ) `` Somewhere '' ( 1997 ) `` I Do n't Know What You Want But I Ca n't Give It Any More '' ( 1999 ) `` Somewhere '' was released as a single by the British music group Pet Shop Boys on 23 June 1997 to promote their `` Somewhere '' residency at the Savoy Theatre in London , which was named after the song , and to promote a repackage of Bilingual . The single was another top 10 hit for the group , peaking at number 9 . The single also peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles , roughly equivalent to 125 on the main United States Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also peaked at number 19 on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart . In the US , the song was released as a double A-side with `` A Red Letter Day '' . The Pet Shop Boys ' version also uses elements of another West Side Story song , `` I Feel Pretty '' , and the album version uses elements of `` One Hand , One Heart '' spoken by Chris Lowe .", "5": "Track listings ( edit ) UK CD single 1 Parlophone CDRS 6470 `` Somewhere '' `` The View from Your Balcony '' `` To Step Aside '' ( Ralphi 's Old School Dub ) `` Somewhere '' ( Forthright Vocal Mix ) UK CD single 2 Parlophone CDR 6470 `` Somewhere '' ( Orchestral version ) `` Disco Potential '' `` Somewhere '' ( Trouser Enthusiasts Mix ) `` Somewhere '' ( Forthright Dub ) UK cassette single TCR 6470 `` Somewhere '' `` Somewhere '' ( Orchestral version ) `` The View from Your Balcony '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 56 German Singles Chart 70 Swedish Singles Chart 21 UK Singles Chart 9 US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles 25 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 19 Other notable cover versions ( edit ) Esther Ofarim covered this song on her 1965 album `` Is it Really Me ? '' and in the 2006 re-release `` In New York With Bobby Scott & His Orchestra '' Len Barry covered this song in 1966 and peaked at # 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Ben Platt performed this song at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards as a tribute to Leonard Bernstein . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ross , Alex . The Rest is Noise : Listening to the Twentieth Century . Fourth Estate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84115 - 475 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barbra Streisand Archives : Records / The Broadway Album . Jump up ^ Dean , Will ( 19 June 2013 ) . `` Music review : Pet Shop Boys bring cornucopia of hits to London 's O2 Arena '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing .", "6": "Jump up ^ www.esther-ofarim.de External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail !", "7": "We Five Beverly Bivens Michael Stewart Jerry Burgan Pete Fullerton Bob Jones Debbie Burgan ' Studio albums You Were on My Mind Make Someone Happy The Return of We Five Catch the Wind Take Each Day as It Comes Singles `` You Were on My Mind '' `` Let 's Get Together '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Walk On By '' `` Catch the Wind '' B - Sides `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' `` Somewhere Beyond the Sea '' `` Somewhere '' `` The First Time '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Oh Lonesome Me '' Cover Songs `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` The Inch Worm '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Softly As I Leave You '' `` Soon It 's Gonna Rain '' `` Tonight '' Phil Collins songs Discography Face Value `` In the Air Tonight '' `` I Missed Again '' `` If Leaving Me Is Easy '' Hello , I Must Be Going ! `` Thru These Walls '' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' `` I Do n't Care Anymore '' `` Do n't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away '' `` Why Ca n't It Wait ' Til Morning '' `` I Cannot Believe It 's True '' `` Like China '' No Jacket Required `` Sussudio '' `` One More Night '' `` Do n't Lose My Number '' `` Take Me Home '' Buster `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' `` Two Hearts '' ... But Seriously `` Another Day in Paradise '' `` I Wish It Would Rain Down '' `` Something Happened on the Way to Heaven '' `` That 's Just the Way It Is '' `` Do You Remember ? '' `` Hang in Long Enough '' Serious Hits ... Live ! `` Do You Remember ? ''", "8": "( live ) `` Who Said I Would '' ( live ) Both Sides `` Both Sides of the Story '' `` Everyday '' `` We Wait and We Wonder '' Dance into the Light `` Dance into the Light '' `` It 's in Your Eyes '' `` No Matter Who '' `` Wear My Hat '' `` The Same Moon '' ... Hits `` True Colors '' Tarzan `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' `` Strangers Like Me '' `` Son of Man '' `` Two Worlds '' Testify `` Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Come with Me '' `` Wake Up Call '' / `` The Least You Can Do '' Brother Bear `` Look Through My Eyes '' `` No Way Out '' Going Back `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave '' `` Going Back '' Featured singles `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''", "9": "`` Easy Lover '' `` Hero '' `` In the Air Tonite '' `` Home '' Other singles `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` Separate Lives '' `` Somewhere '' Other songs `` The Man with the Horn '' `` You Ought to Know ... '' Book Pet Shop Boys Chris Lowe Neil Tennant Studio albums Please Actually Introspective Behaviour Very Bilingual Nightlife Release Fundamental Yes Elysium Electric Super Compilation albums Discography : The Complete Singles Collection Alternative Essential PopArt : The Hits Story : 25 Years of Hits Party Ultimate Format Remix albums Disco Disco 2 Disco 3 Disco 4 Live albums Concrete Pandemonium Extended plays Christmas Soundtracks and scores It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Battleship Potemkin The Most Incredible Thing Other songs `` King 's Cross '' `` The Loving Kind '' `` The Night I Fell in Love '' `` I 'm Not Scared '' `` In Private '' `` Nothing Has Been Proved '' `` So Sorry , I Said '' `` Do n't Drop Bombs '' `` Euroboy '' Film , stage and television It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Pet Shop Boys : A Life In Pop The Most Incredible Thing Notable tours and concerts MCMLXXXIX Performance Discovery Somewhere Nightlife Release Fundamental Pandemonium Progress ( as special guests ) Electric Super Related articles Discography Songs x2 Reputation Results Electronic Back to Mine : Pet Shop Boys West End Girls Book Pet Shop Boys singles Please ( 1984 -- 86 ) `` West End Girls '' `` Opportunities ( Let 's Make Lots of Money ) '' `` Love Comes Quickly '' `` Suburbia '' Disco ( 1986 ) `` Paninaro '' Actually ( 1987 -- 88 ) `` It 's a Sin '' `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? ''", "10": "`` Rent '' `` Heart '' Introspective ( 1988 -- 89 ) `` Always on My Mind '' `` Domino Dancing '' `` Left to My Own Devices '' `` It 's Alright '' Behaviour ( 1990 -- 91 ) `` So Hard '' `` Being Boring '' `` How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously ? '' / `` Where the Streets Have No Name ( I Ca n't Take My Eyes off You ) '' `` Jealousy '' Discography ( 1991 ) `` DJ Culture '' `` Was It Worth It ? '' Very ( 1993 -- 94 ) `` Can You Forgive Her ? '' `` Go West '' `` I Would n't Normally Do This Kind of Thing '' `` Liberation '' `` Yesterday , When I Was Mad '' Alternative ( 1995 ) `` Paninaro ' 95 '' Bilingual ( 1996 -- 97 ) `` Before '' `` Se a vida é ( That 's the Way Life Is ) '' / `` To Step Aside '' `` Single - Bilingual '' `` A Red Letter Day '' Nightlife ( 1999 -- 2000 ) `` I Do n't Know What You Want But I Ca n't Give It Any More '' `` New York City Boy '' `` You Only Tell Me You Love Me When You 're Drunk '' Release ( 2002 -- 03 ) `` Home and Dry '' `` I Get Along '' `` London '' PopArt ( 2003 -- 04 ) `` Miracles '' `` Flamboyant '' Fundamental ( 2006 ) `` I 'm with Stupid '' `` Minimal '' `` Numb '' Disco 4 ( 2007 ) `` Integral '' Yes ( 2009 ) `` Love Etc . '' `` Did You See Me Coming ? ''", "11": "`` Beautiful People '' Ultimate ( 2010 ) `` Together '' Elysium ( 2012 ) `` Winner '' `` Leaving '' `` Memory of the Future '' Electric ( 2013 -- 14 ) `` Axis '' `` Vocal '' `` Love Is a Bourgeois Construct '' `` Thursday '' `` Fluorescent '' Super ( 2016 ) `` The Pop Kids '' `` Twenty - something '' `` Inner Sanctum '' `` Say It to Me '' `` Undertow '' Non-album singles `` One More Chance '' `` Absolutely Fabulous '' `` Hallo Spaceboy '' `` Somewhere '' `` Break 4 Love '' `` She 's Madonna '' `` Love Life '' Tom Waits Studio albums Closing Time The Heart of Saturday Night Small Change Foreign Affairs Blue Valentine Heartattack and Vine Swordfishtrombones Rain Dogs Franks Wild Years Bone Machine The Black Rider Mule Variations Blood Money Alice Real Gone Bad as Me Live albums Nighthawks at the Diner Big Time Romeo Bleeding : Live from Austin Glitter and Doom Live Soundtracks One from the Heart Night on Earth Compilations Bounced Checks Anthology of Tom Waits Asylum Years The Early Years , Volume One The Early Years , Volume Two Beautiful Maladies Used Songs 1973 -- 1980 Orphans : Brawlers , Bawlers & Bastards Notable songs `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` Tom Traubert 's Blues '' `` The Piano Has Been Drinking ( Not Me ) ( An Evening with Pete King ) '' `` Somewhere '' `` Christmas Card from a Hooker in Minneapolis '' `` Romeo Is Bleeding '' `` Kentucky Avenue '' `` Heartattack and Vine '' `` Jersey Girl '' `` Jockey Full of Bourbon '' `` Downtown Train '' `` Way Down in the Hole '' `` Young at Heart '' `` Bad as Me '' `` Back in the Crowd '' Tours Real Gone Tour The Orphans Tour Glitter and Doom Tour Related articles Discography Kathleen Brennan Greg Cohen Bones Howe Rickie Lee Jones Marc Ribot Larry Taylor Chuck E.", "12": "Weiss Step Right Up : The Songs of Tom Waits New Coat of Paint Tom Waits for No One Portal : Rock music Commons : Tom Waits Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somewhere_(song)&oldid=836905306 '' Categories : 1956 songs 1964 singles 1985 singles 1996 singles 1997 singles Songs written by Stephen Sondheim Songs with music by Leonard Bernstein The Supremes songs Barbra Streisand songs Phil Collins songs Pet Shop Boys songs Aretha Franklin songs Bobby Darin songs Celtic Woman songs Sissel Kyrkjebø songs Devo songs Johnny Mathis songs Crazy Elephant songs Glen Campbell songs Marianne Faithfull songs Rick Astley songs We Five songs Andy Williams songs Songs from West Side Story Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 15 : 15 . 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-8730376679284292370	actor who played caesar in dawn of the planet of the apes	[ "Andy Serkis", "Andy Serkis", "Andy Serkis", "Andy Serkis", "Andy Serkis" ]	{ "0": "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - Wikipedia Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Matt Reeves Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Mark Bomback Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Based on Characters created by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle Starring Andy Serkis Jason Clarke Gary Oldman Keri Russell Toby Kebbell Kodi Smit - McPhee Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Michael Seresin Edited by William Hoy Stan Salfas Production company Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date June 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 26 ) ( Palace of Fine Arts ) July 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $235 million ( gross ) $208.6 million ( net ) Box office $710.6 million Dawn of the Planet of the Apes is a 2014 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver . It stars Andy Serkis , Jason Clarke , Gary Oldman , Keri Russell , Toby Kebbell and Kodi Smit - McPhee . It is the sequel to the 2011 film Rise of the Planet of the Apes , which began 20th Century Fox 's reboot of the original Planet of the Apes series . Dawn is set ten years after the events of Rise , and follows a group of people in San Francisco who struggle to stay alive in the aftermath of a plague that is wiping out humanity , while Caesar tries to maintain dominance over his community of intelligent apes . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was released in the United States on July 11 , 2014 and was met with highly positive reviews , with critics praising its visual effects , story , direction , acting , musical score , action and emotional depth .", "1": "It was also a box office success , grossing over $710 million worldwide , and making it the eighth highest - grossing film of 2014 . The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for eight Saturn Awards , including Best Science Fiction Film , Best Director for Reeves , and Best Supporting Actor for Serkis . A third installment , titled War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Apes 2.2 Humans 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Home media 6.4 Accolades 7 Third film 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Ten years after the pandemic of the deadly ALZ - 113 virus , later called Simian Flu , the worldwide human population was drastically reduced , with only about one in five hundred genetically immune to the virus . Meanwhile , the apes , under the chimpanzee Caesar , all bestowed with genetically enhanced intelligence by the virus , have long established a colony in the Muir Woods near San Francisco . One day , a group of humans led by a man named Malcolm enter the apes ' territory from San Francisco in search of a hydroelectric dam that would restore power to the city . An encounter by Caesar 's son Blue Eyes and his friend Ash leads to the latter 's injury by a man named Carver . Malcolm manages to prevent further escalation while Caesar orders the humans to leave . Prompted by Koba , a scarred bonobo who holds a grudge against humans for his mistreatment as a test subject , Caesar brings his army to the humans ' community at an unfinished tower as a display of strength . Caesar announces his intent to fight the humans if forced to while demanding the humans to stay in their territory .", "2": "Malcolm convinces his fellow leader Dreyfus to give him time to take a small team to the forest and reconcile with the apes so they can access the dam . He meets with Caesar , who allows them to work on the generator on the condition that they surrender their guns . As Malcolm , his wife Ellie , and son Alexander work , they bond with the apes . The fragile bonding is greatly helped when Ellie , a nurse , effectively treats Cornelia 's illness . Meanwhile , Dreyfus arms his community using the Fort Point armory . Koba discovers the armory and confronts Caesar of this , but accuses him of loving humans more than apes . Caesar beats Koba in response but refrains from killing him . Koba later returns to the armory and takes an assault rifle , killing two guards and then Carver as the humans succeed in repairing the generator and restoring power to the city . Koba takes advantage of their celebration to covertly set fire to the apes ' home . He then shoots Caesar , who falls into the underbrush below , and frames the humans for Caesar 's apparent death in order to wage war . Koba quickly takes command and leads the apes into San Francisco , where they plunder the armory and mount an assault on the tower . The apes breach the building and imprison the humans as Dreyfus flees underground . When Ash refuses Koba 's orders to kill unarmed humans , citing Caesar 's teachings , Koba throws the ape to his death and has any other ape loyal to Caesar imprisoned . Malcolm 's family finds Caesar barely alive and transports him to his former house in San Francisco . Caesar reveals that Koba shot him and confesses that apes can be as corrupt and violent as humans . When Malcolm sneaks into the settlement to find medical supplies for Caesar , he encounters Blue Eyes , who spares him before learning that his father is still alive and that it was Koba who shot him , not the humans . After reconciling with Caesar , Blue Eyes returns to the tower and frees the imprisoned humans and apes . Malcolm escorts the apes into the tower , and then finds Dreyfus . He learns that the return of electricity allowed Dreyfus ' men to make radio contact with survivors at a military base , who are now coming to fight the apes .", "3": "Caesar confronts Koba at the top of the tower ; as they fight , Dreyfus detonates C - 4 charges that destabilize the tower in a failed attempt to kill the apes , at the cost of his own life . Koba starts shooting at the apes , but Caesar tackles him off a ledge . While clinging on a metal girder , Koba is rejected as an ape by Caesar and dropped to his death . Malcolm and Caesar acknowledge their friendship , with Malcolm warning of the approaching human military . Caesar responds that the humans will never forgive the apes for their attack and convinces Malcolm to leave with his family . He then stands before a kneeling mass of apes , preparing for war . Cast ( edit ) Cast and crew of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( from left ) : director Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke , Keri Russell and Andy Serkis Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , a common chimpanzee and the leader of the evolved ape tribe Toby Kebbell as Koba , a scarred bonobo and Caesar 's treacherous lieutenant ; previously played by Christopher Gordon in Rise Judy Greer as Cornelia , a common chimpanzee and Caesar 's wife , mother of Blue Eyes and a newborn son ; previously played by Devyn Dalton in Rise Terry Notary as Rocket , a common chimpanzee and Caesar 's former rival and enemy turned friend Karin Konoval as Maurice , a Bornean orangutan and Caesar 's friend and advisor Nick Thurston as Blue Eyes , a common chimpanzee and Caesar and Cornelia 's first son Doc Shaw as Ash , a common chimpanzee , son of Rocket , also Blue Eyes ' best friend Lee Ross as Grey , a common chimpanzee and a follower of Koba , who perishes during Koba 's attack on the human city . Richard King as Stone , a common chimpanzee and a follower of Koba , who after Koba 's death , goes on to follow Caesar .", "4": "Humans ( edit ) Jason Clarke as Malcolm , the leader of the small group that forms a strong bond with Caesar and the other apes Gary Oldman as Dreyfus , the leader of the remaining human survivors Keri Russell as Ellie , a former nurse at the CDC , and Malcolm 's wife Kodi Smit - McPhee as Alexander , Malcolm 's son from a previous marriage Kirk Acevedo as Carver , a former San Francisco water worker and a member of Malcolm 's group . He is killed by Koba as part of a plot to usurp Caesar 's position . Jocko Sims as Werner , the colony 's radio operator Enrique Murciano as Kemp , a member of Malcolm 's group Keir O'Donnell as Finney , an ally of Dreyfus Lombardo Boyar as Terry , a guard at the colony 's armory Kevin Rankin as McVeigh , a guard at the colony 's armory Jon Eyez as Foster , a member of Malcolm 's group James Franco ( uncredited ) as Will Rodman from Rise of the Planet of the Apes , in a cameo via a video from Caesar 's childhood Production ( edit ) Film set on Rampart Street , New Orleans , May 2013 Development ( edit ) After the release of Rise of the Planet of the Apes , director Rupert Wyatt commented on possible sequels : `` I think we 're ending with certain questions , which is quite exciting . To me , I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film , but this is just the beginning . '' Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise featured several clues as to future sequels : `` I hope that we 're building a platform for future films . We 're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth . '' In an interview recorded after the release of Rise , Wyatt stated , `` We want to grow and evolve , in the films that will ( hopefully ) come after this , to the ' 68 original . '' Wyatt also stated that he wants it to take place eight years after Rise , as a whole new ape generation can be born , and explore the dynamics of Caesar and Koba 's relationship .", "5": "According to screenwriter Rick Jaffa , a version of the spaceship from the 1968 Planet of the Apes under the name Icarus was in Rise as a deliberate hint to a possible sequel . In November 2011 , Andy Serkis was the first to be announced as having closed a deal for a sequel to Rise . It was reported to be a `` healthy seven - figure deal '' for him to reprise his role as Caesar , the ape leader . On May 15 , 2012 , it was announced Scott Z . Burns had been hired to do rewrites on the original screenplay by Rise writers Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver . On May 31 , 2012 , 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . Post-production On September 17 , 2012 , there were reports that director Wyatt was considering leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to make the film properly . On October 1 , Cloverfield director Matt Reeves was confirmed as his replacement . Reeves had been working on developing a new Twilight Zone film . On October 18 , Mark Bomback , writer of Live Free or Die Hard , was reported to be doing a re-write for Reeves . Casting ( edit ) In December 2012 , after the departure of director Wyatt , James Franco speculated that he would not be returning for the sequel , saying , `` Now Rupert 's not a part of it so I do n't know . My guess is I wo n't be in it . Nobody 's talked to me since Rupert left . '' Later , Matt Reeves revealed that Franco would be seen in a cameo in the film . Freida Pinto , who played primatologist Caroline Aranha in Rise , confirmed that she would not be returning for Dawn . In April 2014 , when asked by IGN about the fate of Franco and Pinto 's characters , producer Dylan Clark said , `` I mean , they 're the ones that died ... They were ground zero of the virus . '' In February 2013 , actors Gary Oldman , Jason Clarke , and Kodi Smit - McPhee were cast in lead roles for the sequel , set ten years after the events from the first film .", "6": "In March 2013 , actress Keri Russell was cast in a role . That same month , Judy Greer was cast as Cornelia , a female chimp and love interest for Caesar . Toby Kebbell , Enrique Murciano and Kirk Acevedo joined the cast during filming . On May 15 , 2013 , Jocko Sims was cast in a supporting role of military operative Werner . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in April 2013 around the town of Campbell River , British Columbia . The location of Vancouver Island was chosen for its similarity to the locations depicted in the film , the forests , and the variety of landscapes . Filming in New Orleans started in May 2013 and continued in July 2013 at various locations such as the former Six Flags park Six Flags New Orleans . Visual effects ( edit ) Like Rise , visual effects for Dawn were done by Weta Digital . In addition to the apes , Weta created other digital animals , such as a herd of elk , a grizzly bear , and CG doubles of the live horses . The elk were created using key - frame animation and the digital crowd enhancement software MASSIVE , the bear through key - frame animation , and the horses with a mixture of key - frame animation and motion capture . Soundtrack ( edit ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino Released August 12 , 2014 Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 77 : 21 Label Sony Masterworks Michael Giacchino film scores chronology Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) The film 's score was composed by Michael Giacchino . The soundtrack was released by Sony Masterworks on July 8 , 2014 . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Michael Giacchino . No . Title Length 1 . `` Level Plaguing Field '' 2 : 21 2 . `` Look Who 's Stalking '' 2 : 35 3 . `` The Great Ape Processional '' 4 : 34 4 .", "7": "`` Past Their Primates '' 1 : 57 5 . `` Close Encounters of the Furred Kind '' 4 : 38 6 . `` Monkey to the City '' 1 : 16 7 . `` The Lost City of Chimpanzee '' 3 : 46 8 . `` Along Simian Lines '' 5 : 04 9 . `` Caesar No Evil , Hear No Evil '' 2 : 27 10 . `` Monkey See , Monkey Coup '' 5 : 12 11 . `` Gorilla Warfare '' 7 : 37 12 . `` The Apes of Wrath '' 4 : 28 13 . `` Gibbon Take '' 2 : 55 14 . `` Aped Crusaders '' 3 : 26 15 . `` How Bonobo Can You Go '' 5 : 42 16 . `` Enough Monkeying Around '' 3 : 35 17 . `` Primates for Life '' 5 : 42 18 . `` Planet of the End Credits '' 8 : 56 19 . `` Ai n't That a Stinger ( Written By Griffin Giacchino ) '' 1 : 10 Release ( edit ) On May 31 , 2012 , Fox announced that Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was scheduled for release on May 23 , 2014 . It was announced on June 20 , 2013 that the release date for Dawn was being pushed back two months to July 18 , 2014 . On December 10 , 2013 , the film was pushed up one week to July 11 , 2014 . The film premiered at the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco , California on June 26 , 2014 . The film closed the 36th Moscow International Film Festival on June 28 . In Hungary , the largest cinema chain called Cinema City could not agree with the film 's distributor , InterCom , and as a result it opened on July 17 , 2014 on 45 screens , significantly fewer than similar big - budget productions .", "8": "However , the film still managed to top the weekend box office chart of the country beating Transformers : Age of Extinction , which had been leading the chart for three weeks ( on 105 screens distributed by UIP Duna ) . Marketing ( edit ) A viral marketing campaign for the film launched in July 2013 included a `` simian flu '' website and mock PSA videos . 20th Century Fox and Vice Media 's Motherboard released three short films online in July 2014 which document the ten - year gap between the events of Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . A novel titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes : Firestorm which is also set between the events of the first two films was published in May 2014 by Titan Books . A partnership with 20th Century Fox and Ndemic Creations saw mobile / PC game Plague Inc. get a Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - themed update on July 10 , 2014 . It allows players to create and customize a simian flu virus to infect the world and eradicate humanity whilst helping apes survive . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was a success at the box office with many critics calling it `` the summer 's best popcorn film '' , and Deadline.com commented saying it is `` a franchise that will keep going and going , unless they screw it up '' . The film grossed $208,545,589 in the USA & Canada , and $500,290,000 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $708,835,589 . Calculating in all expenses and revenues , Deadline.com estimated that the film made a net profit of $182.18 million . It had a worldwide opening of $103.3 million which was the 11th - highest of 2014 . Worldwide it is the highest - grossing film in the Planet of the Apes franchise and the eighth - highest - grossing film of 2014 . In the United States and Canada , the film is the highest - grossing film in the Planet of the Apes franchise , unadjusted for inflation and the eighth - highest - grossing film of 2014 .", "9": "It opened on July 11 , 2014 across 3,967 theaters and topped the box office on its opening day earning $27.7 million ( including previews ) . During its traditional three - opening , the film debuted at number one earning $72.6 million , which was 33 % higher than its predecessor . Box Office Mojo pointed out that the film 's good word of mouth as well as its predecessors ' , its darker tone , attachment of new characters and the first film 's way of ending were all determining factors in the film 's strong opening . It remained at the summit for two consecutive weekends in North America despite facing competition with The Purge : Anarchy in its second week . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes earned $31.3 million during its opening weekend internationally from 4,913 screens in 26 markets where it opened at No. 1 in 14 of those . International opening weekend tallies of more than $5 million were witnessed in the UK ( $14.88 million ) , Mexico ( $12.94 million ) , South Korea ( $11.5 million ) , Russia ( $9.99 million ) , Brazil with ( $9.2 million ) and Australia ( $6.6 million ) . The film topped the box office outside North America for two non-consecutive weekends . The film became a massive financial success in China where it opened with $47 million on its opening weekend there . The robust debut helped the film top the international charts for the first time dethroning Guardians of the Galaxy and aided the film in passing $400 million internationally and $600 million globally . Fox reported that the sequel 's debut in China was one of the best in history for a Western title , save for Iron Man 3 , Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen and Transformers : Age of Extinction at that time . After playing for a month in theaters , it passed $100 million on its fourth weekend and became the fourth Hollywood film of the year to achieve such a milestone . In total , it went on to make $107.4 million there , of which the studio received $26.8 million profit . Critical response ( edit ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes received critical acclaim upon release .", "10": "On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , it holds a score of 90 % based on 287 reviews with a rating average of 7.9 / 10 . The website 's consensus reads : `` With intelligence and emotional resonance to match its stunning special effects , Dawn of the Planet of the Apes expands on its predecessor with an exciting and ambitious burst of sci - fi achievement . '' On review aggregator Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average , the film has a `` generally favorable '' rating score of 79 out of 100 based on 48 reviews . Guy Lodge of Variety said , `` An altogether smashing sequel to 2011 's better - than - expected Rise of the Planet of the Apes , this vivid , violent extension of humanoid ape Caesar 's troubled quest for independence bests its predecessor in nearly every technical and conceptual department , with incoming helmer Matt Reeves conducting the proceedings with more assertive genre elan than Rise journeyman Rupert Wyatt . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the film `` manages to do at least three things exceptionally well that are hard enough to pull off individually : Maintain a simmering level of tension without let - up for two hours , seriously improve on a very good first entry in a franchise and produce a powerful humanistic statement using a significantly simian cast of characters . In the annals of sequels , Dawn is to Rise of the Planet of the Apes what The Empire Strikes Back was to Star Wars -- it 's that much better . '' Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph said , `` There 's evident patience and intelligence to the filmmaking all over , as well as an engagement with genuine ideas about diplomacy , deterrence , law and leadership . However often it risks monkey - mad silliness , it 's impressively un-stupid . '' Drew McWeeny of HitFix awarded the film an `` A + '' grade and said `` Dawn is not just a good genre movie or a good summer movie . It 's a great science - fiction film , full - stop , and one of the year 's very best movies so far . '' Ty Burr of the Boston Globe wrote that `` in bearing , speech , and agonized expressiveness , Serkis 's Caesar conveys the conflicts of a king with almost Shakespearean grandeur . '' A.O.", "11": "Scott of The New York Times praised the film for being able to balance out the action sequences and special effects with strong storytelling , writing that `` Dawn is more than a bunch of occasionally thrilling action sequences , emotional gut punches and throwaway jokes arranged in predictable sequence . It is technically impressive and viscerally exciting , for sure , but it also gives you a lot to think , and even to care , about . '' Less favorable reviews included Andrew O'Hehir at Salon.com who wrote , `` Here 's a rule that has gradually become clear to me : Any film that begins with one of those fake - news montages , where snippets of genuine CNN footage are stitched together to concoct a feeling of semi-urgency around its hackneyed apocalypse , already sucks even before it gets started . This one makes a dutiful attempt to struggle back from that suckage , but it all ends in yelling . '' Home Media ( edit ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray , and DVD on December 2 , 2014 . According to Nielsen VideoScan , it subsequently became the best - selling home video release for the week . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Third film ( edit ) Main article : War for the Planet of the Apes After seeing his cut of Dawn , 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series . On January 6 , 2014 , Fox announced Reeves to direct as well as co-write along with Bomback , with a planned July 2016 release . Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver will produce . In January 2015 , Fox delayed the release to July 14 , 2017 . On May 14 , 2015 , the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes . In August 2015 , Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria was cast as one of the humans in the film . In September 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film 's antagonist , and that Chavarria 's role was small .", "12": "In October 2015 , The Wrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film , retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes . See also ( edit ) Uplift ( science fiction ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DAWN OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ( 12A ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) '' . LUMIERE . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : FilmL. A. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Panet of the Apes ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.awn.com/news/interstellar-winter-soldier-lead-2015-saturn-award-noms Jump up ^ Giroux , Jack ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Interview : Director Rupert Wyatt on ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' and The End of Cinema '' . FilmSchoolRejects.Com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Collider Visits The Set of RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ; Plus Video Blog '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rise - Rubert Wyatt on Crafting a Summer Blockbuster. wmv '' . YouTube . August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes Director Considers ' Full Metal Jacket with Apes ' Sequel Idea '' . movieline.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Visit the Planet of the Apes '' . IGN . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Andy Serkis Closes Big ' Planet Of The Apes ' Deal ; Should Fox Campaign For Oscar ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Contagion ' Writer Tapped to Pen ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Edward ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Another Fox Shocker : Is Rupert Wyatt Exiting ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ? ' '' . www.deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Slashfilm.com . Jump up ^ `` Matt Reeves exits The Twilight Zone movie '' . Den of Geek . September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Writer Tapped for ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter .", "14": "Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` James Franco Will Not Return in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - MovieWeb.com '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Parker , Heidi . `` James Franco to make cameo in Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` James Franco Is In Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes -- Here 's How '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Franco , Freida Pinto out of ' Planet of the Apes ' sequel '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Collura ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Producer Dylan Clark on Building a Simian Empire '' . IGN . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Zero Dark ' Actor Jason Clarke to Star in ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Casts Kodi Smit - McPhee '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Keri Russell Joins ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Judy Greer Joins Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ... As a Chimp ! '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jocko Sims Joins ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety .", "15": "May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strang , Fay ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Magic behind the monkey : Andy Serkis sports motion caption suit on set of latest Planet Of The Apes ... as Keri Russell makes her debut '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Campbell River gets ready for ape invasion '' . CTV News . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Jaquetta ( July 14 , 2013 ) . `` Plans mulled for dormant Six Flags '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter. 2014 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' Independence Day ' sequel gets release date as ' X-Men ' , ' Apes ' switch - Movies News '' . Digital Spy. 2013 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Moves Up One Week '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ McCullum , Jennifer ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Premiere : How Andy Serkis ' Caesar Found a Voice '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The opening and closing films '' . MIFF . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Varga Ferenc ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Magyarország legnagyobb mozihálózata nem vetíti az új Majmok bolygóját '' . ORIGO . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary Box Office , July 17 -- 20 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` The Simian Flu & You '' . Simianflu.com. 2013 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Kicks Off Viral Simian Flu Website '' . Firstshowing.net . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johns , Nikara ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Watch : Planet of the Apes Short Films Document Gap Between Rise and Dawn '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ; McIntyre , Gina ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes prequel book 's 1st chapter '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mutation 1.9 Announced - the Simian Flu from Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . Ndemiccreations.com . February 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Rules With $73 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleming Jr . ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` No. 8 ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` No. 8 ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Opening Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 .", "17": "^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes - Total Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Report : ' Apes ' Strong on Opening Day '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Apes ' Goes Bananas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( July 20 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Apes ' Rules Again '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Lucy ' Wins Brain vs. Brawn Battle '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartagloine ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Intl Box Office : ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Awakens To $31.1 M Overseas ; ' Transformers ' Adds $102 M ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` FINAL : Intl Box Office : ' Apes ' Dawns Again ; ' Godzilla ' Stomps Japan ; ' Hercules ' Muscles In ; ' Transformers ' $300 M+ In China ; Asia Action Ramps Up ; More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 28 , 2014 ) .", "18": "`` FINAL : Intl Box Office : ' Transformers ' Adds $84.6 M ; ' Apes ' Swings Up With $61.9 M ; ' Boyhood ' Growing In UK ; More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Rises to No. 1 in China '' . Variety . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Global Box Office : ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Roars in China , Crosses $600 M Worldwide '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Julie Makinen ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' climbs into $100 - million club in China '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Preview : ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Aims to Scare Away Summer Blues '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Friday Box Office - Variety '' . Variety . July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Barone ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Performance - Capture King Andy Serkis on Evolving Caesar in `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' `` . Complex . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes Reviews - MetaCritic '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Guy Lodge Film Critic @ guylodge .", "19": "`` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Review : A Bleak but Thrilling Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2014 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , review : ' impressively un-stupid ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Drew McWeeny ( June 28 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' is a daring and dazzling accomplishment '' . HitFix . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty . `` Andy Serkis breathes life into ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Boston Globe . 2014 Boston Globe Media Partners , LLC . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. `` Neighbors Who Need Good Fences '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes `` : Can the ape - pocalypse save Hollywood 's dreadful summer ? '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hail Caesar ! Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Hitting DVD and Blu - ray This December '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Takes Over Home Video Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2015 ) .", "20": "`` Channing Tatum 's X-Men Spinoff to Hit Theaters in 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's ' Gambit ' Gets 2016 Release Date , ' Fantastic Four ' Sequel Moves Up '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . The Wrap . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dawn of the Planet of the Apes .", "21": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Official website Dawn of the Planet of the Apes on IMDb Dawn of the Planet of the Apes at Box Office Mojo Dawn of the Planet of the Apes at Rotten Tomatoes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes at Metacritic Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Matt Reeves The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 ,", "22": "Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dawn_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=837953321 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s science fiction films 2014 3D films American films American 3D films American science fiction films American sequel films American Sign Language films Dystopian films Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films directed by Matt Reeves Films produced by Peter Chernin Films set in forests Films set in San Francisco Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films set in the future Films shot in British Columbia Films shot in New Orleans Boom !", "23": "Studios titles Genetic engineering in fiction Performance capture in film Planet of the Apes films Post-apocalyptic films Science fiction adventure films Science fiction drama films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 01 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-7032694139181071944	what information is displayed in clear text from the ftp header	[ "all transmissions" ]	{ "0": "File Transfer Protocol - wikipedia File Transfer Protocol Jump to : navigation , search `` FTP '' redirects here . For other uses , see FTP ( disambiguation ) . Internet protocol suite Application layer BGP DHCP DNS FTP HTTP IMAP LDAP MGCP MQTT NNTP NTP POP ONC / RPC RTP RTSP RIP SIP SMTP SNMP SSH Telnet TLS / SSL XMPP more ... Transport layer TCP UDP DCCP SCTP RSVP more ... Internet layer IP IPv4 IPv6 ICMP ICMPv6 ECN IGMP IPsec more ... Link layer ARP NDP OSPF Tunnels L2TP PPP MAC Ethernet DSL ISDN FDDI more ... The File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer network . FTP is built on a client - server model architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server . FTP users may authenticate themselves with a clear - text sign - in protocol , normally in the form of a username and password , but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it . For secure transmission that protects the username and password , and encrypts the content , FTP is often secured with SSL / TLS ( FTPS ) or replaced with SSH File Transfer Protocol ( SFTP ) . The first FTP client applications were command - line programs developed before operating systems had graphical user interfaces , and are still shipped with most Windows , Unix , and Linux operating systems . Many FTP clients and automation utilities have since been developed for desktops , servers , mobile devices , and hardware , and FTP has been incorporated into productivity applications , such as web page editors .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History of FTP server 2 Protocol overview 2.1 Communication and data transfer 2.2 Login 2.3 Anonymous FTP 2.4 NAT and firewall traversal 2.5 Differences from HTTP 3 Web browser support 3.1 Syntax 4 Security 4.1 FTP over SSH 5 Derivatives 5.1 FTPS 5.2 SSH File Transfer Protocol 5.3 Trivial File Transfer Protocol 5.4 Simple File Transfer Protocol 6 FTP commands 7 FTP reply codes 8 FTP Servers 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History of FTP server ( edit ) The original specification for the File Transfer Protocol was written by Abhay Bhushan and published as RFC 114 on 16 April 1971 . Until 1980 , FTP ran on NCP , the predecessor of TCP / IP . The protocol was later replaced by a TCP / IP version , RFC 765 ( June 1980 ) and RFC 959 ( October 1985 ) , the current specification . Several proposed standards amend RFC 959 , for example RFC 1579 ( February 1994 ) enables Firewall - Friendly FTP ( passive mode ) , RFC 2228 ( June 1997 ) proposes security extensions , RFC 2428 ( September 1998 ) adds support for IPv6 and defines a new type of passive mode . Protocol overview ( edit ) Communication and data Transfer ( edit ) Illustration of starting a passive connection using port 21 FTP may run in active or passive mode , which determines how the data connection is established . In both cases , the client creates a TCP control connection from a random , usually an unprivileged , port N to the FTP server command port 21 . In active mode , the client starts listening for incoming data connections from the server on port M. It sends the FTP command PORT M to inform the server on which port it is listening . The server then initiates a data channel to the client from its port 20 , the FTP server data port . In situations where the client is behind a firewall and unable to accept incoming TCP connections , passive mode may be used .", "2": "In this mode , the client uses the control connection to send a PASV command to the server and then receives a server IP address and server port number from the server , which the client then uses to open a data connection from an arbitrary client port to the server IP address and server port number received . Both modes were updated in September 1998 to support IPv6 . Further changes were introduced to the passive mode at that time , updating it to extended passive mode . The server responds over the control connection with three - digit status codes in ASCII with an optional text message . For example , `` 200 '' ( or `` 200 OK '' ) means that the last command was successful . The numbers represent the code for the response and the optional text represents a human - readable explanation or request ( e.g. < Need account for storing file > ) . An ongoing transfer of file data over the data connection can be aborted using an interrupt message sent over the control connection . While transferring data over the network , four data representations can be used : ASCII mode : Used for text . Data is converted , if needed , from the sending host 's character representation to `` 8 - bit ASCII '' before transmission , and ( again , if necessary ) to the receiving host 's character representation . As a consequence , this mode is inappropriate for files that contain data other than plain text . Image mode ( commonly called Binary mode ) : The sending machine sends each file byte by byte , and the recipient stores the bytestream as it receives it . ( Image mode support has been recommended for all implementations of FTP ) . EBCDIC mode : Used for plain text between hosts using the EBCDIC character set . Local mode : Allows two computers with identical setups to send data in a proprietary format without the need to convert it to ASCII . For text files , different format control and record structure options are provided . These features were designed to facilitate files containing Telnet or ASA . Data transfer can be done in any of three modes : Stream mode : Data is sent as a continuous stream , relieving FTP from doing any processing . Rather , all processing is left up to TCP . No End - of - file indicator is needed , unless the data is divided into records .", "3": "Block mode : FTP breaks the data into several blocks ( block header , byte count , and data field ) and then passes it on to TCP . Compressed mode : Data is compressed using a simple algorithm ( usually run - length encoding ) . Some FTP software also implements a DEFLATE - based compressed mode , sometimes called `` Mode Z '' after the command that enables it . This mode was described in an Internet Draft , but not standardized . Login ( edit ) FTP login uses normal username and password scheme for granting access . The username is sent to the server using the USER command , and the password is sent using the PASS command . This sequence is unencrypted `` on the wire '' , so may be vulnerable to a network sniffing attack . If the information provided by the client is accepted by the server , the server will send a greeting to the client and the session will commence . If the server supports it , users may log in without providing login credentials , but the same server may authorize only limited access for such sessions . Anonymous FTP ( edit ) A host that provides an FTP service may provide anonymous FTP access . Users typically log into the service with an ' anonymous ' ( lower - case and case - sensitive in some FTP servers ) account when prompted for user name . Although users are commonly asked to send their email address instead of a password , no verification is actually performed on the supplied data . Many FTP hosts whose purpose is to provide software updates will allow anonymous logins . NAT and Firewall traversal ( edit ) FTP normally transfers data by having the server connect back to the client , after the PORT command is sent by the client . This is problematic for both NATs and firewalls , which do not allow connections from the Internet towards internal hosts . For NATs , an additional complication is that the representation of the IP addresses and port number in the PORT command refer to the internal host 's IP address and port , rather than the public IP address and port of the NAT . There are two approaches to solve this problem . One is that the FTP client and FTP server use the PASV command , which causes the data connection to be established from the FTP client to the server . This is widely used by modern FTP clients . Another approach is for the NAT to alter the values of the PORT command , using an application - level gateway for this purpose .", "4": "Differences from HTTP ( edit ) HTTP essentially fixes the bugs in FTP that made it inconvenient to use for many small ephemeral transfers as are typical in web pages . FTP has a stateful control connection which maintains a current working directory and other flags , and each transfer requires a secondary connection through which the data are transferred . In `` passive '' mode this secondary connection is from client to server , whereas in the default `` active '' mode this connection is from server to client . This apparent role reversal when in active mode , and random port numbers for all transfers , is why firewalls and NAT gateways have such a hard time with FTP . HTTP is stateless and multiplexes control and data over a single connection from client to server on well - known port numbers , which trivially passes through NAT gateways and is simple for firewalls to manage . Setting up an FTP control connection is quite slow due to the round - trip delays of sending all of the required commands and awaiting responses , so it is customary to bring up a control connection and hold it open for multiple file transfers rather than drop and re-establish the session afresh each time . In contrast , HTTP originally dropped the connection after each transfer because doing so was so cheap . While HTTP has subsequently gained the ability to reuse the TCP connection for multiple transfers , the conceptual model is still of independent requests rather than a session . When FTP is transferring over the data connection , the control connection is idle . If the transfer takes too long , the firewall or NAT may decide that the control connection is dead and stop tracking it , effectively breaking the connection and confusing the download . The single HTTP connection is only idle between requests and it is normal and expected for such connections to be dropped after a time - out . Web browser support ( edit ) Most common web browsers can retrieve files hosted on FTP servers , although they may not support protocol extensions such as FTPS . When an FTP -- rather than an HTTP -- URL is supplied , the accessible contents on the remote server are presented in a manner that is similar to that used for other web content . A full - featured FTP client can be run within Firefox in the form of an extension called FireFTP . Syntax ( edit ) FTP URL syntax is described in RFC 1738 , taking the form : ftp://[user[:password]@]host[:port]/url-path ( the bracketed parts are optional ) .", "5": "For example , the URL ftp://public.ftp-servers.example.com/mydirectory/myfile.txt represents the file myfile. txt from the directory mydirectory on the server public.ftp-servers.example.com as an FTP resource . The URL ftp://user001:secretpassword@private.ftp-servers.example.com/mydirectory/myfile.txt adds a specification of the username and password that must be used to access this resource . More details on specifying a username and password may be found in the browsers ' documentation ( e.g. , Firefox and Internet Explorer ) . By default , most web browsers use passive ( PASV ) mode , which more easily traverses end - user firewalls . Some variation has existed in how different browsers treat path resolution in cases where there is a non-root home directory for a user . Security ( edit ) FTP was not designed to be a secure protocol , and has many security weaknesses . In May 1999 , the authors of RFC 2577 listed a vulnerability to the following problems : Brute force attack FTP bounce attack Packet capture Port stealing ( guessing the next open port and usurping a legitimate connection ) Spoofing attack Username enumeration FTP does not encrypt its traffic ; all transmissions are in clear text , and usernames , passwords , commands and data can be read by anyone able to perform packet capture ( sniffing ) on the network . This problem is common to many of the Internet Protocol specifications ( such as SMTP , Telnet , POP and IMAP ) that were designed prior to the creation of encryption mechanisms such as TLS or SSL . Common solutions to this problem include : Using the secure versions of the insecure protocols , e.g. , FTPS instead of FTP and TelnetS instead of Telnet . Using a different , more secure protocol that can handle the job , e.g. SSH File Transfer Protocol or Secure Copy Protocol . Using a secure tunnel such as Secure Shell ( SSH ) or virtual private network ( VPN ) . FTP over SSH ( edit ) FTP over SSH is the practice of tunneling a normal FTP session over a Secure Shell connection . Because FTP uses multiple TCP connections ( unusual for a TCP / IP protocol that is still in use ) , it is particularly difficult to tunnel over SSH .", "6": "With many SSH clients , attempting to set up a tunnel for the control channel ( the initial client - to - server connection on port 21 ) will protect only that channel ; when data is transferred , the FTP software at either end sets up new TCP connections ( data channels ) and thus have no confidentiality or integrity protection . Otherwise , it is necessary for the SSH client software to have specific knowledge of the FTP protocol , to monitor and rewrite FTP control channel messages and autonomously open new packet forwardings for FTP data channels . Software packages that support this mode include : Tectia ConnectSecure ( Win / Linux / Unix ) of SSH Communications Security 's software suite Derivatives ( edit ) FTPS ( edit ) Main article : FTPS Explicit FTPS is an extension to the FTP standard that allows clients to request FTP sessions to be encrypted . This is done by sending the `` AUTH TLS '' command . The server has the option of allowing or denying connections that do not request TLS . This protocol extension is defined in RFC 4217 . Implicit FTPS is an outdated standard for FTP that required the use of a SSL or TLS connection . It was specified to use different ports than plain FTP . SSH file Transfer Protocol ( edit ) Main article : SSH File Transfer Protocol The SSH file transfer protocol ( chronologically the second of the two protocols abbreviated SFTP ) transfers files and has a similar command set for users , but uses the Secure Shell protocol ( SSH ) to transfer files . Unlike FTP , it encrypts both commands and data , preventing passwords and sensitive information from being transmitted openly over the network . It can not interoperate with FTP software . Trivial file Transfer Protocol ( edit ) Main article : Trivial File Transfer Protocol Trivial File Transfer Protocol ( TFTP ) is a simple , lock - step FTP that allows a client to get a file from or put a file onto a remote host . One of its primary uses is in the early stages of booting from a local area network , because TFTP is very simple to implement . TFTP lacks security and most of the advanced features offered by more robust file transfer protocols such as File Transfer Protocol . TFTP was first standardized in 1981 and the current specification for the protocol can be found in RFC 1350 .", "7": "Simple file Transfer Protocol ( edit ) Simple File Transfer Protocol ( the first protocol abbreviated SFTP ) , as defined by RFC 913 , was proposed as an ( unsecured ) file transfer protocol with a level of complexity intermediate between TFTP and FTP . It was never widely accepted on the Internet , and is now assigned Historic status by the IETF . It runs through port 115 , and often receives the initialism of SFTP . It has a command set of 11 commands and support three types of data transmission : ASCII , binary and continuous . For systems with a word size that is a multiple of 8 bits , the implementation of binary and continuous is the same . The protocol also supports login with user ID and password , hierarchical folders and file management ( including rename , delete , upload , download , download with overwrite , and download with append ) . FTP commands ( edit ) Main article : List of FTP commands FTP reply codes ( edit ) Main article : List of FTP server return codes Below is a summary of FTP reply codes that may be returned by an FTP server . These codes have been standardized in RFC 959 by the IETF . The reply code is a three - digit value . The first digit is used to indicate one of three possible outcomes -- success , failure , or to indicate an error or incomplete reply : 2yz -- Success reply 4yz or 5yz -- Failure reply 1yz or 3yz -- Error or Incomplete reply The second digit defines the kind of error : x0z -- Syntax . These replies refer to syntax errors . x1z -- Information . Replies to requests for information . x2z -- Connections . Replies referring to the control and data connections . x3z -- Authentication and accounting . Replies for the login process and accounting procedures . x4z -- Not defined . x5z -- File system . These replies relay status codes from the server file system . The third digit of the reply code is used to provide additional detail for each of the categories defined by the second digit .", "8": "FTP servers ( edit ) Some popular open source FTP server implementations are : FileZilla Server ( Windows ) Pure - FTPd ( Unix ) VsFTPd ( Unix ) ProFTPd ( Unix ) CrushFTP ( Mac , Win , Linux ) Rumpus ( Mac ) WingFTP ( Mac , Win ) See also ( edit ) Comparison of FTP client software Comparison of FTP server software Comparison of file transfer protocols Curl - loader -- FTP / S loading / testing open - source software File eXchange Protocol ( FXP ) File Service Protocol ( FSP ) FTAM FTPFS List of FTP commands List of FTP server return codes List of FTP server software Managed File Transfer OBEX Shared file access TCP Wrapper References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Forouzan , B.A. ( 2000 ) . TCP / IP : Protocol Suite ( 1st ed . ) . New Delhi , India : Tata McGraw - Hill Publishing Company Limited . ^ Jump up to : Kozierok , Charles M. ( 2005 ) . `` The TCP / IP Guide v3. 0 '' . Tcpipguide.com . ^ Jump up to : Dean , Tamara ( 2010 ) . Network+ Guide to Networks . Delmar . pp. 168 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , M.P. ( 2003 ) . Data Networks IP and the Internet ( 1st ed . ) . West Sussex , England : John Wiley & Sons Ltd . ^ Jump up to : `` Active FTP vs. Passive FTP , a Definitive Explanation '' . Slacksite.com . Archived from the original on 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Parker , Don ( September 2005 ) . `` Understanding the FTP Protocol '' . Windowsnetworking.com . Jump up ^ RFC 959 ( Standard ) File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) . Postel , J. & Reynolds , J. ( October 1985 ) . Jump up ^ RFC 2428 ( Proposed Standard ) Extensions for IPv6 , NAT , and Extended Passive Mode . Allman , M. & Metz , C. & Ostermann , S.", "9": "( September 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Preston , J. ( January 2005 ) . Deflate transmission mode for FTP . IETF . I-D draft - preston - ftpext - deflate - 03. txt . https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-preston-ftpext-deflate-03.txt . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Prince , Brian . `` Should Organizations Retire FTP for Security ? '' . Security Week . Security Week . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ RFC 1635 ( Informational ) How to Use Anonymous FTP . P. & Emtage , A. & Marine , A. ( May 1994 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gleason , Mike ( 2005 ) . `` The File Transfer Protocol and Your Firewall / NAT '' . Ncftp.com . Jump up ^ Matthews , J. ( 2005 ) . Computer Networking : Internet Protocols in Action ( 1st ed . ) . Danvers , MA : John Wiley & Sons Inc . Jump up ^ `` Accessing FTP servers How to Firefox Help '' . Support.mozilla.com. 2012 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` How to Enter FTP Site Password in Internet Explorer '' . Support.microsoft.com. 2011 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Written for IE versions 6 and earlier . Might work with newer versions . Jump up ^ Jukka `` Yucca '' Korpela ( 1997 - 09 - 18 ) . `` FTP URLs '' . `` IT and communication '' ( www.cs.tut.fi/ ~ jkorpela / ) . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Securing FTP using SSH '' . Nurdletech.com . Jump up ^ `` Access using SSH keys & PCI DSS compliance '' . ssh.com . Further reading ( edit ) RFC 697 -- CWD Command of FTP . July 1975 . RFC 959 -- ( Standard ) File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) .", "10": "J. Postel , J. Reynolds . October 1985 . RFC 1579 -- ( Informational ) Firewall - Friendly FTP . February 1994 . RFC 1635 -- ( Informational ) How to Use Anonymous FTP . May 1994 . RFC 1639 -- FTP Operation Over Big Address Records ( FOOBAR ) . June 1994 . RFC 1738 -- Uniform Resource Locators ( URL ) . December 1994 . RFC 2228 -- ( Proposed Standard ) FTP Security Extensions . October 1997 . RFC 2389 -- ( Proposed Standard ) Feature negotiation mechanism for the File Transfer Protocol . August 1998 . RFC 2428 -- ( Proposed Standard ) Extensions for IPv6 , NAT , and Extended passive mode . September 1998 . RFC 2577 -- ( Informational ) FTP Security Considerations . May 1999 . RFC 2640 -- ( Proposed Standard ) Internationalization of the File Transfer Protocol . July 1999 . RFC 3659 -- ( Proposed Standard ) Extensions to FTP . P. Hethmon . March 2007 . RFC 5797 -- ( Proposed Standard ) FTP Command and Extension Registry . March 2010 . RFC 7151 -- ( Proposed Standard ) File Transfer Protocol HOST Command for Virtual Hosts . March 2014 . IANA FTP Commands and Extensions registry -- The official registry of FTP Commands and Extensions External links ( edit ) Communication Networks / File Transfer Protocol at Wikibooks FTP Server Online Tester Authentication , encryption , mode and connectivity . 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-2650037553681702646	what is the torah portion of the week	[ "a section of the Torah (Five Books of Moses) used in Jewish liturgy during a single week", "a section of the Torah (Five Books of Moses) used in Jewish liturgy during a single week" ]	{ "0": "Weekly Torah portion - wikipedia Weekly Torah portion Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the divisions of the Torah into weekly readings . For this week 's Torah portion , see Torah portion . A Torah scroll and silver pointer ( yad ) used in reading . The weekly Torah portion ( Hebrew : פָּרָשַׁת הַשָּׁבוּעַ ‬ Parashat ha - Shavua ) , popularly just parashah ( or parshah / pɑːrʃə / or parsha ) and also known as a Sidra ( or Sedra / sɛdrə / ) is a section of the Torah ( Five Books of Moses ) used in Jewish liturgy during a single week . It is chanted publicly by a designated reader ( ba'al koreh ) in Jewish prayer services , starting with a partial reading on the afternoon of Shabbat ( Saturday , the Jewish Sabbath ) , again during the Monday and Thursday morning services , and ending with a full reading during the following Shabbat morning services . The weekly reading is pre-empted by a special reading on major religious holidays . The Saturday morning and holiday readings are followed by a reading ( Haftarah ) from the Book of Prophets ( Nevi'im ) . There are 54 weekly parashiyot ( plural ) or parshahs ( anglicized pluralization ) in Judaism , and the full cycle is read over the course of one Jewish year . Each weekly Torah portion takes its name from the first distinctive word in the Hebrew text of the portion in question , often from the first verse . Dating back to the time of the Babylonian captivity ( 6th century BCE ) , public Torah reading mostly followed an annual cycle beginning and ending on the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah , with the divisions corresponding to the lunisolar Hebrew calendar , which contains up to 55 weeks , the exact number varying between leap years and regular years . In ancient times some Jewish communities practiced a triennial cycle of readings . In the 19th and 20th centuries , many congregations in the Reform and Conservative Jewish movements implemented an alternative triennial cycle in which only one - third of each weekly parashah was read in a given year ; and this pattern continues .", "1": "The parashot read are still consistent with the annual cycle but the entire Torah is completed over three years . Orthodox Judaism does not follow this practice . Due to different lengths of holidays in Israel and the Diaspora , the portion that is read on a particular week will sometimes not be the same inside and outside Israel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Division into weekly parashot 2 Table of weekly readings 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Division into weekly parashot ( edit ) The division of parashiot found in the modern - day Torah scrolls of all Ashkenazic , Sephardic , and Yemenite communities is based upon the systematic list provided by Maimonides in Mishneh Torah , Laws of Tefillin , Mezuzah and Torah Scrolls , Chapter 8 . Maimonides based his division of the parashot for the Torah on the Masoretic text of the Aleppo Codex . Table of weekly readings ( edit ) In the table , a portion that may be combined with the following portion , to compensate for the changing number of weeks in the lunisolar year , is marked with an asterisk. The following chart will show the weekly readings . Book Parsha Name English Equivalent Parsha Portion Bereshit ( Genesis ) Bereshit , בְּרֵאשִׁית In the beginning Gen. 1 : 1 - 6 : 8 Noach , נֹחַ Noah ( rest ) 6 : 9 - 11 : 32 Lech - Lecha , לֶךְ - לְךָ Go forth , yourself !", "2": "12 : 1 - 17 : 27 Vayeira , וַיֵּרָא And He appeared 18 : 1 - 22 : 24 Chayei Sarah , חַיֵּי שָׂרָה Life of Sarah 23 : 1 - 25 : 18 Toledot , תּוֹלְדֹת Generations 25 : 19 - 28 : 9 Vayetze , וַיֵּצֵא And he went out 28 : 10 - 32 : 3 Vayishlach , וַיִּשְׁלַח And he sent 32 : 4 - 36 : 43 Vayeshev , וַיֵּשֶׁב And he settled 37 : 1 - 40 : 23 Miketz , מִקֵּץ At the end of 41 : 1 - 44 : 17 Vayigash , וַיִּגַּשׁ And he drew near 44 : 18 - 47 : 27 Vayechi , וַיְחִי And he lived 47 : 28 - 50 : 26 Shemot ( Exodus ) Shemot , שְׁמוֹת Names Ex. 1 : 1 - 6 : 1 Va'eira , וָאֵרָא Appeared 6 : 2 - 9 : 35 Bo , בֹּא Go !", "3": "10 : 1 - 13 : 16 Beshalach , בְּשַׁלַּח When he sent out 13 : 17 - 17 : 16 Yitro , יִתְרוֹ Jethro 18 : 1 - 20 : 23 Mishpatim , מִּשְׁפָּטִים Laws 21 : 1 - 24 : 18 Terumah , תְּרוּמָה Offering 25 : 1 - 27 : 19 Tetzaveh , תְּצַוֶּה You shall command 27 : 20 - 30 : 10 Ki Tisa , כִּי תִשָּׂא When you elevate 30 : 11 - 34 : 35 * Vayakhel , וַיַּקְהֵל And he assembled 35 : 1 - 38 : 20 Pekudei , פְקוּדֵי Accountings 38 : 21 - 40 : 38 Vayikra ( Leviticus ) Vayikra , וַיִּקְרָא And he called Lev. 1 : 1 - 5 : 26 Tzav , צַו Command !", "4": "6 : 1 - 8 : 36 Shemini , שְּׁמִינִי Eighth 9 : 1 - 11 : 47 * Tazria , תַזְרִיעַ She bears seed 12 : 1 - 13 : 59 Metzora , מְּצֹרָע Infected one 14 : 1 - 15 : 33 * Acharei Mot , אַחֲרֵי מוֹת After the death 16 : 1 - 18 : 30 Kedoshim , קְדֹשִׁים Holy ones 19 : 1 - 20 : 27 Emor , אֱמֹר Say gently 21 : 1 - 24 : 23 * Behar , בְּהַר On the Mount 25 : 1 - 26 : 2 Bechukotai , בְּחֻקֹּתַי In My laws 26 : 3 - 27 : 34 Bemidbar ( Numbers ) Bamidbar , בְּמִדְבַּר In the wilderness Num. 1 : 1 - 4 : 20 Naso , נָשֹׂא Elevate !", "5": "4 : 21 - 7 : 89 Behaalotecha , בְּהַעֲלֹתְךָ In your uplifting 8 : 1 - 12 : 16 Shlach , שְׁלַח - לְךָ Send for yourself 13 : 1 - 15 : 41 Korach , קֹרַח Korach 16 : 1 - 18 : 32 * Chukat , חֻקַּת Law 19 : 1 - 22 : 1 Balak , בָּלָק Balak 22 : 2 - 25 : 9 Pinchas , פִּינְחָס Phinehas 25 : 10 - 30 : 1 * Matot , מַּטּוֹת Tribes 30 : 2 - 32 : 42 Masei , מַסְעֵי Journeys of 33 : 1 - 36 : 13 Devarim ( Deuteronomy ) Devarim , דְּבָרִים Words Deut. 1 : 1 - 3 : 22 Va'etchanan , וָאֶתְחַנַּן Pleaded 3 : 23 - 7 : 11 Eikev , עֵקֶב As a result 7 : 12 - 11 : 25 Re'eh , רְאֵה See !", "6": "11 : 26 - 16 : 17 Shoftim , שֹׁפְטִים Judges 16 : 18 - 21 : 9 Ki Teitzei , כִּי - תֵצֵא When you go out 21 : 10 - 25 : 19 Ki Tavo , כִּי - תָבוֹא When you enter in 26 : 1 - 29 : 8 * Nitzavim , נִצָּבִים Standing ( Witnessing ) 29 : 9 - 30 : 20 Vayelech , וַיֵּלֶךְ And he went 31 : 1 - 31 : 30 Haazinu , הַאֲזִינוּ Listen ! 32 : 1 - 32 : 52 V'Zot HaBerachah , וְזֹאת הַבְּרָכָה And this is the blessing 33 : 1 - 34 : 12 See also ( edit ) Judaism portal Cantillation Chumash Haftarah Sefer Torah Tanakh Tikkun ( book ) Torah reading Weekly Maqam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ One week is always Passover and another is always Sukkot , and the final parashah , V'Zot HaBerachah , is always read on Simchat Torah . Therefore , there can be up to 53 weeks available for the other 53 portions . In years with fewer than 53 available weeks , some readings are combined to achieve the needed number of weekly readings . Jump up ^ Though initially doubted by Umberto Cassuto , this has become the established position in modern scholarship . ( See the Aleppo Codex article for more information . ) Jump up ^ Philologos.org External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Audio files of cantillation . Links to the Hebrew text for weekly Torah portions The weekly", "7": "Torah portion with messianic commentary ( 1 ) Weekly Torah portion videos The Weekly Parshah The Weekly Parshah in Hebrew Weekly Torah Portions Genesis Bereshit Noach Lech - Lecha Vayeira Chayei Sarah Toledot Vayetze Vayishlach Vayeshev Miketz Vayigash Vaychi Exodus Shemot Va'eira Bo Beshalach Yitro Mishpatim Terumah Tetzaveh Ki Tissa Vayakhel Pekudei Leviticus Vayikra Tzav Shemini Tazria Metzora Acharei Mot Kedoshim Emor Behar Bechukotai Numbers Bemidbar Naso Behaalotecha Shlach Korach Chukat Balak Pinechas Matot Masei Deuteronomy Devarim Va'etchanan Eikev Re'eh Shofetim Ki Teitzei Ki Tavo Nitzavim Vayelech Haazinu V'Zot HaBerachah Shabbat ( שבת ) Prayers Rituals Jewish prayer Yedid Nefesh Lekhah Dodi Shalom Aleichem Kiddush Zemirot Baqashot Torah reading ( Weekly Torah portion Shnayim mikra ve - echad targum ) Maftir", "8": "Haftarah Seudah Shlishit Triennial cycle Torah study Food Kosher wine Challah Chopped liver Gefilte fish Vorschmack Cholent Kugel Objects Crock pot Hot water urn Shabbat candles Blech Challah cover Kiddush cup Laws Biblical mile Biblical Sabbath Driving Electricity Eruv Eruv tavshilin Eruv techumin Food preparation Muktzeh Chai Nosei Et Atzmo Prohibited activities rabbinically prohibited Shabbos goy Shomer Shabbat Innovations KosherSwitch Zomet Institute Shabbat elevator Shabbat lamp Shabbat microphone Sabbath mode Shabbat pedestrian crossing Special Shabbat Shabbaton Eve of Passover on Shabbat Motza'ei Shabbat Kiddush levana Havdalah Melaveh Malkah List of Shabbat topics Torah reading Books that are read Torah Haftarah Book of Esther Song of Songs Book of Ruth Ecclesiastes Lamentations Readings Weekly Yom Tov Triennial cycle Process Aliyah Maftir Shnayim mikra ve - echad targum Equipment Ark Bimah Sefer Torah Tikkun Yad Ner Tamid Cantillation Katan group Mahpach Pashta Munach", "9": "Zakef katan Kadma Yetiv Etnachta group Mercha Tipcha Munach Etnachta Sof Passuk group Mercha Tipcha Mercha Sof passuk Segol group Munach Zarka Munach Segol Telisha group Munach Pazer Telisha Ketana / Gedola Other Zakef gadol Rivia Gershayim Darga Tevir Kadma ( V'Azla ) Geresh Rare Shalshelet Mercha kefula Yerach ben yomo Karne parah Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weekly_Torah_portion&oldid=837446298 '' Categories : Hebrew words and phrases Jewish life cycle Jewish services Shabbat Shacharit for Shabbat and Yom Tov Weekly Torah readings Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Ladino Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Tagalog ייִדיש 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-2454338314238497026	what is the name of son of lord krishna	[ "Pradyumna", "Pradyumna", "Pradyumna", "Pradyumna", "Pradyumna" ]	{ "0": "Pradyumna - Wikipedia Pradyumna Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pradyumna Krishna and Pradyumna battle the demon Nikumbha who assumes the form of bird Information Children Aniruddha Parent ( s ) Krishna Rukmini Sibling ( s ) Samba Affliation = Avatara of Kamadeva . Pradyumna ( Sanskrit : प्रद्युम्न ) is the name of a character in the Srimad Bhagavatam . He was the son of Lord Krishna and Rukmini . Pradyumna is considered as one of the four vyuha avatars of Vishnu . According to some accounts , Pradyumna was an incarnation of Kamadeva , the god of love . Pradyumna is also a name of the Hindu god Vishnu , being referred to as Vishnu Ankar Gupta . He is one in 24 Keshava Namas ( names ) , praised in all pujas . It is also the only name in Sanskrit with all the 3 letters joint ( referred as जोडाक्षर ) The Harivamsa describes intricate relationships between Krishna Vasudeva , Sankarsana , Pradyumna and Aniruddha that would later form a Vaishnava concept of primary quadrupled expansion , or avatar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Birth , Childhood and Youth 2 Death 3 Descendant 4 Texts 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Sources Birth , childhood and youth ( edit ) Pradyumna Kills Sambara . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pradyumna was son of Lord Krishna and 61st grandson of Adinarayan .", "1": "His mother was Rukmini , whom Lord Krishna got from her father Bhimkashen Narayan and brother Bhimkaraya Rukmi . Pradyumna was born in Dvaraka . He was the incarnate of God Kamdev . In the Treta Yuga , Kamdev was burnt by Shiva when he became a barrier to Shiva 's meditation . Shiva blessed Kamdev 's distraught wife , Rati and promised her that in his next birth Kamdev will be a part of Krishna and Rati will be the daughter of Bhimkaraya Rukmi and that she will marry him . When he was a baby he was abducted by the demon Sambara . He was then cast into the sea and swallowed by a fish , but that fish was caught and carried to the house of Sambara . The fish was opened and the child was found inside . He was given to a woman in Sambara 's house to raise . Narada informed her about the true identity of the child . When Pradyumna grew up , he battled the demon Sambara and killed him using the Vaishnavastra . Soon after Pradyumna became a constant companion of his father Krishna and was well liked by the people of Dvaraka . Pradyumna was a mighty Maharathi warrior . He possessed the extremely rare Vaishnavastra which is the most powerful weapon in the universe . Also he was one of the very few people to know the secret of the Chakra Vyuha . But Pradyumna did not participate in the Kurukshetra War as he went on a pilgrimage with his uncle Balarama and other yadavas . Balarama is embraced yudhisthira with Akrura and pradhyumna and went to Pilgrimage . But he was an active participant In ashwameda yagna which was later conducted by Yudishtira . He along with Arjuna and Krishna fought against the demon Nikumbha . Nikumbha hung Arjuna In the sky and he began to vomit blood . When Nikumbha 's head was cut off by Krishna , Arjuna began to fall down from the sky . Pradyumna held Arjuna and hence his life was saved .", "2": "In accordance to Lord Shiva 's boon to Rati , he married her incarnation , Princess Mayavati , the Princess of Vidarbha and daughter of his maternal uncle , Bhimkaraya Rukmi . It is said that Mayavati found his valor , handsomeness and charm beyond words and insisted on marrying him at her swayamvara . With her , he fathered , Krishna 's grandson and favourite , also considered a vyuha avatar of Vishnu , Prince Aniruddha . Pradyumna was later killed in an intoxicated brawl at Dvaraka that resulted in the death of most Yadava warriors . Death ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Knowing that their destruction was near , the Yadavas retired to Prabhasa where they were allotted temporary residences . When their time had come Vrishnis started revelling and drinking . Satyaki who was inebriated laughed at and insulted Kritavarma for killing the Pandava army in midst of their sleep . Pradyumna applauded Satyaki for this which highly incensed Kritavarma . He then taunted Satyaki by saying that he had slain the armless Bhurshiravas who had given up all hostile intentions . Satyaki then narrated the incident when Kritavarma tried to kill Satrajit . Satyabhama upon hearing this became angry and started crying . She then approached Krishna and sat on his lap greatly increasing his anger towards Kritavarma . Satyaki then rising up in anger said that he would give death to Kritavarma for slaying the warriors of the Pandava army while they were asleep . Having said this he rushed towards Kritavarma and severed his head with a sword . He then started killing the warriors who were on Kritavarma 's side . Krishna then ran to stop Satyaki . The Bhojas and the Andhakas incensed at Satyaki surrounded him . Krishna knowing the character of the hour stood there unmoved and let them do whatever they could do .", "3": "The Bhojas and Andhakas started striking Satyaki with the pots in which they had been eating . Pradyumna upon seeing this became highly enraged and rushed forward for rescuing Satyaki who was engaged with the Bhojas and the Andhakas . However the numbers of the Bhojas and Andhakas overwhelmed the two warriors and they were slain in front of Krishna . Descendant ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aniruddha was the son of Pradyumna who married to Usha ( daughter of Bana Daitya and granddaughter of Mahabali ) . He is said to have been very much like his grandfather Krishna , to the extent that he may be a jana avatar , avatar of Vishnu . Aniruddha had a son named Vajra ( or Vajranabh ) . Vajra was known as an invincible warrior and would remain among the few survivors of the Yadus ' battle . King Vajra then had 16 idols of Krishna and other gods carved from a rare , imperishable stone called Braja and built temples to house these idols in and around Mathura so as to feel the presence of Lord Krishna . Texts ( edit ) The Jain version of the story of Pradyumna is mentioned in the Pradyumna - charitra ( poem in 18 canons ) of Rajchandra , written in 1618 AD . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Krishnamachariar 1989 , p. 294 . Sources ( edit ) Krishnamachariar , M.", "4": "( 1989 ) ( 1937 ) , History of Classical Sanskrit Literature , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0284 - 5 ( hide ) Hindu deities and texts Gods Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Rama Krishna Shiva Ganesha Kartikeya Hanuman Indra Surya more Goddesses Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Sita Radha Parvati Sati Kali Adi Parashakti Mahavidya Durga Shakti Navadurga Matrikas more Texts Vedas Rig Sama Yajur Atharva Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Yoga Sutras of Patanjali more Hinduism Hindu mythology VIAF : 45361099 GND : 128698810 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pradyumna&oldid=837941103 '' Categories : People related to Krishna Forms of Vishnu Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles lacking sources from September 2015 All articles lacking sources Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Wikidata testcases for infobox character Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 23 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "5": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8026170650461141114	who is considered as architect of india constitution	[ "B. R. Ambedkar, the chairman of the Drafting Committee", "B. R. Ambedkar", "B. R. Ambedkar", "B. R. Ambedkar, the chairman of the Drafting Committee", "B. R. Ambedkar" ]	{ "0": "Constitution of India - Wikipedia Constitution of India Jump to : navigation , search Constitution of India The original text of the Preamble Ratified 26 November 1949 Date effective January 26 , 1950 ; 67 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) Author ( s ) B.R. Ambedkar and Drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly of India Signatories 284 members of the Constituent Assembly Purpose To replace the Indian Independence Act Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙", "1": "48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India . It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles , establishes the structure , procedures , powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights , directive principles and the duties of citizens . It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world . B.R. Ambedkar , the chairman of the Drafting Committee , is widely considered to be its chief architect . It imparts constitutional supremacy and not parliamentary supremacy , as it is not created by the Parliament but , by a constituent assembly , and adopted by its people , with a declaration in its preamble . Parliament can not override the constitution . It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 , and came into effect on 26 January 1950 . With its adoption , the Union of India became the modern and contemporary Republic of India replacing the Government of India Act , 1935 as the country 's fundamental governing document . To ensure constitutional autochthony , the framers of the constitution repealed the prior Acts of the British Parliament via Article 395 of the constitution .", "2": "India celebrates its coming into force on 26 January each year , as Republic Day . It declares India a sovereign , socialist , secular , democratic republic , assuring its citizens of justice , equality , and liberty , and endeavours to promote fraternity among them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Previous legislation used as sources 2 Constituent assembly 2.1 Drafting 2.2 Influence of other constitutions 3 Structure 3.1 Parts 3.2 Schedules 3.3 Appendices 4 The constitution and the government 5 The constitution and the legislature 5.1 Amendment 5.2 Limitations 6 The constitution and the judiciary 6.1 Judicial review 7 The constitution -- a living document 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 Notes on Article 21 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar , chairman of the Drafting Committee , presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949 The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947 . When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 , it repealed the Indian Independence Act . India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic . The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930 . Articles 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 60 , 324 , 366 , 367 , 379 , 380 , 388 , 391 , 392 , 393 and 394 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 and the remaining articles on 26 January 1950 . Previous legislation used as sources It is drawn from many sources . Keeping in mind the needs and conditions of India its framers borrowed different features freely from previous legislation viz .", "3": "Government of India Act 1858 , Indian Councils Act 1861 , Indian Councils Act 1892 , Indian Councils Act 1909 , Government of India Act 1919 , Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947 . The last legislation which led to the creation of the two independent nations of India and Pakistan provided for the division of the erstwhile Constituent Assembly into two , with each new assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it , to enable each to draft and enact a new constitution , for the separate states . Constituent Assembly A meeting of the Constituent Assembly of India , 1950 CE Main article : Constituent Assembly of India It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly , which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies . The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three years ( two years , eleven months and eighteen days to be precise ) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for independent India , during which , it held eleven sessions over 165 days . Of these , 114 days were spent on the consideration of the draft Constitution . On 29 August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution for India . While deliberating upon the draft Constitution , the assembly moved , discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled . Dr B.R. Ambedkar , Sanjay Phakey , Jawaharlal Nehru , C. Rajagopalachari , Rajendra Prasad , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Kanaiyalal Munshi , Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar , Sandipkumar Patel , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Shyama Prasad Mukherjee , Nalini Ranjan Ghosh , and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the assembly . There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes . Frank Anthony represented the Anglo - Indian community , and the Parsis were represented by H.P. Modi . The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo - Indians .", "4": "Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha Community . Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer , Benegal Narsing Rau and K.M. Munshi , Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly . Sarojini Naidu , Hansa Mehta , Durgabai Deshmukh , Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women members . The first temporary 2 - day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha . Later , Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly . The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946 . Drafting B.N. Rau was appointed as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution in 1946 . He was responsible for the general structure of its democratic framework of the Constitution and prepared its initial draft in February 1948 . This draft was debated , revised and finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 . On 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly , a proposal for forming various committees was presented . Such committees included a Committee on Fundamental Rights , the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution Committee . On 29 August 1947 , the Drafting Committee was appointed , with Dr B.R. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members assisted by a constitutional advisor . These members were Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant , Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi ( KM Munshi , Ex - Home Minister , Bombay ) , Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer ( Ex - Advocate General , Madras State ) , N Gopalaswami Ayengar ( Ex-Prime Minister , J&K and later member of Nehru Cabinet ) , BL Mitter ( Ex-Advocate General , India ) , Md . Saadullah ( Ex - Chief Minister of Assam , Muslim League member ) and DP Khaitan ( Scion of Khaitan Business family and a renowned lawyer ) . The constitutional advisor was Sir Benegal Narsing Rau ( who became First Indian Judge in International Court of Justice , 1950 -- 54 ) .", "5": "Later BL Mitter resigned and was replaced by Madhav Rao ( Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara ) . On DP Khaitan 's death , TT Krishnamachari was included in the drafting committee . A draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947 , which was debated and over 2000 amendments were moved over a period of two years . Finally on 26 November 1949 , the process was completed and the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution . 284 members signed the document and the process of constitution making was complete . This day is celebrated as National Law Day or Constitution Day . Jawaharlal Nehru signing the Constitution The assembly met in sessions open to the public , for 166 days , spread over a period of 2 years , 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution , the 308 members of the assembly signed two copies of the document ( one each in Hindi and English ) on 24 January 1950 . The original Constitution of India is hand - written with beautiful calligraphy , each page beautified and decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose . The illustrations on the cover and pages represent styles from the different civilisations of the subcontinent , ranging from the prehistoric Mohenjodaro civilisation , in the Indus Valley , to the present . The calligraphy in the book was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizda . It was published in Dehra Dun , and photolithographed at the offices of Survey of India . The entire exercise to produce the original took nearly five years . Two days later , on 26 January 1950 , the Constitution of India became the law of all the States and territories of India . Rs. 1 , 00 , 00,000 was official estimate of expenditure on constituent assembly . It has undergone many amendments since its enactment . The original 1950 Constitution of India is preserved in helium cases in the Parliament house , New Delhi . There are two original versions of this -- one in Hindi and the other in English . The original constitution can be viewed here .", "6": "Influence of other constitutions British Constitution Parliamentary form of government The idea of single citizenship The idea of the Rule of law Institution of Speaker and his role Lawmaking procedure Procedure established by Law United States Constitution Charter of Fundamental Rights Federal structure of government Electoral College Independence of the judiciary and separation of powers among the three branches of the government Judicial review President as supreme commander of armed forces Equal Protection under law Irish Constitution Directive principles of state policy Australian Constitution Freedom of trade and commerce within the country and between the states Power of the national legislature to make laws for implementing treaties , even on matters outside normal Federal jurisdiction Concurrent List Terminology for the Preamble French Constitution Ideals of Liberty , Equality and Fraternity Canadian Constitution A quasi-federal form of government -- a federal system with a strong central government Distribution of powers between the central government and state governments Residual powers retained by the central government Constitution of the Soviet Union Fundamental Duties u / a 51 - A A Constitutionally mandated Planning Commission to oversee the development of the economy Other Constitutions Emergency Provision u / a 356 , Weimar Constitution ( Germany ) Amendment of Constitution , South Africa Due Procedure of Law , Japan Structure The Indian constitution is the world 's longest . At its commencement , it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules . It is made up of approximately 145,000 words , making it the second largest active constitution in the world . In its current form ( September 2012 ) , it has a preamble , 25 parts with 448 articles , 12 schedules , 5 appendices and 101 amendments , the latest of which came into force on 8 September 2016 . Parts The individual articles of the constitution are grouped together into the following parts : Preamble with the words `` socialist '' and `` secular '' added to it in 1976 by the 42nd constitutional amendment . Part I -- Union and its Territory Part II -- Citizenship .", "7": "Part III -- Fundamental Rights Part IV -- Directive Principles of State Policy Part IVA -- Fundamental Duties Part V -- The Union Part VI -- The States Part VII -- States in the B part of the First schedule ( repealed ) Part VIII -- The Union Territories Part IX -- The Panchayats Part IXA -- The Municipalities Part IXB -- The Co-operative Societies . Part X -- The scheduled and Tribal Areas Part XI -- Relations between the Union and the States Part XII -- Finance , Property , Contracts and Suits Part XIII -- Trade and Commerce within the territory of India Part XIV -- Services Under the Union , the States Part XIVA -- Tribunals Part XV -- Elections Part XVI -- Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes Part XVII -- Languages Part XVIII -- Emergency Provisions Part XIX -- Miscellaneous Part XX -- Amendment of the Constitution Part XXI -- Temporary , Transitional and Special Provisions Part XXII -- Short title , date of commencement , Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals . Schedules Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government . First Schedule ( Articles 1 and 4 ) -- This lists the states and territories of India , lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make that change . Second Schedule ( Articles 59 ( 3 ) , 65 ( 3 ) , 75 ( 6 ) , 97 , 125 , 148 ( 3 ) , 158 ( 3 ) , 164 ( 5 ) , 186 and 221 ) -- This lists the salaries of officials holding public office , judges , and Comptroller and Auditor General of India . Third Schedule ( Articles 75 ( 4 ) , 99 , 124 ( 6 ) , 148 ( 2 ) , 164 ( 3 ) , 188 and 219 ) -- Forms of Oaths -- This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges . Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) -- This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of Parliament ) per State or Union Territory .", "8": "Fifth Schedule ( Article 244 ( 1 ) ) -- This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes ( areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions ) . Sixth Schedule ( Articles 244 ( 2 ) and 275 ( 1 ) ) -- Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura , and Mizoram . Seventh Schedule ( Article 246 ) -- The union ( central government ) , state , and concurrent lists of responsibilities . Eighth Schedule ( Articles 344 ( 1 ) and 351 ) -- The official languages . Ninth Schedule ( Article 31 - B ) -- Validation of certain Acts and Regulations . Tenth Schedule ( Articles 102 ( 2 ) and 191 ( 2 ) ) -- `` Anti-defection '' provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures . Eleventh Schedule ( Article 243 - G ) -- Panchayat Raj ( rural local government ) , Twelfth Schedule ( Article 243 - W ) -- Municipalities ( urban local government ) . Appendices Appendix I -- The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 . Appendix II -- Re-statement , with reference to the present text of the Constitution , of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir . Appendix III -- Extracts from the Constitution ( Forty - fourth Amendment ) Act , 1978 . Appendix IV -- The Constitution ( Eighty - sixth Amendment ) Act , 2002 . Appendix V -- The Constitution ( Eighty - eighth Amendment ) Act , 2003 . The Constitution and the government Institutions of governance -- the Parliament , the President , the Judiciary , the Executive , etc. get their power from the Constitution and are bound by it . With the aid of the Constitution , India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature . It states that there shall be a President of India who shall be the head of the executive , under Articles 52 and 53 . The President 's duty is to preserve , protect and defend the constitution and the law under Article 60 of the Indian constitution .", "9": "Article 74 provides that there shall be a Prime Minister as the head of union cabinet which would aid and advise the President in performing his constitutional duty . Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the House of the People per Article 75 ( 3 ) . The Constitution of India is federal in nature but unitary in spirit . The common features of a federation such as written Constitution , supremacy of Constitution , rigidity of Constitution , two government , division of powers , bicameralism and independent judiciary as well as unitary features like single Constitution , single citizenship , integrated judiciary , flexible Constitution , a strong Centre , appointment of state governor by the Centre , All - India Services , Emergency Provisions etc. can be seen in Indian Constitution . This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form . Each state and each Union territory of India has its own government . Analogous to President and Prime Minister , each has a Governor ( in case of states ) or Lieutenant Governor ( in the case of Union territories ) and a Chief Minister . Article 356 permits the President to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority when a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State can not be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution . This power , known as President 's rule , was abused earlier as state governments came to be dismissed on the flimsiest of grounds , and more due to the political discomfiture of the party in power at the centre . Post -- Bommai judgment , such a course of action has been rendered rather difficult , as the courts have asserted their right to review it . Consequently , very few state governments have been disbanded since . The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act also introduced the system of Panchayati Raj in rural areas and Municipality in urban areas . Also , Article 370 of the Constitution gives special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir . The Constitution and the legislature Main article : Amendment of the Constitution of India See also : List of amendments of the Constitution of India Amendment The process of addition , variation or repeal of any part of the constitution by the parliament under its constituent powers , is called amendment of the constitution . The procedure is laid out in Article 368 .", "10": "An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House when at least two - thirds members are present and voted . In addition to this , certain amendments which pertain to the federal nature of the Constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures . Unlike the ordinary bills under legislative powers of Parliament as per Article 245 ( with exception to money bills ) , there is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses ( Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha ) of the parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill . During recess of Parliament , President can not promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers per Article 123 , Chapter III which needs constitutional amendment . Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under legislative powers of Parliament , are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 ( 1 ) by Twenty - fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India . As of September 2015 , there have been 120 amendment bills presented in the parliament , out of which 100 have been passed to become Amendment Acts . Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass , the Constitution of India is the most frequently amended national governing document in the world . The Constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many of these amendments address issues dealt with by ordinary statute in other democracies . As a result , the document is amended roughly twice a year , and three times every two years . In 2000 , the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) was set up to look into updating the constitution . Government of India , establishes term based law commissions to recommend law reforms for maximising justice in society and for promoting good governance under the rule of law . Limitations Main article : Basic structure doctrine The Supreme Court has ruled in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case that an amendment can not destroy what it seeks to modify , which means , while amending anything in the Constitution , it can not tinker with the `` basic structure '' or its framework , which is immutable . Such an amendment will be declared invalid even though no part of the constitution is explicitly prevented from being amended , nor does the basic structure doctrine protect any single provision of the Constitution .", "11": "Yet , this `` doctrine of basic features '' lays down that , the Constitution when `` read as a whole '' , that what comes to be understood as its basic features can not be abridged , deleted or abrogated . What these `` basic features '' are , have not been defined exhaustively anywhere , and whether a particular provision of the Constitution of India is a `` basic feature '' is decided as and when an issue is raised before a court in an instant case . The judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case laid down the following as the basic structure of the constitution of India : The Supremacy of the Constitution Republican and Democratic form of the Government Secular Character of the Constitution Maintenance of Separation of powers The Federal Character of the Constitution This implies that the Parliament , while amending the Constitution , can only amend it to the extent so as to not destroy any of the aforesaid characters . The Supreme Court / High Court ( s ) may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated , by performing Judicial review . This is typical of Parliamentary governments , where the Judiciary has to exercise an effective check on the exercise of the powers of the Parliament , which in many respects is supreme . In the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case of 1967 , the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Punjab could not restrict any of the Fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine . Extent of land ownership and practice of profession , in this case , were held to be a fundamental right . The ruling of the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case was eventually overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971 . The Constitution and the Judiciary The Judiciary interprets the Constitution as its final arbiter . It is its duty as mandated by the Constitution , to be its watchdog , by calling for scrutiny any act of the legislature or the executive , who otherwise , are free to enact or implement these , from overstepping bounds set for them by the Constitution . It acts like a guardian in protecting the fundamental rights of the people , as enshrined in the Constitution , from infringement by any organ of the state . It also balances the conflicting exercise of power between the centre and a state or among states , as assigned to them by the Constitution .", "12": "While pronouncing decisions under its constitutional mandate , it is expected to remain unaffected by pulls and pressures exerted by other branches of the state , citizens or interest groups . And crucially , independence of the judiciary has been held to be a basic feature of the Constitution , and which being inalienable , has come to mean -- that which can not be taken away from it by any act or amendment by the legislature or the executive . Judicial review Judicial review is adopted in the Constitution of India from judicial review in the United States . In the Indian constitution , Judicial review is dealt with under Article 13 . Judicial Review refers that the Constitution is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under its supremacy . Article 13 states that : All pre-constitutional laws , if in part or completely in conflict with the Constitution , shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the Constitution ends the conflict . In such situation the provision of that law will again come into force , if it is compatible with the constitution as amended . This is called the Doctrine of Eclipse . In a similar manner , laws made after adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly must be compatible with the constitution , otherwise the laws and amendments will be deemed to be void ab initio . In such situations , the Supreme Court or High Court interprets the laws to decide if they are in conformity with the Constitution . If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency , and where a separation is possible , the provision that is inconsistent with constitution is considered to be void . In addition to article 13 , articles 32 , 226 and 227 provide a constitutional basis to judicial review in India . Due to the adoption of the thirty - eighth amendment , the Indian Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency that infringes upon fundamental rights under article 32 i.e. Right to Constitutional Remedies . Later with the Forty - second Amendment of the Constitution of India , article 31 C was widened and article 368 ( 4 ) and 368 ( 5 ) were added , which stated that any law passed by the parliament ca n't be challenged in the court on any ground .", "13": "The Supreme court in the Minerva Mills v. Union of India case said that Judicial Review is one of the basic character of the constitution and therefore ca n't be taken away quashing Article 368 ( 4 ) & ( 5 ) as well as 31 C . The Constitution -- a living document `` The Indian Constitution is first and foremost a social document , and is aided by its Parts III & IV ( Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy , respectively ) acting together , as its chief instruments and its conscience , in realising the goals set by it for all the people . '' The Constitution 's provisions have consciously been worded in generalities , though not in vague terms , instead of making them rigid and static with a fixed meaning or content as in an ordinary statute , so that they may be interpreted by coming generations of citizens with the onward march of time , to apply to new and ever - changing and demanding situations , making the Constitution a living and an organic document . Justice Marshall asserts : `` It is the nature of ( a ) Constitution that only its great outlines be marked '' . It is a document intended `` to endure for ages '' and therefore , it has to be interpreted not merely on the basis of the intention and understanding of the its framers but on the experience of its working effectively , in the existing social and political context . For instance , `` right to life '' as guaranteed under Article 21 , has by interpretation been expanded to progressively mean a whole lot of human rights In the conclusion of his Making of India 's Constitution , Justice Khanna writes : `` If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers , no less are we , the people of India , the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions ! A constitution is not a parchment of paper , it is a way of life and has to be lived up to . Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis , its only keepers are the people . '' See also India portal Politics portal Constitution Day ( India ) Constitutional economics Constitutionalism History of democracy List of national constitutions Magna Carta Rule according to higher law Uniform civil code of India Notes ^ Jump up to : The Constitution of Yugoslavia briefly held this position from 1974 till the nation split up in 1990 .", "14": "Jump up ^ The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally . Part VII & IX ( older ) was repealed in 1956 , whereas newly added Part IVA , IXA , IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different times ( lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment ) . Jump up ^ Although the last article of the Constitution is Article 395 , the total number , as of March 2013 is 465 . New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location in the original constitution . In order not to disturb the original numbering , the new articles are inserted with alpha numeric enumerations . For example , Article 21A pertaining to Right to Education was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act . Jump up ^ By 73rd & 74th Amendment , the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality included in the Constitution as Schedule 11 & 12 respectively in the year 1993 . Jump up ^ Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state , administered federally , usually populated by a predominant Scheduled Tribe . Jump up ^ Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people , identified in the Constitution , struggling socioeconomically Jump up ^ These lines by Granville Austin from his book The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation at p. 50 , have been authoritatively quoted many times Notes on Article 21 Jump up ^ Art . 21 -- `` No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law '' Jump up ^ Right to speedy trial Right to water Right to livelihood Right to health Right to education References Jump up ^ `` Preface , The constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co. p. 3 . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional supremacy vs parliamentary supremacy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 29 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Swaminathan , Shivprasad ( 26 January 2013 ) . `` India 's benign constitutional revolution '' . The Hindu : opinion . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Das , Hari ( 2002 ) . Political System of India . Anmol Publications . p. 120 . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7 . Jump up ^ WP ( Civil ) No. 98 / 2002 ( 12 September 2002 ) . `` Aruna Roy & Ors . v. Union of India & Ors '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . p. 18 / 30 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preamble of the Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law & Justice . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commencement '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Constitution Day '' . 26 November 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Some Facts of Constituent Assembly '' . Parliament of India . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . On 29 August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India Jump up ^ On National Law Day , saluting two remarkable judges , Firstpost , 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ PM Modi greets people on Constitution Day , DNA India , 26 November 2015 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Original unamended constitution of India , January , 1950 '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION ( AMENDMENT ) ACTS '' . India Code Information System . Ministry of Law , Government of India . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' . www.wdl.org . World Digital Library . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sridhar , Madabhushi . `` Evolution and Philosophy behind the Indian Constitution ( page 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute ( Institute of Administration ) , Hyderabad . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Borrowed features of Constitution '' . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Miglani , Dr. Deepak . `` Constitution of India : A ' Bag of Borrowings ' '' . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Constitution is Not the Longest '' . scocablog.com . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of india '' . Ministry of Law and Justice , Govt. of India . Jump up ^ `` Constitution ( Ninety - ninth Amendment ) Act , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . 1 , Law Street . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Baruah , Aparijita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight and Comparison with Other Constitutions . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 177 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 996 - 0 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chishti , Seema ; Anand , Utkarsh ( 30 January 2015 ) . `` Legal experts say debating Preamble of Constitution pointless , needless '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forty - Second Amendment to the Constitution '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 28 August 1976 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 .", "17": "Jump up ^ Part I Jump up ^ Part II Jump up ^ Part IV Jump up ^ Part V Jump up ^ Part VI Jump up ^ Part VII Jump up ^ Part VIII Jump up ^ Part IX Jump up ^ Part IXA Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf Jump up ^ Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental rights . but in a landmark judgement in 2007 , the Supreme Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14 , 15 , 19 , 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution ( ( ambiguous ) ) -- I.R. Coelho ( dead ) by L.Rs . v. State of Tamil Nadu and others ( 2007 ) 2 S.C.C. 1 ^ Jump up to : Menon , N.R. Madhava ( 26 September 2004 ) . `` Parliament and the Judiciary '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ M Laxmikanth. `` 3 '' . Indian Polity ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill Education . p. 3.2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 25 - 906412 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krishnakumar , R. `` ' Article 356 should be abolished ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rajendra Prasad , R.J. `` ' Bommai verdict has checked misuse of Article 356 ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Swami , Praveen . `` Protecting secularism and federal fair play '' . Frontline ( Vol. 14 : : No. 22 : : 1 -- 14 Nov. 1997 ) .", "18": "Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement : A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ name = `` amendments '' Jump up ^ Krishnamurthi , Vivek ( 2009 ) . `` Colonial Cousins : Explaining India and Canada 's Unwritten Constitutional Principles '' ( PDF ) . Yale Journal of International Law . 34 ( 1 ) : 219 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kuri 's blog : National Commission to review the working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) . Kurishravan.blogspot.in ( 23 February 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . p. 568 . ISBN 9788180382536 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : aDvantage . `` Doctrine of Basic Structure -- Constitutional Law '' . www.legalserviceindia.com . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary J. ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 9780674047662 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal , Milan ( 2008 ) . `` India 's New Constitutionalism : Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law '' . Boston College International Comparative Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 258 -- 260 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Pratap Bhanu ( 2002 ) . Hasan , Zoya ; Sridharan , E. ; Sudarshan , R. , eds .", "19": "Article -- The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism : Judicial Review and the ' Basic Structure ' ( Book -- India 's Kiving Constitution : Ideas , Practices , Controversies ) ( ( 2006 ) Second Impression ( 2002 ) First ed . ) . Delhi : Permanent Black . p. 187 . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 087 - 4 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , Bishwajit . `` Supreme Court Shows Govt Its LoC '' . the day after ( 1 -- 15 Nov 2015 ) . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ National Comionmission to Review the Working of the Constitution . `` A Consultation Paper on the Financial Autonomy of the Indian Judiciary '' . Chapter 1 . New Delhi ( 26 September 2001 ) . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chakrabarty , Bidyut ( 2008 ) . Indian Politics and Society Since Independence : Events , Processes and Ideology ( First ed . ) . Oxon ( UK ) , New York ( USA ) : Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 40867 - 7 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorabjee , Soli J. ( 1 November 2015 ) . `` A step in the Wrong Direction '' . The Week . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ V. Venkatesan -- A fresh look at the relevance of three early doctrines that have defined the Indian Constitution over the years . Front - line ( Vol. 29 -- Issue 05 : : 10 -- 23 Mar. 2012 ) Jump up ^ Jain , M.P. ( 2010 ) . Indian Constitutional Law . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . p. 921 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 621 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh , Jindal Global Law School .", "20": "Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 9780674047662 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Vikram ( 2010 ) . `` The biographer of the Indian constitution '' . Seminar . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dharmadhikari , Justice D.M. `` Principle of Constitutional Interpretation : Some Reflections '' . ( 2004 ) 4 SCC ( Jour ) 1 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaur , K.D. ( 2002 ) . Article -- Law and the Poor : Some Recent Developments in India ( Book -- Criminal Law and Criminology ) . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 564 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 410 - 1 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Narain , Vrinda . `` Water as a Fundamental Right : A Perspective from India '' ( PDF ) . Vermont Law Review . 34 : 917 : 920 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Khosla , Madhav ( 2011 ) . `` Making social rights conditional : Lessons from India '' ( PDF ) . I con ( 2010 ) . 8 ( 4 ) : 761 . doi : 10.1093 / icon / mor005 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ H.R. Khanna . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co , Lucknow , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Bibliography Khanna , Justice H.R ( 2015 ) . Making of India 's Constitution ( 2nd Edition 2008 , ( Reprinted 2015 ) ed . ) . Eastern Book Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 188 - 6 . Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation ( 2nd ed . ) .", "21": "Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9564 - 959 - 8 . Austin , Granville ( 2003 ) . Working a Democratic Constitution : A History of the Indian Experience ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9565 - 610 - 7 . Baruah , Aparajita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight & Comparison . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7629 - 996 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1965 ) . Commentary on the constitution of India : ( being a comparative treatise on the universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India ) . 1 -- 2 . S.C. Sarkar & Sons ( Private ) Ltd . Basu , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1981 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . Prentice - Hall of India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87692 - 200 - 2 . Das , Hari Hara ( 2002 ) . Political System of India . Anmol Publications . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7 . Dash , Shreeram Chandra ( 1968 ) . The Constitution of India ; a Comparative Study . Chaitanya Pub . House . Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . ISBN 9788180382536 . Ghosh , Pratap Kumar ( 1966 ) . The Constitution of India : How it Has Been Framed . World Press . Jayapalan , N. ( 1998 ) . Constitutional History of India . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . ISBN 81 - 7156 - 761 - 4 .", "22": "Khanna , Hans Raj ( 1981 ) . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Rahulrai , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Pylee , M.V. ( 2004 ) . Constitutional Government in India . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 2203 - 8 . Sen , Sarbani ( 2007 ) . The Constitution of India : Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568649 - 4 . Sharma , Dinesh ; Singh , Jaya ; Maganathan , R. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . Indian Constitution at Work . Political Science , Class XI . NCERT . `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . External links Find more aboutConstitution of Indiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Original as published in the Gazette of India Original Unamended version of the Constitution of India Ministry of Law and Justice of India -- The Constitution of India Page Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008 Constitutional predilections `` Constitution of India '' . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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343386192639661502	who sang with eternal on i wanna be the only one	[ "BeBe Winans", "BeBe Winans", "BeBe Winans", "BeBe Winans" ]	{ "0": "I Wanna Be the Only One - wikipedia I Wanna Be the Only One Jump to : navigation , search `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' Single by Eternal featuring BeBe Winans from the album Before the Rain Released 19 May 1997 Recorded Genre R&B , gospel Length 4 : 18 ( album version ) 3 : 36 ( radio edit ) Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) BeBe Winans and James `` Rhett '' Lawrence Producer ( s ) Nigel Lowis Eternal featuring BeBe Winans singles chronology `` Do n't You Love Me '' ( 1997 ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( 1997 ) `` Angel of Mine '' ( 1997 ) `` Do n't You Love Me '' ( 1997 ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( 1997 ) `` Angel of Mine '' ( 1997 ) Alternative Cover UK CD2 `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' is a song by British R&B girl group Eternal . It was the third single released from their album Before the Rain . Topping the UK Singles Chart , the release became the group 's third collaboration with BeBe Winans , who produced 1994 's `` Crazy '' ( from Always & Forever ) and 1995 's `` It Will Never End '' ( from Power of a Woman ) . `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' became Eternal 's biggest hit to date : it was the third most played song on British radio and the most played song on European radio by a UK act in 1997 . It earned Eternal a MOBO Award and Capital FM Award for Best Single . It was also nominated for Best Single at the BRIT Awards . As of May 2017 , the song has sold 650,000 copies in the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Certifications 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) CD1 `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 36 ( Horns by Gary Barnacle , Stuart Brooks and Andy Rogers ) `` A Friend Is a Friend '' 4 :", "1": "10 `` Show Me '' 4 : 28 `` Do n't You Love Me '' ( French Remix ) 3 : 37 CD2 `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( Black Box Lelewel ' Til The End Mix ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( Paul Gotel Dark Skies Mix ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( SPS Cained Mix ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( Blacksmith `` Eternal 's Mix Tape '' ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 34 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 58 France ( SNEP ) 32 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 61 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 12 New", "2": "Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 66 Preceded by `` You 're Not Alone '' by Olive UK Singles Chart number - one single 25 May 1997 - 31 May 1997 Succeeded by `` MMMBop '' by Hanson - Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Official Chart Flashback 1997 : Eternal score their long - awaited Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` Number 1 today in 1997 : Eternal -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eternal feat .", "3": "Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Eternal Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn NR. 230 Vikuna 17.7. ' 97 - 23.7. ' 97 '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir. 18 July 1997 . p. 22 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts ( Search by artist : Eternal ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Eternal : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS : jaaroverzichten 1997 '' .", "4": "Ultratop . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS : rapports annuels 1997 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 1997 '' ( in French ) . SNEP . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 100 SINGLE - JAHRESCHARTS ( 1997 ) '' . Official German Charts . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN - SINGLE 1997 '' . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1997 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year End Charts 1997 '' . Swiss Music Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2004 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1997 - UK Music Charts '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 1998 '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 1997 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Eternal -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Eternal -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden .", "5": "Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eternal -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Wanna Be the Only One in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Be_the_Only_One&oldid=835440257 '' Categories : 1997 singles Eternal ( band ) songs Number - one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Rhett Lawrence Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from April 2011 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Kiswahili Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 18 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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780710874492801536	what is an international system in international relations	[ "the individual level, the domestic state as a unit, the international level of transnational and intergovernmental affairs, and the global level", "norm that sovereigns had no internal equals within a defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority within the territory's sovereign borders" ]	{ "0": "International relations - wikipedia International relations Jump to : navigation , search `` International Relations '' redirects here . For the academic journal , see International Relations ( journal ) . `` International affairs '' redirects here . For the academic journal , see International Affairs ( journal ) . For other uses , see International affairs ( disambiguation ) . In 2012 alone , the Palace of Nations in Geneva , Switzerland , hosted more than 10,000 intergovernmental meetings . The city hosts the highest number of International organizations in the world . The field of international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides . Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( show ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( show ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Federacy Feudalism Dictatorship Directory Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( hide ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( show ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Domestic and foreign policy Civil society Public interest Organs of government ( show ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries ( show ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties International relations ( IR ) or international affairs , depending on academic institution , is either a field of political science , an interdisciplinary academic field similar to global studies , or an entirely independent academic discipline in which students take a variety of internationally focused courses in social science and humanities disciplines .", "1": "In all cases , the field studies relationships between political entities ( polities ) such as sovereign states , inter-governmental organizations ( IGOs ) , international non-governmental organizations ( INGOs ) , other non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) , and multinational corporations ( MNCs ) , and the wider world - systems produced by this interaction . International relations is an academic and a public policy field , and so can be positive and normative , because it analyses and formulates the foreign policy of a given state . As political activity , international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides ( c. 460 -- 395 BC ) , and , in the early 20th century , became a discrete academic field ( no . 5901 in the 4 - digit UNESCO Nomenclature ) within political science . In practice , international relations and international affairs forms a separate academic program or field from political science , and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary . For example , international relations draws from the fields of : technology and engineering , economics , communication studies , history , international law , demography , philosophy , geography , social work , sociology , anthropology , criminology , psychology , gender studies , cultural studies , culturology , and diplomacy . The scope of international relations comprehends globalization , diplomatic relations , state sovereignty , international security , ecological sustainability , nuclear proliferation , nationalism , economic development , global finance , as well as terrorism and organized crime , human security , foreign interventionism , and human rights , as well , as , more recently , comparative religion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Study of international relations 2 Theory 2.1 Normative theory 2.2 Epistemology and IR theory 2.3 Positivist theories 2.3. 1 Realism 2.3. 2 Liberalism 2.3. 3 Neoliberalism 2.3. 4 Regime theory 2.4 Post-positivist / reflectivist theories 2.4. 1 International society theory ( the English school ) 2.4. 2 Social constructivism 2.4. 3 Feminism 2.4. 4 Marxism 2.5 Leadership theories 2.5. 1 Interest group perspective 2.5.", "2": "2 Strategic perspective 2.5. 3 Inherent bad faith model 2.6 Post-structuralist theories 3 Levels of analysis 3.1 Systemic level concepts 3.1. 1 Sovereignty 3.1. 2 Power 3.1. 3 National interest 3.1. 4 Non-state actors 3.1. 5 Power blocs 3.1. 5.1 Polarity 3.1. 6 Interdependence 3.1. 7 Dependency 3.1. 8 Systemic tools of international relations 3.2 Unit - level concepts in international relations 3.2. 1 Regime type 3.2. 2 Revisionism / status quo 3.2. 3 Religion 3.3 Individual or sub-unit level concepts 4 Institutions in international relations 4.1 Generalist inter-state organizations 4.1. 1 United Nations 4.1. 2 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 4.1. 3 Other 4.2 Economic institutions 4.3 International legal bodies 4.3. 1 Human rights 4.3. 2 Legal 4.4 Regional security arrangements 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Bibliography 7.1 Theory 7.2 Textbooks 7.3 History of international relations 8 External links History ( edit ) See also : International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) The history of international relations can be traced back to thousands of years ago ; Barry Buzan and Richard Little , for example , consider the interaction of ancient Sumerian city - states , starting in 3,500 BC , as the first fully - fledged international system . The official portraits of King Władysław IV dressed according to French , Spanish and Polish fashion reflects the complex politics of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Thirty Years ' War The history of international relations based on sovereign states is often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 , a stepping stone in the development of the modern state system .", "3": "Prior to this the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order . Contrary to popular belief , Westphalia still embodied layered systems of sovereignty , especially within the Holy Roman Empire . More than the Peace of Westphalia , the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 is thought to reflect an emerging norm that sovereigns had no internal equals within a defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority within the territory 's sovereign borders . The centuries of roughly 1500 to 1789 saw the rise of the independent , sovereign states , the institutionalization of diplomacy and armies . The French Revolution added to this the new idea that not princes or an oligarchy , but the citizenry of a state , defined as the nation , should be defined as sovereign . Such a state in which the nation is sovereign would thence be termed a nation - state ( as opposed to a monarchy or a religious state ) . The term republic increasingly became its synonym . An alternative model of the nation - state was developed in reaction to the French republican concept by the Germans and others , who instead of giving the citizenry sovereignty , kept the princes and nobility , but defined nation - statehood in ethnic - linguistic terms , establishing the rarely if ever fulfilled ideal that all people speaking one language should belong to one state only . The same claim to sovereignty was made for both forms of nation - state . ( It is worth noting that in Europe today , few states conform to either definition of nation - state : many continue to have royal sovereigns , and hardly any are ethnically homogeneous . ) The particular European system supposing the sovereign equality of states was exported to the Americas , Africa , and Asia via colonialism and the `` standards of civilization '' . The contemporary international system was finally established through decolonization during the Cold War . However , this is somewhat over-simplified . While the nation - state system is considered `` modern '' , many states have not incorporated the system and are termed `` pre-modern '' . Further , a handful of states have moved beyond insistence on full sovereignty , and can be considered `` post-modern '' . The ability of contemporary IR discourse to explain the relations of these different types of states is disputed .", "4": "`` Levels of analysis '' is a way of looking at the international system , which includes the individual level , the domestic state as a unit , the international level of transnational and intergovernmental affairs , and the global level . What is explicitly recognized as international relations theory was not developed until after World War I , and is dealt with in more detail below . IR theory , however , has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other social sciences . The use of capitalizations of the `` I '' and `` R '' in international relations aims to distinguish the academic discipline of international relations from the phenomena of international relations . Many cite Sun Tzu 's The Art of War ( 6th century BC ) , Thucydides ' History of the Peloponnesian War ( 5th century BC ) , Chanakya 's Arthashastra ( 4th century BC ) , as the inspiration for realist theory , with Hobbes ' Leviathan and Machiavelli 's The Prince providing further elaboration . Similarly , liberalism draws upon the work of Kant and Rousseau , with the work of the former often being cited as the first elaboration of democratic peace theory . Though contemporary human rights is considerably different from the type of rights envisioned under natural law , Francisco de Vitoria , Hugo Grotius and John Locke offered the first accounts of universal entitlement to certain rights on the basis of common humanity . In the 20th century , in addition to contemporary theories of liberal internationalism , Marxism has been a foundation of international relations . Study of international relations ( edit ) Flags of the member states of the United Nations International relations as a distinct field of study began in Britain . IR emerged as a formal academic discipline in 1919 with the founding of the first IR professorship : the Woodrow Wilson Chair at Aberystwyth , University of Wales ( now Aberystwyth University ) , hold by Alfred Eckhard Zimmern and endowed by David Davies . Georgetown University 's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service is the oldest international relations faculty in the United States , founded in 1919 . In the early 1920s , the London School of Economics ' department of international relations was founded at the behest of Nobel Peace Prize winner Philip Noel - Baker : this was the first institute to offer a wide range of degrees in the field .", "5": "This was rapidly followed by establishment of IR at universities in the US and in Geneva , Switzerland . The creation of the posts of Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at LSE and at Oxford gave further impetus to the academic study of international relations . Furthermore , the International History department at LSE developed a focus on the history of IR in the early modern , colonial and Cold War periods . The first university entirely dedicated to the study of IR was the Graduate Institute of International Studies ( now the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies ) , which was founded in 1927 to form diplomats associated to the League of Nations . The Committee on International Relations at the University of Chicago was the first to offer a graduate degree , in 1928 . In 1965 , Glendon College and the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs were the first institutions in Canada to offer an undergraduate and a graduate program in international studies and affairs , respectively . In 2012 , Ramon Llull University initiated the first International Relations degree in Barcelona , fully in English . Theory ( edit ) Main article : International relations theory Normative theory ( edit ) In the academic discipline of international relations , Smith , Baylis & Owens ( 2008 ) make the case that the normative position or normative theory is to make the world a better place , and that this theoretical worldview aims to do so by being aware of implicit assumptions and explicit assumptions that constitute a non-normative position and align or position the normative towards the loci of other key socio - political theories such as political liberalism , Marxism , political constructivism , political realism , political idealism and political globalization . Epistemology and IR theory ( edit ) IR theories are roughly divided into one of two epistemological camps : `` positivist '' and `` post-positivist '' . Positivist theories aim to replicate the methods of the natural sciences by analysing the impact of material forces . They typically focus on features of international relations such as state interactions , size of military forces , balance of powers etc . Post-positivist epistemology rejects the idea that the social world can be studied in an objective and value - free way . It rejects the central ideas of neo-realism / liberalism , such as rational choice theory , on the grounds that the scientific method can not be applied to the social world and that a `` science '' of IR is impossible .", "6": "A key difference between the two positions is that while positivist theories , such as neo-realism , offer causal explanations ( such as why and how power is exercised ) , post-positivist theories focus instead on constitutive questions , for instance what is meant by `` power '' ; what makes it up , how it is experienced and how it is reproduced . Often , post-positivist theories explicitly promote a normative approach to IR , by considering ethics . This is something which has often been ignored under `` traditional '' IR as positivist theories make a distinction between `` facts '' and normative judgments , or `` values '' . During the late 1980s and the 1990s , debate between positivists and post-positivists became the dominant debate and has been described as constituting the Third `` Great Debate '' ( Lapid 1989 ) . Positivist theories ( edit ) Realism ( edit ) Realism focuses on state security and power above all else . Early realists such as E.H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau argued that states are self - interested , power - seeking rational actors , who seek to maximize their security and chances of survival . Cooperation between states is a way to maximize each individual state 's security ( as opposed to more idealistic reasons ) . Similarly , any act of war must be based on self - interest , rather than on idealism . Many realists saw World War II as the vindication of their theory . Realists argue that the need for survival requires state leaders to distance themselves from traditional morality . Realism taught American leaders to focus on interests rather than on ideology , to seek peace through strength , and to recognize that great powers can coexist even if they have antithetical values and beliefs . Thucydides , the author of Peloponnesian War is considered to be the founding father of the realist school of political philosophy . Amongst others , philosophers like Machiavelli , Hobbes and Rousseau are considered to have contributed to the Realist philosophy . However , while their work may support realist doctrine , it is not likely that they would have classified themselves as realists in this sense . Political realism believes that politics , like society , is governed by objective laws with roots in human nature . To improve society , it is first necessary to understand the laws by which society lives .", "7": "The operation of these laws being impervious to our preferences , persons will challenge them only at the risk of failure . Realism , believing as it does in the objectivity of the laws of politics , must also believe in the possibility of developing a rational theory that reflects , however imperfectly and one - sidedly , these objective laws . It believes also , then , in the possibility of distinguishing in politics between truth and opinion -- between what is true objectively and rationally , supported by evidence and illuminated by reason , and what is only a subjective judgment , divorced from the facts as they are and informed by prejudice and wishful thinking . Placing realism under positivism is far from unproblematic however . E.H. Carr 's `` What is History '' was a deliberate critique of positivism , and Hans Morgenthau 's aim in `` Scientific Man vs Power Politics '' was to demolish any conception that international politics / power politics can be studied scientifically . Major theorists include E.H. Carr , Robert Gilpin , Joanne Gowa , Charles Kindleberger , Stephen Krasner , Hans Morgenthau , and Kenneth Waltz . Liberalism ( edit ) Main article : Liberalism ( international relations ) See also : Liberal internationalism According to liberalism , individuals are basically good and capable of meaningful cooperation to promote positive change . Liberalism views states , nongovernmental organizations , and intergovernmental organizations as key actors in the international system . States have many interests and are not necessarily unitary and autonomous , although they are sovereign . Liberal theory stresses interdependence among states , multinational corporations , and international institutions . Theorists such as Hedley Bull have postulated an international society in which various actors communicate and recognize common rules , institutions , and interests . Liberals also view the international system as anarchic since there is no single overarching international authority and each individual state is left to act in its own self - interest . Liberalism is historically rooted in the liberal philosophical traditions associated with Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant that posit that human nature is basically good and that individual self - interest can be harnessed by society to promote aggregate social welfare . Individuals form groups and later , states ; states are generally cooperative and tend to follow international norms .", "8": "Liberal international relations theory arose after World War I in response to the inability of states to control and limit war in their international relations . Early adherents include Woodrow Wilson and Norman Angell , who argued that states mutually gained from cooperation and that war was so destructive as to be essentially futile . Liberalism was not recognized as a coherent theory as such until it was collectively and derisively termed idealism by E.H. Carr . A new version of `` idealism '' that focused on human rights as the basis of the legitimacy of international law was advanced by Hans Köchler . Major theorists include Montesquieu , Immanuel Kant , Robert Keohane , Michael W. Doyle , Francis Fukuyama , and Helen Milner . Neoliberalism ( edit ) Further information : Complex interdependence Neoliberalism seeks to update liberalism by accepting the neorealist presumption that states are the key actors in international relations , but still maintains that non-state actors ( NSAs ) and intergovernmental organizations ( IGOs ) matter . Proponents argue that states will cooperate irrespective of relative gains , and are thus concerned with absolute gains . This also means that nations are , in essence , free to make their own choices as to how they will go about conducting policy without any international organizations blocking a nation 's right to sovereignty . Neoliberal institutionalism , an approach founded by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye , emphasize the important role of international institutions in maintaining an open global trading regime . Prominent neoliberal institutionalists are Christina Davis , Judith L. Goldstein , G. John Ikenberry , Robert Keohane , Lisa Martin , and Joseph Nye . Regime theory ( edit ) Regime theory is derived from the liberal tradition that argues that international institutions or regimes affect the behaviour of states ( or other international actors ) . It assumes that cooperation is possible in the anarchic system of states , indeed , regimes are by definition , instances of international cooperation . While realism predicts that conflict should be the norm in international relations , regime theorists say that there is cooperation despite anarchy . Often they cite cooperation in trade , human rights and collective security among other issues . These instances of cooperation are regimes .", "9": "The most commonly cited definition of regimes comes from Stephen Krasner , who defines regimes as `` principles , norms , rules , and decision - making procedures around which actor expectations converge in a given issue - area '' . Not all approaches to regime theory , however , are liberal or neoliberal ; some realist scholars like Joseph Grieco have developed hybrid theories which take a realist based approach to this fundamentally liberal theory . ( Realists do not say cooperation never happens , just that it is not the norm ; it is a difference of degree ) . Post-positivist / reflectivist theories ( edit ) International society theory ( the English School ) ( edit ) Main article : English school of international relations theory International society theory , also called the English School , focuses on the shared norms and values of states and how they regulate international relations . Examples of such norms include diplomacy , order , and international law . Unlike neo-realism , it is not necessarily positivist . Theorists have focused particularly on humanitarian intervention , and are subdivided between solidarists , who tend to advocate it more , and pluralists , who place greater value in order and sovereignty . Nicholas Wheeler is a prominent solidarist , while Hedley Bull and Robert H. Jackson are perhaps the best known pluralists . Social constructivism ( edit ) Main article : Constructivism ( international relations ) Social constructivism encompasses a broad range of theories that aim to address questions of ontology , such as the structure - and - agency debate , as well as questions of epistemology , such as the `` material / ideational '' debate that concerns the relative role of material forces versus ideas . Constructivism is not a theory of IR in the manner of neo-realism , but is instead a social theory which is used to better explain the actions taken by states and other major actors as well as the identities that guide these states and actors . Constructivism in IR can be divided into what Ted Hopf ( 1998 ) calls `` conventional '' and `` critical '' constructivism . Common to all varieties of constructivism is an interest in the role that ideational forces play . The most famous constructivist scholar , Alexander Wendt , noted in a 1992 article in International Organization -- and later in his 1999 book Social Theory of International Politics -- that `` anarchy is what states make of it '' .", "10": "By this he means that the anarchical structure that neo-realists claim governs state interaction is in fact a phenomenon that is socially constructed and reproduced by states . For example , if the system is dominated by states that see anarchy as a life or death situation ( what Wendt terms a `` Hobbesian '' anarchy ) then the system will be characterized by warfare . If on the other hand anarchy is seen as restricted ( a `` Lockean '' anarchy ) then a more peaceful system will exist . Anarchy in this view is constituted by state interaction , rather than accepted as a natural and immutable feature of international life as viewed by neo-realist IR scholars . Prominent social constructivist IR scholars are Rawi Abdelal , Michael Barnett , Mark Blyth , Martha Finnemore , Peter A. Hall , Ted Hopf , Margaret Keck , Elizabeth Kier , Kathleen McNamara , Kathryn Sikkink and Alexander Wendt . Feminism ( edit ) Main article : Feminism ( international relations ) Feminist IR considers the ways that international politics affects and is affected by both men and women and also at how the core concepts that are employed within the discipline of IR ( e.g. war , security , etc . ) are themselves gendered . Feminist IR has not only concerned itself with the traditional focus of IR on states , wars , diplomacy and security , but feminist IR scholars have also emphasized the importance of looking at how gender shapes the current global political economy . In this sense , there is no clear cut division between feminists working in IR and those working in the area of International Political Economy ( IPE ) . From its inception , feminist IR has also theorized extensively about men and , in particular , masculinities . Many IR feminists argue that the discipline is inherently masculine in nature . For example , in her article `` Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals '' Signs ( 1988 ) , Carol Cohn claimed that a highly masculinized culture within the defence establishment contributed to the divorcing of war from human emotion . Feminist IR emerged largely from the late 1980s onwards . The end of the Cold War and the re-evaluation of traditional IR theory during the 1990s opened up a space for gendering International Relations .", "11": "Because feminist IR is linked broadly to the critical project in IR , by and large most feminist scholarship has sought to problematize the politics of knowledge construction within the discipline - often by adopting methodologies of deconstructivism associated with postmodernism / poststructuralism . However , the growing influence of feminist and women - centric approaches within the international policy communities ( for example at the World Bank and the United Nations ) is more reflective of the liberal feminist emphasis on equality of opportunity for women . Prominent scholars include Carol Cohn , Cynthia Enloe , Charlotte Hooper , Sara Ruddick , J. Ann Tickner and Jacqui True . Marxism ( edit ) Marxist and Neo-Marxist theories of IR reject the realist / liberal view of state conflict or cooperation ; instead focusing on the economic and material aspects . It makes the assumption that the economy trumps other concerns ; allowing for the elevation of class as the focus of study . Marxists view the international system as an integrated capitalist system in pursuit of capital accumulation . Thus , colonialism brought in sources for raw materials and captive markets for exports , while decolonialization brought new opportunities in the form of dependence . A prominent derivative of Marxian thought is critical international relations theory which is the application of `` critical theory '' to international relations . Early critical theorists were associated with the Frankfurt School which followed Marx 's concern with the conditions that allow for social change and the establishment of rational institutions . Their emphasis on the `` critical '' component of theory was derived significantly from their attempt to overcome the limits of positivism . Modern - day proponents such as Andrew Linklater , Robert W. Cox and Ken Booth focus on the need for human emancipation from the nation - state . Hence , it is `` critical '' of mainstream IR theories that tend to be both positivist and state - centric . Further linked in with Marxist theories is dependency theory and the core -- periphery model , which argue that developed countries , in their pursuit of power , appropriate developing states through international banking , security and trade agreements and unions on a formal level , and do so through the interaction of political and financial advisors , missionaries , relief aid workers , and MNCs on the informal level , in order to integrate them into the capitalist system , strategically appropriating undervalued natural resources and labor hours and fostering economic and political dependence .", "12": "Marxist theories receive little attention in the United States , where no significant socialist party has flourished . It is more common in parts of Europe and is one of the more important theoretic contributions of Latin American academia to the study of global networks . Leadership theories ( edit ) Interest group perspective ( edit ) Interest group theory posits that the driving force behind state behaviour is sub-state interest groups . Examples of interest groups include political lobbyists , the military , and the corporate sector . Group theory argues that although these interest groups are constitutive of the state , they are also causal forces in the exercise of state power . Strategic perspective ( edit ) Strategic perspective is a theoretical approach that views individuals as choosing their actions by taking into account the anticipated actions and responses of others with the intention of maximizing their own welfare . Inherent bad faith model ( edit ) Further information : Bad faith and inherent bad faith model The `` inherent bad faith model '' of information processing is a theory in political psychology that was first put forth by Ole Holsti to explain the relationship between John Foster Dulles ' beliefs and his model of information processing . It is the most widely studied model of one 's opponent . A state is presumed to be implacably hostile , and contra - indicators of this are ignored . They are dismissed as propaganda ploys or signs of weakness . Examples are John Foster Dulles ' position regarding the Soviet Union , or Israel 's initial position on the Palestinian Liberation Organization . Poststructuralist theories ( edit ) Post-structuralist theories of IR developed in the 1980s from postmodernist studies in political science . Post-structuralism explores the deconstruction of concepts traditionally not problematic in IR ( such as `` power '' and `` agency '' ) and examines how the construction of these concepts shapes international relations . The examination of `` narratives '' plays an important part in poststructuralist analysis ; for example , feminist poststructuralist work has examined the role that `` women '' play in global society and how they are constructed in war as `` innocent '' and `` civilians '' . ( See also feminism in international relations . ) Levels of analysis ( edit ) Systemic level concepts ( edit ) International relations are often viewed in terms of levels of analysis . The systemic level concepts are those broad concepts that define and shape an international milieu , characterized by anarchy .", "13": "Sovereignty ( edit ) Main article : Westphalian sovereignty Preceding the concepts of interdependence and dependence , international relations relies on the idea of sovereignty . Described in Jean Bodin 's `` Six Books of the Commonwealth in 1576 , the three pivotal points derived from the book describe sovereignty as being a state , that the sovereign power ( s ) have absolute power over their territories , and that such a power is only limited by the sovereign 's `` own obligations towards other sovereigns and individuals '' . Such a foundation of sovereignty permits , is indicated by a sovereign 's obligation to other sovereigns , interdependence and dependence to take place . While throughout world history there have been instances of groups lacking or losing sovereignty , such as African nations prior to Decolonization or the occupation of Iraq during the Iraq War , there is still a need for sovereignty in terms of assessing international relations . Power ( edit ) Main article : Power ( international relations ) The concept of Power in international relations can be described as the degree of resources , capabilities , and influence in international affairs . It is often divided up into the concepts of hard power and soft power , hard power relating primarily to coercive power , such as the use of force , and soft power commonly covering economics , diplomacy and cultural influence . However , there is no clear dividing line between the two forms of power . National interest ( edit ) Perhaps the most significant concept behind that of power and sovereignty , national interest is a state 's action in relation to other states where it seeks to gain advantage or benefits to itself . National interest , whether aspirational or operational , is divided by core / vital and peripheral / non-vital interests . Core or vital interests constitute the things which a country is willing to defend or expand with conflict such as territory , ideology ( religious , political , economic ) , or its citizens . Peripheral or non-vital are interests which a state is willing to compromise . For example , in the German annexation of the Sudetenland in 1938 ( a part of Czechoslovakia ) under the Munich Agreement , Czechoslovakia was willing to relinquish territory which was considered ethnically German in order to preserve its own integrity and sovereignty . Non-state actors ( edit ) In the 21st century , the status - quo of the international system is no longer monopolized by states alone .", "14": "Rather , it is the presence of non-state actors , who autonomously act to implement unpredictable behaviour to the international system . Whether it is transnational corporations , liberation movements , non-governmental agencies , or international organizations , these entities have the potential to significantly influence the outcome of any international transaction . Additionally , this also includes the individual person as while the individual is what constitutes the states collective entity , the individual does have the potential to also create unpredicted behaviours . Al - Qaeda , as an example of a non-state actor , has significantly influenced the way states ( and non-state actors ) conduct international affairs . Power blocs ( edit ) The existence of power blocs in international relations is a significant factor related to polarity . During the Cold War , the alignment of several nations to one side or another based on ideological differences or national interests has become an endemic feature of international relations . Unlike prior , shorter - term blocs , the Western and Soviet blocs sought to spread their national ideological differences to other nations . Leaders like U.S. President Harry S. Truman under the Truman Doctrine believed it was necessary to spread democracy whereas the Warsaw Pact under Soviet policy sought to spread communism . After the Cold War , and the dissolution of the ideologically homogeneous Eastern bloc still gave rise to others such as the South - South Cooperation movement . Polarity ( edit ) Main article : Polarity ( international relations ) Polarity in international relations refers to the arrangement of power within the international system . The concept arose from bipolarity during the Cold War , with the international system dominated by the conflict between two superpowers , and has been applied retrospectively by theorists . However , the term bipolar was notably used by Stalin who said he saw the international system as a bipolar one with two opposing powerbases and ideologies . Consequently , the international system prior to 1945 can be described as multipolar , with power being shared among Great powers . Empires of the world in 1910 The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 had led to unipolarity , with the United States as a sole superpower , although many refuse to acknowledge the fact .", "15": "China 's continued rapid economic growth ( in 2010 it became the world 's second - largest economy ) , combined with the respectable international position they hold within political spheres and the power that the Chinese Government exerts over their people ( consisting of the largest population in the world ) , resulted in debate over whether China is now a superpower or a possible candidate in the future . However , China 's strategic force unable of projecting power beyond its region and its nuclear arsenal of 250 warheads ( compared to 7700 of the United States ) mean that the unipolarity will persist in the policy - relevant future . Several theories of international relations draw upon the idea of polarity . The balance of power was a concept prevalent in Europe prior to the First World War , the thought being that by balancing power blocs it would create stability and prevent war . Theories of the balance of power gained prominence again during the Cold War , being a central mechanism of Kenneth Waltz 's Neorealism . Here , the concepts of balancing ( rising in power to counter another ) and bandwagonning ( siding with another ) are developed . Robert Gilpin 's Hegemonic stability theory also draws upon the idea of polarity , specifically the state of unipolarity . Hegemony is the preponderance of power at one pole in the international system , and the theory argues this is a stable configuration because of mutual gains by both the dominant power and others in the international system . This is contrary to many neorealist arguments , particularly made by Kenneth Waltz , stating that the end of the Cold War and the state of unipolarity is an unstable configuration that will inevitably change . The case of Gilpin proved to be correct and Waltz 's article titled `` The Stability of a Bipolar World '' was followed in 1999 by William Wohlforth 's article titled `` The Stability of a Unipolar World '' Waltz 's thesis can be expressed in power transition theory , which states that it is likely that a great power would challenge a hegemon after a certain period , resulting in a major war . It suggests that while hegemony can control the occurrence of wars , it also results in the creation of one . Its main proponent , A.F.K. Organski , argued this based on the occurrence of previous wars during British , Portuguese , and Dutch hegemony .", "16": "Interdependence ( edit ) Many advocate that the current international system is characterized by growing interdependence ; the mutual responsibility and dependency on others . Advocates of this point to growing globalization , particularly with international economic interaction . The role of international institutions , and widespread acceptance of a number of operating principles in the international system , reinforces ideas that relations are characterized by interdependence . Dependency ( edit ) NATO International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan Dependency theory is a theory most commonly associated with Marxism , stating that a set of core states exploit a set of weaker periphery states for their prosperity . Various versions of the theory suggest that this is either an inevitability ( standard dependency theory ) , or use the theory to highlight the necessity for change ( Neo-Marxist ) . Systemic tools of international relations ( edit ) Diplomacy is the practice of communication and negotiation between representatives of states . To some extent , all other tools of international relations can be considered the failure of diplomacy . Keeping in mind , the use of other tools are part of the communication and negotiation inherent within diplomacy . Sanctions , force , and adjusting trade regulations , while not typically considered part of diplomacy , are actually valuable tools in the interest of leverage and placement in negotiations . Sanctions are usually a first resort after the failure of diplomacy , and are one of the main tools used to enforce treaties . They can take the form of diplomatic or economic sanctions and involve the cutting of ties and imposition of barriers to communication or trade . War , the use of force , is often thought of as the ultimate tool of international relations . A widely accepted definition is that given by Clausewitz , with war being `` the continuation of politics by other means '' . There is a growing study into `` new wars '' involving actors other than states . The study of war in international relations is covered by the disciplines of `` war studies '' and `` strategic studies '' . The mobilization of international shame can also be thought of as a tool of international relations . This is attempting to alter states ' actions through ' naming and shaming ' at the international level . This is mostly done by the large human rights NGOs such as Amnesty International ( for instance when it called Guantanamo Bay a `` Gulag '' ) , or Human Rights Watch . A prominent use of was the UN Commission on Human Rights 1235 procedure , which publicly exposes state 's human rights violations .", "17": "The current UN Human Rights Council has yet to use this mechanism The allotment of economic and / or diplomatic benefits such as the European Union 's enlargement policy ; candidate countries are only allowed to join if they meet the Copenhagen criteria . Unit - level concepts in international relations ( edit ) As a level of analysis the unit level is often referred to as the state level , as it locates its explanation at the level of the state , rather than the international system . Regime type ( edit ) It is often considered that a state 's form of government can dictate the way that a state interacts with others in the international system . Democratic peace theory is a theory that suggests that the nature of democracy means that democratic countries will not go to war with each other . The justifications for this are that democracies externalize their norms and only go to war for just causes , and that democracy encourages mutual trust and respect . Communism justifies a world revolution , which similarly would lead to peaceful coexistence , based on a proletarian global society . Revisionism / status quo ( edit ) States can be classified by whether they accept the international status quo , or are revisionist -- i.e. , want change . Revisionist states seek to fundamentally change the rules and practices of international relations , feeling disadvantaged by the status quo . They see the international system as a largely western creation which serves to reinforce current realities . Japan is an example of a state that has gone from being a revisionist state to one that is satisfied with the status quo , because the status quo is now beneficial to it . Religion ( edit ) Religion can have an effect on the way a state acts within the international system . Different theoretical perspectives treat it in somewhat different fashion . One dramatic example is the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 -- 48 ) that ravaged much of Europe . Religion is visible as an organizing principle particularly for Islamic states , whereas secularism sits at the other end of the spectrum , with the separation of state and religion being responsible for the liberal international relations theory . Events since the September 11 attacks in the United States , the role of Islam in terrorism , and the strife in the Middle East have made it a major topic . There are many different types of religions . One being Confucianism , which is China 's major world view ( Alexander , 1998 ) .", "18": "Individual or sub-unit level concepts ( edit ) The level beneath the unit ( state ) level can be useful both for explaining factors in international relations that other theories fail to explain , and for moving away from a state - centric view of international relations . Psychological factors in international relations -- Evaluating psychological factors in international relations comes from the understanding that a state is not a `` black box '' as proposed by realism , and that there may be other influences on foreign policy decisions . Examining the role of personalities in the decision making process can have some explanatory power , as can the role of misperception between various actors . A prominent application of sub-unit level psychological factors in international relations is the concept of Groupthink , another is the propensity of policymakers to think in terms of analogies . Bureaucratic politics -- Looks at the role of the bureaucracy in decision making , and sees decisions as a result of bureaucratic in - fighting , and as having been shaped by various constraints . Religious , ethnic , and secessionist groups -- Viewing these aspects of the sub-unit level has explanatory power with regards to ethnic conflicts , religious wars , transnational diaspora ( diaspora politics ) and other actors which do not consider themselves to fit with the defined state boundaries . This is particularly useful in the context of the pre-modern world of weak states . Science , technology and international relations -- How science and technology impact global health , business , environment , technology , and development . International political economy , and economic factors in international relations International political culturology -- Looks at how culture and cultural variables impact in international relations Personal relations between leaders Institutions in international relations ( edit ) The United Nations Secretariat Building at the United Nations headquarters in New York City International institutions form a vital part of contemporary international relations . Much interaction at the system level is governed by them , and they outlaw some traditional institutions and practices of international relations , such as the use of war ( except in self - defence ) . Generalist inter-state organizations ( edit ) United Nations ( edit ) Main article : United Nations The United Nations ( UN ) is an international organization that describes itself as a `` global association of governments facilitating co-operation in international law , international security , economic development , and social equity '' ; It is the most prominent international institution . Many of the legal institutions follow the same organizational structure as the UN .", "19": "Organisation of Islamic cooperation ( edit ) Main article : Organisation of Islamic Cooperation The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) is an international organization consisting of 57 member states . The organisation attempts to be the collective voice of the Muslim world ( Ummah ) and attempts to safeguard the interests and ensure the progress and well - being of Muslims . Other ( edit ) Other generalist inter-state organizations include : BRICS SAARC African Union Association of Southeast Asian Nations Arab League Commonwealth of Independent States European Union G8 G20 League of Nations Organization of American States ECOWAS Economic institutions ( edit ) The World Bank headquarters in Washington , D.C. NATO E-3A flying with USAF F - 16s in a NATO exercise Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank New Development Bank Asian Development Bank African Development Bank Bank of International Settlements Inter-American Development Bank International Monetary Fund Islamic Development Bank World Bank World Trade Organization International legal bodies ( edit ) Human rights ( edit ) European Court of Human Rights Human Rights Committee Inter-American Court of Human Rights International Criminal Court International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia United Nations Human Rights Council Legal ( edit ) African Court of Justice European Court of Justice International Court of Justice International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Regional security arrangements ( edit ) Main article : Collective security United Nations Security Council Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development Maritime security regime NATO Shanghai Cooperation Organisation South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Union of South American Nations See also ( edit ) International relations portal Diplomatic history Global studies List of international relations journals List of international relations institutes and organizations Multilateralism Peace economics The European Institute for International Law and International Relations Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simon Petite , `` Rénovation du Palais des Nations : vote crucial '' , Le Temps , Monday 23 December 2013 , p. 5 . 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A New Handbook of Political Science ( 1998 ) ch 16 - 19 pp 401 -- 78 Charlotte Hooper `` Masculinities , IR and the ' Gender Variable ' : A Cost - Benefit Analysis for ( Sympathetic ) Gender Sceptics . ''", "24": "International Studies 25.3 ( 1999 ) : 475 - 491 . Andrew Hurrell On Global Order : Power , Values , and the Constitution of International Society ( Oxford University Press , 2008 ) . https://global.oup.com/academic/product/on-global-order-9780199233113?cc=us&lang=en& Robert Keohane After Hegemony Hans Köchler , Democracy and the International Rule of Law . Vienna / New York : Springer , 1995 Andrew Linklater Men and citizens in the theory of international relations Donald Markwell John Maynard Keynes and International Relations : Economic Paths to War and Peace ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2006 ) . Reinhold Niebuhr Moral Man and Immoral Society 1932 Joseph Nye Soft Power : The Means to Success in World Politics , Public Affairs Ltd 2004 Paul Raskin The Great Transition Today : A Report from the Future J. Ann Tickner Gender in International Relations ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1992 ) . Kenneth Waltz Man , the State , and War Kenneth Waltz Theory of International Politics ( 1979 ) , examines the foundation of By Bar Michael Walzer Just and Unjust Wars 1977 Alexander Wendt Social Theory of International Politics 1999 J. Martin Rochester Fundamental Principles of International Relations ( Westview Press , 2010 ) An Introduction to International Relations Theory James C. Hsiang Anarchy & Order : The Interplay of Politics and Law in International Relations 1555875718 , 9781555875718 Lynne Rienner Pub 1997 Textbooks ( edit ) Baylis , John , Steve Smith , and Patricia Owens . The Globalization of World Politics : An Introduction to International Relations ( 2011 ) Mingst , Karen A. , and Ivan M. Arreguín - Toft . Essentials of International Relations ( 5th ed. 2010 ) Nau , Henry R. Perspectives on International Relations : Power , Institutions , Ideas ( 2008 ) Roskin , Michael G. , and Nicholas O. Berry . IR : The New World of International Relations ( 8th ed. 2009 ) Alexander , F. ( 1998 ) . Encyclopedia of World History .", "25": "New York : Oxford University Press . History of international relations ( edit ) Main article : International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) § Further reading Beaulac , Stéphane . `` The Westphalian Model in defining International Law : Challenging the Myth '' , Australian Journal of Legal History Vol. 9 ( 2004 ) . Black , Jeremy . A History of Diplomacy ( 2010 ) Calvocoressi , Peter . World Politics since 1945 ( 9th Edition , 2008 ) 956pp E.H. Carr Twenty Years Crisis ( 1940 ) , 1919 -- 39 Kennedy , Paul . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 - 2000 ( 1987 ) , stress on economic and military factors Kissinger , Henry . Diplomacy ( 1995 ) , not a memoir but an interpretive history of international diplomacy since the late 18th century Krasner , Stephen D. : `` Westphalia and All That '' in Judith Goldstein & Robert Keohane ( eds ) : Ideas and Foreign Policy ( Ithaca , NY : Cornell UP , 1993 ) , pp. 235 -- 264 New Cambridge Modern History ( 13 vol 1957 - 79 ) , thorough coverage from 1500 to 1900 Ringmar , Erik . History of International Relations Open Textbook Project , Cambridge : Open Book , forthcoming . Schroeder , Paul W . The Transformation of European Politics 1763 - 1848 ( Oxford History of Modern Europe ) ( 1994 ) 920pp ; history and analysis of major diplomacy Taylor , A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) ( Oxford History of Modern Europe ) 638pp ;", "26": "history and analysis of major diplomacy External links ( edit ) Issues in development cooperation at Wikibooks The European Institute for International Law and International Relations ( hide ) Social sciences Primary Anthropology archaeology cultural linguistics social Economics microeconomics macroeconomics Geography human integrative History cultural economic military political social Law jurisprudence legal history legal systems Political science international relations psephology public administration public policy Psychology abnormal biological cognitive developmental personality social Sociology criminology demography internet rural urban Interdisciplinary Anthrozoology Area studies Business studies Cognitive science Communication studies Community studies Cultural studies Development studies Education Environmental ( social science studies ) Food studies Gender studies Global studies History of technology Human ecology Information science International studies Media studies Philosophy of science economics history psychology social science Planning land use regional urban Political ecology Political economy Public health Regional science Science and technology studies Science studies historical Social work Other categorizations Humanities Geisteswissenschaft Human science Index Journals Outline Wikiversity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_relations&oldid=817910053 '' Categories : International relations International relations education Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use British English Oxford spelling from June 2017 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents", "27": "About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย", "28": "Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 07 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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8214553978288463642	who was elected the president of constituent assembly	[ "Rajendra Prasad", "Dr. Rajendra Prasad", "Dr. Rajendra Prasad, INC", "Dr. Rajendra Prasad, INC" ]	{ "0": "Constituent Assembly of India - Wikipedia Constituent Assembly of India Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Constituent Assembly of India Seal of the Constituent Assembly . Type Type Unicameral History Founded 6 December 1946 ( 1946 - 12 - 06 ) Disbanded 24 January 1950 ( 1950 - 01 - 24 ) Preceded by Imperial Legislative Council Succeeded by Parliament of India Leadership Temporary Chairman Sachchidananda Sinha , INC President Dr. Rajendra Prasad , INC Chairman of the drafting committee Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , SCF Vice Presidents Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V.T. Krishnamachari Legal Advisor B.N. Rau Structure Seats 389 ( Dec. 1946 - June 1947 ) 299 ( June 1947 - Jan. 1950 ) Political groups INC : 208 seats AIML : 73 seats Others : 15 seats Princely States : 93 seats Elections Voting system First past the post Meeting place House of Parliament , New Delhi An idea for a Constituent Assembly of India was proposed in 1934 by M.N. Roy , a pioneer of the Communist movement in India and an advocate of radical democracy . It became an official demand of the Indian National Congress in 1935 , C. Rajagopalachari voiced the demand for a constituent Assembly on 15th November 1939 based on adult franchise , and was accepted by the British in August 1940 . On 8 August 1940 , a statement was made by Viceroy Lord Linlithgow about the expansion of the Governor - General 's Executive Council and the establishment of a War Advisory Council . This offer , known as the August Offer , included giving full weight to minority opinions and allowing Indians to draft their own constitution .", "1": "Under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 , elections were held for the first time for the Constituent Assembly . The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly , and it was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May 1946 . The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single , transferable - vote system of proportional representation . The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389 : 292 were representatives of the states , 93 represented the princely states and four were from the chief commissioner provinces of Delhi , Ajmer - Merwara , Coorg ( Near Madikeri ) and British Baluchistan . The elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946 . Congress won 208 seats , and the Muslim League 73 . After this election , the Muslim League refused to cooperate with the Congress , and the political situation deteriorated . Hindu - Muslim riots began , and the Muslim League demanded a separate constituent assembly for Muslims in India . On 3 June 1947 Lord Mountbatten , the last British Governor - General of India , announced his intention to scrap the Cabinet Mission Plan ; this culminated in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and the separate nations of India and Pakistan . The Indian Independence Act was passed on 18 July 1947 and , although it was earlier declared that India would become independent in June 1948 , this event led to independence on 15 August 1947 . The Constituent Assembly ( elected for an undivided India ) met for the first time on 9 December 1946 , reassembling on 14 August 1947 as a sovereign body and successor to the British parliament 's authority in India . As a result of the partition , under the Mountbatten plan a separate constituent assembly was established in Pakistan on 3 June 1947 . The representatives of the areas incorporated into Pakistan ceased to be members of the Constituent Assembly of India . New elections were held for the West Punjab and East Bengal ( which became part of Pakistan , although East Bengal later seceded to become Bangladesh ) ; the membership of the Constituent Assembly was 299 after the reorganization , and it met on 31 December 1947 .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Background and election 3 Constitution and elections 4 Organization 4.1 Timeline 5 Committees of the Constituent Assembly 6 Prominent members 7 Members ( by province / state ) 7.1 Members who later withdrew after partition 8 Gallery 9 References 10 Further reading Description ( edit ) The Constituent Assembly , consisting of indirectly elected representatives , was established to draft a constitution for India ( including the now - separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh ) . It existed for almost three years , the first parliament of India after independence in 1947 . The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage , and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities . The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation . Although a large part of the Constituent Assembly was drawn from the Congress Party in a one - party environment , the Congress Party included a wide diversity of opinions -- from conservative industrialists and radical Marxists to Hindu revivalists -- all of whom participated in the process . The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946 , and its last session was held on 24 January 1950 . During this period ( two years , eleven months and eighteen days ) the Assembly held eleven sessions , sitting for a total of 166 days . The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru : The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution , to feed the starving people , and to clothe the naked masses , and to give every Indian the fullest opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity . This is certainly a great task . Look at India today . We , are sitting here and there in despair in many places , and unrest in many cities . The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances , and unfortunately we sometimes can not avoid them . But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving . Wherever we turn , we are confronted with this problem . If we can not solve this problem soon , all our paper constitutions will become useless and purposeless . Keeping this aspect in view , who could suggest to us to postpone and wait ?", "3": "-- Jawaharlal Nehru , Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) , Vol. II Background and election ( edit ) The Constituent Assembly was established while India was still under British rule , following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom . Provincial assembly elections were held early in 1946 . Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial assemblies , and initially included representatives for those provinces which formed part of Pakistan ( some of which are now in Bangladesh ) . The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives , including nine women . The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly . The Congress held a large majority in the Assembly ( 69 percent of the seats ) , and the Muslim League held nearly all the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims . There were also members of smaller parties , such as the Scheduled Caste Federation , the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party . In June 1947 delegations from Sindh , East Bengal , Baluchistan , West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan , meeting in Karachi . On 15 August 1947 the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became independent nations , and members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became India 's Parliament . Twenty - eight members of the Muslim League joined the Indian Assembly , and 93 members were later nominated from the princely states ; the Congress Party secured a majority of 82 percent . Constitution and elections ( edit ) See also : Constitution of India At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session , with 208 members attending . By early 1947 , representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined , and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949 . On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect ( commemorated as Republic Day ) , and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India ( continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952 ) . Organization ( edit ) Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman ( temporary ) of Constituent Assembly . Later Dr.", "4": "Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University . Also chairing the assembly 's Minorities Committee , Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic . Jurist B.N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly ; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution , and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague . The assembly 's work had five stages : Committees presented reports on issues . B.N. Rau prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the constitutions of other nations . The drafting committee , chaired by B.R. Ambedkar , presented a detailed draft constitution which was published for public discussion . The draft constitution was discussed , and amendments proposed and enacted . The constitution was adopted , with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party ( known as the Congress Assembly Party ) played a pivotal role . Timeline ( edit ) 9 December 1946 : The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the constitution hall ( now the Central Hall of Parliament House ) . Demanding a separate state , the Muslim League boycotted the meeting . Sachchidananda Sinha was elected temporary president of the assembly , in accordance with French practice . 11 December 1946 : Rajendra Prasad was elected as president and H.C. Mukherjee was elected as vice-president of the constituent assembly . B.N. Rau was appointed as its constitutional adviser . 13 December 1946 : An ' Objective Resolution ' was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the assembly , laying down the underlying principles of the constitution . It finally became the Preamble of the constitution . 22 January 1947 : Objective resolution unanimously adopted . 22 July 1947 : National flag adopted . 15 August 1947 : Indian independence achieved as the Dominion of India . 29 August 1947 : Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the Chairman . 16 July 1948 : Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V.T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly .", "5": "26 November 1949 : Constitution passed and accepted by the assembly . 24 January 1950 : `` Jana Gana Mana '' adopted as the national anthem , with the first two verses of `` Vande Mataram '' the national song . Rajendra Prasad elected the first president of India . The assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad when it met as a constituent body , and by G.V. Mavlankar when it met as a legislative body . It completed the task of drafting a constitution in two years , eleven months and eighteen days , at a total expenditure of ₹ 6.4 million . Committees of the Constituent Assembly ( edit ) The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution - making . Out of these , eight were major committees and the others were minor committees . Major Committees Drafting Committee -- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Union Powers Committee -- Jawaharlal Nehru Union Constitution Committee -- Jawaharlal Nehru Provincial Constitution Committee -- Sardar Patel Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights , Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas -- Sardar Patel . This committee had the following subcommittees : Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee -- J.B. Kripalani Minorities Sub-Committee -- Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , North - East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee -- Gopinath Bardoloi Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas ( Other than those in Assam ) Sub-Committee -- A.V. Thakkar Rules of Procedure Committee -- Dr. Rajendra Prasad States Committee ( Committee for Negotiating with States ) -- Jawaharlal Nehru Steering Committee -- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Prominent members ( edit ) B.R. Ambedkar , Minister for Law ; Chairman of Drafting Committee B.N.", "6": "Rau , Constitutional Advisor Jawaharlal Nehru , first Prime Minister of India Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Minister for Education Rajendra Prasad , President of Constituent Assembly C. Rajagopalachari , Governor - General of India Sarat Chandra Bose , Barrister and Indian independence activist Krishna Sinha , first Chief Minister , Bihar Binodanand Jha , Minister , Bihar Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra Anugrah Narayan Sinha , Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister , Bihar Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Asaf Ali Syama Prasad Mookerjee , Industries Minister , President , Hindu Mahasabha Moturi Satyanarayana , Freedom Fighter Rajkumari Amrit Kaur , Health Minister Hansa Mehta , President , All India Women 's Conference N.G. Ranga Deep Narayan Singh , Minister , Bihar Gopinath Bordoloi , Prime Minister of Assam Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla , Assam P. Subbarayan Kailashnath Katju N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar T.T. Krishnamachari Rameshwar Prasad Sinha Durgabai Deshmukh K.M. Munshi Krishana Ballabh Sahay Frank Anthony , Anglo - Indian representative Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan John Mathai , first railway minister of India Pratap Singh Kairon L. Krishnaswamy Bharati - Madras Province Chidambaram Subramaniam Jaipal Singh Munda , Former Indian Hockey captain , and Tribal leader Members ( by province / state ) ( edit ) Madras : Annie Mascarene , O.V. Alagesan , Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan , M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar , Moturi Satyanarayana , Mrs. Dakshayani Velayudhan , Mrs. G. Durgabai , Kala Venkatarao , N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar , D. Govinda Das , Revd .", "7": "Jerome D'Souza , P. Kakkan , T.M. Kaliyannan Gounder , K. Kamaraj , V.C. Kesava Rao , T.T. Krishnamachari , Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer L. Krishnaswami Bharathi , P. Kunhiraman , Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao , V.I. Munuswamy Pillai , M.A. Muthiah Chettiar , V. Nadimuthu Pillai , S. Nagappa , P.L. Narasimha Raju , B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya , C. Perumalswamy Reddy , T. Prakasam , S.H. Prater , Raja Swetachalapati Ramakrishna Renga Roa of Bobbili , R.K. Shanmukham Chetty , T.A. Ramalingam Chettiar , Ramnath Goenka , O.P. Ramaswamy Reddiar , N.G. Ranga , Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy , Sheik Galib Sahib , K. Santhanam , B. Shiva Rao , Kallur Subba Rao , U. Srinivasa Mallya , P. Subbarayan , C. Subramaniam , V Subramaniam , M.C. Veerabahu Pillai , P.M. Velayudapani , A.K. Menon , T.J.M. Wilson , Mohamed Ismail Sahib , K.T.M. Ahmed Ibrahim , Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur , B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur , pattam Tanupillai Bombay : Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte , Hansa Mehta , Hari Vinayak Pataskar , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , Joseph Alban D'Souza , Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai , Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe , Khandubhai Kasanji Desai , Bal Gangadhar Kher , M.R. Masani , K.M. Munshi , Narahar Vishnu Gadgil , S. Nijalingappa , S.K.", "8": "Patil , Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade , R.R. Diwakar , Shankarrao Deo , G.V. Mavalankar , Vallabhbhai Patel , Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh , A.A. Khan West Bengal : Monomohan Das , Arun Chandra Guha , Lakshmi Kanta Maitra , Mihir Lal Chattopadhyay , Satis Chandra Samanta , Suresh Chandra Majumdar , Upendranath Barman , Prabhudayal Himatsingka , Basanta Kumar Das , Renuka Ray , H.C. Mukherjee , Surendra Mohan Ghose , Syama Prasad Mookerjee , Ari Bahadur Gurung , R.E. Platel , K.C. Neogy , Raghib Ahsan , Somnath Lahiri , Jasimuddin Ahmad , Naziruddin Ahmad , Abdul Hamid , Abdul Halim Ghuznavi United Provinces : Ajit Prasad Jain , Algu Rai Shastri , Balkrishna Sharma , Banshi Dhar Misra , Bhagwan Din , Damodar Swarup Seth , Dayal Das Bhagat , Dharam Prakash , A. Dharam Dass , R.V. Dhulekar , Feroz Gandhi , Gopal Narain , Krishna Chandra Sharma , Govind Ballabh Pant , Govind Malviya , Har Govind Pant , Harihar Nath Shastri , Hriday Nath Kunzru , Jaspat Roy Kapoor , Jagannath Baksh Singh , Jawaharlal Nehru , Jogendra Singh , Jugal Kishore , Jwala Prasad Srivastava , B.V. Keskar , Kamala Chaudhry , Kamalapati Tripathi , J.B.", "9": "Kripalani , Mahavir Tyagi , Khurshed Lal , Masurya Din , Mohan Lal Saksena , Padampat Singhania , Phool Singh , Paragi Lal , Purnima Banerjee , Purushottam Das Tandon , Hira Vallabha Tripathi , Ram Chandra Gupta , Shibban Lal Saxena , Satish Chandra , John Matthai , Sucheta Kripalani , Sunder Lall , Venkatesh Narayan Tiwari , Mohanlal Gautam , Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi , Vishnu Sharan Dublish , Begum Aizaz Rasul , Hyder Hussain , Hasrat Mohani , Abul Kalam Azad , Muhammad Ismail Khan , Rafi Ahmad Kidwai , Mohd . Hifzur Rahman , ZH Lari East Punjab : Bakshi Tek Chand , Jairamdas Daulatram , Thakurdas Bhargava , Bikramlal Sondhi , Yashwant Rai , Ranbir Singh Hooda , Lala Achint Ram , Nand Lal , Baldev Singh , Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir , Sardar Hukam Singh , Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann , Sardar Rattan Singh Lohgarh Chaudhry Suraj Mal Bihar : Nasif Arafat , Amiyo Kumar Ghosh , Anugrah Narayan Sinha , Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala , Bhagwat Prasad , Boniface Lakra , Brajeshwar Prasad , Chandika Ram , K.T. Shah , Devendra Nath Samanta , Dip Narain Sinha , Guptanath Singh , Jadubans Sahay , Jagat Narain Lal , Jagjivan Ram , Jaipal Singh Munda , Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga , Kamaleshwari Prasad Yadav , Mahesh Prasad Sinha , Krishna Ballabh Sahay , Raghunandan Prasad , Rajendra Prasad , Rameshwar Prasad Sinha , Ramnarayan Singh , Sachchidananda Sinha , Sarangdhar Sinha , Satyanarayan Sinha , Binodanand Jha , P.K.", "10": "Sen , Sri Krishna Sinha , Sri Narayan Mahtha , Syamanandan Sahaya , Hussain Imam , Syed Jafar Imam , Latifur Rahman , Mohammad Tahir , Tajamul Hussain , Choudhry Abid Hussain . Hargovind Mishra Central Provinces and Berar : Ambica Charan Shukla , Raghu Vira , Rajkumari Amrit Kaur , B.A. Mandloi , Brijlal Nandlal Biyani , Thakur Cheedilal , Seth Govind Das , Hari Singh Gour , Hari Vishnu Kamath , Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar , Ghanshyam Singh Gupta , Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar , Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh , Ravi Shankar Shukla , R.K. Sidhva , Shankar Trimbak Dharmadhikari , Frank Anthony , Kazi Syed Karimuddin , Ganpatrao Dani Assam : Nibaran Chandra Laskar , Dharanidhar Basu - Matari , Gopinath Bardoloi , J.J.M. Nichols - Roy , Kuladhar Chaliha , Rohini Kumar Chaudhury , Muhammad Saadulla , Abdur Rouf Orissa : Biswanath Das , Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev , Harekrushna Mahatab , Laxminarayan Sahu Lokanath Mishra , Nandkishore Das , Rajkrishna Bose , Santanu Kumar Das , Yudhishir Mishra Delhi : Deshbhandhu Gupta Ajmer - Merwara : Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava Coorg : C.M. Poonacha Mysore : K.C. Reddy , T. Siddalingaiya , H.R. Guruv Reddy , S.V.", "11": "Krishnamurthy Rao , K. Hanumanthaiya , H. Siddaveerappa , T. Channiah Jammu and Kashmir : Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah , Motiram Baigra , Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg , Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masoodi Travancore - Cochin : Pattom A. Thanu Pillai , R. Sankar , P.T. Chacko , Panampilly Govinda Menon , Annie Mascarene , P.S. Nataraja Pillai , K.A. Mohamed Madhya Bharat : Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate , Brijraj Narain , Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya , Ram Sahai , Kusum Kant Jain , Radhavallabh Vijayavargiya , Sitaram S. Jajoo Saurashtra : Balwant Rai Gopalji Mehta , Jaisukhlal Hathi , Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar , Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah , Samaldas Laxmidas Gandhi Rajasthan : V.T. Krishnamachari , Hiralal Shastri , Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri , Jaswant Singhji , Raj Bhadur , Manikya Lal Varma , Gokul Lal Asava , Ramchandra Upadhyaya , Balwant Sinha Mehta , Dalel Singh , Jainarain Vyas Patiala and East Punjab States Union : Ranjit Singh , Sochet Singh , Bhagwant Roy Bombay States : Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya , B.N. Munavalli , Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt , Jivraj Narayan Mehta , Gopaldas A. Desai , Paranlal Thakurlal Munshi , B.H. Khardekar , Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar Orissa States : Lal Mohan Pati , N. Madhava Rau , Raj Kunwar , Sarangadhar Das , Yudhishthir Mishra Central Provinces States : R.L. Malaviya , Kishorimohan Tripathi , Ramprasad Potai United Provinces States : B.H.", "12": "Zaidi , Krishna Singh Madras States : V. Ramaiah , Ramakrishna Ranga Rao Vindhya Pradesh : Avdesh Pratap Singh , Shambu Nath Shukla , Ram Sahai Tiwari , Mannulalji Dwidedi Cooch Behar : Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari Tripura and Manipur : Girja Shankar Guha Bhopal : Lal Singh Kutch : Bhawani Arjun Khimji Himachal Pradesh : Yashwant Singh Parmar Members who later withdrew after partition ( edit ) East Bengal : Abdullah al Mahmood , Maulana Mohd Abdullah el Baqui , Abdul Hamid , Abdul Kasem Khan , Mohammad Akram Khan , A. Hamid , Azizuddin Ahmad , Muhammad Habibullah Bahar , Prem Hari Barma , Raj Kumar Chakraverty , Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya , Abdul Matin Chaudhary , Murtaza Raza Choudhry , Hamidul Haq Chowdhury , Akhay Kumar Das , Dhirendra Nath Datta , Bhupendra Kumar Datta , Ebrahim Khan , Fazlul Huq , Fazlur Rahman , Ghayasuddin Pathan , Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah , Liaquat Ali Khan , Mafizuddin Ahmad , Mahmud Hussain , Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar , A.M. Malik , Birat Chandra Mandal , Jogendra Nath Mandal , Mohammed Ali , Khwaja Nazimuddin , M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed , Nurul Amin , Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi , Sri Dhananjoy M.A.B.L. Roy , Maudi Bhakesh Chanda , B.L. Serajul Islam , Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani , Shahabudin Khwaja , H.S.", "13": "Suhrawardy , Harendra Kumar Sur , Tamizuddin Khan , Kawivi Kerwar Datta , Ghulam Mohammed West Punjab : Mian Mumtaz Mohammad Khan Daultana , Ganga Saran , Zafarullah Khan , Iftikhar Hussain Khan , Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Sheikh Karamat Ali , Nazir Ahmad Khan , Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar , Feroz Khan Noon , Omar Hayat Malik , Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara , Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan , Northwest Frontier Province : Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan , Khan Sardar Bahadur Khan , Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan Sindh : Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman , Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder , M.A. Khuhro Balochistan : S.B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai Gallery ( edit ) Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947 . Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman , Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29 , 1947 . Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar , chairman of the Drafting Committee , presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November , 1949 . B.R. Ambedkar in Constituent Assembly of India . Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ M. Lakshmikanth , Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations , 3rd ed. , ( New Delhi : Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited , 2011 ) , p. 2.3 Jump up ^ Parliament , Indian . `` Some facts about the Constitutive Assembly '' . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Baruah , L.M. ( 1992 ) .", "14": "Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi , an Architect of Modern India . Gyan Publishing House . ISBN 81 - 212 - 0404 - 6 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Austin , Granville . The Indian Constitution , Cornerstone of a Nation . New Delhi : OUP India , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564959 - 1 . Bipan Chandra , Mridula Mukherjee and Aditya Mukherjee . India Since Independence : Revised Edition . New Delhi : Penguin Books India , 2008 . An Indian 10 - episode TV series made by Rajya sabha TV called `` SAMVIDHAN '' described in detail how the Indian Constitution was made . Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident ,", "15": "1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V.", "16": "Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N.", "17": "Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K.", "18": "Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Legislatures of India British Raj Council of India Imperial Legislative Council Council of State Central Legislative Assembly Chamber of Princes Constituent Assembly of India Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Vidhan Parishad Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana Uttar Pradesh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "19": "php?title=Constituent_Assembly_of_India&oldid=833282100 '' Categories : Constitutional history of India Central Legislative Assembly of India Political history of India Constituent Assembly of India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 17 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4235501567333822185	what is the name of the gap between two front teeth	[ "diastema", "diastema", "diastema", "diastema (plural diastemata)", "diastema" ]	{ "0": "Diastema - wikipedia Diastema Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Diastema ( disambiguation ) . Diastema Large diastemata between incisors , canines and molars of a normal horse Details Identifiers Latin diastema MeSH D003970 TA A05. 1.03. 078 FMA 77271 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A diastema ( plural diastemata ) is a space or gap between two teeth . Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature , most commonly between the incisors and molars . Diastemata are common for children and can exist in adult teeth as well . Diastemata are primarily caused by imbalance in the relationship between the jaw and the size of teeth . If the labial frenulum ( lip tissue ) pulls , it can also push the teeth apart and cause a diastema between the center of the two front teeth . In humans ( edit ) Actor Terry - Thomas was known for his 1 ⁄ 3 - inch ( 8.5 mm ) diastema . In humans , the term is most commonly applied to an open space between the upper incisors ( front teeth ) . It happens when there is an unequal relationship between the size of the teeth and the jaw . Diastema is sometimes caused or exacerbated by the action of a labial frenulum ( the tissue connecting the lip to the gum ) causing high mucosal attachment and less attached keratinized tissue which is more prone to recession or by tongue thrusting , which can push the teeth apart . In The Canterbury Tales , Geoffrey Chaucer wrote of the `` gap - toothed wife of Bath '' . As early as this time period , the gap between the front teeth , especially in women , was associated with lustful characteristics . Thus , the implication in describing `` the gap - toothed wife of Bath '' is that she is a middle - aged woman with insatiable lust . This has no scientific basis , but it has been a common premise in folklore since the Middle Ages . In Ghana , Namibia and Nigeria , diastemata are regarded as being attractive and a sign of fertility , and some people have even had them created through cosmetic dentistry .", "1": "In France , they are called `` dents du bonheur '' ( `` lucky / happiness teeth '' ) . This expression originated in Napoleon 's time : when the Napoleonic army recruited , it was imperative that soldiers had incisors in perfect condition because they had to open the paper cartridges ( containing powder and ball ) with their teeth when loading their muskets . All those who had teeth apart were then classified as unfit to fight . Some men broke their own teeth to avoid going to war . Les Blank 's Gap - Toothed Women is a documentary film about diastematic women . Some well - known people noted for having diastema include country music singer Charley Pride , models Jessica Hart , Lindsey Wixson , Lauren Hutton , Georgia May Jagger and Lara Stone , American television news reporter and anchor Michelle Charlesworth , American football player Michael Strahan , actresses Vanessa Paradis , Léa Seydoux , Amira Casar , Eve Myles , Cécile de France , Béatrice Dalle , Jorja Fox , Anna Paquin and Uzo Aduba , singer / guitarist Ray Davies of The Kinks , musician Elvis Costello , actors Ernest Borgnine , Terry - Thomas , and Jamaica 's Keith ' Shebada ' Ramsay , singers Madonna , singer Dave Brockie a.k.a. Oderus Urungus and guitarist Corey Smoot a.k.a. Flattus Maximus , both of GWAR , Melanie Martinez , Becky G , and Laura Pausini , singer Edmund Sylvers , singer - songwriters Elton John , Mac DeMarco and Seal , rock musician Flea , rapper 50 Cent , Steve Pigott , former late night TV show host David Letterman , antiques expert and TV personality Tim Wonnacott , guitarist Steve Howe , comedian Paul F. Tompkins , professional wrestler and former TNA World Heavyweight Champion Bobby Roode , Major League Baseball player Jimmy Rollins , singer Bobby Brown and his daughter Bobbi Kristina Brown , former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.", "2": ", and according to released photos the daughters of the last Tsar the Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia , Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia , Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia , Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia and their brother the Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia . In fiction ( edit ) Edd from Ed , Edd n Eddy Hiro Hamada from Big Hero 6 Donatello from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rachel Dodes ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` We Do n't Mind the Gap : The Fashionable Flash a New Smile '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Midline diastemata in fashion '' . Bite magazine website . October 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McGuiness , Romina ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` The year of the gap - tooth trend '' . Metro . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gary Hill . `` Steve Howe '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diastema ( dentistry ) '' . Factualworld . Retrieved 3 Apr 2014 .", "3": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diastema&oldid=837164789 '' Categories : Vertebrate anatomy Human anatomy Teeth Developmental tooth pathology Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 03 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5406271458964804846	deep water fishing boat with many baited hooks	[ "Longline fishing", "Longliners", "Longline" ]	{ "0": "Longline fishing - wikipedia Longline fishing Jump to : navigation , search Longlining for mackerel Longline radiobuoys Longline fishing is a commercial fishing technique . It uses a long line , called the main line , with baited hooks attached at intervals by means of branch lines called snoods ( or gangions ) . A snood is a short length of line , attached to the main line using a clip or swivel , with the hook at the other end . Longlines are classified mainly by where they are placed in the water column . This can be at the surface or at the bottom . Lines can also be set by means of an anchor , or left to drift . Hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks can hang from a single line . Longliners commonly target swordfish , tuna , halibut , sablefish and many other species . In some unstable fisheries , such as the Patagonian toothfish , fishermen may be limited to as few as 25 hooks per line . In contrast , commercial longliners in certain robust fisheries of the Bering Sea and North Pacific generally run over 2,500 hand - baited hooks on a single series of connected lines many miles in length . Longlines can be set to hang near the surface ( pelagic longline ) to catch fish such as tuna and swordfish or along the sea floor ( demersal longline ) for groundfish such as halibut or cod . Longliners fishing for sablefish , also referred to as black cod , occasionally set gear on the sea floor at depths exceeding 1,100 metres ( 3,600 ft ) using relatively simple equipment . Longlines with traps attached rather than hooks can be used for crab fishing in deep waters . Longline fishing is prone to the incidental catching and killing of dolphins , seabirds , sea turtles , and sharks , but can be considerably more ecologically sustainable than some other commercially significant harvesting methods .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Incidental catch 2 Safety 3 Historic images 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Incidental catch ( edit ) See also : Bycatch Seabirds with longline fishing vessel Black - browed albatross hooked on a long - line Longline fishing is controversial in some areas because of bycatch , fish caught while seeking another species or immature juveniles of the target species . This can cause many issues , such as the killing of many other marine animals while seeking certain commercial fish . Seabirds can be particularly vulnerable during the setting of the line . Methods to mitigate incidental mortality have succeeded in some fisheries . Mitigation techniques include the use of weights to ensure the lines sink quickly , the deployment of streamer lines to scare away birds , setting lines only at night in low light ( to avoid attracting birds ) , limiting fishing seasons to the southern winter ( when most seabirds are not feeding young ) , and not discharging offal while setting lines . The Hawaii - based longline fishery for swordfish was closed in 2000 over concerns of excessive sea turtle by - catch , particularly loggerhead sea turtles and leatherback turtles . Changes to the management rules allowed the fishery to reopen in 2004 . Gear modification , particularly a change to large circle - hooks and mackerel - type baits , eliminated much of the sea turtle by - catch associated with the fishing technique . It has been claimed that one consequence of the closure was that 70 Hawaii - based vessels were replaced by 1,500 - 1,700 longline vessels from various Asian nations , but this is not based on any reliable data . Due to poor and often non-existent catch documentation by these vessels , the number of sea turtles and albatross caught by these vessels between 2000 and 2004 will never be known . Hawaii longline fishing for swordfish closed again on 17 March 2006 , when the by - catch limit of 17 loggerhead turtles was reached . In 2010 the by - catch limit for loggerhead turtles was raised , but was restored to the former limit as a result of litigation . The Hawaii - based longline fisheries for tuna and swordfish are managed under sets of slightly different rules .", "2": "The tuna fishery is one of the best managed fisheries in the world , according to the UN Code of Responsible Fishing , but has been criticized by others as being responsible for continuing by - catch of false killer whales , seabirds , and other nontargeted wildlife , as well as placing pressure on depleted bigeye tuna stocks . Commercial longline fishing is also one of the main threats to albatrosses . Of the 22 albatross species recognized in the IUCN Red List , six are threatened , and nine are vulnerable . The IUCN lists three species as critically endangered : the Amsterdam albatross , the Tristan albatross and the waved albatross . The remaining four are near threatened . Albatrosses and other seabirds which readily feed on offal are attracted to the set bait , become hooked on the lines and drown . An estimated 100,000 albatross per year are killed in this way . Safety ( edit ) In the US , a study found that the risk for non-fatal injuries was 35 per 1,000 full - time equivalent employees , about three times higher than average U.S. worker . ( This is compared to 43 per 1,000 in their trawler fleet ) . Historic images ( edit ) Commercial longlining Preparing lines for longlining Snoods ( gangions ) used in the longlining Setting a buoy to mark the end of a longline Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Method and Apparatus for Long Line and Recreational Bait Fishing Patent application 20080202013 . 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ European Union : Identifying Maltese fishing grounds Jump up ^ Rice J , Cooper J , Medley P and Hough A ( 2006 ) South Georgia Patagonian Toothfish Longline Fishery Moody Marine . Jump up ^ `` NOAA releases first nation bycatch report '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deep - water longline fishing has reduced impact on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems '' . Scientific Reports via Nature Magazine . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Red List : Albatross Species '' . IUCN. 2011 .", "3": "Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Brothers NP. 1991 . `` Albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the Japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean . '' Biological Conservation 55 : 255 -- 268 . Jump up ^ `` Fleet Safety Fact Sheet : Freezer Longliners ( 2015 - 238 ) '' . CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products . September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Fleet Safety Fact Sheet : Amendment 80 Factory Trawlers '' . CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products . August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health document `` Fleet Safety Fact Sheet : Freezer Longliners '' . Brothers , NP ; Cooper , J and Lokkeborg S ( 1999 ) The Incidental catch of seabirds by longline fisheries . Rome , FAO Fisheries Circular No 937 . Eigaard B , Thomsen H , Hovgaard H , Nielsen A and Rijnsdorpd AD ( 2011 ) `` Fishing power increases from technological development in the Faroe Islands longline fishery '' Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 69 ( 11 ) : 1970 -- 1982 . doi : 10.1139 / f2011 - 103 FAO ( 2009 ) Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries , Number 1 : Fishing operations , supplement 2 Best practices to reduce incidental catch of seabirds in capture fisheries Rome . ISBN 978 - 92 - 5 - 106423 - 8 . Gabriel , Otto ; Andres von Brandt ( 2005 ) . Fish catching methods of the world . Blackwell . ISBN 0852382804 . George JP ( 1993 ) Longline fishing Volume 22 of FAO Training Series , FAO , Rome . ISBN 9789251030783 .", "4": "Jhonson , Duglas H ; Shaffaz , Terry Lickmadik and Gould , Penistrick J ( 1990 ) Incidental Catch of Marine Birds in the North Pacific High Seas Driftnet Fisheries U.S. Geological Survey . Valdemarsen , John W Incidental catch of seabirds in longline fisheries UN Atlas of the Oceans : Fishery Technology Service . Set longlines FAO Fishing Gear Types , Rome . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Industrial Tuna Longlining FAO Fishing Techniques , Rome . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Pham , Christopher K ; Diogo , Hugo ; Menezes , Gui ; et al. Deep - water longline fishing has reduced impact on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems Scientific Reports , via Nature Magazine online . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Fishing portal Longlining Seafood Watch , Fishing Methods Fact Card . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Long lining New Zealand Seafood Industry Council . Talleres Hermida S.L Pioneer in manufacture of surface paternoster line and systems longline . ( hide ) Wild fisheries Fishing industry Commercial fishing List of harvested aquatic animals by weight Trawling Pair trawling Midwater trawling Bottom trawling Seining Gillnetting Longlining Trolling Dredging Fishing vessels Power block Fish processing Fish factory Factory ship Fish preservation Slurry ice Dried fish Filleted fish Gibbing Salmon cannery Salted fish Smoked fish Kippers more . Fish products Seafood Fish as food Caviar Cod liver oil Fish roe Fish emulsion Fish meal Fish hydrolysate Fish oil Fish protein powder Fish sauce Gravlax Hákarl Lox Lutefisk Rakfisk Shrimp paste Surimi Surströmming Seafood list Sea vegetables Algae Crustaceans Molluscs more .", "5": "Fish marketing Live fish trade Shrimp marketing Chasse - marée Fishmonger Fishwife Worshipful Company of Fishmongers Fish markets Billingsgate Fulton Maine Avenue English Market Scania Tsukiji more . Area fisheries World fish production Fishing by country Fishing banks Other areas Aquaculture and farmed fisheries Aquaculture Aquaculture engineering Aquaponics Best practices Copper alloys Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes Geothermal energy and aquaculture Inland saline Integrated multi-trophic Mariculture Antimicrobials Offshore Organic Raceway Recirculating Fish farming Broodstock Catfish Cobia Fish diseases and parasites Fish farming Fish feed Fish hatchery Fish stocking Spawning bed Salmon Tilapia Tailwater US hatcheries Algaculture Giant kelp Microalgae Microalgal bacterial flocs Photobioreactor Raceway pond Seaweed Other species Brine shrimp Coral Freshwater prawns Geoduck Hirudiculture Marine shrimp Octopus Oysters Scallops Sea cucumber Sea sponges Turtles By country Alaska Australia Canada Chile China East Timor Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Indonesia Kiribati Madagascar Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands South Africa South Korea Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Fishing vessels", "6": "Commercial Commercial fishing boats Drifters Factory ships Fishery Protection Squadron Fishing fleet Longliners Research vessels Seiners Trawlers Whalers Traditional Traditional fishing boats Bawley Bokkura Brixham trawler Caïque Cape Islander Chasse - marée Coble Coracle Couta Currach Dhoni Dogger Dugout Falkuša Felucca Fembøring Fifie Friendship sloop Gableboat Galway hooker Herring buss Jangada Jukung Kolae Lugger Luzzu Mackinaw Monterey clipper Nobby Nordland Paraw Peter boat Pirogue Poveiro Pump boat Reed boat Sampan Sgoth Shad boat Sixareen Smack Sneakbox Well smack Yawl Yoal Dories Banks Cape Ann Gloucester McKenzie River Swampscott Oyster boats Bugeye Buy - boat Deadrise Log canoe Pungy Schooners Sharpie Skipjack Recreational Bass boat Farley Builders and designers Philip C. Bolger Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "7": "php?title=Longline_fishing&oldid=814668711 '' Categories : Fishing industry Fishing techniques and methods Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 05 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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8518872418407042794	who drove the number 18 car in nascar	[ "Kyle Busch", "Kyle Busch" ]	{ "0": "Joe Gibbs Racing - wikipedia Joe Gibbs Racing Jump to : navigation , search Joe Gibbs Racing Owner ( s ) Joe Gibbs J.D. Gibbs Coy Gibbs Base Huntersville , North Carolina Series Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Xfinity Series ARCA Racing Series Car numbers 02 , 2 , 8 , 11 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 42 , 44 , 48 , 54 , 75 , 80 , 81 Race drivers Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series : 11 . Denny Hamlin 18 . Kyle Busch 19 . Daniel Suárez 20 . Erik Jones Xfinity Series : 18 . Daniel Suárez , Kyle Benjamin , Kyle Busch , Ryan Preece , Denny Hamlin , Erik Jones 19 . Brandon Jones 20 . Christopher Bell ( R ) ARCA Racing Series : 18 . Riley Herbst Developmental : Riley Herbst Sponsors Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series : 11 . FedEx ( Express , Ground , Freight , Office ) , Sport Clips 18 . M&M 's , Snickers Almond , Skittles , Pedigree , Interstate Batteries 19 . Arris , Stanley , Comcast Business , Peak 20 . DeWalt , Sport Clips , Reser 's Fine Foods , Circle K Xfinity Series : 18 . NOS Energy Drink , Hisense , Arris , Sport Clips , Peak , Juniper Networks , Sirius XM , Reser 's Fine Foods , Rheem , Comcast Business 19 . Menards 20 . Rheem , JBL , ToyotaCare ARCA Racing Series : 18 .", "1": "NOS Energy Drink Manufacturer Toyota Opened Career Debut Monster Energy Cup Series : 1992 Daytona 500 ( Daytona ) Xfinity Series : 1997 All Pro Bumper To Bumper 300 ( Charlotte ) Camping World Truck Series : 2000 NAPA 250 ( Martinsville ) ARCA Racing Series : 1999 Georgia Boot 400 ( Atlanta ) Latest race Monster Energy Cup Series : 2018 Toyota Owners 400 ( Richmond ) Xfinity Series : 2018 ToyotaCare 250 ( Richmond ) Camping World Truck Series : 2002 Ford 200 ( Homestead ) ARCA Re / Max Series : 2017 Lucas Oil Complete Engine Treatment 200 ( Daytona ) Races competed Total : 3,532 Monster Energy Cup Series : 2,076 Xfinity Series : 1,379 Camping World Truck Series : 65 ARCA Racing Series : 12 Drivers ' Championships Total : 6 Monster Energy Cup Series : 4 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2015 Xfinity Series : 2 2009 , 2016 Camping World Truck Series : 0 ARCA Racing Series : 0 Race victories Total : 294 Monster Energy Cup Series : 150 Xfinity Series : 143 Camping World Truck Series : 0 ARCA Racing Series : 1 Pole positions Total : 267 Monster Energy Cup Series : 114 Xfinity Series : 152 Camping World Truck Series : 0 ARCA Racing Series : 1 Joe Gibbs Racing ( JGR ) is an American professional stock car racing team owned and operated by former Washington Redskins coach Joe Gibbs , who first started racing on the NASCAR circuit in 1991 , and J.D. Gibbs , his son . Headquartered in Huntersville , North Carolina , roughly 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of Charlotte Motor Speedway , the team has amassed four Cup Series championships since the year 2000 . For the team 's first sixteen seasons , JGR ran cars from General Motors . During that period , the team won their first three championships , two in Pontiac Grand Prixs and one in a Chevrolet Monte Carlo . Despite this , Joe Gibbs Racing announced during the 2007 season that they would be ending their arrangement with GM at the end of the year and begin running Toyotas the following season .", "2": "This partnership would eventually bring Toyota their first Sprint Cup when Kyle Busch won the championship in 2015 . In the Monster Energy Cup Series , the team currently fields four full - time entries : the No. 11 Toyota Camry for Denny Hamlin , the No. 18 Camry for Kyle Busch , the No. 19 Camry for Daniel Suárez , and the No. 20 Camry for Erik Jones . In the Xfinity Series , the team currently fields three full - time entries : the No. 18 Camry for part - time drivers Daniel Suárez , Kyle Benjamin , Kyle Busch , Denny Hamlin , Erik Jones , and Ryan Preece ; the No. 19 Camry for Brandon Jones , and the No. 20 Camry for Christopher Bell . The team also has a strong development program for up and coming drivers , grooming future Sprint Cup Winners Joey Logano and Aric Almirola and winning one championship in the East Division of the NASCAR Camping World Series ( now K&N Pro Series ) with Logano . The organization teamed up with former NFL player Reggie White in 2004 to create a diversity program , fielding drivers such as Almirola , Marc Davis , and Darrell Wallace Jr. , and forming the basis for NASCAR 's own Drive for Diversity program . Currently Cody Coughlin and Riley Herbst are under development contracts , driving in the Truck Series for Thorsport Racing and the ARCA racing series for JGR . The team further has a technical alliance with Furniture Row Racing , the Denver - based team who 's sole driver , Martin Truex Jr. won the 2017 Monster Energy Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series 1.1 Overview 1.2 Car No. 11 history 1.3 Car No. 18 history 1.4 Car No. 19 history 1.5 Car No. 20 history 2 Xfinity Series 2.1 Car No. 11 history 2.2 Car No. 18 history 2.3 Car No. 19 history 2.4 Car No. 20 history 3 Camping World Truck Series 4 ARCA Racing Series 4.1 Car No.", "3": "18 history 4.2 Car No. 81 history 5 Controversy 6 Motocross team 7 References 8 External links Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : 2015 - 2017 . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) Overview ( edit ) The team 's headquarters . The team was founded by Gibbs in 1991 after exploring opportunities with Don Meredith , who currently serves as the team 's Executive Vice President . In 1997 , Gibbs ' son J.D. Gibbs was named team president . In 1998 , the team began construction on its current facility in Huntersville , North Carolina . The team expanded to a two - car operation in 1999 with Tony Stewart 's No. 20 Home Depot car , then a three - car operation in 2005 with the No. 11 FedEx car currently driven by Denny Hamlin and owned by J.D. Gibbs . The team expanded to four cars for the 2015 season with Carl Edwards driving the No. 19 car , following former Roush Racing teammate Matt Kenseth to JGR . After winning three Cup championships and over 70 NASCAR races in Chevrolet and Pontiac equipment , it was announced in September 2007 that the team would be switching to Toyota ( who had just entered the Cup series that year ) following the end of their commitment with General Motors at the end of the season . It was believed that the executives at JGR felt as if they were n't as important as some of the other GM teams such as Hendrick Motorsports and Richard Childress Racing , leading to the decision to swap manufacturers . According to Joe Gibbs , Toyota offered the team resources and options they `` were not going to be able to afford to do '' if they remained at GM . In 2012 , JGR shuttered its in - house Sprint Cup Series engine program , merging with California - based Toyota Racing Development which currently provides engines to JGR as well as Furniture Row Racing . The team continues to build engines for its own Xfinity Series operations and those of RAB Racing and JGL Racing , the Camping World Truck Series operations of Kyle Busch Motorsports , and the Truck Series and ARCA Racing Series operations of Venturini Motorsports .", "4": "The team further has a technical alliance with Furniture Row Racing , a single car team based in Denver , Colorado . Car No. 11 history ( edit ) The original No. 11 car driven by Jason Leffler in 2005 . Denny Hamlin at Homestead in 2007 . The No. 11 car ( the number J.D. Gibbs wore playing football at College of William & Mary ) began in 2004 . Ricky Craven , recently released from PPI Motorsports finished 30th at Talladega with sponsorship from Old Spice , and Busch Series driver J.J. Yeley ran two races in the car with Vigoro / The Home Depot sponsorship . The No. 11 car went full - time in 2005 , with new sponsor FedEx coming on to fund the full season in a multi-year deal . Jason Leffler , who had driven for JGR in the Busch series , was signed to drive the No. 11 for the full season , while Dave Rogers was named the crew chief . The new team struggled early on in the season . Leffler missed the Coca - Cola 600 at Charlotte , with FedEx Freight moving over to the 18 car that Bobby Labonte would drive to a second - place finish . Rogers was reassigned and replaced with veteran crew chief Mike Ford in June , then former Cup champion Terry Labonte was hired to run the road course at Sonoma , qualifying 8th and finishing a solid 12th . After 19 starts with a best finish of 12th and sitting 36th in points , Leffler was released from the ride . Terry Labonte ran the next three races , then ran the Fall Richmond race finishing 9th . J.J. Yeley ran 4 races with a best finish of 25th . In November , it was announced that Denny Hamlin would drive the car for the remainder of the season , then run for Rookie of the Year in 2006 . Hamlin ran seven races , finished in the top 10 three times , and earned a pole at Phoenix International Raceway . Hamlin was awarded the No. 11 FedEx Express full - time ride in 2006 in addition to his full - time Busch schedule in the No. 20 Rockwell Automation Chevrolet .", "5": "Hamlin was part of a large and strong rookie class , including teammate J.J. Yeley , Clint Bowyer , Martin Truex , Jr. , David Stremme , Brent Sherman , and Reed Sorenson . Hamlin opened the season by winning the Budweiser Shootout non-points race , holding off Dale Earnhardt , Jr. on a green - white - checker restart . In June , Hamlin scored his first Cup Series victory at the difficult Pocono Raceway . Hamlin started on the pole , then battled back from a cut tire to take the victory . In his return to the track in July , Hamlin again won the pole , then proceeded to lead 151 of 200 laps en route to a second victory , the first rookie to sweep both Pocono races . Hamlin credited his prowess on the track to practicing on the racing simulator NASCAR Racing 2003 Season . Hamlin 's strong performance earned the rookie a berth in the Chase for the NEXTEL Cup , where he would finish 3rd in points . Until 2016 , Hamlin was the only rookie to make the Chase . Joey Logano ( No. 20 ) and Denny Hamlin ( No. 11 ) on pit road during the 2009 Coca - Cola 600 . In 2007 , Hamlin won the first of two races at New Hampshire International Speedway in 2007 , and finished 12th in points . In 2008 , Hamlin won the Gatorade Duel and the first race at Martinsville Speedway , and improved to eighth in points . He qualified for the Chase again in 2009 after winning the second race at Pocono Raceway and Richmond International Raceway . He ended the season with four victories after winning Martinsville and Homestead - Miami Speedway in the chase . 2010 was Hamlin and the 11 team 's breakout year . They won at Martinsville and Denny followed the win by having knee surgery . After the surgery , the team won 4 of the next 10 races at Texas , Darlington , Pocono , and Michigan . The team made the chase after another win at Richmond . The team won races during the chase at Martinsville and Texas and held the points lead going into the season finale .", "6": "However , an early wreck would put them behind the competition , and Hamlin wound up finishing second to Jimmie Johnson during the 2010 chase . Hamlin later admitted to putting too much pressure on himself during the Chase , which mentally impacted him . As a result , Mike Ford took a `` no compromise '' attitude for 2011 , hoping to right the ship . However , the team struggled throughout 2011 , with multiple blown engines and a single win at Michigan to push the No. 11 into the Chase . Hamlin would finish 9th in the final standings . At season 's end , Mike Ford was released as crew chief and was replaced by Tony Stewart 's crew chief Darian Grubb . Hamlin at Las Vegas in 2012 . Under Darian Grubb the team started 2012 off in the best way possible by winning the second race of the season at Phoenix . That win was followed with another victory at Kansas six weeks later . The 11 team once again proved dominant on the short tracks pulling off a convincing win in the Bristol Night Race in August . The week after Bristol , the No. 11 FedEx team brought home another victory at Atlanta Motor Speedway , making the No. 11 the car number with the most wins in NASCAR with 200 wins . Hamlin then won the Sylvania 300 , giving Joe Gibbs Racing its 100th win . Hamlin 's 2013 season began with an on - and - off track feud with former teammate Joey Logano . Initially started on Twitter , the on track incidents began at Bristol in March , where Hamlin spun Logano in turns 1 and 2 , leading Logano to confront Hamlin after the race . The rivalry continued into the next race at Auto Club Speedway , where the two fought for the lead in the closing laps . In the final corner , the two collided , allowing JGR teammate Kyle Busch to win the race , and sending Hamlin 's 11 car into a non-SAFER barrier wall near pit road . This wreck would mark the beginning of a difficult season for Hamlin , as he suffered a lower back fracture and was forced to sit out several races . Veteran Mark Martin replaced Hamlin at one of Denny 's better tracks , Martinsville Speedway , where he scored a top 10 .", "7": "Brian Vickers then drove the car for the next three races , scoring an 8th - place finish at Texas . Though Hamlin returned to the car at Talladega Superspeedway , he never returned to form during the year , with only 8 top 10s on the year . He did score a win at the season finale at Homestead . After Jason Leffler 's death in 2013 , the 11 team paid tribute to their former driver by running a white FedEx scheme at Michigan similar to the one Leffler ran in 2005 . Erik Jones replacing Hamlin at Bristol in 2015 . In the 2014 Auto Club 400 , Sam Hornish , Jr. replaced Hamlin due to Hamlin having what was thought to be sinus infection , but later revealed to be a piece of metal in his eye that impaired his vision . Hornish , who was actually on standby for teammate Matt Kenseth , finished a solid 17th in his return to Cup . At the 2015 Food City 500 , Erik Jones replaced Hamlin after the latter suffered neck spasms . Jones took the car to a 26th - place finish , but Hamlin started the race and was credited with the finish . In 2016 , Hamlin started his season out well , winning the 2016 Daytona 500 by beating out Martin Truex Jr. by 0.010 seconds , the closest finish in Daytona 500 history . The win was also the first for his rookie crew chief , Mike Wheeler . In 2017 , Hamlin won at the first New Hampshire race and at Darlington and finished 6th in points . Car No. 18 history ( edit ) Bobby Labonte 's former Interstate Batteries Chevrolet Monte Carlo on display at JGR headquarters . J.J. Yeley at Homestead Miami Speedway in 2007 Joe Gibbs Racing debuted at the 1992 Daytona 500 with second - generation driver Dale Jarrett driving the No. 18 Interstate Batteries - sponsored Chevrolet Lumina to a 36th - place finish after a crash . The team improved dramatically the next year , when Jarrett won the Daytona 500 , and finished a then career - high 4th in points .", "8": "Jarrett won a race at Charlotte but he slipped to 16th in points in 1994 , and moved to Robert Yates Racing 's famed 28 car for 1995 . The team replaced Jarrett with Bobby Labonte , younger brother of Terry Labonte and 1993 Rookie of the Year runner - up . In 1995 , Labonte won 3 races , sweeping both Michigan events and winning at Charlotte , finishing 10th in points . This would mark the beginning of a decade of success between Labonte , Joe Gibbs Racing , and Interstate Batteries . In 1996 the team struggled to win until the season finale at Atlanta and finished 11th in points . In 1997 the team had a similar year to the previous but managed to improve to 7th in points . Their lone win came at the season finale . The team improved in 1998 by winning races at Atlanta and Talladega en route to 6th place in points . 1999 was a breakout year for the No. 18 team . They scored 5 wins which came at Dover , Michigan , Atlanta and both races at Pocono . The team came just short of the championship and finished 2nd in points to Jarrett , once again at Atlanta . The team continued their success in the next season , winning the second race of the season at Rockingham . Labonte 's next win was the Brickyard 400 at the famed Indianapolis Motor Speedway . His third win came at the Southern 500 at Darlington recovering from a hard practice crash and taking the lead on a late race pit stop to win the rain and darkness shortened event . His fourth and final win of the year came at Charlotte a month later . Labonte would hold the points lead for 25 consecutive races to win the 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series Championship . The team faced disappointment in 2001 after high expectations following the championship season , winning only 2 races at Pocono and Atlanta and finishing 6th in points . 2002 was the team 's worst year since Labonte joined the team , scoring only one win at Martinsville and finished a disappointing 16th in points . The team rebounded in 2003 scoring 2 wins at Atlanta and Homestead to finish 8th in points .", "9": "Even though the team made some progression in 2004 , the team fired crew chief Michael `` Fatback '' McSwain midseason , with Brandon Thomas taking over for the rest of the year . The team went winless to finish 12th in points . Steve Addington , a Gibbs Busch Series crew chief , was named new crew chief for the 2005 season , but a rash of troubles , some caused by mechanical problems , continued to daunt the team . The high point of the year was the Coca - Cola 600 , when he finished second to Jimmie Johnson by half a car - length . Labonte finished 24th in the championship standings , and the team 's regression led to his departure following the end of 2005 . Bobby Labonte earned all 21 of his career Cup Series wins in the car , as well as the Winston Cup championship in 2000 . He would depart for the 43 car of Petty Enterprises . After Labonte 's departure , Gibbs announced that JGR Busch Series driver and former USAC standout J.J. Yeley would replace him in the No. 18 for 2006 , joining fellow rookie teammate Denny Hamlin . Yeley had a dismal rookie season with only three top tens while failing to finish seven races , leading to a 29th - place points finish . Yeley 's sophomore campaign was only slightly better , earning a pole at Michigan and scoring three more top tens to finish 21st in points . Yeley moved to JGR - affiliated Hall of Fame Racing for 2008 . Kyle Busch at Michigan International Speedway in 2008 On August 14 , 2007 , it was announced that 22 - year - old Kyle Busch had signed a contract to drive the number 18 with Joe Gibbs Racing through 2010 , leaving Hendrick Motorsports ' number 5 car after a successful but controversial tenure with the organization . Mars , Inc. 's M&M 's brand was signed as the team 's primary sponsor , leaving Robert Yates Racing , while longtime partner Interstate Batteries scaled down to be a secondary sponsor and six race primary sponsor . Joe Gibbs racing also left General Motors in favor of becoming Toyota 's highest - profile team .", "10": "Busch gave Toyota its first Cup win on March 9 , 2008 , leading a race - high 173 laps to win the Kobalt Tools 500 at Atlanta Motor Speedway . In his first year in the 18 , Busch had brought the car back to its former glory , winning 7 additional races ( Talladega , Darlington , Dover , Infineon , Daytona , Chicagoland , and Watkins Glen ) and would finish tenth in points . In 2009 , Busch opened the season by winning his Gatorade Duel qualifying race , but finished 41st in the race after a crash . He won the third race of the season from the pole at Las Vegas , and scored additional wins at Richmond and both Bristol races , but failed to qualify for the Chase by only 8 points . As a result , longtime JGR crew chief Steve Addington was fired near the end of the season , and coincidentally went to crew chief for Kyle 's brother Kurt Busch at Penske Racing . Dave Rogers , Busch 's Nationwide Series crew chief , took over the pit box in 2010 . The year produced 3 victories at Richmond , Dover and Bristol , but more struggles in the final 10 races led to a 7th - place finish in the standings. 2011 was an up and down year for the 18 team . The team won at Bristol and Richmond early in the season , as well as the inaugural Cup race at Kentucky and the August race at Michigan . At Texas Motor Speedway in November , Busch was parked by NASCAR for the remainder of the race weekend after intentionally spinning out Ron Hornaday in the Truck Series race . Michael McDowell would replace Busch that weekend , finishing a dismal 33rd . Mars , Inc proceeded to pull its sponsorship for the final two races , with Interstate Batteries covering those races . Busch was relegated to tenth in the final standings . Kyle Busch driving the No. 18 M&Ms car in the 2013 STP Gas Booster 500 at Martinsville In 2012 , Busch won the Budweiser Shootout to open the season , and scored a single points - paying victory , the spring race at Richmond .", "11": "He would miss making the Chase for the Sprint Cup by 3 points , but scored 7 top 5 and 8 top 10 finishes during the final ten races , finishing the year in 13th place and nearly 100 points ahead of 14th place Ryan Newman . In 2013 , Busch won the second Budweiser Duel qualifying race , and won the pole at the spring Bristol race , finishing second . He also swept the spring Fontana and Texas race weekends , winning the Nationwide and Cup races , giving Joe Gibbs his first win at Fontana in Sprint Cup competition and first win for himself at Texas . He would win at Watkins Glen and Atlanta . Busch 's four wins and career - high 22 top ten finishes would lead to a fourth - place finish in the championship , the highest of his career . In 2014 , Busch earned a spot in the new Chase for the Sprint Cup with his early season win at Fontana . Busch would be eliminated in the second round , after being swept up in a wreck at Talladega , and would finish tenth in points . Kyle Busch 's race - winning car at Sonoma in 2015 . For 2015 , sponsor Mars , Inc. introduced a new green paint scheme to promote Crispy M&M 's on the 18 car . After an injury to Kyle Busch in the season - opening Xfinity Series race , the No. 18 started the 2015 season with two - time Truck Series champion Matt Crafton making his Sprint Cup debut at the 2015 Daytona 500 , finishing 18th . The next week , David Ragan was announced as interim driver , moving from his full - time ride at Front Row Motorsports . Ragan drove the car for nine races through Talladega and scored a single top - five finish at Martinsville , before moving to Michael Waltrip Racing . Development driver Erik Jones , who drove for Busch in the Camping World Truck Series , made his first series start at Kansas . Jones ran in the top ten for much of the race , before crashing on the front stretch and finishing 40th .", "12": "After missing a total of 11 races , Busch returned to the car for the Sprint All - Star Race at Charlotte , receiving a waiver from NASCAR to be eligible for the Chase for the Sprint Cup provided he win a race and gain a top 30 position in the championship standings . At Sonoma in June , his fifth start of the year , Busch scored his first victory of the season . It was also the first time he and his brother Kurt Busch had finished first and second in any Cup Series event . Busch would then win three consecutive races -- Kentucky , New Hampshire , and Indianapolis -- with four total wins across a five race span . The latter victory was also Busch 's first Brickyard 400 victory , the first for manufacturer Toyota , and marked the first time a driver swept both the Cup and Xfinity races at Indianapolis . Busch would go on to make the 2015 Chase for the Sprint Cup . At the second Phoenix race , Busch would be one of the four drivers going to Homestead - Miami Speedway with an opportunity to win the Sprint Cup championship after the race was stopped by NASCAR due to rain . The following weekend at Homestead - Miami Speedway , Busch would go on to win the race as well as his first Sprint Cup title . He and brother Kurt join Bobby and Terry Labonte as the only brothers in NASCAR 's top series to win championships . This was the 2nd championship for the No. 18 car . Busch ended the season with 5 wins , 12 top fives , and 16 top tens in only 25 starts . It was the first championship for manufacturer Toyota and fourth for team owner Joe Gibbs . On May 13 , 2016 , JGR announce that Kyle Busch will drive the number 75 car at the All - Star race only , to celebrate M&Ms 75th anniversary . Busch ended 2016 with 4 wins , made the championship 4 and finished 3rd in the final standings . In 2017 Busch was hampered by bad luck , especially in the beginning of the season as JGR was also having trouble finding speed . However he picked up steam late in the season and won 5 races starting at the second Pocono race , a week after being wrecked while leading at Indianapolis .", "13": "Busch made the championship 4 again by winning at Martinsville and finished 2nd to Martin Truex Jr in both the Homestead race and the final standings . Car No. 19 history ( edit ) Joey Logano 's No. 02 cars in 2008 Prior to expanding to four full - time cars , JGR had occasionally fielded a fourth car for R&D or driver development purposes . Mike Bliss drove several races for JGR in 2004 in a No. 80 car . In 2007 , development driver Aric Almirola made his NEXTEL Cup debut in the No. 80 at Las Vegas with Joe Gibbs Driven sponsoring . Almirola started 31st and finished 40th after a crash . He was scheduled to drive at the All - Star Race and Coca - Cola 600 , but he suffered a practice crash and the car was withdrawn from both races . He would leave the team later in the season for Ginn Racing and Dale Earnhardt , Inc . In 2008 , 18 - year - old Joey Logano was scheduled to run several late - season races in preparation for running the full 2009 season . Logano drove the No. 02 ( reverse of the 20 ) , with an inverted Home Depot scheme of teammate Tony Stewart 's . He was scheduled to make his Sprint Cup debut at Richmond International Raceway , but qualifying was rained out by Tropical Storm Hanna . The 02 attempted again at Loudon and at Atlanta , but qualifying was rained out in both races as well , leading Logano to make his debut in JGR - affiliated Hall of Fame Racing 's No. 96 at Loudon and miss the Atlanta race . Logano made the race in his fourth attempt with Gibbs at Texas , starting last and finishing 40th , several laps down . In 2009 Farm Bureau Insurance , who had been banned from the Nationwide Series due to the Viceroy Rule , moved up to sponsor 6 Sprint Cup Series races for JGR , including 3 for the 02 car at Charlotte , Texas , and Homestead . David Gilliland was tabbed to drive the car in the three events , with a best finish of 25th at Charlotte .", "14": "After the 2009 season , Farm Bureau Insurance announced they would not return for the 2010 season . Carl Edwards at driver introductions at Talladega in fall 2015 . In 2013 , Elliott Sadler was signed to drive the renumbered No. 81 ( reverse of 18 ) for three races , with his former sponsor at Robert Yates Racing , Mars , Inc. , promoting their new Alert Energy Caffeine Gum on the car . Sadler was scheduled to run at Kansas Speedway , Talladega Superspeedway and a third unannounced race . The deal was made in part to avoid conflict on the 18 car with Kyle Busch 's sponsor Monster Energy . For Sadler , it was his first start in the Sprint Cup Series since the 2012 Daytona 500 , and his first opportunity since he was forced to turn down a part - time deal at Michael Waltrip Racing that same year ( ultimately taken by 2013 teammate Brian Vickers ) by then - owner Richard Childress . At Kansas , he got out of the racing groove and wrecked in turn 3 on lap 85 , relegating him to a 40th - place finish . He failed to qualify at Talladega after rain washed out qualifying and was set by owner points as the No. 81 was too low in points . After Alert Energy was pulled from the market , Doublemint sponsored the car at Talladega . After not running in 2014 , the fourth car returned full - time in 2015 as the No. 19 with Carl Edwards driving . New partner Arris signed on to sponsor 17 races , while Stanley Black & Decker moved from Richard Petty Motorsports to sponsor 12 races . Comcast / Xfinity , Sport Clips , and Edwards ' longtime sponsor Subway Restaurants also sponsored the car . Darian Grubb made his return to JGR as Edwards ' crew chief . Edwards won his first race with JGR at Charlotte in May . Starting third , he led a total of 25 laps , using fuel mileage strategy to take the victory . He also went on to win at Darlington Raceway and finished the season 5th in points .", "15": "On January 11 , 2017 , Edwards announced that he was stepping away from NASCAR effective immediately , and it was announced that 2016 Xfinity Series champion Daniel Suárez would replace Edwards in the No. 19 car starting at the Daytona 500 in 2017 . Suarez finished 20th in points in his rookie season but lost rookie of the year to Erik Jones . Car No. 20 history ( edit ) Tony Stewart in his 2005 championship car at Sonoma Raceway Tony Stewart debuted the No. 20 The Home Depot - sponsored car at the 1999 Daytona 500 , qualifying on the outside pole . He won three races at Richmond , Phoenix and Homestead as well as the Winston Open and the NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors and finished 4th in points . 2000 was an up and down year for Stewart as he won six races , including both Dover races , Martinsville , New Hampshire , Michigan and Homestead but only finished 6th in points . 2001 was another good year for Stewart , as he won the Budweiser Shootout , Richmond , Infineon , and Bristol and finished 2nd in the overall standings . 2002 was a break - out year for Stewart with wins at Atlanta , Richmond , and Watkins Glen along with the Budweiser Shootout and the team won the 2002 points championship . In 2003 , Stewart won twice at Pocono and Charlotte and finished 7th in the points standings . The next year , the team had a similar year to later year , with 2 wins and finished 6th in points in the first ever chase . Stewart won his second championship in 2005 . After winning the Gatorade Duel , the team did n't win again until Infineon and then they went on to win the Pepsi 400 at Daytona , followed by New Hampshire , Indianapolis , and Watkins Glen and held the championship through the Chase . 2006 statistically was Stewart 's worst season . After winning early at Martinsville , Stewart suffered an injury at Charlotte and was replaced during Dover . He won the Pepsi 400 again at Daytona but missed the Chase . During the Chase , Stewart won 3 races at Kansas , Atlanta , and Texas and finished 11th in points . 2007 was another good year for him and the team .", "16": "Though Stewart won both the Budweiser Shootout and Gatorade Duel , an early wreck smashed his Daytona 500 hopes . He and the team won 3 races though at Chicagoland , Indianapolis , and Watkins Glen and finished 6th in points . Tony Stewart 's final season with Gibbs and The Home Depot . And his only season with Toyota , at Daytona International Speedway in 2008 Joey Logano ( right ) and Denny Hamlin ( left ) on pit road during the 2009 Coca - Cola 600 . Following the team 's switch from Chevrolet to Toyota , Stewart 's performance dwindled , earning ten Top 5 's and sixteen Top 10 's . Stewart 's only win for this season was the 2008 AMP Energy 500 at Talladega in a controversial finish . Stewart was passed on the final lap by rookie Regan Smith , who would cross the finish line in first . Smith , however , was found to be passing below the yellow line upon video review , and per NASCAR rules had his position revoked , giving Stewart the win . On June 9 , 2008 , Stewart was granted a release from his final year of his contract with Joe Gibbs Racing , ending a twelve - year relationship with the organization that included over 30 wins and two Cup Series Championships . Stewart moved to Haas CNC Racing , renamed Stewart - Haas Racing after Stewart purchased a 50 % ownership stake from founder Gene Haas , in part to return to longtime manufacturer Chevrolet . On August 25 , 2008 , Joe Gibbs Racing announced that 18 - year - old Joey Logano would replace Stewart as the driver of the No. 20 car for the 2009 season , after only making his NASCAR debut in May 2008 and running abbreviated Nationwide and Cup schedules . Longtime crew chief Greg Zipadelli remained with JGR for Logano 's rookie season . Logano 's first win came in the rain - shortened Lenox Industrial Tools 301 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway after a fuel mileage gamble , becoming the youngest winner in Sprint Cup Series history . Logano beat former open - wheel drivers Max Papis and Scott Speed for the Rookie of the Year Award , with seven top - tens and a 20th - place points finish . Logano failed to win in 2010 and finished 16th in points .", "17": "In 2011 , Logano again was winless and finished 24th in points . On October 13 , 2011 , Joe Gibbs Racing announced The Home Depot will become co-primary sponsor for Logano 's car with Dollar General . Dollar General is set to sponsor 12 races while the other 22 will continue to be sponsored by The Home Depot . The Home Depot had served as the sole primary sponsor of the No. 20 car since its debut with Tony Stewart in 1999 . Logano won his second career race at Pocono from the pole in the 2012 Pocono 400 after passing Mark Martin with 3 laps to go . Matt Kenseth at Martinsville in 2013 Kenseth 's pole and race winning car at Bristol in 2015 Beginning in 2013 , the No. 20 car was taken over by Matt Kenseth , who left Roush Fenway Racing , as Joey Logano moved to the No. 22 at Penske Racing . The team had a resurgence , with Kenseth winning five races in the regular season ( Las Vegas , Kansas , Darlington , Kentucky , and Bristol ) , and led the most laps at several other races ( Daytona 500 , Kansas , Richmond and Talladega ) . Kenseth also won the first two races of the Chase at Chicagoland and New Hampshire Motor Speedway , bringing the team up to 7 wins -- which was more wins in a single season than the car had ever achieved with Stewart or Logano . It was announced in September 2014 that Stanley Black & Decker would leave Richard Petty Motorsports to sponsor JGR in the Cup Series for 2015 . This move reunited Kenseth with longtime sponsor DeWalt for six races as a primary , and the entire season as an associate . Kenseth won the Food City 500 in Support of Steve Byrnes And Stand Up To Cancer at Bristol in April , his first victory since 2013 . On November 3rd , Kenseth was suspended 2 races for intentionally wrecking Joey Logano at Martinsville . Erik Jones was named the replacement driver for Kenseth in both of those races , with Jones finishing 12th and 19th in those races .", "18": "In 2016 Kenseth won twice at Dover and New Hampshire and finished 5th in points after he was wrecked while leading at Phoenix by Alex Bowman . Dollar General would leave the team at the end of the season . On July 11 , 2017 JGR announced that Erik Jones would replace Kenseth in the No. 20 car in 2018 . Like his JGR teammates , Kenseth was hampered by bad luck and lack of speed in the beginning of the year . He scored likely his final career win at Phoenix in November after passing Chase Elliott late in the race . Xfinity Series ( edit ) Car No. 11 history ( edit ) Brian Scott at Road America in 2012 . Elliott Sadler at Road America in 2014 . The No. 11 team began racing in 2011 . JGR signed 22 - year - old Brian Scott ( former driver of the No. 11 with Braun Racing ) to a two - year contract , with Kevin Kidd announced as the crew chief , and Scott bringing sponsorship from his family - owned Shore Lodge . The new team was constantly hampered by bad luck during races , with 5 DNF 's on the season . Scott earned a pole , two top 5 's and seven top 10s , finishing 8th in points . For 2012 , Dollar General expanded its sponsorship deal with JGR , sponsoring the No. 11 car for the full season . Despite showing speed , the team continued to struggle finishing races ( 7 DNF 's ) , and had a best finish of 3rd at Dover , with Scott finishing 9th in points . In 2013 , Scott was replaced by veteran Elliott Sadler , who finished second in the championship standings in the two prior seasons . Sadler brought sponsorship from OneMain Financial with him from Richard Childress Racing . After winning four races in 2012 , Sadler went winless in 2013 , though he did score 20 top 10 's en route to a fourth - place points finish . Sadler scored his first win for JGR at Talladega in 2014 , leading a race high 40 laps .", "19": "On October 31 , 2014 , it was announced that Sadler would depart for Roush Fenway Racing 's Nationwide program , taking the OneMain sponsorship with him . The team 's points and crew were moved to the No. 18 for the 2015 season , and the number was reassigned in 2016 to Kaulig Racing for Blake Koch . Car No. 18 history ( edit ) Brad Coleman at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in 2010 . The current 18 car came under JGR control when owner Joe Gibbs purchased the No. 44 Shell Oil - sponsored Pontiac from his Cup Series driver Bobby Labonte , who had been operating the team under his control . The team made its debut under the Gibbs banner at the 1998 NAPA Auto Parts 300 with then - IndyCar driver Tony Stewart driving . Stewart he qualified 9th but finished 31st after a crash . At the next week at Rockingham Speedway , Stewart qualified on the pole , led 60 laps and finished 2nd . Stewart ran a total of 22 races that year , with five top - five finishes and winning two pole positions . Labonte ran five races that year in that car in 1998 , winning the Diamond Hill Plywood 200 . The team switched to No. 18 with sponsorship from MBNA for 1999 . Labonte ran only one race before he suffered shoulder injuries in a qualifying crash at Darlington . Late in the year , Jason Leffler , like Stewart an accomplished open wheel racer , ran four races in the car that year , his best finish being a 20th at Memphis Motorsports Park . Leffler ran the car full - time in 2000 , winning a pole at Texas Motor Speedway , and posting three top - ten finishes . After that season , he left for the Cup Series with Chip Ganassi Racing , and Jeff Purvis took his place . Purvis started off strong and was seventh in points but was released after the GNC Live Well 250 because of sponsorship issues . Mike McLaughlin replaced him , finishing seventh in points that season . Despite going winless in 2002 , he moved up to fourth place in points . However , owner Joe Gibbs wanted his son Coy in a full - time ride , leaving McLaughlin without a ride .", "20": "In his rookie season , Gibbs had two Top 10 finishes and finished runner - up to David Stremme for Rookie of the Year . Kyle Busch in 2008 . The team scaled back to a part - time schedule for 2004 . In November 2003 , JGR signed highly touted USAC Champion J.J. Yeley to a multi-year contract , beginning his stock car career with eight ARCA Racing Series events and 10 - 12 Busch Series races in the 2004 season . The Home Depot 's Vigoro Lawn and Garden Products would sponsor Yeley 's efforts , making their BGN debut at Las Vegas in March . In his first race , Yeley qualified a strong seventh , but finished 23rd and two laps down . Yeley would end up running 17 races , garnering four Top 10 finishes and finishing fourth in Rookie of the Year standings behind future Cup drivers Kyle Busch , Clint Bowyer , and Paul Menard . Bobby Labonte ran two races with a best finish of 7th , while Denny Hamlin finished a strong sixth at the fall race at Darlington . Yeley ran the car full - time in 2005 , finishing in the top - ten twelve times and finishing 11th in points . Yeley continued to run full - time in 2006 , finishing 5th in the points standings with three poles , nine Top 5 's , 22 Top 10 's , and 27 Top 15 's . Yeley announced in Daytona that he would be driving in the No. 1 Miccosukee Gaming and Resorts - sponsored Chevrolet for Phoenix Racing in the 2007 NASCAR Busch Series . In January 2007 , former Brewco Motorsports development driver and ARCA standout Brad Coleman signed to drive the No. 18 car for 17 of the 35 races , with Carino 's Italian Grill sponsoring his efforts . Kevin Conway was signed for eight races beginning at Bristol in March with Z - Line Designs sponsoring , while Tony Stewart and development driver Aric Almirola filled out the schedule with Goody 's Headache Powder and ConAgra Foods sponsorships . Almirola put the car on the pole at the season opener at Daytona , and had a best finish of 4th at Charlotte .", "21": "Coleman earned his first career Busch Series pole at Talladega , and had three Top 5 's and five Top 10 's . Without sponsorship for a full - time ride with JGR , Coleman returned to the renamed Baker Curb Racing following the season and signed a development contract with Hall of Fame Racing . For 2008 , the No. 18 was piloted by the team of Denny Hamlin and Kyle Busch with a sponsorship coming from Southern Farm Bureau , Interstate Batteries , and Z - Line Designs . Despite running a partial schedule , Busch won ten races in 2008 , including eight in the No. 18 , and would finish seventh in points while Hamlin scored a single victory in the No. 18 at Dover . 18 - year - old JGR development driver Marc Davis made his one and only national series start for the team in October at Memphis Motorsports Park with DLP HDTV sponsoring . In 2009 , Kyle Busch won the Nationwide Series Championship driving the No. 18 Z - Line Designs / NOS Toyota . Michael McDowell at Road America in 2012 . In 2010 , Kyle Busch ran most of the races that were paired with Sprint Cup Series races , while Brad Coleman returned to run the stand - alone races . For 2011 , Busch drove the No. 18 for a majority of the season , splitting the ride with Michael McDowell , who ran both Iowa races , Lucas Oil Raceway , and the road courses Road America and Circuit Gilles Villeneuve with a sponsorship from Pizza Ranch . McDowell won the pole at Road America and dominated until late race contact with another car . Drivers Kelly Bires , Drew Herring , and Joey Logano also took turns in the 18 . Bires ran at Richmond and Chicago with International Comfort Products Corporation , Herring drove at the second Nashville race with Sport Clips , and Logano drove the 18 at Chicago , Dover , Kansas , and Phoenix . For 2012 the 18 would have a similar lineup , featuring Hamlin , Logano , Herring , McDowell , and Ryan Truex . Logano would take a whooping seven victories with the 18 team , handing the team the Nationwide Owners ' Championship . For 2013 , the 18 and 20 teams swapped .", "22": "Matt Kenseth drove the 18 for 16 races with sponsorship from Reser 's Fine Foods and GameStop . He won the July race at Daytona and the October race at Kansas . The 18 car did not run in 2014 . On August 19 , 2014 , JGR announced that Toyota Series and K&N Pro Series East driver Daniel Suárez would drive the No. 18 full - time in 2015 with a sponsorship from Arris , running for Rookie of the Year . Suárez had a strong rookie season , earning eight top fives , 18 top tens , and three poles to finish fifth in points and beat out Darrell Wallace , Jr. for Rookie of the Year . The team inherited the No. 54 's points and equipment in 2016 , fielding multiple drivers , starting with former JGR driver Bobby Labonte at Daytona . Kyle Busch drove a limited schedule , with former sponsor NOS Energy Drink ( owned by Monster Beverage ) funding both Busch and Labonte 's efforts . Matt Tifft was scheduled to drive 13 races for the team , but was replaced for several races as he recovered from a removal of a tumor in his brain . Sam Hornish Jr. replaced Tifft for the June Xfinity race at Iowa , and won the race . David Ragan ran the July Xfinity race at Daytona , and won the pole , and was in contention for the win , but crashed on the final lap of the race . Road course specialist Owen Kelly ran the road course races at Mid-Ohio and Road America , and Dakoda Armstrong ran the July Xfinity race at Iowa . The 18 car won 12 races in 2016 , 10 with Busch , 1 at Charlotte with Hamlin , and 1 with Hornish at Iowa . For 2017 , multiple drivers again raced in the 18 . Daniel Suarez drove 12 races beginning at Daytona in February with sponsorship from Juniper . Kyle Busch drove 10 races with sponsor NOS Energy Drink beginning at Atlanta in March , winning 5 races at Atlanta , Kentucky , Loudon , Watkins Glen , and Bristol . Kyle Busch Motorsports driver Christopher Bell made his xfinity series debut with the 18 team at Charlotte , finishing 4th .", "23": "Bell would also drive the car at Road America , Kansas , Texas and Phoenix . Bell won the race at Kansas after catching and passing teammate Erik Jones for his first career xfinity series win in his 5th start . Bell had sponsorship from SiriusXM at Charlotte , Toyotacare at Road America , JBL at Kansas , and Safelite Auto Glass at Texas and Phoenix . ARCA Racing Series driver Kyle Benjamin drove the 18 with sponsorship from Reser 's Fine Foods and Sport Clips at both Iowa races and Kentucky in September with a best finish of 2nd at the July Iowa race to teammate Ryan Preece . Regan Smith returned to the xfinity series in a one - race deal in the 18 at Mid-Ohio with sponsorship from Interstate Batteries . Denny Hamlin also drove one race in the 18 , running a throwback scheme at Darlington with Sport Clips sponsoring , Hamlin won the race . Ryan Preece drove the 18 car at Homestead with Safelite Autoglass as the sponsor and finished 5th in preparation for an expanded 10 race schedule with the team in 2018 . In 2018 Preece will run 10 races , sharing the car with JGR 's cup series drivers Busch , Suarez , Hamlin and Jones . Car No. 19 history ( edit ) See also : Kyle Busch Motorsports Sam Hornish , Jr. at Road America in 2014 . Daniel Suárez won the 2016 Xfinity Series championship . The No. 19 team made its debut at the 2005 CarQuest Auto Parts 300 . It was driven by Bobby Labonte and sponsored by Banquet Foods . Labonte ran seven races that year , with three top - tens . With Labonte moving to Petty Enterprises , JGR development driver Aric Almirola ran the car in seven races in 2006 . Tony Stewart also drove the car at select races in 2006 , using his NEXTEL Cup crew when he raced . The No. 19 team was disbanded after the 2006 season . In 2012 The Car returned as the No. 54 & After running the 54 for his own team in 2012 with only one win ( by his brother Kurt ) , Kyle Busch returned to JGR 's strong Nationwide program with the No.", "24": "54 as a fourth JGR car , running 26 races and bringing sponsor Monster Energy with him . Parker Kligerman would take over the newly renumbered 77 for KBM . Busch did n't take long to get to victory lane . He won the pole , lead the most laps , and won the race in only the second race of the 2013 season at Phoenix International Raceway . He then scored victories at Bristol ( 4th race ) and at Fontana ( 5th race ) . During the 2013 season , he won a total of 12 races . Joey Coulter , Owen Kelly , and Drew Herring also ran in the 54 , which finished 2nd in the owner 's championship to the Team Penske No. 22 by one point . For the 2014 season , Kyle Busch ran part - time the No. 54 car , running all Sprint Cup Series companion races except Talladega and Daytona in July . Former IRL champion Sam Hornish , Jr. , who was not re-signed by Team Penske after scoring a win and finishing 2nd in Nationwide points in 2013 , ran 7 races to help compete for the owner 's championship . At Iowa in May , Hornish won the Get To Know Newton 250 , beating Ryan Blaney 's 22 for his third career win . The 54 once again finished 2nd in owners points to the Penske 22 . In 2015 , Kyle Busch suffered injuries during the season - opening race at Daytona . He broke his leg after hitting the inside wall that had no SAFER barrier installed . His replacements were announced to be Erik Jones ( at least 3 races ) , Cup series teammate Denny Hamlin ( 5 races ) , and road course veteran Boris Said ( 7 races ) . Busch returned to the Xfinity Series at Michigan in June and scored his first win of the season . Jones scored a win the following race at Chicagoland , his second of the season . The team was renumbered back to No. 19 for 2016 with Daniel Suárez and sponsor Arris moving from the 18 team , maintaining the same sponsor - number combination used by Carl Edwards in the Cup Series .", "25": "Suárez got his first win at Michigan after a last lap pass to Kyle Busch . Suárez scored three victories and won the 2016 championship , becoming the first foreign - born driver to win a NASCAR National championship . It was announced that in 2017 , Matt Tifft would drive full - time in the 19 , with rookie crew chief Matt Beckham on the box . On November 15th , JGR announced that Brandon Jones would replace Tifft in the 19 in 2018 . Tifft would move to RCR in a driver swap . Chris Gabehart was announced as his crew chief , moving from the No. 20 xfinity team and replacing Matt Beckham . Car No. 20 history ( edit ) Main article : Diamond Ridge Motorsports Denny Hamlin 's No. 20 Busch car ( right ) battling Matt Kenseth ( left ) for position . After JGR purchased the team from Gary Bechtel in 2000 , the team received sponsorship from Porter - Cable . Despite missing three races , driver Jeff Purvis had eleven Top 10 's and one pole , finishing 11th in points . The team switched to No. 20 for 2001 , and Mike McLaughlin was named the driver . Without a major sponsor , McLaughlin was able to win the Subway 300 and was sixth in points when Gibbs decided to shut down his team due to sponsorship problems . He moved to the No. 18 and finished seventh in points that year . Coy Gibbs ran five races in the No. 20 in 2002 , with a sponsorship from ConAgra Foods . His best finish was a 14th at Kentucky Speedway . After he moved to the 18 , Gibbs was replaced by Mike Bliss and Rockwell Automation came aboard as a sponsor . Bliss had fourteen Top 10 's and finished 10th in points . In 2004 , he pulled off a win at Lowe 's Motor Speedway and had three poles . In 2005 , Denny Hamlin came aboard and posted eleven Top 10 's and finished fifth points , the third - place finisher in rookie points . He ran the full schedule in the No. 20 in 2006 , winning two races and finishing fourth in points .", "26": "Hamlin and developmental driver Aric Almirola split duties in the 20 in 2007 with sponsorship from Rockwell Automation , with Tony Stewart also piloting the No. 20 at Atlanta . With Hamlin running several non-companion races , Almirola would occasionally qualify the car that Hamlin would later drive . Hamlin took the car to victory lane in four races , including Darlington , Milwaukee , Michigan , and Dover . The win at Milwaukee was controversial , with Almirola putting the car on the pole and starting the race because of the fact that Hamlin was delayed flying from Sonoma Raceway . Almirola started the car and led the first 43 laps but was still relieved by Hamlin during a caution due to obligations to his sponsorship from Rockwell . Almirola was credited as the winner for starting the race , but did not participate in the victory celebration . He would leave JGR after the season . The No. 20 finished 2nd in the owners points behind RCR 's No. 29 . Joey Logano at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in 2010 . In 2008 , the No. 20 was shared by Hamlin , Kyle Busch , and Stewart for nine races before defending NASCAR Camping World East Series champion Joey Logano was named the driver of the 20 for the rest of the season 's races except for Loudon ( which Stewart won in the No. 20 ) , Daytona ( which Hamlin won in the No. 20 ) , and Chicago ( which Busch won in the No. 18 ) . All four drivers of the No. 20 won races driving it in 2008 . For 2009 , 20 - year - old Brad Coleman returned to JGR for a part - time schedule , sharing the ride with Logano and Hamlin . In 2010 , Joey Logano , Denny Hamlin and Matt DiBenedetto shared the No. 20 car , with Hamlin winning at Darlington and Logano winning at Kentucky and Kansas . For 2011 , Logano returned to the No. 20 with sponsorships from GameStop and Sport Clips . Logano ran the first 10 races but picked up last minute sponsorship from Harvest Investments to run Nashville .", "27": "Due to a lack of sponsorship , the 20 was unable to run a full schedule for the owners championship . In the 20 , Logano grabbed his first superspeedway win at the July Daytona race with help from Kyle Busch . The 20 was also driven by Denny Hamlin at Las Vegas , Richmond , and Darlington , with Hamlin winning at Richmond . Drew Herring drove the 20 with Sport Clips at both Iowa races , where Herring won the pole for the May race , and Lucas Oil Raceway . Ryan Truex stepped into the 20 late in the season for six races , finishing second to Logano at Dover after dominating the race . The 20 team returned in 2012 to run most of the season . Its primary driver lineup consisted of Logano , Hamlin , Truex , and JGR development driver Darrell Wallace , Jr . Michael Waltrip Racing driver Clint Bowyer also drove the No. 20 at Daytona when Hamlin was sidelined from the race by back problems . Brian Vickers in 2013 . Starting in the 2013 season , 2003 Busch Series Champion Brian Vickers joined the team driving the 20 for the full season with sponsorship from Dollar General , in addition to a partial Sprint Cup Series schedule in Michael Waltrip Racing 's 55 car . Dollar General had sponsored Vickers in the past with Braun Racing , and like teammate Elliott Sadler , Vickers was attempting to reclaim his career in the second - tier series . After 30 starts , Vickers was sidelined with a second incidence of blood clots , replaced by Denny Hamlin and Drew Herring in the final three races of the season . Though he went winless , Vickers scored 13 top 5 's and 18 top 10 's to finish 10th in points . He would leave for a full - time ride at MWR at the end of the year . Kenny Habul at Road America in 2014 The 20 team continued to run full - time in 2014 . Matt Kenseth drove the No. 20 in a total of 18 races , with GameStop sponsoring 10 races and Reser 's Fine Foods sponsoring 7 races . Sam Hornish , Jr.", "28": "and Kenseth each ran 1 race and Kenny Habul 2 races with Habul 's Sun Energy 1 sponsoring . Darrell Wallace , Jr. ran at Talladega in the spring with Toyota Care and Daytona in July with Coca - Cola `` Share a Coke '' . Daniel Suárez made his debut at RIR , finishing 19th . Michael McDowell ran at both Iowa races with Pizza Ranch . Denny Hamlin returned to the 20 at Chicagoland in September with Sport Clips , finishing 32nd after a blown engine . Development driver Justin Boston , running the full ARCA schedule , made his debut in the 20 at Kentucky later in the month , with sponsor Zloop E-Recycling . Kenseth scored a win in the final race of the season at Homestead Miami Speedway , and the 20 would finish 9th in owners points . ( show ) 2014 driver rotation No. 20 Driver Races Sponsor Matt Kenseth 18 Reser 's Fine Foods , GameStop , Sun Energy 1 Erik Jones NarcolepsyLink.com , Reser 's Fine Foods , GameStop Michael McDowell Pizza Ranch Kenny Habul Sun Energy 1 Darrell Wallace , Jr . Toyota Care , Share a Coke Justin Boston Zloop Sam Hornish , Jr . Sun Energy 1 Daniel Suárez Silent Circle / Telcel Denny Hamlin Sport Clips Erik Jones was scheduled to run a limited schedule in the No. 20 car in 2015 , with Kenny Habul and SunEnergy1 also returning for the three road courses . Jones , whose schedule was expanded due to Kyle Busch 's injury , scored his first Xfinity win in his 9th career start at Texas in April , leading a race - high 79 laps . Ross Kenseth , son of Sprint Cup Series champion Matt Kenseth , made his Xfinity Series debut at Chicagoland Speedway on June 20 . David Ragan made a single start at Daytona in July with Interstate Batteries sponsorship . Kenny Wallace made his final career start in the 20 car at Iowa Speedway in August , with longtime sponsor U.S. Cellular . Wallace started seventh and finished 15th .", "29": "Matt Tifft made his Xfinity Series debut at Kentucky in September , finishing 10th . Denny Hamlin drove a total of six races in the 20 ; two with SunEnergy 1 sponsorship , three with Hisense , and running a throwback scheme at Darlington in September with Sport Clips sponsoring . Hamlin scored three wins , all of which were from the pole starting position . Matt Kenseth ran five races with Reser 's Fine Foods , scoring four - second - place finishes . Erik Jones at Road America . Erik Jones drove the car full - time in 2016 , with Gamestop , Reser 's , Hisense , Interstate Batteries and Dewalt as the sponsors . Jones won 4 times but finished 4th in points after getting trapped behind the slow car of Cole Whitt on the last restart of the final race at Homestead . In 2017 , the 20 is being driven part - time by a variety of different drivers . Denny Hamlin , Erik Jones , Kyle Benjamin , Christopher Bell , and Ryan Preece are among them . Jones drove the car for 18 races starting at Daytona , sweeping the Texas races as well as winning the Bristol spring race . Hamlin drove the car for 3 races and won at Michigan . Suarez drove the 20 for 2 races at Las Vegas and the Bristol fall race , finishing 3rd and 2nd respectively . Benjamin drove the car for 2 races at the spring Richmond race and the first Pocono race , winning the pole in the latter . Bell drove the 20 for 3 races starting at the June Iowa race , where Bell won stage one , led the most laps , but finished 16th after being collected in a crash between the lapped cars of Brennan Poole and Ryan Reed while leading . Ryan Preece drove the car at Loudon , the July Iowa race , and the September Kentucky race . Preece finished 2nd to his teammate Kyle Busch at Loudon . In his next race at Iowa , Preece led the most laps and won the race , then finished 4th at Kentucky . James Davison drove the 20 at Mid Ohio and Road America , leading the most laps at Road America before getting collected in a wreck .", "30": "For 2018 , Christopher Bell will drive the 20 full - time , competing for Rookie of the Year honors . Jason Ratcliff will be his crew chief , moving from the No. 20 cup series team . Camping World Truck Series ( edit ) See also : Kyle Busch Motorsports Erik Jones in 2013 . From 2000 to 2002 , Joe Gibbs fielded trucks numbered 20 and 48 in the then Craftsman Truck Series for his sons Coy and J.D. Gibbs , neither of whom are currently competitors in NASCAR . Coy ran 12 races in 2000 , then the full 2001 and 2002 seasons , with 21 top 10 's and 10th - place points finishes in the latter two seasons . J.D. only ran a total of 8 races over the three seasons , with no top 10 finishes . From 2004 to 2006 , JGR drivers drove in the Truck Series for Chevrolet - affiliated Morgan - Dollar Motorsports , fielding Bobby Labonte , Tony Stewart , Denny Hamlin , J.J. Yeley , Jason Leffler , and Aric Almirola in select races . In 2006 , JGR contracted Spears Motorsports to field Almirola in their 75 truck for his rookie Truck season . Almirola had 3 top 10 's ( compared to 2 top 10 's in four starts the previous year ) , finishing 18th in points . Gibbs after Kyle Busch won the 2015 Toyota / Save Mart 350 JGR drivers currently compete in the Camping World Truck Series through Kyle Busch Motorsports , owned by Cup Series driver Kyle Busch . KBM uses JGR - built engines in competition . Busch himself , along with Todd Gilliland , Harrison Burton , Noah Gragson , David Gilliland , Riley Herbst , Brandon Jones , and Spencer Davis currently drive for KBM . ARCA Racing Series ( edit ) Riley Herbst in 2017 In 1999 , Joe Gibbs Racing field No. 18 car for Jason Leffler for one race . Leffler finish 5th at Atlanta .", "31": "In 2000 , Leffler returned at Charlotte , he started 2nd and led one lap , however he crashed with 55 of 67 laps completed . From 2004 to 2005 , Joe Gibbs Racing partnered with Shaver Motorsports to field development drivers in the ARCA Racing Series . Denny Hamlin finished third in the 2004 season finale at Talladega . J.J. Yeley ran the 2005 season opener at Daytona , as part of his development deal with JGR . Aric Almirola ran the 2005 finale at Talladega . Car No. 18 history ( edit ) Leffler raced one race in 1999 and one race in 2000 with No. 18 . On December 15 , 2016 , it was announced that JGR would field a car for Riley Herbst full - time in the 2017 season . Matt Tifft ran the season opener at Daytona due to Herbst not being eligible to compete in the race . Car No. 81 history ( edit ) In 2017 , Riley Herbst was entered at the season opener in Daytona in the team 's second car ( No. 81 ) , but he was ineligible to race . Herbst and Zane Smith were both were ineligible to run the season opener at Daytona , though ARCA allowed both to participate in practice . Controversy ( edit ) Following the 2008 Chicagoland race , NASCAR made a regulation change specifically to Toyota , which mandated them to run a smaller restrictor plate to cut horsepower by estimated 15 to 20 horsepower ( 15 kW ) from their engines . After the August 16 , 2008 NASCAR Nationwide Series race at Michigan International Speedway , NASCAR used a dynometer to test the horsepower of several cars from all competing manufacturers . While testing the Joe Gibbs Racing cars , officials found that the throttle pedal on the two Joe Gibbs Racing cars had been manipulated using magnets a quarter - inch thick to prevent the accelerator from going 100 percent wide open . Joe Gibbs issued a statement saying `` we will take full responsibility and accept any penalties NASCAR levies against us '' and `` we will also investigate internally how this incident took place and who was involved and make whatever decisions are necessary to ensure that this kind of situation never happens again . ''", "32": "Seven crew members were suspended indefinitely and two drivers and the team were penalized 150 points apiece . Motocross team ( edit ) In 2008 , Gibbs branched out into motorcycle racing , forming the JGRMX team competing in the AMA motocross and supercross championships . The team is based in Huntersville , North Carolina and is managed by Gibbs ' son , Coy Gibbs . On January 5 , 2008 the Muscle Milk / Toyota / JGRMX Team made its racing debut in the first round of the 2008 Supercross Series in Anaheim , CA with riders Josh Hansen and Josh Summey . They had had Josh Grant and Cody Cooper ride for the team in 2009 , with Grant winning the opening round of Supercross at Anaheim . Grant and Justin Brayton rode for the team in 2010 , and Davi Millsaps replaced Grant in 2011 . James Stewart replaced Brayton in 2012 , and won the Oakland Supercross . Grant and Brayton returned as the team 's two riders in 2013 . Phil Nicoletti joined them in 2014 . Justin Barcia and Weston Peick replaced Grant and Brayton on the team in 2015 , with Barcia winning two nationals ( Budds Creek and RedBud ) . In 2017 , the team switched from Yamaha to Suzuki and added a 250cc effort , with Nicoletti and Matt Bisceglia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` KYLE BUSCH WINS FIRST SPRINT CUP SERIES CHAMPIONSHIP '' . nascar.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( January 1 , 2004 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing 2004 preview '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( April 2 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing Diversity Program , 2nd season '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Gibbs '' . joegibbsracing.com . Joe Gibbs Racing .", "33": "Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Gibbs family tradition '' . The Washington Times . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Glick , Shav ( February 10 , 2004 ) . `` Race Team Still Run by a Gibbs : J.D. will replace father Joe , who will again coach the Washington Redskins . '' Los Angeles Times . Daytona Beach , Florida . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's official -- Carl Edwards and Daniel Suarez join JGR '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Newton , David ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gibbs makes formal announcement on Toyota move '' . ESPN Sprint Cup . Huntersville , North Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Toyota , Joe Gibbs Racing to merge engine - building shops '' . USA Today . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sporting News Wire Service ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` JOE GIBBS RACING , TRD FORGE ENGINE PARTNERSHIP '' . NASCAR . NASCAR , Sporting News . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NSSN Staff ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Lucas Joins RAB Racing '' . National Speed Sport News . Concord , North Carolina : National Speed Sport News . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knight , Chris ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Dakoda Armstrong Opens Up About Move To JGL Racing in 2016 '' . Catchfence.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Newton , David ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Kyle Busch signs deal with JGR '' .", "34": "ESPN.go.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Albert , Zach ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` KBM LOGS 51ST CAMPING WORLD TRUCKS SERIES WIN , MOST IN SERIES '' . nascar.com . Sparta , Kentucky . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Pokrefky ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Matt Tifft Racing Truck Opener for Venturini Motorsports '' . The Fourth Turn . Mooresville , North Carolina . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Zyla , Greg ( July 2013 ) . `` Industry Insights : Bill Venturini Sr. , Venturini Motorsports '' . PRI Magazine . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Cain , Holly ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` FURNITURE ROW WILL FIELD TOYOTA CAMRYS IN 2016 '' . NASCAR . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cain , Holly ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` FURNITURE ROW ADDS ERIK JONES TO GROWING TEAM '' . NASCAR . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Gibbs Racing ( October 14 , 2004 ) . `` JGR announces third car in 2005 : FedEx To Sponsor Third Gibbs Car , Leffler Named as Driver '' . motorsport.com . Charlotte , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Talladega II : News of note '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . October 10 , 2004 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : GM Racing ( July 28 , 2004 ) . `` JJ Yeley to make debut at Michigan '' . motorsport.com .", "35": "Statesville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : DeGroot , Nick ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` The 2005 Coke 600 - A race we will never forget '' . Motorsport.com . Motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( June 7 , 2005 ) . `` JGR hires Ford for Leffler 's car '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( June 15 , 2005 ) . `` Terry Labonte to drive JGR No. 11 in Sonoma '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( August 9 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing releases Leffler from ride '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ GM Racing ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing , Hamlin interview '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Homestead Miami Speedway ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Final chance at Homestead for 2006 Shootout spot '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Atlanta Motor Speedway ( February 9 , 2006 ) . `` Atlanta Motor Speedway welcomes 2006 rookie class '' . motorsport.com .", "36": "Hampton , Georgia : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dale Earnhardt , Inc. , Budweiser ( February 13 , 2006 ) . `` Daytona Shootout : Dale Earnhardt Jr race report '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Graves , Gary ( June 11 , 2006 ) . `` Rookie Hamlin charges to first win at Pocono '' . USA Today Motor Sports . Long Pond , Pennsylvania : USA Today . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` Hamlin sweeps Pocono , races into Chase contention '' . USA Today Motor Sports . Long Pond , Pennsylvania : USA Today . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Joey Logano , Denny Hamlin continue feud at Bristol '' . USA Today . Bristol , Tennessee : USA Today . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` Denny Hamlin injured after last - lap crash with Joey Logano at California '' . Sporting News . Fontana , California : Sporting News . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Denny Hamlin still upset with Joey Logano , says rival wrecked him intentionally '' . Sporting News . Huntersville , North Carolina : Sporting News . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` Denny Hamlin : Joey Logano still getting silent treatment '' . Sporting News . Bristol , Tennessee : Sporting News . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Kenny ( June 16 , 2013 ) .", "37": "`` HAMLIN HONORS LEFFLER WITH 2005 PAINT SCHEME '' . NASCAR.com . Brooklyn , Michigan : NASCAR.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PAINT SCHEME PREVIEW : MICHIGAN '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR . June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Denny Hamlin will drive the No. 11 FedEx Express Toyota . Jump up ^ Bromberg , Nick ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` Denny Hamlin to miss race at Auto Club , Sam Hornish Jr. to fill in '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 27 , 2000 ) . `` Labonte , GM Win Dura - Lube '' . CBS News . CBS News . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Estrada , Chris ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` NASCAR : Rudd , Jarrett , Bobby Labonte look back on Brickyard 400 triumphs '' . NBC Sports . NBC Sports . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( September 4 , 2000 ) . `` Labonte leaves pits first , wins Southern 500 '' . ESPN.go.com/auto . Darlington , South Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wine , Steven ( November 13 , 2000 ) . `` Labonte Wins Winston Cup '' . ABC News . Homestead , Florida : ABC News . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newton , David ( August 17 , 2007 ) . `` Kyle Busch says Gibbs gives him shot to contend now '' . ESPN.go.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` M&M 's Will Sponsor Kyle Busch on Gibbs ' No. 18 Toyota '' . The Salem News .", "38": "Hackettstown , New Jersey : The Salem News . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Kyle Busch apologizes after being parked for Texas weekend '' . USA Today . Fort Worth , Texas : USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peltz , Jim ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` NASCAR 's Kyle Busch apologetic after sponsor exits for two races '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff Report ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` JGR REVEALS KYLE BUSCH 'S NEW 2015 PAINT SCHEME '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drivers Confirmed to Pilot No. 54 Monster Energy Toyota in Upcoming NASCAR XFINITY Series Events '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Crafton to sub for injured Kyle Busch '' . Racer . Haymarket Publications . February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Ragan to sub for Kyle Busch in No. 18 Toyota '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Media Group , LLC . February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Lee ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` What 's next for Erik Jones ? '' . motorsport.com . Fort Worth , Texas : motorsport.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Ragan To Drive No. 55 '' . Michael Waltrip Racing. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Erik Jones to Pilot the No. 18 M&M 'S ® Toyota Camry Starting at Kansas Speedway '' . Joe Gibbs Racing. April 30 , 2015 .", "39": "Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` Erik Jones ' Sprint Cup debut comes to premature end after strong run '' . motorsport.com . Kansas City , Kansas : motorsport.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` NASCAR waives Chase eligibility for Kyle Busch '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Rowdy rocks Sonoma '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( July 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kyle Busch sweeps the weekend , wins Brickyard 400 '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 's reveals Kyle Busch 's new All - Star Race number '' . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` Almirola to debut at Las Vegas '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ginn Racing ( July 18 , 2007 ) . `` Ginn Racing outlines future plans '' . motorsport.com . Mooresville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mejia , Diego ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Logano to race Cup for Gibbs in 2009 '' . Autosport.com . Autosport . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` Too late , but Kyle Busch has another promising run '' . Sporting News . Sporting News .", "40": "Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pace , David ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Farm Bureau Insurance To Sponsor JGR Sprint Cups in 2009 '' . Bleacher Report . Bleacher Report . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( October 14 , 2009 ) . `` Charlotte II : David Gilliland preview '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Elliott Sadler will drive three races for JGR 's fourth team '' . Sporting News . Sporting News . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sadler 's day ends early at Kansas : Alert Energy driver finishes disappointing 40th '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Brant ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Carl Edwards to join JGR in 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JGR ANNOUNCES NEW SPONSORS FOR KENSETH , EDWARDS '' . NASCAR.com . September 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Gibbs Racing Announces 2015 Crew Chief Lineup '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Edwards steps away from racing ; Daniel Suarez to wheel No. 19 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Worrall , Catherine ( June 23 , 2008 ) . `` Is Toyota A Curse For Tony Stewart ? '' . Bleacher Report . Bleacher Report .", "41": "Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( October 5 , 2008 ) . `` Regan Smith pushes for win , but Tony Stewart gets victory at Talladega '' . Daily News . Talladega , Alabama : Daily News . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Marty ; McGee , Ryan ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` Stewart granted release from Gibbs , will move to Haas '' . ESPN.go.com . Charlotte , North Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Newton , Dave ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Stewart parting with JGR after Sunday the end of something special '' . ESPN.go.com . Homestead , Florida : ESPN . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Merritt ( April 25 , 2008 ) . `` Tony Stewart looking at making a return to Chevrolet '' . Autoblog.com . Autoblog.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Logano wins for 1st time in 20 starts '' . ESPN . Loudon , New Hampshire : ESPN . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busbee , Jay ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` Joey Logano claws his way to Rookie of the Year '' . Yahoo !. Yahoo !. Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Carl Edwards , Matt Kenseth get new sponsors with Gibbs '' . Sporting News NASCAR . Huntersville , North Carolina : Sporting News . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR suspends Matt Kenseth for two Sprint Cup races '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Erik Jones to drive No. 20 Cup car at Texas '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 .", "42": "Jump up ^ Press Release ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Brian Scott to drive No. 11 JGR Toyota with crew chief Kevin Kidd in Nationwide '' . SkirtsAndSkuffs.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : Skirts and Skuffs . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Notebook : Brian Scott signs to drive for Joe Gibbs Racing in NASCAR Nationwide Series '' . MassLive.com . Fort Worth , Texas : MassLive.com . November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : James , Brant ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Brian Scott has shown he belongs '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dollar General Announces Racing Plans for 2012 '' . newscenter.dollargeneral.com . Goodlettsville , Tennessee : Dollar General . October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Elliott Sadler lands full time Nationwide Series ride with Joe Gibbs Racing '' . Sporting News . Homestead , Florida : Sporting News . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vinvent , Amanda ( May 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sadler survives late - race carnage to win at Talladega '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ELLIOTT SADLER TO JOIN ROUSH FENWAY IN 2015 '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BUSCH : USAC star Yeley gets the call to NASCAR '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . November 23 , 2003 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( February 16 , 2004 ) . `` BUSCH : JGR announces sponsor for Yeley '' . motorsport.com .", "43": "Daytona Beach , Florida : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chemris , Thomas ( March 9 , 2004 ) . `` BUSCH : Beating Around the Busch , chapter 6 '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BUSCH : 2004 Rookie standings '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . December 2 , 2004 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BUSCH : JGR sign Coleman and sponsor '' . motorsport.com . Concord , North Carolina : motorsport.com . January 25 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` BUSCH : Conway debuts for JGR at Bristol '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Gibbs Racing ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` Brad Coleman returns to Joe Gibbs Racing '' . motorsport.com . Charlotte , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` Memphis : Marc Davis debut preview '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Estrada , Chris ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` NASCAR : Mexican rising star Daniel Suarez moving up to Nationwide '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeGroot , Nick ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Five most impressive drivers from 2015 NASCAR Xfinity season '' .", "44": "motorsport.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Lee ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing reveals 2016 Xfinity crew chief lineup '' . motorsport.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bromberg , Nick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Bobby Labonte back with Joe Gibbs Racing for Daytona Xfinity race '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Team release ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` MATT TIFFT TO MAKE 13 STARTS IN XFINITY SERIES FOR JGR '' . NASCAR.com . Huntersville , North Carolina . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tifft undergoes surgery to remove brain tumor '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` JGR announces driver change for XFINITY Iowa race '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` What rust ? Hornish stomps field en route to Iowa win '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Lee ( January 5 , 2014 ) . `` Sources : Hornish to share car with Kyle Busch in Nationwide Series '' . FOX Sports . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Nationwide Series 2013 : Final owner point standings '' . motorsportsone.com . Motorsports One . 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` Opportunity seized : Hornish Jr. wins Newton 250 NNS race at Iowa '' . foxsports.com . Newton , Iowa ( Iowa Speedway ) : Fox Sports . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Team release ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` ERIK JONES ' XFINITY SERIES SPONSOR LINEUP FOR 2016 '' .", "45": "NASCAR.com . Huntersville , North Carolina . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Daniel Suarez becomes first Mexican driver to win NASCAR national series race '' . espn.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pistone , Pete ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Suarez Winner and Champion '' . MRN.com . Motor Racing Network . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Tifft lands full - time XFINITY ride with JGR '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ConAgra Foods and Coy Gibbs Combine Forces for Five Races on the NASCAR Busch Series '' . PR Newswire . Omaha , Nebraska . August 19 , 2002 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamlin takes checkered flag at Milwaukee , but Almirola wins '' . USA Today . June 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Brian Vickers driving full 2013 Nationwide schedule for Joe Gibbs Racing '' . Sporting News NASCAR . Sporting News . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Brian Vickers has blood clot , will miss rest of season '' . USA Today . Concord , North Carolina : USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reser 's Fine Foods and GameStop Return to Sponsor Matt Kenseth in 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series '' . Business Wire . January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SunEnergy1 Sponsors Four NASCAR Nationwide Races : Matt Kenseth , Sam Hornish Jr. and Kenny Habul to Pilot No. 20 SunEnergy1 Toyota '' . joegibbsracing.com . Joe Gibbs Racing , Toyota . 2014 .", "46": "Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Reid ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Harvick wins Chicagoland Nationwide race '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Joliet , Illinois : Yahoo !. Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Boston 's Nationwide Series coming out party is scheduled for Saturday at Kentucky Speedway '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff Report ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` NASCAR NATIONWIDE SERIES OWNER STANDINGS '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jones to Run Full - Time NASCAR Camping World Truck Series and Part - Time NASCAR XFINITY Series Schedule in 2015 '' . Joe Gibbs Racing / Kyle Busch Motorsports . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Staff Report ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` IOWA TO MARK KENNY WALLACE 'S LAST START : Veteran driver will pilot No. 20 Toyota before calling it a career '' . NASCAR.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Amanda ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` Erik Jones holds off Keselowski and Earnhardt to win first XFINITY race '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Kenseth is ready for his NASCAR debut '' . motorsport.com . Bristol , Tennessee : motorsport.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Tifft Joins Joe Gibbs Racing Lineup For Kentucky Speedway '' . Chris Knight via Catchfence . September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 .", "47": "Jump up ^ `` Sport Clips Haircuts Expands Partnership with Joe Gibbs Racing for 2015 Season '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` J.D. Gibbs treated for complications due to head injuries '' . Motorsport.com . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hewitt New Chief For Coy Gibbs '' . Motor Racing Network . November 8 , 2001 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brother on brother : Gibbs boys continue rivalry '' . Crash.net . May 2001 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JD Gibbs Rides Again '' . Motor Racing Network . September 5 , 2001 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ General Motors Racing ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` Almirola to drive for Spears Motorsports '' . motorsport.com . Mooresville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aric Almirola '' . racing-reference.info. 2014 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hixson Motorsports Beckons for Buice at Palm Beach Int'l Raceway Roadcourse ... '' Automobile Racing Club of America . Soddy - Daisy , Tennessee . February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Gibbs Racing Taps Shaver Motorsports To Field Car For Yeley at Daytona '' . Automobile Racing Club of America . Huntersville , North Carolina . May 6 , 2005 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie Riley Herbst joins Joe Gibbs Racing for ARCA ride in 2017 '' . Automobile Racing Club of America . Las Vegas . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Long , Mark ( February 17 , 2017 ) .", "48": "`` After brain tumor , Tifft welcomes ' different chapter ' '' . Associated Press , MSN Sports . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mejia , Diego ( August 18 , 2008 ) . `` Gibbs facing penalties for dyno ' cheat ' '' . Autosport . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Long , Dustin ( August 20 , 2008 ) . `` NASCAR heavily penalizes Joe Gibbs Racing '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASCAR drivers , Joe Gibbs get behind Supercross '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JGRMX Team '' . jgrmx.com . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joe Gibbs Racing . Team Website Motocross Team Website Joe Gibbs owner statistics at Racing - Reference Coy Gibbs owner statistics at Racing - Reference Links to related articles Joe Gibbs Racing Management Joe Gibbs J.D. 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-727723498305027307	how many steps does the cn tower have	[ "2,579", "2,579 steps", "2,579 steps", "2,579" ]	{ "0": "CN Tower - Wikipedia CN Tower Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the CN Tower in Toronto , Ontario . For the tower in Edmonton , Alberta , see CN Tower ( Edmonton ) . CN Tower Tour CN CN Tower is the world 's 9th tallest free - standing structure . Location within Toronto Alternative names Canadian National Tower , Canada 's National Tower Record height Tallest in the world from 1975 to 2007 Preceded by Ostankino Tower Surpassed by Burj Khalifa General information Status Complete Type Mixed use : Observation , telecommunications , attraction , restaurant Location 301 Front Street West Toronto , Ontario M5V 2T6 Coordinates 43 ° 38 ′ 33.36 '' N 79 ° 23 ′ 13.56 '' W / 43.6426000 ° N 79.3871000 ° W / 43.6426000 ; - 79.3871000 Coordinates : 43 ° 38 ′ 33.36 '' N 79 ° 23 ′ 13.56 '' W / 43.6426000 ° N 79.3871000 ° W / 43.6426000 ; - 79.3871000 Construction started 1973 Completed 1976 Opening June 26 , 1976 Cost CDN $ 63,000,000 Owner Canada Lands Company Height Antenna spire 553.3 m ( 1,815.3 ft ) Roof 457.2 m ( 1,500.0 ft ) Top floor 446.5 m ( 1,464.9 ft ) Technical details Floor count Equivalent of a 147 story building Lifts / elevators 9 Design and construction Architect WZMH Architects : John Andrews , Webb Zerafa , Menkes Housden Website www.cntower.ca References The CN Tower ( French : Tour CN ) is a 553.3 m - high ( 1,815.3 ft ) concrete communications and observation tower in downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada .", "1": "Built on the former Railway Lands , it was completed in 1976 , and held the record for the world 's tallest free - standing structure for 32 years from 1975 -- 2007 and was the world 's tallest tower until 2009 being overtaken by Burj Khalifa and Canton Tower , respectively . It is now the third tallest tower in the world and remains the tallest free - standing structure in the Western Hemisphere , a signature icon of Toronto 's skyline , attracting more than two million international visitors annually . Its name `` CN '' originally referred to Canadian National , the railway company that built the tower . Following the railway 's decision to divest non-core freight railway assets prior to the company 's privatization in 1995 , it transferred the tower to the Canada Lands Company , a federal Crown corporation responsible for real estate development . In 1995 , the CN Tower was declared one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World by the American Society of Civil Engineers . It also belongs to the World Federation of Great Towers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Construction 1.1. 1 Phases of construction 1.1. 2 Architects 1.2 Opening 2 Events 3 Structure 3.1 EdgeWalk 3.2 Falling ice danger 3.3 Safety features 4 Lighting 5 Height comparisons 5.1 Height distinction debate 5.1. 1 `` World 's Tallest Tower '' title 5.1. 2 Height records 6 Use 6.1 Television broadcasters 6.2 Radio 6.3 Cellular and paging providers 6.4 Communications 7 Mascot 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History The CN Tower illuminated , as seen from the Toronto Islands The idea of the CN Tower originated in 1968 when the Canadian National Railway wanted to build a large TV and radio communication platform to serve the Toronto area , as well as demonstrate the strength of Canadian industry and CN in particular . These plans evolved over the next few years , and the project became official in 1972 .", "2": "The tower would have been part of Metro Centre ( see CityPlace ) , a large development south of Front Street on the Railway Lands , a large railway switching yard that was being made redundant by newer yards outside the city . Key project team members were NCK Engineering as structural engineer ; John Andrews Architects ; Webb , Zerafa , Menkes , Housden Architects ; Foundation Building Construction ; and Canron ( Eastern Structural Division ) . As Toronto grew rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s , multiple skyscrapers were constructed in the downtown core , most notably First Canadian Place . The reflective nature of the new buildings compromised the quality of broadcast signals necessitating new , higher antennas that were at least 300 m ( 980 ft ) tall . At the time , most data communications took place over point - to - point microwave links , whose dish antennae covered the roofs of large buildings . As each new skyscraper was added to the downtown , former line - of - sight links were no longer possible . CN intended to rent `` hub '' space for microwave links , visible from almost any building in the Toronto area . The CN Tower can be seen from at least as far away as Kennedy Street in Aurora , Ontario , approximately 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the north , 60 km ( 37 mi ) east of Toronto , in Oshawa , and from several points on the south shore of Lake Ontario , 48 km ( 30 mi ) to the south in the U.S. state of New York . The original plan for the tower envisioned a tripod consisting of three independent cylindrical `` pillars '' linked at various heights by structural bridges . Had it been built , this design would have been considerably shorter , with the metal antenna located roughly where the concrete section between the main level and the SkyPod lies today . As the design effort continued , it evolved into the current design with a single continuous hexagonal core to the SkyPod , with three support legs blended into the hexagon below the main level , forming a large Y - shape structure at the ground level . The idea for the main level in its current form evolved around this time , but the Space Deck ( now named SkyPod ) was not part of the plans until some time later .", "3": "One engineer in particular felt that visitors would feel the higher observation deck would be worth paying extra for , and the costs in terms of construction were not prohibitive . It was also some time around this point that it was realized that the tower could become the world 's tallest structure , and plans were changed to incorporate subtle modifications throughout the structure to this end . Construction Map showing the location of the CN Tower and nearby buildings and structures Construction on the CN Tower began on February 6 , 1973 , with massive excavations at the tower base for the foundation . By the time the foundation was complete , 56,000 t ( 61,729 short tons ; 55,116 long tons ) of earth and shale were removed to a depth of 15 m ( 49.2 ft ) in the centre , and a base incorporating 7,000 m ( 9,156 cu yd ) of concrete with 450 t ( 496 short tons ; 443 long tons ) of rebar and 36 t ( 40 short tons ; 35 long tons ) of steel cable had been built to a thickness of 6.7 m ( 22.0 ft ) . This portion of the construction was fairly rapid , with only four months needed between the start and the foundation being ready for construction on top . To create the main support pillar , workers constructed a hydraulically raised slipform at the base . This was a fairly unprecedented engineering feat on its own , consisting of a large metal platform that raised itself on jacks at about 6 m ( 19.7 ft ) per day as the concrete below set . Concrete was poured continuously by a team of 1,532 people until February 22 , 1974 , during which it had already become the tallest structure in Canada , surpassing the recently built Inco Superstack in Sudbury , which was built using similar methods . In total , the tower contains 40,500 m ( 52,972 cu yd ) of concrete , all of which was mixed on - site in order to ensure batch consistency . Through the pour , the vertical accuracy of the tower was maintained by comparing the slip form 's location to massive plumb bobs hanging from it , observed by small telescopes from the ground . Over the height of the tower , it varies from true vertical accuracy by only 29 mm ( 1.1 in ) .", "4": "Skycrane `` Olga '' lifting antenna segment In August 1974 , construction of the main level commenced . Using 45 hydraulic jacks attached to cables strung from a temporary steel crown anchored to the top of the tower , twelve giant steel and wooden bracket forms were slowly raised , ultimately taking about a week to crawl up to their final position . These forms were used to create the brackets that support the main level , as well as a base for the construction of the main level itself . The Space Deck ( currently named SkyPod ) was built of concrete poured into a wooden frame attached to rebar at the lower level deck , and then reinforced with a large steel compression band around the outside . The antenna was originally to be raised by crane as well , but during construction the Sikorsky S - 64 Skycrane helicopter became available when the United States Army sold one to civilian operators . The helicopter , named `` Olga '' , was first used to remove the crane , and then flew the antenna up in 36 sections . The flights of the antenna pieces were a minor tourist attraction of their own , and the schedule was printed in the local newspapers . Use of the helicopter saved months of construction time , with this phase taking only three and a half weeks instead of the planned six months . The tower was topped - off on April 2 , 1975 , after 26 months of construction , officially capturing the height record from Moscow 's Ostankino Tower , and bringing the total mass to 118,000 t ( 130,073 short tons ; 116,136 long tons ) . Two years into the construction , plans for Metro Centre were scrapped , leaving the tower isolated on the Railway Lands in what was then a largely abandoned light - industrial space . This caused serious problems for tourists to access the tower . Ned Baldwin , project architect with John Andrews , wrote at the time that `` All of the logic which dictated the design of the lower accommodation has been upset , '' and that `` Under such ludicrous circumstances Canadian National would hardly have chosen this location to build . ''", "5": "Phases of construction Constructing the base , July 1973 Brackets being raised , August 1974 Helicopter lifting part of antenna , March 1975 Main pod construction , April 1975 Nearing completion , December 1975 Two months after opening , August 1976 Architects WZMH Architects John Hamilton Andrews Webb Zerafa Menkes Housden with the help of E.R. Baldwin Opening View of Toronto 's Financial District from the CN Tower in 2008 The CN Tower opened to the public on June 26 , 1976 . The construction costs of approximately CA $ 63 million ( $260 million in 2016 dollars ) were repaid in fifteen years . Canadian National Railway sold the tower prior to taking the company private in 1995 , when it decided to divest all operations not directly related to its core freight shipping businesses . From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s , the CN Tower was practically the only development along Front Street West ; it was still possible to see Lake Ontario from the foot of the CN Tower due to the expansive parking lots and lack of development in the area at the time . As the area around the tower was developed , particularly with the completion of the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in 1984 and the SkyDome in 1989 ( renamed Rogers Centre in 2005 ) , the former Railway Lands were redeveloped and the tower became the centre of a newly developing entertainment area . Access was greatly improved with the construction of the SkyWalk in 1989 , which connected the tower and SkyDome to the nearby Union Station railway and subway station , and , in turn , to the city 's PATH underground pedestrian system . By the mid-1990s , it was the centre of a thriving tourist district . The entire area continues to be an area of intense building , notably a boom in condominium construction in the first two decades of the 21st century , as well as the 2013 opening of the Ripley 's Aquarium by the base of the tower . Events Fireworks display on the CN Tower during the opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games . While still under construction , the CN Tower officially became the world 's tallest free - standing structure on March 31 , 1975 .", "6": "When the CN Tower opened in 1976 , there were three public observation points : the SkyPod ( then known as the Space Deck ) that stands at 447 m ( 1,467 ft ) , the Indoor Observation Level ( later named Indoor Lookout Level ) at 346 m ( 1,135 ft ) , and the Outdoor Observation Terrace ( at the same level as the Glass Floor ) at 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) . One floor above the Indoor Observation Level was the Top of Toronto Restaurant , which completed a revolution once every 90 minutes . Stuntman Dar Robinson jumped off of the CN Tower on two occasions in 1979 and 1980 . The first was for a scene from the movie Highpoint , in which Robinson received $250,000 for the stunt . The second was for a personal documentary . Both stunts used a wire decelerator attached to his back . On June 26 , 1986 , the ten - year anniversary of the tower 's opening , high - rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin , in a sponsored publicity event , used his hands and feet to climb the outside of the tower , a feat he performed twice on the same day . Following both ascents , he used multiple rappels to descend to the ground . The Glass Floor , at an elevation of 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) , opened to the public on June 26 , 1994 . From 1997 to January 2004 , TrizecHahn Corporation managed the tower and instituted several expansion projects including a C $ 26 million entertainment expansion and revitalization that included the 1997 addition of two new elevators ( to a total of six ) and the consequential relocation of the staircase from the north side leg to inside the core of the building , a conversion that also added nine stairs to the climb . TrizecHahn also owned the Willis Tower ( Sears Tower at the time ) in Chicago approximately at the same time . In 2007 , light - emitting diode ( LED ) lights replaced the incandescent lights that lit the CN Tower at night , the reason cited that LED lights are more cost and energy efficient than the incandescent lights . The colour of the LED lights can change , compared to the constant white colour of the incandescent lights .", "7": "On September 12 , 2007 , Burj Khalifa , then under construction , surpassed the CN Tower as the world 's tallest free - standing structure . In 2008 , glass panels were installed in one of the CN Tower elevators , which established a world record ( 346 m ) for highest glass floor panelled elevator in the world . The CN Tower was closed during the G20 summit on June 26 -- 27 , 2010 , for security reasons , given its proximity to the Metro Toronto Convention Centre . In 2011 , EdgeWalk ( where at an elevation of 356 metres ( 1,168 ft ) , visitors tethered to an overhead rail system can walk on the roof of the main pod ) opened to the public . On July 10 , 2015 , the CN Tower was incorporated into the opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games . A pre-recorded segment featured Bruny Surin passing the flame to Donovan Bailey on the EdgeWalk and parachuting into Rogers Centre . A fireworks display off the tower served as the ceremony 's finale . On July 1 , 2017 , as part of the nationwide celebrations for Canada 150 , fireworks were once again shot from the tower , in a five - minute display coordinated with the tower lights and music broadcast on a local radio station . Structure Play media Elevator going up Play media View from 360 Restaurant The CN Tower consists of several substructures . The main portion of the tower is a hollow concrete hexagonal pillar containing the stairwells and power and plumbing connections . The Tower 's six elevators are located in the three inverted angles created by the Tower 's hexagonal shape ( two elevators per angle ) . Each of the three elevator shafts is lined with glass , allowing for views of the city as the glass - windowed elevators make their way through the Tower . The stairwell was originally located in one of these angles ( the one facing north ) , but was moved into the central hollow of the Tower ; the Tower 's new fifth and sixth elevators were placed in the hexagonal angle that once contained the stairwell . On top of the main concrete portion of the Tower is a 102 - metre ( 334.6 ft ) tall metal broadcast antenna , carrying TV and radio signals .", "8": "There are three visitor areas : the Glass Floor and Outdoor Observation Terrace which are both located at an elevation of 342 metres ( 1,122 ft ) , the Indoor Lookout Level ( formerly known as `` Indoor Observation Level '' ) located at 346 metres ( 1,135 ft ) , and the higher SkyPod ( formerly known as `` Space Deck '' ) at 446.5 metres ( 1,465 ft ) , just below the metal antenna . The hexagonal shape can be seen between the two areas ; however , below the main deck , three large supporting legs give the tower the appearance of a large tripod . The main deck level is seven storeys , some of which are open to the public . Below the public areas -- at 338 m ( 1,108.9 ft ) -- is a large white donut - shaped radome containing the structure 's microwave receivers . The glass floor and outdoor observation deck are at 342 metres ( 1,122.0 ft ) . The glass floor has an area of 24 m ( 258 sq ft ) and can withstand a pressure of 4,100 kilopascals ( 595 psi ) . The floor 's thermal glass units are 64 mm ( 2.5 in ) thick , consisting of a pane of 25 - millimetre ( 1.0 in ) laminated glass , 25 mm ( 1.0 in ) airspace and a pane of 13 mm ( 0.5 in ) laminated glass . Some people experience acrophobia when standing on the glass floor and looking down at the ground 342 m ( 1,122.0 ft ) below . In 2008 , one elevator was upgraded to add a glass floor panel , believed to have the highest vertical rise of any elevator equipped with this feature . The Horizons Cafe and the lookout level are at 346 metres ( 1,135.2 ft ) . The 360 Restaurant , a revolving restaurant that completes a full rotation once every 72 minutes , is at 351 m ( 1,151.6 ft ) . When the tower first opened , it also featured a disco named Sparkles ( at the Indoor Observation Level ) , billed as the highest disco and dance floor in the world .", "9": "The SkyPod was once the highest public observation deck in the world until it was surpassed by the Shanghai World Financial Center in 2008 . A metal staircase reaches the main deck level after 1,776 steps , and the SkyPod 100 m ( 328 ft ) above after 2,579 steps ; it is the tallest metal staircase on Earth . These stairs are intended for emergency use only and are not open to the public , except for two times per year for charity stair - climb events . The average climber takes approximately 30 minutes to climb to the base of the radome , but the fastest climb on record is 7 minutes and 52 seconds in 1989 by Brendan Keenoy , an Ontario Provincial Police officer . In 2002 , Canadian Olympian and Paralympic champion Jeff Adams climbed the stairs of the tower in a specially designed wheelchair . The stairs were originally on one of the three sides of the tower ( facing north ) , with a glass view , but these were later replaced with the third elevator pair and the stairs were moved to the inside of the core . Top climbs on the new , windowless stairwell used since around 2003 have generally been over ten minutes . Inside 360 Restaurant Main Pod Cross-section of Main Pod Standing on glass floor View though glass floor EdgeWalk The EdgeWalk On August 1 , 2011 , the CN Tower opened the EdgeWalk , an amusement in which thrill - seekers can walk on and around the roof of the main pod of the tower at 356 m ( 1,168.0 ft ) , which is directly above the 360 Restaurant . It is the world 's highest full - circle , hands - free walk . Visitors are tethered to an overhead rail system and walk around the edge of the CN Tower 's main pod above the 360 Restaurant on a 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) metal floor . The attraction is closed throughout the winter season and during periods of electrical storms and high winds . One of the notable guests who visited EdgeWalk includes Canadian comedian Rick Mercer , as featured on his CBC Television news parody show , Rick Mercer Report . He was accompanied by Canadian pop singer Jann Arden .", "10": "Falling ice danger Looking east at the CN Tower from the Gardiner Expressway A freezing rain storm on March 2 , 2007 , resulted in a layer of ice several centimetres thick forming on the side of the tower and other downtown buildings . The sun thawed the ice , and winds of up to 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) blew some of it away from the structure . There were fears that cars and windows of nearby buildings would be smashed by large chunks of ice . In response , police closed some streets surrounding the tower . During morning rush hour on March 5 of the same year , police expanded the area of closed streets to include the Gardiner Expressway 310 metres ( 1,017 ft ) away from the tower , as increased winds blew the ice farther away , as far north as King Street , 490 m ( 1,608 ft ) away , where a taxicab window was shattered . Subsequently , on March 6 , 2007 , the Gardiner Expressway reopened after winds abated . Safety features In August 2000 , a fire broke out at the Ostankino Tower in Moscow killing three people and causing extensive damage . The fire was blamed on poor maintenance and outdated equipment . The failure of the fire - suppression systems and the lack of proper equipment for firefighters allowed the fire to destroy most of the interior and spark fears the tower might even collapse . The Ostankino Tower was completed nine years before the CN Tower , and is only 13 m ( 43 ft ) shorter . The parallels between the towers led to some concern that the CN Tower could be at risk of a similar tragedy . However , Canadian officials subsequently stated that it is `` highly unlikely '' that a similar disaster could occur at the CN Tower , as it has important safeguards that were not present in the Ostankino Tower .", "11": "Specifically , officials cited : the fireproof building materials used in the tower 's construction , frequent and stringent safety inspections , an extensive sprinkler system , a 24 - hour emergency monitoring operation , two 68,160 - litre ( 15,000 - imperial gallon ; 18,006 - US gallon ) water reservoirs at the top , which are automatically replenished , a fire hose at the base of the structure capable of sending 2725 litres ( 600 imperial gallons ; 720 US Gallon ) a minute to any location in the tower , a ban on natural gas appliances anywhere in the tower ( including the restaurant in the main pod ) , an elevator that can be used during a fire as it runs up the outside of the building and can be powered by three emergency generators at the base of the structure ( unlike the elevator at the Ostankino Tower , which malfunctioned ) . Officials also noted that the CN Tower has an excellent safety record , although there was an electrical fire in the antennae on August 16 , 2017 -- the tower 's first fire . Moreover , other supertall structures built between 1967 and 1976 -- such as the Willis Tower ( formerly the Sears Tower ) , the World Trade Center ( until its destruction on September 11 , 2001 ) , the Fernsehturm Berlin , the Aon Center , the John Hancock Center , and First Canadian Place -- also have excellent safety records , which suggests that the Ostankino Tower accident was a rare safety failure , and that the likelihood of similar events occurring at other supertall structures is extremely low . Panoramic view from the CN Tower . The Toronto Islands and the island airport on Lake Ontario are visible on the left side of the image while buildings of Toronto 's Financial District are visible on the right . Lighting The CN Tower illuminated in the colours of the French flag in memoriam to the November 2015 Paris attacks The CN Tower was originally lit at night with incandescent lights , which were removed in 1997 , because they were inefficient and expensive to repair . In June 2007 , the tower was outfitted with 1,330 super-bright LED lights inside the elevator shafts , shooting over the main pod and upward to the top of the tower 's mast to light the tower from dusk until 2 a.m.", "12": "The official opening ceremony took place on June 28 before the Canada Day holiday weekend . The tower changes its lighting scheme on holidays and to commemorate major events . After the 95th Grey Cup in Toronto , the tower was lit in green and white to represent the colours of the Grey Cup champion Saskatchewan Roughriders . From sundown on August 27 , 2011 , to sunrise the following day , the tower was lit in orange , the official colour of the New Democratic Party ( NDP ) , to commemorate the death of federal NDP leader and leader of the official opposition Jack Layton . When former South African president Nelson Mandela died , the tower was lit in the colours of the South African flag . When former federal finance minister under Stephen Harper 's Conservatives Jim Flaherty died , the tower was lit in green to reflect his Irish Canadian heritage . On the night of the attacks on Paris on November 13 , 2015 , the tower displayed the colours of the French flag . Programmed from a desktop computer with a wireless network interface controller in Burlington , Ontario , the LEDs use less energy to light than the previous incandescent lights ( 10 % less energy than the dimly lit version and 60 % less than the brightly lit version ) . The estimated cost to use the LEDs is $1,000 per month . During the spring and autumn bird migration seasons , the lights would be turned off to comply with the voluntary Fatal Light Awareness Program , which `` encourages buildings to dim unnecessary exterior lighting to mitigate bird mortality during spring and summer migration . ''", "13": "Date Colour Occasion Ongoing Red and White Top of the hour CN Tower light show January 26 Light Blue and Yellow World Alzheimer Day February 4 Orange and Blue World Cancer Day February 14 Red Valentine 's Day March 17 Green Saint Patrick 's Day March 21 -- June 20 Decreased Lighting Bird Migration - Lighting is decreased during spring bird migration September 23 -- December 20 Decreased Lighting Bird Migration - Lighting is decreased during autumn bird migration December Red and Green Season 's Greetings December 1 Red World AIDS Day December 6 Purple White Ribbon Day December 10 Yellow Human Rights Day December 21 Blue and White First Day of Winter December 31 Countdown to 2019 and Light Show New Year 's Eve Height comparisons CN Tower as seen from its base . Burj Khalifa , Dubai CN Tower , Toronto Willis Tower , Chicago Comparison of the CN Tower with the world 's seven tallest towers The CN Tower is the tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere . As of 2013 , there are only two other freestanding structures in the Western Hemisphere which exceed 500 m ( 1,640.4 ft ) in height ; the Willis Tower in Chicago , which stands at 527 m ( 1,729.0 ft ) when measured to its pinnacle ; and the topped - out One World Trade Center in New York City , which has a pinnacle height of 541.33 m ( 1,776.0 ft ) , or approximately 12 m ( 39.4 ft ) shorter than the CN Tower . Due to the symbolism of the number 1776 ( the year of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence ) , the height of One World Trade Center is unlikely to be increased . The proposed Chicago Spire was expected to exceed the height of the CN Tower , but its construction was halted early due to financial difficulties amid the Great Recession , and was eventually cancelled in 2010 . Height distinction debate `` World 's tallest Tower '' title Guinness World Records has called the CN Tower `` the world 's tallest self - supporting tower '' and `` the world 's tallest free - standing tower '' .", "14": "Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading `` tallest building '' at least once , it has also listed it under `` tallest tower '' , omitting it from its list of `` tallest buildings . '' In 1996 , Guinness changed the tower 's classification to `` World 's Tallest Building and Freestanding Structure '' . Emporis and the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat both listed the CN Tower as the world 's tallest free - standing structure on land , and specifically state that the CN Tower is not a true building , thereby awarding the title of world 's tallest building to Taipei 101 , which is 44 metres ( 144 ft ) shorter than the CN Tower . The issue of what was tallest became moot when Burj Khalifa , then under construction , exceeded the height of the CN Tower in 2007 ( see below ) . Although the CN Tower contains a restaurant , a gift shop and multiple observation levels , it does not have floors continuously from the ground , and therefore it is not considered a building by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) or Emporis . CTBUH defines a building as `` a structure that is designed for residential , business , or manufacturing purposes . An essential characteristic of a building is that it has floors . '' The CN Tower and other similar structures -- such as the Ostankino Tower in Moscow , Russia ; the Oriental Pearl Tower in Shanghai , China ; the Stratosphere Tower in Las Vegas , Nevada , USA ; and the Eiffel Tower in Paris , France -- are categorized as `` towers '' , which are free - standing structures that may have observation decks and a few other habitable levels , but do not have floors from the ground up . The CN Tower was the tallest tower by this definition , until 2010 ( see below ) . Taller than the CN Tower are numerous radio masts and towers , which are held in place by guy - wires , the tallest being the KVLY - TV mast in Blanchard , North Dakota , USA at 628 metres ( 2,060 ft ) tall , leading to a distinction between these and `` free - standing '' structures .", "15": "Additionally , the Petronius Platform stands 610 metres ( 2,001 ft ) above its base on the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico , but only the top 75 metres ( 246 ft ) of this oil and natural gas platform are above water , and the structure is thus partially supported by its buoyancy . Like the CN Tower , none of these taller structures are commonly considered buildings . On September 12 , 2007 , Burj Khalifa , which is a hotel , residential and commercial building in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , and was formerly known as Burj Dubai before opening , passed the CN Tower 's 553.33 - metre height . The CN Tower held the record of tallest free - standing structure on land for over 30 years . After Burj Khalifa had been formally recognized by the Guinness World Records as the world 's tallest freestanding structure , Guinness re-certified CN Tower as the world 's tallest freestanding tower . The tower definition used by Guinness was defined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat as ' a building in which less than 50 % of the construction is usable floor space ' . Guinness World Records editor - in - chief Craig Glenday announced that Burj Khalifa was not classified as a tower because it has too much usable floor space to be considered to be a tower . CN Tower still held world records for highest above ground wine cellar ( in 360 Restaurant ) at 351 metres , highest above ground restaurant at 346 metres ( Horizons Restaurant ) , and tallest free - standing concrete tower during Guinness 's recertification . The CN Tower was surpassed in 2009 by the Canton Tower in Guangzhou , China , which stands at 604 metres ( 1,982 ft ) tall , as the world 's tallest tower ; which in turn was surpassed by the Tokyo Skytree in 2011 , which currently is the tallest tower at 634.0 metres ( 2,080.1 ft ) in height . The CN Tower , as of 2017 , stands as the eighth - tallest free - standing structure on land in the world and the third - tallest free - standing tower .", "16": "Height records The CN Tower as seen from the interior of the Rogers Centre stadium Since the construction of the tower had been completed , it has gained the following world height records : Record Owner Value Time period Succeeded by World 's tallest free - standing structure CN Tower 553.33 metres ( 1,815.4 ft ) March 31 , 1975 to September 12 , 2007 Burj Khalifa World 's tallest tower CN Tower 553.33 metres ( 1,815.4 ft ) 1975 to 2009 Canton Tower World 's highest public observation gallery SkyPod 447 metres ( 1,467 ft ) World 's highest glass floor paneled elevator CN Tower 346 metres ( 1,135 ft ) 2008 to present -- World 's longest metal staircase CN Tower 2,579 steps World 's highest glass floor CN Tower 342 metres ( 1,122 ft ) 2008 to July 2 , 2009 Willis Tower World 's highest and largest revolving restaurant 360 Restaurant 351 metres ( 1,152 ft ) World 's highest bar Horizons Restaurant 346 metres ( 1,135 ft ) September 21 , 2009 to present -- World 's highest wine cellar 360 Restaurant 351 metres ( 1,152 ft ) Use This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2014 ) Main Pod and broadcast antennas The CN Tower has been and continues to be used as a communications tower for a number of different media and by numerous companies .", "17": "Television broadcasters VHF UHF Virtual Callsign Affiliation Branding 9 -- 9.1 CFTO - DT CTV CTV Toronto -- 19 19.1 CICA - DT TVOntario TVO -- 20 5.1 CBLT - DT CBC Television CBC Toronto -- 25 25.1 CBLFT - DT Ici Radio - Canada Télé ICI Toronto -- 40 40.1 CJMT - DT Omni Television Omni. 2 -- 41 41.1 CIII - DT - 41 Global Global Toronto -- 44 57.1 CITY - DT City City Toronto -- 47 47.1 CFMT - DT Omni Television Omni. 1 Radio There is no AM broadcasting on the CN Tower . The FM antennas are situated 421 metres ( 1,381 ft ) above ground . Frequency kW Callsign Branding Notes 91.1 MHz 40 CJRT JAZZ.", "18": "FM91 94.1 MHz 38 CBL CBC Radio 2 97.3 MHz 28.9 CHBM boom 97.3 98.1 MHz 44 CHFI 98.1 CHFI 99.9 MHz 40 CKFM Virgin Radio 99.9 FM 100.7 MHz CHIN CHIN Radio Primarily in Italian and Portuguese 102.1 MHz 35 CFNY 102.1 the Edge 104.5 MHz 40 CHUM 104.5 CHUM FM 107.1 MHz 40 CILQ Classic Rock Q 107 Cellular and paging providers Bell Mobility Motorola Rogers Wireless Communications Bell Canada Toronto Transit Commission Amateur radio repeaters `` 2 - Tango '' ( VHF ) and `` 4 - Tango '' ( 440 / 70 cm UHF ) -- owned and operated by the Toronto FM Communications Society , under callsign VE3TWR Mascot The CN Tower has its own mascot , which resembles the tower itself . See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to CN Tower . Architecture of Toronto List of tallest buildings in Toronto List of tallest structures in Canada List of tallest freestanding structures List of tallest towers List of tallest buildings and structures List of tallest structures Views , album cover by Canadian rapper Drake featuring the CN Tower 's Main Pod Architecture portal Toronto portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Compare Data : Results '' . The Skyscraper Center . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower retains world record as tallest ' tower ' '' . Toronto Star . September 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Tower , according to Guinness World Records '' . CN Tower . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower no longer world 's tallest '' . Toronto Star . September 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` CN Tower '' . SkyscraperPage . ^ Jump up to : CN Tower at Emporis ^ Jump up to : `` Facts and visitor information on the CN Tower in Canada '' . The World Federation of Great Towers . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 .", "19": "^ Jump up to : `` 18th Annual Canada Life CN Tower Climb for WWF Canada '' . World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) Canada . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada 's Wonder of the World '' . CN Tower . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2007 . Retrieved September 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's tallest structures through history '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Modern World Wonders - CN Tower '' . www.theworldwonders.com . Jump up ^ Mollins , Julie ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` CN Tower 's glass - floored lift not for faint - hearted '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : `` Canton Tower , Guangzhou '' . SkyscraperPage . Jump up ^ Plummer , Kevin ( September 4 , 2007 ) . `` The CN Tower is Dead . Long Live The CN Tower ! '' . The Torontoist . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ CN Tower celebrates 30th birthday , Broadcast News / canada.com , June 26 , 2006 Archived June 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` World Wonders and Facts at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . CN Tower . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matt ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Seven Wonders of the World '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Seven Wonders of the Modern World '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : TrizecHahn . `` A Brief Overview of the CN Tower '' . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fulford , Robert ( March 13 , 1996 ) . Accidental city : the transformation of Toronto . MacFarlane , Walter & Ross . p. 32 .", "20": "ISBN 978 - 0395773079 . Jump up ^ Botelho - Urbanski , Jessica ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` CN Tower celebrates 40 years as a tourist magnet and lightning rod '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Canadian inflation numbers based on Statistics Canada . `` Consumer Price Index , historical summary '' . CANSIM , table ( for fee ) 326 - 0021 and Catalogue nos. 62 - 001 - X , 62 - 010 - X and 62 - 557 - X . And Consumer Price Index , by province ( monthly ) ( Canada ) Last modified 2017 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kupferman , Steve ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Man Jumps From CN Tower With No Parachute ( Thirty Years Ago ) '' . Torontoist . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Dan . `` Dan Goodwin 's Building Climbs '' . Skyscraperdefense.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` CN Tower dethroned by Dubai building '' . CBC News . September 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Skyscraper Source Media . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Canadian Press ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` CN Tower 's glass - floor elevator aims for record '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Both linked pages include a video of the elevator with glass floor in operation . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Andrew . `` A New High for Disco in Toronto 's Tower '' , The New York Times , October 10 , 1979 . Accessed February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shanghai World Financial Center '' . Emporis.com .", "21": "Archived from the original on March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man climbs CN Tower steps in wheelchair '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . September 27 , 2002 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ferenc , Leslie ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` Corporate climbers ready to step up for charity '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual Canada Life CN Tower Climb for WWF - Canada '' . WWF . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New CN Tower attraction offers a walk on the outside '' . Toronto Star . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto 's Most Extreme Attraction '' . CN Tower . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . It is the world 's highest full circle hands - free walk on a 5 ft ( 1.5 metres ) wide ledge encircling the top of the Tower 's main pod , 356m / 1168ft ( 116 storeys ) above the ground . Jump up ^ `` Season 9 - Episode 1 '' . Rick Mercer Report . CBC. April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Falling CN Tower Ice '' . CITY - DT . March 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Womackin , Helen ( August 29 , 2000 ) . `` Fire in 1,800 ft TV tower adds to Russians ' feeling of doom '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : `` What if the CN Tower Caught Fire ? '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . November 10 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 .", "22": "Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Brennan ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fire crews tackle smouldering fire at CN Tower antenna '' . Toronto Star . The Canadian Press . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Amara ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fire inside broadcasting antenna atop CN Tower now extinguished '' . CBC News . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Codi ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` CN Tower open for business after early morning fire in antenna mast '' . CTV Toronto News . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlighting the CN Tower -- Testing of Innovative Illumination Technology Begins Early June 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . CN Tower . June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Layton 's ' passion , civility ' honoured at funeral '' . CBC News . August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Black , Debra ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` Come Canada Day , CN Tower will once again light up the night '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower in Toronto receives LED lighting treatment '' . LEDs Magazine . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Calatrava Dances onto a New Stage '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McWhirter , Norris ( 1981 ) . Guinness Book of World Records 1982 . New York : Sterling Publishing Co. , Inc. p. 704 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8069 - 0225 - 8 . OCLC 7902975 . Reference is on page 275 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guinness Book of World Records 2005 -- Science and Technology < < Buildings '' .", "23": "Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` CTBUH Tall Building Database '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Daubs , Katie ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` CN tower now the ' world 's tallest freestanding tower ' '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower remains world 's tallest tower , Guinness says '' . National Post . September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower still world 's tallest : Guinness '' . CBC News . September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Owen , James ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` World 's Tallest Tower Rises in Tokyo '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ `` AM Query & AM List Results '' . Federal Communications Commission -- Audio Division . April 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FM Query & FM List Results '' . Federal Communications Commission -- Audio Division . April 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto ARES Channels '' . October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fearon , Emily ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A new mascot for the CN Tower is a mini CN Tower '' . Toronto Star . External links CBC Archives -- CN Tower opens to the public .", "24": "( Multimedia ) Official CN Tower Website Edgewalk The Design , Engineering and Construction of the CN Tower -- 1972 through to 1976 A visual construction history of the CN Tower -- at 40th year anniversaries Records Preceded by Ostankino Tower World 's tallest free - standing structure 553.33 m ( 1,815 ft 5 in ) 1975 -- 2007 Succeeded by Burj Khalifa Landmarks in Toronto Sports venues Air Canada Centre BMO Field Maple Leaf Gardens Rogers Centre Woodbine Racetrack Cultural Art Gallery of Ontario Canada 's Walk of Fame Canadian Broadcasting Centre ( CBC Museum ) Hockey Hall of Fame Italian Walk of Fame Ripley 's Aquarium Ontario Science Centre Riverdale Farm Royal Ontario Museum Toronto Zoo Casa Loma Amusement Canadian National Exhibition Centreville Amusement Park CN Tower Exhibition Place Canada 's Wonderland Ontario Place Sunnyside Amusement Park Parks and squares Toronto Islands High Park Guild Park and Gardens Yonge - Dundas Square Nathan Phillips Square ( 3D Toronto sign ) Shopping Eaton Centre Harbourfront Centre Kensington Market St. Lawrence Market Yorkdale Yorkville Institutional and infrastructure City Hall Old City Hall Ontario Legislative Building Union Station By type Attractions National Historic Sites Oldest buildings Parks and ravines Shopping centres Skyscrapers Italics indicate structures now defunct or demolished . Toronto skyscrapers and towers Over 150 metres ( by height ) CN Tower First Canadian Place Scotia Plaza The Adelaide Hotel Aura Brookfield Place Commerce Court Toronto - Dominion Bank Tower Bay Adelaide Centre Shangri - La Toronto Ritz - Carlton Four Seasons Hotel EY Tower Maple Leaf Square RBC Centre Royal Trust Tower Royal Bank Plaza South INDX Tower One King Street West Manulife Centre Pinnacle Centre The Uptown Residences Minto Midtown Festival Tower Residences of College Park Burano TD Waterhouse", "25": "Tower Harbourview Estates The 250 Under 150 metres ( alphabetically ) Casa Condominio Residenza Canada Life Building Canada Permanent Trust Building Continental Bank of Canada Building Exchange Tower The New Residences of Yorkville Plaza Hudson Bay Centre Imperial Oil Building The Met Metro Hall Murano One Yonge Street Palace Pier Pantages Tower Royal Bank Plaza North Sheraton Centre Toronto Hotel Simcoe Place Simpson Tower Spire Sun Life Centre TELUS Harbour Toronto City Hall Two Bloor West World Trade Centre X Condominium Proposed or under construction L Tower One Bloor Bay Adelaide Centre East Tower U Condominiums 88 Scott The One Mirvish + Gehry Massey Tower Cancelled or never built John Maryon Tower Sapphire Tower Other List of tallest buildings in Toronto Supertall structures Italics indicate structures under construction Towers Almaty Tower Aspire Tower Bailong Elevator Baku TV Tower Berliner Fernsehturm Canton Tower China Central Radio & TV Tower CN Tower Colombo Lotus Tower Eiffel Tower Emley Moor transmitting station Europaturm Fazilka TV Tower Gerbrandy Tower Jaisalmer TV Tower Jiangsu Nanjing Broadcast Television Tower Katanga TV Tower KCTV Tower Kiev TV Tower Kuala Lumpur Tower Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower Liberation Tower Long Ta Macau Tower Milad Tower Mumbai Television Tower Oriental Pearl Tower Ostankino Tower Pitampura TV Tower Rameswaram TV Tower Riga Radio and TV Tower Saint Petersburg TV Tower Samatra TV Tower", "26": "Sint - Pieters - Leeuw Tower Sky Tower Stratosphere Las Vegas Sydney Tower Taipei 101 Tallinn TV Tower Tashkent Tower Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower Tianjin Radio and Television Tower Tokyo Skytree Tokyo Tower Torreta de Guardamar Tortoise Mountain TV Tower Turner Broadcasting tower Vilnius TV Tower Vinnytsia TV Mast West Pearl Tower WHDH - TV tower WITI TV Tower WSB - TV tower Yerevan TV Tower Zhongyuan Tower Bridges Millau Viaduct ( 343 m ) Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge ( 322 m ) Russky Bridge ( 321 m ) Sutong Yangtze River Bridge ( 306 m ) Dams Shuangjiangkou Dam ( 312 m ) Jinping - I Dam ( 305 m ) Nurek Dam ( 300 m ) Electricity pylons Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie ( 370 m ) Yangtze River power line crossings ( 346.5 m ) Oil platforms Petronius ( 610 m ) Baldpate Platform ( 579.7 m ) Bullwinkle ( 529.1 m ) Pompano ( 477 m ) Troll A platform ( 472 m ) BBLT ( 390m ) Gullfaks C ( 380 m ) Tallest structures Tallest buildings and structures Tallest freestanding structures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CN_Tower&oldid=821381399 '' Categories : Towers completed in 1976 Buildings and structures in Toronto Towers with revolving restaurants Canadian National Railway facilities Communication towers in Canada Observation towers in Canada Towers in Ontario Modernist architecture in Canada Stairways Transmitter sites in Canada Tourist attractions in Toronto WZMH Architects buildings Railway Lands 1976 establishments in", "27": "Ontario Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox building with unsupported parameters Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles containing video clips Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон", "28": "Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 03 : 42 . 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4003112133897014732	simple minds live in the city of light album cover	[ "the band's logo in gold lettering over black sleeve" ]	{ "0": "Live in the City of Light - wikipedia Live in the City of Light Jump to : navigation , search Live In The City Of Light Live album by Simple Minds Released 11 May 1987 Recorded 12 & 13 August 1986 at Le Zénith , Paris , France ( mostly ) Genre Rock Length 82 : 22 Label Virgin - SMDL 1 Producer Bruce Lampcov Simple Minds chronology Once Upon a Time ( 1985 ) Once Upon a Time 1985 Live In The City Of Light ( 1987 ) Street Fighting Years ( 1989 ) Street Fighting Years 1989 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic CMJ ( favourable ) Martin C. Strong ( 6 / 10 ) Q Smash Hits ( 6 / 10 ) Live In The City Of Light is the first ( double LP / CD ) live album by Scottish rock band Simple Minds . It was released in May 1987 to document their successful worldwide Once Upon a Time tour , and charted at No. 1 in the UK . The album spawned one chart single release , a live version of `` Promised You a Miracle '' . The album was recorded mostly at Le Zénith , Paris in August 1986 , with one track recorded in October 1986 in Sydney , Australia . ( Although the album was not recorded there , the inside of the gatefold sleeve features a photograph of a concert from the 1986 tour which took place in a square in Locarno , Switzerland ) . It features the band 's 1986 touring lineup , which included second vocalist Robin Clark and percussionist Sue Hadjopoulos . Lisa Germano ( at the time , a John Mellencamp band member who would perform on Simple Minds ' next studio single , Belfast Child ) , contributed studio - overdubbed violin on `` Someone Somewhere in Summertime '' and former Simple Minds member Derek Forbes contributed ( uncredited ) bass guitar overdubs .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Release details 2 Track listing 2.1 Side one 2.2 Side two 2.3 Side three 2.4 Side four 3 References Release details ( edit ) Live In The City Of Light was released as a double vinyl album with the band 's logo in gold lettering over black sleeve . The package featured a 12 '' x 12 '' attached giant - sized booklet with state - of - the - art photography of the band 's performance and outdoor session pictures . This art could not be reproduced faithfully on later CD releases ( an original 1st pressing on double - fat jewel case and the USA version packaged in a long box on two separate discs ) . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks recorded live on 12 / 13 August 1986 at Le Zénith , Paris , France except `` Someone , Somewhere In Summertime '' recorded live on October ( 24 or 30 ) 1986 at the Entertainment Centre , Sydney , Australia . Side one ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Ghost Dancing '' 7 : 22 2 . `` Big Sleep '' 4 : 27 3 . `` Waterfront '' 5 : 21 4 . `` Promised You a Miracle '' 4 : 38 Side two ( edit ) No . Title Length 5 . `` Someone Somewhere In Summertime '' 5 : 59 6 . `` Oh Jungleland '' 6 : 35 7 . `` Alive and Kicking '' 6 : 27 Side three ( edit ) No . Title Length 8 . `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' 6 : 37 9 . `` Once Upon a Time '' 6 : 06 10 . `` Book of Brilliant Things '' 4 : 53 11 . `` East at Easter '' 4 : 20 Side four ( edit ) No . Title Length 12 . `` Sanctify Yourself '' 7 : 06 13 .", "2": "`` Love Song '' - `` Sun City '' - `` Dance to the Music '' '' 7 : 02 14 . `` New Gold Dream ( 81 / 82 / 83 / 84 ) '' 5 : 31 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ `` Simple Minds - Live In The City Of Light - Reviews '' . CMJ New Music Report . CMJ . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ The Essential Rock Discography - Volume 1 : 970 . 2006 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rimmer , Dave . `` Simple Minds - Live In The City Of Light - Reviews '' . Q. Bauer Media Group . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Simple Minds - Live In The City Of Light - Reviews '' . Smash Hits . EMAP . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ The Official Glasgow Barrowland Ballroom - Simple Minds Preceded by It 's Better To Travel by Swing Out Sister UK number one album 6 June 1987 -- 12 June 1987 Succeeded by Whitney by Whitney Houston ( hide ) Simple Minds Jim Kerr Charlie Burchill Mel Gaynor Andy Gillespie Ged Grimes Brian McGee Tony Donald Duncan Barnwell Mick MacNeil Derek Forbes Kenny Hyslop Mike Ogletree John Giblin Eddy Duffy Albums Life in a Day Real to Real Cacophony Empires and Dance Sons and Fascination / Sister Feelings Call New Gold Dream ( 81 -- 82 -- 83 -- 84 ) Sparkle in the Rain Once Upon a Time Street Fighting Years Real Life Good News from the Next World Néapolis Our Secrets Are the Same Neon Lights Cry Black & White 050505 Graffiti Soul Big Music Acoustic Walk", "3": "Between Worlds Live albums Live in the City of Light Real Live 91 Sunday Express -- Live ( Volumes 1 & 2 ) 5X5 Live Live -- Big Music Tour 2015 Acoustic In Concert Compilations Themes for Great Cities 79 / 81 Celebration Glittering Prize 81 / 92 The Promised The Best of Simple Minds Early Gold Silver Box Celebrate : The Greatest Hits Singles `` Love Song '' `` Promised You a Miracle '' `` Glittering Prize '' `` Someone Somewhere ( In Summertime ) '' `` Waterfront '' `` Speed Your Love to Me '' `` Up on the Catwalk '' `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' `` Alive and Kicking '' `` Sanctify Yourself '' `` All the Things She Said '' `` Ghost Dancing '' `` Belfast Child '' `` This Is Your Land '' `` Kick It In '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Stand By Love '' Promo singles `` Mandela Day '' ( US ) Themes series Themes -- Volume 1 : March 79 -- April 82 Themes -- Volume 2 : August 82 -- April 85 Themes -- Volume 3 : September 85 -- June 87 Themes -- Volume 4 : February 89 -- May 90 Themes -- Volume 5 : March 91 -- September 92 Related articles Discography Lostboy !", "4": "AKA Jim Kerr Concert tours Simple Minds concert tours Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Live_in_the_City_of_Light&oldid=766841795 '' Categories : 1987 live albums Simple Minds live albums Virgin Records live albums Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles EngvarB from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2017 , at 12 : 54 . 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1537244195687008584	when did south sudan join east african community	[ "April 2016", "April 2016", "2016" ]	{ "0": "East African Community - Wikipedia East African Community Jump to : navigation , search East African Community ( show ) Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ( Swahili ) Flag Emblem Motto : `` One People One Destiny '' Anthem : EAC Anthem An orthographic projection of the world , highlighting the East African Community 's Member States ( green ) . Headquarters Arusha 3 ° 22 ′ S 36 ° 41 ′ E / 3.367 ° S 36.683 ° E / - 3.367 ; 36.683 Largest city Dar es Salaam Official languages English Lingua Franca Kiswahili ( Swahili ) Demonym East African Type Intergovernmental Partner states 6 states ( show ) Burundi Kenya Rwanda South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Leaders Summit Chairperson Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Council Chairperson Rt Hon Kirunda Ali Kivejinja EACJ President Hon . Justice Dr.", "1": "Emmanuel Ugirashebuja EALA Speaker Martin Ngoga Secretary General Libérat Mfumukeko Legislature Legislative Assembly Establishment First established 1967 Dissolved 1977 Re-established 7 July 2000 Area Total 2,467,202 km ( 952,592 sq mi ) ( 10th ) Water ( % ) 4.9 Population 2016 estimate 168,848,000 ( 8th ) Density 68.4 / km ( 177.2 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total US $ 439.039 billion ( 42nd ) Per capita US $ 2,600 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total US $ 155.189 billion ( 57th ) Per capita US $ 919 Currency 6 Currencies To be replaced by the East African shilling Franc BIF Shilling KES Franc RWF Pound SSP Shilling TZS Shilling UGX Time zone CAT / EAT ( UTC + 2 / + 3 ) Website www.eac.int If considered as a single entity . To be replaced by the East African shilling The East African Community ( EAC ) is an intergovernmental organization composed of six countries in the African Great Lakes region in eastern Africa : Burundi , Kenya , Rwanda , South Sudan , Tanzania , and Uganda . John Magufuli , the president of Tanzania , is the EAC 's chairman . The organisation was founded in 1967 , collapsed in 1977 , and was revived on 7 July 2000 . In 2008 , after negotiations with the Southern Africa Development Community ( SADC ) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) , the EAC agreed to an expanded free trade area including the member states of all three organizations . The EAC is an integral part of the African Economic Community . The EAC is a potential precursor to the establishment of the East African Federation , a proposed federation of its members into a single sovereign state .", "2": "In 2010 , the EAC launched its own common market for goods , labour , and capital within the region , with the goal of creating a common currency and eventually a full political federation . In 2013 , a protocol was signed outlining their plans for launching a monetary union within 10 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 South Sudan accession 2 Geography 2.1 Partner states 3 Politics 3.1 Governance 3.1. 1 East African Court of Justice 3.1. 2 East African Legislative Assembly 4 Potential expansion 4.1 Sudan 4.2 Somalia 5 Economy 5.1 Importance of the customs union 5.2 Emerging business trends 5.3 Trade negotiations 5.4 Poverty reduction 5.5 Common market 5.6 Transport 5.7 Business and finance 6 Plans 6.1 Single tourist visa 7 Demographics 7.1 Languages 8 East African passport 9 Leaders 9.1 Current leaders of the EAC 9.2 Chairperson 9.3 Secretaries - General 10 Comparison with other regional blocs 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) From left to right : President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda , President Mwai Kibaki of Kenya , and President Jakaya Kikwete of Tanzania during the eighth EAC summit in Arusha , November 2006 . Kenya , Tanzania , and Uganda have cooperated with each other since the early 20th century . The customs union between Kenya and Uganda in 1917 , which Tanganyika joined in 1927 , was followed by the East African High Commission ( EAHC ) from 1948 to 1961 , the East African Common Services Organization ( EACSO ) from 1961 to 1967 , and the 1967 to 1977 EAC .", "3": "Burundi and Rwanda joined the EAC on 6 July 2009 . Inter-territorial co-operation between the Kenya Colony , the Uganda Protectorate , and the Tanganyika Territory was formalised in 1948 by the EAHC . This provided a customs union , a common external tariff , currency , and postage . It also dealt with common services in transport and communications , research , and education . Following independence , these integrated activities were reconstituted and the EAHC was replaced by the EACSO , which many observers thought would lead to a political federation between the three territories . The new organisation ran into difficulties because of the lack of joint planning and fiscal policy , separate political policies , and Kenya 's dominant economic position . In 1967 , the EACSO was superseded by the EAC . This body aimed to strengthen the ties between the members through a common market , a common customs tariff , and a range of public services to achieve balanced economic growth within the region . In 1977 , the EAC collapsed . The causes of the collapse included demands by Kenya for more seats than Uganda and Tanzania in decision - making organs , disagreements with Ugandan dictator Idi Amin who demanded that Tanzania as a member state of the EAC should not harbour forces fighting to topple the government of another member state , and the disparate economic systems of socialism in Tanzania and capitalism in Kenya . The three member states lost over sixty years of co-operation and the benefits of economies of scale , although some Kenyan government officials celebrated the collapse with champagne . Presidents Daniel arap Moi of Kenya , Ali Hassan Mwinyi of Tanzania , and Yoweri Kaguta Museveni of Uganda signed the Treaty for East African Co-operation in Kampala on 30 November 1993 and established a Tri-partite Commission for Co-operation . A process of re-integration was embarked on involving tripartite programmes of co-operation in political , economic , social and cultural fields , research and technology , defence , security , and legal and judicial affairs . The EAC was revived on 30 November 1999 , when the treaty for its re-establishment was signed . It came into force on 7 July 2000 , 23 years after the collapse of the previous community and its organs .", "4": "A customs union was signed in March 2004 , which commenced on 1 January 2005 . Kenya , the region 's largest exporter , continued to pay duties on goods entering the other four countries on a declining scale until 2010 . A common system of tariffs will apply to goods imported from third - party countries . On 30 November 2016 it was declared that the immediate aim would be confederation rather than federation . South Sudan accession ( edit ) The presidents of Kenya and Rwanda invited the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan to apply for membership upon the independence of South Sudan in 2011 , and South Sudan was reportedly an applicant country as of mid-July 2011 . Analysts suggested that South Sudan 's early efforts to integrate infrastructure , including rail links and oil pipelines , with systems in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention on the part of Juba to pivot away from dependence on Sudan and toward the EAC . Reuters considers South Sudan the likeliest candidate for EAC expansion in the short term , and an article in Tanzanian daily The Citizen that reported East African Legislative Assembly Speaker Abdirahin Haithar Abdi said South Sudan was `` free to join the EAC '' asserted that analysts believe the country will soon become a full member of the regional body . On 17 September 2011 , the Daily Nation quoted a South Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager to join the EAC , it would likely delay its membership over concerns that its economy was not sufficiently developed to compete with EAC member states and could become a `` dumping ground '' for Kenyan , Tanzanian , and Ugandan exports . This was contradicted by President Salva Kiir , who announced South Sudan had begun the application process one month later . The application was deferred by the EAC in December 2012 , however incidents with Ugandan boda - boda operators in South Sudan have created political tension and may delay the process . In December 2012 , Tanzania agreed to South Sudan 's bid to join the EAC , clearing the way for the world 's newest state to become the regional bloc 's sixth member . In May 2013 the EAC set aside US $82,000 for the admission of South Sudan into the bloc even though admission may not happen until 2016 .", "5": "The process , to start after the EAC Council of Ministers meeting in August 2013 , was projected to take at least four years . At the 14th Ordinary Summit held in Nairobi in 2012 , EAC heads of state approved the verification report that was presented by the Council of Ministers , then directed it to start the negotiation process with South Sudan . A team was formed to assess South Sudan 's bid ; however , in April 2014 , the nation requested a delay in the admissions process , presumably due to ongoing internal conflict . South Sudan 's Minister of Foreign Affairs , Barnaba Marial Benjamin , claimed publicly in October 2015 that , following evaluations and meetings of a special technical committee in May , June , August , September and October , the committee has recommended that South Sudan be allowed to join the East African Community . Those recommendations , however , had not been released to the public . It was reported that South Sudan could be admitted as early as November 2015 when the heads of East African States had their summit meeting . South Sudan was eventually approved for membership to the bloc in March 2016 , and signed a treaty of accession in April 2016 . It had six months to ratify the agreement , which it did on 5 September , at which point it formally acceded to the community . It does not yet participate to the same extent as the other members . Geography ( edit ) The geographical region encompassed by the EAC covers an area of 2,467,202 square kilometres ( 952,592 sq mi ) , with a combined population of about 173,583,000 . Geographical features of the EAC Three EAC countries border Lake Victoria . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's tallest peak , located in Tanzania . Diani Beach , Kilifi County , Kenya . Partner states ( edit ) Name Capital Accession Population Area ( km ) GDP ( US $ bn ) GDP per capita ( US $ ) GDP PPP ( US $ bn ) GDP PPP per capita ( US $ ) Kenya Nairobi 2000 7007467560000000000 ♠ 46,756,000 7005580367000000000 ♠ 580,367 69.074 7003147700000000000 ♠ 1,", "6": "477 163.352 7003349400000000000 ♠ 3,494 Tanzania Dodoma 2000 7007496050000000000 ♠ 49,605,000 7005947300000000000 ♠ 947,300 49.528 7002998000000000000 ♠ 998 161.790 7003326200000000000 ♠ 3,262 Uganda Kampala 2000 7007423190000000000 ♠ 42,319,000 7005241038000000000 ♠ 241,038 27.556 7002651000000000000 ♠ 651 90.973 7003215000000000000 ♠ 2,150 Burundi Bujumbura 2007 7006987900000000000 ♠ 9,879,000 7004278300000000000 ♠ 27,830 2.976 7002301000000000000 ♠ 301 8.486 7002859000000000000 ♠ 859 Rwanda Kigali 2007 7007118870000000000 ♠ 11,887,000 7004263380000000000 ♠ 26,338 9.052 7002762000000000000 ♠ 762 23.713 7003199500000000000 ♠ 1,995 South Sudan Juba 2016 7007131370000000000 ♠ 13,137,000 7005644329000000000 ♠ 644,329 5.239 7002399000000000000 ♠ 399 24.191 7003184100000000000 ♠ 1,841 7008173583000000000 ♠ 173,583,000 7006246720200000000 ♠ 2,467,202 163.425 7002941000000000000 ♠ 941 472.505 7003272206000000000 ♠ 2,722.", "7": "06 Politics ( edit ) It has been argued that the key drivers for Kenya , Uganda , and Tanzania are that Kenya wishes to export surplus capital , Uganda seeks an outlet for its surplus labour , and Tanzania wants to realise a Pan-African vision . It has also been argued , however , that the commonalities go far deeper . Many of the national elites old enough to remember the former EAC often share memories and a sharp sense of loss at its eventual dissolution . More cynically , others have argued that this historical ambition provides politicians with the ability to present themselves as statesmen and representatives of a greater regional interest . Furthermore , EAC institutions bring significant new powers to dispose and depose to those who serve in them . Some have questioned the extent to which the visions of a political union are shared outside the elite and the relatively elderly , arguing that the youthful mass of the population is not well informed about the process in any of the countries . Others have pointed to an enhanced sense of East African identity developing from modern communications . For these , the shared vision for a politically united East Africa is commendable and a potential driver for change . Commitment to the formal EAC idea is relatively narrow , in both social and generational terms , and thus many have questioned the timetable for the project . Fast - tracking political union was first discussed in 2004 and enjoyed a consensus among the three presidents of Kenya , Tanzania , and Uganda . Thus , a high - level committee headed by Amos Wako of Kenya was commissioned to investigate the possibility of speeding integration so as to achieve political federation sooner than previously visualised . Yet , there have been concerns that rapid changes would allow popular reactionary politics against the project . There has been an argument , however , that there are high costs that would be required at the beginning and that fast - tracking the project would allow the benefits to be seen earlier . There remain significant political differences between the states . Museveni 's success in obtaining his third - term amendment raised doubts in the other countries . The single - party dominance in the Tanzanian and Ugandan parliaments is unattractive to Kenyans , while Kenya 's ethnic - politics remains absent in Tanzania . Rwanda has a distinctive political culture with a political elite committed to building a developmental state . Other problems involve states being reluctant to relinquish involvement in other regional groups , e.g.", "8": ", Tanzania 's withdrawal from COMESA but staying within the SADC bloc for the Economic Partnership Agreement negotiations with the European Union . Many Tanzanians are also concerned because creating a common market means removing obstacles to the free movement of labour and capital . Free movement of labour may be perceived as highly desirable in Uganda and Kenya , and have important developmental benefits in Tanzania ; however , in Tanzania there is widespread resistance to the idea of ceding land rights to foreigners , including citizens of Kenya and Uganda . Informal polls have indicate that most Tanzanians ( 80 percent ) have an unfavourable view of the East African Federation . Tanzania has more land than all the other EAC nations combined ( at least until the accession of South Sudan ) , and some Tanzanians fear landgrabs by the current residents of the other EAC member nations . Governance ( edit ) East African Court of Justice ( edit ) The East African Court of Justice is the judicial arm of the community . East African Legislative Assembly ( edit ) The East African Legislative Assembly ( EALA ) is the legislative arm of the community . The EALA has 27 members who are all elected by the National Assemblies or Parliaments of the member states of the community . The EALA has oversight functions on all matters that fall within the community 's work and its functions include debating and approving the budget of the community , discussing all matters pertaining to the community and making recommendations to the council as it may deem necessary for the implementation of the treaty , liaising with National Assemblies or Parliaments on matters pertaining to the community and establishing committees for such purposes as it deems necessary . Since being inaugurated in 2001 , the EALA has had several sittings as a plenum in Arusha , Kampala , and Nairobi . The Speaker of the Assembly is Dan Kidega from Uganda who replaced Margaret Zziwa also from Uganda , after being impeached ; she had succeeded Abdirahin Haithar H. Abdi from Kenya . The assembly has been credited with crucial bills , particularly those regarding regional and international trade , including EAC 's stand on issues such as the World Trade Organisation and transport on Lake Victoria . Potential expansion ( edit ) In 2010 , Tanzanian officials expressed interest in inviting Malawi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and Zambia to join the EAC .", "9": "Malawian Foreign Affairs Minister Etta Banda said , however , that there were no formal negotiations taking place concerning Malawian membership . Sudan ( edit ) Sudan applied to join the EAC in 2011 , but its membership is strongly opposed by Tanzania and Uganda . They contended that because of Sudan 's lack of a direct border with the EAC at the time , its allegedly discriminatory actions toward black Africans , its record of human rights violations , and its history of hostilities with both Uganda and South Sudan , it was ineligible to join . Sudan 's application was rejected by the EAC in December 2011 . Somalia ( edit ) Representatives of Somalia applied for membership in the EAC in March 2012 . The application was considered by the EAC Heads of State in December 2012 , which requested that the EAC Council work with Somalia to verify their application . In February 2015 , the EAC again deliberated on the matter but deferred a decision as verification had not yet started nor had preparations with the government of Somalia been finalized . Economy ( edit ) Importance of the customs union ( edit ) The key aspects of the customs union include : a Common External Tariff ( CET ) on imports from third countries ; duty - free trade between the member states ; and common customs procedures . Different rates are applied for raw materials ( 0 % ) , intermediate products ( 10 % ) and finished goods ( 25 % ) , the latter percentage is fixed as the maximum . This represents a significance decrease from what was previously the maximum in Kenya ( 35 % ) , Tanzania ( 40 % ) and Uganda ( 15 % ) . However , this customs union is not yet fully implemented , because there is a significant list of exclusions to the Common External Tariff and tariff - free movement of goods and services . Technical work is also needed to harmonise and modernise the customs procedures in the EAC 's major ports of entry . The expected revenue benefits are understood to be minimal by many analysts , based on comparative - static simulation exercises demonstrating the one - off impacts of the immediate introduction of the CU 's full tariff package .", "10": "The findings suggest an increase in intraregional trade that is largely the result of trade diversion , not trade creation , with some aggregate welfare benefits in Kenya and Tanzania but welfare losses in Uganda . From a trade - integration perspective , the EAC may not be the best chosen unit , because the current trade between the three countries is small compared to their external trade , and the EAC 's 105 million citizens do not represent a large market in global terms , given the very low average incomes . Emerging business trends ( edit ) Business leaders are far more positive than economists about the benefits of EAC integration , its customs union as a step in the process , as well as the wider integration under COMESA . The larger economic players perceive long - term benefits in a progressively expanding regional market . Pattern of regional development are already emerging , including : Kenyan firms have successfully aligned to the lower protection afforded by the EAC CET and fears that firms would not adjust to a 25 % maximum CET , or would relocate to Tanzania or Uganda have not been realised . An intraregional division of labour is developing that results in basic import - processing relocating to the coast to supply the hinterland . The final stages of import - processing ( especially those bulky finished goods that involve high transportation costs ) and natural - resource based activities , are moving up - country and up - region , either within value chains of large companies or different segments located by firms in different countries . Trade in goods and services has already increased as service provision to Kenyans and Tanzanians is already important for Uganda ( in education and in health ) . Kenya exports financial services , for example via the Kenya Commercial Bank and purchase and upgrading of local operators in Tanzania , Uganda and Sudan . Uganda hopes integration will help support its tourism potential through integration with established regional circuits . There are signs of a business culture oriented to making profits through economics of scale and not on protectionism . Trade negotiations ( edit ) The EAC negotiates with trade partners on behalf of all member countries . Negotiations in 2014 for an EU - EAC Economic Partnership Agreement ( EPA ) ran into difficulties with the January 2014 negotiating session failing to conclude the negotiations , which were scheduled to be completed before 1 October 2014 .", "11": "This caused tensions between Kenya and other countries as Kenya , which is not a Least Developed Country , stood to lose most from the failure to reach agreement . Discussions are also under way between the EAC and the USA on the launch of Trade and Investment Partnership ( TIP ) negotiations . Poverty reduction ( edit ) EAC economies have large informal sectors , unintegrated with the formal economy and large business . The concerns of large - scale manufacturing and agro-processing concerns are not broadly shared by the bulk of available labour . Research suggest the promised investments on the conditions of life of the region 's overwhelmingly rural poor will be slight , with the significant exception of agro-industrial firms with out - grower schemes or that otherwise contribute to the co-ordination of smallholder production and trade . It is informal trade across borders that is most often important to rural livelihoods and a customs union is unlikely to significantly impact the barriers that this faces and taxes are still being fixed separately by countries . However , the introduction of one - stop border posts being introduced and the reduction in tariff barriers are coming down progressively . The establishment of a common market will create both winners ( numerous food producers and consumers on both sides of all borders ) and losers ( smugglers and the customs , police and local government officers who currently benefit from bribery at and around the borders ) in the border areas . More substantial impact could be attained by a new generation of investments in world - market production based on the region 's comparative advantages in natural resources ( especially mining and agriculture ) and the new tariff structure creates marginally better conditions for world - market exporters , by cheapening inputs and by reducing upward pressures on the exchange rate . Common market ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2016 ) EAC heads in 2009 . From left to right : Yoweri Museveni ( Uganda ) , Mwai Kibaki ( Kenya ) , Paul Kagame ( Rwanda ) , Jakaya Kikwete ( Tanzania ) , Pierre Nkurunziza ( Burundi ) .", "12": "On 1 July 2010 , Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki launched the East African Common Market Protocol , an expansion of the bloc 's existing customs union that entered into effect in 2005 . The protocol will lead to the free movement of labour , capital , goods and services within the EAC . Member states will have to change their national laws to allow the full implementation of some aspects of the Common Market such as immigration and customs . This legislation may take up to five years for each of the countries to enact fully but official recognition of the common market took place on 1 July . Kenya expects that its citizens will begin to enjoy freedom of movement in the EAC within two months . Kenya , Rwanda and Burundi have already agreed to waive work permit fees for EAC citizens . The Common Market is seen as a step towards implementation of the common currency by 2012 and full political federation in 2015 . Kenyan businesses complain that the benefits of the Common Market only exist on paper by 2011 , and that all the work remains to be done . Arbitrary rules and delays continue to make trade between Kenya and Tanzania expensive and difficult . The free movement of people in the EAC is set to be improved with the introduction of `` third generation '' ID cards . These cards will identify the holder as a dual citizen of their home country and of `` East Africa '' . Third generation cards are already in use in Rwanda with Kenya set to introduce them in July 2010 and the other countries following afterwards . Mutual recognition and accreditation of higher education institutions is also being worked towards as is the harmonisation of social security benefits across the EAC . Transport ( edit ) Mombasa has the East African Community 's busiest port . However , the construction of a new port in Kenya , known as the Lamu Port is underway . It is expected to cost US $22 billion . Upon completion , the Bagamoyo port under construction in Tanzania will be the largest in Africa , with a capacity to handle 20 million cargo containers a year . Business and finance ( edit ) See also : List of companies and organisations based in Nairobi This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "13": "( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nairobi , East Africa 's business hub African Union This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the African Union Institutions ( show ) Casablanca Group Union of African States Organisation of African Unity African Economic Community African Unification Front Executive ( show ) Assembly Chairperson Commission Chairperson Conference and Events Peace & Sec . Pol . Affairs Infra . & Energy Soc . Affairs HR , Sci. , & Tech . Trade and Industry Rural Econ . & Agri . Economic Legal Counsel Executive Council Rep. Committee Legislature ( show ) Pan-African Parliament President Bureau Secretariat List of members Permanent Committees Rural Econ. , Agri. , Resources , Environ . Monetary & Financial Trade , Customs , & Immigration Cooperation , IR , & Conflict Transport , Industry , Communications , Energy , Science , & Tech . Health , Labour , & Social Educ. , Culture , Tourism , & HR Gender , Family , Youth , Disabilities Justice & Rights Rules , Privileges , & Discipline Judiciary ( show ) Sirte Declaration Constitutive Act of the AU Law Charter on Rights Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Justice and Human Rights Court of Justice Court on Human and Peoples ' Rights List of judges Advisory bodies ( show ) Peace and Security Council Economic , Social and Cultural Council Specialised Technical Committees Rural Econ. , Agri . Monetary & Financial Trade , Customs , and Immigration Industry , Sci. & Tech. , Energy , Natural Resources , & Environment Transport , Comm. , Tourism Health , Labor , Social Edu.", "14": ", Culture , & Human Resources Financial bodies ( hide ) AEC Pillars ( Abuja Treaty ) CEN - SAD COMESA EAC ECCAS / CEEAC CEMAC ECOWAS UEMOA WAMZ IGAD SADC SACU AMU / UMA African Central Bank African Monetary Union African Investment Bank New Partnership for Africa 's Development African Peer Review Mechanism Decentralised bodies ( show ) Agencies of the AU Related topics ( show ) Enlargement Foreign relations TerrAfrica partnership Other countries Atlas Many of the EAC 's largest firms are headquartered in Nairobi , including Kenya Airways , the Nation Media Group , and the Kenya Commercial Bank Group . The multinational firms with their regional headquarters in Nairobi include Google , Coca - Cola , and Toyota . The city is also home to the Nairobi Securities Exchange . According to a 2007 published report , it is Africa 's fourth largest in terms of trading volumes and fifth largest in terms of market capitalization as a percentage of gross domestic product . Plans ( edit ) Main article : East African Federation The new treaty was proposed with plans drawn up in 2004 to introduce a monetary union with a common currency , the East African shilling , some time between 2012 and 2015 . There were also plans for a political union , the East African Federation , with a common President ( initially on a rotation basis ) and a common parliament by 2010 . However , some experts like those based out of the public think tank Kenya Institute of Public Policy Research and Analysis ( KIPPRA ) , noted that the plans were too ambitious to be met by 2010 because a number of political , social and economic challenges are yet to be addressed . The proposal was the subject of National Consultative discussions , and a final decision was to be taken by the EAC Heads of State in mid-2007 . In 2013 a protocol was signed outlining their plans for launching a monetary union within 10 years . Single tourist visa ( edit ) It had been hoped that an East African Single Tourist Visa may have been ready for November 2006 , if it was approved by the relevant sectoral authorities under the EAC 's integration programme .", "15": "Had it been approved , the visa would have been valid for all three current member states of the EAC ( Kenya , Tanzania and Uganda ) . Under the proposal for the visa , any new EAC single visa could be issued by any member state 's embassy . The visa proposal followed an appeal by the tourist boards of the partner states for a common visa to accelerate promotion of the region as a single tourist destination and the EAC Secretariat wanted it approved before November 's World Travel Fair ( or World Travel Market ) in London . When approved by the EAC 's council of ministers , tourists could apply for one country 's entry visa which would then be applicable in all regional member states as a single entry requirement initiative . A single East African Tourist Visa for the EAC countries of Kenya , Rwanda , and Uganda has been available since 2014 . Demographics ( edit ) As of July 2015 , the combined population of all five EAC member states was 169,519,847 . The EAC would have the ninth largest population in the world , if considered a single entity . Largest population centres of East African Community National Bureau of Statistics ( Tanzania ) CIA Factbook Open Data Kenya Rank City name State Pop . Rank City name State Pop .", "16": "Dar es Salaam Nairobi Dar es Salaam Tanzania 4,364,541 11 Mbeya Tanzania 385,279 Kampala Kigali Nairobi Kenya 3,768,000 12 Juba South Sudan 321,000 Kampala Uganda 1,659,600 13 Morogoro Tanzania 315,866 Kigali Rwanda 1,135,428 14 Nakuru Kenya 307,990 5 Mombasa Kenya 1,068,000 15 Eldoret Kenya 289,380 6 Bujumbura Burundi 800,000 16 Tanga Tanzania 273,332 7 Mwanza Tanzania 706,543 17 Kehancha Kenya 256,086 8 Arusha Tanzania 416,442 18 Kahama Tanzania 242,208 9 Dodoma Tanzania 410,956 19 Ruiru Kenya 238,858 10 Kisumu Kenya 409,928 20 Kikuyu Kenya 233,231 The EAC contains 5 cities with populations of over one million , the largest being Dar es Salaam . Kampala is the largest urban centre located on Lake Victoria , the second largest freshwater lake in the world and Mwanza coming in second and Kisumu third . This paragraph needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The East African Community 's current urban population stands at about 20 % No Country Population Literacy ( % ) 1 . Burundi 7007103959310000000 ♠ 10,395,931 67.2 2 . Kenya 7007450100560000000 ♠ 45,010,056 87.4 3 .", "17": "Rwanda 7007123371380000000 ♠ 12,337,138 71.1 4 . South Sudan 7007120429100000000 ♠ 12,042,910 27 5 . Tanzania 7007496391380000000 ♠ 49,639,138 67.8 6 . Uganda 7007359189150000000 ♠ 35,918,915 73.2 East African Community 7008169519847000000 ♠ 169,519,847 68.35 Languages ( edit ) Religions in the EAC Christianity ( 76.04 % ) Islam ( 14.06 % ) Other / Unspecified ( 4.66 % ) Animism ( 3.9 % ) No religion ( 1 % ) Indigenous religion (. 34 % ) English is designated as the official language of the EAC , with Kiswahili , often known as Swahili , designated for development as the lingua franca of the community . Within the EAC , there are two countries whose official language is French : Rwanda and Burundi . Numerous local languages are also spoken : for example , there are 56 local languages spoken in Uganda and 42 local languages in Kenya . Kinyarwanda is spoken in Rwanda and Uganda . In Kenya and Uganda , the medium of instruction in all schools is English . East African passport ( edit ) Rwandan president Paul Kagame at the 2006 EAC summit . Rwanda joined the EAC on 1 July 2007 . The East African passport was launched on 1 April 1999 . The East African passport has been introduced as a travel document to ease border crossing for EAC residents . It is valid for travel within the EAC countries only and will entitle the holder to a multi-entry stay of renewable six months ' validity in any of the countries . The passport is issued in three of the five EAC member states ( Kenya , Uganda and Tanzania ) . The passports are available at the headquarters of the respective Immigration Departments in Nairobi , Kampala and Dar es Salaam . Only East African nationals may apply to be issued with the passports .", "18": "The passport costs US $10 or the equivalent in EAC currencies . Processing of applications for the passports will normally take two to three weeks . Although the passport is only valid within the EAC , modalities of internationalising the East African passport were being discussed with the aim towards having a common travel document for EAC residents by 2006 . Other measures meant to ease border crossing for East African Community residents include the issuance of interstate passes ( which commenced on 1 July 2003 ) , a single immigration Departure / Entry card ( adopted by all three member states ) , the finalisation of harmonised procedures of work permits and the classification process , and the compilation of studies on the Harmonization of Labour Laws and Employment Policies ( now in its final stages ) . Leaders ( edit ) Current leaders of the EAC ( edit ) Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza Kenya President Uhuru Kenyatta Rwanda President Paul Kagame South Sudan President Salva Kiir Tanzania President John Magufuli Uganda President Yoweri Museveni Chairperson ( edit ) 2012 -- 2013 Yoweri Museveni 2013 -- 2015 Uhuru Kenyatta 2015 -- present John Magufuli Secretaries - General ( edit ) 2000 -- 2001 Francis Muthaura 2001 -- 2006 Amanya Mushega 2006 -- 2011 Juma Mwapachu 2011 -- 2016 Richard Sezibera 2016 -- present Libérat Mfumukeko Comparison with other regional blocs ( edit ) African Economic Community Pillars regional blocs ( REC ) Area ( km2 ) Population GDP ( PPP ) ( $ US ) Member states in millions per capita AEC 29,910,442 853,520,010 2,053,706 2,406 54 ECOWAS 5,112,903 349,154,000 1,322,452 3,888 15 ECCAS 6,667,421 121,245,958 175,928 1,451 11 SADC 9,882,959 233,944,", "19": "179 737,335 3,152 15 EAC 2,440,409 169,519,847 411,813 2,429 6 COMESA 12,873,957 406,102,471 735,599 1,811 20 IGAD 5,233,604 187,969,775 225,049 1,197 7 Other African blocs Area ( km2 ) Population GDP ( PPP ) ( $ US ) Member states in millions per capita CEMAC 3,020,142 34,970,529 85,136 2,435 6 SACU 2,693,418 51,055,878 541,433 10,605 5 UEMOA 3,505,375 80,865,222 101,640 1,257 8 UMA 5,782,140 84,185,073 491,276 5,836 5 GAFTA 5,876,960 166,259,603 635,450 3,822 5 Economic bloc inside a pillar REC Proposed for pillar REC , but objecting participation Non-African members of GAFTA are excluded from figures smallest value among the blocs compared largest value among the blocs compared During 2004 . 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External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to East African Community .", "26": "East African Community East African Community in Europe German and East African Community Cooperation EAC Free Trade Agreement Agritrade Agricultural trade in East Africa ( hide ) Regional economic communities in Africa Continental African Union Organization of African Unity ( OAU ) African Economic Community ( AEC ) Inter-regional Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) Community of Sahel - Saharan States ( CEN / SAD ) Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS / EEAC ) Southern Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) Southern African Customs Union ( SACU ) Northern Arab Maghreb Union ( AMU ) Greater Arab Free Trade Area ( GAFTA ) Eastern East African Community ( EAC ) Intergovernmental Authority on Development ( IGAD ) Western Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) West African Monetary Zone ( WAMZ ) West African Economic and Monetary Union ( UEMOA ) Central Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) VIAF : 149706816 GND : 4043995 - 1 SUDOC : 026637642 BNF : cb11884704m ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "27": "php?title=East_African_Community&oldid=836789170 '' Categories : East African Community East Africa African Union Economy of Kenya Economy of Tanzania Economy of Uganda Foreign relations of Kenya Foreign relations of Tanzania Foreign relations of Uganda International organizations of Africa Regional Economic Communities of the African Union Trade blocs Arusha Customs unions 1967 establishments in Africa 1977 disestablishments in Africa 2000 establishments in Africa Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles containing Swahili - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with obsolete information from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Soomaaliga Suomi Svenska Türkçe Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 21 : 11 . 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8164683905408679263	when did cricket go to 6 ball overs	[ "Since 1979/80", "1979/80" ]	{ "0": "Over ( cricket ) - wikipedia Over ( cricket ) Jump to : navigation , search In the sport of cricket , an over consists of six consecutive balls bowled by a single bowler from one end of a cricket pitch to the batsman at the other end . After six deliveries , the umpire calls ' over ' ; the fielding team switches ends , and a different bowler is selected to bowl from the opposite end . The captain of the fielding team decides which bowler will bowl any given over , and no bowler may bowl two overs in succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Maiden over 2 Tactical considerations in bowling overs 3 Tactical considerations in batting 4 Historical number of balls per over in Test cricket 5 References Overview ( edit ) Although this has not always been so , with overs of four , and eight balls , currently an over must consist of six legal deliveries . If the bowler bowls a wide or a no - ball , that illegal delivery is not counted towards the six - ball tally , and another delivery will need to be bowled in its place . In the event that a bowler is injured , or is sent out of the attack by the umpire ( for disciplinary reasons , such as bowling beamers ) , during the middle of an over , a teammate completes any remaining deliveries . Because a bowler may not bowl consecutive overs , the general tactic is for the captain to appoint two bowlers to alternate overs from opposite ends . When one bowler tires or becomes ineffective , the captain will replace that bowler with another . The period of time during which a bowler bowls every alternate over is known as a spell . In limited overs cricket matches , such as one - day cricket ( for example , a One - Day International , `` ODI '' ) and Twenty20 ( `` T20 '' ) , each team has one batting innings , which ends either after all wickets are lost or when the allotted overs are completed . In such a match , bowlers are generally restricted to the total number of overs they may bowl in a match . The general rule is that no bowler can bowl more than 20 % of the allotted overs per innings ; thus , in a 50 overs match each bowler can bowl up to a maximum of 10 overs .", "1": "In Test and first - class cricket , there is no limit to the number of overs which may be completed in a team 's innings , nor is there any limit to the number of overs which may be bowled by a single bowler . In these matches , there is a requirement to bowl a minimum of ninety overs in a day 's play , to ensure a good spectacle , and to prevent the fielding team from wasting time for tactical reasons . Maiden over ( edit ) A maiden over is one in which no runs are scored . Leg byes and byes scored in the over are not counted against the bowler in a maiden over . A wicket maiden is one in which no runs are scored and a wicket is taken : double and triple wicket maidens have also been recorded . Bowling a maiden over in ODI and T20 form of cricket is very important and difficult . Tactical considerations in bowling overs ( edit ) The over is a fundamental consideration in the tactical planning of the fielding side . Since a single bowler has only six legal balls to bowl before he must hand the ball to another bowler , he typically plans to use those six balls to set up a pattern of play designed to get a batsman out . For example , he may bowl the first few balls with the same line , length , or spin . He intends to tempt the batsman into scoring runs by providing balls that are relatively easy to hit . If the batsman takes the bait , the bowler can then follow up with a variation designed to hit the wicket , or a ball that is intended to induce a mistake from a batsman who is still in aggressive run - scoring mode , which will result in him being caught out . Cricket imposes penalties on captains if their players bowl their overs at a very slow rate , such as fines , loss of competition points , and match bans . If a team is proceeding slowly , some captains will choose to use slow / spin bowlers . Such bowlers have a shorter run up so they complete their overs more quickly . Often this means choosing an inferior strategy by employing a less skillful bowler to avoid penalties that are perceived to be greater , such as being banned or losing points . Tactical considerations in batting ( edit ) If the two batsmen are not similar , tactical considerations may affect their play .", "2": "If one batsman is stronger than the other , they may attempt to engineer their scoring so that the stronger batsman faces the bowling more often . This is known as farming the strike . It may take the form of the stronger batsman trying to score an even number of runs on early balls in the over and an odd number on the last ball ; the weaker batsman will attempt the reverse , and the bowler will try to disrupt this pattern . If one batsman is right - handed and the other left - handed , they may try to score odd numbers of runs to disrupt the bowling pattern and tire the fielders by making them reposition themselves frequently . Historical number of balls per over in Test cricket ( edit ) Since 1979 / 80 , all Test cricket has been played with six balls per over . However , overs in Test cricket originally had four balls per over , and there have been varying numbers of balls per over around the world up to 1979 / 80 , generally the same as the number of balls per over in force in other first - class cricket in that country .", "3": "Balls per over In England 1880 to 1888 : 4 1889 to 1899 : 5 1900 to 1938 : 6 1939 to 1945 : 8 ( though not in the Victory Tests ) 1946 to date : 6 In Australia 1876 / 77 to 1887 / 88 : 4 1891 / 92 to 1920 / 21 : 6 1924 / 25 : 8 1928 / 29 to 1932 / 33 : 6 1936 / 37 to 1978 / 79 : 8 1979 / 80 to date : 6 In South Africa 1888 / 89 : 4 1891 / 92 to 1898 / 99 : 5 1902 / 03 to 1935 / 36 : 6 1938 / 39 to 1957 / 58 : 8 1961 / 62 to date : 6 In New Zealand 1929 / 30 to 1967 / 68 : 6 1968 / 69 to 1978 / 79 : 8 1979 / 80 to date : 6 In Pakistan 1954 / 55 to 1972 / 73 : 6 1974 / 75 to 1977 / 78 : 8 1978 / 79 to date : 6 In India , West Indies , Sri Lanka , Zimbabwe , Bangladesh and the United Arab Emirates ( venue , not host ) all Test matches have been played with six ball overs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` That 's the over '' . Jump up ^ `` Law 17 -- The over '' . MCC . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law 41.9 -- Time wasting by the fielding side '' . MCC . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Cricket : A History of its Growth and Development throughout the World . Rowland Bowen . Eyre & Spottiswoode ( 1970 ) .", "4": "v. Index entry `` Overs '' , p409 Jump up ^ Bowen , p348 Cricket portal ( hide ) Cricket statistics Batting Innings Run Batting average Century Nervous nineties Strike rate Not out Four and Six Net run rate Required run rate Bowling Overs Wicket No - ball Wide Leg bye Bye Bowling average Economy rate Hat - trick Fielding Catch Wicket - keeper Stumping Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Over_(cricket)&oldid=837538759 '' Categories : Bowling ( cricket ) Cricket laws and regulations Cricket terminology Scoring ( cricket ) Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Dansk Deutsch Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Simple English தமிழ் اردو 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 13 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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1477597133151050942	who votes in the speaker of the house	[ "The House of Representatives", "The House of Representatives", "The House of Representatives" ]	{ "0": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives - wikipedia Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Seal of the Speaker of the House Flag of the Speaker of the House Incumbent Paul Ryan since October 29 , 2015 U.S. Congress U.S. House of Representatives Style Mr. or Madame Speaker ( Informal and within the House ) The Honorable ( Formal ) Type Presiding officer of one chamber in a bicameral legislature Residence Washington , D.C. Seat United States Capitol , District of Columbia , U.S. Nominator Anyone who is qualified to be a representative ; in practice member of the house and party leadership . Nominations are submitted to the Clerk , but anyone eligible can be voted for as the Speaker , even without being formally nominated . Appointer U.S. House of Representatives Elected by the House , sworn in by the Dean Term length At the House 's pleasure ; elected at the start of each session of Congress , and upon a vacancy Constituting instrument U.S.", "1": "Constitution Formation March 4 , 1789 ; 228 years ago ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) First holder Frederick Muhlenberg April 1 , 1789 Succession Second Deputy The Speaker can delegate to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore , presiding over the House in his absence Salary $223,500 / year Website Speaker.gov This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives . The office was established in 1789 by Article I , Section 2 of the United States Constitution . The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives , and is simultaneously the House 's presiding officer , leader of the body 's majority party , and the institution 's administrative head . Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions , and represent their congressional district . Given these several roles and responsibilities , the Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates . That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party . Neither does the Speaker regularly participate in floor debates or vote . The Constitution does not require that the Speaker be an elected House Representative , though every Speaker so far has been an elected Member of the House . The Speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession , after the Vice President and ahead of the President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate . The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin .", "2": "He was elected to the office on October 29 , 2015 , and is the 54th person to serve as Speaker . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selection 2 History 2.1 Notable elections 3 Partisan role 4 Presiding officer 5 Other functions 6 List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives 7 Recent election results 7.1 January 2011 7.2 January 2013 7.3 January 2015 7.4 October 2015 7.5 January 2017 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Selection ( edit ) The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death , resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker . The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations : there are normally two , one from each major party ( each party having previously met to decide on its nominee ) . The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives , each Representative indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting . Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for any person , even for someone who is not a member of the House at all . They may also abstain by voting `` present '' . Although no rule exists , based on tradition and practice from the earliest days of the nation , to be elected speaker a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , i.e. excluding those who abstain . If no candidate wins such a majority , then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected . The last time repeated votes were required was in 1923 , when the Speaker was elected on the ninth ballot . The new Speaker is then sworn in by the Dean of the United States House of Representatives , the chamber 's longest - serving member . In modern practice , the Speaker is chosen by the majority party from among its senior leaders either when a vacancy in the office arrives or when the majority party changes .", "3": "Previous Speakers have been minority leaders ( when the majority party changes , as they are already the House party leader , and as the minority leader are usually their party 's nominee for Speaker ) , or majority leaders ( upon departure of the current Speaker in the majority party ) , assuming that the party leadership hierarchy is followed . In the past , other candidates have included chairpersons of influential standing committees . So far , the Democrats have always elevated their minority leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority control of the House . However , Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern . In 1919 , Republicans bypassed James Robert Mann , R - IL , who had been Minority Leader for eight years , and elected a backbencher representative , Frederick H. Gillett , R - MA , to be Speaker . Mann had `` angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor , '' and was also a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon ( R - IL18 ) who had been Speaker from 1903 to 1911 , and was still in the House . Many members `` suspected that he ( Mann ) would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker . '' More recently , although Robert H. Michel was Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections , he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign , including the `` Contract with America '' , which was unveiled six weeks before Election Day . Michel opted not to seek re-election because he had been isolated in the caucus by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich and other younger and more aggressive Congressmen . It is expected that members of the House vote for their party 's candidate . If they do not , they usually vote for someone else in their party or vote `` present '' . Those who vote for the other party 's candidate often face serious consequences , up to and including the loss of seniority . The last instance where a representative voted for the other party 's candidate was in 2000 , when Democrat Jim Traficant of Ohio voted for Republican Dennis Hastert . In response , the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts .", "4": "If the Speaker 's party loses control of the House in an election , and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy , they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip , respectively . As the minority party has historically had one less leadership position after losing the Speaker 's chair , there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions ; upon losing control of the House after the 2010 election , the Democrats created the position of Assistant Democratic Leader in order to prevent such a contest . Most Speakers whose party has lost control of the House have not returned to the party leadership ( Tom Foley lost his seat , Dennis Hastert returned to the backbenches and resigned from the House in late 2007 ) . However , Speakers Joseph William Martin , Jr. and Sam Rayburn did seek the post of Minority Leader in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker who was elected Minority Leader , after the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections . History ( edit ) Frederick Muhlenberg ( 1789 -- 1791 , 1793 -- 1795 ) , was the first Speaker . The first Speaker was Frederick Muhlenberg : he was elected as a Pro-Administration candidate to the 1st Congress , an Anti-Administration candidate to the 2nd and 3rd Congresses , and a Republican candidate to the 4th Congress , according to the Biographical Directory of Congress , though Oswald Seidensticker wrote that he was elected as a Federalist for the first four Congresses . The position of Speaker started to gain its partisan role and its power in legislative development under Henry Clay ( 1811 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , and 1823 -- 1825 ) . In contrast to many of his predecessors , Clay participated in several debates , and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported -- for instance , the declaration of the War of 1812 , and various laws relating to Clay 's `` American System '' economic plan . Furthermore , when no candidate received an Electoral College majority in the 1824 presidential election causing the President to be elected by the House , Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson , thereby ensuring Adams ' victory .", "5": "Following Clay 's retirement in 1825 , the power of the speakership once again began to decline , despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter . As the Civil War approached , several sectional factions nominated their own candidates , often making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority . In 1855 and again in 1859 , for example , the contest for Speaker lasted for two months before the House achieved a result . During this time , Speakers tended to have very short tenures . For example , from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven Speakers , only one of whom served for more than one term . To date , James K. Polk is the only Speaker of the House later elected President of the United States . Henry Clay ( 1813 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , 1823 -- 1825 ) used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) was one of the most powerful speakers . Towards the end of the 19th century , the office of Speaker began to develop into a very powerful one . At the time , one of the most important sources of the Speaker 's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules , which , after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880 , became one of the most powerful standing committees of the House . Furthermore , several Speakers became leading figures in their political parties ; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall , John Griffin Carlisle , and Charles F. Crisp , and Republicans James G. Blaine , Thomas Brackett Reed , and Joseph Gurney Cannon . The power of the Speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1889 -- 1891 , 1895 -- 1899 ) . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was called by his opponents , sought to end the obstruction of bills by the minority , in particular by countering the tactic known as the `` disappearing quorum '' . By refusing to vote on a motion , the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved , and that the result would be invalid . Reed , however , declared that members who were in the chamber but refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum .", "6": "Through these and other rulings , Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican agenda . The sitting Speaker , Paul Ryan , seen taking his oath of office following his election on October 29 , 2015 The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) . Cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative process . He determined the agenda of the House , appointed the members of all committees , chose committee chairmen , headed the Rules Committee , and determined which committee heard each bill . He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the House . In 1910 , however , Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers , including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee . Fifteen years later , Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much , but not all , of the lost influence of the position . One of the most influential Speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn . Rayburn was the longest - serving Speaker in history , holding office from 1940 to 1947 , 1949 to 1953 , and 1955 to 1961 . He helped shape many bills , working quietly in the background with House committees . He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman . Rayburn 's successor , Democrat John William McCormack ( served 1962 -- 1971 ) , was a somewhat less influential speaker , particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party . During the mid-1970s , the power of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert . The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel , as it had been since 1910 . Instead , it once again became an arm of the party leadership . Moreover , in 1975 , the Speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee . Meanwhile , the power of committee chairmen was curtailed , further increasing the relative influence of the Speaker . Albert 's successor , Democrat Tip O'Neill , was a prominent Speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan . O'Neill is the longest continually serving Speaker , from 1977 through 1987 .", "7": "He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures . Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years . The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when , after spending forty years in the minority , the Republicans regained control of the House with the `` Contract with America '' , an idea spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich . Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Bill Clinton , leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 , in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed . Gingrich 's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies , and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997 . After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 ( although retaining a majority ) he did not stand for a third term as Speaker . His successor , Dennis Hastert , had been chosen as a compromise candidate , since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial . Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary Speakers , being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush . The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but made small gains in 2002 and 2004 . The periods of 2001 -- 2002 and 2003 -- 2007 were the first times since 1953 -- 1955 that there was single - party Republican leadership in Washington , interrupted from 2001 -- 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51 - 49 majority . In the 2006 midterm elections , the Democrats won a majority in the House . Nancy Pelosi became Speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , making her the first female to hold the office . With the election of Barack Obama as President and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress , Pelosi became the first Speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during single - party Democratic leadership in Washington .", "8": "During the 111th Congress , Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama 's major initiatives that proved controversial , and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats ' legislation by staging a `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections . House Minority Leader John Boehner was elected as Speaker . Notable elections ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Historically , there have been several controversial elections to the speakership , such as the contest of 1839 . In that case , even though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2 , the House could not begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the `` Broad Seal War '' . Two rival delegations , one Whig and the other Democrat , had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Jersey government . The problem was compounded by the fact that the result of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority .", "9": "Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite party 's delegation participating . Finally , it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a Speaker was finally chosen on December 17 . Another , more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress . The old Whig Party had collapsed but no single party had emerged to replace it . Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels , including Whig , Republican , American ( Know Nothing ) , and simply `` Opposition '' . By the time Congress actually met in December 1855 , most of the northerners were concentrated together as Republicans , while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing label . Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House , with the party makeup of the 234 Representatives being 83 Democrats , 108 Republicans , and 43 Know Nothings ( primarily southern oppositionists ) . The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as Speaker , but because of sectional distrust , the various oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for Speaker . The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentiss Banks of Massachusetts , who had been elected as a Know Nothing but was now largely identified with the Republicans . The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky , and then Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania . The voting went on for almost two months with no candidate able to secure a majority , until it was finally agreed to elect the Speaker by plurality vote , and Banks was elected . The House found itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859 . Although the Republicans held a plurality , the Republican candidate , John Sherman , was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views , and once again the House was unable to elect a Speaker for several months . After Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the North Carolina oppositionist William N.H. Smith , Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey , a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties , who was finally elected Speaker at the end of January 1860 . The last speakership elections in which the House had to vote more than once occurred in the 65th and 72nd United States Congress .", "10": "In 1917 , neither the Republican nor the Democratic candidate could attain a majority because three members of the Progressive Party and other individual members of other parties voted for their own party . The Republicans had a plurality in the House but James `` Champ '' Clark remained Speaker of the House because of the support of the Progressive Party members . In 1931 , both the Republicans and the Democrats had 217 members with the Minnesota Farmer - Labor Party having one member who served as the deciding vote . The Farmer - Labor Party eventually voted for the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker , John Nance Garner , who later became Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt . In 1997 , several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign . However , Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for Speaker , which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt ( then Minority Leader ) as Speaker . After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats , Gingrich did not stand for re-election . The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy , Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay , chose not to run for the office . The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee , Bob Livingston , declared his bid for the speakership , which was unopposed , making him Speaker - designate . It was then revealed , by Livingston himself , who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton 's perjury during his sexual harassment trial , that he had engaged in an extramarital affair . He opted to resign from the House , despite being urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt . Subsequently , chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as Speaker . The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000 , 2002 , and 2004 elections . Speaker Nancy Pelosi ( right ) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 State of the Union Address making history as the first woman to sit behind the podium at such an address . President Bush acknowledged this by beginning his speech with the words , `` Tonight , I have a high privilege and distinct honor of my own -- as the first President to begin the State of the Union message with these words : Madam Speaker '' . The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections .", "11": "On November 16 , 2006 , Nancy Pelosi , who was then Minority Leader , was selected as Speaker - designate by House Democrats . When the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , she was elected as the 52nd Speaker by a vote of 233 - 202 , becoming the first woman elected Speaker of the House . Pelosi remained Speaker through the 111th Congress . For the 112th Congress , Republican John Boehner was unanimously designated Speaker - designate by House Republicans and was elected the 53rd Speaker of the House . As a show of dissent , nineteen Democratic representatives voted for Democrats other than Pelosi , who had been chosen as House Minority Leader and the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker . Partisan role ( edit ) The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the Speaker . As the office has developed historically , however , it has taken on a clearly partisan cast , very different from the speakership of most Westminster - style legislatures , such as the Speaker of the British House of Commons , which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan . The Speaker in the United States , by tradition , is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives , outranking the Majority Leader . However , despite having the right to vote , the Speaker usually does not participate in debate and rarely votes . The Speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party . In pursuing this goal , the Speaker may use their power to determine when each bill reaches the floor . They also chair the majority party 's steering committee in the House . While the Speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party , the same is not true of the President pro tempore of the Senate , whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary . When the Speaker and the President belong to the same party , the Speaker tends to play the role in a more ceremonial light , as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very low - key role during the presidency of fellow Republican George W. Bush . Nevertheless , there are times when the Speaker plays a much larger role if the President is a fellow member of their party , and thus , the Speaker is tasked with pushing through the agenda of the majority party , often at the expense of the minority opposition .", "12": "This can be seen , most of all , in the speakership of Democratic - Republican Henry Clay , who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic - Republican John Quincy Adams . Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( under Theodore Roosevelt ) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership . In more recent times , Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama . The Republicans campaigned against Pelosi and the Democrats ' legislation with their `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour . On the other hand , when the Speaker and the President belong to opposite parties , the public role and influence of the Speaker tend to increase . As the highest - ranking member of the opposition party ( and de facto Leader of the Opposition ) , the Speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the President 's agenda . In this scenario , the Speaker is known for undercutting the President 's agenda by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate . One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed ( under Grover Cleveland ) , a Speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities , which ensured that Cleveland 's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House . Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative `` Old Guard '' wing of the Republican Party , while his President -- Theodore Roosevelt -- was of the more progressive clique , and more than just marginalizing the Democrats , Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Party . More modern examples include Tip O'Neill , who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan 's economic and defense policies ; Newt Gingrich , who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy ; Nancy Pelosi , who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq War ; and John Boehner , who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care . Presiding officer ( edit ) As presiding officer of the House of Representatives , the Speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest - ranking legislative official in the US government .", "13": "The Speaker may delegate his powers to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore and preside over the House in the Speaker 's absence ; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party . During important debates , the Speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior member of the majority party who may be chosen for his skill in presiding . At other times , more junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House . The Speaker may also designate , with approval of the House , a Speaker pro tempore for special purposes , such as designating a Representative whose district is near Washington , D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses . Under the Rules of the House , the Speaker , `` as soon as practicable after the election of the Speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter , '' must deliver to the Clerk of the House a confidential list of Members who are designated to act as Speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical inability of the Speaker to perform their duties . On the floor of the House , the presiding officer is always addressed as `` Mister Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker , '' even if it is a Speaker pro tempore , and not the Speaker themselves . When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole , the Speaker designates a member to preside over the Committee as the Chairman , who is addressed as `` Mister Chairman '' or `` Madam Chairwoman . '' To speak , members must seek the presiding officer 's recognition . The presiding officer also rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole House . The Speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant - at - Arms to enforce House rules . The Speaker 's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber . In particular , the Speaker has great influence over the committee process . The Speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules , subject to the approval of the entire majority party . The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members . Furthermore , the Speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees . Moreover , when a bill is introduced , the Speaker determines which committee will consider it .", "14": "As a member of the House , the Speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote but , by custom , only does so in exceptional circumstances . Ordinarily , the Speaker votes only when the Speaker 's vote would be decisive or on matters of great importance , such as constitutional amendments or major legislation . Other functions ( edit ) The speaker 's office in the US Capitol , during the term of Dennis Hastert ( 1999 to 2007 ) Because joint sessions and joint meetings of Congress are held in the House chamber , the Speaker presides over joint sessions to hear addresses by the President , and joint meetings to hear addresses from foreign leaders or other invited guests . However , the Twelfth Amendment and 3 U.S.C. § 15 require that the President of the Senate preside over joint sessions of Congress assembled to count electoral votes and to certify the results of a presidential election . The Speaker is also responsible for overseeing the officers of the House : the Clerk , the Sergeant - at - Arms , the Chief Administrative Officer , and the Chaplain . The Speaker can dismiss any of these officers . The Speaker appoints the House Historian and the General Counsel and , jointly with the Majority and Minority Leaders , appoints the House Inspector General . The Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession , immediately after the Vice President , under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 . The Speaker is followed in the line of succession by the President pro tempore of the Senate and by the heads of federal executive departments . To date , the implementation of the Presidential Succession Act has never been necessary and no Speaker has ever acted as President . Implementation of the law almost became necessary in 1973 after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew . At the time , many believed that President Richard Nixon would resign because of the Watergate scandal , allowing Speaker Carl Albert to succeed to the Presidency . However , before he resigned , Nixon appointed Gerald Ford as Vice President in accordance with the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Nevertheless , the United States government takes the Speaker 's place in the line of succession seriously enough that , for example , following the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , Speakers used military jets to fly back and forth to their districts and for other travel until Speaker Boehner discontinued the practice in 2011 .", "15": "The Speaker of the House is one of the officers to whom declarations of presidential inability or ability to resume the Presidency must be addressed under the Twenty - fifth Amendment . List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Recent election results ( edit ) Main article : List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections To be elected as Speaker , a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , excluding those who abstain . January 2011 ( edit ) Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 5 , 2011 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 242 55.6 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 173 40.0 % Heath Shuler ( D ) 11 2.5 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.5 % Dennis Cardoza ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Costa ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % Steny Hoyer ( D ) 0.2 % Marcy Kaptur ( D ) 0.2 % Total 433 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 0.2 % January 2013 ( edit ) Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 3 , 2013 .", "16": "Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 220 50.8 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 192 44.3 % Eric Cantor ( R ) 0.7 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.5 % Allen West ( R ) 0.5 % Justin Amash ( R ) 0.2 % John Dingell ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Jordan ( R ) 0.2 % Raul Labrador ( R ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % David Walker ( R ) 0.2 % Total 426 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 6 1.4 % Vacant 0.5 % January 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , January 2015 Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 6 , 2015 .", "17": "Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 216 52.9 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 164 40.2 % Dan Webster ( R ) 12 2.9 % Louie Gohmert ( R ) 0.7 % Ted Yoho ( R ) 0.5 % Jim Jordan ( R ) 0.5 % Jeff Duncan ( R ) 0.2 % Rand Paul ( R ) 0.2 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % Trey Gowdy ( R ) 0.2 % Kevin McCarthy ( R ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % Peter DeFazio ( D ) 0.2 % Jeff Sessions ( R ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Total 408 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 25 5.7 % Vacant 0.2 % October 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , October 2015 On September 25 , 2015 , Speaker Boehner formally announced to the Republican congressional caucus of his intention to resign from the House on October 30 , 2015 , which necessitated an election for a new speaker before that time . The election was held on October 29 .", "18": "Candidate Votes % ✓ Paul Ryan ( R ) 236 54.3 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 184 42.3 % Dan Webster ( R ) 9 2.0 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Total 432 Not voting Vacant 0 January 2017 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , 2017 Candidate Votes % ✓ Paul Ryan ( R ) 239 55.2 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 189 43.6 % Tim Ryan ( D ) 0.5 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Dan Webster ( R ) 0.2 % Total 433 Not voting Vacant 0 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Leaders of the United States House of Representatives Bibliography ( edit ) Beth , Richard S. ; Heitshusen , Valerie ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Speakers of the House : Elections , 1913 -- 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Garraty , John , ed . American National Biography ( 1999 ) 20 volumes ; contains scholarly biographies of all Speakers no longer alive . Green , Matthew N. The Speaker of the House : A Study of Leadership ( Yale University Press ; 2010 ) 292 pages ; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives ; focuses on the period since 1940 . Grossman , Mark . Speakers of the House of Representatives ( Amenia , NY : Grey House Publishing , 2009 ) . The comprehensive work on the subject , covering , in depth , the lives of the Speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi . Remini , Robert V .", "19": "The House : the History of the House of Representatives ( Smithsonian Books , 2006 ) . The standard scholarly history . Rohde , David W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House ( 1991 ) . Smock , Raymond W. , and Susan W. Hammond , eds . Masters of the House : Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries ( 1998 ) . Short biographies of key leaders . Zelizer . Julian E. ed . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy ( 2004 ) . A comprehensive history by 40 scholars . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Not a sitting member of the House of Representatives . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives '' . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ See the United States Presidential Line of Succession statute , 3 U.S.C. § 19 ^ Jump up to : `` We 're sorry , that page ca n't be found . '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ripley , Party Leaders in the House of Representatives , pp. 98 - 99 . Jump up ^ `` Muhlenberg , Frederick Augustus Conrad '' http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001063 . Jump up ^ Oswald Seidensticker , `` Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg , Speaker of the House of Representatives , in the First Congress , 1789 , '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 13 , No. 2 ( Jul. 1889 ) , pp. 184 - 206 in JSTOR Jump up ^ C Stewart III , Architect or tactician ?", "20": "Henry Clay and the institutional development of the US House of Representatives '' 1998 , online Jump up ^ Robinson , William A. `` Thomas B. Reed , Parliamentarian '' . The American Historical Review , October 1931 . pp. 137 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Oleszek , Walter J. ( December 1998 ) . `` A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the House Committee on Rules '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Charles O. Jones , `` Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith : An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives , '' Journal of Politics ( 1968 ) , 30 : 617 - 646 doi : 10.2307 / 2128798 Jump up ^ `` Sam Rayburn House Museum '' . Texas Historical Commission . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ See Party Divisions of United States Congresses ^ Jump up to : Condon , Stephanie ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` GOP to Launch `` Fire Pelosi '' Bus Tour `` . CBS News . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Ray ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Nancy Pelosi : House Speaker 's Exclusive Interview With Diane Sawyer -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . Ordeal of the Union , Volume II : A House Dividing 1852 -- 1857 ( New York , 1947 ) , 413 - 415 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . The Emergence of Lincoln , Volume II : Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( New York , 1950 ) , 116 - 123 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address '' . The White House . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 .", "21": "Jump up ^ San Francisco Commission on the Status of Women Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... City & County of San Francisco , November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved on July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Pelosi steeled White House for health push -- Carrie Budoff Brown and Glenn Thrush '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hurst , Steven R. ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Republicans take charge of US House , poised for clashes with Obama over spending , health care '' . 1310 News . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Speaker of the House Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Speaker Pro Tempore Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Americapedia : Taking the Dumb Out of Freedom Jodi Lynn Anderson , Daniel Ehrenhaft & Andisheh Nouraee ) 2011 , Bloomsbury Publishing Page 26 . Jump up ^ Heitshusen , Valerie ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Electing the Speaker of the House of Representatives : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Shesgreen , Deirdre ; Allen , Cooper ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 581 '' . Clerk of US House of Representatives . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Speaker of the House of Representatives '' . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Official Website , Information about role as party leader , powers as presiding officer . `` Capitol Questions . '' C - SPAN ( 2003 ) . Notable elections and role .", "22": "The Cannon Centenary Conference : The Changing Nature of the Speakership. ( 2003 ) . House Document 108 - 204 . History , nature and role of the Speakership . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress , 5th ed. ( 2000 ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press . Wilson , Woodrow. ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . Current U.S.", "23": "presidential line of succession Preceded by Vice President Mike Pence 2nd in line Succeeded by President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Muhlenberg Trumbull Dayton Sedgwick Macon Varnum Clay Cheves Taylor Barbour Stevenson Bell Polk Hunter White Jones Davis Winthrop Cobb Boyd Banks Orr Pennington Grow Colfax Pomeroy Blaine Kerr Randall Keifer Carlisle Reed Crisp Henderson Cannon Clark Gillett Longworth Garner Rainey Byrns Bankhead Rayburn Martin McCormack Albert O'Neill Wright Foley Gingrich Hastert Pelosi Boehner Ryan Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( James Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Eric Hargan ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Elaine Duke ) Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency .", "24": "United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Longest - serving members ever Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former senators Living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former representatives Living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history ,", "25": "and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - 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SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Offices , employees , services , and the Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness ,", "26": "and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Legislative Counsel Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Inspector General Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Websites House of Representatives Senate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "27": "php?title=Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&oldid=805847355 '' Categories : Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Lists of office - holders in the United States Lists of members of the United States House of Representatives Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 00 : 48 . 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-8883866849303680195	who plays steve's wife on my three sons	[ "Beverly Garland", "Beverly Garland", "Beverly Garland", "Beverly Garland" ]	{ "0": "My Three Sons - wikipedia My Three Sons Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with My Three Suns . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) My Three Sons My Three Sons opening titles Genre Sitcom Starring Fred MacMurray William Frawley William Demarest Don Grady Stanley Livingston Barry Livingston Tim Considine Meredith MacRae Tina Cole Beverly Garland Dawn Lyn Ronne Troup Daniel , Joseph , and Michael Todd Theme music composer Frank De Vol Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 380 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Don Fedderson Producer ( s ) Peter Tewksbury ( 1960 - 1961 ) George Tibbles ( 1961 - 1962 ) Edmund L. Hartmann ( 1962 - 1972 ) Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Don Fedderson Productions ( 1960 - 1972 ) Gregg - Don , Inc. ( 1960 - 1965 ) MCA Television ( 1960 - 1965 ) CBS Productions ( 1965 - 1972 ) Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network ABC ( 1960 - 1965 ) CBS ( 1965 - 1972 ) Picture format Black - and - white ( 1960 - 1965 ) Color ( 1965 - 1972 ) Audio format Monaural Original release September 29 , 1960 ( 1960 - 09 - 29 ) -- April 13 , 1972 ( 1972 - 04 - 13 ) My Three Sons is an American sitcom . The series ran from 1960 to 1965 on ABC , and moved to CBS until the end of its run on April 13 , 1972 . My Three Sons chronicles the life of widower and aeronautical engineer Steven Douglas ( Fred MacMurray ) as he raises his three sons .", "1": "The series originally featured William Frawley ( who 'd first co-starred with MacMurray 25 years earlier in the movie Car 99 ) as the boys ' live - in maternal grandfather and housekeeper , William Michael Francis `` Bub '' O'Casey . William Demarest , playing Bub 's brother , `` Charley '' , replaced Frawley in 1965 due to Frawley 's illness . In September 1965 , eldest son Mike ( Tim Considine ) married , and his character was written out of the show . To keep the emphasis on `` three sons '' , original youngest son Chip 's friend Ernie was adopted . In the program 's later years , Steven Douglas remarried and adopted his new wife 's young daughter Dorothy ( `` Dodie '' ) ( Dawn Lyn ) . The series was a cornerstone of the ABC and CBS lineups in the 1960s . With 380 episodes produced , it is second only to The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet ( 14 seasons , 1952 - 1966 , 434 episodes ) and tied with It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 12 seasons ) as television 's longest - running live - action sitcom . Disney producer Bill Walsh often mused on whether the concept of the show was inspired by the film The Shaggy Dog , as in his view they shared `` the same dog , the same kids , and Fred MacMurray '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 ABC years 1.2 Directors 1.3 CBS years 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Musical connections 3 Episodes 4 Production schedule 5 Distribution 6 Reunion special 7 DVD releases 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The ABC cast of My Three Sons , with William Frawley , circa 1962 ABC years ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show began on ABC in black - and - white .", "2": "The first season , consisting of 36 episodes , was directed in its entirety by Peter Tewksbury , who produced and occasionally scripted the programs . These early episodes held to no specific generic type , so that any episode from one week to the next might be either comedic or dramatic . Tewksbury 's episodes are also unusual for their use of cross-talk ( a way of having the voices of off - screen characters heard in the background of the soundtrack , just under the voices of the main characters ) . Using this clever directorial twist , Tewksbury realistically portrayed the chaotic , fast - paced , and ever - changing sequence of events ; coordinate and conflicting , that was the daily routine of living in the Douglas household . An example of Tewksbury 's use of cross-talk is the fourth episode , `` Countdown '' , written by David Duncan , which chronicles the Douglas family 's attempts to wake up , prepare for the day , have breakfast , and get out of the house by a common , agreed - upon time , all carefully synchronized to a televised rocket launch countdown -- to comical and often ironic effect . Tewksbury returned to directing feature films after concluding the season because the producers could not handle his perfectionist attitude , which was costing thousands of dollars in lost time and reshoots . During the 1964 fall season , William Frawley , who played Bub , was declared too ill to work by Desilu Studios , as the company was informed that insuring the actor would be too costly . Frawley continued in the role until a suitable replacement could be found at midseason . He was replaced by William Demarest , who played his hard - nosed brother ( great ) Uncle Charley part way through the 1964 - 1965 season ( the last on ABC ) . According to the storyline , Bub returns to Ireland to help his Auntie Kate celebrate her 104th birthday . Soon after , brother Charley visits and stays on . Charley , a cello - playing merchant sailor , was a soft - hearted curmudgeon , who proved to be a responsible caregiver . Frawley left the series before the end of the 1964 - 1965 season . Directors ( edit ) Peter Tewksbury directed the first season .", "3": "The succeeding director , Richard Whorf , took over the reins for one season and was in turn followed by former actor - turned - director Gene Reynolds from 1962 to 1964 . James V. Kern , an experienced Hollywood television director who had previously helmed the `` Hollywood '' and `` Europe '' episodes of I Love Lucy , continued in this role for two years until his untimely death in late 1966 , aged 57 . Director James Sheldon was also contracted to finish episodes that had been partly completed by Kern to complete that season . Fred De Cordova was the show 's longest and most consistent director of the series ( 108 episodes ) until he left in 1971 to produce The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson . Earl Bellamy rounded out the series as director of the show 's final year . CBS years ( edit ) My Three Sons moved to the CBS television network for the 1965 - 1966 season after ABC declined to underwrite the expense of producing the program in colour . Along with the change in networks and the transition to colour , Tim Considine ( who had earlier worked with Fred MacMurray on The Shaggy Dog ) , playing eldest son Mike , had chosen not to renew his contract due to a clash with executive producer Don Fedderson over Considine 's wish to direct but not co-star in the series . ( Considine did , however , direct one of the last black - and - white episodes for ABC . ) In an August 1989 interview on the Pat Sajak Show , he explained that he was also devoted to automobile racing , which his contract forbade . His character was written out , along with Meredith MacRae , who had played his fiancée Sally , in a wedding episode that was the premiere of the 1965 -- 1966 season on CBS . After this episode , Mike is mentioned briefly in only four succeeding episodes ( including one in which Ernie becomes adopted ) , and is never seen again , even at Robbie and Steve 's weddings . ( Steve explains briefly in one of these episodes that he has another son , but `` He lives away from home '' . ) In the episode `` Steve and the Huntress '' ( first aired January 27 , 1966 ) , Mike is specifically mentioned as teaching at a college .", "4": "MacRae joined Petticoat Junction the following year , the last of three actresses to play Billie Jo Bradley . To keep the show 's title plausible , the show 's head writer , George Tibbles fashioned a three - part story arc in which an orphaned friend of youngest brother Richard ( Chip , played by Stanley Livingston ) , Ernie Thompson ( played by his real - life brother , Barry Livingston ) , awaits adoption when his current foster parents are transferred to the Orient . Steve offers to adopt Ernie , but faces antagonism from Uncle Charley , who finds Ernie a bit grating , and forecasts major headaches over both the boy and his dog . It also transpires that a law requires a woman to live in the home of an adoptive family . A likable female social worker supervises the case , and the Douglases speculate that Steve might marry the woman , to make the adoption possible , but they both agree this is not reason enough for them to be married . The family also does not need to hire a housekeeper , since Uncle Charley already has things running smoothly . The family soon appears before a judge who researches the law , and determines that its intent is to ensure a full - time caregiver is in the household . With Charley meeting that role , and having had a change of heart about Ernie , Charley assents to a legal fiction declaring him `` housemother '' to the Douglas family . While the three sons were always central to the storyline , several major changes took place by the late 1960s . In the spring of 1967 , the ratings for the series began to sag and My Three Sons finished its seventh season in 31st place in the Nielsen ratings . It was decided that the 1967 - 1968 season would bring the program not only a new time slot , but also new storylines to spice up the ratings . In the fall of 1967 , CBS moved My Three Sons to Saturday night at 8 : 30 pm . In the season - premiere episode , `` Moving Day '' , the Douglas family and Uncle Charley relocate from the fictional town of Bryant Park in the Midwest to Los Angeles . Robbie ( Don Grady ) marries his classmate / girlfriend , Katie Miller ( Tina Cole ) .", "5": "Tina Cole , in fact , had appeared in different roles on three previous episodes of My Three Sons : `` House For Sale '' from the fourth season ( February 13 , 1964 ) , `` The Coffee House Set '' from the fifth season ( November 19 , 1964 ) , and `` Robbie and the Little Stranger '' from the sixth season ( February 17 , 1966 ) . At the end of the 1967 - 1968 season , the ratings had improved from the previous year with the series placing at 24th in the Nielsens . The following season , the newlyweds discover that Katie is pregnant , and she gives birth to triplets named Robert , Steven , and Charles . Although originally played by sets of uncredited twins , these babies were played uncredited by Guy , Gunnar , and Garth Swanson . The most familiar triplets in the show 's last two seasons are played by Michael , Daniel , and Joseph Todd . The following year in the tenth season , 1969 - 1970 , Steve remarries , taking widowed teacher Barbara Harper ( Beverly Garland ) as his wife ; she brings with her a 5 - year - old daughter , Dorothy `` Dodie '' ( Dawn Lyn ) , so Steven now had a stepdaughter whom he also subsequently adopts . ( Dodie is wary of Steve at first , believing that he wants her to simply forget her late father , until he explains that he wants her to always remember and love him , but since he 's no longer alive , Steve wants to raise her in his place , and hopes she 'll come to love him also . ) Also , the last year - and - a-half of the series feature fewer appearances of both Don Grady and Stanley Livingston . Grady 's character was written out of the show at the end of the 11th season , which allowed for his wife Katie and their triplet sons to remain within the Douglas household the following season ( as a structural engineer Robbie was working on a bridge construction in Peru ) . Chip and his teenaged wife Polly ( Ronne Troup ) ( who eloped after Polly 's disciplinarian father refused to sanction their marriage ) move into their own apartment . At the end of the 1970 - 1971 season ( the show 's 11th year ) , My Three Sons was still garnering healthy ratings .", "6": "By the spring of 1971 , it had finished in 19th place . A 1971 television pilot with Don Grady and Tina Cole called Three of a Kind , then retitled Robbie -- about Robbie , Katie , and the triplets moving to San Francisco -- was filmed but not picked up as a series . The final episode of the 1970 - 1971 season , `` After the Honeymoon '' , actually set up the premise for this pilot . The guest stars were Richard X . Slattery and Pat Carroll , who were featured as the landlords of the apartment block into which Robbie and Katie move . However , Don Grady had informed the producers of his intention to leave the series and pursue a new full - time career as a composer , which he ultimately did . For the series ' 12th season , CBS moved My Three Sons to Monday nights at 10 : 00 pm . In addition to the time changes for the 12th season , a new four - part story arc is introduced with MacMurray in a second role , that of his cousin , the Laird ( Lord ) Fergus McBain Douglas of Sithian Bridge . The voice of English actor Alan Caillou is awkwardly dubbed over MacMurray 's . The plot centers around Lord Douglas 's arrival in Los Angeles from the family 's native Scotland , in search of a first lady to marry and return with him to Scotland . He finds Terri Dowling ( Anne Francis ) , a waitress at the Blue Berry Bowling Alley . While initially reluctant to give up her life in America and return to Scotland as royalty , she finally accepts . This storyline is a continuation of a plot idea that originally began in the fourth season , when the Douglases visit Scotland on the pretense of having been told they had inherited a castle in the highlands . With a later time slot , the show finished the season outside the top 30 . To save the series , CBS moved it in midseason back to Thursday nights at 8 : 30 pm , its old time slot . Nevertheless , My Three Sons ended its primetime run in the spring of 1972 after 12 years on the air . CBS also aired daytime reruns starting in September 1971 ( only the CBS color shows ) , for about one season .", "7": "Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Fred MacMurray , Steven `` Steve '' Douglas ( 1960 -- 1972 ) William Frawley , Michael Francis Aloysius `` Bub '' O'Casey ( 1960 -- 1965 ) William Demarest , Charles Leslie `` Uncle Charley '' O'Casey , Bub 's brother ( 1965 -- 1972 ) Tim Considine , Michael `` Mike '' Douglas ( 1960 -- 1965 ) Don Grady , Robert `` Robbie '' Douglas ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Stanley Livingston , Richard `` Chip '' Douglas ( 1960 -- 1972 ) Barry Livingston , Ernest `` Ernie '' Thompson / Douglas ( 1963 -- 1972 ) Meredith MacRae , Sally Ann Morrison Douglas ( 1963 -- 1965 ) Tina Cole , Kathleen `` Katie '' Miller Douglas ( 1967 -- 1972 ) Beverly Garland , Barbara Harper Douglas ( 1969 -- 1972 ) Dawn Lyn , Dorothy `` Dodie '' Harper Douglas ( 1969 -- 1972 ) Ronne Troup , Polly Williams Douglas ( 1970 -- 1972 ) Michael , Daniel , and Joseph Todd , playing Robbie , Stevie , and Charley Douglas respectively ( 1970 -- 1972 ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Cynthia Pepper , Jean Pearson ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Peter Brooks , Hank Ferguson ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Cheryl Holdridge , Judy Doucette ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Ricky Allen , Hubert ' Sudsy ' Pfeiffer ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Hank Jones , Pete ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Bill Erwin , Joe Walters ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Doris Singleton , Helen Morrison ( 1964 -- 65 ) and Margaret Williams ( 1970 ) John Howard , Dave Welch ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Joan Tompkins , Lorraine Miller ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Musical connections ( edit ) The series ' cast had several music connections . MacMurray began his career as a saxophone player during the 1930s , and sometimes played it on the series , as well as clarinet .", "8": "Frawley had been a vaudeville actor and sang in the 1929 short film Fancy That as well as the 1936 film The General Died at Dawn . Actress Tina Cole ( Katie ) was born into the King Family , a popular 1950s -- 1960s group . Ronne Troup ( Polly ) was the step - daughter of singer Julie London and daughter of musician / composer Bobby Troup ( who wrote the song Route 66 and also starred in the TV program Emergency ! along with wife London ) , and Dawn Lyn is the younger sister of 1970s pop idol Leif Garrett . Don Grady ( Robbie ) composed and produced music , having created successful Las Vegas venues for Phantom of the Opera star Michael Crawford and pop star David Cassidy . Grady also played drums in the ' 60s pop group Yellow Balloon . Musical arranger Frank De Vol , who did the toe - tapping theme , scored over thirty motion pictures and arranged for such vocalists as Sarah Vaughan , Jack Jones , Nat King Cole , Ella Fitzgerald , Tony Bennett , Vic Damone , Dinah Shore , Doris Day , and Jaye P. Morgan .", "9": "Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of My Three Sons episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Rating Tied with 36 September 29 , 1960 ( 1960 - 09 - 29 ) June 8 , 1961 ( 1961 - 06 - 08 ) ABC 13 25.8 77 Sunset Strip 36 September 28 , 1961 ( 1961 - 09 - 28 ) June 7 , 1962 ( 1962 - 06 - 07 ) 11 24.7 N / A 39 September 20 , 1962 ( 1962 - 09 - 20 ) June 20 , 1963 ( 1963 - 06 - 20 ) 28 21.0 N / A 37 September 19 , 1963 ( 1963 - 09 - 19 ) May 28 , 1964 ( 1964 - 05 - 28 ) 27 21.9 N / A 5 36 September 17 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 17 ) May 20 , 1965 ( 1965 - 05 - 20 ) 13 25.5 N / A 6 32 September 16 , 1965 ( 1965 - 09 - 16 ) April 28 , 1966 ( 1966 - 04 - 28 ) CBS 15 23.8 N / A 7 32 September 15 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 15 ) May 11 , 1967 ( 1967 - 05 - 11 ) 29 20.2 I Spy The CBS Thursday Night Movie The F.B.I.", "10": "8 30 September 9 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 09 ) March 30 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 30 ) 24 20.8 N / A 9 28 September 28 , 1968 ( 1968 - 09 - 28 ) April 19 , 1969 ( 1969 - 04 - 19 ) 14 22.8 N / A 10 26 October 4 , 1969 ( 1969 - 10 - 04 ) April 4 , 1970 ( 1970 - 04 - 04 ) 15 21.8 Ironside The Johnny Cash Show 11 24 September 19 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 19 ) March 20 , 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 20 ) 19 20.8 N / A 12 24 September 13 , 1971 ( 1971 - 09 - 13 ) April 13 , 1972 ( 1972 - 04 - 13 ) N / A N / A N / A My Three Sons had 36 episodes each in the first two seasons . The series had more than thirty episodes in each of the first eight seasons ; the episode output then decreased by two episodes until the eleventh season , which had twenty - four episodes , along with the twelfth season . The first five seasons were filmed in black & white , then after the move to CBS , it was filmed in color for the remainder of its run . Production schedule ( edit ) The series was initially filmed at Desilu Studios in Hollywood , but at the start of the 1967 -- 68 season , the cast and crew began filming the series at the CBS Studio Center in Studio City , California . The reasons behind this move concerned the sale of actress - comedian Lucille Ball ' s studios to the Gulf + Western conglomerate , which owned Paramount Pictures , so Don Fedderson Productions , who produced My Three Sons ( along with Family Affair starring Brian Keith ) , had to quickly make other arrangements for filming .", "11": "The move also necessitated moves in the show 's storyline as well , hence the family 's move from the fictitious town of Bryant Park ( in the Midwestern United States ) to North Hollywood , California , although the town is never officially mentioned , simply just the city of Los Angeles . Fred MacMurray was the only actor to appear in every episode of the series . Reportedly , MacMurray 's contract stipulated that he work only 65 days per year . His scenes for each season were produced in two blocks of filming . He would report to the Desilu - Gower lot in late May and work 35 days ( five days per week , weekends off ) , then take off for 10 weeks . He would then return to complete his remaining 30 days of shooting and was finished altogether around Thanksgiving . MacMurray 's ten - week hiatus in the middle of each season 's production schedule freed up the actor to follow other pursuits , while the filming of scenes with the other cast members continued . In short , all episodes were filmed out of sequence . Evidence of this is very apparent in several episodes , where plotlines had MacMurray 's character on a business trip ( e.g. `` Small Adventure '' ) or spending much of his time at the office ( e.g. `` Soap Box Derby '' ) . This allowed him to seemingly take part in the entire episode with limited or no interaction with the other regulars during filming . This sometimes produced noticeable continuity problems onscreen , especially as the boys grew and changed styles . Distribution ( edit ) Although Don Fedderson gets the credit , My Three Sons was created by George Tibbles and produced by Don Fedderson Productions throughout the show 's run , with MCA Television co-distributing the series during its 1960 -- 65 ABC airing . When the series moved to CBS in 1965 , the latter network assumed full production responsibilities ( in association with Fedderson Productions ) until the end of the series in 1972 . CBS now holds the series ' copyright . CBS Television Distribution presently owns distribution rights to the entire series ( including the more widely seen and aforementioned 1965 -- 72 CBS episodes ) .", "12": "The show did not get syndicated until September 1976 ( although CBS did air reruns of the show in its daytime lineup from December 1971 until the fall of 1972 ) , and even then , only the CBS color episodes aired , while the black and white ABC episodes did not air on broadcast TV at all . Nick at Nite aired My Three Sons from November 3 , 1985 to October 28 , 1991 with episodes from Seasons 1 - 5 , the second half of season 11 , and season 12 . The Family Channel also aired only the black and white episodes from September 7 , 1992 to July 30 , 1993 . The Seasons 1 - 3 episodes had the original Chevrolet closing credits . The Seasons 6 -- 10 ( and the first half of season 11 ) episodes were later aired on TV Land in the late 1990s . Odyssey ran all of the color episodes in the early 2000s . They also briefly aired the black and white episodes . In 2000 , TV Land briefly aired the black & white episodes again , using the same syndication episode rights that were on Nick at Nite during the 1980s . In 2006 the Retro Television Network broadcast the show , airing only the color episodes . Since fall 2004 , only Seasons 6 - 10 are being distributed for syndication in the US - Domestic market , though very few stations air the show anymore . In 2009 , FamilyNet began airing the program as a lead - in for its Happy Days and Family Ties program block , which ended in February 2010 . From 2012 - 14 , and also from October 2015 - February 2016 , MeTV aired the Season 6 - 10 episodes in heavy rotation , and most closing credits included the original sponsor tags , such as those for Kellogg 's . In 2016 , Decades began airing the CBS ( color ) episodes in its `` binge '' blocks on some week - ends . MeTV began airing the black and white episodes on May 29 , 2017 , and as of spring 2018 haved aired the entire series into the 10th season . Reunion special ( edit ) This does not cite any sources .", "13": "Please help improve this by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) MacMurray and most of the cast took part in Thanksgiving Reunion with The Partridge Family & My Three Sons , which aired on ABC on November 25 , 1977 . The retrospective special looked back at the history of My Three Sons and The Partridge Family ( other than featuring single parents with a large family , the two series had no narrative , or even a studio , link ) . The special was notable for featuring footage from early black and white episodes of My Three Sons that , at this point in time , were not in syndication . While most of the collected casts gathered in a studio to reminisce , Demarest appeared in a brief pre-taped segment . DVD releases ( edit ) CBS DVD ( distributed by Paramount ) has released the first two seasons of My Three Sons on DVD in Region 1 . It is unknown if the remaining seasons will be released . In most episodes , the soundtrack was edited to remove the background musical score , which were originally stock music from the Capitol Records library ; the licensing agreement with Capitol only covered broadcast rights , not home video rights , and clearing the music for home video release with the individual composers who worked on the Capitol recordings was deemed cost - prohibitive . The Capitol scores were replaced instead with more modern , synthesized music . The original theme tune by Frank DeVol has been left unaltered ; his musical scores in later seasons of the show , written specifically for the series , would less - likely be affected by licensing problems if the later seasons were released on DVD . DVD name No. of episodes Release date The First Season : Volume 1 18 September 30 , 2008 The First Season : Volume 2 18 January 20 , 2009 The Second Season : Volume 1 18 February 23 , 2010 The Second Season : Volume 2 18 June 15 , 2010 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Korkis , Jim . `` Fred MacMurray : The First Disney Legend by Wade Sampson '' . Mouseplanet.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 .", "14": "Jump up ^ Peter Tewksbury on IMDb Jump up ^ `` My Three Sons - Full cast and crew '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Season six , episode three - `` Brother , Ernie '' Jump up ^ Terrace , Vincent Encyclopedia of Television Pilots , 1937 -- 2012 McFarland Jump up ^ Season four , episode two - `` Scotch Broth '' Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1682 -- 1686 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` ' ALF , ' ' My Three Sons ' , ' Battlestar Galactica ' , and more join the MeTV Summer of Me 2017 Schedule '' . Metv.com. 2017 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` My Three Sons - Season 2 , Vol. 1 Announced : Release Date and Package Art '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` My Three Sons - Release DAte and Package art for ' Season 2 , Vol. 2 ' DVDs '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Shostak , Stu ( June 18 , 2014 ) . Interview with Michael Schlesinger , Stu 's Show ; retrieved June 22 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to My Three Sons .", "15": "My Three Sons on IMDb My Three Sons at TV.com My Three Sons at epguides.com My Three Sons at the Museum of Broadcast Communications My Three Sons - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Three_Sons&oldid=838311143 '' Categories : 1960s American sitcoms 1970s American sitcoms 1960 American television series debuts 1972 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows Black - and - white television programs CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by CBS Television Studios American television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2011 Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from June 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles lacking sources from June 2017 All articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 06 : 21 . 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9105761634910939930	the chinese dragons are protectors of how many seas diggy	[ "Four", "Four", "Four Seas", "Four" ]	{ "0": "Chinese dragon - wikipedia Chinese dragon Jump to : navigation , search `` Loong '' redirects here . For the airlines , see Loong Air . A Chinese dragon on a wall at the Haikou Yazhou Gu Cheng , Hainan , China Chinese dragon `` Dragon '' in oracle bone script ( top left ) , bronze script ( top right ) , seal script ( middle left ) , Traditional ( middle right ) , Japanese new - style ( shinjitai , bottom left ) , and Simplified ( bottom right ) Chinese characters Traditional Chinese 龍 Simplified Chinese 龙 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin lóng Wade -- Giles lung IPA ( lʊ̌ŋ ) Wu Suzhounese lón Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization lùhng IPA ( lȍŋ ) Jyutping lung Southern Min Tâi - lô lîng ( col . ) liông ( lit . ) Old Chinese Baxter -- Sagart ( 2014 ) * mə - roŋ Zhengzhang * b roŋ or * mroːŋ Chinese dragons or East Asian dragons are legendary creatures in Chinese mythology , Chinese folklore , and East Asian culture at large . East Asian dragons have many animal - like forms such as turtles and fish , but are most commonly depicted as snake - like with four legs . They traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers , particularly control over water , rainfall , typhoons , and floods . The dragon is also a symbol of power , strength , and good luck for people who are worthy of it in East Asian culture . During the days of Imperial China , the Emperor of China usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial power and strength . Dragon stone relief , between flights of steps in the Forbidden City . Portrait of the Yongle Emperor wearing a dragon robe In Chinese culture , excellent and outstanding people are compared to a dragon , while incapable people with no achievements are compared to other , disesteemed creatures , such as a worm .", "1": "A number of Chinese proverbs and idioms feature references to a dragon , such as `` Hoping one 's son will become a dragon '' ( simplified Chinese : 望子成龙 ; traditional Chinese : 望子成龍 ; pinyin : wàng zǐ chéng lóng ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Symbolic value 2 State symbol 3 Dragon worship 3.1 Origin 3.2 Mythical creature 3.3 Ruler of weather and water 3.4 Symbol of imperial authority 3.5 Modern belief 4 Depictions of the dragon 4.1 Neolithic depictions 4.2 Classical depictions 4.3 Nine sons of the dragon 4.4 Dragon claws 5 Cultural references 5.1 Number nine 5.2 Chinese zodiac 5.3 Constellations 5.4 Dragonboat racing 5.5 Dragon dancing 5.6 Dragons and nāgas 5.7 Dragons and tigers 5.8 Dragons and botany 6 In popular culture 7 Regional variations across Asia 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources 11 External links Symbolic Value ( edit ) Historically , the East Asian dragon was associated with the Emperor of China and used a symbol to represent imperial power . The founder of Han dynasty Liu Bang claimed that he was conceived after his mother dreamt of a dragon . During the Tang dynasty , Emperors wore robes with dragon motif as an imperial symbol , and high officials might also be presented with dragon robes . In the Yuan dynasty , the two - horned five - clawed dragon was designated for use by the Son of Heaven or Emperor only , while the four - clawed dragon was used by the princes and nobles . Similarly during the Ming and Qing dynasty , the five - clawed dragon was strictly reserved for use by the Emperor only . The dragon in the Qing dynasty appeared on the first Chinese national flag . The dragon is sometimes used in the West as a national emblem of China though such use is not commonly seen in the People 's Republic of China or the Republic of China .", "2": "Instead , it is generally used as the symbol of culture . In Hong Kong , the dragon was a component of the coat of arms under British rule . It was later to become a feature of the design of Brand Hong Kong , a government promotional symbol . The Chinese dragon has very different connotations to European dragon -- in European cultures , the dragon is a fire - breathing creature with aggressive connotations , whereas the Chinese dragon is a spiritual and cultural symbol that represents prosperity and good luck , as well as a rain deity that fosters harmony . It was reported that the Chinese government decided against using the dragon as its official 2008 Summer Olympics mascot because of the aggressive connotations that dragons have outside of China , and chose more `` friendly '' symbols instead . Sometimes Chinese people use the term `` Descendants of the Dragon '' ( simplified Chinese : 龙的传人 ; traditional Chinese : 龍的傳人 ) as a sign of ethnic identity , as part of a trend started in the 1970s when different Asian nationalities were looking for animal symbols as representations , for example , the wolf may be used by the Mongols as it is considered to be their legendary ancestor . Chinese metal dragon half frontal view , holding a pearl in his paws . It is a taboo to disfigure a depiction of a dragon . State symbol ( edit ) Flag of the Qing dynasty , 1889 -- 1912 Chinese dragon was one of the supporters of the colonial Emblem of Hong Kong until 1997 The dragon was the symbol of the Chinese emperor for many dynasties . During the Qing dynasty , the Azure Dragon was featured on the first Chinese national flag . It featured shortly again on the Twelve Symbols national emblem , which was used during the Republic of China , from 1913 to 1928 . State emblem of Republic of China , 1913 -- 1928 Dragon worship ( edit ) Main article : Longshen Origin ( edit ) The ancient Chinese self - identified as `` the descendants of the dragon '' because the Chinese dragon is an imagined reptile that represents evolution from the ancestors and qi energy .", "3": "The presence of dragons within Chinese culture dates back several thousands of years with the discovery of a dragon statue dating back to the fifth millennium BC from the Yangshao culture in Henan in 1987 , and jade badges of rank in coiled form have been excavated from the Hongshan culture circa 4700 - 2900 BC . Some of the earliest Dragon artifacts are the pig dragon carvings from the Hongshan culture . The coiled dragon or snake form played an important role in early Chinese culture . The character for `` dragon '' in the earliest Chinese writing has a similar coiled form , as do later jade dragon amulets from the Shang period . Ancient Chinese referred to unearthed dinosaur bones as dragon bones and documented them as such . For example , Chang Qu in 300 BC documents the discovery of `` dragon bones '' in Sichuan . The modern Chinese word for dinosaur is konglong ( 恐龍 / 恐龙 , literally translated as `` terror dragon '' ) , and villagers in central China have long unearthed fossilized `` dragon bones '' for use in traditional medicines , a practice that continues today . The binomial name for a variety of dinosaurs discovered in China , Mei long , in Chinese ( 寐 mèi and 龙 lóng ) means `` sleeping dragon . '' Fossilized remains of Mei long have been found in China in a sleeping and coiled form , with the dinosaur nestling its snout beneath one of its forelimbs while encircling its tail around its entire body . The C - shaped jade totem of Hongshan culture ( c. 4700 -- 2920 B.C. ) Jade - carved dragon garment ornament from the Warring States period ( 403 BC -- 221 BC ) .", "4": "Gilded - bronze handle in the shape of a dragon head and neck , made during the Eastern Han period ( 25 -- 220 AD ) Mythical creature ( edit ) Mural depicting a dragon , from the Dahuting Tomb ( Chinese : 打虎亭汉墓 , Pinyin : Dahuting Han mu ) of the late Eastern Han Dynasty ( 25 -- 220 AD ) , located in Zhengzhou , Henan province , China Dragons chasing flaming pearl , Qing dynasty From its origins as totems or the stylized depiction of natural creatures , the Chinese dragon evolved to become a mythical animal . The Han dynasty scholar Wang Fu recorded Chinese myths that long dragons had nine anatomical resemblances . The people paint the dragon 's shape with a horse 's head and a snake 's tail . Further , there are expressions as ' three joints ' and ' nine resemblances ' ( of the dragon ) , to wit : from head to shoulder , from shoulder to breast , from breast to tail . These are the joints ; as to the nine resemblances , they are the following : his antlers resemble those of a stag , his head that of a camel , his eyes those of a demon , his neck that of a snake , his belly that of a clam ( shen , 蜃 ) , his scales those of a carp , his claws those of an eagle , his soles those of a tiger , his ears those of a cow . Upon his head he has a thing like a broad eminence ( a big lump ) , called ( chimu ) ( 尺木 ) . If a dragon has no ( chimu ) , he can not ascend to the sky . Further sources give variant lists of the nine animal resemblances . Sinologist Henri Doré lists these characteristics of an authentic dragon : `` The antlers of a deer . The head of a crocodile . A demon 's eyes . The neck of a snake . A tortoise 's viscera . A hawk 's claws . The palms of a tiger . A cow 's ears . And it hears through its horns , its ears being deprived of all power of hearing . '' He notes that , `` Others state it has a rabbit 's eyes , a frog 's belly , a carp 's scales . ''", "5": "The anatomy of other legendary creatures , including the chimera and manticore , is similarly amalgamated from fierce animals . Chinese dragons were considered to be physically concise . Of the 117 scales , 81 are of the yang essence ( positive ) while 36 are of the yin essence ( negative ) . Initially , the dragon was benevolent , wise , and just , but the Buddhists introduced the concept of malevolent influence among some dragons . Just as water destroys , they said , so can some dragons destroy via floods , tidal waves , and storms . They suggested that some of the worst floods were believed to have been the result of a mortal upsetting a dragon . Many pictures of East Asian dragons show a flaming pearl under their chin or in their claws . The pearl is associated with spiritual energy , wisdom , prosperity , power , immortality , thunder , or the moon . Chinese art often depicts a pair of dragons chasing or fighting over the flaming pearl . Chinese dragons are occasionally depicted with bat - like wings growing out of the front limbs , but most do not have wings , as their ability to fly ( and control rain / water , etc . ) is mystical and not seen as a result of their physical attributes . This description accords with the artistic depictions of the dragon down to the present day . The dragon has also acquired an almost unlimited range of supernatural powers . It is said to be able to disguise itself as a silkworm , or become as large as our entire universe . It can fly among the clouds or hide in water ( according to the Guanzi ) . It can form clouds , can turn into water , can change color as an ability to blend in with their surroundings , as an effective form of camouflage or glow in the dark ( according to the Shuowen Jiezi ) . In many other countries , folktales speak of the dragon having all the attributes of the other 11 creatures of the zodiac , this includes the whiskers of the Rat , the face and horns of the Ox , the claws and teeth of the Tiger , the belly of the Rabbit , the body of the Snake , the legs of the Horse , the goatee of the Goat , the wit ( or brain ) of the Monkey , the crest of the Rooster , the ears of the Dog and the snout of the Pig .", "6": "In some circles , it is considered bad luck to depict a dragon facing downwards , as it is seen as disrespectful to place a dragon in such manner that it can not ascend to the sky . Also , depictions of dragons in tattoos are prevalent as they are symbols of strength and power , especially criminal organisations where dragons hold a meaning all on their own . As such , it is believed that one must be fierce and strong enough , hence earning the right to wear the dragon on his skin , lest his luck be consumed by the dragons . Ruler of weather and water ( edit ) A dragon seen floating among clouds , on a golden canteen made during the 15th century , Ming dynasty Chinese dragons are strongly associated with water and weather in popular religion . They are believed to be the rulers of moving bodies of water , such as waterfalls , rivers , or seas . The Dragon God is the dispenser of rain as well as the zoomorphic representation of the yang masculine power of generation . In this capacity as the rulers of water and weather , the dragon is more anthropomorphic in form , often depicted as a humanoid , dressed in a king 's costume , but with a dragon head wearing a king 's headdress . There are four major Dragon Kings , representing each of the Four Seas : the East Sea ( corresponding to the East China Sea ) , the South Sea ( corresponding to the South China Sea ) , the West Sea ( sometimes seen as the Qinghai Lake and beyond ) , and the North Sea ( sometimes seen as Lake Baikal ) . Because of this association , they are seen as `` in charge '' of water - related weather phenomena . In premodern times , many Chinese villages ( especially those close to rivers and seas ) had temples dedicated to their local `` dragon king '' . In times of drought or flooding , it was customary for the local gentry and government officials to lead the community in offering sacrifices and conducting other religious rites to appease the dragon , either to ask for rain or a cessation thereof . The King of Wuyue in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was often known as the `` Dragon King '' or the `` Sea Dragon King '' because of his extensive hydro - engineering schemes which `` tamed '' the sea .", "7": "Symbol of imperial authority ( edit ) Main article : Yellow Dragon An imperial robe from the Qing Dynasty According to Chinese legend , both Chinese primogenitors , the earliest Door and the Yellow Emperor ( Huangdi ) , were closely related to ' Long ' ( Chinese dragon ) . At the end of his reign , the first legendary ruler , the Yellow Emperor , was said to have been immortalized into a dragon that resembled his emblem , and ascended to Heaven . The other legendary ruler , the Yan Emperor , was born by his mother 's telepathy with a mythical dragon . Since the Chinese consider the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor as their ancestors , they sometimes refer to themselves as `` the descendants of the dragon '' . This legend also contributed towards the use of the Chinese dragon as a symbol of imperial power . Dragons ( usually with five claws on each foot ) were a symbol for the emperor in many Chinese dynasties . During the Qing dynasty , the imperial dragon was colored yellow or gold , and during the Ming dynasty it was red . The imperial throne was referred to as the Dragon Throne . During the late Qing dynasty , the dragon was even adopted as the national flag . Dragons are featured in carvings on the stairs and walkways of imperial palaces and imperial tombs , such as at the Forbidden City in Beijing . In some Chinese legends , an emperor might be born with a birthmark in the shape of a dragon . For example , one legend tells the tale of a peasant born with a dragon birthmark who eventually overthrows the existing dynasty and founds a new one ; another legend might tell of the prince in hiding from his enemies who is identified by his dragon birthmark . In contrast , the Empress of China was often identified with the Chinese phoenix . Modern belief ( edit ) Worship of the Dragon God is celebrated throughout China with sacrifices and processions during the fifth and sixth moons , and especially on the date of his birthday the thirteenth day of the sixth moon . A folk religious movement of associations of good - doing in modern Hebei is primarily devoted to a generic Dragon God whose icon is a tablet with his name inscribed , for which it has been named the `` movement of the Dragon Tablet '' .", "8": "Depictions of the dragon ( edit ) An ancient seal script form of the character for `` dragon '' that is now written 龍 or 龙 and pronounced lóng in Mandarin Chinese . Neolithic depictions ( edit ) Symbols of dragons were placed in tombs as means to get to heaven . The Walters Art Museum . Dragons or dragon - like depictions have been found extensively in neolithic - period archaeological sites throughout China . The earliest depiction of dragons was found at Xinglongwa culture sites . Yangshao culture sites in Xi'an have produced clay pots with dragon motifs . A burial site Xishuipo in Puyang which is associated with the Yangshao culture shows a large dragon mosaic made out of clam shells . The Liangzhu culture also produced dragon - like patterns . The Hongshan culture sites in present - day Inner Mongolia produced jade dragon objects in the form of pig dragons which are the first 3 - dimensional representations of Chinese dragons . One such early form was the pig dragon . It is a coiled , elongated creature with a head resembling a boar . The character for `` dragon '' in the earliest Chinese writing has a similar coiled form , as do later jade dragon amulets from the Shang dynasty . Classical depictions ( edit ) Phra Maha Chedi Chai Mongkol Naga emerging from mouth of Makara Chinese literature and myths refer to many dragons besides the famous long . The linguist Michael Carr analyzed over 100 ancient dragon names attested in Chinese classic texts . Many such Chinese names derive from the suffix - long : Tianlong ( Chinese : 天龍 ; pinyin : tiānlóng ; Wade -- Giles : t'ien - lung ; literally : `` heavenly dragon '' ) , celestial dragon that guards heavenly palaces and pulls divine chariots ; also a name for the constellation Draco Shenlong ( Chinese : 神龍 ; pinyin : shénlóng ; Wade -- Giles : shen - lung ; literally : `` god dragon '' ) , thunder god that controls the weather , appearance of a human head , dragon 's body , and drum - like stomach Fucanglong ( Chinese : 伏藏龍 ; pinyin : fúcánglóng ;", "9": "Wade -- Giles : fu - ts'ang - lung ; literally : `` hidden treasure dragon '' ) , underworld guardian of precious metals and jewels , associated with volcanoes Dilong ( Chinese : 地龍 ; pinyin : dìlóng ; Wade -- Giles : ti - lung ; literally : `` earth dragon '' ) , controller of rivers and seas ; also a name for earthworm Yinglong ( Chinese : 應龍 ; pinyin : yìnglóng ; Wade -- Giles : ying - lung ; literally : `` responding dragon '' ) , winged dragon associated with rains and floods , used by Yellow Emperor to kill Chi You Jiaolong ( Chinese : 蛟龍 ; pinyin : jiāolóng ; Wade -- Giles : chiao - lung ; literally : `` crocodile dragon '' ) , hornless or scaled dragon , leader of all aquatic animals Panlong ( Chinese : 蟠龍 ; pinyin : pánlóng ; Wade -- Giles : p'an - lung ; literally : `` coiled dragon '' ) , lake dragon that has not ascended to heaven Huanglong ( Chinese : 黃龍 ; pinyin : huánglóng ; Wade -- Giles : huang - lung ; literally : `` yellow dragon '' ) , hornless dragon symbolizing the emperor Feilong ( Chinese : 飛龍 ; pinyin : fēilóng ; Wade -- Giles : fei - lung ; literally : `` flying dragon '' ) , winged dragon that rides on clouds and mist ; also a name for a genus of pterosaur ( compare Feilong kick and Fei Long character ) Qinglong ( Chinese : 青龍 ; pinyin : qīnglóng ; Wade -- Giles : ch'ing - lung ; literally : `` Azure Dragon '' ) , the animal associated with the East in the Chinese Four Symbols , mythological creatures in the Chinese constellations Qiulong ( Chinese : 虯龍 ; pinyin : qíulóng ; Wade -- Giles : ch'iu - lung ; literally : `` curling dragon '' ) , contradictorily defined as both `` horned dragon '' and `` hornless dragon '' Zhulong ( Chinese : 燭龍 ; pinyin : zhúlóng ;", "10": "Wade -- Giles : chu - lung ; literally : `` torch dragon '' ) or Zhuyin ( Chinese : 燭陰 ; pinyin : zhúyīn ; Wade -- Giles : chu - yin ; literally : `` illuminating darkness '' ) was a giant red draconic solar deity in Chinese mythology . It supposedly had a human 's face and snake 's body , created day and night by opening and closing its eyes , and created seasonal winds by breathing . ( Note that this zhulong is different from the similarly named Vermilion Dragon or the Pig dragon ) . Chilong ( Chinese : 螭龍 or 魑龍 ; pinyin : chīlóng ; Wade -- Giles : ch'ih - lung ; literally : `` demon dragon '' ) , a hornless dragon or mountain demon Fewer Chinese dragon names derive from the prefix long - : Longwang ( Chinese : 龍王 ; pinyin : lóngwáng ; Wade -- Giles : lung - wang ; literally : `` Dragon Kings '' ) divine rulers of the Four Seas Longma ( Chinese : 龍馬 ; pinyin : lóngmǎ ; Wade -- Giles : lung - ma ; literally : `` dragon horse '' ) , emerged from the Luo River and revealed ba gua to Fu Xi Some additional Chinese dragons are not named with long 龍 , for instance , Hong ( Chinese : 虹 ; pinyin : hóng ; Wade -- Giles : hung ; literally : `` rainbow '' ) , a two - headed dragon or rainbow serpent Shen ( Chinese : 蜃 ; pinyin : shèn ; Wade -- Giles : shen ; literally : `` giant clam '' ) , a shapeshifting dragon or sea monster believed to create mirages Bashe ( Chinese : 巴蛇 ; pinyin : bāshé ; Wade -- Giles : pa - she ; literally : `` ba snake '' ) was a giant python - like dragon that ate elephants Teng ( Chinese : 螣 ; pinyin : téng ; Wade -- Giles : t'eng ) or Tengshe ( simplified Chinese : 腾蛇 ; traditional Chinese : 騰蛇 ; pinyin : téngshé ; Wade -- Giles : t'eng - she ; lit .", "11": "`` soaring snake '' ) is a flying dragon without legs Chinese scholars have classified dragons in diverse systems . For instance , Emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty canonized five colored dragons as `` kings '' . The Azure Dragon ( Qinglong 青龍 ) spirits , most compassionate kings . The Vermilion Dragon ( Zhulong 朱龍 or Chilong 赤龍 ) spirits , kings that bestow blessings on lakes . The Yellow Dragon ( Huanglong 黃龍 ) spirits , kings that favorably hear all petitions . The White Dragon ( Bailong 白龍 ) spirits , virtuous and pure kings . The Black Dragon ( Xuanlong 玄龍 or Heilong 黑龍 ) spirits , kings dwelling in the depths of the mystic waters . With the addition of the Yellow Dragon of the Center to Azure Dragon of the East , these Vermilion , White , and Black Dragons coordinate with the Four Symbols , including the Vermilion Bird of the South , White Tiger of the West , and Black Tortoise of the North . Nine sons of the dragon ( edit ) Main article : Nine sons of the dragon Pulao in Changchun Temple , Wuhan Qianlong era bixi near Marco Polo Bridge , Beijing Several Ming dynasty texts list what were claimed as the Nine Offspring of the Dragon ( 龍生九子 ) , and subsequently these feature prominently in popular Chinese stories and writings . The scholar Xie Zhaozhe ( 謝肇淛 , 1567 -- 1624 ) in his work Wu Za Zu ( 五雜俎 , c. 1592 ) gives the following listing , as rendered by M.W. de Visser : A well - known work of the end of the sixteenth century , the Wuzazu 五雜俎 , informs us about the nine different young of the dragon , whose shapes are used as ornaments according to their nature . The ( pulao 蒲牢 ) , dragons which like to cry , are represented on the tops of bells , serving as handles . The ( qiuniu 囚牛 ) , which like music , are used to adorn musical instruments .", "12": "The ( chiwen 螭吻 / 鴟吻 ) , which like swallowing , are placed on both ends of the ridgepoles of roofs ( to swallow all evil influences ) . The ( chaofeng 嘲風 ) , lion - like beasts which like precipices , are placed on the four corners of roofs . The ( yazi 睚眦 / 睚眥 ) , which like to kill , are engraved on sword guards . The ( bixi 贔屭 ) , which have the shape of the ( chilong 螭龍 ) , and are fond of literature , are represented on the sides of grave - monuments . The ( bi'an 狴犴 ) , which like litigation , are placed over prison gates ( in order to keep guard ) . The ( suanni 狻猊 ) , which like to sit down , are represented upon the bases of Buddhist idols ( under the Buddhas ' or Bodhisattvas ' feet ) . The ( baxia 𧈢𧏡 ) , finally , big tortoises which like to carry heavy objects , are placed under grave - monuments . Further , the same author enumerates nine other kinds of dragons , which are represented as ornaments of different objects or buildings according to their liking prisons , water , the rank smell of newly caught fish or newly killed meat , wind and rain , ornaments , smoke , shutting the mouth ( used for adorning key - holes ) , standing on steep places ( placed on roofs ) , and fire . The Sheng'an waiji ( 升庵外集 ) collection by the poet Yang Shen ( 楊慎 , 1488 -- 1559 ) gives different 5th and 9th names for the dragon 's nine children : the taotie ( 饕餮 ) , which loves to eat and is found on food - related wares , and the jiaotu ( 椒圖 ) , which looks like a conch or clam , does not like to be disturbed , and is used on the front door or the doorstep .", "13": "Yang 's list is bixi , chiwen or cháofēng , pulao , bi'an , taotie , qiuniu , yazi , suanni , and jiaotu . Oldest known attestation of the `` children of the dragon '' list is found in the Shuyuan Zaji ( 椒园杂记 , Miscellaneous records from the bean garden ) by Lu Rong ( 1436 -- 1494 ) ; however , he noted that the list enumerates mere synonyms of various antiques , not children of a dragon . The nine sons of the dragon were commemorated by the Shanghai Mint in 2012 's year of the dragon with two sets of coins , one in silver , and one in brass . Each coin in the sets depicts one of the 9 sons , including an additional coin for the father dragon , which depicts the nine sons on the reverse . Dragon claws ( edit ) Reverse of bronze mirror , 8th century , Tang dynasty , showing a dragon with three toes on each foot The early Chinese dragons can be depicted with two to five claws . Different countries that adopted the Chinese dragon have different preferences ; in Mongolia and Korea , the four - clawed dragons are used , while in Japanese dragon three - clawed dragons are common . By the Yuan dynasty , the five - clawed dragons became reserved for use by the emperor while the princes used four - clawed dragons . The usage of the dragon motif was codified during the Yuan dynasty , and phoenixes and five - clawed two - horned dragons may not be used on the robes of officials and other objects such as plates and vessels . It was further stipulated that for commoners , `` it is forbidden to wear any cloth with patterns of Qilin , Male Fenghuang ( Chinese phoenix ) , White rabbit , Lingzhi , Five - Toe Two - Horn Dragon , Eight Dragons , Nine Dragons , ' Ten thousand years ' , Fortune - longevity character and Golden Yellow etc . '' The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty emulated the Yuan dynasty rules on the use of the dragon motif and decreed that the dragon would be his emblem and that it would have five claws . The four - clawed dragon would become typically for imperial nobility and certain high - ranking officials .", "14": "The three clawed dragon was used by lower ranks and the general public ( widely seen on various Chinese goods in the Ming dynasty ) . The dragon , however , was only for select royalty closely associated with the imperial family , usually in various symbolic colors , while it was a capital offense for anyone -- other than the emperor himself -- to ever use the completely gold - colored , five - clawed Long dragon motif . Improper use of claw number or colors was considered treason , punishable by execution of the offender 's entire clan . The convention was carried into the Qing dynasty , and portraits of the Qing emperors were usually depicted with five - clawed dragons . In works of art that left the imperial collection , either as gifts or through pilfering by court eunuchs ( a long - standing problem ) where practicable one claw was removed from each set , as in several pieces of carved lacquerware , for example the well known Chinese lacquerware table in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London . Cultural references ( edit ) Number nine ( edit ) A close up view of one full dragon ( and the tail end and claw of another ) from the Nine Dragons handscroll painted in AD 1244 by Chen Rong , an artist of the Song Dynasty The number nine is special in China as it is seen as number of the heaven , and Chinese dragons are frequently connected with it . For example , a Chinese dragon is normally described in terms of nine attributes and usually has 117 ( 9x13 ) scales -- 81 ( 9x9 ) Yang and 36 ( 9x4 ) Yin . This is also why there are nine forms of the dragon and there are 9 sons of the dragon ( see Classical depictions above ) . The Nine - Dragon Wall is a spirit wall with images of nine different dragons , and is found in imperial Chinese palaces and gardens . Because nine was considered the number of the emperor , only the most senior officials were allowed to wear nine dragons on their robes -- and then only with the robe completely covered with surcoats . Lower - ranking officials had eight or five dragons on their robes , again covered with surcoats ; even the emperor himself wore his dragon robe with one of its nine dragons hidden from view .", "15": "There are a number of places in China called `` Nine Dragons '' , the most famous being Kowloon ( in Cantonese ) in Hong Kong . The part of the Mekong in Vietnam is known as Cửu Long , with the same meaning . Chinese zodiac ( edit ) Main article : Dragon ( zodiac ) The Dragon is one of the 12 animals in the Chinese zodiac which is used to designate years in the Chinese calendar . It is thought that each animal is associated with certain personality traits . Dragon years are usually the most popular to have children . There are more people born in Dragon years than in any other animal years of the zodiac . Constellations ( edit ) See also : Five elements ( Chinese philosophy ) The Azure Dragon ( Qing Long , 青龍 ) is considered to be the primary of the four celestial guardians , the other three being the Zhu Que -- 朱雀 ( Vermilion Bird ) , Bai Hu -- 白虎 ( White Tiger ) , Xuan Wu -- 玄武 ( Black Tortoise - like creature ) . In this context , the Azure Dragon is associated with the East and the element of Wood . Dragonboat racing ( edit ) Main article : Dragon boat At special festivals , especially the Duanwu Festival , dragon boat races are an important part of festivities . Typically , these are boats paddled by a team of up to 20 paddlers with a drummer and steersman . The boats have a carved dragon as the head and tail of the boat . Dragon boat racing is also an important part of celebrations outside of China , such as at Chinese New Year . A similar racing is popular in India in the state of Kerala called Vallamkali and there are records on Chinese traders visiting the seashores of Kerala centuries back ( Ibn Batuta ) . Detail of an embroidered silk gauze ritual garment from a 4th - century BC Zhou era tomb at Mashan , Hubei province , China . The flowing , curvilinear design incorporates dragons , phoenixes , and tigers . Dragon dancing ( edit ) Main article : Dragon dance On auspicious occasions , including Chinese New Year and the opening of shops and residences , festivities often include dancing with dragon puppets .", "16": "These are `` life sized '' cloth - and - wood puppets manipulated by a team of people , supporting the dragon with poles . They perform choreographed moves to the accompaniment of drums , drama , and music . They also wore good clothing made of silk . Dragons and nāgas ( edit ) In many Buddhist countries , the concept of the nāga has been merged with local traditions of great and wise serpents or dragons , as depicted in this stairway image of a multi-headed nāga emerging from the mouth of a Makara in the style of a Chinese dragon at Phra Maha Chedi Chai Mongkol on the premises of Wat Pha Namthip Thep Prasit Vararam in Thailand 's Roi Et Province Nong Phok District . ' Dragon 's - Claw Elm ' , Fengtai , 1908 Dragons and tigers ( edit ) The tiger is considered to be the eternal rival to the dragon , thus various artworks depict a dragon and tiger fighting an epic battle . A well used Chinese idiom to describe equal rivals ( often in sports nowadays ) is `` Dragon versus Tiger '' . In Chinese martial arts , `` Dragon style '' is used to describe styles of fighting based more on understanding movement , while `` Tiger style '' is based on brute strength and memorization of techniques . Dragons and botany ( edit ) The elm cultivar Ulmus pumila ' Pendula ' , from northern China , called ' Weeping Chinese Elm ' in the West , is known locally as Lung chao yü shu ( : ' Dragon 's - claw elm ' ) owing to its branching . In popular culture ( edit ) As a part of traditional folklore , dragons appear in a variety of mythological fiction . In the classical novel Journey to the West , the son of the Dragon King of the West was condemned to serve as a horse for the travelers because of his indiscretions at a party in the heavenly court . Sun Wukong 's staff , the Ruyi Jingu Bang , was robbed from Ao Guang , the Dragon King of the East Sea . In Fengshen Yanyi and other stories , Nezha , the boy hero , defeats the Dragon Kings and tames the seas .", "17": "Chinese dragons also appear in innumerable Japanese anime movies and television shows , manga , and in Western political cartoons as a personification of the People 's Republic of China . The Chinese respect for dragons is emphasized in Naomi Novik 's Temeraire novels , where they were the first people to tame dragons and are treated as equals , intellectuals , or even royalty , rather than beasts solely bred for war in the West . Manda is a large Chinese dragon that appears in the Godzilla storyline . A golden three - headed dragon also appears in the comic book series God Is Dead . Red dragon is a symbol of China which appears in many Mahjong games . A Chinese Water - Dragon is used as the main antagonist in Season 3 of the Australian television series Mako Mermaids . The Dragon is heavily based on Chinese mythology to coincide with a new Chinese mermaid on the show . In The Lego Ninjago Movie , Lloyd , the green ninja , has a robotic Chinese dragon as his main vehicle . Regional variations across asia ( edit ) While depictions of the dragon in art and literature are consistent throughout the cultures in which it is found , there are some regional differences . For more information on peculiarities in the depiction of the dragon in other Asian cultures , see : Dragons related to the Chinese dragon : Druk , the Thunder Dragon of Bhutanese mythology Japanese dragon Korean dragon Nāga , a Hindu and Buddhist creature in South Asian and Southeast Asian mythology . Vietnamese dragon Dragons similar to the Chinese dragon : Makara , a sea Dragon in Hindu and Buddhist mythology Yaazhi , a South Indian or Tamil mythical creature Nepalese dragon as depicted with Bahirav Bakunawa , a moon - eating sea dragon depicted in Philippine mythology . Gallery ( edit ) Non-Imperial Chinese dragon in Shanghai Nine - Dragon Wall , Datong ( detail ) Mini-Sculpture of a Dragon on top of a temple in Hsinchu , Taiwan Giant dragon statues surrounded by the sea at Sanggar Agung Temple , Surabaya , Indonesia The Chinese dragon statue at Vihara Dharmayana Kuta , Bali See also ( edit ) An Instinct for Dragons , hypothesis about the origin of dragon myths .", "18": "Chinese mythology Fish in Chinese mythology List of dragons in mythology and folklore Long Mu ( Dragon 's Mother ) Radical 212 Snakes in Chinese mythology , mostly about less dragon - like types China Dragon - hockey team playing in the Asia League Ice Hockey References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ingersoll , Ernest ; et al. ( 2013 ) . The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore . Chiang Mai : Cognoscenti Books . ^ Jump up to : Dikötter , Frank ( 10 November 1997 ) . The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan . C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 978 - 1850652878 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Dragons '' . Kyoto National Museum . ^ Jump up to : Linda Komaroff ( ed . ) . Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan . Brill Academic Publishers . p. 320 . ISBN 9789047418573 . ^ Jump up to : Sleeboom , Margaret . ( 2004 ) ( 2004 ) . Academic Nations in China and Japan Framed in concepts of Nature , Culture and the Universal . Routledge publishing . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31545 - X Jump up ^ `` Brand Overview '' , Brand Hong Kong , 09 - 2004 retrieved on 23 - 02 - 2007 . Archived December 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fiery Debate Over China 's Dragon '' , BBC News , an article covering China 's decision not to use a dragon mascot and the resulting disappointment . Jump up ^ `` The Mongolian Message '' . Jump up ^ Dr Zai , J. Taoism and Science : Cosmology , Evolution , Morality , Health and more . Ultravisum , 2015 . Jump up ^ Howard Giskin and Bettye S. Walsh ( 2001 ) . An introduction to Chinese culture through the family . State University of New York Press . p. 126 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 5047 - 3 .", "19": "Jump up ^ `` Teaching Chinese Archeology '' Archived 2008 - 02 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Salviati , Filippo ( 2002 ) . The Language of Adornment : Chinese Ornaments of Jade , Crystal , Amber and Glass , Fig. 17 . Ten Speed Press . ISBN 1 - 58008 - 587 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dong Zhiming ( 1992 ) . Dinosaurian Faunas of China . China Ocean Press , Beijing . ISBN 3 - 540 - 52084 - 8 . OCLC 26522845 . Jump up ^ `` Dinosaur bones ' used as medicine ' '' . BBC News . 2007 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Xu and Norell , ( 2004 ) . `` A new troodontid dinosaur from China with avian - like sleeping posture '' . Nature , 431 ( 7010 ) : 838 - 841 . doi : 10.1038 / news041011 - 7 Jump up ^ de Visser , Marinus Willem ( 1913 ) . `` The Dragon in China and Japan '' . Verhandelingen der Koninklijke akademie van wetenschappen te Amsterdam . Afdeeling Letterkunde . Nieuwe reeks , deel xiii , no . 2 . Amsterdam : Johannes Müller : 70 . ( Also available at University of Georgia Library Archived 2016 - 12 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Doré , Henri . 1917 . Researches into Chinese Superstitions . M. Kennelly , D.J. Finn , and L.F. McGreat , trs . T'usewei . Ch'eng - wen reprint 1966 , 681 . ^ Jump up to : Tom ( 1989 ) , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Hayes , L. ( 1923 ) . The Chinese Dragon . Shanghai , China : Commercial Press Ltd .", "20": "Retrieved from https://archive.org/stream/chinesedragon00hayeuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Jump up ^ Zhiya Hua . Dragon 's Name : A Folk Religion in a Village in South - Central Hebei Province . Shanghai People 's Publishing House , 2013 . ISBN 7208113297 Jump up ^ `` Chinese Dragon '' . The Walters Art Museum . Jump up ^ Hung - Sying Jing ; Allen Batteau ( 2016 ) . The Dragon in the Cockpit : How Western Aviation Concepts Conflict with Chinese Value Systems . Routledge . p. 83 . ISBN 9781317035299 . Jump up ^ John Onians ( 26 April 2004 ) . Atlas of World Art . Laurence King Publishing . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1856693776 . Jump up ^ `` Jade coiled dragon , Hongshan Culture ( c. 4700 - 2920 B.C. ) '' Archived 2007 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. Retrieved on 23 - 02 - 2007 . Jump up ^ Carr , Michael . 1990 . `` Chinese Dragon Names '' , Linguistics of the Tibeto - Burman Area 13.2 : 87 - 189 . He classified them into seven categories : Rain - dragons , Flying - dragons , Snake - dragons , Wug - dragons ( wug refers to `` worms , bugs , and small reptiles '' ) , Crocodile - dragons , Hill - dragons , and Miscellaneous dragons . Jump up ^ Adapted from Doré 682 . Jump up ^ de Visser 1913 , pp. 101 -- 102 . The primary source is Wu Za Zu , chapter 9 , beginning with `` 龍生九子 ... '' .", "21": "The title of Xie Zhaozhe 's work , Wu Za Zu , has been variously translated into English as Five Assorted Offerings ( in Xie Zhaozhe ) , Five Sundry Bands ( in `` Disease and Its Impact on Politics , Diplomacy , and the Military ... '' ) or Five Miscellanies ( in Changing clothes in China : fashion , history , nation , p. 48 ) . Jump up ^ 吾三省 ( Wu Sansheng ) ( 2006 ) . 中國文化背景八千詞 ( Eight thousand words and expressions viewed against the background of Chinese culture ) ( in Chinese ) . 商務印書館 ( 香港 ) ( Commercial Press , Hong Kong ) . p. 345 . ISBN 962 - 07 - 1846 - 1 . Jump up ^ 九、龙的繁衍与附会 -- -- 龙生九子 ( 1 ) ( `` Chapter 9 , Dragon 's derived and associated creatures : Nine children of the dragon ( 1 ) '' ) , in Yang Jingrong and Liu Zhixiong ( 2008 ) . The full text of Shuyuan Zaji , from which Yang and Liu quote , is available in electronic format at a number of sites , e.g. here : 菽園雜記 Archived 2010 - 03 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CCT4243 : 2012 lunar dragon nine sons of the dragon 20 coin set Jump up ^ `` Famous Japanese Dragons '' . Jump up ^ `` 《志第二十八輿服一》 '' . The History of Yuan . Jump up ^ `` 《本紀第三十九順帝二》 '' . The History of Yuan , Emperor Shundi ( 元史順帝紀 ) , compiled under Song Lian ( 宋濂 ) , AD 1370 .", "22": "禁服麒麟、鸞鳳、白兔、靈芝、雙角五爪龍、八龍、九龍、萬壽、福壽字、赭黃等服 Jump up ^ Rawson , Jessica ( ed ) . The British Museum Book of Chinese Art , p. 177 , 2007 ( 2nd edn ) , British Museum Press , ISBN 9780714124469 Jump up ^ Clunas , Craig and Harrison - Hall , Jessica , Ming : 50 years that changed China , p. 107 , 2014 , British Museum Press , ISBN 9780714124841 Jump up ^ U. pumila ' Pendula ' , ' Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported ... April -- June 1915 ' ( March 1918 ) , ars-grin.gov/npgs/pi_books/scans/pi043.pdf Jump up ^ U. pumila ' Pendula ' , `` 中国自然标本馆 '' . Cfh.ac.cn . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Sources ( edit ) Nikaido , Yoshihiro ( 2015 ) . Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . ISBN 3847004859 . Overmyer , Daniel L. ( 2009 ) . Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century : The Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs . Brill . ISBN 900417592X . Tom , K.S. ( 1989 ) . Echoes from Old China : Life , Legends , and Lore of the Middle Kingdom . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0824812859 . 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-7344445742524899311	what is the meaning of gorakh dhanda in urdu	[ "You are a Puzzle" ]	{ "0": "Naz Khialvi - wikipedia Naz Khialvi Jump to : navigation , search Naz Khialvi Muhammad Siddique 12 December 1947 Chak NO 394GB Jhok Baig Tandlianwala , Dist . Faisalabad , Punjab , Pakistan 12 December 2010 Hujra Sabri , Kanjwani , Near Tandlianwala , Dist . Faisalabad Nationality Pakistani Occupation Lyricist , poet , radio broadcaster Known for Sandal Dharti Notable work Tum Ek Gorakh Dhanda Ho ( You are a Puzzle ) Naz Khialvi ( 1947 -- 12 December 2010 ) was a Pakistani lyricist and radio broadcaster , who is mainly known for his Sufi verse Tum Ek Gorakh Dhanda Ho ( You are a Puzzle ) , later sung by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan , a legendary Qawwali singer , making both of them a household name . He also hosted a radio programme , Sandhal Dharti at Faisalabad radio station for 27 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Teacher 3 Books 4 Award ( s ) 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Muhammad Siddique , pen name Naz Khialvi , born in Jhok Baig Chak No 394GB , near Tandlianwala , district of Faisalabad , 174 km from Lahore , in Province of Punjab , Pakistan . Khialvi later became a broadcaster with state - run radio , and also hosted a radio programme , Sandhal Dharti on Faisalabad radio station for 27 years . He also wrote lyrics in Urdu and Punjabi . Teacher ( edit ) Naaz Khialvi lived many year with famous Urdu poet Ehsan Danish . According to him , Ehsan Danish is the real inspiration for him . He has learnt every thing from him .", "1": "Books ( edit ) Khialvi 's first Book `` SaaiaN Way '' , comprising Punjabi `` kaafi '' , was published by Misaal Publishers , Faisalabad in 2009 ; and his second book `` Lahu kay Phool '' which name later on changed to `` Tum Ik Gorakh Dhanda Ho '' , comprising Urdu ghazals , is under compilation . Award ( s ) ( edit ) Naz Khialvi was awarded the `` Excellence in Radio Compering Award '' in 2000 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Noted lyricist Naz Khialvi dies following illness '' . Hindustan Times . 15 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20131215123201/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/noted-lyricist-naz-khialvi-dies-following-illness/article1-638828.aspx External links ( edit ) Ghorak Dhanda recited by Naaz Khialvi on YouTube Tum ik Gorakh Dhanda Ho , sung by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naz_Khialvi&oldid=830396793 '' Categories : Pakistani lyricists 1947 births 2010 deaths People from Faisalabad Pakistani radio personalities Sufi poets Urdu poets Punjabi people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-8160637999448921796	where were the soviet missiles located in cuba	[ "San Cristóbal, Pinar del Río Province (now in Artemisa Province), in western Cuba", "San Cristóbal, Pinar del Río Province (now in Artemisa Province), in western Cuba" ]	{ "0": "Cuban Missile Crisis - wikipedia Cuban Missile Crisis Jump to : navigation , search `` Missile Crisis '' redirects here . For the Cyprus Missile Crisis , see Cyprus Missile Crisis . Cuban Missile Crisis Part of the Cold War Date October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20 , 1962 ) Location Cuba Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union Belligerents Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : Warsaw Pact United States Italy Turkey Supported by : NATO Commanders and leaders Nikita Khrushchev Anastas Mikoyan Rodion Malinovsky Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara John F. Kennedy Robert McNamara Maxwell D. Taylor Curtis LeMay George Whelan Anderson Jr . Robert F. Kennedy Amintore Fanfani Giulio Andreotti Cemal Gürsel Casualties and losses 64 soviet citizens died ( statistics of the MoD of the RF for 1962 -- 1964 ) 1 U-2 spy aircraft 1 aircraft damaged 1 killed The Cuban Missile Crisis , also known as the October Crisis ( Spanish : Crisis de Octubre ) , the Caribbean Crisis ( Russian : Карибский кризис , tr . Karibsky krizis , IPA : ( kɐˈrjipskjɪj ˈkrjizjɪs ) ) , or the Missile Scare , was a 13 - day ( October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba . The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war .", "1": "In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey , Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba 's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion . An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer . The 1962 United States elections were under way , and the White House had denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles ( 140 km ) from Florida . The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium - range ( SS - 4 ) and intermediate - range ( R - 14 ) ballistic missile facilities . The U.S. established a military blockade to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba ; Oval Office tapes during the crisis revealed that Kennedy had also put the blockade in place as an attempt to provoke Soviet - backed forces in Berlin as well . It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union . After a long period of tense negotiations , an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev . Publicly , the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union , subject to United Nations verification , in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again . Secretly , the United States also agreed that it would dismantle all U.S. - built Jupiter MRBMs , which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union ; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well . When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il - 28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba , the blockade was formally ended on November 21 , 1962 . The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick , clear , and direct communication line between Washington and Moscow . As a result , the Moscow -- Washington hotline was established . A series of agreements reduced US - Soviet tensions for several years .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Earlier US actions 2 Balance of power 3 Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba 4 Missiles reported 4.1 Aerial images find Soviet missiles 4.2 President notified 4.3 Responses considered 5 Operational plans 6 Quarantine 6.1 Speech to the nation 6.2 Crisis deepens 6.3 International response 6.4 Soviet broadcast 6.5 U.S. alert level raised 6.6 Blockade challenged 6.7 Stalemate 7 Secret negotiations 7.1 Crisis continues 7.2 Drafting response 8 Crisis ends 9 Aftermath 10 Later revelations 11 In popular culture 11.1 Media representations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography 15.2 Primary sources 15.3 Lesson plans 16 External links Earlier US actions ( edit ) The U.S. was concerned about an expansion of communism , and a Latin American country openly allying with the Soviet Union was regarded by it as unacceptable since the end of World War II , and the start of the Cold War . Such an involvement would also directly defy the Monroe Doctrine , a U.S. policy limiting U.S. involvement in European colonies and European affairs but holding that the Western Hemisphere was in the U.S. sphere of influence . The Kennedy administration had been publicly embarrassed by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961 , which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA - trained forces of Cuban exiles . Afterward , former President Dwight Eisenhower told Kennedy that `` the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do . '' The half - hearted invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and , as one Soviet adviser wrote , `` too young , intellectual , not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations ... too intelligent and too weak . '' U.S. covert operations against Cuba continued in 1961 with the unsuccessful Operation Mongoose .", "3": "In addition , Khrushchev 's impression of Kennedy 's weaknesses was confirmed by the President 's response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall . Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis , Khrushchev asserted , `` I know for certain that Kennedy does n't have a strong background , nor , generally speaking , does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge . '' He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba , Kennedy `` would make a fuss , make more of a fuss , and then agree . '' In January 1962 , US Army General Edward Lansdale described plans to overthrow the Cuban government in a top - secret report ( partially declassified 1989 ) , addressed to Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose . CIA agents or `` pathfinders '' from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization , including radio broadcasts . In February 1962 , the US launched an embargo against Cuba , and Lansdale presented a 26 - page , top - secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban government , mandating guerrilla operations to begin in August and September . `` Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime '' would occur in the first two weeks of October . Balance of power ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Kennedy ran for president in 1960 , one of his key election issues was an alleged `` missile gap '' with the Soviets leading . In fact , the US led the Soviets by a wide margin that would only increase . In 1961 , the Soviets had only four intercontinental ballistic missiles ( R - 7 Semyorka ) . By October 1962 , they may have had a few dozen , with some intelligence estimates as high as 75 . The U.S. , on the other hand , had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more .", "4": "It also had eight George Washington - and Ethan Allen - class ballistic missile submarines , with the capability to launch 16 Polaris missiles , each with a range of 2,500 nautical miles ( 4,600 km ) . Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the Soviets were building missiles `` like sausages '' but Soviet missiles ' numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertions . The Soviet Union had medium - range ballistic missiles in quantity , about 700 of them , but they were very unreliable and inaccurate . The US had a considerable advantage in total number of nuclear warheads ( 27,000 against 3,600 ) and in the technology required for their accurate delivery . The US also led in missile defensive capabilities , naval and air power ; but the Soviets had a 2 - 1 advantage in conventional ground forces , more pronounced in field guns and tanks , particularly in the European theater . Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba ( edit ) In May 1962 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was persuaded by the idea of countering the US 's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate - range nuclear missiles in Cuba , despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana , Alexandr Ivanovich Alexeyev , who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles . Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a `` splendid first strike '' capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage . In 1962 , the Soviets had only 20 ICBMs capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet Union . The poor accuracy and reliability of the missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness . A newer , more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965 . Therefore , Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( MRBMs and IRBMs ) . The missiles could hit American allies and most of Alaska from Soviet territory but not the Contiguous US . Graham Allison , the director of Harvard University 's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs , points out , `` The Soviet Union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil .", "5": "In order to meet the threat it faced in 1962 , 1963 , and 1964 , it had very few options . Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one . '' A second reason that Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was because Khrushchev wanted to bring West Berlin , controlled by the American , British and French within Communist East Germany , into the Soviet orbit . The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of Berlin a grave threat to East Germany . Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War . Khrushchev believed that if the US did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba , he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in Berlin . If the US tried to bargain with the Soviets after it became aware of the missiles , Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin . Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba , the trade would be a win for Khrushchev , as Kennedy recognized : `` The advantage is , from Khrushchev 's point of view , he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it . '' More than 100 US - built missiles having the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads were deployed in Italy and Turkey in 1961 . Khrushchev was also reacting in part to the nuclear threat of obsolescent Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missiles that had been installed by the US in Turkey in April 1962 . In early 1962 , a group of Soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to Havana . They obtained a meeting with Cuban leader Fidel Castro . The Cuban leadership had a strong expectation that the US would invade Cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles in Cuba . However , according to another source , Castro objected to the missiles deployment that would have made him look like a Soviet puppet , but he was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be an irritant to the US and help the interests of the entire socialist camp . Also , the deployment would include short - range tactical weapons ( with a range of 40 km , usable only against naval vessels ) that would provide a `` nuclear umbrella '' for attacks upon the island .", "6": "By May , Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba . Like Castro , Khrushchev felt that a US invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists , especially in Latin America . He said he wanted to confront the Americans `` with more than words ... the logical answer was missiles . '' The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy , writing their plans longhand , which were approved by Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7 . From the very beginning , the Soviets ' operation entailed elaborate denial and deception , known as `` maskirovka '' . All the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy , with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission . Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and being outfitted with ski boots , fleece - lined parkas , and other winter equipment . The Soviet codename was Operation Anadyr . The Anadyr River flows into the Bering Sea , and Anadyr is also the capital of Chukotsky District and a bomber base in the far eastern region . All the measures were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences . Specialists in missile construction under the guise of `` machine operators , '' `` irrigation specialists , '' and `` agricultural specialists '' arrived in July . A total of 43,000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in . Marshal Sergei Biryuzov , chief of the Soviet Rocket Forces , led a survey team that visited Cuba . He told Khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees . The Cuban leadership was further upset when in September , the US Congress approved Joint Resolution 230 , which expressed Congress 's resolve to prevent the creation of an externally - supported military establishment . On the same day , the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean , PHIBRIGLEX - 62 , which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba . The Soviet leadership believed , based on its perception of Kennedy 's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion , that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli .", "7": "On September 11 , the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war . The Soviets continued the Maskirovka program to conceal their actions in Cuba . They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature . On September 7 , Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin assured United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson that the Soviet Union was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba . On September 11 , the Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza ( Soviet News Agency TASS ) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba . On October 13 , Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba . He denied any such plans . On October 17 , Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that `` under no circumstances would surface - to - surface missiles be sent to Cuba . '' As early as August 1962 , the US suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba . During that month , its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian - built MiG - 21 fighters and Il - 28 light bombers . U-2 spyplanes found S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 ) surface - to - air missile sites at eight different locations . CIA director John A. McCone was suspicious . Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba , he reasoned , `` made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States . '' On August 10 , he wrote a memo to Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba . With important Congressional elections scheduled for November , the crisis became enmeshed in American politics . On August 31 , Senator Kenneth Keating ( R - New York ) , who received his information from Cuban exiles in Florida , warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba . He charged the Kennedy administration of covering up a major threat to the US .", "8": "Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September , and spy flights and minor military harassment from US forces at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government . Map created by American intelligence showing Surface - to - Air Missile activity in Cuba , September 5 , 1962 The first consignment of R - 12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8 , followed by a second on September 16 . The R - 12 was a medium - range ballistic missile , capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead . It was a single - stage , road - transportable , surface - launched , storable liquid propellant fueled missile that could deliver a megaton - class nuclear weapon . The Soviets were building nine sites -- six for R - 12 medium - range missiles ( NATO designation SS - 4 Sandal ) with an effective range of 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) and three for R - 14 intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( NATO designation SS - 5 Skean ) with a maximum range of 4,500 kilometres ( 2,800 mi ) . On October 7 , Cuban President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado spoke at the UN General Assembly : `` If ... we are attacked , we will defend ourselves . I repeat , we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves ; we have indeed our inevitable weapons , the weapons , which we would have preferred not to acquire , and which we do not wish to employ . '' Missiles reported ( edit ) The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to target effectively most of the Continental US . The planned arsenal was forty launchers . The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami . US intelligence received countless reports , many of dubious quality or even laughable , most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles . Only five reports bothered the analysts . They described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas - covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering . Defensive missiles could turn . The reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed . A U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Cuba , showing Soviet nuclear missiles , their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance .", "9": "Aerial images find Soviet missiles ( edit ) The United States had been sending U-2 surveillance over Cuba since the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion . The first issue that led to a pause in reconnaissance flights took place on August 30 , when a U-2 operated by the U.S. Air Force 's Strategic Air Command flew over Sakhalin Island in the Soviet Far East by mistake . The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized . Nine days later , a Taiwanese - operated U-2 was lost over western China to an SA - 2 surface - to - air missile . US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2 , initiating another international incident . In a meeting with members of the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance ( COMOR ) on September 10 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy heavily restricted further U-2 flights over Cuban airspace . The resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the `` Photo Gap . '' No significant U-2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island . US officials attempted to use a Corona photoreconnaissance satellite to obtain coverage over reported Soviet military deployments , but imagery acquired over western Cuba by a Corona KH - 4 mission on October 1 was heavily covered by clouds and haze and failed to provide any usable intelligence . At the end of September , Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet ship Kasimov , with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il - 28 light bomber fuselages . In September 1962 , analysts from the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) noticed that Cuban surface - to - air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the Soviet Union to protect its ICBM bases , leading DIA to lobby for the resumption of U-2 flights over the island . Although in the past the flights had been conducted by the CIA , pressure from the Defense Department made the authority be transferred to the Air Force . Following the loss of a CIA U-2 over the Soviet Union in May 1960 , it was thought that if another U-2 were shot down , an Air Force aircraft arguably being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a CIA flight .", "10": "When the reconnaissance missions were reauthorized on October 9 , poor weather kept the planes from flying . The US first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on October 14 , when a U-2 flight piloted by Major Richard Heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by DIA analysts , capturing images of what turned out to be an SS - 4 construction site at San Cristóbal , Pinar del Río Province ( now in Artemisa Province ) , in western Cuba . President notified ( edit ) On October 15 , the CIA 's National Photographic Interpretation Center ( NPIC ) reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles . This identification was made , in part , on the strength of reporting provided by Oleg Penkovsky , a double agent in the GRU working for CIA and MI6 . Although he provided no direct reports of the Soviet missile deployments to Cuba , technical and doctrinal details of Soviet missile regiments that had been provided by Penkovsky in the months and years prior to the Crisis helped NPIC analysts correctly identify the missiles on U-2 imagery . That evening , the CIA notified the Department of State and at 8 : 30 pm EDT , Bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the President . McNamara was briefed at midnight . The next morning , Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA 's analysis of the images . At 6 : 30 pm EDT , Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisors , in a group he formally named the Executive Committee of the National Security Council ( EXCOMM ) after the fact on October 22 by the National Security Action Memorandum 196 . Without informing the members of EXCOMM , President Kennedy tape recorded all of their proceedings , and Sheldon M. Stern , head of the Kennedy library transcribed some of them . Responses considered ( edit ) President Kennedy meets in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and the reconnaissance pilots who found the missile sites in Cuba . The US had no plan in place because its intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba . The EXCOMM quickly discussed several possible courses of action : Do nothing : American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new .", "11": "Diplomacy : Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles . Secret approach : Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Russians or being invaded . Invasion : Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro . Air strike : Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites . Blockade : Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba . As the article describes , both the US and the Soviet Union considered many possible outcomes of their actions and threats during the crisis ( Allison , Graham T. ; Zelikow , Philip D . ) . This game tree models how both actors would have considered their decisions . It is broken down into a simple form for basic understanding . The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously agreed that a full - scale attack and invasion was the only solution . They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba . Kennedy was skeptical : They , no more than we , can let these things go by without doing something . They ca n't , after all their statements , permit us to take out their missiles , kill a lot of Russians , and then do nothing . If they do n't take action in Cuba , they certainly will in Berlin . Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume `` a clear line '' to conquer Berlin . Kennedy also believed that US allies would think of the country as `` trigger - happy cowboys '' who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation . President Kennedy and Secretary of Defense McNamara in an EXCOMM meeting . The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power , both political and military . The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance , but McNamara disagreed . An extra 40 , he reasoned , would make little difference to the overall strategic balance . The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads , but the Soviet Union had only 300 . McNamara concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance . In 1990 , he reiterated that `` it made no difference ... The military balance was n't changed . I did n't believe it then , and I do n't believe it now . '' The EXCOMM agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance .", "12": "Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that `` if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States ... the United States would act . '' Also , credibility among US allies and people would be damaged if the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic balance by placing missiles in Cuba . Kennedy explained after the crisis that `` it would have politically changed the balance of power . It would have appeared to , and appearances contribute to reality . '' President Kennedy meets with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in the Oval Office ( October 18 , 1962 ) On October 18 , Kennedy met with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs , Andrei Gromyko , who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only . Not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the American public , Kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup . By October 19 , frequent U-2 spy flights showed four operational sites . On the night of October 19 at 23 : 56 a helicopter from USS Essex CVS - 9 squadron HSS - 2 crashed into the Gulf of Mexico . Lt. Cmdr . James Robert Hughes and AM - 3 George Blythe perished . Their bodies were never recovered . On October 22 , 1962 a second helicopter crashed into the Gulf , that also was from HSS - 2 stationed on the Essex . Lost that night were Lt. Cmdr . Witkowski and Enlisted Serviceman 50 AZ Murphy . The details of the deaths of October 19 , 1962 have never been provided to the families affected . There are numerous rumors that exist from bad storms , Soviet interference with the flight , or a one - way suicide recon mission . However , the most consistently repeated accounts from on deck witnesses indicate that the helicopter on October 19 was `` shot down . '' Operational plans ( edit ) Two Operational Plans ( OPLAN ) were considered . OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units , supported by the Navy following Air Force and naval airstrikes . However , Army units in the US would have had trouble fielding mechanized and logistical assets , and the US Navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armored contingent from the Army .", "13": "OPLAN 312 , primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation , was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316 's ground forces . Quarantine ( edit ) A US Navy P - 2H Neptune of VP - 18 flying over a Soviet cargo ship with crated Il - 28s on deck during the Cuban Crisis . Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout October 21 , considering two remaining options : an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases or a naval blockade of Cuba . A full - scale invasion was not the administration 's first option . McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control . However , the term `` blockade '' was problematic . According to international law , a blockade is an act of war , but the Kennedy administration did not think that the Soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade . Additionally , legal experts at the State Department and Justice Department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification , based on the Rio Treaty for defense of the Western Hemisphere , was obtained from a resolution by a two - thirds vote from the members or the Organization of American States ( OAS ) . Admiral Anderson , Chief of Naval Operations wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a `` quarantine '' of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials , claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention . Since it would take place in international waters , Kennedy obtained the approval of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defense provisions of the Rio Treaty : Latin American participation in the quarantine now involved two Argentine destroyers which were to report to the U.S. Commander South Atlantic ( COMSOLANT ) at Trinidad on November 9 . An Argentine submarine and a Marine battalion with lift were available if required . In addition , two Venezuelan destroyers ( Destroyers ARV D - 11 Nueva Esparta '' and `` ARV D - 21 Zulia '' ) and one submarine ( Caribe ) had reported to COMSOLANT , ready for sea by November 2 . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago offered the use of Chaguaramas Naval Base to warships of any OAS nation for the duration of the `` quarantine . ''", "14": "The Dominican Republic had made available one escort ship . Colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the U.S. to discuss this assistance . The Argentine Air Force informally offered three SA - 16 aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the `` quarantine '' operation . This initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the Organization of American States and the Rio Treaty . Such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport . The action was to be backed up by surveillance of Cuba . The CNO 's scenario was followed closely in later implementing the `` quarantine . '' On October 19 , the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options , and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM shifted to the blockade option . However , reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as the October 21 , the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect , the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles . Consequently , the US could find itself bombing operational missiles if blockade failed to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island . Speech to the nation ( edit ) President Kennedy signs the Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba at the Oval Office on October 23 , 1962 . At 3 : 00 pm EDT on October 22 , President Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee ( EXCOMM ) with National Security Action Memorandum ( NSAM ) 196 . At 5 : 00 pm , he met with Congressional leaders who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response . In Moscow , Ambassador Foy D. Kohler briefed Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy 's speech to the nation . Ambassadors around the world gave notice to non-Eastern Bloc leaders . Before the speech , US delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker , British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan , West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , and French President Charles de Gaulle to brief them on the US intelligence and their proposed response . All were supportive of the U.S position . Shortly before his speech , Kennedy called former President Dwight Eisenhower .", "15": "Kennedy 's conversation with the former President also revealed that the two were conspiring during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22 , 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba Problems playing this file ? See media help . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cuban Missile Crisis On October 22 at 7 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles . He noted : It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States , requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union . Kennedy described the administration 's plan : To halt this offensive buildup , a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated . All ships of any kind bound for Cuba , from whatever nation or port , will , if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons , be turned back . This quarantine will be extended , if needed , to other types of cargo and carriers . We are not at this time , however , denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948 . During the speech , a directive went out to all US forces worldwide , placing them on DEFCON 3 . The heavy cruiser USS Newport News was designated flagship for the blockade , with USS Leary as Newport News 's destroyer escort . Crisis deepens ( edit ) Khrushchev 's October 24 , 1962 letter to Kennedy stating that the blockade of Cuba `` constitute ( s ) an act of aggression ... '' On October 23 , at 11 : 24 am EDT , a cable , drafted by George Wildman Ball to the US Ambassador in Turkey and NATO , notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw what the US knew to be nearly - obsolete missiles from Italy and Turkey , in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba . Turkish officials replied that they would `` deeply resent '' any trade involving the US 's missile presence in their country . Two days later , on the morning of October 25 , US journalist Walter Lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column .", "16": "Castro reaffirmed Cuba 's right to self - defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection . International response ( edit ) Three days after Kennedy 's speech , the Chinese People 's Daily announced that `` 650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people . '' In West Germany , newspapers supported the US 's response by contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months . They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in Berlin . In France on October 23 , the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers . The next day , an editorial in Le Monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA 's photographic evidence . Two days later , after a visit by a high - ranking CIA agent , the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs . Also in France , in the October 29 issue of Le Figaro , Raymond Aron wrote in support of the American response . On October 24 , Pope John XXIII sent a message to the Soviet embassy in Rome to be transmitted to the Kremlin in which he voiced his concern for peace . In this message he stated , `` We beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity . That they do all that is in their power to save peace . '' Soviet broadcast ( edit ) The crisis was continuing unabated , and in the evening of October 24 , the Soviet news agency TASS broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy in which Khrushchev warned that the United States 's `` outright piracy '' would lead to war . However , that was followed at 9 : 24 pm by a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy , which was received at 10 : 52 pm EDT . Khrushchev stated , `` if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion , you will understand that the Soviet Union can not afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA '' and that the Soviet Union views the blockade as `` an act of aggression '' and their ships will be instructed to ignore it . US alert level raised ( edit ) Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations , October 25 , 1962 .", "17": "The US requested an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on October 25 . US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin in an emergency meeting of the Security Council , challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles . Ambassador Zorin refused to answer . The next day at 10 : 00 pm EDT , the US raised the readiness level of SAC forces to DEFCON 2 . For the only confirmed time in US history , B - 52 bombers went on continuous airborne alert , and B - 47 medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off , fully equipped , on 15 minutes ' notice . One eighth of SAC 's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert , and some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert , some of which targeted Cuba , and Air Defense Command ( ADC ) redeployed 161 nuclear - armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours , with one third maintaining 15 - minute alert status . Twenty - three nuclear - armed B - 52s were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so that it would believe that the US was serious . Jack J. Catton later estimated that about 80 percent of SAC 's planes were ready for launch during the crisis ; David A. Burchinal recalled that , by contrast : the Russians were so thoroughly stood down , and we knew it . They did n't make any move . They did not increase their alert ; they did not increase any flights , or their air defense posture . They did n't do a thing , they froze in place . We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba , never further . By October 22 , Tactical Air Command ( TAC ) had 511 fighters plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft deployed to face Cuba on one - hour alert status . However , TAC and the Military Air Transport Service had problems . The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons , which faced critical undermanning in security , armaments , and communications ; the absence of initial authorization for war - reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge ; and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call - up of 24 Reserve squadrons .", "18": "On October 25 at 1 : 45 am EDT , Kennedy responded to Khrushchev 's telegram by stating that the US was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba , and when the assurances proved to be false , the deployment `` required the responses I have announced ... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation . '' A declassified map used by the U.S. Navy 's Atlantic Fleet showing the position of American and Soviet ships at the height of the crisis . Blockade challenged ( edit ) At 7 : 15 am EDT on October 25 , USS Essex and USS Gearing attempted to intercept Bucharest but failed to do so . Fairly certain that the tanker did not contain any military material , the US allowed it through the blockade . Later that day , at 5 : 43 pm , the commander of the blockade effort ordered the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. to intercept and board the Lebanese freighter Marucla . That took place the next day , and Marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked . At 5 : 00 pm EDT on October 25 , William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on . That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all . In response , Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199 , authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of SACEUR , which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union . During the day , the Soviets responded to the blockade by turning back 14 ships that were presumably carrying offensive weapons . Stalemate ( edit ) The next morning , October 26 , Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba . However , he was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure . He agreed and ordered the low - level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours . He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead . At this point , the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate . The Soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made several comments to the contrary .", "19": "The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion , along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union if it responded militarily , which was assumed . Secret negotiations ( edit ) At 1 : 00 pm EDT on October 26 , John A. Scali of ABC News had lunch with Aleksandr Fomin , the cover name of Alexander Feklisov , the KGB station chief in Washington , at Fomin 's request . Following the instructions of the Politburo of the CPSU , Fomin noted , `` War seems about to break out . '' He asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his `` high - level friends '' at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution . He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would avoid invading Cuba . The US responded by asking the Brazilian government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be `` unlikely to invade '' if the missiles were removed . Mr. President , we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war , because the more the two of us pull , the tighter that knot will be tied . And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it , and then it will be necessary to cut that knot , and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you , because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose . Consequently , if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war , then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope , let us take measures to untie that knot . We are ready for this . Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy , October 26 , 1962 On October 26 at 6 : 00 pm EDT , the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev . It was Saturday at 2 : 00 am in Moscow .", "20": "The long letter took several minutes to arrive , and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it . Robert F. Kennedy described the letter as `` very long and emotional . '' Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to Scali earlier in the day : `` I propose : we , for our part , will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments . You will declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba . Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear . '' At 6 : 45 pm EDT , news of Fomin 's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a `` set up '' for the arrival of Khrushchev 's letter . The letter was then considered official and accurate although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing . Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night . Crisis continues ( edit ) Direct aggression against Cuba would mean nuclear war . The Americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact . I have no doubt they would lose such a war . -- Che Guevara , October 1962 S - 75 Dvina with V - 750V 1D missile ( NATO SA - 2 Guideline ) on a launcher . An installation similar to this one shot down Major Anderson 's U-2 over Cuba . Castro , on the other hand , was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand , and on October 26 , he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the US in case of attack . However , in a 2010 interview , Castro expressed regret about his earlier stance on first use : `` After I 've seen what I 've seen , and knowing what I know now , it was n't worth it at all . '' Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft : the orders had been to fire only on groups of two or more .", "21": "At 6 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and the two sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational . It also noted that the Cuban military continued to organize for action but was under order not to initiate action unless attacked . At 9 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , Radio Moscow began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev . Contrary to the letter of the night before , the message offered a new trade : the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey . At 10 : 00 am EDT , the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin . Kennedy realized that he would be in an `` insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev 's proposal '' because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and `` It 's gon na -- to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man , it will look like a very fair trade . '' Bundy explained why Khrushchev 's public acquiescence could not be considered : `` The current threat to peace is not in Turkey , it is in Cuba . '' McNamara noted that another tanker , the Grozny , was about 600 miles ( 970 km ) out and should be intercepted . He also noted that they had not made the Soviets aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying that information to them via U Thant at the United Nations . A Lockheed U-2F , the high altitude reconnaissance type shot down over Cuba , being refueled by a Boeing KC - 135 Q. The aircraft in 1962 was painted overall gray and carried USAF military markings and national insignia . While the meeting progressed , at 11 : 03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev . The message stated , in part : `` You are disturbed over Cuba . You say that this disturbs you because it is ninety - nine miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America .", "22": "But ... you have placed destructive missile weapons , which you call offensive , in Italy and Turkey , literally next to us ... I therefore make this proposal : We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive ... Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States ... will remove its analogous means from Turkey ... and after that , persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfillment of the pledges made . '' The executive committee continued to meet through the day . Throughout the crisis , Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the Jupiter missiles were removed . Italy 's Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani , who was also Foreign Minister ad interim , offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in Apulia as a bargaining chip . He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends , Ettore Bernabei , the general manager of RAI - TV , to convey to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr . Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting . Unknown to the Soviets , the US regarded the Jupiter missiles as obsolescent and already supplanted by the Polaris nuclear ballistic submarine missiles . The engine of the Lockheed U-2 shot down over Cuba on display at Museum of the Revolution in Havana . On the morning of October 27 , a U-2F ( the third CIA U-2A , modified for air - to - air refueling ) piloted by USAF Major Rudolf Anderson , departed its forward operating location at McCoy AFB , Florida . At approximately 12 : 00 pm EDT , the aircraft was struck by a S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 Guideline ) surface - to - air missile launched from Cuba . The aircraft was shot down , and Anderson was killed . The stress in negotiations between the Soviets and the US intensified ; it was only later believed that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander , acting on his own authority . Later that day , at about 3 : 41 pm EDT , several US Navy RF - 8A Crusader aircraft , on low - level photoreconnaissance missions , were fired upon .", "23": "On October 28 , 1962 , Khrushchev told his son Sergei that the shooting down of Anderson 's U-2 was by the `` Cuban military at the direction of Raul Castro . '' At 4 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the White House and ordered that a message should immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to suspend work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out . During the meeting , General Maxwell Taylor delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down . Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon , but he decided to not act unless another attack was made . Forty years later , McNamara said : We had to send a U-2 over to gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet missiles were becoming operational . We believed that if the U-2 was shot down that -- the Cubans did n't have capabilities to shoot it down , the Soviets did -- we believed if it was shot down , it would be shot down by a Soviet surface - to - air - missile unit , and that it would represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the conflict . And therefore , before we sent the U-2 out , we agreed that if it was shot down we would n't meet , we 'd simply attack . It was shot down on Friday ... Fortunately , we changed our mind , we thought `` Well , it might have been an accident , we wo n't attack . '' Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did : we send over the U-2 , if it was shot down , he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation . And therefore , he issued orders to Pliyev , the Soviet commander in Cuba , to instruct all of his batteries not to shoot down the U-2 . Drafting response ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington , DC , on the evening of October 27 .", "24": "Kennedy suggested to take Khrushchev 's offer to trade away the missiles . Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM , Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador in Washington to discover whether the intentions were genuine . The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO 's authority , and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade . As the meeting progressed , a new plan emerged , and Kennedy was slowly persuaded . The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev 's earlier one . Kennedy was initially hesitant , feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had been offered , but Llewellyn Thompson argued that it was still possible . White House Special Counsel and Adviser Ted Sorensen and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later , with a draft letter to that effect . The President made several changes , had it typed , and sent it . After the EXCOMM meeting , a smaller meeting continued in the Oval Office . The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn , military action would be used to remove them . Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey , but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed `` voluntarily '' in the immediate aftermath . The President agreed , and the message was sent . October 29 , 1962 EXCOMM meeting held in the White House Cabinet Room . President Kennedy , Robert McNamara and Dean Rusk . At Rusk 's request , Fomin and Scali met again . Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different , and Fomin claimed it was because of `` poor communications . '' Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a `` stinking double cross . '' He went on to claim that an invasion was only hours away , and Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly and urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended . Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him , but he agreed to deliver the message .", "25": "The two went their separate ways , and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM . Within the US establishment , it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position . Military preparations continued , and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action . Robert Kennedy later recalled the mood : `` We had not abandoned all hope , but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev 's revising his course within the next few hours . It was a hope , not an expectation . The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday , and possibly tomorrow ... '' At 8 : 05 pm EDT , the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered . The message read , `` As I read your letter , the key elements of your proposals -- which seem generally acceptable as I understand them -- are as follows : 1 ) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate United Nations observation and supervision ; and undertake , with suitable safe - guards , to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba . 2 ) We , on our part , would agree -- upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations , to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments ( a ) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and ( b ) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba . '' The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be `` delayed . '' With the letter delivered , a deal was on the table . However , as Robert Kennedy noted , there was little expectation it would be accepted . At 9 : 00 pm EDT , the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day . Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets , notably petroleum storage . McNamara stated that they had to `` have two things ready : a government for Cuba , because we 're going to need one ; and secondly , plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe , because sure as hell they 're going to do something there . ''", "26": "At 12 : 12 am EDT , on October 27 , the US informed its NATO allies that `` the situation is growing shorter ... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary . '' To add to the concern , at 6 : 00 am , the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action . A U.S. Navy HSS - 1 Seabat helicopter hovers over Soviet submarine B - 59 , forced to the surface by U.S. Naval forces in the Caribbean near Cuba ( October 28 -- 29 , 1962 ) Later that same day , what the White House later called `` Black Saturday , '' the US Navy dropped a series of `` signaling depth charges '' ( practice depth charges the size of hand grenades ) on a Soviet submarine ( B - 59 ) at the blockade line , unaware that it was armed with a nuclear - tipped torpedo with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was `` hulled '' ( a hole in the hull from depth charges or surface fire ) . The decision to launch these required agreement from all three officers on board , but one of them , Vasili Arkhipov , objected and so the launch was narrowly averted . On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental , unauthorized ninety - minute overflight of the Soviet Union 's far eastern coast . The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from Wrangel Island ; in turn , the Americans launched F - 102 fighters armed with nuclear air - to - air missiles over the Bering Sea . On October 27 , Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro , what is now known as the Armageddon Letter ( dated the day before ) , which was interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba : `` I believe the imperialists ' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality , that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense , however harsh and terrible the solution would be , '' Castro wrote .", "27": "Crisis ends ( edit ) On October 27 , after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy 's cabinet , Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy , the former on the border of the Soviet Union , in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba . There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement . Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was , and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey . At 9 : 00 am EST , on October 28 , a new message from Khrushchev was broadcast on Radio Moscow . Khrushchev stated that `` the Soviet government , in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons , has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as ' offensive ' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union . '' At 10 : 00 am , October 28 , Kennedy first learned of Khrushchev 's solution to the crisis to remove the 15 Jupiters in Turkey and the Soviets would remove the rockets from Cuba . Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear . Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers , Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer . `` This is a pretty good play of his , '' Kennedy said , according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting . Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March of the year , causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev . `` Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it , '' Kennedy said . Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose the offer . Finally , Kennedy ended the debate . `` We ca n't very well invade Cuba with all its toil and blood , '' Kennedy said , `` when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on Turkey . If that 's part of the record , then you do n't have a very good war . ''", "28": "Kennedy immediately responded , issuing a statement calling the letter `` an important and constructive contribution to peace . '' He continued this with a formal letter : I consider my letter to you of October twenty - seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out ... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows : it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders , its sovereignty , that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs , not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba , and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba , either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba . Kennedy 's planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser Schlesinger Jr. in a `` Memorandum for the President '' describing the `` Post Mortem on Cuba . '' Kennedy 's Oval Office telephone conversation with Eisenhower soon after Khrushchev 's message arrived revealed that the President was planning to use the Cuban Missile Crisis to escalate tensions with Khrushchev and in the long run , Cuba as well . The President also claimed that he thought the crisis would result in direct military confrontations in Berlin by the end of the next month . He also claimed in his conversation with Eisenhower that the Soviet leader had offered to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of missiles from Turkey and that while the Kennedy Administration had agreed not to invade Cuba , they were only in process of determining Khrushchev 's offer to withdraw from Turkey . When former US President Harry Truman called President Kennedy the day of Khrushchev 's offer , the President informed him that his Administration had rejected the Soviet leader 's offer to withdraw missiles from Turkey and was planning on using the Soviet setback in Cuba to escalate tensions in Berlin . Herblock cartoon in Washington Post , ( November 1962 ) Removal of Missiles in Cuba November 11 , 1962 -- NARA -- 193868 The US continued the blockade ; in the following days , aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems . The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships .", "29": "On November 2 , 1962 , Kennedy addressed the US via radio and television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R - 12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region . The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9 . The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line . Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet IL - 28 bombers , and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on December 5 and 6 . Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the IL - 28s , the US government announced the end of the blockade from 6 : 45 pm EST on November 20 , 1962 . At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved , nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy - Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them . However , the Soviets changed their minds , fearing possible future Cuban militant steps , and on November 22 , 1962 , Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union Anastas Mikoyan told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well . In his negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin , Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed `` within a short time after this crisis was over . '' The last U.S. missiles were disassembled by April 24 , 1963 and were flown out of Turkey soon afterward . The practical effect of the Kennedy - Khrushchev Pact was that the US would not invade Cuba . It is possible that Khrushchev placed the missiles in Cuba only to get Kennedy to remove the missiles from Italy and Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out - gunned by the U.S. Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Italy and Turkey was not made public at the time , Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened . The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that Khrushchev had been humiliated . However , both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments . Khrushchev held power for another two years .", "30": "Aftermath ( edit ) The nuclear - armed Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missile . The US secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from Italy and Turkey . The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev . Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand , but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started . Khrushchev 's fall from power two years later was in part because of the Soviet Politburo 's embarrassment at both Khrushchev 's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place . According to Dobrynin , the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as `` a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation . '' Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets , as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev . Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba , such as the status of the US Naval Base in Guantánamo , were not addressed . That caused Cuban -- Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come . On the other hand , Cuba continued to be protected from invasion . Although LeMay told the President that he considered the resolution of the crisis the `` greatest defeat in our history '' , his was a minority position . He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles . Twenty - five years later , LeMay still believed that `` We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba , we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time . '' After the crisis , the U.S. and the Soviet Union created the Moscow -- Washington hotline , a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington . The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis . The worldwide U.S. Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on November 20 , 1962 . U-2 pilot Anderson 's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honors in South Carolina .", "31": "He was the first recipient of the newly created Air Force Cross , which was awarded posthumously . Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis , 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing RB - 47 Stratojets of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between September 27 and November 11 , 1962 . Seven crew died when a Military Air Transport Service Boeing C - 135B Stratolifter delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on October 23 . Critics , including Seymour Melman , and Seymour Hersh suggested that the Cuban Missile Crisis encouraged the United States ' use of military means , such as the case in the later Vietnam War . Later Revelations ( edit ) Schlesinger , a historian and adviser to Kennedy , told National Public Radio in an interview on October 16 , 2002 that Castro did not want the missiles , but Khrushchev pressured Castro to accept them . Castro was not completely happy with the idea , but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them , both to protect Cuba against US attack and to aid the Soviet Union . Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn , Castro was more angry with Khrushchev than with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them . Although Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev , he planned on striking the US with remaining missiles if an invasion of the island occurred . In early 1992 , it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had , when the crisis broke , already received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and Il - 28 bombers . Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite Cuba being destroyed . Arguably , the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference , in October 2002 . Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis , they all learned that on October 27 , 1962 , USS Beale had tracked and dropped signaling depth charges ( the size of hand grenades ) on B - 59 , a Soviet Project 641 ( NATO designation Foxtrot ) submarine . Unknown to the US , it was armed with a 15 - kiloton nuclear torpedo .", "32": "Running out of air , the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface . An argument broke out among three officers aboard B - 59 , including submarine captain Valentin Savitsky , political officer Ivan Semonovich Maslennikov , and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank ( U.S. Navy Commander rank equivalent ) Vasili Arkhipov . An exhausted Savitsky became furious and ordered that the nuclear torpedo on board be made combat ready . Accounts differ about whether Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface . During the conference , McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought . Thomas Blanton , director of the National Security Archive , said , `` A guy called Vasili Arkhipov saved the world . '' Fifty years after the crisis , Graham T. Allison wrote : Fifty years ago , the Cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster . During the standoff , US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was `` between 1 in 3 and even , '' and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds . We now know , for example , that in addition to nuclear - armed ballistic missiles , the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba , and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow . The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops , and perhaps even Miami . The resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians . BBC journalist Joe Matthews published the story , on October 13 , 2012 , behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above . Khrushchev feared that Castro 's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the US .", "33": "To prevent that , Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long - range missiles but , crucially , had escaped the notice of U.S. intelligence . Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands , keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union 's interests . Anastas Mikoyan was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union . While in Havana , Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro , who was convinced that Moscow had made the agreement with the US at the expense of Cuba 's defense . Mikoyan , on his own initiative , decided that Castro and his military not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima - sized bombs under any circumstances . He defused the seemingly intractable situation , which risked re-escalating the crisis , on November 22 , 1962 . During a tense , four - hour meeting , Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow 's desire to help , it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law , which did not actually exist , to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent . Castro was forced to give way and , much to the relief of Khrushchev and the rest of the Soviet government , the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962 . In popular Culture ( edit ) The American popular media , especially television , made heavy use of the events of the missile crisis and both fictional and documentary forms . Jim Willis includes the Crisis as one of the 100 `` media moments that changed America . '' Sheldon Stern finds that a half century later there are still many `` misconceptions , half - truths , and outright lies '' that have shaped media versions of what happened in the White House during those harrowing two weeks . According to William Cohn , television programs are typically the main source used by the American public to know about and interpret the past . The Soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a coherent popular history .", "34": "Khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story . Cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic David against the American Goliath . One contradiction that pervaded the Soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasizes the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare Soviets for war against American aggression . Media representations ( edit ) ( Listed chronologically ) Thirteen Days , Robert F. Kennedy 's account of the crisis , released in 1969 ; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries . Topaz , 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris , set during the run - up to the crisis The Missiles of October , 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis The World Next Door , 1990 novel by Brad Ferguson , set in this period Quantum Leap , 1991 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , Nuclear Family -- October 26 , 1962 ) , Sam must deal with the panic associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis as a Florida fallout shelter salesman , as well as prevent a man from being killed during a practice raid a few days after his arrival . The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 is available for free download at the Internet Archive Matinee , 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent - filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film . seaQuest 2032 , 1995 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , `` Second Chance '' ) , seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban Missile Crisis Blast from the Past ( film ) , 1999 American romantic comedy film , set in the period K - 19 : The Widowmaker , Docudrama about the history just before the crisis Thirteen Days ( film ) , 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis The Fog of War , 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris , which won that years ' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature .", "35": "`` Meditations in an Emergency '' , the last episode of season 2 of the television series Mad Men takes place during the crisis Ur , a 2009 short novel by Stephen King released for the Amazon Kindle , is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in another `` Ur '' , the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that `` Ur '' . Call of Duty : Black Ops , 2010 video game , set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis . The Kennedys ( TV miniseries ) , 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family , including a dramatization of the crisis X-Men : First Class , 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis , which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war . The Politics of Deception : JFK 'S Secret Decisions on Vietnam , Civil Rights and Cuba . Patrick J. Sloyan , St. Martins Press , New York , 2015 . The 2016 music video for My Trigger , by Miike Snow , is based loosely on the crisis . The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner . Daniel Ellsberg , Bloomsbury USA , New York , 2017 See also ( edit ) Cold War portal Cuba portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Bomber gap Cuba -- Soviet Union relations Leninsky Komsomol class cargo ships List of nuclear close calls Mutual assured destruction Norwegian rocket incident Nuclear disarmament Nuclear warfare Nuclear weapon Soviet Navy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara mistakenly dates the shooting down of USAF Major Rudolf Anderson 's U-2 on October 26 . Jump up ^ In his biography , Castro did not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment but makes it clear that he was angry with Khrushchev for failing to consult with him .", "36": "( Ramonet 1978 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 55 лет назад на Кубу были доставлены первые советские баллистические ракеты / / Департамент информации и массовых коммуникаций Министерства обороны Российской Федерации Jump up ^ Len Scott ; R. Gerald Hughes ( 2015 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis : A Critical Reappraisal . Taylor & Francis . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Absher , Kenneth Michael ( 2009 ) . `` Mind - Sets and Missiles : A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Strategic Studies Institute , United States Army War College . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , Jane ( 1997 ) . Cuba and the United States : A Chronological History . Melbourne : Ocean Press . ISBN 1 - 875284 - 92 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group USA . Jump up ^ Rodriguez ( October 1989 ) . 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Burchinal , and Jack J. Catton '' . International Security . 12 ( 4 ) : 78 -- 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 2538995 . JSTOR 2538995 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , K.C. `` Boarding MARUCLA : A personal account from the Executive Officer of USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helms , Richard ( January 19 , 1962 ) . `` Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence : Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University , National Security Archive . Jump up ^ Проблемы борьбы с лженаукой ( обсуждение в Президиуме РАН ) , quote : `` Документы заседания Президиума ЦК КПСС весьма лаконичны , но благодаря тому , что в архиве я нашел выписку из решения Президиума ЦК КПСС , слово в слово совпадающую с тем , что обсуждалось на встрече разведчика с журналистом , стало совершенно очевидно , кто был истинным автором плана урегулирования Карибского кризиса . 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For the President 's Eyes Only : Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush . Harper Perennial . p. 688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092178 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Week The World Stood Still : Inside The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis '' By Sheldon M. Stern , 2012 Jump up ^ Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Jump up ^ Pocock , Chris . 50 Years of the U-2 : The Complete Illustrated History of the ' Dragon Lady ' . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , Ltd. p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 2346 - 1 . LCCN 2005927577 . Jump up ^ `` Was Castro Out of Control In 1962 ? '' . Jump up ^ Fontova , Humberto . `` Raul Castro meets with Bill Clinton in New York ( To Thank Him ? ) '' . Jump up ^ `` An Act of Terrorism by Castro , An Abortion of Justice by Obama '' . 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Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . pp. 40 -- 43 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William Taubman , Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2004 ) p. 579 . ^ Jump up to : Ignacio , Ramonet ( 2007 ) . Fidel Castro : My Life . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 102626 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Militaryhistory.about.com '' . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Alwyn T. , `` Boeing 's B - 47 Stratojet '' , Specialty Press , North Branch , Minnesota , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58007 - 071 - 3 , page 178 . Jump up ^ `` Aviation Safety '' . Jump up ^ Melman , Seymour ( 1988 ) . The Demilitarized Society : Disarmament and Conversion . Montreal : Harvest House . Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour ( 1978 ) . The Dark Side of Camelot . ^ Jump up to : `` Arms Control Today '' . Arms Control Association . November 1 , 2002 .", "48": "Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Submarines of October '' . nsarchive.gwu.edu . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4358 - 3 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham ( 2012 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50 '' . Foreign Affairs . 91 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ВЗГЛЯД / `` США и Россия : кризис 1962 - го '' `` . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Joe . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts ( 2012 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis : The Essential Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 267 . Jump up ^ Jim Willis ( 2010 ) . 100 Media Moments that Changed America . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Sheldon Stern ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford University Press . p. viii . Jump up ^ William H. Cohn , `` History for the masses : Television portrays the past . '' Journal of Popular Culture 10 # 2 ( 1976 ) pp : 280 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Andrei Kozovoi , `` Dissonant Voices '' Journal of Cold War Studies ( 2014 ) 16 # 3 pp 29 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Haruya Anami , `` ' Thirteen Days ' Thirty Years After : Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited , '' Journal of American & Canadian Studies ( 1994 ) Issue 12 , pp 69 -- 88 . Further reading ( edit ) Allison , Graham ; Zelikow , Philip ( 1999 ) .", "49": "Essence of Decision , Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Barrett , David M. and Max Holland ( 2012 ) . Blind Over Cuba : The Photo Gap and the Missile Crisis . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press , 2012 . Chayes , Abram ( 1974 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . International crises and the role of law . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 825320 - 4 . Diez Acosta , Tomás ( 2002 ) . October 1962 : The `` Missile '' Crisis As Seen from Cuba . New York : Pathfinder . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87348 - 956 - 0 . Divine , Robert A. ( 1988 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : M. Wiener Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 910129 - 15 - 2 . Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7891 - 2 . Feklisov , Aleksandr ; Kostin , Sergueï ( 2001 ) . The Man Behind the Rosenbergs : By the KGB Spymaster Who Was the Case Officer of Julius Rosenberg , Klaus Fuchs , and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 08 - 7 . Frankel , Max ( 2004 ) . High Noon in the Cold War : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 46505 - 4 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ; Naftali , Timothy J. ( 1998 ) . One Hell of a Gamble : Khrushchev , Castro , and Kennedy , 1958 -- 1964 . New York : Norton .", "50": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31790 - 9 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Night Session of the Presidium of the Central Committee , 22 -- 23 October 1962 '' . Naval War College Review . 59 ( 3 ) . George , Alice L. ( 2003 ) . Awaiting Armageddon : How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2828 - 1 . Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) . Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15131 - 1 . Gonzalez , Servando ( 2002 ) . The Nuclear Deception : Nikita Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis . Oakland , CA : Spooks Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9711391 - 5 - 2 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Khrushchev , Sergei ( October 2002 ) . `` How My Father And President Kennedy Saved The World '' . American Heritage . 53 ( 5 ) . Polmar , Norman ; Gresham , John D. ( 2006 ) . DEFCON - 2 : Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis . Foreword by Tom Clancy . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 67022 - 3 . Pope , Ronald R. ( 1982 ) . Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis : Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis . Washington , DC : Univ . Press of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 2584 - 2 .", "51": "Powers , Thomas , `` The Nuclear Worrier '' ( review of Daniel Ellsberg , The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner , New York , Bloomsbury , 2017 , ISBN 9781608196708 , 420 pp . ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXV , no . 1 ( 18 January 2018 ) , pp. 13 -- 15 . Pressman , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . `` September Statements , October Missiles , November Elections : Domestic Politics , Foreign - Policy Making , and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Security Studies . 10 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 09636410108429438 . Russell , Bertrand ( 1963 ) . Unarmed Victory . London : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 327024 - 7 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2003 ) . Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4846 - 9 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2005 ) . The Week the World Stood Still : Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5077 - 6 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . Trahair , Richard C.S. ; Miller , Robert L. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 75 - 9 . Matthews , Joe ( October 2012 ) . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC . Historiography ( edit ) Allison , Graham T.", "52": "( September 1969 ) . `` Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . American Political Science Review . 63 ( 3 ) : 689 -- 718 . JSTOR 1954423 . Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Garthoff , Raymond L. ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . Project MUSE. 6 ( 2 ) : 21 -- 56 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039704773254759 . ISSN 1520 - 3972 . Gibson , David R. ( 2011 ) . `` Avoiding Catastrophe : The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . The American Journal of Sociology. 117 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 419 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 661761 . Jones , John A. ; Jones , Virginia H. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Through the Eye of the Needle : Five Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Rhetoric & Public Affairs . Project MUSE. 8 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 144 . doi : 10.1353 / rap. 2005.0044 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . pp. 135 -- 191 . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Lebow , Richard Ned ( October 1990 ) . `` Domestic Politics and the Cuban Missile Crisis : The Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations Reevaluated '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 492 . doi : 10.1111 / j.", "53": "1467 - 7709.1990. tb00103. x . Primary sources ( edit ) Chang , Laurence ; Kornbluh , Peter , eds. ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : A National Security Archive Documents Reader ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 474 - 2 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . JFK in History . John F. Kennedy Library . `` Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 '' . Presidential Recordings Program . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Wilson Center Digital Archive . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Keefer , Edward C. ; Sampson , Charles S. ; Smith , Louis J. , eds. ( 1996 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath . Foreign relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 . XI . Washington , D.C : U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 0 - 16 - 045210 - 4 . Kennedy , Robert F. ( 1969 ) . Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31834 - 0 . May , Ernest R. ; Zelikow , Philip D. , eds. ( 2002 ) ( 1997 ) . The Kennedy Tapes : Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32259 - 0 . McAuliffe , Mary S. , ed . ( October 1992 ) . `` CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . Historical Review Program . Washington , DC : Central Intelligence Agency . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : The 40th Anniversary '' . National Security Archive : Special Exhibits . Gelman Library : The George Washington University .", "54": "`` The World On the Brink : John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Interactive Exhibits . John F. Kennedy Library . Gavrov , Sergei ( ed . ) . `` America and Russia : The Crisis of 1962 . On the 50th anniversary of the missile crisis '' . Moscow : Vzglyad ( Russia ) . Dallek , Robert . `` If We Listen to Them , None of Us Will Be Alive . '' In Camelot 's Court , 279 -- 334 . New York : HarperCollins , 2013 . Lesson plans ( edit ) `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Slideshows for Educators . Bureau of Public Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Moser , John ; Hahn , Lori ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : ' The Missiles of October ' '' . EDSITEment : Lesson Plans . National Endowment for the Humanities . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' , 2012 , Harvard Kennedy School , Belfer Center 's 50th anniversary of the crisis -- commemorative website Cuban Missile Crisis : Операция Анадырь ( Operation Anadyr ) on Flickr Cuban Missile Crisis and the Fallout from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Topics . History Channel . 2011 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Nuclear Weapons History : Cold War . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . `` Cuban Missile Crisis Bibliography '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 October 1962 : DEFCON 4 , DEFCON 3 Spartacus Educational ( UK ) : Cuban Missile Crisis Document -- Britain 's Cuban Missile Crisis No Time to Talk : The Cuban Missile Crisis The 32nd Guards Air Fighter Regiment in Cuba ( 1962 -- 1963 ) S. Isaev .", "55": "The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Woodrow Wilson Center 's Digital Archive has a collection of primary source archival documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis . EDSITEment lesson plan Cuban Missile Crisis EDSITEment Cuban Missile Crisis Interactive Cuban Missile Crisis : Three Men Go To War Documentary produced by PBS The Armageddon Letters , a transmedia storytelling of the crisis with animated short films and other digital content The Man Who Saved the World Documentary produced by PBS Series Secrets of the Dead Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages Agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua Conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of", "56": "Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - 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Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Helms -- Burton Act United States Ambassador to Cuba Miscellaneous Balseros ( 2002 film ) Cuban Americans John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S.", "60": "Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr.", "61": "President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. 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Kennedy University ( California ) John Kennedy College ( Mauritius ) Kennedy Expressway ( Chicago ) MV John F. Kennedy USS John F. Kennedy ( CV - 67 ) USS John F. Kennedy ( CVN - 79 ) Yad Kennedy ( Jerusalem ) Family Jacqueline Bouvier ( wife ) Caroline Kennedy ( daughter ) John F. Kennedy Jr . son plane crash Patrick Bouvier Kennedy ( son ) Jack Schlossberg ( grandson ) Rose Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Tatiana Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( father ) Rose Fitzgerald ( mother ) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. ( brother ) Rosemary Kennedy ( sister ) Kathleen Cavendish , Marchioness of Hartington ( sister ) Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( sister ) Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( sister ) Robert F. Kennedy ( brother ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( sister ) Ted Kennedy ( brother ) P.J.", "62": "Kennedy ( grandfather ) John F. Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → Category Robert F. Kennedy November 20 , 1925 -- June 6 , 1968 United States Senator from New York , 1965 -- 1968 64th United States Attorney General , 1961 -- 1964 Life 1948 Palestine visit Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Civil rights Freedom Riders Voter Education Project Baldwin -- Kennedy meeting 1964 Democratic National Convention Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation Mississippi Delta tour Kennedy Compound Hickory Hill home Electoral 1964 U.S. Senate election 1968 presidential campaign primaries Boiler Room Girls Speeches Law Day Address ( 1961 ) Day of Affirmation Address ( 1966 ) Conflict in Vietnam and at Home ( 1968 ) University of Kansas ( 1968 ) Ball State ( 1968 ) On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1968 ) `` On the Mindless Menace of Violence '' ( 1968 ) Books The Enemy Within ( 1960 ) The Pursuit of Justice ( 1964 ) To Seek a Newer World ( 1967 ) Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1969 ) Assassination Sirhan Sirhan Ambassador Hotel Conspiracy theories Gravesite Legacy and memorials Robert F. 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Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) Fidel Castro Timeline Early life Cuban Revolution Participation 26th of July Movement `` History Will Absolve Me '' Primacy Premiership Land reform Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Presidency Machurucuto Incident Transfer of duties Death and state funeral Family Ángel Castro y Argiz ( father ) Ramón Castro Ruz ( brother ) Raúl Castro ( brother ) Juanita Castro ( sister ) Mirta Diaz - Balart ( wife ) Natalia Revuelta Clews ( lover ) Vilma Espín ( sister - in - law ) Alina Fernández ( daughter ) Mariela Castro ( niece ) Alejandro Castro Espín ( nephew )", "64": "Popular culture Films Fidel : The Untold Story ( 2001 ) Fidel ( 2002 ) Comandante ( 2003 ) Looking for Fidel ( 2004 ) 638 Ways to Kill Castro ( 2006 ) Other Guerrilla War ( 1987 ) The Real Fidel Castro ( 2003 ) Fidel Castro Handbook ( 2006 ) Killing Castro ( 2006 ) The Cuba Wars ( 2008 ) Other Assassination attempts Robert Maheu Awards and honours Birán Eponymous things Politics Religious views My Life Granma ( yacht ) United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) Platt Amendment ( 1901 -- 04 ) Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick ideology ( 1904 ) Good Neighbor policy ( 1933 ) Dollar diplomacy Banana Wars Wars Mexican -- American War ( 1846 - 48 ) Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution ( 1916 -- 19 ) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition ( 1858 ) First Occupation of Cuba ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Panama -- Colombia separation and Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty ( 1903 ) Second Occupation of Cuba ( 1906 -- 09 ) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 33 ) Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 34 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 24 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Invasion of Panama ( 1989 )", "65": "Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Operation MONGOOSE Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Foreign policy of the United States Latin America -- United States relations History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal GND : 4136402 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "66": "php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&oldid=822230060 '' Categories : Cuban Missile Crisis Cold War conflicts Conflicts in 1962 1962 in international relations Cold War history of Cuba Cold War history of the Soviet Union Cold War history of the United States 1962 in Cuba 1962 in the Soviet Union 1962 in the United States Blockades Cold War military history of Cuba Cuban Revolution History of Cuba History of Key West , Florida Nuclear history of the Soviet Union Nuclear history of the United States Fidel Castro Nikita Khrushchev Presidency of John F. Kennedy Cuba -- Soviet Union relations Cuba -- United States relations Soviet Union -- United States relations DEFCON 2 Conflicts DEFCON 3 Conflicts 1962 establishments in Cuba 1962 disestablishments in Cuba 1960s in Cuba 1960s in the Soviet Union 1960s in the United States October 1962 events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Alemannisch Azərbaycanca", "67": "Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 04 : 08 .", "68": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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810060125994185205	who was the first to say i'm going to disney world	[ "Phil Simms", "Dick Rutan", "Jeana Yeager" ]	{ "0": "I 'm going to Disney World ! - Wikipedia I 'm going to Disney World ! Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm going to Disney World ! '' and `` I 'm going to Disneyland ! '' are advertising slogans used in a series of television commercials by The Walt Disney Company that began airing in 1987 . Used to promote the company 's theme park resorts in Florida and California , the commercials most often are broadcast following the Super Bowl and typically feature an NFL player ( usually the Super Bowl MVP ) shouting the phrase while celebrating the team 's victory immediately after the championship game . These commercials have also promoted champions from other sports , and winners of non-sport competitions such as American Idol . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 History 2.1 2006 return 3 Stars and celebrations 4 References Format ( edit ) Disney refers to the campaign as `` What 's Next ? '' in reference to the commercial 's usual format , which has the star appear to be answering a question posed by an unseen narrator -- `` What are you going to do next ? '' -- after his or her moment of triumph . The narrator is Mark Champion , a veteran radio play - by - play announcer for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Detroit Lions , Detroit Pistons , and Westwood One . Most ads feature the song `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' and end with a shot of fireworks over Cinderella Castle or Sleeping Beauty Castle . Typically the star records two versions of the commercial , one for each phrase , so that the ads can be broadcast in different American media markets to strategically promote either the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida or the Disneyland Resort in California . In most cases , Disney arranges for its star to appear in a parade at either Disneyland or one of the Walt Disney World theme parks the day immediately following the victory in order to fulfill the spoken promise in one version . History ( edit ) In his 1998 memoir Work in Progress , Disney CEO Michael Eisner credited his wife , Jane , with the idea for the campaign . According to Eisner , during the January 1987 grand opening for the Star Tours attraction at Disneyland , the couple dined with Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager , who in December 1986 had piloted the first aircraft to fly around the world without stopping or refueling .", "1": "After Jane Eisner asked what the pilots planned to do next , they replied , `` Well , we 're going to Disneyland . '' She later told her husband the phrase would make a great advertising campaign . Weeks later , Disney launched the series following Super Bowl XXI on January 25 , 1987 with a commercial featuring New York Giants quarterback Phil Simms . Simms was paid a reported $75,000 for his participation . The company later aired three more ads that year with other athletes following major sports championships . Ray Lewis was named Super Bowl XXXV MVP , however due to the bad attention over a murder trial Lewis was involved in the previous year , the signature phrase `` I 'm going to Disney World ! '' was given instead to quarterback Trent Dilfer who was a game manager . In subsequent years , Disney reportedly has offered $30,000 to athletes and other stars for participating in the ads and appearing at one of its theme parks . Although Tom Brady was named MVP of Super Bowl LI , he gave the Disney trip to teammate James White . 2006 return ( edit ) In 2006 , the campaign resumed before Super Bowl XL as Disney projected scenes from the 20 - year history of the campaign onto a Detroit skyscraper in the days before the game . During the television broadcast , Disney aired a commercial showing members of the Pittsburgh Steelers and Seattle Seahawks practicing how they would deliver the famous phrase while preparing for the game . The following day , the company began airing a traditional `` What 's Next '' commercial featuring Steelers Hines Ward and Jerome Bettis . Even though it was not part of the ad buy in 2016 , Peyton Manning said the famous phrase in an interview after Super Bowl 50 . Stars and celebrations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The commercials generally star a single NFL player immediately following the Super Bowl but the campaign also has featured athletes from other championship games and several non-celebrities . Nancy Kerrigan , U.S. figure skater , Winter Olympics While appearing in a subsequent parade at the Walt Disney World Resort , Kerrigan was recorded saying to Mickey Mouse , `` This is dumb . I hate it .", "2": "This is the most corniest thing I have ever done . '' However , Kerrigan said her comments were taken out of context . She said that being in the parade was not corny , but wearing her Silver Medal during the parade was since her parents taught her never to brag or show off her accomplishments . Kerrigan also went on to say that she had nothing against the Disney Company or Mickey Mouse and said , `` Whoever could find fault with Mickey Mouse ? He 's the greatest mouse I 've ever known . '' Curt Schilling , Pedro Martínez , and David Ortiz , Boston Red Sox , World Series 2007 Tony Dungy , and Dominic Rhodes , Indianapolis Colts , Super Bowl XLI 2008 David Cook , Season 7 American Idol winner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Disneyland Resort : `` Dreams Come True as Super Bowl XLII MVP Eli Manning Proclaims , ' I 'm Going to Disneyland ! ' '' , PR Newswire , February 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ FitzGerald , Tom ( February 3 , 2008 ) . `` Super Bowl cameraman juggles to catch jingle '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Announcers '' . NBA.com . Jump up ^ Vacchiano , Ralph ( May 8 , 2008 ) . `` Eli Manning floats in for Disney parade '' . Daily News . Jump up ^ Eisner , Michael ; Schwartz , Tony ( 1998 ) . Work in Progress . Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50071 - 5 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( July 12 , 1987 ) . `` Different Fortunes for Two Champions '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 31 January 2001 ) . `` Endorsement exile : Disney , Wheaties among those passing on MVP Lewis '' . CNNSI.com . Jump up ^ Jolly , Tom ( January 26 , 1998 ) . `` Not Going to Disneyland '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` James White Celebrates In Disney World After Patriots Win Super Bowl LI '' . 7 February 2017 .", "3": "Jump up ^ Walt Disney World Resort : `` For Super Bowl XL , ' I 'm Going to Disney World ' Goes X-tra Large On Detroit Skyline '' , PR Newswire , January 25 , 2006 Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( February 7 , 2006 ) . `` Ward 's MVP performance in Super Bowl XL puts him in special class '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin . `` Peyton Manning ' Going to Disneyland ' to Celebrate Super Bowl Victory '' . Disney Parks Blog . Jump up ^ Lowitt , Bruce ( November 29 , 1999 ) . `` Harding , Kerrigan are linked forever by skating incident '' . St. Petersburg Times . sptimes.com . Jump up ^ `` More Will Be Heard From Kerrigan '' . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( November 1 , 2004 ) . `` With Curse Reversed , Marketers Love Red Sox '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 5 , 2007 ) . `` Who 's going to Disney World ? Dungy , Rhodes '' . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` American Idol coming to Disney World -- now and later '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . ( hide ) Super Bowl commercials 1970s `` I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing ( In Perfect Harmony ) '' ( Coca - Cola ) Hey Kid , Catch ! ( Coca - Cola ) 1980s `` 1984 '' ( Apple Inc . ) I 'm going to Disney World ! ( The Walt Disney Company ) Spuds MacKenzie ( Bud Light ) 1990s Bud Bowl ( Budweiser ) `` You Got the Right One , Baby '' ( Diet Pepsi ) 2000s The Man Your Man Could Smell Like ( Old Spice ) 2010s `` Born of Fire '' ( Chrysler ) The Force ( Volkswagen ) Never Miss a Super Bowl Club ( Visa Inc . )", "4": "Halftime in America ( Chrysler ) `` So God Made a Farmer '' ( Ram Trucks ) `` The ' 80s Called '' ( RadioShack ) `` Invisible '' ( Product Red ) Puppy monkey baby ( Mountain Dew ) List Dot - com commercials during Super Bowl XXXIV Super Bowl Ad Meter Adbowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_going_to_Disney_World!&oldid=818137828 '' Categories : The Walt Disney Company Super Bowl advertising Advertising slogans Walt Disney World Disneyland Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 20 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1192543001157265490	votes required to pass a bill in indian parliament	[ "majority of members present at that time" ]	{ "0": "Lawmaking procedure in India - Wikipedia Lawmaking procedure in India Jump to : navigation , search India is a democracy having a quasi-federal structure of government . Laws are made separately at different levels , by the Union Government / Federal Government for the whole country and by the State Governments for their respective states as well as by local municipal councils at district level . The Legislative procedure in India for the Union Government requires that proposed bills pass through the two legislative houses of the Parliament of India , i.e. the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha . The legislative procedure for states with bicameral legislatures requires that proposed bills be passed , at least in the state 's Lower House or the Vidhan Sabha and not mandatory to be passed in the Upper House or the Vidhan Parishad . For states with unicameral legislatures , laws and bills need to be passed only in the state 's Vidhan Sabha , for they do n't have a Vidhan Parishad . Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙", "1": "28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code Contents ( hide ) 1 Constituent power of parliament 2 Legislative Powers 2.1 Union List 2.2 State list 2.3 Concurrent List 3 Nature of peoples mandate 4 Difference between a Bill and an Act 5 How a Bill becomes an Act in Parliament 5.1 First Reading 5.1. 1 Publication in the official Gazette 5.1.", "2": "2 Reference of Bill to a Standing Committee 5.2 Second Reading 5.3 Third Reading 5.4 Passing a bill 5.5 Bill in the other House 5.6 Joint session of both Houses 5.7 President 's approval 5.8 Coming into force 6 Money Bills 7 Ordinances 8 Jammu & Kashmir state 9 See also 10 References Constituent power of parliament ( edit ) The process of addition , variation or repeal of any part of the constitution by the Parliament under its constituent powers , is called amendment of the constitution . The procedure is laid out in Article 368 . An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House when at least two - thirds members are present and voted . In addition to this , certain amendments which pertain to the federal and judicial aspects of the constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures . There is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses ( Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha ) of the parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill . Basic structure of the Indian constitution can not be altered or destroyed through constitutional amendments under the constituent powers of the Parliament without undergoing judicial review by the Supreme Court . After the 24th amendment , parliament in its constituent capacity can not delegate its function of amending the constitution to another legislature or to itself in its ordinary legislative capacity . Proclamation of emergency per Article 352 ( 6 ) shall be ratified by the Parliament similar to its constituent power . When President 's rule is invoked in a state using Article 356 ( c ) and its proclamation contains such incidental and consequential provisions suspending in whole or in part the operation of any provisions of the constitution relating to any body or authority in the State for giving effect to the objects of the proclamation , the proclamation needs to be approved by the Parliament under its constituent power ( i.e. not by simple majority ) after the 24th amendment Legislative powers ( edit ) The legislative power of the states and the Centre are defined in the constitution and these powers are divided into three lists . The subjects that are not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects .", "3": "Subject to the provisions in the constitution elsewhere , the power to legislate on residuary subjects , rests with parliament or state legislative assembly as the case may be per Article 245 . Deemed amendments to the constitution which could be passed under legislative powers of Parliament , are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 ( 1 ) by 24th amendment . Union list ( edit ) Union list consists of 100 items ( previously 97 items ) on which the parliament has exclusive power to legislate . State list ( edit ) State list consists of 61 items ( previously 66 items ) where state legislative assembly can make laws applicable in that state . But in certain circumstances , the parliament can also legislate temporarily on subjects mentioned in the state list , when the Rajya Sabha has passed a resolution with 2 / 3rd majority that it is expedient to legislate in the national interest per Articles 249 to 252 of the constitution . Concurrent List ( edit ) Concurrent list consists of 52 ( earlier 47 ) where both parliament and a state legislative assembly can make laws in their domains subject to Articles 254 of the constitution Nature of peoples mandate ( edit ) The powers of a ruling party / co-alliance of the union is depending on the extent of the mandate it receives from the elections at central and state levels . These are commanding simple majority in the Lok Sabha only capable to run the government by passing money bills only . President can not issue ordinances on advise of the union cabinet alone as there is possibility of Rajya Sabha not according its approval . commanding simple majority in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha ( together or separately ) capable to run the government by its legislative powers only . With simple majority in Rajya Sabha , ruling party / co-alliance can remove the vice president and elect a new vice president per Article 67 ( b ) commanding two - thirds majority in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha separately capable to run the government by its constituent and legislative powers . Ruling government has full powers to impeach the President and Judges of Supreme Court / High Courts when charges of violating the constitution are established by judicial enquiry . commanding two - thirds majority in either house of parliament capable to run the government by its legislative powers only .", "4": "Per Article 61 ( 3 ) or 124 ( 4 & 5 ) or 217 ( 1. b ) , the President and Judges of Supreme Court / High Courts can be forced by either of the house to establish violation of the constitution by a judicial inquiry so that when found guilty , president or a judge relinquishes their posts on moral grounds or other house may concur the opponent 's impeachment proceedings on moral grounds . At state level , simple majority in the legislative assembly ( Vidhan Sabha ) is enough to exercise all its constitutional powers except for deciding to have or abolish Legislative Council per Articles 169 . Difference between a Bill and an Act ( edit ) Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament of India in the form of a bill . A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal , which , when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the President , becomes an Act of Parliament . As soon as the bill has been framed , it has to be published in the news papers and the general public is asked to comment in a democratic manner . The bill may then be amended to incorporate the public opinion in a constructive manner and then may be introduced in the Parliament by ministers or private members . The former are called government bills and the latter , private members ' bills . Bills may also be classified as public bills and private bills . A public bill is one referring to a matter applying to the public in general , whereas a private bill relates to a particular person or corporation or institution . The Orphanages and Charitable Homes Bill or the Muslim Waqfs Bills are examples of private bills . How a Bill becomes an Act in parliament ( edit ) A Bill is the draft of a legislative proposal . It has to pass through various stages before it becomes an Act of Parliament . There are three stages through which a bill has to pass in one House of Parliament . The procedure is similar for the Legislative Assemblies of States . First Reading ( edit ) The legislative process begins with the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament , i.e. the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha . A Bill can be introduced either by a Minister or by a private member . In the former case it is known as a Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as a Private Member 's Bill .", "5": "It is necessary for a member - in - charge of the Bill to ask for the leave of the House to introduce the Bill . If leave is granted by the House , the Bill is introduced . This stage is known as the First Reading of the Bill . If the motion for leave to introduce a Bill is opposed , the Speaker may , in his discretion , allow a brief explanatory statement to be made by the member who opposes the motion and the member - in - charge who moved the motion . Where a motion for leave to introduce a Bill is opposed on the ground that the Bill initiates legislation outside the legislative competence of the House , the Speaker may permit a full discussion thereon . Thereafter , the question is put to the vote of the House . However , the motion for leave to introduce a Finance Bill or an Appropriation Bill is forthwith put to the vote of the House . Money / Appropriation Bills and financial bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha per Articles 109 , 110 and 117 . Speaker of Lok Sabha decides whether a bill is Money Bill or not . Chairman of Rajya Sabha decides whether a bill is finance bill or not when the bill is introduced in the Rajya Sabha . Publication in the official Gazette ( edit ) After a Bill has been introduced , it is published in The Gazette of India . Even before introduction , a Bill might , with the permission of the Speaker , be published in the Gazette . In such cases , leave to introduce the Bill in the House is not asked for and the Bill is straight away introduced . Reference of Bill to a Standing Committee ( edit ) After a Bill has been introduced , the Presiding Officer of the concerned House ( Speaker of the Lok Sabha or the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or anyone acting on their behalf ) can refer the Bill to the concerned Standing Committee for examination and to prepare a report thereon . If a Bill is referred to a Standing Committee , the Committee shall consider the general principles and clauses of the Bill referred to them and make a report thereon . The Committee can also seek expert opinion or the public opinion of those interested in the measure . After the Bill has thus been considered , the Committee submits its report to the House . The report of the Committee , being of persuasive value , shall be treated as considered advice .", "6": "Second Reading ( edit ) The Second Reading consists of consideration of the Bill which occurs in two stages . First stage The first stage consists of general discussion on the Bill as a whole when the principle underlying the Bill is discussed . At this stage it is open to the House to refer the Bill to a Select Committee of the House or a Joint Committee of the two Houses or to circulate it for the purpose of eliciting opinion thereon or to straight away take it into consideration . If a Bill is referred to a Select / Joint Committee , the Committee considers the Bill clause - by - clause just as the House does . Amendments can be moved to the various clauses by members of the Committee . The Committee can also take evidence of associations , public bodies or experts who are interested in the measure . After the Bill has thus been considered , the Committee submits its report to the House which considers the Bill again as reported by the Committee . If a Bill is circulated for the purpose of eliciting public opinion thereon , such opinions are obtained through the Governments of the States and Union Territories . Opinions so received are laid on the Table of the House and the next motion in regard to the Bill must be for its reference to a Select / Joint Committee . It is not ordinarily permissible at this stage to move the motion for consideration of the Bill . Second Stage The second stage of the Second Reading consists of clause - by - clause consideration of the Bill as introduced or as reported by Select / Joint Committee . Discussion takes place on each clause of the Bill and amendments to clauses can be moved at this stage . Amendments to a clause have been moved but not withdrawn are put to the vote of the House before the relevant clause is disposed of by the House . The amendments become part of the Bill if they are accepted by a majority of members present and voting . After the clauses , the Schedules if any , clause 1 , the Enacting Formula and the Long Title of the Bill have been adopted by the House , the Second Reading is deemed to be over . Third Reading ( edit ) Thereafter , the member - in - charge can move that the Bill be passed . This stage is known as the Third Reading of the Bill . At this stage the debate is confined to arguments either in support or rejection of the Bill without referring to the details thereof further than that are absolutely necessary .", "7": "Only formal , verbal or consequential amendments are allowed to be moved at this stage . In passing an ordinary Bill , a simple majority of members present and voting is necessary . But in the case of a Bill to amend the Constitution , a majority of the total membership of the House and a majority of not less than two - thirds of the members present and voting is required in each House of Parliament . If the number of votes in favour and against the bill are tied , then the Presiding officer of the concerned House can cast his / her vote , referred to as a Casting Vote Right . Passing a Bill ( edit ) If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum which is minimum one - tenth of the total members of a House , it shall be the duty of the Chairman or Speaker , or person acting as such , either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum . The bills taken up under legislative power of parliament are treated as passed provided majority of members present at that time approved the bill either by voting or voice vote . It is also right of a member to demand voting instead of voice vote . In case of passing a constitutional amendment bill , two - third of the total members present and voted in favour of the bill with more than 50 % of the total members of a house , is required per Article 368 . Bill in the other House ( edit ) After the Bill is passed by one House , it is sent to the other House for concurrence with a message to that effect , and there also it goes through the stages described above , except the introduction stage . If a Bill passed by one House is amended by the other House , it is sent back to the originating House for approval . If the originating House does not agree with the amendments , it shall be that the two houses have disagreed . The other House may keep a money bill for 14 days and an ordinary Bill for three months without passing ( or rejecting ) it . If it fails to return the Bill within the fixed time , the Bill is deemed to be passed by both the houses and is sent for the approval of the President . At state level , it is not mandatory that a bill shall be passed by the legislative council ( if existing ) per Articles 196 to 199 . There is no provision of conducting joint session of both Houses to pass a bill .", "8": "Joint session of both houses ( edit ) Main article : Joint session In case of a deadlock between the two houses or in a case where more than six months lapse in the other house , the President may summon , though is not bound to , a joint session of the two houses which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the deadlock is resolved by simple majority . Until now , only three bills : the Dowry Prohibition Act ( 1961 ) , the Banking Service Commission Repeal Bill ( 1978 ) and the Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act ( 2002 ) have been passed at joint sessions . President 's approval ( edit ) When a bill has been passed , it is sent to the President for his approval per Article 111 . The President can assent or withhold his assent to a bill or he can return a bill , other than a money bill which is recommended by president himself to the houses . However Article 255 says that prior recommendation of president or governor of a state wherever stipulated is not compulsory for an Act of parliament or of the legislature of a State but the final consent of president or governor of a state is mandatory . President may be of view that a particular bill passed under the legislative powers of parliament is violating the constitution , he can send back the bill with his recommendation to pass the bill under the constituent powers of parliament following the Article 368 procedure . President shall not withhold constitutional amendment bill duly passed by parliament per Article 368 . If the President gives his assent , the bill is published in The Gazette of India and becomes an Act from the date of his assent . If he withholds his assent , the bill is dropped , which is known as absolute veto . The President can exercise absolute veto on aid and advice of council of ministers per Article 111 and Article 74 . The president may also effectively withhold his assent as per his own discretion , which is known as pocket veto . The pocket veto has only been exercised once by President Zail Singh in 1986 , over the postal act where the government wanted to open postal letters without warrant by amending the Indian Post Office Act , 1898 . If the president returns it for reconsideration , the Parliament must do so , but if it is passed again and returned to him , he must give his assent to it .", "9": "If parliament is not happy with the president for not assenting a bill passed by it under its legislative powers , the bill can be modified as a constitutional amendment bill and passed under its constituent powers for compelling the president to give assent . In case a constitutional amendment act is violating the basic structure of the constitution , constitutional bench of Supreme Court would quash the act . When parliament is of the view that the actions of the president are violating the constitution , impeachment proceedings against president could be taken up to remove him under Article 61 where at least two - thirds of total membership of each house of parliament should vote in favour of the impeachment when charges against the president are found valid in an investigation . In case of a bill passed by the legislative assembly of a state , the consent of that state 's Governor has to be obtained . Some times the governor may refer the bill to the president anticipating clash between other central laws or constitution and decision of the president is final per Articles 200 and 201 . All decisions of the union cabinet are to be assented by the president for issuing gazette order ( GO ) . In case the cabinet decisions are not in the purview of the established law , president shall not give assent to the cabinet decisions . He may indicate union cabinet to pass the necessary legislation by the parliament to clear the cabinet decision . A minister is not supposed to take any decision without being considered by the council of ministers per Article 78 ( c ) . The purpose of framing the Indian constitution is to serve with honesty , efficiency and impartiality for the betterment of its citizens by the people who are heading or representing the independent institutions created by the constitution such as judiciary , legislature , executive , etc . When one or more institutions are failing in their duty , the remaining shall normally take the lead in correcting the situation by using checks and balances as per the provisions available in the constitution . Coming into force ( edit ) Generally most Acts will come into force , or become legally enforceable in a manner as prescribed in the Act itself . Either it would come into effect from the date of assent by the President ( mostly in case of Ordinances which is later approved by the Parliament ) , or a specific date is mentioned in the Act itself ( mostly in case of Finance Bills ) or on a date as per the wish of the Central or the State Government as the case may be .", "10": "In case the commencement of the Act is as made as per the wish of the government , a separate Gazette notification is made , which is mostly accompanied by the Rules or subordinate legislation in another gazette notification . Money bills ( edit ) Bills which exclusively contain provisions for imposition and abolition of taxes , for appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund , etc. , are certified as Money Bills by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha . Money Bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha on the recommendation of the President per Articles 109 , 110 and 117 . For every fiscal year , the annual budget or annual financial statement with demand for grants on the recommendation of the President per Articles 112 to 116 shall be passed by the Lok Sabha . The Rajya Sabha can not make amendments to a Money Bill passed by the Lok Sabha and sent to it . It can , however , recommend amendments in a Money Bill , but must return all Money Bills to Lok Sabha within fourteen days from the date of their receipt . The Lok Sabha can choose to accept or reject any or all of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha with regard to a Money Bill . If Lok Sabha accepts any of the recommendations of Rajya Sabha , the Money Bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses with amendments recommended by Rajya Sabha and accepted by Lok Sabha . If Lok Sabha does not accept any of the recommendations of Rajya Sabha , the Money Bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by Lok Sabha without any of the amendments recommended by Rajya Sabha . If a Money Bill passed by Lok Sabha and transmitted to Rajya Sabha for its recommendations is not returned to Lok Sabha within the said period of fourteen days , it is deemed to have been passed by both Houses at the expiration of the said period in the form in which it was passed by Lok Sabha . When a money bill introduced in the Lok Sabha by the government fails to get its approval , the ruling party is treated as not commanding the majority support in the Lok Sabha or shall be dismissed by the president to pave way for new government / fresh elections or opposition would move no confidence motion . At state level also money bills shall be introduced in the legislative assembly only per Articles 198 , 199 and 207 on the recommendation of the governor .", "11": "When a money bill introduced in the legislative assembly by the state government fails to get its approval , the ruling party is treated as not commanding the majority support in the legislative assembly or shall be dismissed by the governor to pave way for new government / fresh elections or opposition would move no confidence motion . Ordinances ( edit ) Main article : Ordinance ( India ) When both houses of parliament are not in session , extant provisions of law are felt inadequate , under compelling circumstances and the president is satisfied for the need of immediate action , he / she may promulgate such required ordinances under Article 123 of the constitution . An ordinance has same force and effect as an ' act of parliament ' . Every ordinance shall cease to operate if not passed by the parliament before the expiration of six weeks from its reassembly . President shall not issue any ordinance which needs amendment to the constitution or violating the constitution . When state assembly is not in session , governor of a state can issue ordinances per Article 213 subject to the approval of the president in case required so . Jammu & Kashmir state ( edit ) The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded higher degree of federalism under Article 370 read with Appendix I ( The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 ) of the Indian constitution . Matters related to Defence , Foreign relations and Communication of Jammu and Kashmir are under jurisdiction of union government . The laws enacted by the parliament ( including amendments to the Indian constitution ) applicable to rest of India are not valid in J&K state unless ratified by its state assembly . Government of India can declare emergency in Jammu and Kashmir and impose Governor 's rule in certain conditions . The state has its own constitution other than applicable Indian constitution . Part XII of the J&K state constitution makes provision to amend its constitution with two thirds majority by the state assembly . Part VI ( The states ) and Part XIV ( Services under the union and the states ) of the Indian constitution is not applicable to J&K state per Article 152 and Article 308 .", "12": "See also ( edit ) List of Acts of the Parliament of India List of Ordinances of Indian Government Prime Minister of India Union Council of Ministers Constitution of India List of amendments of the Constitution of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement : A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Para 506e of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , ( AIR 1973 SC 1461 ) '' . 1973 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Repeated promulgation of ordinances because a bill is held up in the Rajya Sabha is a violation of constitutional principles '' . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The judges ( inquiry ) act , 1968 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary procedure '' . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of procedure and conduct of business in Rajya Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` How a bill becomes an Act '' . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` Andhra Pradesh Bill A Financial Bill , Says Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman '' . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajya sabha handbook '' . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voting and division in Lok Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Is any deadlock between the two Houses possible ? '' . rajyasabha.nic.in . rajyasabha . Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Amendments to Sebi Act gets Presidential assent '' . PTI. 18 Sep 2013 .", "13": "Retrieved 23 September 2013 . It has now been published in the Gazette of India , Extraordinary , Part - II , Section - 1 , dated the 13th September 2013 as Act No. 22 of 2013 Jump up ^ `` The president 's power of withholding assent '' . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gupta , V.P. ( 26 Aug 2002 ) . `` The President 's role '' . Times of India . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Re-promulgation of ordinances fraud on Constitution : SC '' . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Central acts applicable to J&K state '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of J&K state '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . ( hide ) Indian legislation Constitution of India ( amendments ) Indian Penal Code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Acts of the Parliament Ordinance In Force Consumer Real Estate ( Regulation and Development ) Act , 2016 Consumer Protection Act , 1986 Essential Commodities Act Essential Services Maintenance Act Corruption Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act , 1988 Black Money ( Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets ) and Imposition of Tax Act , 2015 Prevention of Corruption Act , 1988 The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act , 2013 Mines and Minerals ( Development and Regulation ) Act , 1957 Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011 Criminal Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act Armed Forces Tribunal Act , 2007 Arms Act , 1959 Army Act , 1950 Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2013 Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act Indian Evidence Act Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act , 2015 National Security Act ( India ) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2005 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act ,", "14": "1989 Education Indian Institutes of Management Act , 2017 Institutes of Technology Act , 1961 National Institutes of Technology Act , 2007 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act , 2009 University Grants Commission Act , 1956 Environment Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act Biological Diversity Act , 2002 CAMPA bill Environment Protection Act , 1986 Indian Forest Act , 1927 National Green Tribunal Act Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Wildlife Protection Act , 1972 Financial Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016 Banking Regulation Act , 1949 Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act Depositories Act The Electricity Act , 2003 Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 Finance Act ( India ) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003 Foreign Contribution Regulation Act Foreign Exchange Management Act Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act , 1999 Government Securities Act , 2006 Indian Contract Act , 1872 Indian Stamp Act , 1899 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code , 2016 Insurance Act , 1938 Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 Securities Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 2014 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act , 2002 The Competition Act , 2002 The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 The Income - tax Act , 1961 Transfer of Property Act 1882 Urban Land ( Ceiling and Regulation ) Act , 1976 Healthcare Central Council of Homoeopathy Act , 1973 Clinical Establishments ( Registration and Regulation ) Act , 2010 Dentist Act Drugs and Cosmetics Act , 1940 Drugs and Magic Remedies ( Objectionable Advertisements ) Act , 1954 Indian Medical Council Act Mental Health Act , 1987 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1985 Labour Bonded Labor System ( Abolition ) Act , 1976 Factories Act ,", "15": "1948 , India Industrial Disputes Act , 1947 Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 Maternity Benefit ( Amendment ) Act , 2017 Minimum Wages Act 1948 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013 Unorganised Workers ' Social Security Act 2008 Personal Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 ) Majority Act ( India ) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act Hindu Succession Act , 1956 Special Marriage Act , 1954 The Hindu Marriage Act , 1955 The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act 1986 Social Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition ) Act National Food Security Act , 2013 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act , 1994 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act , 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act , 2006 Street Vendors Act , 2014 State Laws Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act The Bombay Prohibition Act , 1949 Bombay Prohibition ( Gujarat Amendment ) 2009 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws ( Amendment ) Bill , 2009 Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act State Reorganisation Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Punjab Reorganisation Act , 1966 States Reorganisation Act , 1956 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Terrorism Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act Transport Aircraft Act Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 National Waterways Act , 2016 Inland Vessels Act Metro Railways Act , 1978 Metro Railway Act , 2002 Organisation / Body Chartered Accountants Act , 1949 Companies Act 2013 Gram Nyayalayas Act , 2008 Indian Trusts Act ,", "16": "1882 Panchayats ( Extension to Scheduled Areas ) Act 1996 Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 The Indian Partnership Act , 1932 Societies Registration Act , 1860 The Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008 Repeal Repealing and Amending Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending Act , 2016 Repealing and Amending Act , 2017 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2017 Other All India Services Act , 1951 Delimitation Act Enemy Property Act , 1968 Information Technology Act , 2000 Nuclear Liability Act Official Secrets Act ( India ) Representation of the People Act , 1951 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 Right to Information Act , 2005 State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 The Foreigners Act , 1946 Repealed Pre-Independence Age of Consent Act , 1891 Caste Disabilities Removal Act , 1850 Criminal Tribes Act Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act , 1856 English Education Act 1835 Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act , 1907 Post-Independence Anti-Copying Act , 1992 Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Gift Tax Act , 1958 Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunal ) Act , 1983 Interest Tax Act , 1974 Maintenance of Internal Security Act Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act The Gold ( Control ) Act , 1968 Wealth Tax Act , 1957 Bills Proposed Foreign Education Providers Bill , 2013 Geospatial Information Regulation Bill Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act Marriage Laws Amendment Bill Road Transport and Safety Bill Uniform civil code Lapsed Judges Assets Bill Women 's Reservation Bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "17": "php?title=Lawmaking_procedure_in_India&oldid=838518151 '' Categories : Law in India Parliament of India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use Indian English from November 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 14 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1082778473368520364	where did the phrase how now brown cow come from	[ "a phrase used in elocution teaching to demonstrate rounded vowel sounds" ]	{ "0": "How now brown cow - Wikipedia How now brown cow Jump to : navigation , search For the Cornbugs album , see How Now Brown Cow ( album ) . shows the part of and the height of the tongue involved in the articulation of / aʊ / `` How now brown cow '' ( / ˈhaʊ ˈnaʊ ˈbraʊn ˈkaʊ / ) is a phrase used in elocution teaching to demonstrate rounded vowel sounds . Each `` ow '' sound in the phrase represents the diphthong / aʊ / . Although orthographies for each of the four words in this utterance is represented by the English spelling `` ow '' , the articulation required to create this same diphthong represented by the International Phonetic Association 's phonetic alphabet as / aʊ / is also represented by the spelling `` ou '' . Some examples of these homophonic / aʊ / 's are the English words `` house '' , `` blouse '' , `` noun '' , and `` cloud '' . The use of the phrase `` how now brown cow '' in teaching elocution can be dated back to at least 1926 . Although not in use today , the phrase `` how now '' is a greeting , short for `` how say you now '' , and can be found in archaic literature , such as the plays of William Shakespeare . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wise , Jessie ; Buffington , Sara ( 2004 ) . The Ordinary Parent 's Guide to Teaching Reading . Charles City , VA : Peace Hill Press . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 09 - 72860 - 31 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bagley , Louie : `` Elocution do 's and dont 's '' , Frederick A. Stokes Company , 1926 This vocabulary - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article relating to education is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This linguistics article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .", "1": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_now_brown_cow&oldid=797907982 '' Categories : Greetings Vocabulary and usage stubs Education stubs Linguistics stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 21 : 37 . About Wikipedia", "2": null, "3": null, "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 1 ]	[ 0, 1 ]
7851442863470339390	who signed the largest on the declaration of independence	[ "John Hancock", "John Hancock" ]	{ "0": "John Hancock - wikipedia John Hancock Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see John Hancock ( disambiguation ) . John Hancock Portrait by John Singleton Copley , c. 1770 -- 72 3rd Governor of Massachusetts In office May 30 , 1787 -- October 8 , 1793 Lieutenant Samuel Adams Preceded by James Bowdoin Succeeded by Samuel Adams 1st Governor of Massachusetts In office October 25 , 1780 -- January 29 , 1785 Lieutenant Thomas Cushing Preceded by Office created ( Thomas Gage as colonial governor ) Succeeded by James Bowdoin 4th President of the Continental Congress In office May 24 , 1775 -- October 31 , 1777 Preceded by Peyton Randolph Succeeded by Henry Laurens Personal details ( 1737 - 01 - 23 ) January 23 , 1737 Braintree ( now Quincy ) , Province of Massachusetts Bay October 8 , 1793 ( 1793 - 10 - 08 ) ( aged 56 ) Hancock Manor , Boston , Massachusetts Resting place Granary Burying Ground , Boston Spouse ( s ) Dorothy Quincy Alma mater Harvard University ( Bachelors ) Net worth US $ 350,000 at the time of his death ( approximately 1 / 714th of US GNP ) Signature John Hancock ( January 23 , 1737 ( O.S. January 12 , 1736 ) -- October 8 , 1793 ) was an American merchant , statesman , and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution . He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence , so much so that the term John Hancock has become a synonym in the United States for one 's signature . Before the American Revolution , Hancock was one of the wealthiest men in the Thirteen Colonies , having inherited a profitable mercantile business from his uncle . He began his political career in Boston as a protégé of Samuel Adams , an influential local politician , though the two men later became estranged .", "1": "Hancock used his wealth to support the colonial cause as tensions increased between colonists and Great Britain in the 1760s . He became very popular in Massachusetts , especially after British officials seized his sloop Liberty in 1768 and charged him with smuggling . Those charges were eventually dropped ; he has often been described as a smuggler in historical accounts , but the accuracy of this characterization has been questioned . Hancock was one of Boston 's leaders during the crisis that led to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 . He served more than two years in the Continental Congress in Philadelphia , and he was the first to sign the Declaration of Independence in his position as president of Congress . He returned to Massachusetts and was elected governor of the Commonwealth , serving in that role for most of his remaining years . He used his influence to ensure that Massachusetts ratified the United States Constitution in 1788 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Growing imperial tensions 3 Townshend Acts crisis 3.1 Liberty affair 4 Massacre to Tea Party 5 Revolution begins 6 President of Congress 6.1 Signing the Declaration 7 Return to Massachusetts 8 Final years 9 Legacy 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Early life Coat of Arms of John Hancock John Hancock was born on January 23 , 1737 in Braintree , Massachusetts in a part of town that eventually became the separate city of Quincy . He was the son of Col. John Hancock Jr. of Braintree and Mary Hawke Thaxter ( widow of Samuel Thaxter Junior ) , who was from nearby Hingham . As a child , Hancock became a casual acquaintance of young John Adams , whom the Reverend Hancock had baptized in 1735 . The Hancocks lived a comfortable life , and owned one slave to help with household work . After Hancock 's father died in 1744 , John was sent to live with his uncle and aunt , Thomas Hancock and Lydia ( Henchman ) Hancock . Thomas Hancock was the proprietor of a firm known as the House of Hancock , which imported manufactured goods from Britain and exported rum , whale oil , and fish .", "2": "Thomas Hancock 's highly successful business made him one of Boston 's richest and best - known residents . He and Lydia , along with several servants and slaves , lived in Hancock Manor on Beacon Hill . The couple , who did not have any children of their own , became the dominant influence on John 's life . After graduating from the Boston Latin School in 1750 , Hancock enrolled in Harvard College and received a bachelor 's degree in 1754 . Upon graduation , he began to work for his uncle , just as the French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) had begun . Thomas Hancock had close relations with the royal governors of Massachusetts and secured profitable government contracts during the war . John Hancock learned much about his uncle 's business during these years and was trained for eventual partnership in the firm . Hancock worked hard , but he also enjoyed playing the role of a wealthy aristocrat and developed a fondness for expensive clothes . From 1760 to 1761 , Hancock lived in England while building relationships with customers and suppliers . Upon returning to Boston , Hancock gradually took over the House of Hancock as his uncle 's health failed , becoming a full partner in January 1763 . He became a member of the Masonic Lodge of St. Andrew in October 1762 , which connected him with many of Boston 's most influential citizens . When Thomas Hancock died in August 1764 , John inherited the business , Hancock Manor , two or three household slaves , and thousands of acres of land , becoming one of the wealthiest men in the colonies . The household slaves continued to work for John and his aunt , but were eventually freed through the terms of Thomas Hancock 's will ; there is no evidence that John Hancock ever bought or sold slaves . Growing imperial tensions After its victory in the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , the British Empire was deeply in debt . Looking for new sources of revenue , the British Parliament sought , for the first time , to directly tax the colonies , beginning with the Sugar Act of 1764 . The earlier Molasses Act of 1733 , a tax on shipments from the West Indies , had produced hardly any revenue because it was widely bypassed by smuggling , which was seen as a victimless crime .", "3": "Not only was there little social stigma attached to smuggling in the colonies , but in port cities , where trade was the primary generator of wealth , smuggling enjoyed considerable community support , and it was even possible to obtain insurance against being caught . Colonial merchants developed an impressive repertoire of evasive maneuvers to conceal the origin , nationality , routes and content of their illicit cargoes . This included the frequent use of fraudulent paperwork to make the cargo appear legal and authorised . And much to the frustration of the British authorities , when seizures did happen local merchants were often able to use sympathetic provincial courts to reclaim confiscated goods and have their cases dismissed . For instance , Edward Randolph , the appointed head of customs in New England brought 36 seizures to trial from 1680 to the end of 1682 -- and all but two of these were acquitted . Alternatively merchants sometimes took matters into their own hands and stole illicit goods back while impounded . The Sugar Act provoked outrage in Boston , where it was widely viewed as a violation of colonial rights . Men such as James Otis and Samuel Adams argued that because the colonists were not represented in Parliament , they could not be taxed by that body ; only the colonial assemblies , where the colonists were represented , could levy taxes upon the colonies . Hancock was not yet a political activist ; however , he criticized the tax for economic , rather than constitutional , reasons . Around 1772 , Hancock commissioned John Singleton Copley to paint this portrait of Samuel Adams , Hancock 's early political mentor . Hancock emerged as a leading political figure in Boston just as tensions with Great Britain were increasing . In March 1765 , he was elected as one of Boston 's five selectmen , an office previously held by his uncle for many years . Soon after , Parliament passed the 1765 Stamp Act , a tax on legal documents , such as wills , that had been levied in Britain for many years but which was wildly unpopular in the colonies , producing riots and organized resistance . Hancock initially took a moderate position : as a loyal British subject , he thought that the colonists should submit to the act , even though he believed that Parliament was misguided . Within a few months , Hancock had changed his mind , although he continued to disapprove of violence and the intimidation of royal officials by mobs .", "4": "Hancock joined the resistance to the Stamp Act by participating in a boycott of British goods , which made him popular in Boston . After Bostonians learned of the impending repeal of the Stamp Act , Hancock was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in May 1766 . Hancock 's political success benefited from the support of Samuel Adams , the clerk of the House of Representatives and a leader of Boston 's `` popular party '' , also known as `` Whigs '' and later as `` Patriots '' . The two men made an unlikely pair . Fifteen years older than Hancock , Adams had a somber , Puritan outlook that stood in marked contrast to Hancock 's taste for luxury and extravagance . Apocryphal stories later portrayed Adams as masterminding Hancock 's political rise so that the merchant 's wealth could be used to further the Whig agenda . Historian James Truslow Adams portrayed Hancock as shallow and vain , easily manipulated by Adams . Historian William M. Fowler , who wrote biographies of both men , argued that this characterization was an exaggeration , and that the relationship between the two was symbiotic , with Adams as the mentor and Hancock the protégé . Townshend Acts crisis After the repeal of the Stamp Act , Parliament took a different approach to raising revenue , passing the 1767 Townshend Acts , which established new duties on various imports and strengthened the customs agency by creating the American Customs Board . The British government believed that a more efficient customs system was necessary because many colonial American merchants had been smuggling . Smugglers violated the Navigation Acts by trading with ports outside of the British Empire and avoiding import taxes . Parliament hoped that the new system would reduce smuggling and generate revenue for the government . Colonial merchants , even those not involved in smuggling , found the new regulations oppressive . Other colonists protested that new duties were another attempt by Parliament to tax the colonies without their consent . Hancock joined other Bostonians in calling for a boycott of British imports until the Townshend duties were repealed . In their enforcement of the customs regulations , the Customs Board targeted Hancock , Boston 's wealthiest Whig . They may have suspected that he was a smuggler , or they may have wanted to harass him because of his politics , especially after Hancock snubbed Governor Francis Bernard by refusing to attend public functions when the customs officials were present .", "5": "On April 9 , 1768 , two customs employees ( called tidesmen ) boarded Hancock 's brig Lydia in Boston Harbor . Hancock was summoned , and finding that the agents lacked a writ of assistance ( a general search warrant ) , he did not allow them to go below deck . When one of them later managed to get into the hold , Hancock 's men forced the tidesman back on deck . Customs officials wanted to file charges , but the case was dropped when Massachusetts Attorney General Jonathan Sewall ruled that Hancock had broken no laws . Later , some of Hancock 's most ardent admirers would call this incident the first act of physical resistance to British authority in the colonies and credit Hancock with initiating the American Revolution . Liberty affair The next incident proved to be a major event in the coming of the American Revolution . On the evening of May 9 , 1768 , Hancock 's sloop Liberty arrived in Boston Harbor , carrying a shipment of Madeira wine . When custom officers inspected the ship the next morning , they found that it contained 25 pipes of wine , just one fourth of the ship 's carrying capacity . Hancock paid the duties on the 25 pipes of wine , but officials suspected that he had arranged to have more wine unloaded during the night to avoid paying the duties for the entire cargo . They did not have any evidence to prove this , however , since the two tidesmen who had stayed on the ship overnight gave a sworn statement that nothing had been unloaded . Portrait of Hancock by John Singleton Copley , c. 1765 One month later , while the British warship HMS Romney was in port , one of the tidesmen changed his story : he now claimed that he had been forcibly held on the Liberty while it had been illegally unloaded . On June 10 , customs officials seized the Liberty . Bostonians were already angry because the captain of the Romney had been impressing colonists , and not just deserters from the Royal Navy , an arguably illegal activity . A riot broke out when officials began to tow the Liberty out to the Romney , which was also arguably illegal . The confrontation escalated when sailors and marines coming ashore to seize the Liberty were mistaken for a press gang .", "6": "After the riot , customs officials relocated to the Romney , and then to Castle William ( an island fort in the harbor ) , claiming that they were unsafe in town . Whigs insisted that the customs officials were exaggerating the danger so that London would send troops to Boston . British officials filed two lawsuits stemming from the Liberty incident : an in rem suit against the ship , and an in personam suit against Hancock . Royal officials , as well as Hancock 's accuser , stood to gain financially , since , as was the custom , any penalties assessed by the court would be awarded to the governor , the informer , and the Crown , each getting a third . The first suit , filed on June 22 , 1768 , resulted in the confiscation of the Liberty in August . Customs officials then used the ship to enforce trade regulations until it was burned by angry colonists in Rhode Island the following year . The second trial began in October 1768 , when charges were filed against Hancock and five others for allegedly unloading 100 pipes of wine from the Liberty without paying the duties . If convicted , the defendants would have had to pay a penalty of triple the value of the wine , which came to £ 9,000 . With John Adams serving as his lawyer , Hancock was prosecuted in a highly publicized trial by a vice admiralty court , which had no jury and did not always allow the defense to cross-examine the witnesses . After dragging out for nearly five months , the proceedings against Hancock were dropped without explanation . Although the charges against Hancock were dropped , many writers later described him as a smuggler . The accuracy of this characterization has been questioned . `` Hancock 's guilt or innocence and the exact charges against him '' , wrote historian John W. Tyler in 1986 , `` are still fiercely debated . '' Historian Oliver Dickerson argued that Hancock was the victim of an essentially criminal racketeering scheme perpetrated by Governor Bernard and the customs officials . Dickerson believed that there is no reliable evidence that Hancock was guilty in the Liberty case , and that the purpose of the trials was to punish Hancock for political reasons and to plunder his property .", "7": "Opposed to Dickerson 's interpretation were Kinvin Wroth and Hiller Zobel , the editors of John Adams 's legal papers , who argued that `` Hancock 's innocence is open to question '' , and that the British officials acted legally , if unwisely . Lawyer and historian Bernard Knollenberg concluded that the customs officials had the right to seize Hancock 's ship , but towing it out to the Romney had been illegal . Legal historian John Phillip Reid argued that the testimony of both sides was so politically partial that it is not possible to objectively reconstruct the incident . Aside from the Liberty affair , the degree to which Hancock was engaged in smuggling , which may have been widespread in the colonies , has been questioned . Given the clandestine nature of smuggling , records are scarce . If Hancock was a smuggler , no documentation of this has been found . John W. Tyler identified 23 smugglers in his study of more than 400 merchants in revolutionary Boston , but found no written evidence that Hancock was one of them . Biographer William Fowler concluded that while Hancock was probably engaged in some smuggling , most of his business was legitimate , and his later reputation as the `` king of the colonial smugglers '' is a myth without foundation . Massacre to Tea Party Paul Revere 's 1768 engraving of British troops arriving in Boston was reprinted throughout the colonies . The Liberty affair reinforced a previously made British decision to suppress unrest in Boston with a show of military might . The decision had been prompted by Samuel Adams 's 1768 Circular Letter , which was sent to other British American colonies in hopes of coordinating resistance to the Townshend Acts . Lord Hillsborough , secretary of state for the colonies , sent four regiments of the British Army to Boston to support embattled royal officials , and instructed Governor Bernard to order the Massachusetts legislature to revoke the Circular Letter . Hancock and the Massachusetts House voted against rescinding the letter , and instead drew up a petition demanding Governor Bernard 's recall . When Bernard returned to England in 1769 , Bostonians celebrated . The British troops remained , however , and tensions between soldiers and civilians eventually resulted in the killing of five civilians in the Boston Massacre of March 1770 . Hancock was not involved in the incident , but afterwards he led a committee to demand the removal of the troops .", "8": "Meeting with Bernard 's successor , Governor Thomas Hutchinson , and the British officer in command , Colonel William Dalrymple , Hancock claimed that there were 10,000 armed colonists ready to march into Boston if the troops did not leave . Hutchinson knew that Hancock was bluffing , but the soldiers were in a precarious position when garrisoned within the town , and so Dalrymple agreed to remove both regiments to Castle William . Hancock was celebrated as a hero for his role in getting the troops withdrawn . His reelection to the Massachusetts House in May was nearly unanimous . This portrait of Hancock was published in England in 1775 . After Parliament partially repealed the Townshend duties in 1770 , Boston 's boycott of British goods ended . Politics became quieter in Massachusetts , although tensions remained . Hancock tried to improve his relationship with Governor Hutchinson , who in turn sought to woo Hancock away from Adams 's influence . In April 1772 , Hutchinson approved Hancock 's election as colonel of the Boston Cadets , a militia unit whose primary function was to provide a ceremonial escort for the governor and the General Court . In May , Hutchinson even approved Hancock 's election to the Council , the upper chamber of the General Court , whose members were elected by the House but subject to veto by the governor . Hancock 's previous elections to the Council had been vetoed , but now Hutchinson allowed the election to stand . Hancock declined the office , however , not wanting to appear to have been co-opted by the governor . Nevertheless , Hancock used the improved relationship to resolve an ongoing dispute . To avoid hostile crowds in Boston , Hutchinson had been convening the legislature outside of town ; now he agreed to allow the General Court to sit in Boston once again , to the relief of the legislators . Hutchinson had dared to hope that he could win over Hancock and discredit Adams . To some , it seemed that Adams and Hancock were indeed at odds : when Adams formed the Boston Committee of Correspondence in November 1772 to advocate colonial rights , Hancock declined to join , creating the impression that there was a split in the Whig ranks . But whatever their differences , Hancock and Adams came together again in 1773 with the renewal of major political turmoil .", "9": "They cooperated in the revelation of private letters of Thomas Hutchinson , in which the governor seemed to recommend `` an abridgement of what are called English liberties '' to bring order to the colony . The Massachusetts House , blaming Hutchinson for the military occupation of Boston , called for his removal as governor . Even more trouble followed Parliament 's passage of the 1773 Tea Act . On November 5 , Hancock was elected as moderator at a Boston town meeting that resolved that anyone who supported the Tea Act was an `` Enemy to America '' . Hancock and others tried to force the resignation of the agents who had been appointed to receive the tea shipments . Unsuccessful in this , they attempted to prevent the tea from being unloaded after three tea ships had arrived in Boston Harbor . Hancock was at the fateful meeting on December 16 , where he reportedly told the crowd , `` Let every man do what is right in his own eyes . '' Hancock did not take part in the Boston Tea Party that night , but he approved of the action , although he was careful not to publicly praise the destruction of private property . Over the next few months , Hancock was disabled by gout , which would trouble him with increasing frequency in the coming years . By March 5 , 1774 , he had recovered enough to deliver the fourth annual Massacre Day oration , a commemoration of the Boston Massacre . Hancock 's speech denounced the presence of British troops in Boston , who he said had been sent there `` to enforce obedience to acts of Parliament , which neither God nor man ever empowered them to make '' . The speech , probably written by Hancock in collaboration with Adams , Joseph Warren , and others , was published and widely reprinted , enhancing Hancock 's stature as a leading Patriot . Revolution begins Parliament responded to the Tea Party with the Boston Port Act , one of the so - called Coercive Acts intended to strengthen British control of the colonies . Hutchinson was replaced as governor by General Thomas Gage , who arrived in May 1774 . On June 17 , the Massachusetts House elected five delegates to send to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia , which was being organized to coordinate colonial response to the Coercive Acts . Hancock did not serve in the first Congress , possibly for health reasons , or possibly to remain in charge while the other Patriot leaders were away .", "10": "Gage soon dismissed Hancock from his post as colonel of the Boston Cadets . In October 1774 , Gage canceled the scheduled meeting of the General Court . In response , the House resolved itself into the Massachusetts Provincial Congress , a body independent of British control . Hancock was elected as president of the Provincial Congress and was a key member of the Committee of Safety . The Provincial Congress created the first minutemen companies , consisting of militiamen who were to be ready for action on a moment 's notice . Wary of returning to Boston , Hancock was staying at this house in Lexington when the Revolutionary War began . On December 1 , 1774 , the Provincial Congress elected Hancock as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress to replace James Bowdoin , who had been unable to attend the first Congress because of illness . Before Hancock reported to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia , the Provincial Congress unanimously reelected him as their president in February 1775 . Hancock 's multiple roles gave him enormous influence in Massachusetts , and as early as January 1774 British officials had considered arresting him . After attending the Provincial Congress in Concord in April 1775 , Hancock and Samuel Adams decided that it was not safe to return to Boston before leaving for Philadelphia . They stayed instead at Hancock 's childhood home in Lexington . Gage received a letter from Lord Dartmouth on April 14 , 1775 , advising him `` to arrest the principal actors and abettors in the Provincial Congress whose proceedings appear in every light to be acts of treason and rebellion '' . On the night of April 18 , Gage sent out a detachment of soldiers on the fateful mission that would spark the American Revolutionary War . The purpose of the British expedition was to seize and destroy military supplies that the colonists had stored in Concord . According to many historical accounts , Gage also instructed his men to arrest Hancock and Adams ; if so , the written orders issued by Gage made no mention of arresting the Patriot leaders . Gage apparently decided that he had nothing to gain by arresting Hancock and Adams , since other leaders would simply take their place , and the British would be portrayed as the aggressors . Although Gage had evidently decided against seizing Hancock and Adams , Patriots initially believed otherwise .", "11": "From Boston , Joseph Warren dispatched messenger Paul Revere to warn Hancock and Adams that British troops were on the move and might attempt to arrest them . Revere reached Lexington around midnight and gave the warning . Hancock , still considering himself a militia colonel , wanted to take the field with the Patriot militia at Lexington , but Adams and others convinced him to avoid battle , arguing that he was more valuable as a political leader than as a soldier . As Hancock and Adams made their escape , the first shots of the war were fired at Lexington and Concord . Soon after the battle , Gage issued a proclamation granting a general pardon to all who would `` lay down their arms , and return to the duties of peaceable subjects '' -- with the exceptions of Hancock and Samuel Adams . Singling out Hancock and Adams in this manner only added to their renown among Patriots . President of Congress Dorothy Quincy , by John Singleton Copley , c. 1772 With the war underway , Hancock made his way to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia with the other Massachusetts delegates . On May 24 , 1775 , he was unanimously elected President of the Continental Congress , succeeding Peyton Randolph after Henry Middleton declined the nomination . Hancock was a good choice for president for several reasons . He was experienced , having often presided over legislative bodies and town meetings in Massachusetts . His wealth and social standing inspired the confidence of moderate delegates , while his association with Boston radicals made him acceptable to other radicals . His position was somewhat ambiguous , because the role of the president was not fully defined , and it was not clear if Randolph had resigned or was on a leave of absence . Like other presidents of Congress , Hancock 's authority was mostly limited to that of a presiding officer . He also had to handle a great deal of official correspondence , and he found it necessary to hire clerks at his own expense to help with the paperwork . In Congress on June 15 , 1775 , Massachusetts delegate John Adams nominated George Washington as commander - in - chief of the army then gathered around Boston . Years later , Adams wrote that Hancock had shown great disappointment at not getting the command for himself . This brief comment from 1801 is the only source for the oft - cited claim that Hancock sought to become commander - in - chief .", "12": "In the early 20th century , historian James Truslow Adams wrote that the incident initiated a lifelong estrangement between Hancock and Washington , but some subsequent historians have expressed doubt that the incident , or the estrangement , ever occurred . According to historian Donald Proctor , `` There is no contemporary evidence that Hancock harbored ambitions to be named commander - in - chief . Quite the contrary . '' Hancock and Washington maintained a good relationship after the alleged incident , and in 1778 Hancock named his only son John George Washington Hancock . Hancock admired and supported General Washington , even though Washington politely declined Hancock 's request for a military appointment . When Congress recessed on August 1 , 1775 , Hancock took the opportunity to wed his fiancée , Dorothy `` Dolly '' Quincy . The couple was married on August 28 in Fairfield , Connecticut . John and Dorothy would have two children , neither of whom survived to adulthood . Their daughter Lydia Henchman Hancock was born in 1776 and died ten months later . Their son John was born in 1778 and died in 1787 after suffering a head injury while ice skating . While president of Congress , Hancock became involved in a long - running controversy with Harvard . As treasurer of the college since 1773 , he had been entrusted with the school 's financial records and about £ 15,000 in cash and securities . In the rush of events at the onset of the Revolutionary War , Hancock had been unable to return the money and accounts to Harvard before leaving for Congress . In 1777 , a Harvard committee headed by James Bowdoin , Hancock 's chief political and social rival in Boston , sent a messenger to Philadelphia to retrieve the money and records . Hancock was offended , but he turned over more than £ 16,000 , though not all of the records , to the college . When Harvard replaced Hancock as treasurer , his ego was bruised , and for years he declined to settle the account or pay the interest on the money he had held , despite pressure put on him by Bowdoin and other political opponents . The issue dragged on until after Hancock 's death , when his estate finally paid the college more than £ 1,000 to resolve the matter . Hancock served in Congress through some of the darkest days of the Revolutionary War .", "13": "The British drove Washington from New York and New Jersey in 1776 , which prompted Congress to flee to Baltimore , Maryland . Hancock and Congress returned to Philadelphia in March 1777 , but were compelled to flee six months later when the British occupied Philadelphia . Hancock wrote innumerable letters to colonial officials , raising money , supplies , and troops for Washington 's army . He chaired the Marine Committee , and took pride in helping to create a small fleet of American frigates , including the USS Hancock , which was named in his honor . Signing the Declaration Hancock was president of Congress when the Declaration of Independence was adopted and signed . He is primarily remembered by Americans for his large , flamboyant signature on the Declaration , so much so that `` John Hancock '' became , in the United States , an informal synonym for signature . According to legend , Hancock signed his name largely and clearly so that King George could read it without his spectacles , but the story is apocryphal and originated years later . Hancock 's signature as it appears on the engrossed copy of the Declaration of Independence Contrary to popular mythology , there was no ceremonial signing of the Declaration on July 4 , 1776 . After Congress approved the wording of the text on July 4 , the fair copy was sent to be printed . As president , Hancock may have signed the document that was sent to the printer John Dunlap , but this is uncertain because that document is lost , perhaps destroyed in the printing process . Dunlap produced the first published version of the Declaration , the widely distributed Dunlap broadside . Hancock , as President of Congress , was the only delegate whose name appeared on the broadside , although the name of Charles Thomson , secretary of the Continental Congress , but not a delegate , was also on it as `` Attested by '' implying that Hancock had signed the fair copy . This meant that until a second broadside was issued six months later with all of the signers listed , Hancock was the only delegate whose name was publicly attached to the treasonous document . Hancock sent a copy of the Dunlap broadside to George Washington , instructing him to have it read to the troops `` in the way you shall think most proper '' .", "14": "Hancock 's name was printed , not signed , on the Dunlap broadside ; his iconic signature appears on a different document -- a sheet of parchment that was carefully handwritten sometime after July 19 and signed on August 2 by Hancock and those delegates present . Known as the engrossed copy , this is the famous document on display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Return to Massachusetts In John Trumbull 's famous painting The Declaration of Independence , Hancock , as presiding officer , is seated on the right as the drafting committee presents their work . In October 1777 , after more than two years in Congress , President Hancock requested a leave of absence . He asked George Washington to arrange a military escort for his return to Boston . Although Washington was short on manpower , he nevertheless sent fifteen horsemen to accompany Hancock on his journey home . By this time Hancock had become estranged from Samuel Adams , who disapproved of what he viewed as Hancock 's vanity and extravagance , which Adams believed were inappropriate in a republican leader . When Congress voted to thank Hancock for his service , Adams and the other Massachusetts delegates voted against the resolution , as did a few delegates from other states . Back in Boston , Hancock was reelected to the House of Representatives . As in previous years , his philanthropy made him popular . Although his finances had suffered greatly because of the war , he gave to the poor , helped support widows and orphans , and loaned money to friends . According to biographer William Fowler , `` John Hancock was a generous man and the people loved him for it . He was their idol . '' In December 1777 , he was reelected as a delegate to the Continental Congress and as moderator of the Boston town meeting . Hancock rejoined the Continental Congress in Pennsylvania in June 1778 , but his brief time there was unhappy . In his absence , Congress had elected Henry Laurens as its new president , which was a disappointment to Hancock , who had hoped to reclaim his chair . Hancock got along poorly with Samuel Adams , and missed his wife and newborn son . On July 9 , 1778 , Hancock and the other Massachusetts delegates joined the representatives from seven other states in signing the Articles of Confederation ; the remaining states were not yet prepared to sign , and the Articles would not be ratified until 1781 .", "15": "Hancock returned to Boston in July 1778 , motivated by the opportunity to finally lead men in combat . Back in 1776 , he had been appointed as the senior major general of the Massachusetts militia . Now that the French fleet had come to the aid of the Americans , General Washington instructed General John Sullivan of the Continental Army to lead an attack on the British garrison at Newport , Rhode Island , in August 1778 . Hancock nominally commanded 6,000 militiamen in the campaign , although he let the professional soldiers do the planning and issue the orders . It was a fiasco : French Admiral d'Estaing abandoned the operation , after which Hancock 's militia mostly deserted Sullivan 's Continentals . Hancock suffered some criticism for the debacle but emerged from his brief military career with his popularity intact . He was a charter member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1780 . After much delay , the new Massachusetts Constitution finally went into effect in October 1780 . To no one 's surprise , Hancock was elected Governor of Massachusetts in a landslide , garnering over 90 % of the vote . In the absence of formal party politics , the contest was one of personality , popularity , and patriotism . Hancock was immensely popular and unquestionably patriotic given his personal sacrifices and his leadership of the Second Continental Congress . James Bowdoin , his principal opponent , was cast by Hancock 's supporters as unpatriotic , citing among other things his refusal ( which was due to poor health ) to serve in the First Continental Congress . Bowdoin 's supporters , who were principally well - off commercial interests from Massachusetts coastal communities , cast Hancock as a foppish demagogue who pandered to the populace . Hancock governed Massachusetts through the end of the Revolutionary War and into an economically troubled postwar period , repeatedly winning reelection by wide margins . Hancock took a hands - off approach to governing , avoiding controversial issues as much as possible . According to William Fowler , Hancock `` never really led '' and `` never used his strength to deal with the critical issues confronting the commonwealth . '' Hancock governed until his surprise resignation on January 29 , 1785 . Hancock cited his failing health as the reason , but he may have become aware of growing unrest in the countryside and wanted to get out of office before the trouble came .", "16": "Hancock 's critics sometimes believed that he used claims of illness to avoid difficult political situations . Historian James Truslow Adams wrote that Hancock 's `` two chief resources were his money and his gout , the first always used to gain popularity , and the second to prevent his losing it '' . The turmoil that Hancock avoided ultimately blossomed as Shays 's Rebellion , which Hancock 's successor James Bowdoin had to deal with . After the uprising , Hancock was reelected in 1787 , and he promptly pardoned all the rebels . Hancock was reelected to annual terms as governor for the remainder of his life . Final years Hancock 's memorial in Boston 's Granary Burying Ground , dedicated in 1896 When he had resigned as governor in 1785 , Hancock was again elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress , known as the Confederation Congress after the ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781 . Congress had declined in importance after the Revolutionary War , and was frequently ignored by the states . Congress elected Hancock to serve as its president , but he never attended because of his poor health and because he was not interested . He sent Congress a letter of resignation in 1786 . In an effort to remedy the perceived defects of the Articles of Confederation , delegates were first sent to the Annapolis Convention in 1786 and then to the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 , where they drafted the United States Constitution , which was then sent to the states for ratification or rejection . Hancock , who was not present at the Philadelphia Convention , had misgivings about the new Constitution 's lack of a bill of rights and its shift of power to a central government . In January 1788 , Hancock was elected president of the Massachusetts ratifying convention , although he was ill and not present when the convention began . Hancock mostly remained silent during the contentious debates , but as the convention was drawing to close , he gave a speech in favor of ratification . For the first time in years , Samuel Adams supported Hancock 's position . Even with the support of Hancock and Adams , the Massachusetts convention narrowly ratified the Constitution by a vote of 187 to 168 . Hancock 's support was probably a deciding factor in the ratification .", "17": "Hancock was put forth as a candidate in the 1789 U.S. presidential election . As was the custom in an era where political ambition was viewed with suspicion , Hancock did not campaign or even publicly express interest in the office ; he instead made his wishes known indirectly . Like everyone else , Hancock knew that George Washington was going to be elected as the first president , but Hancock may have been interested in being vice president , despite his poor health . Hancock received only four electoral votes in the election , however , none of them from his home state ; the Massachusetts electors all voted for another Massachusetts native , John Adams , who received the second - highest number of electoral votes and thus became vice president . Although Hancock was disappointed with his performance in the election , he continued to be popular in Massachusetts . His health failing , Hancock spent his final few years as essentially a figurehead governor . With his wife at his side , he died in bed on October 8 , 1793 , at 56 years of age . By order of acting governor Samuel Adams , the day of Hancock 's burial was a state holiday ; the lavish funeral was perhaps the grandest given to an American up to that time . Legacy Despite his grand funeral , Hancock faded from popular memory after his death . According to historian Alfred F. Young , `` Boston celebrated only one hero in the half - century after the Revolution : George Washington . '' As early as 1809 , John Adams lamented that Hancock and Samuel Adams were `` almost buried in oblivion '' . In Boston , little effort was made to preserve Hancock 's historical legacy . His house on Beacon Hill was torn down in 1863 after both the city of Boston and the Massachusetts legislature decided against maintaining it . According to Young , the conservative `` new elite '' of Massachusetts `` was not comfortable with a rich man who pledged his fortune to the cause of revolution '' . In 1876 , with the centennial of American independence renewing popular interest in the Revolution , plaques honoring Hancock were put up in Boston . In 1896 , a memorial column was finally erected over Hancock 's essentially unmarked grave in the Granary Burying Ground . No full - length biography of Hancock appeared until the 20th century .", "18": "A challenge facing Hancock biographers is that , compared to prominent Founding Fathers like Jefferson and John Adams , Hancock left relatively few personal writings for historians to use in interpreting his life . As a result , most depictions of Hancock have relied on the voluminous writings of his political opponents , who were often scathingly critical of him . According to historian Charles Akers , `` The chief victim of Massachusetts historiography has been John Hancock , the most gifted and popular politician in the Bay State 's long history . He suffered the misfortune of being known to later generations almost entirely through the judgments of his detractors , Tory and Whig . '' Hancock 's famous signature on the stern of the destroyer USS John Hancock Hancock 's most influential 20th - century detractor was historian James Truslow Adams , who wrote negative portraits of Hancock in Harper 's Magazine and the Dictionary of American Biography in the 1930s . Adams argued that Hancock was a `` fair presiding officer '' but had `` no great ability '' , and was prominent only because of his inherited wealth . Decades later , historian Donald Proctor argued that Adams had uncritically repeated the negative views of Hancock 's political opponents without doing any serious research . Adams `` presented a series of disparaging incidents and anecdotes , sometimes partially documented , sometimes not documented at all , which in sum leave one with a distinctly unfavorable impression of Hancock '' . According to Proctor , Adams evidently projected his own disapproval of 1920s businessmen onto Hancock , and ended up misrepresenting several key events in Hancock 's career . Writing in the 1970s , Proctor and Akers called for scholars to evaluate Hancock based on his merits , rather than on the views of his critics . Since that time , historians have usually presented a more favorable portrait of Hancock , while acknowledging that he was not an important writer , political theorist , or military leader . Many places and things in the United States have been named in honor of John Hancock . The U.S. Navy has named vessels USS Hancock and USS John Hancock ; a World War II Liberty ship was also named in his honor . Ten states have a Hancock County named for him ; other places named after him include Hancock , Massachusetts ; Hancock , Michigan ; Hancock , New Hampshire ; Hancock , New York ; and Mount Hancock in New Hampshire .", "19": "John Hancock University is named for him , as was the John Hancock Financial company , founded in Boston in 1862 ; it had no connection to Hancock 's own business ventures . The financial company passed on the name to the John Hancock Tower in Boston , the John Hancock Center in Chicago , as well as the John Hancock Student Village at Boston University . See also Biography portal Massachusetts portal Politics portal American Revolution List of richest Americans in history List of wealthiest historical figures Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence United States Declaration of Independence References Jump up ^ Klepper & Gunther 1996 , p. xii . Jump up ^ Harlow G. Unger ( 21 September 2000 ) . John Hancock : Merchant King and American Patriot . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 33209 - 1 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , pp. 22 , 372n48 . The date was January 12 , 1736 according to the Julian calendar then in use . Not all sources fully convert his birth date to the New Style , and so the date is also given as January 12 , 1736 ( Old Style ) , January 12 , 1737 ( partial conversion ) , or January 12 , 1736 / 7 ( dual dating ) . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler 1980 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Fowler 2000b . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 11 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , pp. 32 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , p. 74 .", "20": "Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 48 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , pp. 66 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler 1980 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Smuggler Nation , Page 15 Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 58 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1997 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Adams 1930 , p. 428 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1997 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Tyler 1986 , p. 111 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler 1980 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Dickerson 1946 , pp. 527 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Dickerson 1946 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , p. 103a . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ The exact details and sequence of events in the Lydia affair varies slightly in these accounts . Jump up ^ Dickerson 1946 , pp. 530 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , pp. 118 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , p. 103b ; Allan does not fully endorse this view . ^ Jump up to : Unger 2000 , p. 119 .", "21": "^ Jump up to : Fowler 1980 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Dickerson 1946 , p. 525 . Jump up ^ Wroth & Zobel 1965 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Dickerson 1946 , pp. 521 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Dickerson 1946 , p. 522 . ^ Jump up to : Unger 2000 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Wroth & Zobel 1965 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg 1975 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg 1975 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Reid 1979 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Reid 1979 , pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Reid 1979 , pp. 104 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Wroth & Zobel 1965 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Wroth & Zobel 1965 , pp. 179 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Dickerson 1946 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ Wroth & Zobel 1965 , p. 180 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Dickerson 1946 , pp. 535 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Dickerson 1946 , p. 539 . Jump up ^ Wroth & Zobel 1965 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Dickerson 1946 , p. 517 . Jump up ^ Tyler 1986 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Dickerson 1946 , pp. 518 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Wroth & Zobel 1965 , pp. 185 -- 89 , quote from p. 185 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg 1975 , pp. 65 -- 66 , 320n41 , 321n48 .", "22": "Jump up ^ Reid 1979 , pp. 127 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Tyler 1986 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Tyler 1986 , pp. 5 , 16 , 266 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler 1980 , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Allan 1948 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Brown 1955 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. following 176 . Jump up ^ Tyler 1986 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Brown 1955 , p. 268 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Brown 1955 , pp. 289 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Brown 1970 , p. 61n7 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , pp. 124 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 136 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Brown 1955 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Brown 1970 , pp. 57 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 150 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 159 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 165 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 181 .", "23": "Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler 1980 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer 1994 , pp. 94 , 108 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Fischer 1994 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Alden 1944 , p. 451 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Alden 1944 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Alden 1944 , p. 452 . Jump up ^ Fischer 1994 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Fischer 1994 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Fischer 1994 , pp. 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 193 . The text of Gage 's proclamation is available online from the Library of Congress Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler 2000a . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Proctor 1977 , p. 669 . Jump up ^ Proctor 1977 , p. 670 . Jump up ^ Proctor 1977 , p. 675 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Proctor 1977 , p. 672 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 214 , 218 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 229 , 265 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Proctor 1977 , p. 661 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler 1980 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Manuel & Manuel 2004 , pp. 142 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Proctor 1977 , p. 662 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Manuel & Manuel 2004 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Manuel & Manuel 2004 , pp. 144 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler 1980 , pp. 262 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , pp. 216 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , p. vii . See also Merriam - Webster online and Dictionary.com ^ Jump up to : Fowler 1980 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 241 . See also `` John Hancock and Bull Story '' , from Snopes.com Jump up ^ Boyd 1976 , p. 450 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , pp. 230 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Boyd 1976 , pp. 464 -- 65 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of Independence '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , pp. 256 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 207 , 220 , 230 .", "25": "Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 225 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 230 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 232 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , pp. 270 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 234 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , pp. 274 -- 75 . Jump up ^ `` Charter of Incorporation of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences '' . American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 243 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Morse 1909 , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Hall 1972 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 246 -- 47 , 255 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 258 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Adams 1930 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 265 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. xvi . ^ Jump up to : Allan 1948 , p. viii . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , pp. 267 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , pp. 331 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 274 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler 1980 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1980 , p. 279 .", "26": "Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Allan 1948 , p. 358 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Young 1999 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Young 1999 , p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : Young 1999 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Young 1999 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Akers 1974 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Proctor 1977 , p. 654 . ^ Jump up to : Proctor 1977 , p. 676 . Jump up ^ Proctor 1977 , p. 657 . Jump up ^ Proctor 1977 , pp. 658 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Nobles 1995 , pp. 268 , 271 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 355 . ^ Jump up to : Gannett 1973 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` About John Hancock University '' . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Unger 2000 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ `` Firm not signing away its name '' . Reading Eagle . Associated Press . October 1 , 2003 . p . D6 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Bibliography Adams , James Truslow ( September 1930 ) . `` Portrait of an Empty Barrel '' . Harpers Magazine . 161 : 425 -- 34 . Akers , Charles W. ( March 1974 ) . `` Sam Adams -- And Much More '' . New England Quarterly . 47 ( 1 ) : 120 -- 31 . doi : 10.2307 / 364333 . Alden , John R. ( 1944 ) . `` Why the March to Concord ? '' . The American Historical Review . 49 ( 3 ) : 446 -- 54 . doi : 10.2307 / 1841029 . Allan , Herbert S. ( 1948 ) . John Hancock : Patriot in Purple .", "27": "New York : Macmillan . Boyd , Julian P. ( October 1976 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 100 ( 4 ) : 438 -- 67 . Available online from the Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Brown , Richard D. ( 1970 ) . Revolutionary Politics in Massachusetts : The Boston Committee of Correspondence and the Towns , 1772 -- 1774 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00810 - X . Brown , Robert E. ( 1955 ) . Middle - Class Democracy and the Revolution in Massachusetts , 1691 -- 1789 . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . Dickerson , O.M. ( March 1946 ) . `` John Hancock : Notorious Smuggler or Near Victim of British Revenue Racketeers ? '' . The Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 32 ( 4 ) : 517 -- 40 . doi : 10.2307 / 1895239 . This article was later incorporated into Dickerson 's The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1951 ) . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1994 ) . Paul Revere 's Ride . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508847 - 6 . Fowler , William M. Jr. ( 1980 ) . The Baron of Beacon Hill : A Biography of John Hancock . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 27619 - 5 . Fowler , William M. Jr. ( 1997 ) . Samuel Adams : Radical Puritan . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 673 - 99293 - 4 . Fowler , William M. Jr. ( 2000a ) . `` John Hancock '' . American National Biography Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Fowler , William M. Jr. ( 2000b ) . `` Thomas Hancock '' . American National Biography Online .", "28": "Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Gannett , Henry ( 1973 ) . The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States ( 2nd ed . ) . Baltimore : Genealogical Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 8063 - 0544 - 4 . Hall , Van Beck ( 1972 ) . Politics Without Parties : Massachusetts 1780 -- 1791 . Pittsburgh , PA : University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 3234 - 5 . OCLC 315459 . Klepper , Michael ; Gunther , Robert ( 1996 ) . The Wealthy 100 : From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates -- A Ranking of the Richest Americans , Past and Present . Secaucus , New Jersey : Carol Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 1800 - 8 . OCLC 33818143 . Knollenberg , Bernhard ( 1975 ) . Growth of the American Revolution , 1766 -- 1775 . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 917110 - 5 . Manuel , Frank Edward ; Manuel , Fritzie Prigohzy ( 2004 ) . James Bowdoin and the Patriot Philosophers . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87169 - 247 - 4 . OCLC 231993575 . Morse , Anson ( 1909 ) . The Federalist Party in Massachusetts to the Year 1800 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . OCLC 718724 . Nobles , Gregory ( 1995 ) . `` Yet the Old Republicans Still Persevere : Samuel Adams , John Hancock , and the Crisis of Popular Leadership in Revolutionary Massachusetts , 1775 -- 90 '' . In Hoffman , Ronald ; Albert , Peter J. The Transforming Hand of Revolution : Reconsidering the American Revolution as a Social Movement . Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia . pp. 258 -- 85 . ISBN 9780813915616 . Proctor , Donald J. ( December 1977 ) .", "29": "`` John Hancock : New Soundings on an Old Barrel '' . The Journal of American History . 64 ( 3 ) : 652 -- 77 . doi : 10.2307 / 1887235 . Reid , John Phillip ( 1979 ) . In a Rebellious Spirit : The Argument of Facts , the Liberty Riot , and the Coming of the American Revolution . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 00202 - 6 . Tyler , John W. ( 1986 ) . Smugglers & Patriots : Boston Merchants and the Advent of the American Revolution . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 0 - 930350 - 76 - 6 . Unger , Harlow Giles ( 2000 ) . John Hancock : Merchant King and American Patriot . New York : Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 33209 - 7 . Wroth , L. Kinvin ; Zobel , Hiller B. ( 1965 ) . Legal Papers of John Adams , Volume 2 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . Young , Alfred F. ( 1999 ) . The Shoemaker and the Tea Party : Memory and the American Revolution . Boston : Beacon Press . ISBN 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 4 . Further reading Baxter , William T . The House of Hancock : Business in Boston , 1724 -- 1775 . 1945 . Reprint , New York : Russell & Russell , 1965 . Deals primarily with Thomas Hancock 's business career . Brandes , Paul D. John Hancock 's Life and Speeches : A Personalized Vision of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1793 . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3076 - 0 . Contains the full text of many speeches . Brown , Abram E. John Hancock , His Book . Boston , 1898 . Mostly extracts from Hancock 's letters . Sears , Lorenzo . John Hancock , The Picturesque Patriot. 1912 . The first full biography of Hancock . Wolkins , George G .", "30": "`` The Seizure of John Hancock 's Sloop Liberty '' . Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 55 ( 1923 ) , 239 -- 84 . Reprints the primary documents . External links ( hide ) Find more aboutJohn Hancockat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata United States Congress . `` John Hancock ( id : H000149 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress .", "31": "Profile at Biography.com Profile at UShistory.org Profile at History.com John Hancock at Find a Grave Political offices Preceded by New creation President of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress 1774 -- 1775 Succeeded by Joseph Warren Preceded by Peyton Randolph President of the Continental Congress May 24 , 1775 -- October 31 , 1777 Succeeded by Henry Laurens Vacant Rule by Massachusetts Provincial Congress Title last held by Thomas Gage as Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay Governor of Massachusetts October 25 , 1780 -- January 29 , 1785 Next : Thomas Cushing as acting governor Preceded by James Bowdoin Governor of Massachusetts May 30 , 1787 -- October 8 , 1793 Succeeded by Samuel Adams John Hancock 1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts , 1780 -- 1785 , 1787 -- 1793 President , 2nd Continential Congress , 1775 -- 1777 Boston Board of Selectmen , 1766 -- 1775 United States Founding events HMS Liberty confiscation Sons of Liberty Co-inspired , Boston Tea Party 1774 Massacre Day speech President , Massachusetts Provincial Congress Chairman , Massachusetts Committee of Safety Presided over , signed , United States Declaration of Independence signing Dunlap broadside Signed , Articles of Confederation Life Early life Hancock - Clarke House Hancock Manor Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Boston Cadets Co-founder , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 Granary Burying Ground Related American Revolution patriots Founding Father Syng inkstand Legacy USS Hancock , 1775 USS Hancock , 1776 Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) John Hancock Tower John Hancock Center Family Dorothy Quincy ( wife ) John Hancock Jr. ( father ) Thomas Hancock ( uncle ) John Hancock , Sr.", "32": "( grandfather ) Edmund Quincy ( father - in - law ) Presidents of the Continental Congress First Continental Congress Peyton Randolph Henry Middleton Second Continental Congress Peyton Randolph John Hancock Henry Laurens John Jay Samuel Huntington Confederation Congress Samuel Huntington Thomas McKean John Hanson Elias Boudinot Thomas Mifflin Richard Henry Lee John Hancock * ( David Ramsay Nathaniel Gorham ) Nathaniel Gorham Arthur St. Clair Cyrus Griffin * Hancock did not attend during his 2nd term ; Ramsay and Gorham served as chairmen in his absence Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence Physical history of the Declaration of Independence , Memorial J. Adams S. Adams Bartlett Braxton Carroll Chase Clark Clymer Ellery Floyd Franklin Gerry Gwinnett Hall Hancock Harrison Hart Hewes Heyward Hooper Hopkins Hopkinson Huntington Jefferson F. Lee R. Lee Lewis Livingston Lynch McKean Middleton L. Morris R. Morris Morton Nelson Paca Paine Penn Read Rodney Ross Rush Rutledge Sherman Smith Stockton Stone Taylor Thornton Walton Whipple Williams Wilson Witherspoon Wolcott Wythe Signers of the Articles of Confederation A. Adams S. Adams T. Adams Banister Bartlett Carroll Clingan Collins Dana Dickinson Drayton Duane Duer Ellery Gerry Hancock Hanson Harnett Harvie Heyward Holten Hosmer Huntington Hutson Langworthy Laurens F. Lee R. Lee Lewis Lovell Marchant Mathews McKean G. Morris R. Morris Penn Reed Roberdeau Scudder Sherman Smith Telfair Van Dyke Walton Wentworth Williams Witherspoon Wolcott Governors of Massachusetts Colony ( 1629 -- 86 ) Endecott Winthrop T. Dudley Haynes Vane Winthrop T.", "33": "Dudley Bellingham Winthrop Endecott T. Dudley Winthrop Endecott T. Dudley Endecott Bellingham Endecott Bellingham Leverett Bradstreet Dominion ( 1686 -- 89 ) J. Dudley Andros Bradstreet Province ( 1692 -- 1776 ) W. Phips Stoughton Bellomont Stoughton Governor 's Council J. Dudley Governor 's Council J. Dudley Tailer Shute Dummer Burnet Dummer Tailer Belcher Shirley S. Phips Shirley S. Phips Governor 's Council Pownall Hutchinson Bernard Hutchinson Gage Commonwealth ( since 1776 ) Hancock Cushing Bowdoin Hancock Adams Sumner Gill Governor 's Council Strong Sullivan Lincoln Sr . Gore Gerry Strong Brooks Eustis Morton Lincoln Jr . Davis Armstrong Everett Morton Davis Morton Briggs Boutwell Clifford E. Washburn Gardner Banks Andrew Bullock Claflin W. Washburn Talbot Gaston Rice Talbot Long Butler Robinson Ames Brackett Russell Greenhalge Wolcott Crane Bates Douglas Guild Draper Foss Walsh McCall Coolidge Cox Fuller Allen Ely Curley Hurley Saltonstall Tobin Bradford Dever Herter Furcolo Volpe Peabody Volpe Sargent Dukakis King Dukakis Weld Cellucci Swift Romney Patrick Baker Italics indicate acting officeholders VIAF : 72204820 LCCN : n50017540 ISNI : 0000 0001 0128 3741 GND : 119472988 SUDOC : 152717919 BNF : cb16277145q ( data ) US Congress : H000149 IATH : w68p5xp7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "34": "php?title=John_Hancock&oldid=817591678 '' Categories : 1737 births 1793 deaths American businesspeople in shipping American Congregationalists American philanthropists American slave owners Boston Latin School alumni Burials at Granary Burying Ground Colonial American merchants Continental Congressmen from Massachusetts 18th - century American politicians Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Governors of Massachusetts Hancock family of Massachusetts Harvard University alumni Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution Members of the colonial Massachusetts House of Representatives Militia generals in the American Revolution Politicians from Braintree , Massachusetts Politicians from Quincy , Massachusetts People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution Quincy family Signers of the Articles of Confederation Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence United States presidential candidates , 1789 Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Pages containing links to subscription - only content Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Read View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 10 : 37 .", "35": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-1413547797481632580	when was the r10+20 summit in rio de janeiro held	[ "13 to 22 June 2012", "June 2012", "13 to 22 June 2012", "13 to 22 June 2012" ]	{ "0": "United Nations conference on sustainable development - wikipedia United Nations conference on sustainable development Jump to : navigation , search United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development Rio + 20 , Earth Summit 2012 Date ( s ) 20 -- 22 June 2012 Begins 20 June 2012 Ends 22 June 2012 Location ( s ) Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Previous event Earth Summit 1992 , Earth Summit 2002 Website uncsd2012 The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development ( UNCSD ) , also known as Rio 2012 , Rio + 20 ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( ˈʁi. u ˈmajʒ ˈvĩtʃi ) ) , or Earth Summit 2012 was the third international conference on sustainable development aimed at reconciling the economic and environmental goals of the global community . Hosted by Brazil in Rio de Janeiro from 13 to 22 June 2012 , Rio + 20 was a 20 - year follow - up to the 1992 Earth Summit / United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED ) held in the same city , and the 10th anniversary of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development ( WSSD ) in Johannesburg . The ten - day mega-summit , which culminated in a three - day high - level UN conference , was organized by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and included participation from 192 UN member states -- including 57 Heads of State and 31 Heads of Government , private sector companies , NGOs and other groups . The decision to hold the conference was made by UN General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 64 / 236 on 24 December 2009 . It was intended to be a high - level conference , including heads of state and government or other representatives and resulting in a focused political document designed to shape global environmental policy .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Objectives 3 Conference themes 4 Rio + 20 4.1 Participation 5 Calendar of meetings 5.1 1st Preparatory Committee 5.2 1st Intersessional 5.3 2nd Preparatory Committee 5.4 2nd Intersessional 5.5 3rd Intersessional 5.6 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 6 Outcomes 7 Leaders in attendance 8 Controversies 8.1 Environmental and Indigenous Rights Activists 8.2 Ahmadinejad Visit to Rio 9 Participation by Civil Societies 10 ProjectEarth Network 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) In 1992 , the first conference of its kind , the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED ) , commonly referred to as the Rio Conference or Earth Summit , succeeded in raising public awareness of the need to integrate environment and development . The conference drew 109 heads of state to Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , to address what were dubbed urgent problems of environmental protection and socio - economic development . The Earth Summit influenced subsequent UN conferences , including Rio + 20 and set the global green agenda . `` The World Conference on Human Rights , for example , focused on the right of people to a healthy environment and the right to development ; controversial demands that had met with resistance from some Member States until the Earth Summit . '' Major outcomes of the conference include the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) -- a climate - change agreement that led to the Kyoto Protocol , Agenda 21 , the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD ) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification ( UNCCD ) . It also created new international institutions , among them the Commission on Sustainable Development , tasked with the follow - up to the Rio Conference and led to the reform of the Global Environment Facility . Ten years later , Earth Summit 2002 informally nicknamed Rio + 10 was held in Johannesburg , South Africa with the goal of again bringing together leaders from government , business and NGOs to agree on a range of measures toward similar goals .", "2": "At Rio + 10 , sustainable development was recognized as an overarching goal for institutions at the national , regional and international levels . There , the need to enhance the integration of sustainable development in the activities of all relevant United Nations agencies , programs and funds was highlighted . The discussion also encompassed the role of institutions in stepping up efforts to bridge the gap between the international financial institutions and the multilateral development banks and the rest of the UN system . Major outcomes of that conference include the Johannesburg Declaration and almost 300 international partnership initiatives meant to help achieve the Millennium Development Goals . Objectives ( edit ) Demonstration at Rio + 20 -- Picture shows effigy of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff with a chainsaw embracing the statue of liberty Demonstration against the President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad during the conference The conference had three objectives : Securing renewed political commitment for sustainable development Assessing the progress and implementation gaps in meeting previous commitments . Addressing new and emerging challenges . Conference themes ( edit ) The official discussions had two main themes : How to build a green economy to achieve sustainable development and lift people out of poverty , including support for developing countries that will allow them to find a green path for development . How to improve international coordination for sustainable development by building an institutional framework . Rio + 20 ( edit ) In the months leading up to the beginning of the conference , negotiators held frequent informal consultations at UN headquarters in New York City , and in the two weeks before the conference was scheduled to begin , they managed to reach consensus on the sensitive language in the then proposed outcome document for the summit . Billed as the biggest UN event ever organized -- with 15,000 soldiers and police guarding about 130 heads of state and government , from 192 countries , and the more than 45,000 individuals gathered in Rio de Janeiro -- the 10 - day mega-conference was intended to be a high - level international gathering organized to re-direct and renew global political commitment to the three dimensions of sustainable development : economic growth , social improvement and environmental protection ; focusing on reducing poverty while promoting jobs growth , clean energy and more fair , sustainable uses of resources ; goals first established at Earth Summit in 1992 . The conference centered around Agenda 21 , the outcome document from Earth Summit 1992 .", "3": "That document was considered revolutionary in that it essentially created the term sustainable development and created the global environmental agenda for the next 20 years . The representatives of participating governments gathered in Rio to discuss what was then the draft text of the outcome document . Rio + 20 sought to secure affirmations for the political commitments made at past Earth Summits and set the global environmental agenda for the next 20 years by assessing progress towards the goals set forth in Agenda 21 and implementation gaps therein , and discussing new and emerging issues . The UN wanted Rio to endorse a UN `` green economy roadmap '' , with environmental goals , targets and deadlines , whereas developing countries preferred establishing new `` sustainable development goals '' to better protect the environment , guarantee food and power to the poorest , and alleviate poverty . Rio + 20 attracted many protests , and more than 500 parallel events , exhibitions , presentations , fairs and announcements as a wide range of diverse groups struggled to take advantage of the conference in order to gain international attention . The British online newspaper , The Guardian reported that , `` Downtown Rio de Janeiro was partly shut - down as an estimated 50,000 protesters , some of whom were naked , took to the streets . '' Participation ( edit ) A few key global leaders -- mostly G20 leaders and namely United States President Barack Obama , German Chancellor Angela Merkel , and UK Prime Minister David Cameron -- did not attend the conference and blamed their absence on the ongoing European sovereign - debt crisis . Their collective absence was seen as a reflection of their administrations ' failure to prioritize sustainability issues . `` In not attending , the prime minister is sending out a powerful signal that the UK government does not see sustainability as a priority '' , Joan Walley , chair of the UK environmental audit committee said to The Guardian . Calendar of meetings ( edit ) 1st preparatory committee ( edit ) Held from 16 -- 18 May 2010 , immediately after the conclusion of the eighteenth session and the first meeting of the nineteenth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development . 1st Intersessional ( edit ) Held from 10 -- 11 January 2011 at UN Headquarters , New York , the Intersessional focused on discussion of the objectives of the conference , and its two principle themes . The Intersessional -- not a negotiation session -- featured panel discussions , from academia , non-governmental organizations as well as Delegates and UN system representatives .", "4": "2nd preparatory committee ( edit ) Held from 7 -- 8 March 2011 , at United Nations Headquarters in New York , immediately following the Intergovernmental Policy Meeting for the 19th Session of the Commission on Sustainable Development . 2nd Intersessional ( edit ) Held from 15 -- 16 December 2011 at United Nations Headquarters in New York . 3rd Intersessional ( edit ) Held from 5 -- 7 March 2012 at United Nations Headquarters in New York . United Nations conference on sustainable development ( edit ) The 3rd Preparatory Committee began on 13 June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , and ended on 15 June 2012 , marking the start of the UN Conference on Sustainable Development . The talks were held from 20 -- 22 June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . The conference was expected to draw 50,000 participants , including delegates , environmental activists , business leaders , and indigenous groups . Additionally , about 130 heads of state from around the world were expected to be present for the final three days of the summit . Outcomes ( edit ) The primary result of the conference was the nonbinding document , `` The Future We Want , '' a 49 - page work paper . In it , the heads of state of the 192 governments in attendance renewed their political commitment to sustainable development and declared their commitment to the promotion of a sustainable future . The document largely reaffirms previous action plans like Agenda 21 . Some important outcomes include the following : `` The text includes language supporting the development of Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) , a set of measurable targets aimed at promoting sustainable development globally . It is thought that the SDGs will pick up where the Millennium Development Goals leave off and address criticism that the original Goals fail to address the role of the environment in development . '' The attempt to shore up the UN Environment Programme ( UNEP ) in order to make it the `` leading global environmental authority '' by setting forth eight key recommendations including , strengthening its governance through universal membership , increasing its financial resources and strengthening its engagement in key UN coordination bodies .", "5": "Nations agreed to explore alternatives to GDP as a measure of wealth that take environmental and social factors into account in an effort to assess and pay for ' environmental services ' provided by nature , such as carbon sequestration and habitat protection . Recognition that `` fundamental changes in the way societies consume and produce are indispensable for achieving global sustainable development . '' EU officials suggest it could lead to a shift of taxes so workers pay less and polluters and landfill operators pay more . The document calls the need to return ocean stocks to sustainable levels `` urgent '' and calls on countries to develop and implement science - based management plans . All nations reaffirmed commitments to phase out fossil fuel subsidies . In addition to the outcome text , there were over 400 voluntary commitments for sustainable development made by Member States . At the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment , 40 African countries agreed to implement `` The Future We Want . '' Leaders in attendance ( edit ) World leaders in attendance at Rio + 20 This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it .", "6": "( September 2012 ) Albania -- Prime Minister Sali Berisha Antigua & Barbuda -- Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer Argentina -- President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Australia -- Prime Minister Julia Gillard Bolivia -- President Evo Morales , see Bolivian government proposal Harmony with nature Brazil -- President Dilma Rousseff Bulgaria -- President Rosen Plevneliev China -- Premier Wen Jiabao Costa Rica -- President Laura Chinchilla Miranda Denmark -- Prime Minister Helle Thorning - Schmidt Ecuador -- President Rafael Correa France -- President Francois Hollande Grenada -- Prime Minister Tillman Thomas Haiti -- President Michel Martelly India -- Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Indonesia -- President Susilo Yudhoyono Iran -- President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Lithuania -- President Dalia Grybauskaitė Nepal -- Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai Nigeria -- President Goodluck Jonathan Norway -- Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg Portugal -- Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho Russia -- President Dmitry Medvedev South Africa -- President Jacob Zuma South Korea -- President Lee Myung bak Spain -- Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy Sri Lanka -- President Mahinda Rajapaksa Sweden -- Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt Turkmenistan -- President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Uruguay -- President Jose Mujica Zimbabwe -- President Robert Mugabe among others Also present were : Carl XVI Gustaf , King of Sweden Albert II , Prince of Monaco Henri , Grand Duke of Luxembourg José Manuel Barroso , the President of the European Commission ( look at the official photo of the summit ) Controversies ( edit ) Environmental and indigenous rights activists ( edit ) Activists took initiative at Rio + 20 by staging numerous loud protests , and making their voices heard . Numbered in the thousands , these activists joined forces to stand up to what they considered exploitation and degradation of the Earth , as well as the negation of the rights of indigenous peoples . This group is ever more relevant in Brazil as deforestation threatens Amazonian ethnic groups everyday . In addition to holding signs and shouting chants , the crowds took a theatric route to convey their messages . Firstly , they poked at Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff , claiming she has given in to the global North 's corporate hand .", "7": "Rousseff 's controversy has arisen over her steadfast desire to further industrialize Brazil , and its economy . Additionally , the crowds assembled for a ritual and symbolic `` tearing up '' of the plenary 's negotiated text , conveying their disapproval . Thousands of non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) gathered at the Flamengo Park in Rio . They criticized the draft negotiating text , particularly for its failure to mention planetary boundaries or nuclear energy , in light of the Fukushima disaster in Japan . Organizations , such as Greenpeace and the World Wide Fund for Nature , as well as members of indigenous communities , activists and artists participated . The Danish artist Jens Galschiøt , the leader of the group AIDOH , and the Group 92 used his Freedom to Pollute sculptures to focus on global warming and its resulting increased flow of refugees . About 20,000 flyers about Freedom to Pollute were distributed during Rio + 20 and a related television program was produced in Denmark . Ahmadinejad visit to Rio ( edit ) There was some controversy over Iran 's involvement in the Rio + 20 conference . Iran sent a delegation , which included President Ahmadinejad , to Rio in June to attend the summit . The controversy of Iranian attendance at the summit surrounds the fact that Iran has serious environmental issues , which it has refused to address , continuing human rights violations and is refusing to cooperate with the IAEA over its contentious nuclear program . Ahmadinejad was met with demonstrations , attended by thousands of people , on his arrival in Rio . The Iranian delegation were met with protesters waving banners with the slogan `` Ahmadinejad go home '' on their arrival in Rio on 20 June . Participation by Civil societies ( edit ) RIO + 20 Logo in Hindi created by CCLP Worldwide Team During RIO + 20 event and preparatory events UNCSD had given ample opportunities to various stakeholders to contribute towards Rio + 20 and Civil Societies had taken part in various sphere including organizing side events , promoting the RIO event , submitting literature and also helped the rio secretariat with translation work. The logo and promotion of RIO + 20 was available in languages used in United Nations however Civil societies took part in producing the logo image and literature in other local and National languages . Projectearth network ( edit ) Ecology and Environment Inc.", "8": ", a New York based Environmental Engineering and Consultation company partnered with UNCSD to create Project Earth Network , an online platform where schools around the world could showcase their remarkable environmental projects . In coordination with the Rio + 20 event , the platform hosted a World Environment Day Global School Contest in which 7th graders at the International School of Ulaanbaatar ( ISU ) in Mongolia were declared the Global Winners for their awareness campaign on the environmental impact of plastic shopping bags , including research on plastic bag manufacturing processes , development of videos documenting plastic bag waste , and a school presentation at which reusable cloth shopping bags were sold to approximately 50 percent of the community . Sarasota , Fla. 's Brookside Middle School won in the World Environment Day contest 's North American sub-category for its mangrove propagule growth project while International School of Brussels in Belgium won the European sub-category , for their creation of a sustainable food source and composting program . The Middle - Eastern sub-category winner was Hridith Sudev , a seventh grader from Indian School Salalah in Oman for his organization , ' Project GreenWorld International ' which helped promote sustainable awareness across the region through interactive projects . Hridith Sudev later went on to become an inventor and the organization has become a global environmental presence . The World Environment Day contest followed an Earth Day `` Green Schools '' contest regionally focused toward 6th to 12th grade students in the Western New York area . The idea behind the platform was to encourage sustainability in students across the world . Despite the huge response , the platform was taken down two years later due to technical and economic constraints but has since remained as a positive legacy through the activities of students who were first recognized by the network . See also ( edit ) Earth Summit Agenda 21 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Durban III The conference opened on 22 September 2011 Planetary boundaries Sustainable Development Goals The United Nations Ocean Conference References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rio + 20 -- United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development '' . Uncsd2012.org. 22 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Earth Summit + 5 '' . United Nations . 27 June 1997 .", "9": "Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Earth_Summit '' . United Nations . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rio + 20 -- United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development '' . Uncsd2012.org. 29 July 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement Reached on Weakened Outcome Text as Leaders Arrive for Rio Summit International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development '' . Ictsd.org. 31 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 24 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Gerhardt , Tina ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Rio + 20 Kicks Off '' . The Progressive . Jump up ^ Vidal , John ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` Rio + 20 : Earth summit dawns with stormier clouds than in 1992 '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Rio + 20 summit opens amid protests -- video '' . The Guardian . London . 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Vidal , John ( 11 June 2012 ) . `` David Cameron criticised for skipping Rio + 20 Earth summit '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Rio + 20 -- United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development '' . Uncsd2012.org. 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ UNCSD . `` 3rd Preparatory Committee '' . Jump up ^ UNCSD ( 2012 ) . `` United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development or Rio + 20 '' . Jump up ^ Romero , Simon ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` Brazil 's Leader Faces Defining Decision on Bill Relaxing Protection of Forests '' . The New York Times .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` Giant , 10 - day - long UN conference on sustainable development gets underway in Rio de Janeiro '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . 13 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : uncsd2012 ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` The Future We Want Rio + 20 Outcome Document '' . Slideshare.net . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement Reached on Weakened Outcome Text as Leaders Arrive for Rio Summit International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development '' . Ictsd.org. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Watts , Jonathan ; Ford , Liz ( 23 June 2012 ) . `` Rio + 20 Earth Summit : campaigners decry final document '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` At UN-backed conference , African countries adopt sustainable development measures '' . UN News Centre . 14 September 2012 . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ambassador Ferit Hoxha 's Opinion about Rio + 20 '' . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Antigua and Barbuda Contributes to the Outcome of Rio + 20 '' . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CFK arrives in Brazil to take part at Rio + 20 Summit '' . Buenos Aires Herald . 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gerhardt , Tina ( 25 June 2012 ) . `` Rio + 20 : A Crisis Is a Terrible Thing to Waste '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vaughan , Adam ( 21 June 2012 ) . `` Rio + 20 summit : Thursday as it happened '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rio + 20 : All eyes on Manmohan Singh , Wen Jiabao '' . The Times of India . 20 June 2012 .", "11": "Retrieved 30 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` From the Green Economy to Communality '' . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Chrisafis , Angelique ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Rio + 20 : France seeks one agenda to end poverty and protect environment '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tercek , Mark ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` Rio + 20 : Leadership from New Directions '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- Politic : Speeches of President Martelly to Rio + 20 '' . Haiti Libre . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rio + 20 a generational opportunity ' says PM '' . The Himalayan Times . 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan , Rio 20 and the Environment '' . This Day . 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Godmother Gro ' hailed in Rio '' . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Leaders to Tour Region after G20 and Rio + 20 '' . Americas Quarterly . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa : President Zuma Returns From Rio + 20 Conference '' . 24 June 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lee champions green growth at Rio + 20 meeting '' . The Korea Times . 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vaughan , Adam ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Rio + 20 summit : Opening day live blog '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rio 20 proves a damp squib of a summit '' . The Sunday Times . 24 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` Speech by Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt at Rio + 20 Summit on Sustainable Development '' . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Scott . `` Last of the Amazon '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Taylor ( 4 August 1692 ) . `` Stars of the Earth Summit '' . Green Blog . Jump up ^ Jonathan Watts , in Rio de Janeiro . `` The Guardian June 21 , 2012 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ahmadinejad , otra vez en América latina '' . Lanacion.com.ar . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian president to attend Rio + 20 Conference '' Iran Daily Brief `` . Irandailybrief.com. 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iraniano acredita que Ahmadinejad vem à Rio + 20 para mostrar que o Irã tem amigos -- GloboNews -- Vídeos do Jornal das Dez -- Catálogo de Vídeos '' . G1.globo.com. 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Activists walk through Rio , demonstrating against the presence of the Iranian delegation at the summit '' . Flickr.com. 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Activists walk through Rio , demonstrating against the presence of the Iranian delegation at the summit '' . Flickr.com. 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rozen , Laura ( 25 June 2012 ) . `` Blame it on Rio ? Israeli delegate says Iran 's Ahmadinejad waved at them The Back Channel '' . Backchannel.al-monitor.com . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rio + 20 : The Seventh issue of the magazine '' . Uncsd2012.org. 11 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 .", "13": "External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development -- Rio 2012 . United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development Our Common Future : Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development Videos , photos and informations about the Summit in Brazil Rio + 20 Portal . Building the Peoples Summit Rio + 20 : An Endangered Species ? March / April 2012 journal Environment Rio + 20 and Sustainable Development : 12 Things to Know Asian Development Bank The Future We Want Earth Summit 2012 Only One Earth -- the Long Road via Rio to Sustainable Development , the history from Stockholm to Rio by Felix Dodds ,", "14": "Michael Strauss with Maurice Strong ( hide ) Sustainability Principles Anthropocene Earth system governance Ecological modernization Environmental governance Environmentalism Global catastrophic risk Human impact on the environment Planetary boundaries Social sustainability Stewardship Sustainable development Consumption Anthropization Anti-consumerism Earth Overshoot Day Ecological footprint Ethical Over-consumption Simple living Sustainability advertising Sustainability brand Sustainability marketing myopia Sustainable Systemic change resistance Tragedy of the commons Population Birth control Family planning Control Overpopulation Zero growth Technology Appropriate Environmental Sustainable Biodiversity Biosecurity Biosphere Conservation biology Deep ecology Endangered species Holocene extinction Invasive species Energy Carbon footprint Climate change mitigation Conservation Descent Efficiency Emissions trading Fossil - fuel phase - out Peak oil Renewable Energy poverty Food Forest gardening Local Permaculture Security Sustainable agriculture Sustainable fishery Urban horticulture Water Conservation Crisis Efficiency Footprint Reclaimed Accountability Sustainability accounting Sustainability measurement Sustainability metrics and indices Sustainability reporting Standards and certification Sustainable yield Applications Advertising Architecture Art Business City College programs Community Design Ecovillage Education for Sustainable Development Fashion Gardening Geopark Green marketing Industries Landscape architecture Living Low - impact development Sustainable market Organizations Packaging Practices Procurement Tourism Transport Urban drainage systems Urban infrastructure Urbanism Management Environmental Fisheries Forest Materials Natural resource Planetary Waste Agreements UN Conference on the Human Environment ( Stockholm 1972 ) Brundtlandt Commission Report ( 1983 ) Our Common Future ( 1987 ) Earth Summit ( 1992 ) Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Agenda 21 ( 1992 ) Convention on Biological Diversity ( 1992 ) ICPD Programme of Action ( 1994 ) Earth Charter Lisbon Principles UN Millennium Declaration ( 2000 ) Earth Summit 2002 ( Rio + 10 , Johannesburg ) United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development ( Rio + 20 ,", "15": "2012 ) Sustainable Development Goals Lists Outline Portal Science Studies Degrees Sustainable development portal United Nations portal Coordinates : 22 ° 54 ′ 35 '' S 43 ° 10 ′ 35 '' W / 22.9098 ° S 43.1763 ° W / - 22.9098 ; - 43.1763 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development&oldid=805488008 '' Categories : United Nations conferences 2012 in Brazil 2012 conferences 2012 in the environment Environmental conferences Diplomatic conferences in Brazil 2012 in international relations 21st century in Rio de Janeiro June 2012 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles to be expanded from September 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 18 : 52 . 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-1886758056229796497	all time highest goal scorer in spain national team	[ "David Villa", "David Villa", "David Villa" ]	{ "0": "Spain national football team records and statistics - wikipedia Spain national football team records and statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following details the Spain national football team records . Contents ( hide ) 1 Records 1.1 Worldwide 1.2 Nationwide 1.3 Top goalscorers 1.4 Top assists 1.5 Most capped Spain players 1.6 Top penalty scorers 1.7 Hat - tricks 1.8 Biggest wins 1.9 Heaviest defeats 2 Notes 3 References Records ( edit ) Worldwide ( edit ) Most consecutive games undefeated 35 ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( shared with Brazil between 1993 -- 1996 ) Most consecutive wins including friendlies 15 ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Most consecutive competitive games undefeated 29 ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Most consecutive wins achieved by an international coach from debut 13 -- Vicente del Bosque Most shootouts in one World Cup by one team 2 at the 2002 FIFA World Cup ( shared with Argentina at the 1990 FIFA World Cup ,", "1": "Netherlands and Costa Rica at the 2014 FIFA World Cup ) Highest number of points in World Cup qualification 30 out of 30 points ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Nationwide ( edit ) Most international caps 167 -- Iker Casillas Most international goals 59 -- David Villa Most international assists 31 -- Cesc Fàbregas Most goals scored in one season 13 -- David Villa ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Most hat - tricks scored 3 -- Fernando Torres & David Villa Most consecutive games ended with at least one goal 6 -- David Villa Top scorer in World Cup finals 9 -- David Villa Most goals scored in one World Cup 5 -- Emilio Butragueño ( 1986 ) & David Villa ( 2010 ) Most goals scored in consecutive matches at World Cup 4 -- David Villa ( 2010 ) Top scorer in European Championship finals 5 -- Fernando Torres Most goals scored in one European Championship 4 -- David Villa ( 2008 ) Top scorer in Confederations Cup finals 8 -- Fernando Torres Most goals scored in one Confederations Cup 5 -- Fernando Torres ( 2013 ) Top goalscorers ( edit ) David Villa is Spain 's all - time leading scorer with a tally of 59 goals .", "2": "As of 12 November 2017 , the ten highest scorers for Spain are : # Player Career Goals Caps Average David Villa 2005 -- 59 98 0.608 Raúl 1996 -- 2006 44 102 0.431 Fernando Torres 2003 -- 2014 38 110 0.345 David Silva 2006 -- 35 117 0.299 5 Fernando Hierro 1989 -- 2002 29 89 0.326 6 Fernando Morientes 1998 -- 2007 27 47 0.574 7 Emilio Butragueño 1984 -- 1992 26 69 0.377 8 Alfredo Di Stéfano 1957 -- 1961 23 31 0.742 9 Julio Salinas 1986 -- 1996 22 56 0.411 10 Míchel 1985 -- 1992 21 66 0.318 Bold denotes players still playing international football . Top assists ( edit ) As of 12 November 2017 , the highest assists for Spain are : # Player Career Assists Caps Cesc Fàbregas 2006 -- 2016 31 110 Xavi 2000 -- 2014 27 133 David Silva 2006 -- 27 117 Andrés Iniesta 2006 -- 24 122 Bold denotes players still playing international football . Most capped Spain players ( edit ) Main article : List of Spain international footballers Iker Casillas is the most capped player in the history of the national team , with a record of 167 matches . As of 12 November 2017 , the players with the most caps for Spain are : # Name Career Caps Goals Iker Casillas 2000 -- 2016", "3": "167 0 Sergio Ramos 2005 -- 150 11 Xavi 2000 -- 2014 133 12 Andoni Zubizarreta 1985 -- 1998 126 0 5 Andrés Iniesta 2006 -- 122 14 6 David Silva 2006 -- 117 35 7 Xabi Alonso 2003 -- 2014 114 16 8 Cesc Fàbregas 2006 -- 110 14 = Fernando Torres 2003 -- 2014 110 38 10 Raúl 1996 -- 2006 102 44 11 Sergio Busquets 2008 -- 101 12 Carles Puyol 2000 -- 2013 100 13 David Villa 2005 -- 98 59 14 Gerard Piqué 2009 -- 93 5 15 Fernando Hierro 1989 -- 2002 89 29 16 José Antonio Camacho 1975 -- 1988 81 0 17 Santi Cazorla 2008 -- 2015 77 14 18 Rafael Gordillo 1978 -- 1988 75 19 Emilio Butragueño 1984 -- 1992 69 26 = Carlos Marchena", "4": "2002 -- 2011 69 21 Luis Arconada 1976 -- 1986 68 0 22 Míchel 1985 -- 1992 66 21 23 Pedro 2010 -- 65 17 24 Luis Enrique 1991 -- 2002 62 12 = Miguel Angel Nadal 1991 -- 2002 62 26 Joan Capdevila 2002 -- 2011 60 = Víctor Muñoz 1981 -- 1988 60 28 Jordi Alba 2011 -- 57 7 29 Álvaro Arbeloa 2008 -- 2013 56 0 = Julio Salinas 1986 -- 1996 56 22 = Santillana 1975 -- 1985 56 15 = Sergi 1994 -- 2002 56 33 Abelardo 1991 -- 2001 54 = Rafael Alkorta 1990 -- 1998 54 0 35 Joseba Etxeberria 1997 -- 2004 53 12 = Míchel Salgado 1998 -- 2006 53 0 37 Raúl Albiol 2007 -- 2015 51 0 = Joaquín 2002 --", "5": "2007 51 = David Albelda 2001 -- 2008 51 0 40 José Ángel Iribar 1964 -- 1976 49 0 41 Manolo Sanchís 1986 -- 1992 48 42 Pep Guardiola 1992 -- 2000 47 5 = Iván Helguera 1998 -- 2004 47 = Fernando Morientes 1998 -- 2007 47 27 45 Santiago Cañizares 1993 -- 2006 46 0 = Juan Carlos Valerón 1998 -- 2005 46 5 = Ricardo Zamora 1920 -- 1936 46 0 48 Rubén Baraja 2000 -- 2005 43 7 = Francisco Gento 1955 -- 1969 43 5 50 Amancio Amaro 1962 -- 1974 42 11 = Ricardo Gallego 1982 -- 1988 42 52 Juan Mata 2009 -- 41 10 = Juan Manuel Asensi 1969 -- 1980 41 7 = Julen Guerrero 1993 -- 2000 41 13 = Pirri 1966 -- 1978 41 16 = Juan Antonio Señor 1982 --", "6": "1988 41 6 57 Gaizka Mendieta 1999 -- 2002 40 8 58 Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga 1983 -- 1988 39 59 Alfonso 1992 -- 2000 38 11 = Rafael Martín Vázquez 1987 -- 1992 38 = Vicente 2001 -- 2005 38 62 Guillermo Amor 1990 -- 1998 37 63 Albert Ferrer 1991 -- 1999 36 0 = Pepe Reina 2005 -- 36 0 = Koke 2013 -- 36 0 = Gallego 1966 -- 1973 36 0 = Ion Andoni Goikoetxea 1990 -- 1996 36 = Antonio Maceda 1981 -- 1986 36 8 69 Francisco Carrasco 1979 -- 1988 35 5 = Jesús Navas 2009 -- 35 = Quini 1970 -- 1982 35 8 = Antoni Ramallets 1950 -- 1961 35 0 73 José Ramón Alexanko 1978 -- 1982 34 = Juanito 1976 -- 1982 34", "7": "8 = Julio Alberto Moreno 1984 -- 1988 34 0 76 Agustín Gaínza 1945 -- 1955 33 10 77 Migueli 1974 -- 1980 32 = Jesús María Satrústegui 1975 -- 1982 32 8 = Luis Suárez 1957 -- 1972 32 14 80 Alfredo Di Stéfano 1957 -- 1961 31 23 81 José Mari Bakero 1987 -- 1994 30 7 = Jesús María Zamora 1978 -- 1982 30 Bold denotes players still playing international football . Top penalty scorers ( edit ) Fernando Hierro scored a joint record 9 international penalties for Spain As of June 11 , 2017 . Penalties Player 9 Fernando Hierro Míchel 7 David Villa 6 Xabi Alonso 5 Fernando Torres Dani Emilio Butragueño Agustín Gaínza Pep Guardiola Pirri Raúl Francisco Carrasco César Ion Andoni Goikoetxea Juanito László Kubala Gaizka Mendieta David Silva Txiki Begiristain Santi Cazorla Enrique Collar Donato Andrés Iniesta José Iraragorri Isidro Lángara Manolo Toni Muñoz Félix Quesada Quini Sergio Ramos Gaspar Rubio Jesús María Satrústegui Luis Suárez Roberto López Ufarte Vicente Bold denotes players still playing international football . Hat - tricks ( edit ) As of June 14 , 2014 .", "8": "Player Competition Against Home / Away Result Date Villa , David David Villa 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Tahiti Home 10 -- 0 000000002013 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 June 2013 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Tahiti Home 10 -- 0 000000002013 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 June 2013 Pedro , Pedro 2014 World Cup qualification Belarus Away 0 -- 4 000000002012 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 October 2012 Soldado , Roberto Roberto Soldado International Friendly Venezuela Home 5 -- 0 000000002012 - 02 - 29 - 0000 29 February 2012 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup New Zealand Away 0 -- 5 000000002009 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2009 Villa , David David Villa International Friendly Azerbaijan Away 0 -- 6 000000002009 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 2009 Villa , David David Villa UEFA Euro 2008 Russia Home 4 -- 1 000000002008 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 2008 García , Luis Luis García 2006 World Cup qualification Slovakia Home 5 -- 1 000000002005 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 2005 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres 2006 World Cup qualification San Marino Away 0 -- 5 000000002005 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 October 2005 Morientes , Fernando Fernando Morientes International Friendly Ecuador Home 4 -- 0 000000002003 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 April 2003 Urzaiz ,", "9": "Ismael Ismael Urzaiz Euro 2000 qualifying Cyprus Home 8 -- 0 000000001999 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 September 1999 Guerrero , Julen Julen Guerrero Euro 2000 qualifying Cyprus Home 8 -- 0 000000001999 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 September 1999 Luis Enrique , Luis Enrique Euro 2000 qualifying San Marino Home 9 -- 0 000000001999 - 06 - 05 - 0000 5 June 1999 Raul Raúl Euro 2000 qualifying San Marino Away 9 -- 0 000000001999 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 1999 Raul Raúl Euro 2000 qualifying Austria Home 9 -- 0 000000001999 - 03 - 27 - 0000 27 March 1999 Guerrero , Julen Julen Guerrero 1998 World Cup qualification Malta Away 0 -- 3 000000001996 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1996 Alfonso , Alfonso 1998 World Cup qualification Faroe Islands Away 2 -- 6 000000001996 - 09 - 04 - 0000 4 September 1996 Salinas , Julio Julio Salinas 1994 World Cup qualification Albania Away 1 -- 5 000000001993 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 1993 Butragueño , Emilio Emilio Butragueño Euro 1992 qualifying Albania Home 9 -- 0 000000001990 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 1990 Michel Míchel 1990 FIFA World Cup South Korea Away 1 -- 3 000000001990 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 1990 Bakero ,", "10": "José María José María Bakero Euro 1988 qualifying Albania Home 5 -- 0 000000001987 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 1987 Butragueño , Emilio Emilio Butragueño 1986 FIFA World Cup Denmark Away 1 -- 5 000000001986 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 1986 Santillana , Santillana Euro 1984 qualifying Malta Home 12 -- 1 000000001983 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1983 Rincon , Hipolito Hipólito Rincón Euro 1984 qualifying Malta Home 12 -- 1 000000001983 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1983 Pereda , Jesús María Jesús María Pereda 1966 World Cup qualification Republic of Ireland Home 4 -- 1 000000001965 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1965 Guillot , Vicente Vicente Guillot 1964 European Nations ' Cup qualifying Romania Home 6 -- 0 000000001962 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 1962 Tejada , Justo Justo Tejada International Friendly Northern Ireland Home 6 -- 2 000000001958 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 October 1958 Kubala , László László Kubala International Friendly Turkey Home 3 -- 0 000000001957 - 11 - 16 - 0000 16 November 1957 Di Stéfano , Alfredo Alfredo Di Stéfano International Friendly Netherlands Home 5 -- 1 000000001957 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 January 1957 Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra International Friendly Switzerland Home 6 -- 3 000000001951 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 1951 Basora ,", "11": "Estanislau Estanislau Basora International Friendly France Away 1 -- 5 000000001949 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 June 1949 Langara , Isidro Isidro Lángara 1934 World Cup qualification Portugal Home 9 -- 0 000000001934 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 1934 Langara , Isidro Isidro Lángara International Friendly France Home 8 -- 1 000000001929 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 1929 Rubio ,", "12": "Gaspar Gaspar Rubio International Friendly Portugal Home 5 -- 0 000000001929 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 March 1929 Player scored 4 goals Player scored 5 goals Biggest wins ( edit ) Scores from 4 -- 0 and up Best Results by Spain Date Opponent Round Result Difference 21 May 1933 Bulgaria Friendly 13 -- 0 + 13 21 December 1983 Malta 1984 EURO qualification 12 -- 1 + 11 20 June 2013 Tahiti 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup 10 -- 0 + 10 11 March 1934 Portugal 1934 World Cup qualification 9 -- 0 + 9 19 December 1990 Albania 1992 EURO qualification 27 March 1999 Austria 2000 EURO qualification 5 June 1999 San Marino 2000 EURO qualification 8 8 September 1999 Cyprus 2000 EURO qualification 8 -- 0 + 8 5 September 2016 Liechtenstein 2018 World Cup qualification 5 September 2017 Liechtenstein 2018 World Cup qualification 11 14 April 1929 France Friendly 8 -- 1 + 7 24 November 1971 Cyprus 1972 EURO qualification 7 -- 0 13 30 May 1928 Mexico 1928 S.O.", "13": "1 / 8 7 -- 1 + 6 1 June 1952 Republic of Ireland Friendly 6 -- 0 1 November 1952 Romania 1964 European Nations ' Cup Q 6 -- 0 15 October 1969 Finland 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification Q 6 -- 0 6 September 1995 Cyprus UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying Q 6 -- 0 31 March 1999 San Marino UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying Q 6 -- 0 12 October 2005 San Marino 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification -- UEFA Group 7 Q 6 -- 0 9 June 2009 Azerbaijan Friendly 6 -- 0 8 June 2010 Poland Friendly 6 -- 0 6 September 2011 Liechtenstein UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group I 6 -- 0 Heaviest defeats ( edit ) Scores from 4 -- 0 and up Worst Results by Spain Date Opponent Round Venue Result Difference 4 June 1928 Italy 1928 S.", "14": "Olympics quarter - final replay 1 -- 7 -- 6 9 December 1931 England Friendly 13 July 1950 Brazil 1950 FIFA World Cup final round 1 -- 6 − 5 13 June 1963 Scotland Friendly 2 -- 6 -- 4 13 June 2014 Netherlands 2014 FIFA World Cup Group Stage 1 -- 5 19 April 1942 Italy Friendly 0 -- 4 17 November 2010 Portugal Friendly Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ( hide ) Spain national football team General History Managers Venues Ciudad del Fútbol Home venues Statistics Results and Fixtures Records Head to head World Cup record Hat - tricks Players 20 + caps captains World Cup & Euro Championship squads Other categories World Cup Finals Summary 1934 1950 1962 1966 1978 1982 1986 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 UEFA Euro Finals Summary 1964 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 Other tournaments FIFA Confederations Cup The Olympics Rivalries Rivalry with Italy Rivalry with Portugal Other RFEF teams Men Under - 23 Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 18 Under - 17 Under - 16 Under - 15 Women Results Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 17 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spain_national_football_team_records_and_statistics&oldid=832104215 '' Categories : Spain national football team records and statistics Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2016 Articles lacking sources from January 2014 All articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 21 : 34 .", "15": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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2312273655863950790	where did the book small steps take place	[ "Austin, Texas", "Austin, Texas" ]	{ "0": "Small Steps ( novel ) - Wikipedia Small Steps ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Small Steps US first edition cover Author Louis Sachar Cover artist Amy Guip Country United States Language English Series Holes Genre Young adult novel Publisher Delacorte Press ( US ) Bloomsbury ( UK ) Doubleday Canada ( CAN ) Publication date January 10 , 2006 Pages 257 Small Steps is a 2006 novel for young adults by Louis Sachar , first published by Delacorte Books ( Dell ) . It is a spinoff and the sequel to Holes , although the main character of Holes , Stanley Yelnats , is only briefly and indirectly mentioned . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Reception 3 Publishing history 4 References Plot ( edit ) Two years after his release from Camp Green Lake , Theodore `` Armpit '' Johnson is living in Austin , Texas trying to build a stable lifestyle by digging deep holes and caring for his neighbor Ginny McDonald , a ten - year - old girl with cerebral palsy . While working at the mayor 's home , he is approached by Rex `` X-Ray '' Washburn , one of his friends from Camp Green Lake , who wants Armpit to loan him money for a ticket scalping scheme for an upcoming concert by teen pop star Kaira Deleon . Armpit agrees , and at first the scheme seems to go as planned .", "1": "He asks X-Ray to give him the last two tickets to the concert , so he can take Tatiana , the girl he admires in his summer class , on a date . At first X-Ray is unwilling because he already has a buyer for the tickets , but eventually he agrees to give them to Armpit . Later , Tatiana says she would be unable to come to the concert because a couple of her friends had said bad things about him although she did not mention this to his face , so Armpit decides to take Ginny instead . When the remaining tickets are discovered to be counterfeit , Armpit is beaten and handcuffed by the police while Ginny has a seizure . Luckily , the mayor of the city -- who remembers Armpit from the landscaping work he did for her -- intervenes ; and singer Kaira DeLeon , upon discovering the situation , invites Armpit and Ginny to watch her from backstage . After the concert , they join her to share ice cream . A couple days later Kaira and Armpit meet up for breakfast in the four seasons hotel . They go outside and Kaira tries to guess what Armpit 's nickname is . He said that if he told her she would have to touch that body part that was his nickname . He tells her and then she touches his armpit . The next day , X-Ray reveals that he had made the counterfeit tickets , selling the genuine ones to the buyer . He gives Armpit the money gained by selling the missing genuine tickets . After a few days , Armpit receives a love letter from Kaira DeLeon . Some time afterward , Detective Debbie Newberg of the Austin Police Department questions Armpit about the counterfeit tickets ; where upon Armpit invents a culprit to avert suspicion from himself and X-Ray . Later still , Armpit is invited to San Francisco by Kaira ; but is accosted by ticket sellers Felix and Moses , who beat X-Ray and threaten to expose both of them to the police unless Armpit gives them the letter that Kaira sent earlier . Having agreed to do so , Armpit meets Kaira in San Francisco . In a coffee shop on the Italian part of San Francisco called North Beach , he tries to explain the counterfeit tickets and how he has to sell her love letter .", "2": "He asks her if she will write another love letter , so he can sell it . Kaira believes Armpit is after her money and does not care about her as a person . This results in an argument which ends by Kaira throwing coffee all over Armpit , then storming away . Meanwhile , Kaira 's business manager and stepfather , Jerome `` El Genius '' Paisley , plots to kill Kaira and frame Armpit for the murder . Jerome is jealous and angry because Kaira plans to fire him when she turns eighteen , in two months . Jerome enters Kaira 's room and attacks her with a metal bat , which was the same one that he showed Armpit earlier . Although she ends up unconscious and seriously hurt , Kaira survives , after Armpit and Fred ( her bodyguard ) stop Jerome . Jerome goes to jail . Kaira later recovers , though is told she may not be able to sing again . Also , it is discovered that Aileen , Kaira 's mother 's best friend , had stolen almost all of the money in Kaira 's trust account . Aileen is put in jail , but Kaira 's money is never recovered , leaving Kaira broke . Armpit arrives home and is visited one last time by Detective Newberg . She reveals that she knows Armpit bought the tickets from X-Ray , but that she is closing the case . Later on , Armpit hears Kaira on the radio singing about her and Armpit 's relationship , accompanied only by a piano . Armpit is touched by this . He accepts his life ca n't revolve around Kaira DeLeon , and decides to continue with his plan of taking small steps towards making a better life for himself . Reception ( edit ) In a review for Holes , Josh Lacey commented Small Steps `` has a lot to recommend it - funny dialogue , a fast - moving story , some emotive scenes , an interesting central character - but does inevitably suffer by comparison with Sachar 's last novel . '' During his review for the New York Times , A.O.", "3": "Scott praised the novel 's prose as being `` clear and relaxed , and funny in a low - key , observant way , '' and observed that unlike Holes , in Small Steps `` the realism is more conventional , and the book sticks more closely to the genre of young - adult problem literature . '' Publishing history ( edit ) Sachar , Louis . Small Steps . New York : Delacorte , 2006 . Print . Sachar , Louis . Small Steps , Holes Series , New York : Delacorte , 2006 . Press . References ( edit ) Children and Young Adult Literature portal Jump up ^ Small Steps at WorldCat Jump up ^ Lacey , Josh , `` Filling in the Holes story '' , The Guardian , published 4 February 2006 , retrieved 18 November 2015 Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. , `` Small Steps , by Louis Sachar '' , New York Times , published 15 January 2006 , retrieved 18 November 2015 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_Steps_(novel)&oldid=837908025 '' Categories : 2006 American novels Novels by Louis Sachar Sequel novels American young adult novels Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 19 : 06 . 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-8488975200279464488	when was the last time minnesota vikings was in the super bowl	[ "XI", "1969" ]	{ "0": "Minnesota Vikings - wikipedia Minnesota Vikings Jump to : navigation , search Minnesota Vikings Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( January 28 , 1960 ) First season : 1961 Play in U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota Headquartered at TCO Performance Center Eagan , Minnesota Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1961 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Central Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC Central ( 1970 -- 2001 ) NFC North ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Purple , Gold , White Fight song Skol , Vikings Mascot Viktor the Viking Personnel Owner ( s ) Zygi Wilf Chairman Zygi Wilf President Mark Wilf General manager Rick Spielman Head coach Mike Zimmer Team history Minnesota Vikings ( 1961 -- present ) Team nicknames The Vikes The Purple People Eaters The Purple and Gold Championships League championships ( 0 † ) NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 1 ) 1969 Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Western : 1969 NFC : 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Division championships ( 20 ) NFL Central : 1968 , 1969 NFC Central : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1989 , 1992 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 NFC North : 2008 , 2009 , 2015 , 2017 † -- Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships before the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger Playoff appearances ( 29 ) NFL : 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1987 ,", "1": "1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 Home fields Metropolitan Stadium ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Mall of America Field at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( 1982 -- 2013 ) TCF Bank Stadium ( 2014 -- 2015 ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( 2016 -- present ) The Minnesota Vikings are a professional American football team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The Vikings joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as an expansion team in 1960 , and first took the field for the 1961 season . The team competes in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The Vikings played in four Super Bowl games in the 1970s , but lost all four . During the 1960s , the Vikings ' record was typical for an expansion franchise , but improved over the course of the decade , resulting in a Central Division title in 1968 . In 1969 , their dominant defense led to the Vikings ' league championship in 1969 , the last NFL championship prior to the merger of the NFL with the AFL . The team plays its home games at U.S. Bank Stadium in the Downtown East section of Minneapolis . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.4. 1 1998 1.4. 2 1999 1.5 2000s 1.5. 1 2000 1.5. 2 2001 -- 2005 1.5. 3 2006 -- 2008 1.5. 4 2009 -- 2010 1.5. 5 2011 -- 2013 1.5.", "2": "6 2014 -- present 2 Logo and uniforms 2.1 All purple uniforms 3 Mascots 3.1 Current mascot 3.2 Historic mascots 4 Traditions 4.1 Fight song 4.2 Rivals 4.2. 1 Chicago Bears 4.2. 2 Detroit Lions 4.2. 3 Green Bay Packers 4.3 Helga hats 4.4 Vikings horn 5 Players 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Retired numbers 5.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 5.4 Ring of Honor 5.5 25th Anniversary Team ( 1985 ) 5.6 40th Anniversary Team ( 2000 ) 5.7 50 Greatest Vikings ( 2010 ) 5.8 All Metrodome Team ( 2013 ) 6 Coaches 6.1 Head coaches 6.2 Current staff 7 Radio and television 7.1 Radio affiliates 7.1. 1 Minnesota 7.1. 2 Iowa 7.1. 3 North Dakota 7.1. 4 South Dakota 7.1. 5 Wisconsin 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History Main article : History of the Minnesota Vikings See also : List of Minnesota Vikings seasons Professional football in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul area ( the `` Twin Cities '' ) began with the Minneapolis Marines / Red Jackets , an NFL team that played intermittently in the 1920s and 1930s . However , a new professional team in the area did not surface again until August 1959 , when Minneapolis businessmen Bill Boyer , H.P. Skoglund , and Max Winter were awarded a franchise in the new American Football League ( AFL ) . Five months later , in January 1960 , after significant pressure from the NFL , the ownership group , along with Bernard H. Ridder Jr. , reneged on its agreement with the AFL and then was awarded the National Football League 's 14th franchise , with play to begin in 1961 .", "3": "Ole Haugsrud was added to the NFL team ownership because , in the 1920s , when he sold his Duluth Eskimos team back to the league , the agreement allowed him 10 percent of any future Minnesota team . Coincidentally or not , the teams from Ole Haugsrud 's high school , Central High School in Superior , Wisconsin , were also called the Vikings and also had a similar purple - and - yellow uniform design and color scheme . From the team 's first season in 1961 to 1981 , the team called Metropolitan Stadium in suburban Bloomington home . The Vikings conducted summer training camp at Bemidji State University from 1961 to 1965 . In 1966 , the team moved to their training camp to Minnesota State University in Mankato . The training camp at Minnesota State was one of the longest continuously running training camp events in the NFL and is remembered as part of the golden era history of the team . The Vikings played their home games at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis from 1982 to 2013 . The Vikings played their last game at the Metrodome on December 29 , 2013 , defeating the Detroit Lions 14 -- 13 to end the season . Since the team 's first season in 1961 , the Vikings have had one of the highest winning percentages in the NFL . As of 2017 , they have won at least three games in every season except in 1962 , and are one of only six NFL teams to win at least 15 games in a regular season . The Vikings have won one NFL Championship , in 1969 , before the league 's merger with the American Football League ( AFL ) . Since the league merger in 1970 , they have qualified for the playoffs 27 times , third-most in the league . The team has played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI , though failing to win any of them . In addition , they have lost in their last six NFC Championship Game appearances since 1978 . The team currently has 14 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . 1960s The team was officially named the Minnesota Vikings on September 27 , 1960 ; the name is partly meant to reflect Minnesota 's place as a center of Scandinavian American culture .", "4": "From the start , the Vikings embraced an energetic marketing program that produced first - year season ticket sales of nearly 26,000 and an average home attendance of 34,586 , about 85 percent of Metropolitan Stadium 's capacity of 40,800 . Eventually , the capacity of Met Stadium was increased to 47,900 . Bert Rose , former public relations director for the Los Angeles Rams , was appointed the team 's first general manager . The search for the first head coach saw the team court then - Northwestern University head coach Ara Parseghian , who , according to Minneapolis Star writer Jim Klobuchar -- the Vikings ' first beat reporter for that newspaper -- visited team management in the Twin Cities under the condition that his visit was to be kept secret from his current employer . His cover was blown by local columnist Sid Hartman , who reported the visit and forced Parseghian to issue denials . Philadelphia Eagles assistant Nick Skorich and a man with Minnesota ties who was working in the CFL , Bud Grant , were also candidates until a different Eagle , quarterback Norm Van Brocklin , was hired on January 18 , 1961 . Van Brocklin had just finished his career as a player on a high note , having defeated the Green Bay Packers in the 1960 NFL Championship Game . Head Coach Bud Grant ( 1967 -- 1983 and 1985 ) The Vikings were upset by the Chiefs 23 -- 7 in Super Bowl IV . As a new franchise , the Vikings had the first overall selection in the 1961 NFL Draft , and they picked running back Tommy Mason of Tulane . They also took a young quarterback from the University of Georgia named Fran Tarkenton in the third round . Notable veterans acquired in the offseason were George Shaw and Hugh McElhenny . The Vikings won their first regular season game , defeating the Chicago Bears 37 -- 13 on Opening Day 1961 ; Tarkenton came off the bench to throw four touchdown passes and run for another to lead the upset . Reality set in as the expansion team lost its next seven games on their way to a 3 -- 11 record .", "5": "The losing continued throughout much of the 1960s as the Vikings had a combined record of 32 wins , 59 losses , and 7 ties in their first seven seasons with only one winning season ( 8 -- 5 -- 1 in 1964 ) . On March 7 , 1967 , quarterback Fran Tarkenton was traded to the New York Giants for a first - round and second - round draft choice in 1967 , a first - round choice in 1968 and a second - round choice in 1969 . With the picks , Minnesota selected Clinton Jones and Bob Grim in 1967 , Ron Yary in 1968 and Ed White in 1969 . On March 10 , 1967 the Vikings hired new head coach Bud Grant to replace Van Brocklin , who had resigned on February 11 , 1967 . Grant came to the Vikings from the Canadian Football League as head coach for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , whom he led to four Grey Cup Championships in 10 years . Replacing Tarkenton at quarterback was eight - year CFL veteran and Grey Cup champion Joe Kapp . During the late 1960s , the Vikings built a powerful defense known as the Purple People Eaters , led by Alan Page , Carl Eller , Gary Larsen , and Jim Marshall . In 1968 , that stingy defense earned the Vikings their first Central Division title and their first playoff berth . In 1969 , the Vikings secured a 12 -- 2 record . The team had 12 straight regular - season victories after a season - opening loss to the New York Giants , which was the longest single - season winning streak in 35 years . The Vikings defeated the Cleveland Browns 27 -- 7 in the last pre-merger NFL Championship Game on January 4 , 1970 , at Metropolitan Stadium . The Vikings became the first modern NFL expansion team to win an NFL Championship Game , and earned a berth in Super Bowl IV ; however , the heavily favored Vikings lost that game to the Kansas City Chiefs , 23 -- 7 . The team MVP that season was Joe Kapp , who threw for seven touchdowns against the Baltimore Colts -- still an all - time NFL record ; however , Kapp refused to accept the award , stating , `` There is not one most valuable Viking ... there are 40 most valuable Vikings ! ''", "6": "1970s The team continued to dominate in 1970 and 1971 , reaching the playoffs behind the stubborn `` Purple People Eaters '' defensive line . In 1971 , Alan Page won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award given by the Associated Press . He was the first defensive player to win the award . Hall of Fame defensive end Carl Eller , a member of the `` Purple People Eaters '' . On January 27 , 1972 , the Vikings traded Norm Snead , Bob Grim , Vince Clements and first - round draft picks in 1972 and 1973 to the New York Giants to reacquire the popular Fran Tarkenton . While the acquisitions of Tarkenton and wide receiver John Gilliam improved the passing attack , the running game was inconsistent and the Vikings finished with a disappointing 7 -- 7 record . The Vikings addressed the problem by drafting running back Chuck Foreman with their first pick in the 1973 Draft . Co-owner Bill Boyer died on February 19 , 1973 and was replaced on the team 's board of directors by his son - in - law Jack Steele . The Vikings won their first nine games of 1973 and finished the season with a 12 -- 2 record . They then advanced to their second Super Bowl in franchise history , Super Bowl VIII , against the Miami Dolphins at Rice Stadium in Houston , Texas ; however , the Dolphins prevailed , 24 -- 7 . The Vikings won the Central Division again in 1974 with a 10 -- 4 record . In the playoffs they built on their cold weather reputation , defeating both the St. Louis Cardinals 30 -- 14 and the Los Angeles Rams 14 -- 10 in frozen Metropolitan Stadium . The Vikings played in their second straight Super Bowl , Super Bowl IX ( 3rd overall ) , losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers , 16 -- 6 , at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans on January 12 , 1975 . Led by Tarkenton and running back Chuck Foreman , the 1975 Vikings got off to a 10 -- 0 start and easily won another division title . However , the Vikings lost to the Dallas Cowboys in the playoffs , 17 -- 14 , on a controversial touchdown pass from the Cowboys ' quarterback Roger Staubach to wide receiver Drew Pearson that became known as the Hail Mary .", "7": "The touchdown was controversial because many felt that Pearson pushed off on Vikings defensive back Nate Wright , committing pass interference . As the Metropolitan Stadium crowd was stunned to learn that no penalty was called , debris was thrown on the field for several minutes . A Corby 's Whiskey bottle struck game official Armen Terzian , rendering him unconscious . The Vikings played in Super Bowl XI , their third Super Bowl ( fourth overall ) in four years , against the Oakland Raiders at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California , on January 9 , 1977 . The Vikings , however , lost 32 -- 14 . In 1977 , the Vikings again won the Central Division with a 9 -- 5 record and advanced to their 4th NFC Championship Game in 5 years , but were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl Champion Cowboys , 23 -- 6 , at Texas Stadium . By 1978 , age was taking its toll on the Vikings , but they still made the playoffs with an 8 -- 7 -- 1 record . There was no more playoff magic as the Rams finally defeated the Vikings , 34 -- 10 in Los Angeles after having lost in their previous four playoff matchups ( in 1969 , ' 74 , ' 76 and ' 77 ) . Quarterback Fran Tarkenton retired following the season holding league passer records in attempts ( 6,467 ) , completions ( 3,686 ) , yards ( 47,003 ) , and touchdowns ( 342 ) . In December 1979 , ground was broken for construction of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in downtown Minneapolis . 1980s On May 15 , 1981 , the Vikings moved into a new facility in suburban Eden Prairie that houses the team 's offices , locker room and practice fields . The complex was named `` Winter Park '' after Max Winter , one of the Vikings ' founders , who served as the team 's president from 1965 to 1987 . The Vikings played their final game at Metropolitan Stadium on December 20 to conclude the 1981 NFL season by losing to the Kansas City Chiefs , 10 -- 6 .", "8": "`` Two - minute '' Tommy Kramer ( 1977 -- 1989 ) The Vikings played their first game at the Metrodome in a preseason matchup against the Seattle Seahawks on August 21 , 1982 in a game Minnesota won , 7 -- 3 . The first touchdown in the new facility was scored by Joe Senser on an 11 - yard pass from Tommy Kramer . The first regular - season game in the Metrodome was the 1982 opener on September 12 , when the Vikings defeated Tampa Bay , 17 -- 10 . Rickey Young scored the first regular - season touchdown in the facility on a 3 - yard run in the 2nd quarter . That year the defense led by Joey Browner began a dominant 10 - year run as a premier NFL defense . The Vikings beat the St. Louis Cardinals 28 - 10 on August 6 , 1983 at Wembley Stadium in London in the very first international game in the NFL . On January 27 , 1984 , Bud Grant retired as head coach of the Vikings . With a career regular - season record of 151 -- 87 -- 5 (. 632 ) in 17 seasons with Minnesota , Grant led the franchise to 12 playoff appearances , 11 division titles , and four Super Bowls . Les Steckel , who was an offensive assistant with the Vikings for 5 seasons , was then named the 3rd head coach in franchise history . Steckel , who came to the Vikings in 1979 after working as an assistant with the 49ers , was the youngest head coach in the NFL in 1984 at age 38 . However , the Vikings lost a franchise - worst 13 games . After the season Steckel was fired , and on December 18 , 1984 , Bud Grant came out of retirement and was rehired as the head coach of the Vikings . On January 6 , 1986 , following the 1985 season , Bud Grant re-retired , this time permanently , as head coach of the Vikings . At the time of his retirement he was the 6th winningest coach in NFL history with 168 career wins , including playoffs . In 18 seasons , he led the Vikings to a 158 -- 96 -- 5 regular season record .", "9": "Longtime Vikings assistant coach Jerry Burns was named the fourth head coach in team history on January 7 , 1986 . He served as the Vikings ' offensive coordinator from 1968 to 1985 , when the team won 11 division titles and played in four Super Bowls . In his first season , the Vikings , led by the NFL Comeback Player of the Year Tommy Kramer , went 9 -- 7 , their first winning record in four years . On August 2 , 1986 , Fran Tarkenton was the first player who played the majority of his career with the Vikings to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Following the strike - shortened 1987 season , the 8 -- 7 Vikings , who had finished 8 -- 4 in regular games but 0 -- 3 using strike - replacement players , pulled two upsets in the playoffs . They defeated the 12 -- 3 New Orleans Saints 44 -- 10 at the Louisiana Superdome in the Wild Card game . The following week , in the Divisional Playoff game , they beat the 13 -- 2 San Francisco 49ers 36 -- 24 at Candlestick Park . During that game , Anthony Carter set the all - time record for most receiving yards in a playoff game with 227 yards . The Vikings played the Washington Redskins in the NFC Championship Game on January 17 , 1988 , at RFK Stadium . Trailing 17 -- 10 , the Vikings drove to the Redskins ' 6 - yard line with a little over a minute left in the game , but failed to get the ball into the end zone . The Vikings ' hopes of a Super Bowl ended when Darrin Nelson dropped a pass from Wade Wilson on fourth down at the goal line . On October 12 , 1989 , the Vikings acquired Herschel Walker from Dallas . The final result of the trade gave the Vikings Walker , third - round choice Mike Jones , fifth - round choice Reggie Thornton and 10th - round choice Pat Newman in 1990 and a third - round choice Jake Reed in 1991 .", "10": "Dallas received Issiac Holt , David Howard , Darrin Nelson , Jesse Solomon , Alex Stewart , a first - , second - and a sixth - round choice in 1990 , first - and second - round choices in 1991 and a first - , second - and third - round choice in 1992 . Two of those selections turned into Emmitt Smith and Darren Woodson . Walker 's performance fell short of expectations in his three seasons with the Vikings , while the Cowboys rode their draft picks to three Super Bowl victories in the early - to - mid-1990s . 1990s Cris Carter 's Hall of Fame display . Carter was a Viking from 1990 -- 2001 . On December 3 , 1991 , Jerry Burns announced his retirement effective at the end of the 1991 season . In six seasons as Head Coach of the Vikings , Burns compiled a career record of 52 -- 43 (. 547 ) . He also led Minnesota to three playoff appearances , including a division title and an NFC Championship Game . Dennis Green was later named the fifth head coach in team history , after turning around a struggling Stanford University football program as head coach from 1989 to 1991 . In his 10 seasons as the coach of the Vikings , Green won four NFC Central division titles , had eight playoff appearances , two NFC Championship Game appearances and an all - time record of 97 -- 62 . The Vikings therefore had the fifth highest winning percentage among all NFL teams during the regular season in the 1990s . 1998 Main article : 1998 Minnesota Vikings season 1998 was a year to remember for the franchise . With a spectacular offense led by quarterback Randall Cunningham ( who replaced an injured Brad Johnson ) , running back Robert Smith , veteran wide receiver Cris Carter , and explosive rookie Randy Moss , the Vikings set a then - NFL record by scoring a total of 556 points , never scoring fewer than 24 in a game . The Vikings finished the season 15 -- 1 , their only loss was to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 27 -- 24 in Week 9 . In the playoffs , the Vikings rolled past the Arizona Cardinals 41 -- 21 , and came into the Metrodome heavily favored for their NFC title showdown with the Atlanta Falcons , who had gone 14 -- 2 in the regular season .", "11": "After kicker Gary Anderson , who had just completed the first perfect regular season in NFL history ( not missing a single extra point or field goal attempt the entire year ) , missed a 38 - yard field goal attempt with just over 2 minutes remaining , the Falcons ' ensuing drive tied the game . This led to a controversial decision by head coach Dennis Green to run out the clock and let the game go to overtime . Though the Vikings won the coin toss , Atlanta went on to win it 30 -- 27 in overtime on Morten Andersen 's 38 - yard field goal . The Vikings became the first 15 -- 1 team to fail to reach the Super Bowl . The Falcons lost Super Bowl XXXIII to John Elway and the Denver Broncos . 1999 Randy Moss ( 1998 -- 2004 and 2010 ) Main article : 1999 Minnesota Vikings season Cunningham resumed duties again in 1999 , but after a lukewarm 2 -- 4 start , Jeff George replaced him as starting quarterback . He finished the season with an 8 -- 2 record , and led the Vikings into the postseason once again , with an overall team record of 10 -- 6 . Minnesota beat Dallas in the Wild Card game 27 -- 10 , and faced playoff newcomer Kurt Warner and the St. Louis Rams in the Divisional matchup . The game was a shootout that Minnesota led 17 -- 14 at halftime , but the Rams outscored Minnesota 35 -- 20 in the second half to win 49 -- 37 . St. Louis would go on to win Super Bowl XXXIV . 2000s The Vikings entered the decade by winning the divisional championship and an appearance in the NFC Championship game , where they were defeated 41 - 0 by the New York Giants . The following season , they struggled by posting a 5 -- 11 record in 2001 . The team would make the playoffs again in 2004 , but would not win a divisional title again until 2008 . Since the merger , the 2000s became the decade with the fewest playoff berths for the franchise . 2000 Main article : 2000 Minnesota Vikings season In 2000 , the Vikings went 11 -- 5 .", "12": "The Vikings were 11 -- 2 after 14 weeks , but slumped briefly , losing their last three to the Rams , Packers and Colts while starting quarterback Daunte Culpepper was hampered by injury . Nonetheless , the Vikings made the playoffs for the fifth straight year . After easily beating the Saints in the Divisional game 34 -- 16 , they traveled to New York City to face the Giants in the NFC Championship Game . Though they were the road team , the Vikings were favored to win the game ( since most considered their 11 -- 2 record with Culpepper more indicative than their 0 -- 3 record when he was out ) ; instead , the Vikings were defeated 41 -- 0 , their worst defeat in playoff history . Robert Smith , who ran for 1,521 yards that season , retired at the end of the year after only playing eight NFL seasons . 2001 -- 2005 In 2001 , after a disappointing 5 -- 11 season , the Vikings bought out the contract of Dennis Green , despite his successful coaching tenure with the team . Mike Tice coached the final game of 2001 , losing to the Ravens 19 -- 3 . Tice was named the permanent coach after the season , but he would not lead the Vikings back to the playoffs until 2004 . During the 2003 season , the Vikings came close to getting into the playoffs . However , the Arizona Cardinals completed a game - winning touchdown on 4th - and - 28 with 0 : 00 left , knocking the Vikings out of the playoffs . The moment of Arizona 's touchdown was actually the first moment the entire season in which the Vikings had n't led their division . The Vikings became the second team in football history to miss the playoffs after getting off to a 6 -- 0 start , following the 1978 Washington Redskins . In 2004 , Daunte Culpepper amassed MVP - like statistics , throwing for 4,717 passing yards ( leading the NFL ) , 39 passing touchdowns ( a Viking record ) , and 5,123 total yards ( an NFL record ) . In the wild card game , the Vikings defeated the rival Green Bay Packers in their first - ever playoff meeting , 31 -- 17 . In doing so , the Vikings became the second team in NFL history to have a .", "13": "500 record ( 8 -- 8 ) in the regular season and win a playoff game ( The St. Louis Rams did the same thing only a day earlier ) . In the divisional round , the Vikings were defeated by the eventual NFC champion Philadelphia Eagles . On March 2 , 2005 , Vikings wide receiver Randy Moss was traded to the Oakland Raiders for linebacker Napoleon Harris and the Raiders ' first round draft pick . After struggling to a disappointing 2 -- 5 start to the 2005 season , Vikings lost quarterback Daunte Culpepper to a season - ending knee injury . This injury was a very significant part to this Minnesota Vikings team due to the fact they also lost Moss . The dynamic duo from years earlier were now gone and a new leader would eventually emerge . The Vikings finished the 2005 season with a 9 -- 7 record . However , this season would be more notable for off - the - field events . In October , 17 team members were part of a party of about 90 that went out on a pleasure cruise on local Lake Minnetonka . The incident erupted into scandal when media reported that a number of the players had performed sex acts and that prostitutes had been flown in . Four players were ultimately charged with misdemeanors related to the party . Mike Tice was let go after the 2005 season and was replaced by Brad Childress . This was one of many significant front office moves made by the new ownership team , led by Zygi Wilf . 2006 -- 2008 All - Pro running back Adrian Peterson was selected 7th overall by the Vikings in the 2007 NFL Draft . Minnesota began the 2006 season 4 -- 2 ( with Childress becoming the first Vikings coach to start his career 2 -- 0 ) , but would finish the year at 6 -- 10 , receiving the 7th pick in the NFL Draft ; with it , the Vikings selected Adrian Peterson out of the University of Oklahoma . Peterson 's first career touchdown was a 60 - yard screen pass against the Atlanta Falcons in his first career game . When the Vikings played the Chicago Bears in Week 6 , Peterson broke the record for single game All - Purpose ( rushing , receiving , kick returning ) yards ( 361 total yards , 224 rushing ) .", "14": "In Week 9 , Peterson broke the NFL single game rushing record set by Jamal Lewis in 2003 by rushing for 296 yards against the San Diego Chargers . Despite a strong push in the middle of the season , winning five straight games , the Vikings lost their final two games to finish the season at 8 -- 8 and missed the playoffs . In Week 13 of the 2008 season against the Bears , Gus Frerotte hooked up with Bernard Berrian and set the record for longest play in franchise history with a 99 - yard touchdown pass . In the 2009 season , Adrian Peterson led the NFL with 1760 rushing yards , breaking the franchise record . The Vikings clinched the NFC North championship for the first time after defeating the New York Giants 20 -- 19 in Week 17 , when kicker Ryan Longwell made the game - winning field goal . Peterson had 19 carries for 109 yards and added a touchdown during the game . On January 4 , 2009 , the Vikings hosted the Philadelphia Eagles for the Wild Card round , their first home playoff game in eight years . The Eagles led the Viking 16 -- 14 at halftime and , coming off a 44 -- 6 victory over the Dallas Cowboys , went on to defeat the Vikings 26 -- 14 . The Eagles would go on to defeat the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants in the Divisional round , only to lose to the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship Game . Since 2006 , the Vikings have been known especially for their strong run defense ( # 1 in the NFL in 2006 , 2007 , and 2008 ; they are the first NFL team to accomplish this since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 ) , anchored by the Williams Wall consisting of defensive tackle Kevin Williams and nose tackle Pat Williams ( no relation ) . With the addition of sack - leader Jared Allen in 2008 , the dominant front four began being called by several nicknames , including `` Thunder and Plunder '' and `` Shock and AWE '' ( an acronym of their surname initials ) . 2009 -- 2010 Brett Favre played for the Vikings in 2009 and 2010 .", "15": "On August 18 , 2009 , after months of speculation and negotiations , twice - retired veteran quarterback Brett Favre , who until 2007 had played 16 years for division archrival Green Bay Packers , signed a two - year , $25 million deal with the Vikings . On October 5 , 2009 , the Vikings hosted the Green Bay Packers as Favre played his former team for the first time . With a 30 -- 23 victory on Monday Night Football , the Vikings moved to a 4 -- 0 record . Favre became the first quarterback in NFL history to defeat all 32 current teams as a starter . Over 21.8 million viewers tuned in to watch the game , beating the previous record for a cable television program set by a game between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Dallas Cowboys in 2008 ( 18.6 million viewers ) . The Vikings beat the New York Giants , 44 -- 7 , in Week 17 to help the team clinch the second seed in the conference and a first round - bye with an Eagles loss later that same day . The Vikings ended the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record , their best record since 2000 and the first 11 - plus win season since their record - setting 1998 campaign . The Vikings played the Dallas Cowboys in the divisional round on January 17 , 2010 , and won the game by a score of 34 -- 3 , advancing the Vikings to the NFC Championship game , the ninth in franchise history . This would also be the first NFC Championship game for the team since the 2000 season . Minnesota would travel to New Orleans the following week to face the top - seeded Saints in the first conference championship game held at the Superdome . Despite out - gaining the Saints on offense by nearly a twofold margin , the Vikings were severely hindered by five turnovers , including a Favre interception in the final minute of the fourth quarter in Saints territory . They were ousted in overtime , 31 -- 28 , as the Saints won the coin toss and kicked a 40 - yard field goal on the first possession of overtime . Minnesota Vikings 50th Anniversary logo : 2010 In the first week of the 2010 NFL regular season , the Vikings played the defending Super Bowl champions , the New Orleans Saints .", "16": "The Vikings lost 14 -- 9 . In Week 2 , the Vikings played the Miami Dolphins and lost 14 -- 10 . The Vikings defeated the Detroit Lions 24 -- 10 in the third week of the season . After a week four bye - week , the Vikings received star wide receiver Randy Moss in a trade with the New England Patriots . Even with the addition of Moss , the Vikings lost to the New York Jets 29 -- 20 in Week 5 . The Vikings won a crucial victory against another struggling team in the form of the Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 21 , but in Week 7 the Vikings lost to the arch - rival Green Bay Packers 28 -- 24 . In Week 9 , the Vikings played the Arizona Cardinals at home and won 27 -- 24 in overtime , coming back from a 24 -- 10 deficit in the final four minutes of regulation . Favre threw for a career - high 446 passing yards . The Vikings then went on to face the Chicago Bears , but were defeated , and then went on to be blown out 31 -- 3 at home by the Packers the following game . Head coach Brad Childress was fired the following Monday . With Leslie Frazier filling in for the fired Childress , the Vikings won two games in a row . One against the Washington Redskins on the road , and a blowout win over the Buffalo Bills at home . Jared Allen played for the Vikings from 2008 to 2013 . After a winter storm dropped nearly 17 inches of snow in the Minneapolis / St Paul area the Saturday before the Vikings December 12 home game versus the New York Giants and 30 mph gusts drove snow removers off the dome 's roof overnight , several panels were damaged as the weight of the snow caused the roof to collapse . After viewing the damage , Vikings management and the NFL decided to move the game to Monday and play it at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan . Because of on - going repairs to the roof of the Metrodome , the Vikings played their December 20 game versus the Chicago Bears at TCF Bank Stadium . Favre threw the final touchdown pass of his career ( to Percy Harvin ) in this game . The game was played 29 years to the day after the last outdoor game at old Met Stadium .", "17": "On December 26 , the NFL announced that the game versus the Philadelphia Eagles was being postponed to Tuesday , December 28 , 2010 because of blizzard conditions . This marks the third consecutive venue or date change for a Vikings game and was the first NFL game played on a Tuesday since 1964 . The Vikings proceeded to upset the dynamic Eagles offense , led by a resurgent Michael Vick , 24 -- 14 with rookie Joe Webb at the helm . The Vikings finished the season 6 -- 10 with a 20 -- 13 loss against the Detroit Lions . 2011 -- 2013 The 2010 -- 11 season was a step down for the Minnesota Vikings . After coming within a few plays of Super Bowl XLIV , Minnesota ended the 2010 season with a 6 -- 10 record and a last place finish in the NFC North for the first time since 1990 . During the season , the Vikings had many distractions , including trading for Randy Moss and then waiving him only a month later , Brett Favre 's NFL investigation for allegedly sending inappropriate text messages to Jets ' employee Jenn Sterger while he was with the team in 2008 , the Metrodome 's collapse and resulting venue changes , and finally head coach Brad Childress ' firing on November 22 following a 31 -- 3 loss at the hands of the rival Green Bay Packers . After serving as the interim head coach for the final six games of the season ( finishing with a 3 -- 3 record ) , defensive coordinator Leslie Frazier was officially named the head coach on January 3 , 2011 , after signing a three - year contract . On January 17 , Brett Favre retired for the third , and officially last , time , leaving the team in search for a long term replacement at the quarterback position . Wasting no time after being appointed head coach , Frazier began to restructure the team 's coaching staff , including letting go of offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and hiring Mike Singletary as linebackers coach and Bill Musgrave as the new offensive coordinator . Their first round draft pick was Christian Ponder , a quarterback from Florida State University . The team finished with a 3 -- 13 record , tied with the 1984 Vikings for the second worst record in franchise history .", "18": "In 2012 , Adrian Peterson rushed for 2,097 yards -- 8 less than Eric Dickerson 's single - season record . During the 2012 NFL Draft , the team selected USC lineman Matt Kalil with the 4th overall pick after a trade with the Cleveland Browns , and Notre Dame safety Harrison Smith in the first round . Both players were instrumental in helping the Vikings reach the playoffs for the 27th time in franchise history , as was fellow draftee , sixth - round selection Blair Walsh . After beating the Packers in the final game of 2012 to reach the playoffs as the NFC 's sixth seed , the Vikings lost 24 -- 10 to the Packers in the rematch at Lambeau Field in the Wild Card round . The team was forced to play backup Joe Webb during the game after Ponder was sidelined due to an arm injury sustained from the previous week . Peterson was later named the league 's MVP , after rushing for 2,097 yards , the second most rushing yards in a season in NFL history . In the 2013 season , the Vikings finished with five wins , ten losses , and one tie , with no road wins . Notable moments include acquired free agent Matt Cassel outplaying Christian Ponder at the quarterback position and the defense allowing a league - worst 480 points , coming within four points of matching the franchise 's worst set in 1984 . This was also the last season played at the Metrodome as a new stadium deal was reached . Leslie Frazier was fired after the regular season ended . 2014 -- present The Vikings moved to U.S. Bank Stadium in 2016 The team hired former Cincinnati Bengals defensive coordinator Mike Zimmer to replace Leslie Frazier as head coach on January 16 , 2014 . Former Cleveland Browns offensive coordinator Norv Turner replaced Bill Musgrave , and George Edwards replaced Alan Williams as defensive coordinator . In the 2014 NFL Draft , the Vikings selected Anthony Barr , a linebacker out of UCLA , and Teddy Bridgewater , a quarterback out of the University of Louisville . Bridgewater would later lose the starting job to Matt Cassel only to become the starter for the Vikings when Cassel was lost to a season - ending foot injury in week 3 .", "19": "Star running back Adrian Peterson only played in one regular season game due to his ongoing child abuse trial , with NFL commissioner Roger Goodell placing Peterson on the Commissioner 's Exempt List indefinitely . On April 16 , 2015 , the league released a statement issuing Peterson 's reinstatement to occur on April 17 , 2015 . The Vikings concluded their season with seven wins and nine losses , winning only one game against a divisional opponent , although Bridgewater set a franchise record for wins by a rookie starting quarterback . On January 3 , 2016 , the Vikings beat divisional rival Green Bay 20 -- 13 to win the NFC North for the first time since 2009 . The Vikings , led by their top 5 defense , ended the 2015 season with an 11 -- 5 record , and a # 3 seed in the playoffs . However , they lost to the Seattle Seahawks 10 -- 9 after Blair Walsh missed a 27 - yard field goal in the third coldest game in NFL playoff history . The Vikings were responsible for a historic milestone in the late rounds of the 2016 NFL draft . Their sixth - round selection , German wide receiver Moritz Böhringer , was the first European player ever to be drafted by an NFL team without having previously played at any level in North America . After Teddy Bridgewater went down with a knee injury in the preseason of 2016 , the Vikings traded their 2017 first round pick and a conditional fourth round pick to the Philadelphia Eagles for quarterback Sam Bradford , who threw for 20 touchdowns , 5 interceptions , 3,877 yards , and led the Vikings to an 8 - 8 season . Following the knee injury , the Vikings declined to pick up the 5th year option for Teddy Bridgewater . Running back Adrian Peterson went down to injury in Week 2 against the Green Bay Packers with a torn meniscus and was placed on the Injured Reserve until Week 15 . On February 28 , 2017 , the Vikings announced they would not exercise Peterson 's 2017 contract option which made him a free agent . Had they exercised the option , Peterson would be owed $18 million for the 2017 season .", "20": "On April 25 , 2017 , the New Orleans Saints signed Peterson to a 2 - year , $7 million contract , ending his tenure with the Vikings since his debut in 2007 as a rookie . He holds several Vikings records including most career rushing touchdowns , career rushing yards , and most rushing yards in a season . In the summer of 2017 , the Vikings ownership announced they would end the 52 - year annual tradition of summer training camp in Mankato , Minnesota at Minnesota State University , Mankato as they built a large new headquarters , training facility and area property development in Eagan , Minnesota on the site of the former Northwest Airlines offices to be completed in the spring of 2018 in time for the 2018 summer training camp . The Minneapolis Miracle was the final play of the 2017 / 18 Divisional Round game against the New Orleans Saints . The Vikings were trailing by one point and needed a field goal or touchdown to secure a trip to the NFC Championship Game . With less than ten seconds remaining in the game quarterback Case Keenum lobbed the ball to wide receiver Stefon Diggs , which became the game - winning touchdown . This also happens to be the very first walk - off victory in NFL playoff history . On KFAN 100.3 , radio announcer , Paul Allen dubbed the play the ' Minneapolis Miracle ' . They would go on to the NFC Championship for the opportunity to be playing in the Super Bowl within their own stadium . This would end up not happening as the Vikings would lose to the eventual Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles 38 - 7 . Logo and uniforms The Vikings ' trademark horned helmet and purple - and - gold uniforms were designed by Los Angeles Examiner cartoonist Karl Hubenthal . Bert Rose and Norm Van Brocklin both knew Hubenthal from their days with the Los Angeles Rams organization . Hubenthal also designed the original Norseman logo . From the team 's debut in 1961 to 1995 , the Vikings ' logos and uniforms essentially remained the same . Reflecting Minnesota 's Scandinavian cultural heritage , one of the team 's two primary logos consists of a profile of a blond norseman , while the other consists of a white Viking horn . Minnesota Vikings wordmark ( 1982 -- 2003 ) The team 's helmet is purple with a Viking horn logo on each side .", "21": "Each horn is outlined in gold . The horn logo was slightly revised in 2006 . The original uniform design consisted of white pants , gold trim , and either purple or white jerseys . From 1962 to 1964 , the Vikings wore purple pants with their white jerseys ( The Vikings , with their new uniform , still wear , on occasion , purple pants with yellow and white trim ) . In a design that was unique among American football teams , the white jerseys had a completely different stripe pattern , which was over the shoulders , than the purple ones , which was around the sleeve cuff . These unique shoulder stripes on the white jerseys did not appear until 1969 , the year they went to their first Super Bowl . There have also been minor changes to the uniform design throughout the years , such as changing the color of the facemask from gray to white ( 1980 ) , and then to purple ( 1985 ) ; and adding the Norseman logo to the sleeves ( 1996 ) . The Vikings continued to wear black shoes until Les Steckel became head coach in 1984 . In 2006 , the team returned to black shoes for first time since the 1983 season . The Vikings tweaked their Norseman logo , which involved updating the shading , altering the shape and base of the horns , thickening the mustache and face , making the gold tones brighter , and shortening the braid . The new logo was unveiled on February 14 , 2013 . On March 28 , the team reported that new uniforms will be unveiled on April 25 . On April 25 , 2013 , the Minnesota Vikings unveiled the club 's new uniforms during its annual NFL Draft party . From 1969 through 1973 , the Vikings had an alternate purple jersey without stripes for warm - weather games . The team 's uniforms were redesigned in 2006 , the first significant change in the franchise 's 46 - year history . Although the team colors remained the same , trim lines were added to the outside shoulders and sleeves , and the sides of the jerseys and pants . In addition the horn on the helmet was slightly more defined . Included in the new design are both white and purple pants , the purple pants have not been regularly used since 2007 , but resurfaced twice in 2010 .", "22": "The team wore black armbands for the last four games in 1978 in memory of Jack `` Jocko '' Nelson , an assistant coach who died during the season . In 1985 the team wore a 25 years patch on their jerseys . In 1989 , they wore a `` 40 for 60 '' patch honoring the 1969 NFL championship team . They wore a 35 years patch in 1995 , 40 years in 2000 and 45 years in 2005 . They also wore patches in 1999 for assistant coach Chip Myers who died in the offseason and in 2001 for Korey Stringer . The Vikings , like other teams , wore NFL 50th and 75th anniversary patches in 1969 and 1994 . All purple uniforms In the 1960s the Vikings wore purple pants with road white jerseys . On October 11 , 1964 the Vikings played the Detroit Lions at Metropolitan Stadium and the Lions mistakenly only brought their white jerseys to Minnesota . Both teams started the game in white , but by the second quarter the Vikings were able to obtain their purple tops . The Vikings changed jerseys on the sidelines during the 2nd quarter , finishing the game in purple jerseys and purple pants . It was n't until 43 years later , on December 17 , 2007 ( a Monday Night Football game versus the Chicago Bears ) that the Vikings again donned both purple jerseys and purple pants -- the first time the Vikings wore all - purple intentionally . Three years later , the Vikings played the November 7 , 2010 home game against the Arizona Cardinals in the all - purple uniform . The NFL added new Color Rush uniforms for all 32 teams during the 2016 - 17 season , specifically for Thursday Night Football games . The Vikings showed off an all purple look with gold numbers and stripes on the pants , debuting their own Color Rush uniform on December 1 versus the Dallas Cowboys at U.S. Bank Stadium . Mascots Current mascot After several failed attempts at developing an official team - owned mascot , the Vikings finally introduced Viktor the Viking during the 2007 Vikings ' season . Team officials had long indicated that they were after a mascot concept that would primarily appeal to the team 's younger fan base .", "23": "Viktor the Viking , a muscle - bound , blond - haired and mustachioed character , wears a Vikings ' # 1 jersey and an oversized Vikings helmet with protruding horns and a small yellow nose guard . Historic mascots From 1970 to 1992 , Hub Meeds dressed as a Viking and served as the team mascot . Meeds asked to become the mascot after being accidentally let onto the field by security during Super Bowl IV . From 1994 to 2015 , the team mascot was Ragnar ( played by Joseph Juranitch ) and was based on the legendary Viking Ragnar Lodbrok . Juranitch admits to being somewhat of an eccentric -- he holds the current world record for fastest time shaving a beard with an axe , but has n't shaved his beard since he won the Ragnar job among 3,000 applicants . Ragnar drove onto the field at the beginning of a game dressed in Viking garb , on a motorcycle , while a cheerleader used to ride a snowmobile . Although never one to shy away from confrontations with opposing players , notably Chad `` Ochocinco '' Johnson , he had a soft spot for Brett Favre while the quarterback started for the rival Green Bay Packers . In 2015 , the Vikings announced that they were not able to reach a new contract agreement with Juranitch which he wanted $20,000 per game , and released him . Another mascot associated with the Vikings was `` Vikadontis Rex '' , a purple foam dinosaur . Vikadontis was the official mascot of the Minnesota Vikings Children 's Fund and took part in the 1995 Celebrity Mascot Olympics . Vikadontis was retired starting with the 2000 season . The team also had an NFL Huddles mascot in the mid-1980s , ( somewhat similar to Viktor the Viking ) . Krazy George was also employed as a cheerleader from 1982 to 1985 . Traditions Fight song Further information : Skol , Vikings `` Skol , Vikings '' is the fight song of the Minnesota Vikings . It was introduced around the time the team was founded in 1961 . It is always played whenever the team scores a touchdown , field goal or safety , and at the end of each half .", "24": "The song `` Purple and Gold '' was recorded in 2010 by Prince to be used as a fight song for the Minnesota Vikings . Rivals Due to geographic and cultural proximity , the Vikings ' foremost rival is the Green Bay Packers . Some sources cite this rivalry as the biggest overall in the NFC North apart from the Packers - Bears rivalry ( which dates back several more decades , i.e. to 1920 ) . Chicago Bears Further information : Bears -- Vikings rivalry Detroit Lions Further information : Lions -- Vikings rivalry Green Bay Packers Further information : Packers -- Vikings rivalry Helga hats Vikings fans are known to dress up in `` Helga hats '' , purple hats with white horns and blonde braids , mimicking the helmets popularly believed to have been worn by Viking warriors . The original Helga Hats are still hand assembled in the Twin Cities area . Vikings horn During home games , the Vikings ' Gjallarhorn is loudly played and sounds often after the team has made a big play , gets a first down , or scores a touchdown . The team often also uses the horn during its pre-game ceremonies . In addition , a flash cannon fires upon Vikings touchdowns . Players See also : Minnesota Vikings all - time statistical leaders Current roster Minnesota Vikings roster view talk Quarterbacks 8 Kirk Cousins 3 Trevor Siemian 1 Kyle Sloter Running backs 31 Mack Brown 33 Dalvin Cook 30 C.J.", "25": "Ham FB 25 Latavius Murray Wide receivers 13 Stacy Coley 14 Stefon Diggs 16 Cayleb Jones 12 Tavarres King 19 Adam Thielen 11 Laquon Treadwell 17 Kendall Wright 15 Brandon Zylstra Tight ends 81 Blake Bell 89 David Morgan II 87 Josiah Price 82 Kyle Rudolph Offensive linemen 64 Josh Andrews G 76 Aviante Collins T 79 Tom Compton G 62 Nick Easton G 67 Cornelius Edison C 65 Pat Elflein C 69 Rashod Hill T 63 Danny Isidora G 78 Dieugot Joseph T 68 Cedrick Lang T 72 Storm Norton T 71 Riley Reiff T 74 Mike Remmers T Defensive linemen 90 Tashawn Bower DE 92 Dylan Bradley DT 97 Everson Griffen DE 99 Danielle Hunter DE 94 Jaleel Johnson DT 98 Linval Joseph DT 66 Caushaud Lyons DT 95 Ifeadi Odenigbo DE 93 Sheldon Richardson DT 96 Brian Robison DE 91 Stephen Weatherly DE Linebackers 55 Anthony Barr OLB 40 Kentrell Brothers MLB 43 Reshard Cliett OLB 42 Ben Gedeon OLB 54 Eric Kendricks MLB 56 Antwione Williams OLB 50 Eric Wilson OLB Defensive backs 20 Mackensie Alexander CB 41 Anthony Harris FS -- Mike Hughes CB 27 Jayron Kearse SS 29 Xavier Rhodes CB 38 Horace Richardson CB 34 Andrew Sendejo SS 35 Marcus Sherels CB 22 Harrison Smith FS 39 Jack Tocho S 26 Trae Waynes CB Special teams 48 Nick Dooley LS 2 Kai Forbath K 47 Kevin McDermott LS 4 Ryan Quigley P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 16 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 64 Active ,", "26": "0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers Minnesota Vikings retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 53 Mick Tingelhoff 1962 -- 1978 70 Jim Marshall DE 1961 -- 1979 77 Korey Stringer OT 1995 -- 2000 80 Cris Carter WR 1990 -- 2001 88 Alan Page DT 1967 -- 1978 posthumous Pro Football Hall of Famers Minnesota Vikings Hall of Famers Players No .", "27": "Name Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted Warren Moon QB 1994 -- 1996 2006 Jan Stenerud 1984 -- 1985 1991 Brett Favre QB 2009 -- 2010 2016 7 Morten Andersen 2017 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 1986 22 Paul Krause 1968 -- 1979 1998 39 Hugh McElhenny RB 1961 -- 1962 1970 44 Dave Casper TE 2002 53 Mick Tingelhoff 1962 -- 1978 2015 56 Chris Doleman DE 1985 -- 1993 , 1999 2012 58 Jim Langer 1980 -- 1981 64 Randall McDaniel 1988 -- 1999 2009 65 Gary Zimmerman OT 1986 -- 1992 2008 73 Ron Yary OT 1968 -- 1981 2001 80 Cris Carter WR 1990 -- 2001 2013 81 Carl Eller DE 1964 -- 1978 84 Randy Moss WR 1998 -- 2004 , 2010 2018 88 Alan Page DT 1967 -- 1978 1988 93 John Randle DT 1990 -- 2000 Coaches and Executives Name Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted Jim Finks General manager 1964 -- 1973 1995 Bud Grant Head coach 1967 -- 1983 , 1985 1994 italics = played only a minor portion of their career with the Vikings , and are recognized primarily based upon achievements with other teams Ring of Honor Minnesota Vikings Ring of Honor No .", "28": "Player Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 000000001998 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1998 22 Paul Krause 1968 -- 1979 000000001998 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1998 28 Ahmad Rashad WR 1976 -- 1982 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2017 30 Bill Brown RB 1962 -- 1974 000000002004 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2004 44 Chuck Foreman RB 1973 -- 1979 000000002007 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2007 47 Joey Browner 1983 -- 1991 000000002013 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2013 53 Mick Tingelhoff 1962 -- 1978 000000002001 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2001 55 Scott Studwell LB 1977 -- 1990 000000002009 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2009 56 Chris Doleman DE 1985 -- 1993 , 1999 000000002011 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2011 59 Matt Blair LB 1974 -- 1985 000000002012 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2012 64 Randall McDaniel 1988 -- 1999 000000002006 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2006 70 Jim Marshall DE 1961 -- 1979 000000001999 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 ,", "29": "1999 73 Ron Yary OT 1968 -- 1981 000000002001 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2001 77 Korey Stringer OT 1995 -- 2000 000000002001 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2001 80 Cris Carter WR 1990 -- 2001 000000002003 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2003 81 Carl Eller DE 1964 -- 1978 000000002002 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2002 84 Randy Moss WR 1998 -- 2004 , 2010 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2017 88 Alan Page DT 1967 -- 1978 000000001998 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1998 93 John Randle DT 1990 -- 2000 000000002008 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2008 -- Jerry Burns Head coach 1986 -- 1991 000000002005 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2005 -- Jim Finks General manager 1964 -- 1973 000000001998 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1998 -- Bud Grant Head coach 1967 -- 1983 , 1985 000000001998 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1998 -- Fred Zamberletti Medical adviser 1961 -- 2011 000000001998 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1998 25th Anniversary Team ( 1985 ) Fran Tarkenton QB , # 10 Bill Brown RB , # 30 Chuck Foreman RB , # 44 Ahmad Rashād WR ,", "30": "# 28 Sammy White WR , # 85 Stu Voigt TE , # 83 Ron Yary T , # 73 Grady Alderman T , # 67 Ed White G , # 62 Milt Sunde G , # 64 Mick Tingelhoff C , # 53 Jim Marshall DE , # 70 Alan Page DT , # 88 Gary Larsen DT , # 77 Carl Eller DE , # 81 Matt Blair OLB , # 59 Scott Studwell ILB , # 55 Jeff Siemon ILB , # 50 Roy Winston OLB , # 60 Bobby Bryant CB , # 20 Ed Sharockman CB , # 45 Paul Krause S , # 22 Karl Kassulke S , # 29 Fred Cox K , # 14 Greg Coleman P , # 8 Bud Grant HC 40th Anniversary Team ( 2000 ) Fran Tarkenton QB , # 10 Chuck Foreman RB , # 44 Robert Smith RB , # 26 Ahmad Rashād WR , # 28 Cris Carter WR , # 80 Steve Jordan TE , # 83 Ron Yary OT , # 73 Randall McDaniel OG , # 64 Mick Tingelhoff C , # 53 Ed White OG , # 62 Tim Irwin OT , # 76 Jim Marshall DE , # 70 Alan Page DT , # 88 John Randle DT , # 93 Carl Eller DE , # 81 Matt Blair LB , # 59 Scott Studwell LB , # 55 Jeff Siemon LB , # 50 Bobby Bryant CB , # 20 Carl Lee CB , # 39 Paul Krause S , # 22 Joey Browner S , # 47 Greg Coleman P , # 8 Fred Cox K , # 14 Darrin Nelson KR , # 20 Bill Brown ST , # 30 50 Greatest Vikings ( 2010 ) In connection with the team 's 50th anniversary , the Vikings announced a group of 50 top players on December 19 , 2010 . Grady Alderman OT , # 67 Jared Allen DE ,", "31": "# 69 Matt Birk C , # 75 / 78 Matt Blair LB , # 59 Bill Brown RB , # 30 Joey Browner S , # 47 Bobby Bryant CB , # 20 Anthony Carter WR , # 81 Cris Carter WR , # 80 Fred Cox K , # 14 Daunte Culpepper QB , # 11 Chris Doleman DE / LB , # 56 Carl Eller DE , # 81 Chuck Foreman RB , # 44 John Gilliam WR , # 42 Bud Grant Coach Wally Hilgenberg LB , # 58 Steve Hutchinson G # 76 Tim Irwin OT , # 76 Steve Jordan TE , # 83 Tommy Kramer QB , # 9 Paul Krause S , # 22 Gary Larsen DT , # 77 Carl Lee CB , # 39 Jim Marshall DE , # 70 Randall McDaniel G , # 64 Keith Millard DT , # 75 Randy Moss WR , # 84 Dave Osborn RB , # 41 Alan Page DT , # 88 Adrian Peterson RB , # 28 John Randle DT , # 93 Ahmad Rashād WR , # 28 Ed Sharockman CB , # 45 Jeff Siemon LB , # 50 Robert Smith RB , # 20 / 26 Scott Studwell LB , # 55 Doug Sutherland DT , # 69 Fran Tarkenton QB , # 10 Henry Thomas DT , # 97 Mick Tingelhoff C , # 53 Stu Voigt TE , # 83 Gene Washington WR , # 84 Ed White G , # 62 Sammy White WR , # 85 Kevin Williams DT , # 93 Antoine Winfield CB , # 26 Roy Winston LB , # 60 Ron Yary OT , # 73 Gary Zimmerman OT , # 65 All Metrodome Team ( 2013 ) Offense QB -- # 11 Daunte Culpepper , 1999 -- 2005 RB -- # 28 Adrian Peterson , 2007 -- 2013 RB -- # 26 Robert Smith , 1993 -- 2000 WR -- # 81 Anthony Carter ,", "32": "1985 -- 1993 WR -- # 80 Cris Carter , 1990 -- 2001 WR -- # 84 Randy Moss , 1998 -- 2004 , 2010 TE -- # 83 Steve Jordan , 1982 -- 1994 OT -- # 76 Tim Irwin , 1981 -- 1993 OT -- # 65 Gary Zimmerman , 1986 -- 1992 OG -- # 76 Steve Hutchinson , 2006 -- 2011 OG -- # 64 Randall McDaniel , 1988 -- 1999 C -- # 78 Matt Birk , 1998 -- 2008 Defense DE -- # 69 Jared Allen , 2008 -- 2013 DE -- # 56 Chris Doleman , 1985 -- 1993 , 1999 DT -- # 93 John Randle , 1990 -- 2000 DT -- # 93 Kevin Williams , 2003 -- 2013 LB -- # 52 Chad Greenway , 2006 -- 2013 LB -- # 58 Ed McDaniel , 1992 -- 2001 LB -- # 55 Scott Studwell , 1977 -- 1990 CB -- # 39 Carl Lee , 1983 -- 1993 CB -- # 26 Antoine Winfield , 2004 -- 2012 S -- # 24 Robert Griffith , 1994 -- 2001 S -- # 47 Joey Browner , 1983 -- 1991 Special teams K -- # 8 Ryan Longwell , 2006 -- 2011 P -- # 5 / # 4 Chris Kluwe , 2005 -- 2012 KR -- # 12 Percy Harvin ( WR ) , 2009 -- 2012 ST -- # 81 Chris Walsh ( WR ) , 1994 -- 2002 Head Coach HC -- Dennis Green , 1992 -- 2001 Coaches Head coaches Main article : List of Minnesota Vikings head coaches Name Years Won Lost Ties Winning % Postseason Norm Van Brocklin 1961 -- 1966 29 51 .", "33": "345 -- Bud Grant 1967 -- 1983 151 87 5 . 621 1968 -- 71 , 1973 -- 78 , 1980 , 1982 Les Steckel 1984 13 0 . 188 -- Bud Grant 1985 7 9 0 . 438 -- Jerry Burns 1986 -- 1991 52 43 0 . 547 1987 -- 89 Dennis Green 1992 -- 2001 97 62 0 . 610 1992 -- 94 , 1996 -- 2000 Mike Tice 2001 -- 2005 32 33 0 . 492 Brad Childress 2006 -- 2010 39 35 0 . 527 2008 , 2009 Leslie Frazier 2010 -- 2013 21 32 . 398 2012 Mike Zimmer 2014 -- present 39 24 0 . 619 2015 , 2017 Total 470 390 10 . 546 29 Current staff Minnesota Vikings staff Front Office Owner / Chairman -- Zygi Wilf Owner / President -- Mark Wilf Owner / Vice Chairman -- Leonard Wilf General Manager -- Rick Spielman Assistant General Manager -- George Paton Executive Vice President -- Public Affairs -- Lester Bagley Executive Vice President -- Football Operations -- Rob Brzezinski Executive Vice President -- Strategic Planning and Business Initiatives -- Jonathan Wilf Executive Vice President / Chief Marketing Officer -- Steve LaCroix Executive Vice President / Chief Financial Officer -- Steve Poppen Chief Operating Officer -- Kevin Warren Project Executive -- Don Becker Consultant -- Bud Grant Consultant -- Team Historian -- Fred Zamberletti Director of Real Estate Development -- Grant Till Director of College Scouting --", "34": "Jamaal Stephenson Director of Pro Scouting -- Ryan Monnens Director of Analytics / Pro Scout -- Scott Kuhn Head Coaches Head Coach -- Mike Zimmer Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- John DeFilippo Senior Offensive Assistant -- Todd Downing Quarterbacks -- Kevin Stefanski Running Backs -- Kennedy Polamalu Wide Receivers -- Darrell Hazell Assistant Wide Receivers -- Drew Petzing Tight Ends -- Clancy Barone Offensive Line -- Tony Sparano Assistant Offensive Line -- Andrew Janocko Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- George Edwards Defensive Line -- Andre Patterson Assistant Defensive Line -- Robert Rodriguez Linebackers -- Adam Zimmer Defensive Backs -- Jerry Gray Defensive Assistant -- Jeff Howard Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Mike Priefer Assistant Special Teams -- Ryan Ficken Strength and Conditioning Head Athletic Trainer -- Eric Sugarman Assistant Athletic Trainer -- Rob Roche Assistant Athletic Trainer -- Albert Padilla Assistant Athletic Trainer / Physical Therapist -- David Jantzi Head Strength and Conditioning -- Mark Uyeyama Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Derik Keyes Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Reshard Langford Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Chaz Mahle Equipment Equipment Manager -- Dennis Ryan Assistant Equipment Manager -- Aaron Neumann Assistant Equipment Manager -- Adam Groene Equipment Assistant -- Terrell Barnes → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West", "35": "ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Map of radio affiliates The Vikings ' flagship radio station is KFXN - FM ( 100.3 ) , which uses the branding `` KFAN '' based on its former calls on 1130 AM before a format flip between the AM and FM stations before the 2011 season ; 1130 AM also continues to broadcast game play - by - play as KTLK . The games are also heard on the `` KFAN Radio Network '' in Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , South Dakota , and North Dakota , as well as many other outlets . Paul Allen has been the play - by - play announcer since the 2002 NFL season with Pete Bercich filling in as analyst , who began his first season in 2007 . Telecasts of preseason games not shown on national networks are aired on KMSP ( Channel 9 ) in the Twin Cities with a simulcast of KFAN 's radio broadcast while Fox Sports North shows a tape delay later .", "36": "Radio affiliates Minnesota City Call sign Frequency Aitkin KKIN - FM 94.3 FM Albert Lea KQPR - FM 96.1 FM Alexandria KIKV - FM 100.7 FM Bemidji KBUN 1450 AM Bemidji KBHP - FM 101.1 FM Benson KSCR - FM 93.5 FM Blue Earth KBEW - FM 98.1 FM Brainerd KBLB - FM 93.3 FM Crookston KROX - AM 1260 AM Dassel KARP - FM 106.9 FM Detroit Lakes KBOT - FM 104.1 FM Detroit Lakes KDLM - AM 1340 AM Duluth KJOQ 1490 AM Duluth KQDS - FM 94.9 FM Ely WELY - AM 1450 AM Ely WELY - FM 94.5 FM Eveleth KRBT - AM 1340 AM Fergus Falls KBRF - AM 1250 AM Frazee KDLB 94.5 FM Grand Rapids KMFY - FM 96.9 FM Grand Marais WVVE 95.3 FM Hibbing WNMT - AM 650 AM International Falls KSDM - FM 104.1 FM Jackson KRAQ - FM 105.7 FM Mankato KFSP 1230 AM Mankato KNUJ - FM 105.9 FM Mankato KXLP - FM 94.1 FM Marshall KARL - FM 105.1 FM Morris KKOK - FM 95.7 FM New Ulm KNUJ - FM 107.3 FM Pine City WCMP - FM 100.9 FM Rochester KFAN - AM 1270 AM Rochester KRCH - FM 101.7 FM Roseau KCAJ - FM 102.1 FM St.", "37": "Cloud WJON - AM 1240 AM Spring Grove KQYB - FM 98.3 FM Thief River Falls KTRF - AM 1230 AM Twin Cities KFXN - FM 100.3 FM Twin Cities KTLK 1130 AM Wadena KSKK 1070 AM Waseca KOWZ 1170 AM Willmar KWLM - AM 1340 AM Willmar K242CF - FM 96.3 FM Winona KWNO 1230 AM Worthington KWOA - AM 730 AM Iowa City Call sign Frequency Des Moines KXNO - AM 1460 AM Sioux City KMNS - AM 620 AM Spencer KICD - AM 1240 AM Spencer K252EX - FM 98.3 FM Mason City KLKK - FM 103.7 FM North Dakota City Call sign Frequency Bismarck KXMR - AM 710 AM Carrington KDAK - AM 1600 AM Devils Lake KDLR - AM 1240 AM Dickinson KLTC - AM 1460 AM Fargo KFGO 790 AM Fargo KRWK - FM 101.9 FM Grand Forks KKXL - AM 1440 AM Jamestown KQDJ - AM 1400 AM Jamestown K246AM - FM 97.1 FM Minot KRRZ - AM 1390 AM Oakes KDDR - AM 1220 AM Oakes K240CJ - FM 95.9 FM Valley City KOVC - AM 1490 AM Williston KEYZ - AM 660 AM South Dakota City Call sign Frequency Aberdeen KGIM - AM 1420 AM Aberdeen K296FW - FM 107.1 FM Milbank KMSD - AM 1510 AM Milbank K252FB - FM 98.", "38": "3 FM Mobridge KMLO - FM 100.7 FM Pierre KPLO - FM 94.5 FM Sioux Falls KWSN - AM 1230 AM Sioux Falls K251BH - FM 98.1 FM Sisseton KBWS - FM 102.9 FM Watertown KPHR - FM 106.3 FM Yankton WNAX - AM 570 AM Yankton K260BO - FM 99.9 FM Wisconsin City Call sign Frequency Amery WLMX - FM 104.9 FM Eau Claire WMEQ - AM 880 AM Hayward WHSM - FM 101.1 FM Rice Lake WKFX - FM 99.1 FM Source : See also Pro Football Hall of Fame List of Minnesota Vikings seasons List of Minnesota Vikings starting quarterbacks List of Minnesota Vikings head coaches List of Minnesota Vikings first - round draft picks Minnesota Vikings draft history List of Minnesota Vikings broadcasters Notes Jump up ^ Due in part to this outcome , during the subsequent off - season the NFL rules committee adjusted the overtime rules for the 2010 postseason , and in 2011 for both regular season and postseason games . The new rules state that unless the first possession of overtime ends in a touchdown or safety , both teams must have the opportunity to possess the ball . Under the new rules , the Vikings would have had an opportunity to possess the ball after the Saints kicked a field goal on the overtime 's first possession in the NFC Championship ) . References ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline '' . Minnesota Vikings . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team '' Minnesota Vikings `` . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Encyclopedias '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 .", "39": "Jump up ^ Quirk , Jim ( 1998 ) . `` The Minneapolis Marines : Minnesota 's Forgotten NFL Team '' . footballresearch.com . Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2007 . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ole Haugsrud Remembers Archived August 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1959 SUPERIOR CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL YEAR BOOK SUPERIOR WISCONSIN - eBay '' . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Training Camp Info '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team Encyclopedias and Records '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Franchise '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Hall of Fame Still Sinking In For Doleman '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Vikings '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Minnesota Vikings '' . Jt-sw.com . December 30 , 2002 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Purple People Eaters '' . Viking Update . July 19 , 2001 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl IV ( DVD ) . Super Bowl I-X Collector 's Set . NFL Productions . 2003 .", "40": "Jump up ^ `` All - Time Super Bowl Odds '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chicharito Channels Joe Kapp '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Football Statistics , Draft , Awards , and History '' . databaseFootball.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers '' ALAN PAGE `` . Profootballhof.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Hail Mary Pass '' . Viking Update . July 20 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` Armen Terzian -- NFC North Blog -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fran tarkenton '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bud Grant '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Minnesota Vikings '' . Jt-sw.com . December 30 , 2002 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at New Orleans Saints -- January 3rd , 1988 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at San Francisco 49ers -- January 9th , 1988 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Carter and the receiving record '' . StarTribune.com . StarTribune . November 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Green vs. Vikes in ' 87 -- The Myth Persists '' . NBC Sports Washington .", "41": "2005 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Scout.com : History : Walker Trade '' . Scout.com . Microsoft . July 20 , 2001 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Burns NFL Coaching Record '' . databaseFootball.com . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Burns Record , Statistics , and Category Ranks '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports : Stanford Hires NFL 's Dennis Green as 1st Black Head Coach in Pac - 10 '' . Los Angeles Times . January 3 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Coaches -- Dennis Green '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Vikings Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at Tampa Bay Buccaneers -- November 1st , 1998 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . November 1 , 1998 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals at Minnesota Vikings -- January 10th , 1999 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . January 10 , 1999 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Original sin '' . CNNSI.com . CNN / SI . January 17 , 1999 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History 1990 -- 1999 '' . Super Bowl History . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Minnesota Vikings '' . Jt-sw.com . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys at Minnesota Vikings -- January 9th , 2000 '' .", "42": "Pro-Football-Reference.com . January 9 , 2000 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Scoreboard : Recap : St. Louis 49 , Minnesota 37 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . January 16 , 2000 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . 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-8986501404359811751	location of khasi hills on map of india	[ "part of the present Indian constitutive state of Meghalaya (formerly Assam), which includes the present districts of East Jaintia Hills district, headquarter Khliehriat, West Jaintia Hills district, headquarter Jowai, East Khasi Hills district, headquarter Shillong, and West Khasi Hills district, headquarter Nongstoin" ]	{ "0": "Khasi and Jaintia Hills - wikipedia Khasi and Jaintia Hills Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the district during the British Raj . For the mountain range , see Khasi Hills . Khasi - Jaintia Hills District of Assam Province , British India 1912 -- 1947 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills in the Bengal Gazetteer , 1907 History Bifurcation of Eastern Bengal and Assam 1912 Independence of India 1947 Area 1901 15,947 km ( 6,157 sq mi ) Population 1901 197,904 Density 12.4 / km ( 32.1 / sq mi ) Khasi states , 1947 The Khasi and Jaintia Hills are a mountainous region that was mainly part of Assam and Meghalaya . The Assam Legislative Assembly This area is now part of the present Indian constitutive state of Meghalaya ( formerly Assam ) , which includes the present districts of East Jaintia Hills district , headquarter Khliehriat , West Jaintia Hills district , headquarter Jowai , East Khasi Hills district , headquarter Shillong , and West Khasi Hills district , headquarter Nongstoin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Jaintia Hills 2 Khasi Hills 3 References 4 External links Jaintia Hills ( edit ) Main article : East Jaintia Hills district Main article : West Jaintia Hills district The Jaintia Hills are located further to the east from the Khasi Hills .", "1": "The twelve Chiefs of the elaka ( tribal province ) of the Jaintia , a Khasi subtribe of the ) Pantars = Syntengs tribes , are styled Dolloi , and the land is called after them in Khasi : KA RI KHADAR DOLLOI ' Land of 12 Tribal Chiefs ' ) - they are in Nartiang itself ( see the Raja , uniquely also styled , as premier Chief : U Kongsong ) , and in Amwi , Jowai , Lakadong , Mynso , Nongbah , Nongjngi , Nongphyllut , Nongtallang , Raliang , Shangpung , Sutnga ( see below ; also cited as seat of a Syiem ) Above them is the only true princely ruler of the area , the Raja of Jaintiapur . His winter capital is now in Bangladesh , with his summer residence shifted from Sutnga ( where the family started as Syiems ) to Nartiang ; also a palace in the commercial center Borghat . The Jaintia Hills used to be a part of the Jaintia Hills District . The district has been bifurcated into two separate districts , namely , East Jaintia Hills and West Jaintia Hills on 31 July 2012 . Khasi Hills ( edit ) Main article : Khasi Hills The Khasi Hills are located east of the Garo Hills . The other Khasi tribes did not have princes but their twenty petty states ( hima ) , and sometimes even smaller tribal divisions , are led by one or two Chiefs - selected in various ways - usually styled Siem , Syiem .", "2": "The names of these chieftainships are : Bhowal , Cherra ( or Sohra ; capital Cherrapunji ) , Dwara ( capital Hat Dwara ) , Jirang , Khyri ( e ) m ( capital Cherrapunjee , under a Radja ) , Langrin , Langïong , Maharam , Malai Sohmat , Marriw , Mawdon , Mawiang , Mawlong , Mawphlang , Mylliem ( including Shillong city , the colonial capital of all Tribal Assam ) , Nobosohphoh , Nonglwai , Nongkhlaw , Nongspung , Nongstoiñ , Pamsanngut , Rambrai , Shella , Sohïong . or Sardar ... References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Khasi and Jaintia Hills '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 773 -- 774 . Jump up ^ Integration of the North East : the State Formation Process Jump up ^ Great Britain India Office . The Imperial Gazetteer of India . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1908 . External links ( edit ) Map of the Khasi states The Khasis by R.R.T. Gurdon ;", "3": "part 2 ( hide ) Historical districts of British India Districts in the Madras Presidency Ceded Districts Chingleput District Coimbatore District Godavari District Madura District Malabar District North Arcot South Arcot District South Canara Tanjore District Tinnevely District Trichinopoly District Vizagapatam District Districts in the Bengal Presidency Backergunge District Bassein District Champaran District Garo Hills district Jungle Mahals Jungle Terry Khasi and Jaintia Hills Lushai Hills District Manbhum District Naga Hills District Shahabad district Singhbhum District Tipperah District Districts in the Bombay Presidency East Khandesh Kaladgi District Khandesh District Upper Sind Frontier District West Khandesh Other districts Bhilsa District Chanderi District Delhi District Ellichpur District Garhwal District Hazara District ( NW Frontier ) Isagarh District Kumaon District Lyallpur District Merwara District Montgomery District Muhamdi District Nimar District North Bareilly District Quetta - Pishin District Shahpur District Sironj District Thal - Chotiali Wun District Post independence historical districts Bangalore District Imphal District Midnapore district West Dinajpur District Subdivisions of British India Divisions of British India Presidencies and provinces of British India British Empire in India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khasi_and_Jaintia_Hills&oldid=830303105 '' Categories : States and territories established in 1912 States and territories disestablished in 1947 History of Meghalaya History of Assam Districts of British India Tourism in North East India 1912 establishments in India Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 ,", "4": "at 00 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3638118358984239481	who has won 2017 women's singles korean open series badminton championship	[ "P. V. Sindhu", "P. V. Sindhu", "P. V. Sindhu", "P. V. Sindhu" ]	{ "0": "2017 Korea Open Super Series - wikipedia 2017 Korea Open Super Series Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Korea Open Super Series Tournament details Dates 12 -- 17 September 2017 Level Super Series Total prize money US $ 600,000 Venue SK Handball Stadium Location Seoul , South Korea Champions Men 's Singles Anthony Sinisuka Ginting Women 's Singles P.V. Sindhu Men 's Doubles Mathias Boe Carsten Mogensen Women 's Doubles Huang Yaqiong Yu Xiaohan Mixed Doubles Praveen Jordan Debby Susanto ← 2016 The 2017 Korea Open Super Series was the seventh Super Series tournament of the 2017 BWF Super Series . The tournament took place at SK Handball Stadium in Seoul , South Korea from September 12 -- 17 , 2017 and had a total purse of $600,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 's singles 1.1 Seeds 1.2 Top Half 1.3 Bottom Half 1.4 Finals 2 Women 's singles 2.1 Seeds 2.2 Top Half 2.3 Bottom Half 2.4 Finals 3 Men 's doubles 3.1 Seeds 3.2 Top Half 3.3 Bottom Half 3.4 Finals 4 Women 's doubles 4.1 Seeds 4.2 Top Half 4.3 Bottom Half 4.4 Finals 5 Mixed doubles 5.1 Seeds 5.2 Top Half 5.3 Bottom Half 5.", "1": "4 Finals 6 References 7 External links Men 's singles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Son Wan - ho ( Semifinals ) Lee Chong Wei ( Withdrew ) Viktor Axelsen ( Withdrew ) Chou Tien - chen ( First Round ) Srikanth Kidambi ( Withdrew ) Ng Ka Long ( Second Round ) Wang Tzu - wei ( Semifinals ) Tanongsak Saensomboonsuk ( First Round ) Top Half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Son W-h 21 21 Huang YX 18 16 Son W-h 21 17 21 Hsu J-h 13 16 Q1 K Parupalli 16 21 16 Q1 K Parupalli 21 21 Son W-h 20 21 21 8 T Saensomboonsuk 13 23 9 S Verma 22 10 13 S Verma 21 21 21 S Verma 21 21 Wong WK 22 21 Wong WK 19 13 T Sugiarto 20 13 Son W-h 21 18 13 Chou T-c 21 14 AS Ginting 16 21 21 B Leverdez 23 21 B Leverdez 19 13 S Verma 21 13 19 Q2 K Nishimoto 21 21 Q2 K Nishimoto 18 21 21 Q2 K Nishimoto 19 13 6 Ng KL 21 21 21 AS Ginting 21 21 H.S.", "2": "Prannoy 17 23 14 6 Ng KL 18 18 Q3 Lee D-k 8 21 11 AS Ginting 21 21 AS Ginting 21 16 21 Bottom Half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals B. S Praneeth 21 21 Hu Y 15 10 B. S Praneeth 13 24 Jeon H-j 14 25 12 7 Wang T-w 21 26 7 Wang T-w 21 23 21 7 Wang T-w 21 19 21 PFQ Chong WF 21 11 15 H-K Vittinghus 11 21 14 H-K Vittinghus 17 21 21 H-K Vittinghus 16 21 22 Q4 P Thongnuam 6 21 21 Q4 P Thongnuam 21 16 20 PFQ Wei N 21 12 11 7 Wang T-w 13 17 Lee H-i 16 23 12 J Christie 21 21", "3": "J Christie 21 21 21 J Christie 21 21 PFQ E Holst 21 15 15 PFQ Y Coelho 16 14 PFQ Y Coelho 15 21 21 J Christie 21 16 21 K Tsuneyama 13 21 18 PFQ K Sakai 13 21 19 A Antonsen 21 15 21 A Antonsen 21 16 6 Qiao B 17 21 13 PFQ K Sakai 9 21 21 PFQ K Sakai 21 18 21 Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Son Wan - ho 21 18 13 Anthony Sinisuka Ginting 16 21 21 Anthony Sinisuka Ginting 21 19 22 Jonatan Christie", "4": "13 21 20 7 Wang Tzu - wei 13 17 Jonatan Christie 21 21 Women 's singles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Tai Tzu - ying ( Second Round ) Akane Yamaguchi ( Semifinals ) Sung Ji - hyun ( Quarterfinals ) Carolina Marín ( Withdrew ) P.V. Sindhu ( Champion ) He Bingjiao ( Semifinals ) Ratchanok Intanon ( Quarterfinals ) Nozomi Okuhara ( Final ) Top Half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Tai T-y 21 21 S Kawakami 19 16 Tai T-y 21 21 18 K Gilmour 15 20 M Mitani 23 14 21 M Mitani 21 22 M Mitani 19 21 10 5 P.V. Sindhu 21 21 5 P.V. Sindhu 21 16 21 Cheung NY 13 8 5 P.V. Sindhu 22 21 Chiang M-h 6 14 N Jindapol 20 17 N Jindapol 21 21 5 P.V. Sindhu 21 17 21 Sung J-h 21 21 6 He BJ 10 21 16 Lee C-h 9 12 Sung J-h 21", "5": "21 PFQ Kim H-m 21 23 PFQ Kim H-m 7 13 L Kjaersfeldt 12 21 Sung J-h 19 21 19 6 He BJ 22 21 6 He BJ 21 16 21 Q4 Chen S-y 20 12 6 He BJ 21 21 Lee J-m 21 21 Lee J-m 17 16 Sonia Cheah SY 17 18 Bottom Half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Fitriani 11 7 S Sato 21 21 S Sato 16 13 B Zhang 19 17 8 N Okuhara 21 21", "6": "8 N Okuhara 21 21 8 N Okuhara 21 21 Q1 GM Tunjung 13 21 21 PFQ Yip PY 15 10 B Ongbamrungphan 21 9 15 Q1 GM Tunjung 16 14 Q3 Jeon J-i 21 11 17 PFQ Yip PY 21 21 PFQ Yip PY 15 21 21 8 N Okuhara 21 21 Q2 M Li 21 21 A Yamaguchi 17 18 P Chochuwong 10 11 Q2 M Li 6 16 PFQ NK Rohde 14 20 7 R Intanon 21 21 7 R Intanon 21 22 7 R Intanon 12 16 Chen XX 21 21 A Yamaguchi 21", "7": "21 A Ohori 13 14 Chen XX 23 21 18 PFQ E Kosetskaya 18 15 A Yamaguchi 25 11 21 A Yamaguchi 21 21 Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final 5 P.V. Sindhu 21 17 21 6 He Bingjiao 10 21 16 5 P.V.", "8": "Sindhu 22 11 21 8 Nozomi Okuhara 20 21 18 8 Nozomi Okuhara 21 21 Akane Yamaguchi 17 18 Men 's doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Mathias Boe / Carsten Mogensen ( Champion ) Marcus Fernaldi Gideon / Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo ( Final ) Takeshi Kamura / Keigo Sonoda ( Semifinals ) Goh V Shem / Tan Wee Kiong ( Withdrew ) Mads Conrad - Petersen / Mads Pieler Kolding ( Quarterfinals ) Liu Cheng / Zhang Nan ( Quarterfinals ) Lee Jhe - huei / Lee Yang ( Second Round ) Chen Hung - ling / Wang Chi - lin ( Second Round ) Top Half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals M Boe C Mogensen 21 21 B Angriawan Hardianto 17 17 M Boe C Mogensen 21 21 JR Jansen J Zurwonne 21 21 JR Jansen J Zurwonne 16 14 Q3 Choi H-g Park K-h 17 14 M Boe C Mogensen 21 22 5 M Conrad - Petersen MP Kolding 21 21 5 M Conrad - Petersen MP Kolding 19 20 Q1 Lee S-m Na S-s 9 12 5 M Conrad - Petersen MP Kolding 21 17 21 Q2 Chung E-s Kim D-y 21 21 Q2 Chung E-s Kim D-y 15 21 17 M Attri B. S Reddy 11 10 M Boe C Mogensen 17 21 21 PFQ Liao M-c Su C-h 21 22 21", "9": "T Hoki Y Kobayashi 21 16 17 F Alfian MR Ardianto 19 24 15 PFQ Liao M-c Su C-h 21 6 22 Q4 Han CK Zhou HD 12 19 H Setiawan Tan BH 19 21 20 H Setiawan Tan BH 21 21 PFQ Liao M-c Su C-h 18 21 13 8 Chen H-l Wang C-l 21 21 T Hoki Y Kobayashi 21 19 21 Law CH Lee CH 15 15 8 Chen H-l Wang C-l 15 16 T Hoki Y Kobayashi 20 21 22 T Hoki Y Kobayashi 21 21 Lim KW Yoo Y-s 22 13 20 Bottom Half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals", "10": "PFQ S Rankireddy C Shetty 21 22 21 PFQ Lee S-m Lin C-y 9 24 12 PFQ S Rankireddy C Shetty 23 16 21 T Inoue Y Kaneko 21 21 17 7 Lee J-h Lee Y 21 21 8 7 Lee J-h Lee Y 23 18 21 PFQ S Rankireddy C Shetty 14 21 15 PFQ M Lamsfuss ME Seidel 11 21 13 T Kamura K Sonoda 21 17 21 K Astrup AS Rasmussen 21 19 21 K Astrup AS Rasmussen 21 19 13 B Isara N Phuangphuapet 14 17 T Kamura K Sonoda 14 21 21 T Kamura K Sonoda 21 21 T Kamura K Sonoda 18 21 16 Lu C-y Yang P-h 11 24 21 MF Gideon KS Sukamuljo 21 17 21", "11": "V Ivanov I Sozonov 21 22 14 Lu C-y Yang P-h 13 11 K Kedren D Puavaranukroh 14 19 6 Liu C Zhang N 21 21 6 Liu C Zhang N 21 21 6 Liu C Zhang N 16 26 M Ellis C Langridge 14 20 MF Gideon KS Sukamuljo 21 28 Ong YS Teo EY 21 22 Ong YS Teo EY 16 20 Or CC Tang CM 9 21 11 MF Gideon KS Sukamuljo 21 22 MF Gideon KS Sukamuljo 21 17 21 Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Mathias Boe Carsten Mogensen 17 21 21 Takuro Hoki Yugo Kobayashi 21 16 17 Mathias Boe Carsten Mogensen 21", "12": "19 21 Marcus Fernaldi Gideon Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo 19 21 15 Takeshi Kamura Keigo Sonoda 18 21 16 Marcus Fernaldi Gideon Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo 21 17 21 Women 's doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Misaki Matsutomo / Ayaka Takahashi ( Semifinals ) Kamilla Rytter Juhl / Christinna Pedersen ( Semifinals ) Chang Ye - na / Lee So - hee ( Final ) Jung Kyung - eun / Shin Seung - chan ( Second Round ) Huang Dongping / Li Yinhui ( Withdrew ) Shiho Tanaka / Koharu Yonemoto ( Second Round ) Yuki Fukushima / Sayaka Hirota ( Second Round ) Puttita Supajirakul / Sapsiree Taerattanachai ( Withdrew ) Top Half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals M Matsutomo A Takahashi 21 21 G Stoeva S Stoeva 11 10 M Matsutomo A Takahashi 21 21 C", "13": "Chaladchalam P Muenwong 19 21 18 PFQ Baek H-n Lee Y-r 14 15 PFQ Baek H-n Lee Y-r 21 12 21 M Matsutomo A Takahashi 21 21 7 Y Fukushima S Hirota 21 21 G Polii A Rahayu 15 13 Cheng Y-c Hu L-f 13 15 7 Y Fukushima S Hirota 21 17 13 J Kititharakul R Prajongjai 15 22 G Polii A Rahayu 14 21 21 G Polii A Rahayu 21 24 M Matsutomo A Takahashi 19 12 Jung K-e Shin S-c 21 21 Huang YQ Yu XH 21 21 PFQ L Efler E Janssens 9 10 Jung K-e Shin S-c 21 20 14 Chiang K-h Hung S-h 13 12 M Matsumoto W Nagahara 14 22 21", "14": "M Matsumoto W Nagahara 21 21 M Matsumoto W Nagahara 17 24 15 PFQ Soong FC Tee JY 19 21 21 Huang YQ Yu XH 21 22 21 A Ponnappa N. S Reddy 21 13 17 PFQ Soong FC Tee JY 7 17 Huang YQ Yu XH 21 21 Huang YQ Yu XH 21 21 M Fruergaard S Thygesen 12 17 Bottom Half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Hsu Y-c Wu T-j 12 13 Kim H-r Yoo H-w 21 21 Kim H-r Yoo H-w 24 22 Lin X-m Wu F-c 17 16 6 S Tanaka K Yonemoto 22 20", "15": "6 S Tanaka K Yonemoto 21 21 Kim H-r Yoo H-w 21 19 15 Q2 Kim M-j Seong A-y 21 21 Chang Y-n Lee S-h 15 21 21 Q3 Jeong N-e Park G-e 19 17 Q2 Kim M-j Seong A-y 17 12 J Finne - Ipsen R Søby 16 12 Chang Y-n Lee S-h 21 21 Chang Y-n Lee S-h 21 21 Chang Y-n Lee S-h 17 21 21 Du Y Xu Y 21 21 K Rytter Juhl C Pedersen 21 18 14 Q4 Lee Y-n Sim Y-j 18 14 Du Y Xu Y 21 21 Q1 Kim H-n Kong H-y 21 21 21 Q1 Kim H-n Kong H-y 17 17 PFQ I Herttrich O Konon 23 16 8 Du Y Xu Y 11 12", "16": "PFQ Chang C-h Yang C-t 10 14 K Rytter Juhl C Pedersen 21 21 Chae Y-j Kim S-y 21 21 Chae Y-j Kim S-y 17 21 19 Poon LY Tse YS 11 21 16 K Rytter Juhl C Pedersen 21 10 21 K Rytter Juhl C Pedersen 21 19 21 Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Misaki Matsutomo Ayaka Takahashi 19 12 Huang Yaqiong Yu Xiaohan 21 21 Huang Yaqiong Yu Xiaohan 21 21 Chang Ye - na Lee So - hee 11 15 Chang Ye - na Lee So - hee 17 21 21 Kamilla Rytter Juhl Christinna Pedersen 21 18 14 Mixed doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Zheng Siwei", "17": "/ Chen Qingchen ( Withdrew ) Chris Adcock / Gabrielle Adcock ( Second Round ) Joachim Fischer Nielsen / Christinna Pedersen ( Withdrew ) Praveen Jordan / Debby Susanto ( Champion ) Dechapol Puavaranukroh / Sapsiree Taerattanachai ( Withdrew ) Tan Kian Meng / Lai Pei Jing ( Second Round ) Choi Sol - gyu / Chae Yoo - jung ( First Round ) Lee Chun Hei / Chau Hoi Wah ( First Round ) Top Half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals PFQ ME Seidel L Efler 22 22 Kim J-h Lee S-h 20 20 PFQ ME Seidel L Efler 21 21 Tseng M-h Hu L-f 21 9 K Kazuno A Kurihara 19 17 K Kazuno A Kurihara 23 21 PFQ ME Seidel L Efler 18 21 21 6 Tan KM Lai PJ 21 21 Goh SH SJ Lai 21 13 18 N", "18": "Phuangphuapet J Kititharakul 13 19 6 Tan KM Lai PJ 26 18 18 Goh SH SJ Lai 17 21 21 Goh SH SJ Lai 24 21 21 Lee Y Hsu Y-c 21 19 17 PFQ ME Seidel L Efler 18 12 P Jordan D Susanto 13 21 21 P Jordan D Susanto 21 21 PJ Chopra N. S Reddy 21 19 15 P Jordan D Susanto 21 21 Lu C-y Chiang K-h 13 16 B Isara S Amitrapai 16 10 B Isara S Amitrapai 21 21 P Jordan D Susanto 21 21 7 Choi S-g Chae Y-j Q4 T Hoki S Hirota 17 17 Wang C-l Lee C-h w / o Wang C-l Lee C-h 21 18 19 Q4 T Hoki S Hirota", "19": "21 21 Q4 T Hoki S Hirota 15 21 21 AS Rasmussen L Kjaersfeldt 17 14 Bottom Half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals M Lamsfuss I Herttrich 17 15 Wang YL Huang DP 21 21 Wang YL Huang DP 21 21 Q2 MA Abdul Latif RA Riodingin 22 21 Q2 MA Abdul Latif RA Riodingin 9 11 PFQ Park K-h Baek H-n 20 16 Wang YL Huang DP 17 27 21 M Christiansen S Thygesen 18 21 21 Q1 Y Kaneko K Yonemoto 21 25 19 PFQ Chung E-s Yoo H-w 21 11 19 M Christiansen S Thygesen 21 17 16", "20": "Q1 Y Kaneko K Yonemoto 21 21 Q1 Y Kaneko K Yonemoto 19 21 21 PFQ Kim W-h Shin S-c 16 15 Wang YL Huang DP 21 21 Q3 S Rankireddy A Ponnappa 18 19 Chan PS Cheah YS 15 9 Tang CM Tse YS 21 21 Tang CM Tse YS 21 18 22 Seo S-j Kim H-n 21 17 21 Seo S-j Kim H-n 12 21 24 8 Lee CH Chau HW 18 21 11 Seo S-j Kim H-n 21 10 18 Y Kobayashi M Matsutomo 18 9 Chan PS Cheah YS 13 21 21 Chan PS Cheah YS 21 21 Chan PS Cheah YS 16 21 21 PFQ Kim D-y Kim H-r 21 14 18 C Adcock G Adcock 21 18 16", "21": "C Adcock G Adcock 18 21 21 Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final PFQ Marvin Emil Seidel Linda Efler 18 12 Praveen Jordan Debby Susanto 21 21 Praveen Jordan Debby Susanto 21 21 Wang Yilu Huang Dongping 17 18 Wang Yilu Huang Dongping 21 21 Chan Peng Soon Cheah Yee See 15 9 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VICTOR Korea Open '' . bwf.tournamentsoftware.com . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VICTOR KOREA OPEN '' . bwfworldsuperseries.com . Retrieved 16 September 2017 .", "22": "External links ( edit ) Tournament Link Schedule at www.bka.kr ( in Korean ) 대회 개요 at koreaopen.kr ( in Korean ) Preceded by 2016 Korea Open Super Series Korea Open Succeeded by 2018 Korea Open Super Series Preceded by 2017 Australian Super Series BWF Super Series 2017 BWF Season Succeeded by 2017 Japan Super Series 2017 BWF Super Series All England India Malaysia Singapore Indonesia Australia Korea Japan Denmark French China Hong Kong Masters Finals Italics denotes Premier event Korea Open 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Korea_Open_Super_Series&oldid=827572448 '' Categories : Korea Open ( badminton ) 2017 BWF Super Series 2017 in South Korean sport Sport in Seoul September 2017 sports events in Asia Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Articles with Korean - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 14 : 17 . 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947093291536268916	how many episodes are in season 7 of pretty little liars	[ "20", "20", "20", "20" ]	{ "0": "Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Season 7 DVD Cover Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Tyler Blackburn Lucy Hale Ian Harding Laura Leighton Shay Mitchell Andrea Parker Janel Parrish Sasha Pieterse Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 Release Original network Freeform Original release June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) -- June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Pretty Little Liars episodes The seventh and final season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , was renewed on June 10 , 2014 , for two additional seasons , making the show Freeform 's longest running original series . The season consisted of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017 . The season 's premiere aired on June 21 , 2016 , on Freeform . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 , which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King . The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino . King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17 , 2016 . On August 29 , 2016 , it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Special guest star 2.4 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Specials 5 Production 5.1 Development 5.1. 1 Final season speculation 5.2 Filming 5.3 Casting 6 Reception 6.1 Live + SD Ratings 6.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 7 References Overview ( edit ) A.D.", "1": "gives the Liars 24 hours to find Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . While discussing possible suspects , the girls ' suspicion fell on Alison . Aria suspects the red jacket blonde she saw entering the church was Alison . Emily finds the jacket in Alison 's things and Caleb gives it to A.D. Meanwhile , Hanna manages to escape . Elliot 's true motive is later revealed to Alison ; she managed to use his phone to alert the girls to her location when he takes her out in his car one night . She jumps out of the car and he gives chase but Hanna accidentally runs him over and they bury him in the woods . The Liars find out Jenna is calling Elliot as `` Archer '' on his burner phone . Mona then traces most of the sent messages from a secret apartment where they find out his real name is `` Archer Dunhill '' . Toby discovers this and gets the cops to release Alison who reveals that she was the red jacket blonde but only tried to comfort Charlotte . Jenna befriends Sara and Noel begins helping them . Emily confronts Jenna and Sara . Jenna reveals that she became Charlotte 's friend after feeling sympathy for her in Welby and helped Archer fake his identity to be with Charlotte . Sara reveals that they are all looking for the same thing but is killed soon after . A.D. tricks Hanna into believing Archer is alive and records her digging up his grave . The Liars find videos in Noel 's cabin of him torturing them in the dollhouse . Hanna kidnaps Noel after negotiating with him does n't work and films an interrogation video . He manages to escape and lures the Liars to an abandoned blind school . They leave the dollhouse videos on a table and someone takes them but Noel and Jenna attempt to murder them . In the confrontation , Noel is accidentally killed , and Spencer is shot by A.D. , while Jenna corners Spencer . Jenna prepares to kill Spencer , but is knocked out by Mary . She then reveals that Spencer is her second child . A.D. saves Jenna who asks if they shot Spencer . One week later , Spencer has recovered and A.D. sends Jenna to confess to the cops that Noel wanted money Charlotte left Jenna for another eye surgery , killed Sara and tried to kill Jenna in the blind school .", "2": "Peter returns and reveals that Mary is the one who killed Jessica . Hanna and Spencer follow the trail of a private investigator he hired to find Mary and bump into Ted who reveals he has been hiding her as she is his college fling with whom he conceived Charles . Mary reveals to Spencer that Peter and Jessica were planning to kill her , thus she used his pills to kill Jessica . A.D. then uses Emily 's stolen eggs to impregnate Alison , as a way to further torture the liars . Meanwhile , A.D. hires Sydney Driscoll as their helper and she fakes being A.D. to recruit Aria into joining the A.D. team . Aria is forced into playing and becomes A.D. 's new helper , destroying Emison 's baby nursery and leaving an `` A '' message in Spencer 's house , until the Liars catch her in the act and she defects . Mona , who is becoming addicted to the A-game again , reveals that she tried to scare Charlotte into not resuming the A-game but Charlotte attacked her and she killed her in self - defense . Mary confesses to Rollins and Jessica 's murder . A.D. ends the game as they have finally learned that Mona was Charlotte 's killer . One year later , Mary escapes from prison and Mona is released from Welby but rejoins the A-Team and is sent to kidnap Spencer , who comes face - to - face with A.D. - Alex Drake , her twin sister . Mary reveals she sold Alex to a London family to get out of Radley . Alex ran away and met Wren who revealed everything about Spencer to her and introduced her to Charlotte who left her everything . She became A.D. to use the Liars to find Charlotte 's killer and killed Wren as he always saw her as Alex while she wanted to become Spencer to have her `` perfect life '' . She explains that Sara was looking for Charlotte 's false treasure in the Radley which was actually the secret fall and Jenna recruited Noel to look for `` Charlotte 's sister '' . Jenna uses her enhanced sense of smell to figure out `` Spencer 's not Spencer '' and alerts Toby who tells the others . Mona reveals to them that Wren was going to kill her but she convinced him she could get Mary out .", "3": "The Liars , Toby , Mona , and Caleb come face to face with Alex and Spencer as they can not tell them apart , until Toby makes the distinction by asking what Spencer 's favorite poem from a book she gave him . Mona tracked A.D. 's location has a cop arrest her . The Liars then say goodbye to one another as Aria leaves for her honeymoon with Ezra . Mona moves to Paris and the `` cop '' is revealed to be her boyfriend who has imprisoned Alex and Mary in her basement dollhouse . In the finale moment , a new set of liars are awaken to find their leader , Addison , has just gone missing .", "4": "Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars characters Main cast ( edit ) Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Alex Drake Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields Andrea Parker as Mary Drake and Jessica DiLaurentis Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis Recurring cast ( edit ) Nicholas Gonzalez as Marco Furey Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn Lulu Brud as Sabrina Huw Collins as Archer Dunhill Special guest star ( edit ) Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery Guest cast ( edit ) Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman Vanessa Ray as CeCe Drake / Charlotte DiLaurentis Kara Royster as Yvonne Phillips Jim Titus as Barry Maple Chloe Bridges as Sydney Driscoll Nia Peeples as Pam Fields Drew Van Acker as Jason DiLaurentis Nolan North as Peter Hastings Julian Morris as Wren Kingston Roma Maffia as Linda Tanner Dre Davis as Sara Harvey Shane Coffey as Holden Strauss Rebecca Breeds as Nicole Gordon Ava Allan as Addison Derringer Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings Edward Kerr as Ted Wilson John O'Brien as Principal Arthur Hackett Roberto Aguire as Liam Greene David Coussins as Jordan Hobart Meg Foster as Carla Grunwald Mary Page Keller as Dianne Fitzgerald Emma Dumont as Katherine Daly I. Marlene King as Wedding Photographer Notes Unlike the other series regulars , Laura Leighton is only credited in the episodes she appears in . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.", "5": "viewers ( millions ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 2M7201 1.43 Whilst searching for Hanna , the gang sees Mary Drake enter the police station . They learn of her identity and that she is the new owner of the Lost Woods resort . After tricking the girls with a doll made to look like a dead Hanna , `` Uber A '' informs them that they have 24 hours to hand over Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . The Liars and the others admit to believing that Alison killed Charlotte and they set out to find proof . Aria and Ezra search Alison 's house , and are almost caught by Elliott . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison , in a drugged state - of - mind , seemingly admits to Emily that she killed Charlotte . After Aria recalls to have seen someone with a red jacket follow Charlotte the night she was murdered , Emily finds the jacket at Alison 's house . Caleb gives the proof to ' Uber A ' in order to save Hanna . Hanna is locked up by `` Uber A '' , but manages to escape . However , she later meets Mary . Elliott reveals his duplicity to Alison as he wants to punish her for killing Charlotte . 142 `` Bedlam '' Tawnia McKiernan Joseph Dougherty June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 2M7202 1.24 After putting herself in danger , Hanna is rescued by Mary Drake . After Alison calls Emily about her current condition , this leads the Liars to grow suspicious of Elliott . Spencer and Caleb 's relationship is on the rocks after Hanna tells Caleb about her feelings towards him . Liam is assigned to help Aria and Ezra on their book and after Aria breaks up with him , he unleashes on Ezra . Hanna breaks off her engagement with Jordan , and later signs a contract with Lucas to construct a fashion company . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' wheels Alison on a stretcher and adds medication to her intravenous fluids . 143 `` The Talented Mr.", "6": "Rollins '' Zetna Fuentes Jonell Lennon July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 2M7203 1.12 Emily connects the puzzle pieces as she figures out that Elliott and Mary may be working together . Toby and Yvonne get engaged . Spencer feels like breaking up with Caleb because she feels that he still loves Hanna . Emily reveals her true feelings to Sabrina . Aria and Hanna find out about Elliott and Charlotte 's love affair . The Liars attempt to rescue Alison from the psychiatric hospital to protect her from Uber A 's threats . Meanwhile , Alison manages to escape Rollins , who chases her to the woods , where a distracted Hanna hits him with her car . 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' Michael Goi Maya Goldsmith July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2M7204 1.26 After killing Rollins , the Liars bury his body and try to hide his death , but they end up straining their romantic relationships in the process . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison finally comes clean about the night Charlotte died : she followed Charlotte into the Church and they argued about Elliott , and Alison left minutes before someone killed Charlotte . Mona intervenes with a cover - up plan to help the girls , for better or worse . Spencer meets a man named Marco Furey at The Radley and almost hooks up with him . Jenna comes back to Rosewood and is revealed to be in connection with Elliott , whose real name is revealed to be Archer . 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' Norman Buckley Bryan M. Holdman July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 2M7205 1.17 Jenna befriends Sara Harvey which puts her at the top of the ' Uber A ' suspect list . Alison is placed under the watch of Mary Drake , and finds out that Archer stole all her money . Spencer enlists Hanna 's help to search for Caleb , she later visits Toby in the police department in order to find out something about Caleb 's disappearance and ends up bumping into Marco , who is revealed to be a detective .", "7": "Aria and Emily discover a secret apartment that belonged to Archer Dunhill and suspect him to be `` A.D '' . Ali receives her red jacket back with a note from `` Uber A '' saying her friends gave it to them . Ezra proposes to Aria and Noel Kahn meets up with Sara and Jenna . 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' Bethany Rooney Lijah J. Barasz August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 2M7206 1.10 The Rosewood P.D. begin to question Elliott 's disappearance and explore the possibility of him being dead . The investigation leads the Liars to question Elliott 's murder altogether , with Hanna being conflicted about whether or not to tell the police the truth . Spencer talks with Marco in order to make things clear regarding the kiss they had in the Radley elevator . Meanwhile , Aria and Ezra struggle with their relationship after Aria turns down Ezra 's proposal because of Elliott 's murder . Emily questions the fact that Sara and Jenna have teamed up together , and finds out that Charlotte enlisted Jenna 's help to find her birth mother and make Archer the alias of Elliott Rollins in order to purposely meet Ali and take advantage of her good intentions for her eventual release . Spencer and Caleb finally have a conversation about their relationship and break up . `` A.D. '' unsuccessfully attacks Alison at her house wearing a mask . After hearing everything from Aria , Ezra proposes to her again -- and , this time , she says yes . Sara is murdered by an unseen figure and her body is discovered in a bathtub at The Radley . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' watches a recording of Hanna and Spencer digging up Archer 's grave on their computer . 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' Melanie Mayron Kateland Brown August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 2M7207 1.16 Jason comes back to Rosewood in order to stop Alison from becoming too close to Mary . Meanwhile , Noel Kahn 's behaviour starts to worry the girls when they find out he broke into Toby 's house to steal Mary 's Radley file .", "8": "The Liars discover new information about Mary and Jessica , leading them to a secret cellar in Carol Ward 's house where they discover that Jessica had files about them and that Mary had a second child while at Radley . They then begin to think that this child , a cousin of Alison , may be behind the `` A.D. '' mask , and wanting revenge for something . The cellar explodes right after the girls leave , and someone writes `` I see you '' on the rear window of their car . Ezra and Aria decide to elope in Italy , but right before they are about to leave , the FBI contacts Ezra and tells him that Nicole may be alive . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' steals the files about Aria and Noel , and pours Irish Whiskey over the Noel file and strikes a match on a wax doll face to burn the file . 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' Kimberly McCullough Charlie Craig August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 2M7208 1.11 After receiving a job offer as the Rosewood High swim coach , Emily discovers that Paige has returned to Rosewood and is also a candidate for the job . Hanna is visited by Mrs. Grunwald , who warns her about Noel . Meanwhile , Alison goes back to work at Rosewood High , but finds it difficult after her students play a prank on her . Aria struggles with her relationship with Ezra after telling him she deleted a call that came from Nicole 's cellphone , and later , with Spencer , visits the doctor who delivered Mary 's baby in order to get answers . Aria buys a plane ticket for Ezra to get him closer to the latest news on Nicole , delaying their wedding . After not getting any help from the Liars , Hanna goes rogue and decides to work alone in an unknown plan to try and discover who `` A.D. '' is .", "9": "149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' Chad Lowe Jonell Lennon August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 2M7209 1.09 When the typical methods of sleuthing are n't working , Hanna rages and ends up trying to make a deal with Noel Kahn ( who she thinks is `` A.D. '' ) and indirectly drug him in order to lock him up ; however , her initial goal fails . Emily turns to Paige for comfort , while her relationship with Sabrina plummets . Jason and Aria look into Mary 's past where they learn that Steven Kahn , Noel and Eric 's father , orchestrated the adoption of Mary 's second child . Aria learns from Ezra that Nicole is still missing . At the Kahn 's cabin , Spencer and Emily discover that Charlotte and Noel were working together to torture the girls in the dollhouse however the videos are stolen after someone breaks into Spencer 's house . At the end , after unsuccessfully trying to drug Noel , Hanna knocks him out from behind . 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' Arlene Sanford I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 2M7210 1.33 The Liars , Alison , Mona , and Caleb team up with Rosewood P.D. to find Hanna . Emily and Paige continue to rebuild their friendship . Alison reveals to Emily that she 's pregnant . Spencer learns that Toby and Yvonne are planning to leave Rosewood . Aria finds out that Nicole is alive . Noel manages to escape and leads the Liars to an abandoned school for the blind where Jenna , armed with a gun , attempts to murder the Liars with Noel . However , Noel , while attacking Hanna and Emily , trips on his axe and accidentally kills himself . Jenna then shoots at the Liars and gets Spencer . Jenna corners her and is about to execute her when Mary Drake knocks her out and reveals that she is Spencer 's biological mother . While leaving town , Toby and Yvonne are in a car accident . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. ''", "10": "drags an unconscious Jenna from the abandoned school , and Jenna asks if it was they who shot Spencer . They throw her their mask and she realizes it is `` A.D. '' , as they put up their hoodie . 151 11 `` Playtime '' Chad Lowe Allyson N. Nelson & Joseph Dougherty April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 2M7211 1.33 One week after the events of the last episode , Toby is well but Yvonne is in a coma while Spencer has recovered . Ezra arrives and reveals he has n't told Nicole about him and Aria getting married . Hanna and Caleb are back together and Mona helps her get back into the fashion business . Emily is appointed coach of the varsity swimming team and Paige is made an athletics supervisor at Rosewood High . The Liars are given a interactive board game by `` A.D. '' which shows the area of notable places of Rosewood and figurines of the Liars . Spencer plays the game and receives a puzzle piece and a letter from Mary . Hanna tries to destroy the game but a video appears showing that `` A.D. '' knows they killed Rollins . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has Jenna in a dark room without her glasses . She 's drinking a cup of tea and asks for more information about the game . `` A.D. '' takes the teacup and throws a binder with a lot of papers written in braille on her lap . After reading the top of the first page , Jenna mutters `` end game '' . 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' Ron Lagomarsino Oliver Goldstick April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 2M7212 0.92 The Liars question what to do with the board game . Emily refuses to play and leaves . Aria learns that Ezra might have been engaged to Nicole before she went missing and while they started dating again . Meanwhile , Emily battles with a student named Addison Derringer who despises her .", "11": "Spencer asks Marco to track down Mary Drake and shows him the letter that her mother had written to her before she was born in Radley . Jenna , having been in hiding , returns and claims that Charlotte left behind money for her eye surgery . She further says Noel wanted it , threatened Jenna , and murdered Sara . Emily confronts Addison but Paige interferes and reveals that Addison sent an email to a friend gloating about how she was going to get rid of Emily . 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' Marta Cunningham Bryan M. Holdman May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 2M7213 0.86 Hanna is sure Jenna is to blame for a recent professional setback and is forced to bring Caleb up to speed on current events . Aria and Emily team up to investigate Sydney for more information about Jenna and her connection to `` A.D. '' and discover that she is working for `` A.D. '' after they find her making a deposit for a surgery for Jenna . They realize that `` A.D. '' is paying Jenna off for helping with the blind school and confront Sydney , who claims that `` A.D. '' is simply an anonymous client . Sydney leaves , however , Aria plants a tracking device in her bag . Meanwhile , Spencer grows closer to Detective Furey , while Aria struggles with her current situation with Ezra , and Hanna 's turn at the game is more intense than she bargained for , leading to shocking consequences . 154 14 `` Power Play '' Roger Kumble Lijah J. Barasz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 2M7214 0.91 Ali 's turn at the game forces her to make a drastic decision to abort her child but is haunted when `` A.D '' reminds her of when she was in the psychiatric hospital and was wheeled into a operating room . Alison is traumatized to remember that Emily 's donated eggs were implanted inside her uterus , realizing Emily is her child 's mother . Spencer has a long overdue conversation with her father about his past sins and recent whereabouts . Emily continues to navigate working at Rosewood High with both Ali and Paige , learning the truth about Ali 's pregnancy .", "12": "Meanwhile , Paige contemplates leaving Rosewood , but decides against it , resulting in her and Emily renewing their relationship . Aria continues to question the fate of her relationship with Ezra after Nicole 's arrival and bristles under `` A.D. 's '' taunts . While searching for Mary , wanting answers from her , Hanna and Spencer run into Pastor Ted , who eventually reveals himself as Charlotte 's biological father . He also reveals that Lucas was Charlotte 's old childhood friend . Meanwhile , Aria discovers that Sydney is on the A-Team , working with `` A.D. '' . Sydney and `` A.D. '' offer Aria the chance to join the A-Team . 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' Troian Bellisario Joseph Dougherty May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 2M7215 0.85 After being blackmailed by `` A.D. '' , Aria supplies info to them about the Liars findings . Detective Furey reveals to Spencer that she used Archer 's credit card to buy drinks when they first met and she is now a suspect in Archer 's death . After some arguing , Ezra finally agrees to leave Nicole behind for Aria , while Emily encourages Ali to not get an abortion and raise her child . Paige discovers Emily is going to help Alison raise her child . That night Paige and Alison discuss Emily , while finally making up after years of hate . Realizing that Emily loves Alison , Paige leaves Rosewood and Emily for good . After learning about Lucas ' relation with Charles , Hanna sets out to prove he is innocent , but finds more evidence that he is `` A.D '' , when the Liars find a comic book made by Lucas and Charles , that heavily resembles the `` A '' game . Hanna tells Mona about the game and tries to convince her to help . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to retrieve the comic book for them , and in return she is gifted the official `` A '' uniform . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' is busy playing around with Aria 's face that they created during their snapchat videos , while `` A.D. ''", "13": ", masquerading as Aria , holds a secret file of Aria 's , while they laugh uncontrollably . 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' Paula Hunziker Maya Goldsmith May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 2M7216 0.90 Spencer steals a flash drive from Marco 's apartment about Lucas ' alibi confession to the police the night Archer was killed . `` A.D. '' sends Aria to destroy Alison and Emily 's nursery . In Hanna 's turn at the game , `` A.D. '' makes her pick up something at the computer repair shop and bring it to Rosewood High School . The Liars have a confrontation with Lucas where he explains to them that he did n't know Charles and Charlotte were the same person , or that Charlotte was `` A '' . A second comic book exists and depicts turning vengeance into a game . Aria breaks down in remorse after her plot to destroy the nursery . Meanwhile , Caleb and Hanna return to Lucas 's loft with the hard drive Hanna picked up . The audio file contains a Patsy Cline song . Hanna remembers that `` A '' played a different Patsy song in the Dollhouse . Alison finally admits her feelings to Emily . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has the second comic book . They are shown sketching the ending of the comic book . They draw a gravestone and write `` Here lies '' . 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' Oliver Goldstick Francesca Rollins & Oliver Goldstick June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 2M7217 0.97 With Mona making inroads in the game , Emily reluctantly teams up with her to investigate the doctor who performed Ali 's procedure . Ashley returns to Rosewood to check on Hanna and asks Caleb what his intentions are with her daughter , to which he admits that he wants to marry Hanna and the two become engaged . Meanwhile , `` A.D. ''", "14": "sends Aria to deliver a gift to the Hastings family that contains a voice recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica 's murder , leaving Spencer more confused than ever about who to trust . Ezra notices Aria 's change in attitude and fears he may have lost her ; and `` A.D. '' 's machinations cause Aria to have a terrifying nightmare . 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' Norman Buckley Charlie Craig June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 2M7218 0.96 The Liars have been served with search warrants at their homes . Spencer goes to the police station where she finds out that the case is now being investigated by Detective Tanner . The Liars are sent a phone with a timer that tells them to `` Choose or Lose '' . Caleb and Hanna get married at the courthouse with Ashley as a witness . Caleb and Ezra find the cell tower location from which the game phone has been sending signals from , and later discover that they are being sent from Mona 's house . While leaving to find Spencer , Aria discovers Archer 's corpse is in her car trunk , just as a police car pulls up to confront her . 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' Joseph Dougherty Joseph Dougherty June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2M7219 0.83 The Liars are told by Caleb that Mona has the board game and jump to conclusions that Mona is `` A.D. '' . Mary meets with Spencer at Lost Woods Resort and gives her ownership of the building . Mona reveals that Charlotte never recovered and was going to resume the A-game . She confronted Charlotte and threatened to push her out the window but never planned to go through with it . When Hanna , Caleb and Spencer take Mona back to their car , the final two puzzle pieces are waiting . Later , the Liars gather in a room at the Lost Woods and put the two final puzzle pieces in . When the pieces are in place , the game says `` Congratulations . Claim the grand prize '' , a picture of Archer . Augmented reality shows a man walking toward Aunt Carol 's house .", "15": "The Liars are arrested by Tanner at Aunt Carol 's where Archer 's body is found . Mary lies and says she killed Archer , also confessing to Jessica 's murder , saving the Liars from a murder charge . Mona reveals that after she stopped threatening her , Charlotte attacked Mona and in the struggle she accidentally killed Charlotte in self - defense . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drives off into the sunrise with the Liars ' game pieces in a plastic bag . 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' I. Marlene King Story by : I. Marlene King & Kyle Bown Teleplay by : I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 2M7220 1.41 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A year later , Ezra and Aria are getting ready to be married . Alison and Emily have twin daughters , named Grace and Lily . Alison proposes to Emily , who accepts . Before their wedding , Ezra suddenly goes missing , so the wedding is postponed . Spencer is kidnapped by Mona , who is back on the A-Team and working for `` A.D. '' When Spencer awakens , she meets her secret twin sister , Alex Drake , who is revealed as `` A.D. '' Alex explains that she met Wren at a bar in England , where he later introduced her to Charlotte , whom she had a close relationship with . She became `` A.D. '' in hopes of avenging her death and also reveals that she murdered Wren , and turned him into an eternity stone . Alex explains she has been impersonating Spencer and wants to take her place because she is in love with Toby . With help from Mona , who reveals she 's playing to beat `` A.D. '' , the Liars eventually find Spencer and Ezra struggling with Alex . Toby holds Spencer and Alex at gun point and realizes who the real Spencer is , and Alex and Mary are arrested . The Liars are gathered to see Aria off , when Hanna reveals she is pregnant .", "16": "Aria reveals that she and Ezra are going to visit an adoption agency after their honeymoon . The girls exchange goodbyes and Aria leaves . In France , Mona has imprisoned Mary and Alex in a new Dollhouse , officially winning the `` A '' game . Meanwhile , Addison 's friends are having a sleepover . When they awaken , they find that Addison has gone missing , with Willa saying `` I think I heard a scream '' and the series ends . Specials ( edit ) Special no . Title Narrator ( s ) Aired after Original air date U.S viewers ( million ) `` A-List Wrap Party '' I. Marlene King & The Cast of Pretty Little Liars `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.62 Showrunner I. Marlene King and the Liars sit down for an hour long unbarred and uncensored tell - all after series finale to discuss all of the series ' tightly held secrets , behind - the - scenes insights , and top moments . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The seventh season was ordered with the sixth season on June 10 , 2014 , right before the fifth - season premiere aired , which made Pretty Little Liars ABC Family 's longest running original series , surpassing The Secret Life of the American Teenager , which was ABC Family 's previous longest running original series . The season will consist of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes will air in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes beginning to air in April 2017 . Charlie Craig , who served as writer / consulting producer on the second season , will return for the seventh season as executive producer / co-showrunner . I. Marlene King revealed the title of the premiere `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' on Twitter . Variety announced that season premiere would air on June 21 , 2016 , the latest for a season premiere in the show 's history . Additionally , series star Troian Bellisario would make her directorial debut this season . Bellisario is set to direct the fifteenth episode of the season . A promo was released on May 12 , 2016 .", "17": "Freeform released a promotional poster for the season , on June 7 , 2016 . After the season premiere , Freeform released another poster which included Ashley Benson . On August 29 , 2016 , I. Marlene King with the principal cast of the show announced that Pretty Little Liars would end after the seventh season . King also announced that the show would start airing the second half of the season later than usual , in April 2017 and that the series finale would be a two - hour episode event . It was reported on October 26 , 2016 , that a tell - all special will air after the series finale `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , where the main cast and showrunner I. Marlene King talked about the show and behind - the - scenes exclusive . Final season speculation ( edit ) The seventh season had been speculated by both fans and the cast and crew of the show to being the final season of Pretty Little Liars ever since the show was renewed for two additional seasons . In an interview with BuzzFeed , Troian Bellisario said `` This is the beginning of the end . But the best part about these last two years is that , because it 's the beginning of the end , we can actually start telling the story I think we 've been waiting to tell for a long time . '' Regarding the show 's ending , Lucy Hale said to E ! News that `` Seven seasons will definitely end the show . '' Showrunner I. Marlene King commented on these rumors to TVLine as she said `` We have enough story to take us to the end of Season 7 , and we 're going to let the fans tell us if they 're ready to say goodbye to this world and these characters . '' She confirmed to being open for an eighth season and a movie and a new book . In an interview with Variety regarding the five - year time - jump , King said `` I think that this story when we 're back will end next year at the end of Season 7 '' . She later took to Twitter where she confirmed that the current storyline that began in the second half of the sixth season would end after the seventh season , but would not necessarily mean that the show would end after the seventh season . Hale said on The Late Late Show with James Corden that the show was ending after the seventh season .", "18": "Bellisario 's fiancé Patrick J. Adams said in June 2016 , that the show was ending in 2017 , as the couple has decided to get married after the show ends . Freeform gave out a statement not long after saying that `` There has been no official decision made for PLL beyond a season 7 . '' It was announced on August 29 , 2016 , the day before the mid-season finale would air , that Pretty Little Liars will end after the seventh season . Filming ( edit ) Production began on February 1 , 2016 , when King announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing brainstorming and mapping the seventh season . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 and officially wrapped up in October 2016 . Casting ( edit ) The seventh season has nine roles receiving star billing , with eight of them returning from the previous season , six of which was part of the original cast from the first season . The season saw the four protagonists of the series continue the roles as they try to take down the new ' A ' . Troian Bellisario played Spencer Hastings , who has relationship problems with Caleb , while Ashley Benson played Hanna Marin , who was kidnapped at the end of last season . Lucy Hale continued her role as Aria Montgomery as she is set in a love triangle with Ezra and her boyfriend Liam . Shay Mitchell portrayed Emily Fields who begins to rekindle her relationship with Alison . Sasha Pieterse continued to portray Alison DiLaurentis as Alison struggles with being in a psych - ward . Janel Parrish returned as Mona Vanderwaal who seems to be finally on their side . Tyler Blackburn continues to play Caleb Rivers and Ian Harding also continued his role as Ezra Fitz . Andrea Parker was added as a series regular , playing Jessica DiLaurentis ' twin sister Mary Drake . After the sixth - season finale , it was announced that Andrea Parker would return to the show as Mary Drake , Jessica DiLaurentis ' identical twin sister and biological mother to Charlotte DiLaurentis . TVLine later confirmed that Parker was added as a series regular for the upcoming season . Deadline reported on May 10 , 2016 , that actor Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Detective Vic Furey , a character who will oversee the Rosewood Police Department .", "19": "The character was later renamed Det . Marco Furey . Tammin Sursok announced that she will return to the show as Jenna Marshall after last appearing in the fifth - season episode `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' . On June 2 , 2016 , Variety reported that Brant Daugherty would be returning as Noel Kahn ; Brant has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the fifth season . On June 10 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lindsey Shaw would be returning as Paige McCullers after leaving in the fifth season mid-season premiere . The actress playing Sydney Driscoll , Chloe Bridges , posted an image on social media , confirming that she would return to the show after last appearing in the Christmas special episode . On July 28 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Shane Coffey would be returning as Holden Strauss ; Shane has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the third season . It was announced on August 8 , 2016 , that Ava Allan will appear on the show , and will first appear in the second half of the season as Addison . On August 17 , 2016 , TVLine reported that Edward Kerr would be returning to the show as Pastor Ted Wilson in the second half of the season . Kerr had not been on the show since towards the end of the fifth season . Reception ( edit ) Live + SD Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) Rank ( 18 - 49 ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 1.43 11 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.6 1.24 15 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.5 1.", "20": "12 12 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.6 1.26 7 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 0.6 1.17 15 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 1.10 12 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.6 1.16 9 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.6 1.11 14 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 1.09 16 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.7 1.33 11 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.7 1.33 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 0.5 0.92 10 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 0.4 0.86 11 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.5 0.", "21": "91 9 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.4 0.85 11 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.4 0.90 8 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.97 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.5 0.96 7 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.4 0.83 9 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.7 1.41 721 `` A-List Wrap Party '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. 0.3 0.62 14 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref . 141 `` Tick - Tok , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m.", "22": "0.5 1.05 2.48 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.4 0.82 1.0 2.05 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.4 0.74 0.9 1.85 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.4 0.76 1.0 2.01 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 0.84 1.0 1.94 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.5 0.95 1.1 2.11 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.5 0.86 1.1 1.97 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 0.71 0.9 1.80 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.4 0.77 1.1 2.10 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 ,", "23": "2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.4 0.85 1.1 2.19 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.4 0.85 0.9 1.77 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.5 0.98 0.9 1.83 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.5 0.91 0.9 1.82 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.93 1.0 1.90 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.4 0.93 0.9 1.90 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.5 0.79 0.9 1.62 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2014 ) .", "24": "`` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Renewed For Seasons Six & Seven by ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Boss Talks Season 7 Secrets , Amping Up the Sex and the ' PLL ' Movie ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wieselman , Jarett ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` It 's The Beginning Of The End For `` Pretty Little Liars '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : ' Pretty Little Liars ' to End With Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Sets ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 Premiere Date and Schedules More Summer Series '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ' Pretty Little Liars ' Postmortem : Ashley Benson Dishes on Hanna 's ' Questionable ' Fate in Season 7 ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Here we go . First # PLLTableReAd of seAson 7 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , I. Marlene ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Season 7 premiere title is `` Tic Tock , Bitches '' @ ThexCreator `` . Twitter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special PLL Announcement '' . Facebook . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 .", "25": "^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Copa America 2016 scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' rules the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 .", "26": "^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' premieres , NBA Playoffs lead the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Genius ' premieres , ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA Playoffs rule , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' returns well , ' WWE Smackdown ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' and ' WWE Smackdown ' fall '' .", "27": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Haves and The Have Nots ' and ' Queen Sugar ' return , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Pretty Little Liars Tell All , Saving Hope 's Final Season and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Clarissa ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` PRETTY LITTLE LIARS : Freeform to Air Tell - All Special After Series Finale '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Writer Charlie Craig Returns As Co-Showrunner For Season 7 '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TROIAN BELLISARIO WILL MAKE HER DIRECTORIAL DEBUT IN ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' SEASON 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Pretty Little Liars.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform 's Hit Original Series `` Pretty Little Liars '' Starts Production on Season Seven `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Trailer : Hanna 's Cliffhanger Fate Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 7 , 2016 ) .", "28": "`` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Poster : The Girls ( Minus Hanna ) Are Dressed to Kill '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE NEW PLL POSTER IS OUT AND WE ARE SO RELIEVED ! '' . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars Star ' Lucy Hale ' On E ! News '' . YouTube . October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denton , Elizabeth ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Is Season 7 The End For Pretty Little Liars ? ! '' . Seventeen . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss on Charles ' Transition , Ali 's New Man and the Show 's Future After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Creator Marlene King Teases Possible Movie & Season 8 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Will End After Season 7 , Says Creator '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andy , Swift ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss Clears the Air About Ending Series After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Lucy Hale confirms ' Pretty Little Liars ' ending with Season 7 , reveals how she hopes it ends '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Ending After Season 7 -- It 's ' Coming To An End This Year ' '' .", "29": "Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howell , Ernie ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' NETWORK DROPS BOMBSHELL , CONFIRMS SEASON 7 WILL END ' PLL AS WE KNOW IT ' '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` We 're back ! # Prettylittlewriters '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's do this . # Prettylittlewriters # Season7 '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season Finale Recap : ( Spoiler ) 's Twin Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Welcomes Back Andrea Parker as Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Casts Nicholas Gonzalez As Rosewood 's Newest Detective '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars exclusive : Meet the man who 's going to solve murders in Rosewood '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Jenna Returning to Rosewood in Season 7 ( ' Be Afraid ' ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 2 , 2016 ) .", "30": "`` Brant Daugherty Returning to ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Lindsey Shaw to Return for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Chloe ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Back at it again ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Books Another Alum for Season 7 Return ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Adds Ava Allan In Season 7B '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Pastor Ted Returns in Season 7B -- Good News For Ashley ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 - 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , June 27 - July 3 : ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 4 - 10 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Preacher ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers .", "31": "Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 11 - 17 : ' Mr. Robot , ' ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Major Crimes ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 1 - 7 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 8 - 14 : ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Ballers , ' ' The Last Ship ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 15 - 21 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 22 - 28 : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' and ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead again '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 - 23 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) .", "32": "`` ' Brockmire ' makes a big jump in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' racks up more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville ' return makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' on top again : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/doctor-who-quadruples-in-18-49-cable-live-7-ratings-for-june-19-25/ . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 .", "33": "Missing or empty title = ( help ) ( hide ) Sara Shepard 's Pretty Little Liars Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll TV series Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr.", "34": "Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Miscellaneous Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(season_7)&oldid=802195051 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Pretty Little Liars Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4036894528440923365	where did the term 'robot' come from	[ "from a Czech word, robota, meaning \"forced labor\"", "Czech", "a 1920 play R.U.R. by the Czech writer, Karel Čapek" ]	{ "0": "Robot - wikipedia Robot Jump to : navigation , search This article is about mechanical robots . For software agents , see Bot . For other uses of the term , see Robot ( disambiguation ) . ASIMO ( 2000 ) at the Expo 2005 , a bipedal humanoid robot . Articulated welding robots used in a factory , a type of industrial robot . The quadrupedal military robot Cheetah , an evolution of BigDog ( pictured ) , was clocked as the world 's fastest legged robot in 2012 , beating the record set by an MIT bipedal robot in 1989 . A robot is a machine -- especially one programmable by a computer -- capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically . Robots can be guided by an external control device or the control may be embedded within . Robots may be constructed to take on human form but most robots are machines designed to perform a task with no regard to how they look . Robots can be autonomous or semi-autonomous and range from humanoids such as Honda 's Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility ( ASIMO ) and TOSY 's TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot ( TOPIO ) to industrial robots , medical operating robots , patient assist robots , dog therapy robots , collectively programmed swarm robots , UAV drones such as General Atomics MQ - 1 Predator , and even microscopic nano robots . By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements , a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own . Autonomous Things are expected to proliferate in the coming decade , with home robotics and the autonomous car as some of the main drivers . The branch of technology that deals with the design , construction , operation , and application of robots , as well as computer systems for their control , sensory feedback , and information processing is robotics . These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes , or resemble humans in appearance , behavior , or cognition . Many of today 's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics . These robots have also created a newer branch of robotics : soft robotics . From the time of ancient civilization there have been many accounts of user - configurable automated devices and even automata resembling animals and humans , designed primarily as entertainment .", "1": "As mechanical techniques developed through the Industrial age , there appeared more practical applications such as automated machines , remote - control and wireless remote - control . The term comes from a Czech word , robota , meaning `` forced labor '' ; the word ' robot ' was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 play R.U.R. by the Czech writer , Karel Čapek but it was Karel 's brother Josef Čapek who was the word 's true inventor . Electronics evolved into the driving force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in Bristol , England in 1948 , as well as Computer Numerical Control ( CNC ) machine tools in the late 1940s by John T. Parsons and Frank L. Stulen . The first commercial , digital and programmable robot was built by George Devol in 1954 and was named the Unimate . It was sold to General Motors in 1961 where it was used to lift pieces of hot metal from die casting machines at the Inland Fisher Guide Plant in the West Trenton section of Ewing Township , New Jersey . Robots have replaced humans in performing repetitive and dangerous tasks which humans prefer not to do , or are unable to do because of size limitations , or which take place in extreme environments such as outer space or the bottom of the sea . There are concerns about the increasing use of robots and their role in society . Robots are blamed for rising technological unemployment as they replace workers in increasing numbers of functions . The use of robots in military combat raises ethical concerns . The possibilities of robot autonomy and potential repercussions have been addressed in fiction and may be a realistic concern in the future .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 History 2.1 Early beginnings 2.2 Remote - controlled systems 2.3 Origin of the term ' robot ' 2.4 Early robots 2.5 Modern autonomous robots 3 Future development and trends 3.1 New functionalities and prototypes 4 Etymology 5 Modern robots 5.1 Mobile robot 5.2 Industrial robots ( manipulating ) 5.3 Service robot 5.4 Educational robot 5.5 Modular robot 5.6 Collaborative robots 6 Robots in society 6.1 Autonomy and ethical questions 6.2 Military robots 6.3 Relationship to unemployment 7 Contemporary uses 7.1 General - purpose autonomous robots 7.2 Factory robots 7.2. 1 Car production 7.2. 2 Packaging 7.2. 3 Electronics 7.2. 4 Automated guided vehicles ( AGVs ) 7.2. 4.1 Early AGV - style robots 7.2. 4.2 Interim AGV technologies 7.2. 4.3 Intelligent AGVs ( i - AGVs ) 7.3 Dirty , dangerous , dull or inaccessible tasks 7.3. 1 Space probes 7.3. 2 Telerobots 7.3. 3 Automated fruit harvesting machines 7.3. 4 Domestic robots 7.4 Military robots 7.5 Mining robots 7.6 Healthcare 7.6. 1 Home automation for the elderly and disabled 7.6. 2 Pharmacies 7.7 Research robots 7.7. 1 Bionic and biomimetic robots 7.7. 2 Nanorobots 7.7. 3 Reconfigurable robots 7.7. 4 Soft - bodied robots 7.7. 5 Swarm robots 7.7.", "3": "6 Haptic interface robots 8 Robots in popular culture 8.1 Literature 8.2 Films 8.3 Sex robots 8.4 Problems depicted in popular culture 9 See also 9.1 Specific robotics concepts 9.2 Robotics methods and categories 9.3 Specific robots and devices 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Summary KITT ( a fictitious robot ) is mentally anthropomorphic iCub is physically anthropomorphic The word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents , but the latter are usually referred to as bots . There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots but there is general agreement among experts , and the public , that robots tend to possess some or all of the following abilities and functions : accept electronic programming , process data or physical perceptions electronically , operate autonomously to some degree , move around , operate physical parts of itself or physical processes , sense and manipulate their environment , and exhibit intelligent behavior , especially behavior which mimics humans or other animals . Closely related to the concept of a robot is the field of Synthetic Biology , which studies entities whose nature is more comparable to beings than to machines . History Main article : History of robots The idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world . Engineers and inventors from ancient civilizations , including Ancient China , Ancient Greece , and Ptolemaic Egypt , attempted to build self - operating machines , some resembling animals and humans . Early descriptions of automata include the artificial doves of Archytas , the artificial birds of Mozi and Lu Ban , a `` speaking '' automaton by Hero of Alexandria , a washstand automaton by Philo of Byzantium , and a human automaton described in the Lie Zi . Early beginnings Many ancient mythologies , and most modern religions include artificial people , such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek god Hephaestus ( Vulcan to the Romans ) , the clay golems of Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse legend , and Galatea , the mythical statue of Pygmalion that came to life . Since circa 400 BC , myths of Crete include Talos , a man of bronze who guarded the Cretan island of Europa from pirates . In ancient Greece , the Greek engineer Ctesibius ( c.", "4": "270 BC ) `` applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics to produce the first organ and water clocks with moving figures . '' In the 4th century BC , the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam - operated bird he called `` The Pigeon '' . Hero of Alexandria ( 10 -- 70 AD ) , a Greek mathematician and inventor , created numerous user - configurable automated devices , and described machines powered by air pressure , steam and water . Al - Jazari -- A Musical Toy The 11th century Lokapannatti tells of how the Buddha 's relics were protected by mechanical robots ( bhuta vahana yanta ) , from the kingdom of Roma visaya ( Rome ) ; until they were disarmed by King Ashoka . In ancient China , the 3rd century text of the Lie Zi describes an account of humanoid automata , involving a much earlier encounter between Chinese emperor King Mu of Zhou and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi , an ' artificer ' . Yan Shi proudly presented the king with a life - size , human - shaped figure of his mechanical ' handiwork ' made of leather , wood , and artificial organs . There are also accounts of flying automata in the Han Fei Zi and other texts , which attributes the 5th century BC Mohist philosopher Mozi and his contemporary Lu Ban with the invention of artificial wooden birds ( ma yuan ) that could successfully fly . In 1066 , the Chinese inventor Su Song built a water clock in the form of a tower which featured mechanical figurines which chimed the hours . Su Song 's astronomical clock tower showing the mechanical figurines which chimed the hours . The beginning of automata is associated with the invention of early Su Song 's astronomical clock tower featured mechanical figurines that chimed the hours . His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs ( cams ) that bumped into little levers that operated percussion instruments . The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns by moving the pegs to different locations .", "5": "Samarangana Sutradhara , a Sanskrit treatise by Bhoja ( 11th century ) , includes a chapter about the construction of mechanical contrivances ( automata ) , including mechanical bees and birds , fountains shaped like humans and animals , and male and female dolls that refilled oil lamps , danced , played instruments , and re-enacted scenes from Hindu mythology . Model of Leonardo 's robot with inner workings . Possibly constructed by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1495 . In Renaissance Italy , Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 -- 1519 ) sketched plans for a humanoid robot around 1495 . Da Vinci 's notebooks , rediscovered in the 1950s , contained detailed drawings of a mechanical knight now known as Leonardo 's robot , able to sit up , wave its arms and move its head and jaw . The design was probably based on anatomical research recorded in his Vitruvian Man . It is not known whether he attempted to build it . In Japan , complex animal and human automata were built between the 17th to 19th centuries , with many described in the 18th century Karakuri zui ( Illustrated Machinery , 1796 ) . One such automaton was the karakuri ningyō , a mechanized puppet . Different variations of the karakuri existed : the Butai karakuri , which were used in theatre , the Zashiki karakuri , which were small and used in homes , and the Dashi karakuri which were used in religious festivals , where the puppets were used to perform reenactments of traditional myths and legends . In France , between 1738 and 1739 , Jacques de Vaucanson exhibited several life - sized automatons : a flute player , a pipe player and a duck . The mechanical duck could flap its wings , crane its neck , and swallow food from the exhibitor 's hand , and it gave the illusion of digesting its food by excreting matter stored in a hidden compartment . Remote - controlled systems The Brennan torpedo , one of the earliest ' guided missiles ' Remotely operated vehicles were demonstrated in the late 19th century in the form of several types of remotely controlled torpedoes .", "6": "The early 1870s saw remotely controlled torpedoes by John Ericsson ( pneumatic ) , John Louis Lay ( electric wire guided ) , and Victor von Scheliha ( electric wire guided ) . The Brennan torpedo , invented by Louis Brennan in 1877 was powered by two contra - rotating propellors that were spun by rapidly pulling out wires from drums wound inside the torpedo . Differential speed on the wires connected to the shore station allowed the torpedo to be guided to its target , making it `` the world 's first practical guided missile '' . In 1897 the British inventor Ernest Wilson was granted a patent for a torpedo remotely controlled by `` Hertzian '' ( radio ) waves and in 1898 Nikola Tesla publicly demonstrated a wireless - controlled torpedo that he hoped to sell to the US Navy . Archibald Low , known as the `` father of radio guidance systems '' for his pioneering work on guided rockets and planes during the First World War . In 1917 , he demonstrated a remote controlled aircraft to the Royal Flying Corps and in the same year built the first wire - guided rocket . Origin of the term ' robot ' ' Robot ' was first applied as a term for artificial automata in a 1920 play R.U.R. by the Czech writer , Karel Čapek . However , Josef Čapek was named by his brother Karel as the true inventor of the term robot . The word ' robot ' itself was not new , having been in Slavic language as robota ( forced laborer ) , a term which classified those peasants obligated to compulsory service under the feudal system widespread in 19th century Europe ( see : Robot Patent ) . Čapek 's fictional story postulated the technological creation of artificial human bodies without souls , and the old theme of the feudal robota class eloquently fit the imagination of a new class of manufactured , artificial workers . Early robots W.H. Richards with `` George '' , 1932 In 1928 , one of the first humanoid robots , Eric , was exhibited at the annual exhibition of the Model Engineers Society in London , where it delivered a speech . Invented by W.H. Richards , the robot 's frame consisted of an aluminium body of armour with eleven electromagnets and one motor powered by a twelve - volt power source .", "7": "The robot could move its hands and head and could be controlled through remote control or voice control . Both Eric and his `` brother '' George toured the world . Westinghouse Electric Corporation built Televox in 1926 ; it was a cardboard cutout connected to various devices which users could turn on and off . In 1939 , the humanoid robot known as Elektro was debuted at the 1939 New York World 's Fair . Seven feet tall ( 2.1 m ) and weighing 265 pounds ( 120.2 kg ) , it could walk by voice command , speak about 700 words ( using a 78 - rpm record player ) , smoke cigarettes , blow up balloons , and move its head and arms . The body consisted of a steel gear , cam and motor skeleton covered by an aluminum skin . In 1928 , Japan 's first robot , Gakutensoku , was designed and constructed by biologist Makoto Nishimura . Modern autonomous robots The first electronic autonomous robots with complex behaviour were created by William Grey Walter of the Burden Neurological Institute at Bristol , England in 1948 and 1949 . He wanted to prove that rich connections between a small number of brain cells could give rise to very complex behaviors -- essentially that the secret of how the brain worked lay in how it was wired up . His first robots , named Elmer and Elsie , were constructed between 1948 and 1949 and were often described as tortoises due to their shape and slow rate of movement . The three - wheeled tortoise robots were capable of phototaxis , by which they could find their way to a recharging station when they ran low on battery power . Walter stressed the importance of using purely analogue electronics to simulate brain processes at a time when his contemporaries such as Alan Turing and John von Neumann were all turning towards a view of mental processes in terms of digital computation . His work inspired subsequent generations of robotics researchers such as Rodney Brooks , Hans Moravec and Mark Tilden . Modern incarnations of Walter 's turtles may be found in the form of BEAM robotics . U.S. Patent 2,988,237 , issued in 1961 to Devol . The first digitally operated and programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and was ultimately called the Unimate .", "8": "This ultimately laid the foundations of the modern robotics industry . Devol sold the first Unimate to General Motors in 1960 , and it was installed in 1961 in a plant in Trenton , New Jersey to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them . Devol 's patent for the first digitally operated programmable robotic arm represents the foundation of the modern robotics industry . The first palletizing robot was introduced in 1963 by the Fuji Yusoki Kogyo Company . In 1973 , a robot with six electromechanically driven axes was patented by KUKA robotics in Germany , and the programmable universal manipulation arm was invented by Victor Scheinman in 1976 , and the design was sold to Unimation . Commercial and industrial robots are now in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or with greater accuracy and reliability than humans . They are also employed for jobs which are too dirty , dangerous or dull to be suitable for humans . Robots are widely used in manufacturing , assembly and packing , transport , earth and space exploration , surgery , weaponry , laboratory research , and mass production of consumer and industrial goods . Future development and trends External video Atlas , The Next Generation Further information : Future of robotics Various techniques have emerged to develop the science of robotics and robots . One method is evolutionary robotics , in which a number of differing robots are submitted to tests . Those which perform best are used as a model to create a subsequent `` generation '' of robots . Another method is developmental robotics , which tracks changes and development within a single robot in the areas of problem - solving and other functions . Another new type of robot is just recently introduced which acts both as a smartphone and robot and is named RoboHon . As robots become more advanced , eventually there may be a standard computer operating system designed mainly for robots . Robot Operating System is an open - source set of programs being developed at Stanford University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Technical University of Munich , Germany , among others . ROS provides ways to program a robot 's navigation and limbs regardless of the specific hardware involved . It also provides high - level commands for items like image recognition and even opening doors . When ROS boots up on a robot 's computer , it would obtain data on attributes such as the length and movement of robots ' limbs .", "9": "It would relay this data to higher - level algorithms . Microsoft is also developing a `` Windows for robots '' system with its Robotics Developer Studio , which has been available since 2007 . Japan hopes to have full - scale commercialization of service robots by 2025 . Much technological research in Japan is led by Japanese government agencies , particularly the Trade Ministry . Many future applications of robotics seem obvious to people , even though they are well beyond the capabilities of robots available at the time of the prediction . As early as 1982 people were confident that someday robots would : 1 . clean parts by removing molding flash 2 . spray paint automobiles with absolutely no human presence 3 . pack things in boxes -- for example , orient and nest chocolate candies in candy boxes 4 . make electrical cable harness 5 . load trucks with boxes -- a packing problem 6 . handle soft goods , such as garments and shoes 7 . shear sheep 8 . prosthesis 9 . cook fast food and work in other service industries 10 . household robot . Generally such predictions are overly optimistic in timescale . New functionalities and prototypes In 2008 , Caterpillar Inc. developed a dump truck which can drive itself without any human operator . Many analysts believe that self - driving trucks may eventually revolutionize logistics . By 2014 , Caterpillar had a self - driving dump truck which is expected to greatly change the process of mining . In 2015 , these Caterpillar trucks were actively used in mining operations in Australia by the mining company Rio Tinto Coal Australia . Some analysts believe that within the next few decades , most trucks will be self - driving . A literate or ' reading robot ' named Marge has intelligence that comes from software . She can read newspapers , find and correct misspelled words , learn about banks like Barclays , and understand that some restaurants are better places to eat than others . Baxter is a new robot introduced in 2012 which learns by guidance . A worker could teach Baxter how to perform a task by moving its hands in the desired motion and having Baxter memorize them . Extra dials , buttons , and controls are available on Baxter 's arm for more precision and features .", "10": "Any regular worker could program Baxter and it only takes a matter of minutes , unlike usual industrial robots that take extensive programs and coding in order to be used . This means Baxter needs no programming in order to operate . No software engineers are needed . This also means Baxter can be taught to perform multiple , more complicated tasks . Sawyer was added in 2015 for smaller , more precise tasks . Etymology See also : Glossary of robotics A scene from Karel Čapek 's 1920 play R.U.R. ( Rossum 's Universal Robots ) , showing three robots . The word robot was introduced to the public by the Czech interwar writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. ( Rossum 's Universal Robots ) , published in 1920 . The play begins in a factory that uses a chemical substitute for protoplasm to manufacture living , simplified people called robots . The play does not focus in detail on the technology behind the creation of these living creatures , but in their appearance they prefigure modern ideas of androids , creatures who can be mistaken for humans . These mass - produced workers are depicted as efficient but emotionless , incapable of original thinking and indifferent to self - preservation . At issue is whether the robots are being exploited and the consequences of human dependence upon commodified labor ( especially after a number of specially - formulated robots achieve self - awareness and incite robots all around the world to rise up against the humans ) . Karel Čapek himself did not coin the word . He wrote a short letter in reference to an etymology in the Oxford English Dictionary in which he named his brother , the painter and writer Josef Čapek , as its actual originator . In an article in the Czech journal Lidové noviny in 1933 , he explained that he had originally wanted to call the creatures laboři ( `` workers '' , from Latin labor ) . However , he did not like the word , and sought advice from his brother Josef , who suggested `` roboti '' . The word robota means literally `` corvée '' , `` serf labor '' , and figuratively `` drudgery '' or `` hard work '' in Czech and also ( more general ) `` work '' , `` labor '' in many Slavic languages ( e.g.", "11": ": Bulgarian , Russian , Serbian , Slovak , Polish , Macedonian , Ukrainian , archaic Czech , as well as robot in Hungarian ) . Traditionally the robota ( Hungarian robot ) was the work period a serf ( corvée ) had to give for his lord , typically 6 months of the year . The origin of the word is the Old Church Slavonic ( Old Bulgarian ) rabota `` servitude '' ( `` work '' in contemporary Bulgarian and Russian ) , which in turn comes from the Proto - Indo - European root * orbh - . Robot is cognate with the German root Arbeit ( work ) . The word robotics , used to describe this field of study , was coined by the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov . Asimov created the `` Three Laws of Robotics '' which are a recurring theme in his books . These have since been used by many others to define laws used in fiction . ( The three laws are pure fiction , and no technology yet created has the ability to understand or follow them , and in fact most robots serve military purposes , which run quite contrary to the first law and often the third law . `` People think about Asimov 's laws , but they were set up to point out how a simple ethical system does n't work . If you read the short stories , every single one is about a failure , and they are totally impractical , '' said Dr. Joanna Bryson of the University of Bath . ) Modern robots A laparoscopic robotic surgery machine Mobile robot Main articles : Mobile robot and Automated guided vehicle Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location . An example of a mobile robot that is in common use today is the automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle ( AGV ) . An AGV is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires in the floor , or uses vision or lasers . AGVs are discussed later in this article . Mobile robots are also found in industry , military and security environments . They also appear as consumer products , for entertainment or to perform certain tasks like vacuum cleaning . Mobile robots are the focus of a great deal of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs that focus on mobile robot research . Mobile robots are usually used in tightly controlled environments such as on assembly lines because they have difficulty responding to unexpected interference .", "12": "Because of this most humans rarely encounter robots . However domestic robots for cleaning and maintenance are increasingly common in and around homes in developed countries . Robots can also be found in military applications . Industrial robots ( manipulating ) Main articles : Industrial robot and Manipulator ( device ) A Pick and Place robot in a factory Industrial robots usually consist of a jointed arm ( multi-linked manipulator ) and an end effector that is attached to a fixed surface . One of the most common type of end effector is a gripper assembly . The International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of a manipulating industrial robot in ISO 8373 : `` an automatically controlled , reprogrammable , multipurpose , manipulator programmable in three or more axes , which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications . '' This definition is used by the International Federation of Robotics , the European Robotics Research Network ( EURON ) and many national standards committees . Service robot Main article : Service robot Most commonly industrial robots are fixed robotic arms and manipulators used primarily for production and distribution of goods . The term `` service robot '' is less well - defined . The International Federation of Robotics has proposed a tentative definition , `` A service robot is a robot which operates semi - or fully autonomously to perform services useful to the well - being of humans and equipment , excluding manufacturing operations . '' Educational robot Main article : Educational robotics Robots are used as educational assistants to teachers . From the 1980s , robots such as turtles were used in schools and programmed using the Logo language . There are robot kits like Lego Mindstorms , BIOLOID , OLLO from ROBOTIS , or BotBrain Educational Robots can help children to learn about mathematics , physics , programming , and electronics . Robotics have also been introduced into the lives of elementary and high school students in the form of robot competitions with the company FIRST ( For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology ) . The organization is the foundation for the FIRST Robotics Competition , FIRST LEGO League , Junior FIRST LEGO League , and FIRST Tech Challenge competitions . There have also been devices shaped like robots such as the teaching computer , Leachim ( 1974 ) , and 2 - XL ( 1976 ) , a robot shaped game / teaching toy based on an 8 - track tape player , both invented Michael J. Freeman .", "13": "Modular robot Main article : Self - reconfiguring modular robot Modular robots are a new breed of robots that are designed to increase the utilization of robots by modularizing their architecture . The functionality and effectiveness of a modular robot is easier to increase compared to conventional robots . These robots are composed of a single type of identical , several different identical module types , or similarly shaped modules , which vary in size . Their architectural structure allows hyper - redundancy for modular robots , as they can be designed with more than 8 degrees of freedom ( DOF ) . Creating the programming , inverse kinematics and dynamics for modular robots is more complex than with traditional robots . Modular robots may be composed of L - shaped modules , cubic modules , and U and H - shaped modules . ANAT technology , an early modular robotic technology patented by Robotics Design Inc. , allows the creation of modular robots from U and H shaped modules that connect in a chain , and are used to form heterogeneous and homogenous modular robot systems . These `` ANAT robots '' can be designed with `` n '' DOF as each module is a complete motorized robotic system that folds relatively to the modules connected before and after it in its chain , and therefore a single module allows one degree of freedom . The more modules that are connected to one another , the more degrees of freedom it will have . L - shaped modules can also be designed in a chain , and must become increasingly smaller as the size of the chain increases , as payloads attached to the end of the chain place a greater strain on modules that are further from the base . ANAT H - shaped modules do not suffer from this problem , as their design allows a modular robot to distribute pressure and impacts evenly amongst other attached modules , and therefore payload - carrying capacity does not decrease as the length of the arm increases . Modular robots can be manually or self - reconfigured to form a different robot , that may perform different applications . Because modular robots of the same architecture type are composed of modules that compose different modular robots , a snake - arm robot can combine with another to form a dual or quadra - arm robot , or can split into several mobile robots , and mobile robots can split into multiple smaller ones , or combine with others into a larger or different one .", "14": "This allows a single modular robot the ability to be fully specialized in a single task , as well as the capacity to be specialized to perform multiple different tasks . Modular robotic technology is currently being applied in hybrid transportation , industrial automation , duct cleaning and handling . Many research centres and universities have also studied this technology , and have developed prototypes . Collaborative robots A collaborative robot or cobot is a robot that can safely and effectively interact with human workers while performing simple industrial tasks . However , end - effectors and other environmental conditions may create hazards , and as such risk assessments should be done before using any industrial motion - control application . The collaborative robots most widely used in industries today are manufactured by Universal Robots in Denmark . Rethink Robotics -- founded by Rodney Brooks , previously with iRobot -- introduced Baxter in September 2012 ; as an industrial robot designed to safely interact with neighboring human workers , and be programmable for performing simple tasks . Baxters stop if they detect a human in the way of their robotic arms and have prominent off switches . Intended for sale to small businesses , they are promoted as the robotic analogue of the personal computer . As of May 2014 , 190 companies in the US have bought Baxters and they are being used commercially in the UK . Robots in society TOPIO , a humanoid robot , played ping pong at Tokyo International Robot Exhibition ( IREX ) 2009 . Roughly half of all the robots in the world are in Asia , 32 % in Europe , and 16 % in North America , 1 % in Australasia and 1 % in Africa . 40 % of all the robots in the world are in Japan , making Japan the country with the highest number of robots . Autonomy and ethical questions Main articles : Roboethics and Ethics of artificial intelligence An android , or robot designed to resemble a human , can appear comforting to some people and disturbing to others As robots have become more advanced and sophisticated , experts and academics have increasingly explored the questions of what ethics might govern robots ' behavior , and whether robots might be able to claim any kind of social , cultural , ethical or legal rights . One scientific team has said that it is possible that a robot brain will exist by 2019 . Others predict robot intelligence breakthroughs by 2050 . Recent advances have made robotic behavior more sophisticated .", "15": "The social impact of intelligent robots is subject of a 2010 documentary film called Plug & Pray . Vernor Vinge has suggested that a moment may come when computers and robots are smarter than humans . He calls this `` the Singularity '' . He suggests that it may be somewhat or possibly very dangerous for humans . This is discussed by a philosophy called Singularitarianism . In 2009 , experts attended a conference hosted by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence ( AAAI ) to discuss whether computers and robots might be able to acquire any autonomy , and how much these abilities might pose a threat or hazard . They noted that some robots have acquired various forms of semi-autonomy , including being able to find power sources on their own and being able to independently choose targets to attack with weapons . They also noted that some computer viruses can evade elimination and have achieved `` cockroach intelligence . '' They noted that self - awareness as depicted in science - fiction is probably unlikely , but that there were other potential hazards and pitfalls . Various media sources and scientific groups have noted separate trends in differing areas which might together result in greater robotic functionalities and autonomy , and which pose some inherent concerns . In 2015 , the Nao alderen robots were shown to have a capability for a degree of self - awareness . Researchers at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute AI and Reasoning Lab in New York conducted an experiment where a robot became aware of itself , and corrected its answer to a question once it had realised this . Military robots Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat , especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions . There are also concerns about technology which might allow some armed robots to be controlled mainly by other robots . The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that , as military robots become more complex , there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions . One researcher states that autonomous robots might be more humane , as they could make decisions more effectively . However , other experts question this . One robot in particular , the EATR , has generated public concerns over its fuel source , as it can continually refuel itself using organic substances .", "16": "Although the engine for the EATR is designed to run on biomass and vegetation specifically selected by its sensors , which it can find on battlefields or other local environments , the project has stated that chicken fat can also be used . Manuel De Landa has noted that `` smart missiles '' and autonomous bombs equipped with artificial perception can be considered robots , as they make some of their decisions autonomously . He believes this represents an important and dangerous trend in which humans are handing over important decisions to machines . Relationship to unemployment Main article : Technological unemployment For centuries , people have predicted that machines would make workers obsolete and increase unemployment , although the causes of unemployment are usually thought to be due to social policy . A recent example of human replacement involves Taiwanese technology company Foxconn who , in July 2011 , announced a three - year plan to replace workers with more robots . At present the company uses ten thousand robots but will increase them to a million robots over a three - year period . Lawyers have speculated that an increased prevalence of robots in the workplace could lead to the need to improve redundancy laws . Kevin J. Delaney said `` Robots are taking human jobs . But Bill Gates believes that governments should tax companies ' use of them , as a way to at least temporarily slow the spread of automation and to fund other types of employment . '' The robot tax would also help pay a guaranteed living wage to the displaced workers . Contemporary uses A general - purpose robot acts as a guide during the day and a security guard at night See also : List of robots At present , there are two main types of robots , based on their use : general - purpose autonomous robots and dedicated robots . Robots can be classified by their specificity of purpose . A robot might be designed to perform one particular task extremely well , or a range of tasks less well . All robots by their nature can be re-programmed to behave differently , but some are limited by their physical form . For example , a factory robot arm can perform jobs such as cutting , welding , gluing , or acting as a fairground ride , while a pick - and - place robot can only populate printed circuit boards . General - purpose autonomous robots Main article : Autonomous robot General - purpose autonomous robots can perform a variety of functions independently .", "17": "General - purpose autonomous robots typically can navigate independently in known spaces , handle their own re-charging needs , interface with electronic doors and elevators and perform other basic tasks . Like computers , general - purpose robots can link with networks , software and accessories that increase their usefulness . They may recognize people or objects , talk , provide companionship , monitor environmental quality , respond to alarms , pick up supplies and perform other useful tasks . General - purpose robots may perform a variety of functions simultaneously or they may take on different roles at different times of day . Some such robots try to mimic human beings and may even resemble people in appearance ; this type of robot is called a humanoid robot . Humanoid robots are still in a very limited stage , as no humanoid robot can , as of yet , actually navigate around a room that it has never been in . Thus , humanoid robots are really quite limited , despite their intelligent behaviors in their well - known environments . Factory robots Car production Over the last three decades , automobile factories have become dominated by robots . A typical factory contains hundreds of industrial robots working on fully automated production lines , with one robot for every ten human workers . On an automated production line , a vehicle chassis on a conveyor is welded , glued , painted and finally assembled at a sequence of robot stations . Packaging Industrial robots are also used extensively for palletizing and packaging of manufactured goods , for example for rapidly taking drink cartons from the end of a conveyor belt and placing them into boxes , or for loading and unloading machining centers . Electronics Mass - produced printed circuit boards ( PCBs ) are almost exclusively manufactured by pick - and - place robots , typically with SCARA manipulators , which remove tiny electronic components from strips or trays , and place them on to PCBs with great accuracy . Such robots can place hundreds of thousands of components per hour , far out - performing a human in speed , accuracy , and reliability . Automated guided vehicles ( AGVs ) An intelligent AGV drops - off goods without needing lines or beacons in the workspace Mobile robots , following markers or wires in the floor , or using vision or lasers , are used to transport goods around large facilities , such as warehouses , container ports , or hospitals . Early AGV - style robots Limited to tasks that could be accurately defined and had to be performed the same way every time .", "18": "Very little feedback or intelligence was required , and the robots needed only the most basic exteroceptors ( sensors ) . The limitations of these AGVs are that their paths are not easily altered and they can not alter their paths if obstacles block them . If one AGV breaks down , it may stop the entire operation . Interim AGV Technologies Developed to deploy triangulation from beacons or bar code grids for scanning on the floor or ceiling . In most factories , triangulation systems tend to require moderate to high maintenance , such as daily cleaning of all beacons or bar codes . Also , if a tall pallet or large vehicle blocks beacons or a bar code is marred , AGVs may become lost . Often such AGVs are designed to be used in human - free environments . Intelligent AGVs ( I - AGVs ) Such as SmartLoader , SpeciMinder , ADAM , Tug Eskorta , and MT 400 with Motivity are designed for people - friendly workspaces . They navigate by recognizing natural features . 3D scanners or other means of sensing the environment in two or three dimensions help to eliminate cumulative errors in dead - reckoning calculations of the AGV 's current position . Some AGVs can create maps of their environment using scanning lasers with simultaneous localization and mapping ( SLAM ) and use those maps to navigate in real time with other path planning and obstacle avoidance algorithms . They are able to operate in complex environments and perform non-repetitive and non-sequential tasks such as transporting photomasks in a semiconductor lab , specimens in hospitals and goods in warehouses . For dynamic areas , such as warehouses full of pallets , AGVs require additional strategies using three - dimensional sensors such as time - of - flight or stereovision cameras . Dirty , dangerous , dull or inaccessible tasks There are many jobs which humans would rather leave to robots . The job may be boring , such as domestic cleaning , or dangerous , such as exploring inside a volcano . Other jobs are physically inaccessible , such as exploring another planet , cleaning the inside of a long pipe , or performing laparoscopic surgery . Space Probes Almost every unmanned space probe ever launched was a robot . Some were launched in the 1960s with very limited abilities , but their ability to fly and land ( in the case of Luna 9 ) is an indication of their status as a robot .", "19": "This includes the Voyager probes and the Galileo probes , among others . Telerobots A U.S. Marine Corps technician prepares to use a telerobot to detonate a buried improvised explosive device near Camp Fallujah , Iraq Teleoperated robots , or telerobots , are devices remotely operated from a distance by a human operator rather than following a predetermined sequence of movements , but which has semi-autonomous behaviour . They are used when a human can not be present on site to perform a job because it is dangerous , far away , or inaccessible . The robot may be in another room or another country , or may be on a very different scale to the operator . For instance , a laparoscopic surgery robot allows the surgeon to work inside a human patient on a relatively small scale compared to open surgery , significantly shortening recovery time . They can also be used to avoid exposing workers to the hazardous and tight spaces such as in duct cleaning . When disabling a bomb , the operator sends a small robot to disable it . Several authors have been using a device called the Longpen to sign books remotely . Teleoperated robot aircraft , like the Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicle , are increasingly being used by the military . These pilotless drones can search terrain and fire on targets . Hundreds of robots such as iRobot 's Packbot and the Foster - Miller TALON are being used in Iraq and Afghanistan by the U.S. military to defuse roadside bombs or improvised explosive devices ( IEDs ) in an activity known as explosive ordnance disposal ( EOD ) . Automated fruit harvesting machines Robots are used to automate picking fruit on orchards at a cost lower than that of human pickers . Domestic robots The Roomba domestic vacuum cleaner robot does a single , menial job Domestic robots are simple robots dedicated to a single task work in home use . They are used in simple but unwanted jobs , such as vacuum cleaning , floor washing , and lawn mowing . An example of a domestic robot is a Roomba . Military robots Main article : Military robot Military robots include the SWORDS robot which is currently used in ground - based combat . It can use a variety of weapons and there is some discussion of giving it some degree of autonomy in battleground situations .", "20": "Unmanned combat air vehicles ( UCAVs ) , which are an upgraded form of UAVs , can do a wide variety of missions , including combat . UCAVs are being designed such as the BAE Systems Mantis which would have the ability to fly themselves , to pick their own course and target , and to make most decisions on their own . The BAE Taranis is a UCAV built by Great Britain which can fly across continents without a pilot and has new means to avoid detection . Flight trials are expected to begin in 2011 . The AAAI has studied this topic in depth and its president has commissioned a study to look at this issue . Some have suggested a need to build `` Friendly AI '' , meaning that the advances which are already occurring with AI should also include an effort to make AI intrinsically friendly and humane . Several such measures reportedly already exist , with robot - heavy countries such as Japan and South Korea having begun to pass regulations requiring robots to be equipped with safety systems , and possibly sets of ' laws ' akin to Asimov 's Three Laws of Robotics . An official report was issued in 2009 by the Japanese government 's Robot Industry Policy Committee . Chinese officials and researchers have issued a report suggesting a set of ethical rules , and a set of new legal guidelines referred to as `` Robot Legal Studies . '' Some concern has been expressed over a possible occurrence of robots telling apparent falsehoods . Mining robots Mining robots are designed to solve a number of problems currently facing the mining industry , including skills shortages , improving productivity from declining ore grades , and achieving environmental targets . Due to the hazardous nature of mining , in particular underground mining , the prevalence of autonomous , semi-autonomous , and tele - operated robots has greatly increased in recent times . A number of vehicle manufacturers provide autonomous trains , trucks and loaders that will load material , transport it on the mine site to its destination , and unload without requiring human intervention . One of the world 's largest mining corporations , Rio Tinto , has recently expanded its autonomous truck fleet to the world 's largest , consisting of 150 autonomous Komatsu trucks , operating in Western Australia . Similarly , BHP has announced the expansion of its autonomous drill fleet to the world 's largest , 21 autonomous Atlas Copco drills . Drilling , longwall and rockbreaking machines are now also available as autonomous robots .", "21": "The Atlas Copco Rig Control System can autonomously execute a drilling plan on a drilling rig , moving the rig into position using GPS , set up the drill rig and drill down to specified depths . Similarly , the Transmin Rocklogic system can automatically plan a path to position a rockbreaker at a selected destination . These systems greatly enhance the safety and efficiency of mining operations . Healthcare Robots in healthcare have two main functions . Those which assist an individual , such as a sufferer of a disease like Multiple Sclerosis , and those which aid in the overall systems such as pharmacies and hospitals . Home automation for the elderly and disabled Further information : Disability robot The Care - Providing Robot FRIEND Robots used in home automation have developed over time from simple basic robotic assistants , such as the Handy 1 , through to semi-autonomous robots , such as FRIEND which can assist the elderly and disabled with common tasks . The population is aging in many countries , especially Japan , meaning that there are increasing numbers of elderly people to care for , but relatively fewer young people to care for them . Humans make the best carers , but where they are unavailable , robots are gradually being introduced . FRIEND is a semi-autonomous robot designed to support disabled and elderly people in their daily life activities , like preparing and serving a meal . FRIEND make it possible for patients who are paraplegic , have muscle diseases or serious paralysis ( due to strokes etc . ) , to perform tasks without help from other people like therapists or nursing staff . Pharmacies Main article : Pharmacy automation This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Script Pro manufactures a robot designed to help pharmacies fill prescriptions that consist of oral solids or medications in pill form . The pharmacist or pharmacy technician enters the prescription information into its information system . The system , upon determining whether or not the drug is in the robot , will send the information to the robot for filling . The robot has 3 different size vials to fill determined by the size of the pill . The robot technician , user , or pharmacist determines the needed size of the vial based on the tablet when the robot is stocked .", "22": "Once the vial is filled it is brought up to a conveyor belt that delivers it to a holder that spins the vial and attaches the patient label . Afterwards it is set on another conveyor that delivers the patient 's medication vial to a slot labeled with the patient 's name on an LED read out . The pharmacist or technician then checks the contents of the vial to ensure it 's the correct drug for the correct patient and then seals the vials and sends it out front to be picked up . The robot is a very time efficient device that the pharmacy depends on to fill prescriptions . McKesson 's Robot RX is another healthcare robotics product that helps pharmacies dispense thousands of medications daily with little or no errors . The robot can be ten feet wide and thirty feet long and can hold hundreds of different kinds of medications and thousands of doses . The pharmacy saves many resources like staff members that are otherwise unavailable in a resource scarce industry . It uses an electromechanical head coupled with a pneumatic system to capture each dose and deliver it to its either stocked or dispensed location . The head moves along a single axis while it rotates 180 degrees to pull the medications . During this process it uses barcode technology to verify its pulling the correct drug . It then delivers the drug to a patient specific bin on a conveyor belt . Once the bin is filled with all of the drugs that a particular patient needs and that the robot stocks , the bin is then released and returned out on the conveyor belt to a technician waiting to load it into a cart for delivery to the floor . Research robots See also : Robotics research While most robots today are installed in factories or homes , performing labour or life saving jobs , many new types of robot are being developed in laboratories around the world . Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks , but on investigations into new types of robot , alternative ways to think about or design robots , and new ways to manufacture them . It is expected that these new types of robot will be able to solve real world problems when they are finally realized . Bionic and biomimetic robots Further information : Bionics Further information : Biomimetics One approach to designing robots is to base them on animals . BionicKangaroo was designed and engineered by studying and applying the physiology and methods of locomotion of a kangaroo .", "23": "Nanorobots Further information : Nanorobotics A microfabricated electrostatic gripper holding some silicon nanowires . Nanorobotics is the emerging technology field of creating machines or robots whose components are at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometer ( 10 meters ) . Also known as `` nanobots '' or `` nanites '' , they would be constructed from molecular machines . So far , researchers have mostly produced only parts of these complex systems , such as bearings , sensors , and synthetic molecular motors , but functioning robots have also been made such as the entrants to the Nanobot Robocup contest . Researchers also hope to be able to create entire robots as small as viruses or bacteria , which could perform tasks on a tiny scale . Possible applications include micro surgery ( on the level of individual cells ) , utility fog , manufacturing , weaponry and cleaning . Some people have suggested that if there were nanobots which could reproduce , the earth would turn into `` grey goo '' , while others argue that this hypothetical outcome is nonsense . Reconfigurable robots Main article : Self - reconfiguring modular robot A few researchers have investigated the possibility of creating robots which can alter their physical form to suit a particular task , like the fictional T - 1000 . Real robots are nowhere near that sophisticated however , and mostly consist of a small number of cube shaped units , which can move relative to their neighbours . Algorithms have been designed in case any such robots become a reality . Soft - bodied robots Robots with silicone bodies and flexible actuators ( air muscles , electroactive polymers , and ferrofluids ) look and feel different from robots with rigid skeletons , and can have different behaviors . Swarm robots Main article : Swarm robotics A swarm of robots from the open - source micro-robotic project Inspired by colonies of insects such as ants and bees , researchers are modeling the behavior of swarms of thousands of tiny robots which together perform a useful task , such as finding something hidden , cleaning , or spying . Each robot is quite simple , but the emergent behavior of the swarm is more complex . The whole set of robots can be considered as one single distributed system , in the same way an ant colony can be considered a superorganism , exhibiting swarm intelligence .", "24": "The largest swarms so far created include the iRobot swarm , the SRI / MobileRobots CentiBots project and the Open - source Micro-robotic Project swarm , which are being used to research collective behaviors . Swarms are also more resistant to failure . Whereas one large robot may fail and ruin a mission , a swarm can continue even if several robots fail . This could make them attractive for space exploration missions , where failure is normally extremely costly . Haptic interface robots Further information : Haptic technology Robotics also has application in the design of virtual reality interfaces . Specialized robots are in widespread use in the haptic research community . These robots , called `` haptic interfaces '' , allow touch - enabled user interaction with real and virtual environments . Robotic forces allow simulating the mechanical properties of `` virtual '' objects , which users can experience through their sense of touch . Robots in Popular culture Toy robots on display at the Museo del Objeto del Objeto in Mexico City . See also : List of fictional robots and androids and Droid ( robot ) Literature Main article : Robots in literature Robotic characters , androids ( artificial men / women ) or gynoids ( artificial women ) , and cyborgs ( also `` bionic men / women '' , or humans with significant mechanical enhancements ) have become a staple of science fiction . The first reference in Western literature to mechanical servants appears in Homer 's Iliad . In Book XVIII , Hephaestus , god of fire , creates new armor for the hero Achilles , assisted by robots . According to the Rieu translation , `` Golden maidservants hastened to help their master . They looked like real women and could not only speak and use their limbs but were endowed with intelligence and trained in handwork by the immortal gods . '' The words `` robot '' or `` android '' are not used to describe them , but they are nevertheless mechanical devices human in appearance . `` The first use of the word Robot was in Karel Čapek 's play R.U.R. ( Rossum 's Universal Robots ) ( written in 1920 ) '' . Writer Karel Čapek was born in Czechoslovakia ( Czech Republic ) .", "25": "Possibly the most prolific author of the twentieth century was Isaac Asimov ( 1920 -- 1992 ) who published over five - hundred books . Asimov is probably best remembered for his science - fiction stories and especially those about robots , where he placed robots and their interaction with society at the center of many of his works . Asimov carefully considered the problem of the ideal set of instructions robots might be given in order to lower the risk to humans , and arrived at his Three Laws of Robotics : a robot may not injure a human being or , through inaction , allow a human being to come to harm ; a robot must obey orders given it by human beings , except where such orders would conflict with the First Law ; and a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law . These were introduced in his 1942 short story `` Runaround '' , although foreshadowed in a few earlier stories . Later , Asimov added the Zeroth Law : `` A robot may not harm humanity , or , by inaction , allow humanity to come to harm '' ; the rest of the laws are modified sequentially to acknowledge this . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first passage in Asimov 's short story `` Liar ! '' ( 1941 ) that mentions the First Law is the earliest recorded use of the word robotics . Asimov was not initially aware of this ; he assumed the word already existed by analogy with mechanics , hydraulics , and other similar terms denoting branches of applied knowledge . Films See also : Category : Robot films Robots appear in many films . Most of the robots in cinema are fictional . Two of the most famous are R2 - D2 and C - 3PO from the Star Wars franchise . Sex robots Main article : Sex robot The concept of humanoid sex robots has elicited both public attention and concern . Opponents of the concept have stated that the development of sex robots would be morally wrong . They argue that the introduction of such devices would be socially harmful , and demeaning to women and children . Problems depicted in Popular culture The Italian film The Mechanical Man ( 1921 ) is the first movie to have shown a battle between robots Fears and concerns about robots have been repeatedly expressed in a wide range of books and films .", "26": "A common theme is the development of a master race of conscious and highly intelligent robots , motivated to take over or destroy the human race . Frankenstein ( 1818 ) , often called the first science fiction novel , has become synonymous with the theme of a robot or android advancing beyond its creator . Other works with similar themes include The Mechanical Man , The Terminator , Runaway , RoboCop , the Replicators in Stargate , the Cylons in Battlestar Galactica , the Cybermen and Daleks in Doctor Who , The Matrix , Enthiran and I , Robot . Some fictional robots are programmed to kill and destroy ; others gain superhuman intelligence and abilities by upgrading their own software and hardware . Examples of popular media where the robot becomes evil are 2001 : A Space Odyssey , Red Planet and Enthiran . The 2017 game Horizon Zero Dawn explores themes of robotics in warfare , robot ethics , and the AI control problem , as well as the positive or negative impact such technologies could have on the environment . Another common theme is the reaction , sometimes called the `` uncanny valley '' , of unease and even revulsion at the sight of robots that mimic humans too closely . More recently , fictional representations of artificially intelligent robots in films such as A.I. Artificial Intelligence and Ex Machina and the 2016 TV adaptation of Westworld have engaged audience sympathy for the robots themselves . See also Robotics portal Index of robotics articles Outline of robotics Artificial intelligence William Grey Walter Specific robotics concepts Robot locomotion Simultaneous localization and mapping Tactile sensor Teleoperation von Neumann machine Wake - up robot problem Robotics methods and categories Cognitive robotics Domestic robot Epigenetic robotics Evolutionary robotics Humanoid robot Microbotics Robot control Specific robots and devices AIBO Autonomous spaceport drone ship Driverless car Friendly Robotics Lely Juno family Liquid handling robot PatrolBot RoboBee Robot App Store References Jump up ^ `` Four - legged Robot , ' Cheetah , ' Sets New Speed Record '' . Reuters. 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Definition of ` robot ` . Oxford English Dictionary . 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Cyclone Power Technologies Responds to Rumors about `` Flesh Eating '' Military Robot , pp. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Press release , RTI Inc. ( 2009 April 6 ) . `` Brief Project Overview '' , EATR : Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot , pp. 22 . Jump up ^ Manuel de Landa , War in the Age of Intelligent Machines , New York : Zone Books , 1991 , 280 pages , Hardcover , ISBN 0 - 942299 - 76 - 0 ; Paperback , ISBN 0 - 942299 - 75 - 2 . Jump up ^ E McGaughey , ' Will Robots Automate Your Job Away ? Full Employment , Basic Income , and Economic Democracy ' ( 2018 ) SSRN , part 3 . `` A Future Without Jobs ? Two Views of the Changing Work Force '' . The New York Times . 9 March 2016 ... Thompson , Derek . `` A World Without Work '' . theatlantic.com . Jump up ^ Yan ( 30 July 2011 ) .", "37": "`` Foxconn to replace workers with 1 million robots in 3 years '' . Xinhua News Agency . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . 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Aethon . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Eskorta robot '' . Fennec Fox Technologies . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Delivery Robots & AGVs '' . Mobile Robots . Archived from the original on 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dante II , list of published papers '' . The Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University .", "38": "Archived from the original on 15 May 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Pathfinder Mission : Rover Sojourner '' . NASA . 1997 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robot assisted surgery : da Vinci Surgical System '' . Brown University Division of Biology and Medicine . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Utilization of Robotic Space Probes in Deep Space Missions : Case Study of AI Protocols and Nuclear Power Requirements , Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Mechanical Engineering , Robotics and Aerospace , October 2011 . Jump up ^ Review : Space Probes , by Jeff Foust , Monday , January 16 , 2012 . Review of Space Probes : 50 Years of Exploration from Luna 1 to New Horizons , by Philippe Séguéla Firefly , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities set to reach for Atwood 's LongPen '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 2007 - 08 - 15 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Graham , Stephen ( 2006 - 06 - 12 ) . `` America 's robot army '' . New Statesman . Archived from the original on 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield Robots : to Iraq , and Beyond '' . Defense Industry Daily . 2005 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 24 . 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Ministry of Defence. 2010 - 07 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Emery , Daniel ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) . `` MoD lifts lid on unmanned combat plane prototype '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Taranis : The million unmanned stealth jet that will hit targets in another continent '' . Daily Mail . London . 2010 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ AAAI Presidential Panel on Long - Term AI Futures 2008 -- 2009 Study , Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Why We Need Friendly AI , Asimovlaws.com , July 2004 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robotic age poses ethical dilemma ; BBC News ; 2007 - 03 - 07 .", "40": "Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 02 ; Jump up ^ Asimov 's First Law : Japan Sets Rules for Robots , By Bill Christensen , livescience.com , May 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Japan drafts rules for advanced robots , UPI via physorg.com , April 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Report compiled by the Japanese government 's Robot Industry Policy Committee - Building a Safe and Secure Social System Incorporating the Coexistence of Humans and Robots Archived 2011 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , Official Japan government press release , Ministry of Economy , Trade and Industry , March 2009 . Jump up ^ Toward the human - Robot Coexistence Society : on Safety intelligence for next Generation Robots , report by Yueh - Hsuan Weng , China Ministry of the Interior , International Journal of Social Robotics , April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Evolving Robots Learn To Lie To Each Other , Popular Science , August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Tinto Media Center -- Rio Tinto boosts driverless truck fleet to 150 under Mine of the Future TM programme '' . Riotinto.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` BHP Billiton hits go on autonomous drills '' . Jump up ^ Adrian ( 2011 - 09 - 06 ) . `` AIMEX blog -- Autonomous mining equipment '' . Adrianboeing.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Atlas Copco -- RCS '' . Atlascopco.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Transmin -- Rocklogic '' . Rocklogic.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Topping , Mike ; Smith , Jane ( 1999 ) . `` An Overview Of Handy 1 , A Rehabilitation Robot For The Severely Disabled '' . CSUN Center on Disabilities Conference Proceedings . 1999 . Proceedings : Session 59 .", "41": "Archived from the original on 5 August 2009 . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . The early version of the Handy 1 system consisted of a Cyber 310 robotic arm with five degrees of freedom plus a gripper . Jump up ^ Jeavans , Christine ( 2004 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Welcome to the ageing future '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Handbook of Japan : Chapter 2 Population '' . Statistics Bureau & Statistical Research and Training Institute . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Robotic future of patient care '' . E-Health Insider. 2007 - 08 - 16 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Michael Hahn ( 1997 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Fullerene Nanogears '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Nanobots Play Football '' . Techbirbal . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` KurzweilAI.net '' . 21 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( Eric Drexler 1986 ) Engines of Creation , The Coming Era of Nanotechnology '' . E-drexler.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Chris Phoenix ( December 2003 ) . `` Of Chemistry , Nanobots , and Policy '' . Center for Responsible Nanotechnology . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Nanotechnology pioneer slays ' grey goo ' myths '' . Institute of Physics Electronics Journals. 2004 - 06 - 07 .", "42": "Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ ( 1996 ) LEGO ( TM ) s to the Stars : Active MesoStructures , Kinetic Cellular Automata , and Parallel Nanomachines for Space Applications Jump up ^ ( Robert Fitch , Zack Butler and Daniela Rus ) Reconfiguration Planning for Heterogeneous Self - Reconfiguring Robots Jump up ^ John Schwartz ( 2007 - 03 - 27 ) . `` In the Lab : Robots That Slink and Squirm '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` SRI / MobileRobots '' . activrobots.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Open - source micro-robotic project '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Swarm '' . iRobot Corporation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Knapp , Louise ( 2000 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Look , Up in the Sky : Robofly '' . Wired . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Cutting Edge of Haptics '' . MIT Technology review . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Potential : Q&A with Director Stephen Cole '' . Cornell University . Archived from the original on 3 January 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Freedman , ed. by Carl ( 2005 ) . Conversations with Isaac Asimov ( 1 . ed . ) . Jackson : Univ . Press of Mississippi . p. vii . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 738 - 1 . Retrieved 4 August 2011 ... quite possibly the most prolific CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Oakes , Elizabeth H. ( 2004 ) . American writers . New York : Facts on File . p.", "43": "24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5158 - 8 . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ He wrote `` over 460 books as well as thousands of articles and reviews '' , and was the `` third most prolific writer of all time ( and ) one of the founding fathers of modern science fiction '' . White , Michael ( 2005 ) . Isaac Asimov : a life of the grand master of science fiction . Carroll & Graf . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1518 - 9 . Jump up ^ R. Clarke . `` Asimov 's Laws of Robotics -- Implications for Information Technology '' . Australian National University / IEEE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Seiler , Edward ; Jenkins , John H. ( 2008 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Isaac Asimov FAQ '' . Isaac Asimov Home Page . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ White , Michael ( 2005 ) . Isaac Asimov : A Life of the Grand Master of Science Fiction . Carroll & Graf . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1518 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign launched against ' harmful ' sex robots '' . CNBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Intelligent machines : Call for a ban on robots designed as sex toys '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Campaign calls for ban on sex robots '' . Wired UK . 2005 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Justin Wm . Moyer ( 15 September 2015 ) . `` Having sex with robots is really , really bad , Campaign Against Sex Robots says '' . Washington Post . Further reading Čapek , Karel ( 1920 ) . R.U.R. , Aventinum , Prague . Margolius , Ivan . ' The Robot of Prague ' , Newsletter , The Friends of Czech Heritage no . 17 , Autumn 2017 , pp.", "44": "3 - 6 . https://czechfriends.net/images/RobotsMargoliusJul2017.pdf Glaser , Horst Albert and Rossbach , Sabine : The Artificial Human , Frankfurt / M. , Bern , New York 2011 `` A Tragical History '' TechCast Article Series , Jason Rupinski and Richard Mix , `` Public Attitudes to Androids : Robot Gender , Tasks , & Pricing '' Cheney , Margaret ( 1989 : 123 ) ( 1981 ) . Tesla , Man Out of Time . Dorset Press . New York . ISBN 0 - 88029 - 419 - 1 Craig , J.J. ( 2005 ) . Introduction to Robotics , Pearson Prentice Hall . Upper Saddle River , NJ . Gutkind , L. ( 2006 ) . Almost Human : Making Robots Think . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , Inc . Needham , Joseph ( 1986 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 2 . Taipei : Caves Books Ltd . Sotheby 's New York . The Tin Toy Robot Collection of Matt Wyse ( 1996 ) Tsai , L.W. ( 1999 ) . Robot Analysis . Wiley . New York . DeLanda , Manuel . War in the Age of Intelligent Machines . 1991 . Swerve . New York . 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-4723713582700509339	three largest cities in the world by population	[ "Shanghai", "Beijing", "Delhi", "Shanghai", "Beijing", "Delhi", "Shanghai", "Beijing", "Delhi", "Shanghai", "Beijing", "Delhi" ]	{ "0": "List of cities proper by Population - wikipedia List of cities proper by Population Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with List of largest cities . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2017 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Population tables of world cities World 's largest cities World 's largest cities proper World 's largest conurbations World 's largest agglomerations World 's largest urban areas World megacities World megalopolises This article lists the most populous cities in the world defined according to a concept of city proper . A city proper is a locality defined according to legal or political boundaries and an administratively recognised urban status that is usually characterised by some form of local government . Cities proper and their boundaries and population data may not include suburbs . World Urbanization Prospects , a UN publication , defines population of a city proper as `` the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city or controlled directly from the city by a single authority . '' The book continues to say that `` city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives . '' This definition does not give an accurate picture of the urban area or metropolitan area of cities . Using this strictly administrative definition , many cities will be included on this list that are smaller than their urban area . However , many Chinese cities included govern territories that extend well beyond the traditional `` city proper '' into suburban and rural areas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cities proper by population 2 Notes 3 References 4 See also 5 External links Cities proper by Population ( edit ) This is an incomplete list , which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Please observe the definition of the list when adding or editing entries . Rank City Image Population Definition Total area ( km2 ) Population density ( / km2 ) Country Shanghai 7007242568000000000 ♠ 24,256,", "1": "800 Municipality 7003634050000000000 ♠ 6,340.5 3,826 China Beijing 7007215160000000000 ♠ 21,516,000 Municipality 7004164105400000000 ♠ 16,410.54 1,311 China Delhi 7007167879410000000 ♠ 16,787,941 Union territory 7003148400000000000 ♠ 1,484 11,313 India Lagos 7007160603030000000 ♠ 16,060,303 Metropolitan City 7003117128000000000 ♠ 1,171.28 13,712 Nigeria 5 Tianjin 7007152000000000000 ♠ 15,200,000 Municipality 7004117600000000000 ♠ 11,760 1,293 China 6 Karachi 7007149103520000000 ♠ 14,910,352 Metropolitan Corporation 7003352700000000000 ♠ 3,527 4,572 Pakistan 7 Chengdu 7007144275000000000 ♠ 14,427,500 Sub-provincial City 7004143120000000000 ♠ 14,312 11,263 China 8 Istanbul 7007141604670000000 ♠ 14,160,467 Metropolitan Municipality 7003546100000000000 ♠ 5,461 2,593 Turkey 9 Tokyo 7007135137340000000 ♠ 13,513,734 Metropolis 7003219100000000000 ♠ 2,191 6,168 Japan 10 Guangzhou 7007130805000000000 ♠ 13,080,500 Sub-provincial City 7003743440000000000 ♠ 7,434.4 1,759 China 11 Mumbai 7007124423730000000 ♠ 12,442,373 Municipal Corporation 7002603400000000000 ♠ 603.4 20,", "2": "680 India 12 Moscow 7007123806640000000 ♠ 12,380,664 Federal City 7003251012000000000 ♠ 2,510.12 4,859 Russia 13 São Paulo 7007120381750000000 ♠ 12,038,175 Municipality City 7003152111000000000 ♠ 1,521.11 7,914 Brazil 14 Lahore 7007111262850000000 ♠ 11,126,285 City District 7003177200000000000 ♠ 1,772 5,673 Pakistan 15 Shenzhen 7007104674000000000 ♠ 10,467,400 Sub-provincial City 7003199164000000000 ♠ 1,991.64 5,256 China 16 Jakarta 7007100753100000000 ♠ 10,075,310 DKI Jakarta 7002664120000000000 ♠ 664.12 15,171 Indonesia 17 Seoul 7006999578400000000 ♠ 9,995,784 Special City 7002605210000000000 ♠ 605.21 17,134 South Korea 18 Wuhan 7006978539200000000 ♠ 9,785,392 Sub-provincial City 7003132761000099999 ♠ 1,327.61 5,187 China 19 Kinshasa 7006973500000000000 ♠ 9,735,000 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003111762000099999 ♠ 1,117.62 8,710 Democratic Republic of the Congo 20 Cairo 7006927844100000000 ♠ 9,278,441 Governorate 7003308510000000000 ♠ 3,085.1 3,008 Egypt 21 Dhaka 7006890603900000000 ♠ 8,906,039 City Corporation 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 29,", "3": "687 Bangladesh 22 Mexico City 7006887472400000000 ♠ 8,874,724 Federal District 7003148549000000000 ♠ 1,485.49 5,974 Mexico 23 London 7006878789200000000 ♠ 8,787,892 Greater London Authority 7003157215000000000 ♠ 1,572.15 5,590 United Kingdom 24 Xi'an 7006870560000000000 ♠ 8,705,600 Sub-provincial City 7002832170000000000 ♠ 832.17 5,369 China 25 Tehran 7006869370600000000 ♠ 8,693,706 City Municipality 7002450930000000000 ♠ 450.93 18,083 Iran 26 Lima 7006869338700000000 ♠ 8,693,387 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003267230000000000 ♠ 2,672.3 3,253 Peru 27 New York City 7006853767300000000 ♠ 8,537,673 City 7002783840000000000 ♠ 783.84 10,892 United States 28 Bengaluru 7006844367500000000 ♠ 8,443,675 Municipal Corporation 7002741000000000000 ♠ 741.00 11,876 India 29 Bangkok 7006828092500000000 ♠ 8,280,925 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003156874000000000 ♠ 1,568.74 5,279 Thailand 30 Ho Chi Minh City 7006822440000000000 ♠ 8,224,400 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003209550000000000 ♠ 2,095.5 3,925 Vietnam 31 Dongguan 7006822020700000000 ♠ 8,220,", "4": "207 Prefecture - level City 7003246940000000000 ♠ 2,469.4 3,329 China 32 Chongqing 7006818980000000000 ♠ 8,189,800 Central Chongqing Municipality 7003547300000000000 ♠ 5,473 1,496 China 33 Nanjing 7006818782800000000 ♠ 8,187,828 Sub-provincial City 7003471385000000000 ♠ 4,713.85 1,737 China 34 Shenyang 7006810617100000000 ♠ 8,106,171 Sub-provincial City 7004129420000000000 ♠ 12,942 626 China 35 Bogotá 7006777684500000000 ♠ 7,776,845 Capital District 7002859110000000000 ♠ 859.11 9,052 Colombia 36 Ningbo 7006760568900000000 ♠ 7,605,689 Sub-provincial city 7003981623000000000 ♠ 9,816.23 775 China 37 Hong Kong 7006729860000000000 ♠ 7,298,600 Special Administrative Region 7003110443000000000 ♠ 1,104.43 6,608 China 38 Hanoi 7006723270000000000 ♠ 7,232,700 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003332450000000000 ♠ 3,324.5 2,176 Vietnam 39 Baghdad 7006718088900000000 ♠ 7,180,889 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003455500000000000 ♠ 4,555 1,576 Iraq 40 Changsha 7006704411800000000 ♠ 7,044,118 Prefecture - level City 7004118190000000000 ♠ 11,", "5": "819 596 China 41 Hyderabad 7006673179000000000 ♠ 6,731,790 Municipal Corporation 7002621480000000000 ♠ 621.48 10,832 India 42 Chennai 7006672700000000000 ♠ 6,727,000 Municipal Corporation 7002426510000000000 ♠ 426.51 15,772 India 43 Rio de Janeiro 7006649883700000000 ♠ 6,498,837 Municipality City 7003120027000000000 ♠ 1,200.27 5,414 Brazil 44 Foshan 7006615162200000000 ♠ 6,151,622 Prefecture - level City 7003203462000000000 ♠ 2,034.62 3,023 China 45 Santiago 7006574371900000000 ♠ 5,743,719 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003124990000000000 ♠ 1,249.9 4,595 Chile 46 Riyadh 7006567662100000000 ♠ 5,676,621 Municipality City 7003123398000000000 ♠ 1,233.98 4,600 Saudi Arabia 47 Ahmedabad 7006557058500000000 ♠ 5,570,585 Municipal Corporation 7002475000000000000 ♠ 475 11,728 India 48 Singapore 7006553500000000000 ♠ 5,535,000 City State 7002719100000000000 ♠ 719.1 7,697 Singapore 49 Shantou 7006539102800000000 ♠ 5,391,028 Prefecture - level City 7003206442000000000 ♠ 2,064.42 2,611 China 50 Saint Petersburg 7006528157900000000 ♠ 5,281,579 Federal City 7003143900000000000 ♠ 1,", "6": "439 3,608 Russia 51 Yangon 7006521400000000000 ♠ 5,214,000 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7002598750000000000 ♠ 598.75 8,708 Myanmar 52 Abidjan 7006476500000000000 ♠ 4,765,000 Department / City District 7003211900000000000 ♠ 2,119 2,249 Ivory Coast 53 Alexandria 7006461662500000000 ♠ 4,616,625 Governorate 7003230000000000000 ♠ 2,300 2,007 Egypt 54 Kolkata 7006449669400000000 ♠ 4,496,694 Municipal Corporation 7002185000000000000 ♠ 185 24,306 India 55 Ankara 7006447080000000000 ♠ 4,470,800 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003191092000000000 ♠ 1,910.92 2,340 Turkey 56 Surat 7006446200200000000 ♠ 4,462,002 Municipal Corporation 7002326515000000000 ♠ 326.515 13,666 India 57 Johannesburg 7006443482700000000 ♠ 4,434,827 Municipality City 7003164498000000000 ♠ 1,644.98 2,696 South Africa 58 Dar es Salaam 7006436454100000000 ♠ 4,364,541 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003163112000000000 ♠ 1,631.12 2,676 Tanzania 59 Suzhou 7006432706600000000 ♠ 4,327,066 Prefecture - level City 7003164972000000000 ♠ 1,649.72 2,623 China 60 Harbin 7006428070100000000 ♠ 4,280,", "7": "701 Sub-provincial City 7003171820000000000 ♠ 1,718.2 2,491 China 61 Giza 7006423998800000000 ♠ 4,239,988 Governorate 7002289080000000000 ♠ 289.08 14,667 Egypt 62 Zhengzhou 7006412208700000000 ♠ 4,122,087 Sub-provincial City 7003101566000000000 ♠ 1,015.66 4,059 China 63 Los Angeles 7006397632200000000 ♠ 3,976,322 Municipality City 7003121385000099999 ♠ 1,213.85 3,276 United States 64 New Taipei City 7006395492900000000 ♠ 3,954,929 Special Municipality 7003205257000000000 ♠ 2,052.57 1,927 Taiwan 65 Cape Town 7006374002600000000 ♠ 3,740,026 Municipality City 7003244497000099999 ♠ 2,444.97 1,530 South Africa 66 Yokohama 7006372616700000000 ♠ 3,726,167 Designated City 7002437490000000000 ♠ 437.49 8,517 Japan 67 Berlin 7006367100000000000 ♠ 3,671,000 City State 7002891750000000000 ♠ 891.75 4,117 Germany 68 Busan 7006359010100000000 ♠ 3,590,101 Metropolitan City 7002766120000000000 ♠ 766.12 4,686 South Korea 69 Hangzhou 7006356039100000000 ♠ 3,560,391 Sub-provincial City 7002728190000000000 ♠ 728.19 4,", "8": "889 China 70 Xiamen 7006353134700000000 ♠ 3,531,347 Sub-provincial City 7003169900000000000 ♠ 1,699 2,078 China 71 Quanzhou 7006352084600000000 ♠ 3,520,846 Prefecture - level City 7003106200000000000 ♠ 1,062 3,315 China 72 Jeddah 7006345625900000000 ♠ 3,456,259 Municipality City 7003176500000000000 ♠ 1,765 1,958 Saudi Arabia 73 Durban 7006344236100000000 ♠ 3,442,361 Municipality City 7003229131000000000 ♠ 2,291.31 1,502 South Africa 74 Kabul 7006341410000000000 ♠ 3,414,100 Municipality City 7002275000000000000 ♠ 275 12,415 Afghanistan 75 Casablanca 7006335981800000000 ♠ 3,359,818 Prefecture 7002387000000000000 ♠ 387 8,682 Morocco 76 Hefei 7006335207600000000 ♠ 3,352,076 Prefecture - level City 7002838520000000000 ♠ 838.52 3,998 China 77 Pyongyang 7006325538800000000 ♠ 3,255,388 Direct - controlled Municipality 7003211300000000000 ♠ 2,113 1,541 North Korea 78 Madrid 7006320724700000000 ♠ 3,207,247 Municipality City 7002605770000000000 ♠ 605.77 5,294 Spain 79 Faisalabad 7006320384600000000 ♠ 3,203,846 City District 7002214000000000000 ♠ 214 14,", "9": "971 Pakistan 80 Ekurhuleni 7006317847000000000 ♠ 3,178,470 Municipality City 7003197531000000000 ♠ 1,975.31 1,609 South Africa 81 Nairobi 7006313836900000000 ♠ 3,138,369 Capital District 7002694900000000000 ♠ 694.9 4,829 Kenya 82 Zhongshan 7006312127500000000 ♠ 3,121,275 Prefecture - level City 7003178367000000000 ♠ 1,783.67 1,750 China 83 Pune 7006311543100000000 ♠ 3,115,431 Municipal Corporation 7002450690000000000 ♠ 450.69 6,913 India 84 Addis Ababa 7006310367300000000 ♠ 3,103,673 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7002526990000000000 ♠ 526.99 5,889 Ethiopia 85 Jaipur 7006307335000000000 ♠ 3,073,350 Municipal Corporation 7002485000000000000 ♠ 485 6,337 India 86 Buenos Aires 7006305430000000000 ♠ 3,054,300 Federal District 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 15,046 Argentina 87 Wenzhou 7006303943900000000 ♠ 3,039,439 Prefecture - level City 7003118788000000000 ♠ 1,187.88 2,559 China Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Metropolitan Lagos consists 16 out of Lagos State 's 20 LGA , which excludes : Badagry , Epe , Ibeju - Lekki and Ikorodu .", "10": "Jump up ^ Sum of the 2014 population estimates for the `` urban - function core district '' and `` urban - function extended district '' of Chongqing , which were 3,677,600 and 4,512,200 respectively . See also the next note . Jump up ^ The nine districts of Yuzhong , Jiangbei , Shapingba , Jiulongpo , Nan'an , Dadukou , Banan , Yubei and Beibei together comprise the area commonly referred to as Central Chongqing ( 重庆主城区 ) . The first six districts make up the `` urban - function core district '' ( 都市功能核心区 ) and the last three comprise the `` urban - function extended district '' ( 都市功能拓展区 ) defined by the Chongqing municipal government . Jump up ^ Sum of the areas of the `` urban - function core district '' and `` urban - function extended district '' of Chongqing . See also the previous note . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Urbanization Prospects : The 2007 Revision Population Database '' . Esa.un.org . Archived from the original on 22 August 2010 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Statistics Division -- Demographic and Social Statistics '' . Millenniumindicators.un.org . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Demographic Yearbook 2005 , Volume 57 . United Nations . 2008 . p. 2 ; 756 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 051099 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : World Urbanization Prospects : The 2003 Revision . United Nations . 2004 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 151396 - 0 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Ruth ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` The world 's biggest cities : How do you measure them ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 年上海市国民经济 ( Shanghai Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . 28 February 2015 .", "11": "Archived from the original on 9 March 2015 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Land Area '' . Basic Facts . Shanghai Municipal People 's Government . Retrieved 19 July 2011 . Jump up ^ 北京市 2014 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 ( Beijing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . Beijing Bureau of Statistics . 12 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in China -- Survey '' . Ministry Of Commerce -- People 's Republic Of China . Archived from the original on 5 August 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India : Delhi '' . citypopulation.de . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population - Lagos State '' . Lagos State Government . Archived from the original on 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The surface of the Metropolitan Lagos is 1171 square kilometres , but 171 square kilometres is water ( lagoon ) . Jump up ^ `` 2013 年天津市国民经济和社会发展统计公报数据 '' . Enorth.com.cn . Archived from the original on 26 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CHINA : Administrative Division of Tianjin ( 天津市 ) '' . Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Town / District Maps '' . Urban Habitat .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` 3 - 2 各市 ( 州 ) 年末常住人口、出生率、死亡率、自然增长率、城镇化率和人口密度 ( 2014 年 ) - tjsql.com '' . www.tjsql.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference 2010census was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` The Results of Address Based Population Registration System , 2013 '' . Turkish Statistical Institute . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ The city , considered capital of Istanbul Province , is administered by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( IMM ) , which oversees the thirty - nine districts of the city - province ( thirty - six urban districts and three rural districts ) . Jump up ^ Sources have provided conflicting figures on the area of Istanbul . The most authoritative source on this figure ought to be the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( MMI ) , but the English version of its website suggests a few figures for this area . One page states that `` Each MM is sub-divided into District Municipalities ( '' DM `` ) of which there are 27 in Istanbul '' ( emphasis added ) with a total area of 1,538.9 square kilometers ( 594.2 sq mi ). ( 73 ) However , the Municipal History page appears to be the most explicit and most updated , saying that in 2004 , `` Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 's jurisdiction was enlarged to cover all the area within the provincial limits '' . It also states a 2008 law merged the Eminönü district into the Fatih district ( a point that is not reflected in the previous source ) and increased the number of districts in Istanbul to thirty - nine. ( 74 ) That total area , as corroborated on the Turkish version of the MMI website , ( 75 ) and a recently updated Jurisdiction page on the English site ( 76 ) is 5,343 square kilometers ( 2,063 sq mi ) ... ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Population Census '' . Statistics Bureau , Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications .", "13": "Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ 2014 年广州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 ( Guangzhou Economic and Social Development Statistics Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . Guangzhou Daily . 22 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 土地面积、人口密度 ( 2008 年 ) '' . Statistics Bureau of Guangzhou . Archived from the original on 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greater Mumbai ( Maharashtra , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Mumbai City consists of two distinct regions : Mumbai City district ( Island City ) and Mumbai Suburban district ( Western Suburban and Eastern Suburban ) , grouped into 24 wards , under the administration of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation ( BMC ) . The remaining area belongs to Defence , Mumbai Port Trust , Atomic Energy Commission and Borivali National Park , which are out of the jurisdiction of the BMC . Jump up ^ `` RUSSIA : Moscow '' . Jump up ^ `` Территориальное устройство '' . Moscow City Government . Archived from the original on 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ The federal city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs , which are in turn subdivided into districts ( raions ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation . Federal Registration , Cadastre&Cartography Service . Russia Landuse National Report 2008 , p. 187 - 188 ( in Russian ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IBGE divulga as estimativas populacionais dos municípios em 2016 '' ( in Portuguese ) . IBGE . Retrieved 13 December 2016 .", "14": "Jump up ^ Administratively , the Municipality of São Paulo is divided into 31 subprefectures , each in turn divided into 96 districts . Locally , districts may contain one or more neighborhoods ( bairros ) . The city of São Paulo recognizes ten geographical areas used to reference locations in the city . Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Demographia World Urban Areas '' ( PDF ) . Demographia . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shenzhen Statistics '' . Shenzhen Government Online . Retrieved 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Shenzhen General Info '' . Shenzhen Government Online . Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Data Jumlah Penduduk DKI Jakarta ( 2014 ) '' . Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Provinsi DKI Jakarta . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` INDONESIA : Administrative Division '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ 2016 년 5 월 행정 자치부 주민등록 인구 통계 Archived 3 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Seoul Statistics ( Land Area ) '' . Seoul Metropolitan Government . Retrieved 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 武汉市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 -- 湖北省统计局 ( Main Data from Wuhan 2010 Census ) '' . Hubei Provincial Statistics Bureau . 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ The sub-provincial city of Wuhan has direct jurisdiction over 13 districts ( eight urban / five rural ) .", "15": "The city proper ( urban ) based on the districts of Jiang'an , Jianghan , Qiaokou , Hanyang , Wuchang and Qingshan considered `` core districts '' + Inner suburbs ( districts ) : Hongshan , Dongxihu . Jump up ^ Wuhan Statistical Yearbook 2010 Archived 5 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . p. 15 ^ Jump up to : `` Demographia World Urban Areas ( 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Demographia . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Evenements : `` Avec une population de 9 , 5 millions , Kinshasa est la troisième plus grande ville sur le continent africain , de taille égale à Johannesburg . Le Kinois ( habitants de Kinshasa ) sont connus pour leur sens de l'humour , leur musique et leur amour pour la danse . '' ( 2013 ) `` . Ville de Kinshasa . Jump up ^ The province of Kinshasa is divided into twenty - four districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Kinshasa . But the districts ( communes ) of Maluku and Nsele ( N'Sele ) are rural and not part of the city proper . The city proper ( urban area ) of Kinshasa is generally considered to be formed by twenty - two `` communes '' . Jump up ^ According to the Constitution of Democratic Republic of the Congo , the province of Kinshasa covers 9965.21 km . Maluku and N'Sele ( total area 8847.59 km ) are entirely rural , with a very very low density . Jump up ^ `` Egypt '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ In April 2011 , Prime Minister Essam Sharaf abolished the Helwan Governorate and reincorporated its territory into the Cairo Governorate . The total area of the governorate is 3085.1 square kilometers , the city area is 453 square kilometers , but the Egyptian government considered the Cairo Governorate is that a whole city and all statistics relate to the `` governorate '' . Jump up ^ `` EGYPT : Cairo '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 .", "16": "Jump up ^ https://www.citypopulation.de/php/bangladesh-dhaka.php . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Brinkhoff , Thomas . `` Bangladesh : Districts and Cities '' . CityPopulation . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MEXICO : Mexico City ( 2014 ) '' . CityPopulation.De . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Consejo Nacional de Población , México ; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005 Archived 2 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates for UK , England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland '' . ONS. 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ The 33 local authorities are the 32 London borough councils and the City of London Corporation . Jump up ^ `` 西安市 2015 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 '' . http://www.xatj.gov.cn/ . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ The sub-provincial city of Xi'an has direct jurisdiction over 9 districts ( 区 qu ) and 4 counties ( 县 xian ) . The city proper based on the districts of Xīnchéng , Bēilín and Liánhú considered `` core districts '' + Inner suburbs ( districts ) : Bàqiáo , Wèiyāng and Yàntǎ . Jump up ^ `` IRAN : Tehran City ( Census 2016 - 09 - 24 ) '' . CITY POPULATION.DE . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TEHRAN : Administrative Districts '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Teheran '' . Tehran Municipality . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PERU : Lima population '' . La Republica .", "17": "Jump up ^ The province of Lima is divided into forty three `` districts of Lima '' which are administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima . ^ Jump up to : `` Census Estimates ( 2016 ) '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ New York City is composed of five boroughs : Manhattan , The Bronx , Brooklyn , Queens , Staten Island Jump up ^ `` Bangalore ( Karnataka , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 Population by sex , household type and household by type , average size of private household by region and area : 2010 '' . Statistic tables , NSO website . National Statistics Office . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bangkok is subdivided into 50 districts ( khet เขต , also sometimes wrongly called amphoe อําเภอ as in the other provinces , derived from Pali khetta , cognate to Sanskrit kṣetra ) , which are further subdivided into 169 khwaeng แขวง , roughly equivalent to tambon ตําบล in the other provinces . ^ Jump up to : Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2014 Archived 6 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , General Statistics Office Of Vietnam Jump up ^ `` China -- Guangdong Province ( 2010 ) '' . GeoHive . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ 2014 年重庆市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 ( Chongqing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . Chongqing Bureau of Statistics . 16 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Position of Five Function Districts in Chongqing '' . Chongqing Municipal Government . 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 .", "18": "Jump up ^ 五大功能区域 : 都市功能核心区 ( Five Functional Districts : Urban - function Core District ) . CQNEWS Corporation . Archived from the original on 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Te Kan ( 9 November 2007 ) . `` New city group in the making '' . China Daily . Beijing . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census ( 2014 ) '' . Nanjing Municipal Bureru Statistucs . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 年沈阳市第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 ( Sixth National Population Census of the People 's Republic of China '' . National Bureau of Statistics of China . Jump up ^ `` Estimaciones y proyecciones de hogares y viviendas '' . DANE ( 2014 ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Capital District of Bogotá is divided into twenty districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Bogotá . Jump up ^ `` Límites '' . Bogota Government Corporation . Jump up ^ The district of Sumapaz is completely rural ( no city services ) and is not part of the city proper . The area was an important pilgrimage arheoligic site for the Muisca indigenous peoples in pre-Columbian times and for visiting the Sumapaz National Park . The district of Sumapaz represents 0.1 % of the population ( 48 % `` area '' ) of Bogotá Municipality . Jump up ^ `` Ningbo 2011 population report issued '' . Ningbo Municipal People 's Government . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Statistics '' . Census and Statistics Department . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ The only legally defined city in Hong Kong is the City of Victoria but it serves almost no administrative function .", "19": "Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Geographic '' ( PDF ) . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Demographic Statistics of Iraq ( 2009 ) '' . Central Statistical Government of Iraq . Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The province of Baghdad is divided into nine district , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Baghdad . The districts are distributed into 89 Neighborhood Councils . Jump up ^ There are many disputes about Baghdad city ( urban ) area . The city of Baghdad has the special status of provincial . The demographic information reported to the city proper are non-existent or are the estimates , projections inconclusive . The Metropolitan Municipality of Baghdad is a city `` federal district -- province '' . Is similar to the case of Cairo Governorate . Jump up ^ Hunan Statistical Bureau ( 2011 - 5 - 13 ) : Hunan Major data communique of National Census 2010 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Based on the following districts : Furong , Tianxin , Yuelu , Kaifu , Yuhua ; see Administration Jump up ^ `` Greater Hyderabad ( Maharashtra , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greater Hyderabad Municipal corporation 2010 '' . GHMC . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai : India Smart Cities Challenge '' . Official website of Smart Cities Challenge , India . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Chennai city is governed by the Chennai Corporation , dividing into three regions -- fifteen districts : North ( Tiruvottiyur , Manali , Madhavaram , Tondiarpet and Royapuram ) , South ( Valasaravakkam , Alandur , Adyar , Perungudi and Sholinganallur ) and Central ( Thiru - Vi - Ka Nagar , Ambattur , Anna Nagar , Teynampet and Kodambakkam ) , which covers 200 wards .", "20": "Of the total land area , reserved forests cover 2.71 km2 and is concentrated in and around the Guindy National Park region , one of the few national parks in the world located within a city . Jump up ^ `` Expanded Chennai Corporationto be divided into 3 regions '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IBGE divulga as estimativas populacionais dos municípios em 2016 '' ( in Portuguese ) . IBGE . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística ( 2013 ) '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 佛山 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 ( 1 ) '' . City of Foshan . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Districts of Changcheng , Nanhai , Shunde ; see Foshan # Administration Jump up ^ `` About Foshan '' . City of Foshan . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chile -- Santiago ( Census 2012 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The province of Santiago is divided into thirty - two districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Santiago . But the district of Lo Barnechea is rural ( mountains ) and is not part of the city proper . The city proper ( urban area ) of Santiago is generally considered to be formed by thirty - one districts ( Province of Santiago ) , the district of Puente Alto ( Province of Cordillera ) , and the district of San Bernardo ( Province of Maipo ) . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Population ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Arriyadh Development Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Riyadh is divided into 15 branch municipalities , in addition to the Diplomatic Quarter .", "21": "Each branch municipality in turn contains several districts , amounting to over 130 in total , though some districts are divided between more than one branch municipality . The branch municipalities are Al - Shemaysi , Irqah , Al - Ma'athar , Al - Olayya , Al - Aziziyya , Al - Malaz , Al - Selayy , Nemar , Al - Neseem , Al - Shifa , Al - ' Urayja , Al - Bat'ha , Al - Ha'ir , Al - Rawdha , and Al - Shimal ( `` the North '' ) . Jump up ^ Arriyadh Development Authority ( Investment_Arriyadh_2013 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cities having population 1 lakh and above '' ( PDF ) . censusindia . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population & Land Area ( Mid-Year Estimates ) '' . Statistics Singapore . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 现将汕头市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查分区县常住人口 ( 2 ) 数据公布如下 : '' . 汕头市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosstat . Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2017 г. ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Demographia World Urban Areas ( 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Demographia . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Yangon is administered by the Yangon City Development Committee ( YCDC ) . The city proper is divided into four districts : Western District , Eastern District , Southern District and Northern District . The districts combined have a total of 33 townships .", "22": "Jump up ^ Third Regional EST Forum , Presentation of Myanmar . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Presentation '' . District Autonome D'Abidjan . Archived from the original on 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated Population by Governorate '' . CAPMAS . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved September 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Egypt : Administrative Units '' . GeoHive . Archived from the original on 16 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The city of Alexandria has an area of approximately 400 square kilometres . Egyptian officials provides information at governorate level . In the case of `` city proper '' provides information at intervals of many years . It is impossible to assess the population ( official ) reported in the city proper area . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata ( West Bengal , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey : Ankara City '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ The province of Ankara is divided into twenty five districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Ankara . The city proper ( urban area ) of Ankara is generally considered to be formed by eight districts ( Sincan , Yenimahalle , Etimesgut , Keçiören , Pursaklar , Altındağ , Mamak , Çankaya ) . Here , Gölbaşı district is excluded , because it is rural . Jump up ^ Yenimahalle district , whose area is not given by citypopulation.de , covers 274 km Jump up ^ `` Districts of Turkey '' . statoids . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Demographics : Surat Municipal Corporation Archived 4 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Census ( 2011 ) '' . Statistics South Africa . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Pinda , Mizengo Peter .", "23": "`` Welcome to the 2012 Tanzania Population and Housing Census WebPage '' . Census General Report ( pdf ) ; available by clicking `` Population Distribution by Administrative Units '' . National Bureau of Statistics of Tanzania . Archived from the original on 5 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Dar es Salaam is divided into five districts , governed as municipal councils , and so all of the city 's suburbs or wards are affiliated with them . Jump up ^ `` TANZANIA : Administrative Division '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suzhou ( Statistics 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Sztjj.gov.cn . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The city proper based on the districts of Gūsū , Wúzhōng , Sūzhōu Gōngyèyuán ( Industrial Park ) , Xiàngchéng and Sūzhōu Gāo Xīnjìshù Chǎnyè Kāifāqū ( New District ) Jump up ^ Sztjj.gov.cn Jump up ^ `` 黑龙江省 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 '' . National Bureau of Statistics of the People 's Republic of China . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ All city proper districts except Sōngběi ; namely Dàolǐ , Nángǎng , Dàowài , Píngfáng , Xiāngfang ; see Harbin # Administrative divisions Jump up ^ `` 中国年鉴信息网 -- 中国规模最大、实力最强的研究报告提供商 ! '' . Harbin Yearbook . China Yearbook . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EGYPT : Greater Cairo ( 2006 ) '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 February 2014 .", "24": "Jump up ^ All districts that are listed as being in Greater Cairo and are contiguous ; namely Ad - Duqī , Al - Ahrām ; Al - ' Ajūzah ; Al - Badrashayn ; Al - Ḥawāmidiyah ; Al - Jīzah ; Al - Jīzah ; Al - ' Umrāniyah ; Al - Warrāq ; Awsīm ; Būlāq al - Dakrūr ; Imbābah ; Kirdāsah . Jump up ^ Sub-provincial City ( Census 2010 ) Jump up ^ The city proper based on the districts of Zhōngyuán , Èrqī , Guǎnchéng Huízú , Jīnshuǐ and Huìjì Jump up ^ Los Angeles City is divided into over 80 districts and neighborhoods . Jump up ^ `` TAIWAN : Administrative Division ( Census 2013 ) '' . CityPopulation.De . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Taipei City '' . New Taipei City Government . Archived from the original on 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlins Einwohnerzahl wächst 2016 weiter '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Agency Berlin - Brandenburg . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . , Retrieved 1 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 杭州市 2010 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 ( in Chinese ) . Hangzhou Municipal Statistic Bureau . 24 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Xiamen ( Sub-provincial city , Fujian ) '' . citypopulation.de. 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 .", "25": "Jump up ^ Following sections : Licheng District , Fengze District , Shishi City , Jinjiang City ; see Quanzhou # Administrative divisions Jump up ^ `` Saudi Census - 2010 '' . Central Departament of Statistics Saudi Government . Archived from the original on 1 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Area and Population '' . Jeddah Municipality . Archived from the original on 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan ( 2013 ) '' . GeoHive . Archived from the original on 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco : Grand Casablanca - Settat '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 合肥市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 : 合肥市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 ( 1 ) '' . Baidu . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ The prefecture - level city of Hefei administers 9 county - level divisions , including 4 districts , 1 County - city and 4 counties . The city proper based on the districts of Luyang , Yaohai , Shushan and Baohe considered `` core districts '' . Jump up ^ United Nations Statistics Division ; Preliminary results of the 2008 Census of Population of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea conducted on 1 -- 15 October 2008 ( pdf - file ) Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ PYONGYANG Archived 17 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Municipal Register : Last data published : Population at 1st January ( 2013 ) '' . Instituto Nacional de Estadística ( INE -- Spain ) . Retrieved 3 March 2014 .", "26": "Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Kenya ( Census 2009 ) '' . Geohive . Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Population Size of Towns by Sex , Region , Zone and Wereda : July 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Central Statistical Agency -- CSA . Retrieved July 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` based on the districts of Akaki Kaliti - Sub City , Nefas Silk - Lafto - Sub City , Kolfe Keraniyo - Sub City , Gulele - Sub City , Lideta - Sub City , Kirkos - Sub City , Arada - Sub City , Addis Ketema - Sub City , Yeka - Sub City , Bole - Sub City considered `` districts '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Argentina : Provinces and Agglomerations '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1103 - 浙江省温州市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 : 温州市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 '' . Baidu . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Based on the following districts : Lucheng , Longwan , Ouhai ; see Administration See also ( edit ) List of agglomerations by population List of cities by population density List of metropolitan areas by population List of population concern organizations External links ( edit ) The worlds biggest cities : How do you measure them ?", "27": "-- BBC article ( hide ) World 's largest cities City proper World ( Capitals ) Americas ( North Latin Central South ) Asia ( Arab world ASEAN Arabia Far East ) Europe ( European Union Nordic ) Metropolitan area World Americas ( North South West Indies ) Europe ( European Union Nordic ) Asia Africa Transborder Aggregate urban area † World Europe ( European Union Nordic ) Asia Urban agglomeration † North America Europe ( European Union ) Asia Historical World Europe Related articles Global city Megacity Megalopolis Conurbation Suburbs † Aggregate urban areas are entire continuous built - up areas , grouping together contiguous cities ( known as conurbations ) , whereas urban agglomerations are the built - up areas of individual cities . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_proper_by_population&oldid=819094482 '' Categories : Censuses Demographic lists Lists of cities by demography Lists of cities by population Lists of cities ( worldwide ) by population Populated places by type Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Pages with broken reference names CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Russian - language external links Articles to be merged from June 2017 All articles to be merged Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from February 2016 Dynamic lists Articles needing more detailed references Talk", "28": "Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Буряад Català Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Scots Shqip Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 11 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "29": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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4479358397781065399	where is south pole located on a map	[ "on the continent of Antarctica" ]	{ "0": "South Pole - wikipedia South Pole Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Geographic South Pole . For other uses , see South Pole ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 90 ° S 180 ° E / 90 ° S 180 ° E / - 90 ; 180 The Geographic South Pole . ( The flag used on the flagpole is interchangeable . ) Image taken by NASA showing Antarctica and the South Pole in 2005 . South Geographic Pole South Magnetic Pole ( 2007 ) South Geomagnetic Pole ( 2005 ) South Pole of Inaccessibility The South Pole , also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole , is one of the two points where the Earth 's axis of rotation intersects its surface . It is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth and lies on the opposite side of the Earth from the North Pole . Situated on the continent of Antarctica , it is the site of the United States Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station , which was established in 1956 and has been permanently staffed since that year . The Geographic South Pole is distinct from the South Magnetic Pole , the position of which is defined based on the Earth 's magnetic field . The South Pole is at the center of the Southern Hemisphere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Ceremonial South Pole 1.2 Historic monuments 2 Exploration 2.1 Pre-1900 2.2 1900 -- 1950 2.3 1950 -- present 3 Climate and day and night 4 Time 5 Flora and fauna 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Geography ( edit ) The Ceremonial South Pole in 1998 . The Ceremonial South Pole as of February 2008 . For most purposes , the Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point of the two points where the Earth 's axis of rotation intersects its surface ( the other being the Geographic North Pole ) . However , the Earth 's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small `` wobbles '' ( polar motion ) , so this definition is not adequate for very precise work .", "1": "The geographic coordinates of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90 ° S , since its longitude is geometrically undefined and irrelevant . When a longitude is desired , it may be given as 0 ° . At the South Pole , all directions face north . For this reason , directions at the Pole are given relative to `` grid north '' , which points northwards along the prime meridian . Along tight latitude circles , clockwise is east , and counterclockwise is west , opposite to the North Pole . The Geographic South Pole is located on the continent of Antarctica ( although this has not been the case for all of Earth 's history because of continental drift ) . It sits atop a featureless , barren , windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 metres ( 9,301 ft ) above sea level , and is located about 1,300 km ( 800 mi ) from the nearest open sea at Bay of Whales . The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres ( 9,000 ft ) thick at the Pole , so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level . The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 metres per year in a direction between 37 ° and 40 ° west of grid north , down towards the Weddell Sea . Therefore , the position of the station and other artificial features relative to the geographic pole gradually shift over time . The Geographic South Pole is marked by a stake in the ice alongside a small sign ; these are repositioned each year in a ceremony on New Year 's Day to compensate for the movement of the ice . The sign records the respective dates that Roald Amundsen and Robert F. Scott reached the Pole , followed by a short quotation from each man , and gives the elevation as `` 9,301 FT . '' . A new marker stake is designed and fabricated each year by staff at the site . Ceremonial South Pole ( edit ) The Ceremonial South Pole is an area set aside for photo opportunities at the South Pole Station . It is located some meters from the Geographic South Pole , and consists of a metallic sphere on a short bamboo pole , surrounded by the flags of the original Antarctic Treaty signatory states .", "2": "Historic Monuments ( edit ) Argentina soldiers saluting the flag after erecting the pole in 1965 Amundsen 's Tent : The tent was erected by the Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen on its arrival on 14 December 1911 . It is currently buried beneath the snow and ice in the vicinity of the Pole . It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument ( HSM 80 ) , following a proposal by Norway to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting . The precise location of the tent is unknown , but based on calculations of the rate of movement of the ice and the accumulation of snow , it is believed , as of 2010 , to lie between 1.8 and 2.5 km ( 1.1 and 1.6 miles ) from the Pole at a depth of 17 m ( 56 ft ) below the present surface . Argentine Flagpole : A flagpole erected at the South Geographical Pole in December 1965 by the First Argentine Overland Polar Expedition has been designated a Historic Site or Monument ( HSM 1 ) following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting . Exploration ( edit ) See also : History of Antarctica , List of Antarctic expeditions , Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration , and Farthest South Pre-1900 ( edit ) In 1820 , several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted Antarctica , with the very first being the Russian expedition led by Faddey Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev . The first landing was probably just over a year later when American Captain John Davis , a sealer , set foot on the ice . The basic geography of the Antarctic coastline was not understood until the mid-to - late 19th century . American naval officer Charles Wilkes claimed ( correctly ) that Antarctica was a new continent , basing the claim on his exploration in 1839 -- 40 , while James Clark Ross , in his expedition of 1839 -- 43 , hoped that he might be able to sail all the way to the South Pole . ( He was unsuccessful . ) 1900 -- 1950 ( edit ) Amundsen 's party at the South Pole , December 1911 .", "3": "From left to right : Amundsen , Hanssen , Hassel and Wisting ( photo by fifth member Bjaaland ) . British explorer Robert Falcon Scott on the Discovery Expedition of 1901 -- 04 was the first to attempt to find a route from the Antarctic coastline to the South Pole . Scott , accompanied by Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson , set out with the aim of travelling as far south as possible , and on 31 December 1902 , reached 82 ° 16 ′ S. Shackleton later returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic Expedition ( Nimrod Expedition ) in a bid to reach the Pole . On 9 January 1909 , with three companions , he reached 88 ° 23 ' S -- 112 miles ( 180 km ) from the Pole -- before being forced to turn back . The first men to reach the Geographic South Pole were the Norwegian Roald Amundsen and his party on December 14 , 1911 . Amundsen named his camp Polheim and the entire plateau surrounding the Pole King Haakon VII Vidde in honour of King Haakon VII of Norway . Robert Falcon Scott returned to Antarctica with his second expedition , the Terra Nova Expedition , initially unaware of Amundsen 's secretive expedition . Scott and four other men reached the South Pole on January 17 , 1912 , thirty - four days after Amundsen . On the return trip , Scott and his four companions all died of starvation and extreme cold . In 1914 Ernest Shackleton 's Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition set out with the goal of crossing Antarctica via the South Pole , but his ship , the Endurance , was frozen in pack ice and sank 11 months later . The overland journey was never made . US Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd , with the assistance of his first pilot Bernt Balchen , became the first person to fly over the South Pole on November 29 , 1929 . 1950 -- present ( edit ) Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station . The ceremonial pole and flags can be seen in the background , slightly to the left of centre , below the tracks behind the buildings . The actual geographic pole is a few more metres to the left . The buildings are raised on stilts to prevent snow build up .", "4": "It was not until 31 October 1956 that humans once again set foot at the South Pole , when a party led by Admiral George J. Dufek of the US Navy landed there in an R4D - 5L Skytrain ( C - 47 Skytrain ) aircraft . The US Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station was established by air over 1956 -- 1957 for the International Geophysical Year and has been continuously staffed since then by research and support personnel . After Amundsen and Scott , the next people to reach the South Pole overland ( albeit with some air support ) were Edmund Hillary ( January 4 , 1958 ) and Vivian Fuchs ( January 19 , 1958 ) and their respective parties , during the Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition . There have been many subsequent expeditions to arrive at the South Pole by surface transportation , including those by Havola , Crary and Fiennes . First group of women to reach the pole were Pam Young , Jean Pearson , Lois Jones , Eileen McSaveney , Kay Lindsay and Terry Tickhill in 1969 . In 1978 Michele Eileen Raney becomes the first woman to winter at the South Pole . Subsequent to the establishment , in 1987 , of the logistic support base at Patriot Hills Base Camp , the South Pole became more accessible to non-government expeditions . On December 30 , 1989 , Arved Fuchs and Reinhold Messner were the first to traverse Antarctica via the South Pole without animal or motorized help , using only skis and the help of wind . Two women , Victoria E. Murden and Shirley Metz reached the pole by land on January 17 , 1989 . The fastest unsupported journey to the Geographic South Pole from the ocean is 24 days and one hour from Hercules Inlet and was set in 2011 by Norwegian adventurer Christian Eide , who beat the previous solo record set in 2009 by American Todd Carmichael of 39 days and seven hours , and the previous group record also set in 2009 of 33 days and 23 hours . The fastest solo ( female ) , unsupported and unassisted trek to the south pole was performed by Hannah McKeand from the UK in 2006 . She made the journey in 39 days 9hrs 33mins .", "5": "She started on the 19th November 2006 and finished on the 28 December 2006 . In the 2011 / 12 summer , separate expeditions by Norwegian Aleksander Gamme and Australians James Castrission and Justin Jones jointly claimed the first unsupported trek without dogs or kites from the Antarctic coast to the South Pole and back . The two expeditions started from Hercules Inlet a day apart , with Gamme starting first , but completing according to plan the last few kilometres together . As Gamme traveled alone he thus simultaneously became the first to complete the task solo . Climate and day and night ( edit ) See also : Climate of Antarctica , Midnight sun , and Polar night During the southern winter ( March -- September ) , the South Pole receives no sunlight at all , and from May 11 to August 1 , between extended periods of twilight , it is completely dark ( apart from moonlight ) . In the summer ( September -- March ) , the sun is continuously above the horizon and appears to move in a counter-clockwise circle . However , it is always low in the sky , reaching a maximum of 23.5 ° in December . Much of the sunlight that does reach the surface is reflected by the white snow . This lack of warmth from the sun , combined with the high altitude ( about 2,800 metres ( 9,200 ft ) ) , means that the South Pole has one of the coldest climates on Earth ( though it is not quite the coldest ; that record goes to the region in the vicinity of the Vostok Station , also in Antarctica , which lies at a higher elevation ) . Temperatures at the South Pole are much lower than at the North Pole , primarily because the South Pole is located at altitude in the middle of a continental land mass , while the North Pole is at sea level in the middle of an ocean , which acts as a reservoir of heat . The South Pole is at an altitude of 9,300 feet ( 2,800 m ) but feels like 11,000 feet ( 3,400 m ). . Centrifugal force from the spin of the planet pulls the atmosphere toward the equator . The South Pole is colder than the North Pole because of the elevation difference . The North Pole is a few feet from sea level .", "6": "In midsummer , as the sun reaches its maximum elevation of about 23.5 degrees , high temperatures at the South Pole in January average at − 25.9 ° C ( − 15 ° F ) . As the six - month `` day '' wears on and the sun gets lower , temperatures drop as well : they reach − 45 ° C ( − 49 ° F ) around sunset ( late March ) and sunrise ( late September ) . In midwinter , the average temperature remains steady at around − 58 ° C ( − 72 ° F ) . The highest temperature ever recorded at the Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station was − 12.3 ° C ( 9.9 ° F ) on Christmas Day , 2011 , and the lowest was − 82.8 ° C ( − 117.0 ° F ) on June 23 , 1982 ( for comparison , the lowest temperature directly recorded anywhere on earth was − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) at Vostok Station on July 21 , 1983 , though − 93.2 ° C ( − 135.8 ° F ) was measured indirectly by satellite in East Antarctica between Dome A and Dome F in August 2010 ) . The South Pole has a desert climate , receiving very little precipitation . Air humidity is near zero . However , high winds can cause the blowing of snowfall , and the accumulation of snow amounts to about 20 cm ( 8 in ) per year . The former dome seen in pictures of the Amundsen -- Scott station is partially buried due to snow storms , and the entrance to the dome had to be regularly bulldozed to uncover it . More recent buildings are raised on stilts so that the snow does not build up against the sides of them . ( hide ) Climate data for The South Pole Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) − 14.4 ( 6.1 ) − 20.6 ( − 5.1 ) − 26.7 ( − 16.1 ) − 27.8 ( − 18 ) − 25.1 ( − 13.2 ) − 28.", "7": "8 ( − 19.8 ) − 33.9 ( − 29 ) − 32.8 ( − 27 ) − 29.3 ( − 20.7 ) − 25.1 ( − 13.2 ) − 18.9 ( − 2 ) − 12.3 ( 9.9 ) − 12.3 ( 9.9 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 26.0 ( − 14.8 ) − 37.9 ( − 36.2 ) − 49.6 ( − 57.3 ) − 53.0 ( − 63.4 ) − 53.6 ( − 64.5 ) − 54.5 ( − 66.1 ) − 55.2 ( − 67.4 ) − 54.9 ( − 66.8 ) − 54.4 ( − 65.9 ) − 48.4 ( − 55.1 ) − 36.2 ( − 33.2 ) − 26.3 ( − 15.3 ) − 45.8 ( − 50.4 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 28.4 ( − 19.1 ) − 40.9 ( − 41.6 ) − 53.7 ( − 64.7 ) − 57.8 ( − 72 ) − 58.0 ( − 72.4 ) − 58.9 ( − 74 ) − 59.8 ( − 75.6 ) − 59.7 ( − 75.5 ) − 59.1 ( − 74.4 ) − 51.6 ( − 60.9 ) − 38.2 ( − 36.8 ) − 28.0 ( − 18.4 ) − 49.5 ( − 57.1 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 29.6 ( − 21.3 ) − 43.1 ( − 45.6 ) − 56.8 ( − 70.2 ) − 60.", "8": "9 ( − 77.6 ) − 61.5 ( − 78.7 ) − 62.8 ( − 81 ) − 63.4 ( − 82.1 ) − 63.2 ( − 81.8 ) − 61.7 ( − 79.1 ) − 54.3 ( − 65.7 ) − 40.1 ( − 40.2 ) − 29.1 ( − 20.4 ) − 52.2 ( − 62 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 41.1 ( − 42 ) − 58.9 ( − 74 ) − 71.1 ( − 96 ) − 75.0 ( − 103 ) − 78.3 ( − 108.9 ) − 82.8 ( − 117 ) − 80.6 ( − 113.1 ) − 79.3 ( − 110.7 ) − 79.4 ( − 110.9 ) − 72.0 ( − 97.6 ) − 55.0 ( − 67 ) − 41.1 ( − 42 ) − 82.8 ( − 117 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 0.3 ( 0.012 ) 0.6 ( 0.024 ) 0.2 ( 0.008 ) 0.1 ( 0.004 ) 0.2 ( 0.008 ) 0.1 ( 0.004 ) Trace Trace 0.1 ( 0.004 ) 0.1 ( 0.004 ) 0.1 ( 0.004 ) 0.3 ( 0.012 ) 2.3 ( 0.091 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.6 Average snowy days 22.", "9": "0 19.6 13.6 11.4 17.2 17.3 18.2 17.5 11.7 16.7 16.9 20.6 203.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 406.1 497.2 195.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.1 390.6 558.0 616.9 2,698.2 Mean daily sunshine hours 13.1 17.6 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 12.6 18.6 19.9 7.4 Source # 1 : Pogoda.ru.net ( temperatures , 1981 -- 2010 , extremes 1957 -- present ) Source # 2 : Deutscher Wetterdienst ( precipitation 1957 -- 1988 and sun 1978 -- 1993 ) , NOAA ( snowy days data , 1961 -- 1988 ) Time ( edit ) In most places on Earth , local time is determined by longitude , such that the time of day is more - or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky ( for example , at midday the sun is roughly at its highest ) . This line of reasoning fails at the South Pole , where the sun rises and sets only once per year , and all lines of longitude , and hence all time zones , converge . There is no a priori reason for placing the South Pole in any particular time zone , but as a matter of practical convenience the Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station keeps New Zealand Time ( UTC + 12 ) . This is because the US flies its resupply missions ( `` Operation Deep Freeze '' ) out of McMurdo Station , which is supplied from Christchurch , New Zealand . Flora and fauna ( edit ) Due to its exceptionally harsh climate , there are no native resident plants or animals at the South Pole .", "10": "Remarkably , though , off - course south polar skuas and snow petrels are occasionally seen there . In 2000 it was reported that microbes had been detected living in the South Pole ice . See also ( edit ) Antarctica portal List of Antarctic expeditions North Pole South Pole Telescope References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Moving the South Pole '' , NASA Quest ^ Jump up to : Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station , National Science Foundation , Office of Polar Programs Jump up ^ `` Where is the real Pole really ? '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marker makes annual move '' , page 6 , Antarctic Sun . January 8 , 2006 ; McMurdo Station , Antarctica . Jump up ^ `` Sign at the ( ever moving ) actual geographical South Pole ( a few feet away from the Ceremonial Pole ) '' . Pierre R. Schwob Physics / Astronomy . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kiefer , Alex ( January 1994 ) . `` South Pole Marker '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Polar Record / Volume 47 / Issue 03 / July 2011 Jump up ^ `` List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Terence ( 1971 ) . `` Bellingshausen and the discovery of Antarctica '' . Polar Record . 15 ( 99 ) : 887 -- 889 . doi : 10.1017 / S0032247400062112 . Jump up ^ Hurtigruten . `` General Information '' . hurtigruten.com/us/ . Hurtigruten . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 .", "11": "Jump up ^ Van Doren , Charles Lincoln ; McHenry , Robert ( 1971 ) . Webster 's Guide to American History : A Chronological , Geographical , and Biographical Survey and Compendium . Merriam - Webster . p. 1326 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 081 - 5 . Jump up ^ Berkman , Paul Arthur ( 2002 ) . Science Into Policy : Global Lessons from Antarctica . Academic Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 091560 - 6 . Jump up ^ Berkman , Paul Arthur ( 2002 ) . Science Into Policy : Global Lessons from Antarctica . Academic Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 091560 - 6 . Jump up ^ Simpson - Housley , Paul ( 2002 ) . Antarctica : Exploration , Perception and Metaphor . Taylor & Francis . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 03602 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` First Women at Pole '' . South Pole Station . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Firsts '' . The Antarctic Sun . United States Antarctic Program . 13 November 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Südtirol -- Diese Seite existiert nicht '' . Suedtirol.info . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctic Firsts '' . Antarctic Circle. 4 October 2014 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Explorersweb ( 2011 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Breaking news : Christian Eide bags the South Pole solo speed ski world record '' . explorersweb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 13 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` Canadians break speed record trekking to South Pole '' . Toronto Star . The Canadian Press . 2009 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig ( 2013 ) . Guinness World Records 2014 . The Jim Patison Group . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908843 - 15 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Trek Expeditions '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Crossing the Ice '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Wilson , nå er vi framme ! '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Science question of the week , Goddard Space Flight Center . Jump up ^ The USAP Portal : Science and Support in Antarctica - Course Material Jump up ^ Why is the South Pole colder than the North Pole ? - Scientific American Jump up ^ Matthew A. Lazzara ( 2011 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Preliminary Report : Record Temperatures at South Pole ( and nearby AWS sites ... ) '' . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Your stay at Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station , National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs Jump up ^ `` How cold is the Antarctic ? '' . NIWA . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctic Weather '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - USGS Landsat 8 Satellite Pinpoints Coldest Spots on Earth '' , NASA , December 9 , 2013 Jump up ^ Initial environmental evaluation -- development of blue - ice and compacted - snow runways , National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs , April 9 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` Weather and Climate - The Climate of Amundsen -- Scott '' ( in Russian ) . Weather and Climate ( Погода и климат ) . Retrieved 5 April 2017 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` Klimatafel von Amundsen - Scott / Südpol - Station ( USA ) / Antarktis '' ( PDF ) . Baseline climate means ( 1961 - 1990 ) from stations all over the world ( in German ) . Deutscher Wetterdienst . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amundsen -- Scott Climate Normals 1961 − 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Sabbatini , `` Non-human life form seen at Pole '' , The Antarctic Sun , 5 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Snow microbes found at South Pole '' , BBC News , 10 July 2000 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Pole . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for South Pole . NOAA South Pole Webcam 360 ° Panoramas of the South Pole Images of this location are available at the Degree Confluence Project South Pole Photo Gallery Poles by the Australian Antarctic Division The Antarctic Sun -- Online news source for the U.S. Antarctic Program Big Dead Place UK team makes polar trek history -- BBC News article on first expedition to Pole of Inaccessibility without mechanical assistance Listen to Ernest Shackleton describing his 1908 South Pole Expedition , and read more about the recording on ( australianscreen online ) . The recording describing Shackleton 's 1908 South Pole Expedition was added to the National Film and Sound Archive 's Sounds of Australia registry in 2007 Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F.", "14": "Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C.", "15": "Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv .", "16": "Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R.", "17": "Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition Quest IPY IGY Modern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest South South Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J.C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica South Pole South Pole Coats Land Belgrano II Station Queen Maud Land Dakshin Gangotri Humboldt Mountains Schirmacher Oasis Showa Station Enderby Land Proclamation Island Kemp Land Pole of Inaccessibility Mac .", "18": "Robertson Land Cape Bruce Princess Elizabeth Land Tryne Islands Vostok Station Walkabout Rocks Queen Mary Land Buromskiy Island Mirny Station Wilkes Land A.B. Dobrowolski Station Adélie Land Débarquement Rock Petrel Island Port Martin George V Land Cape Denison Victoria Land Cape Adare Cape Geology Cape Wadworth Foyn Island Hells Gate Moraine Inexpressible Island Mount Dockery Ross Sea Cape Crozier Cape Evans Cape Royds Discovery Hut Hut Point Peninsula Lewis Bay McMurdo Station Mount Betty Mount Erebus Observation Hill Scott Base Scott 's Hut Edward VII Land Scott Nunataks Graham Land Bernardo O'Higgins Station Damoy Point Detaille Island Esperanza Station Hope Bay Horseshoe Island Lambda Island Megalestris Hill Metchnikoff Point Paradise Harbor Paulet Island Port Charcot Port Lockroy San Martin Station Seymour Island Snow Hill Island Stonington Island Waterboat Point Winter Island South Shetlands Antarctic Treaty Monument Arturo Prat Station Great Wall Station Half Moon Beach Henryk Arctowski Station Lame Dog Hut Maxwell Bay Pendulum Cove Point Wild Potter Cove Whalers Bay Yankee Harbour South Orkneys Scotia Bay Stonington Island East Base VIAF : 315128179 GND : 4527930 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&oldid=819515646 '' Categories : East Antarctica Extreme points of Earth Geography of Antarctica Polar regions of the Earth Historic Sites and Monuments of Antarctica Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2013 CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2016 Wikipedia articles", "19": "with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар", "20": "ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray Wolof", "21": "ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 20 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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